{"token": "Cloning localization approach using k-means clustering and support vector machine. Passive forensics is increasing in significance due to the availability of various software tools that can be used to alter original content without visible traces and the increasing public awareness of such tampering. Many passive image tamper detection techniques have been proposed in the literature, some of which use feature extraction methods for tamper detection and localization. This work proposes a flexible methodology for detecting cloning in images based on the use of feature detectors. We determine whether a particular match is the result of a cloning event by clustering the matches using k-means clustering and using a support vector machine to classify the clusters. This descriptor-agnostic approach allows us to combine the results of multiple feature descriptors, increasing the potential number of keypoints in the cloned region. Results using maximally stable extremal regions' features, speeded up robust features, and scale-invariant feature transform show a very significant improvement over the state of the art, particularly when different descriptors are combined. A statistical filtering step is also proposed, increasing the homogeneity of the clusters and thereby improving the results. Finally, our methodology uses an adaptive technique for independently selecting the optimal k value for each image, allowing our method to work well when there are multiple cloned regions. We also show that our methodology works well when the training and testing datasets are mismatched. (C) 2015 SPIE and IS&T", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Dual-Mode Liquid Crystal Microlens Arrays for Chaotic Encryption. Based on our previous works on liquid crystal (LC) microlenses driven electrically, we present a new type of dual-mode liquid crystal microlens arrays (DLCMAs) for chaotic encryption applications. Currently, the DLCMAs developed by us consist of a top electrode couple constructed by two layers of controlling electrode and a bottom planar electrode. Aluminium and Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) materials are respectively deposited over both sides of a glass substrate for shaping the top electrode couple, which is used to act as a key mode-control-part in the DLCMAs. Another ITO layer is deposited over the surface of another glass substrate for shaping the bottom public electrode. Both glass substrates with fabricated electrode structures are coupled into a microcavity fully filled by a layer of nematic liquid crystal materials. The DLCMAs proposed in this paper present excellent beam divergence and light convergence performances through loading relatively low driving voltage signals. The common optical properties of the devices, leading to a type of optical modulator of chaotic beams or light intensity adjustment devices for chaotic light coupling between functioned components, are demonstrated experimentally.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Racism and Welfare: The Hybridization of Eugenics Movement. Human beings millenarian interest in improving their natural attributes culminated at the end of the 19th century with the emergence of 'eugenics' as a science that studied the enhancement of human lineage. In practice, the ideological and political eugenics movement materialized in the first half of the 20th century, especially in the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Germany. These three nations, embodying the eugenics movement mainstream, tried to carry out the desired improvement of human species by applying several homophobic and racist policies whose direct consequence was involuntary sterilization and murder of thousands of people. However, the end of the Second World War brought about a turning point for the eugenics movement. It gradually modified its racist nature in order to develop the idea of human enhancement from the point of view of \\\\'social welfare\\\\' and the improvement of citizens' quality of life, giving rise to a racism-welfare hybridization within the eugenics ideology of the second half of the 20th century.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "A Recurrent Missense Variant in AP2M1 Impairs Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis and Causes Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy. The developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are heterogeneous disorders with a strong genetic contribution, but the underlying genetic etiology remains unknown in a significant proportion of individuals. To explore whether statistical support for genetic etiologies can be generated on the basis of phenotypic features, we analyzed whole-exome sequencing data and phenotypic similarities by using Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) in 314 individuals with DEEs. We identified a de novo c.508C>T (p.Arg170Trp) variant in AP2M1 in two individuals with a phenotypic similarity that was higher than expected by chance (p = 0.003) and a phenotype related to epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures. We subsequently found the same de novo variant in two individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders and generalized epilepsy in a cohort of 2,310 individuals who underwent diagnostic whole-exome sequencing. AP2M1 encodes the mu-subunit of the adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2), which is involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and synaptic vesicle recycling. Modeling of protein dynamics indicated that the p.Arg170Trp variant impairs the conformational activation and thermodynamic entropy of the AP-2 complex. Functional complementation of both the mu-subunit carrying the p.Arg170Trp variant in human cells and astrocytes derived from AP-2 mu conditional knockout mice revealed a significant impairment of CME of transferrin. In contrast, stability, expression levels, membrane recruitment, and localization were not impaired, suggesting a functional alteration of the AP-2 complex as the underlying disease mechanism. We establish a recurrent pathogenic variant in AP2M1 as a cause of DEEs with distinct phenotypic features, and we implicate dysfunction of the early steps of endocytosis as a disease mechanism in epilepsy.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "VISUAL GAZE BEHAVIOR OF NEAR-EXPERT AND EXPERT FAST PITCH SOFTBALL UMPIRES CALLING A PITCH. The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in visual gaze behavior between near expert (NE) and expert (E) umpires in a simulated pitch-hit situation in fast pitch softball. An Applied Science Laboratory mobile eye tracker was worn by 4 NE and 4 E fast pitch umpires and recorded their visual gaze behavior while following pitches (internal view). A digital camera located behind the pitcher recorded the external view of the pitcher, hitter, catcher, and umpire actions for each pitch. The internal and external video clips of 10 representative pitches-5 balls and 5 strikes-were synchronized and displayed in a split screen and were then coded for statistical analyses using Quiet eye solution software. Analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance statistical analyses of the umpires' gaze behavior during onset, duration, offset, and frequency (fixation/pursuit tracking, saccades, and blinks) were conducted between and within the 5 stages (pitcher's preparation, delivery and release, ball in flight, and umpire call) by umpire's skill level. Significant differences (p < 0.05) observed for combined gaze behavior frequency, type of gaze by phase, quiet eye duration and onset, and ball duration tracking indicated that E umpires' visual control was more stable and economical than NE umpires. Quiet eye significant results indicated that E umpires had an earlier onset (mean = 50.0 +/- 13.9% vs. 56 +/- 9.5%) and longer duration (mean = 15.1 +/- 11.3% vs. 9.3 +/- 6.5%) of the pitcher's release area than NE umpires. These findings suggest that gaze behavior of expert fast pitch umpires was more economical, fixated earlier and for a longer period of time on the area where the ball would be released, and was able to track the ball earlier and for a longer period of time.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Genetic variability of Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera : Reduviidae) populations. Isoenzymes, random amplified polymorphic DNA. (RAPD), and morphometry were used to compare genetic variability within and between three populations of Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911 from northeast Brazil. The isoenzyme profiles were identical for the three populations, whereas the complex RAPD patterns allowed clear discrimination between the three. Morphometric analysis, using characters of the head capsule, also showed discrimination between the three populations but only in comparisons of males, not females. The results show considerable genetic heterogeneity in T. brasiliensis with an indication of geographic structuring possibly resulting from a recent series of domestication events.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
{"token": "Socioeconomic and Psychosocial Adversity in Midlife and Depressive Symptoms Post Retirement: A 21-year Follow-up of the Whitehall II Study. Objective: We examined whether socioeconomic and psychosocial adversity in midlife predicts post-retirement depressive symptoms. Design and Setting: A prospective cohort study of British civil servants who responded to a self-administered questionnaire in middle-age and at older ages, 21 years later. Participants: The study sample consisted of 3,939 Whitehall II Study participants (2,789 men, 1,150 women; mean age 67.6 years at follow-up) who were employed at baseline and retired at follow-up. Measurements: Midlife adversity was assessed by self-reported socioeconomic adversity (low occupational position; poor standard of living) and psychosocial adversity (high job strain; few close relationships). Symptoms of depression post-retirement were measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Results: After adjustment for sociodemographic and health-related covariates at baseline and follow-up, there were strong associations between midlife adversities and post-retirement depressive symptoms: low occupational position (odds ratio [OR]: 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-2.51), poor standard of living (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.66-3.39), high job strain (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.09-2.14), and few close relationships (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.12-2.03). The strength of the associations between socioeconomic, psychosocial, work-related, or non-work related exposures and depressive symptoms was similar. Conclusions: Robust associations from observational data suggest that several socioeconomic and psychosocial risk factors for symptoms of depression post-retirement can be detected already in midlife.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 57]}
{"token": "Demographics and Faculty Time Allocation of Music Education Professors in the United States. The purpose of this study was to construct a demographic and time allocation profile of the typical music education faculty member in the United States. Participant institutions (n = 220) were selected from a random sample of National Association of Schools of Music-accredited institutions offering music education degrees (N = 517). The authors sent invitations to complete the online survey to 665 music education professors at the institutions in the sample. The completed response rate for the survey was 35% (n = 236). Findings aided in the construction of a profile of the typical music education faculty member in the United States. The data demonstrate that the typical respondent has a doctorate, 9 to 12 years of K-12 teaching experience, and is 51.5 years old, but entered the professoriate around age 36. The typical respondent spends approximately 11 hours per week teaching undergraduate students and has only 10% of his or her workload devoted to research. The report explores numerous other variables as well. Certain characteristics of the profile varied according to the type of institution at which the respondent worked. For example, the data demonstrate a significant difference in mean percentage of workload devoted to teaching and research between various institution types but not in time devoted to service. The exploration of demographic and time allocation norms in the music education professoriate may be of interest to those who prepare music teacher education faculty. Such information may also be of value to current and future graduate students preparing for careers in the music education professoriate.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Gas exchange and carbon isotope composition of Ananas comosus in response to elevated CO2 and temperature. Ananas comosus L. (Merr.) (pineapple) was grown at three day/night temperatures and 350 (ambient) and 700 (elevated) mu mol mol(-1) CO2 to examine the interactive effects of these factors on leaf gas exchange and stable carbon isotope discrimination (Delta,parts per thousand). All data were collected on the youngest mature leaf for 24 h every 6 weeks. CO2 uptake (mmol m(-2) d(-1)) at ambient and elevated CO2, respectively, were 306 and 352 at 30/20 degrees C, 175 and 346 at 30/25 degrees C and 187 and 343 at 35/25 degrees C, CO2 enrichment enhanced CO2 uptake substantially in the day in all environments. Uptake at night at elevated CO2, relative to that at ambient CO2, was unchanged at 30/20 degrees C, but was 80% higher at 30/25 degrees C and 44% higher at 35/25 degrees C suggesting that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was not CO2-saturated at ambient CO2 levels and a 25 degrees C night temperature. Photosynthetic water use efficiency (WUE) was higher at elevated than at ambient CO2. Leaf Delta-values were higher at elevated than at ambient CO2 due to relatively higher assimilation in the light, Leaf Delta was significantly and linearly related to the fraction of total CO2 assimilated at night. The data suggest that a simultaneous increase in CO2 level and temperature associated with global warming would enhance carbon assimilation, increase WUE, and reduce the temperature dependence of CO2 uptake by A. comosus.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Experimental conditions that increase the production of HIV-1 by monocyte-derived macrophages: use of collagen matrix. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from healthy blood donors were isolated by adherence to tissue culture-treated plasticware. They were cultured in vitro in medium supplemented with human serum and recombinant GM-CSF, then infected with the macrophage-tropic prototype strain HIV-1-PAR. Virus production was quantitated at various times after infection by measuring reverse transcriptase concentration in cell-free tissue culture supernatant fluids, using a sensitive nonradioactive assay. Virus production was significantly increased by culturing MDMs on plasticware previously coated with collagen 1. The increase in Virus production was dependent upon collagen 1 concentration, with maximal value being encountered after coating with 1.5 mu g/cm(2). These results indicate that the sensitivity of peripheral macrophages to HIV-1 infection might be influenced by contact-dependent interactions involving components of the extracellular matrix that take place during the process of monocyte extravasation and migration. (C) Elsevier, Paris.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "The caring of family members in the intensive care units from the Jean Watson perspective. This article presents a brief reflection on the caring of families in the Intensive Care Units. To address this issue, Jean Watson, one of the most important theoreticians on nursing of our days, has been taken as a reference. Watson was chosen because it is possible to understand perfectly the need to contemplate the family within the holistic care of critical patients from his theory. Thus, it is proposed to carry out an investigation that studies the care of the family members of the critical patient based on the idea of Watson's caring theory. To understand this approach, the theory of caring is analyzed and evaluated according to the guide produced by McEwen in 2007. (C) 2010 Elsevier Espana, S.L. and SEEIUC. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Young Children and Families Experiencing Homelessness. The increasing prevalence of homelessness among young children and families in the United States is described, as is the developmental impact on young children and cost to society. Although services are mandated for this population under the McKinney-Vento Act, Education of Homeless Children and Youth Program, and the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, barriers continue to exist for young children related to identification and access to quality early intervention services and supports. These barriers, as well as a collaborative approach to the identification and delivery of early intervention services, are discussed. In addition, recommendations for future practice and research are provided.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53, 55]}
{"token": "UNIQUE CONTRIBUTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK IN COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING. 4 Examine the intersection of systems of care in addressing needs of human trafficking victims;1 Describe the unique contribution of the social work profession at the mezzo and macro levels to address human trafficking locally and globally;Social workers, as global human rights advocates and agents of change, are uniquely poised to address international and domestic human trafficking through multidimensional systems of care. Social work values, based on universal human rights and the empowerment of those seeking assistance, are centered on the most vulnerable populations, which are also the most often exploited for human trafficking worldwide. An examination of risks faced by populations, a victim's removal from a trafficking situation, indicators for identification, and systems of care that work across these processes along with survivor rehabilitation is vital to deliver culturally competent and effective services to those affected by human trafficking. This chapter applies social work theory and international practice with the ecological perspective at mezzo and macro levels using a case study.2 Illustrate a multicultural perspective that depicts the \\\\'best practice\\\\' and intersecting role of social work that centers individuals and their communities;6 Describe the unique role of the social worker in valuing the culturally relevant, community perspective of collectivism in combating human trafficking.5 Compare the principles central to social work such as social justice and aspects embedded in the field of human trafficking; and3 Identify indicators of human trafficking and sex and labor exploitation to assist social workers in international settings;Learning Objectives At the end of the chapter, readers will be able to:", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Field validation of phosphine efficacy on the first recorded resistant strains of Sitophilus granarius and Tribolium castaneum from the Czech Republic. This study first estimated the current state of phosphine sensitivity (using a knock-down/KT100/Degesch kit) in Sitophilus granarius (23 strains) and Tribolium castaneum (8 strains) in Czech Republic grain stores. The resistance of S. granarius (21.7% resistant strains: coefficient of resistance KT100 ranged from 0.5 to 2.3 among strains) was substantially lower and less frequent than that of T. castaneum (87.5% resistant strains; coefficient of resistance KT100 ranged from 0.9 to 52.5 among strains). The phosphine efficacy of the laboratory and field (i.e., resistant) pest strains was validated during commercial fumigation when suboptimal tarpaulin sealing resulted in low-concentration phosphine exposure (Ct products ranged from 5.9 to 7.4 g*hr/m(3)). Although even low-dose fumigation led to 100% adult mortality of both laboratory and field strains of S. granarius and laboratory strains of T. castaneum, the mortality of the field strain of T. castaneum ranged from 47% to 95%. Larval emergence from the fumigated commodity samples with pest eggs was zero or near zero for laboratory strains, while 1.3-6.0 (S. granarius) and 63.7-80.00 (T. castaneum) field-strain larvae emerged per sample (100 g). This study shows that although a high proportion of the tested pest populations were still sensitive, several T castaneum populations showed an elevated level of resistance that may decrease field fumigation efficacy, especially under suboptimal phosphine dosage conditions. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Spatio-temporal associations of air pollutant concentrations, GP respiratory consultations and respiratory inhaler prescriptions: a 5-year study of primary care in the borough of Lambeth, South London. Background Although the associations of outdoor air pollution exposure with mortality and hospital admissions are well established, few previous studies have reported on primary care clinical and prescribing data. We assessed the associations of short and long-term pollutant exposures with General Practitioner respiratory consultations and inhaler prescriptions. Methods Daily primary care data, for 2009-2013, were obtained from Lambeth DataNet (LDN), an anonymised dataset containing coded data from all patients (1.2 million) registered at general practices in Lambeth, an inner-city south London borough. Counts of respiratory consultations and inhaler prescriptions by day and Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) of residence were constructed. We developed models for predicting daily PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and O-3 per LSOA. We used spatio-temporal mixed effects zero inflated negative binomial models to investigate the simultaneous short- and long-term effects of exposure to pollutants on the number of events. Results The mean concentrations of NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and O-3 over the study period were 50.7, 21.2, 15.6, and 49.9 mu g/m(3) respectively, with all pollutants except NO2 having much larger temporal rather than spatial variability. Following short-term exposure increases to PM10, NO2 and PM2.5 the number of consultations and inhaler prescriptions were found to increase, especially for PM10 exposure in children which was associated with increases in daily respiratory consultations of 3.4% and inhaler prescriptions of 0.8%, per PM10 interquartile range (IQR) increase. Associations further increased after adjustment for weekly average exposures, rising to 6.1 and 1.2%, respectively, for weekly average PM10 exposure. In contrast, a short-term increase in O-3 exposure was associated with decreased number of respiratory consultations. No association was found between long-term exposures to PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 and number of respiratory consultations. Long-term exposure to NO2 was associated with an increase (8%) in preventer inhaler prescriptions only. Conclusions We found increases in the daily number of GP respiratory consultations and inhaler prescriptions following short-term increases in exposure to NO2, PM10 and PM2.5. These associations are more pronounced in children and persist for at least a week. The association with long term exposure to NO2 and preventer inhaler prescriptions indicates likely increased chronic respiratory morbidity.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Geographic variation in population cycles of Canadian muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). We investigated the dynamic properties of population cycles in Canadian muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus). Ninety-one historic time series of muskrat-harvest data obtained from the Hudson's Bay Company Archives were analyzed. Most series were 25 years in length (1925-1949) and were distributed primarily throughout five ecozones. For each series, we estimated period length and coefficients for a second-order autoregressive model. Estimated period length varied between 3 and 13 years, with 3- to 5-year periods located in Subarctic-Arctic ecozones. We hypothesize that the 4-year cycles are largely a result of predation by red fox (Vulpes vulpes), which exhibit 4-year cycles in Arctic regions. The remaining ecozones generally averaged 8-9 years in period length. However, the relative contributions of direct and delayed density dependence varied along a latitudinal gradient. We hypothesize that both social and trophic interactions are necessary to produce the observed dynamics, but that shifts in the nature of mink predation were responsible for the changes in the relative contribution of direct and delayed density dependence. Essentially, there is a tension between population-intrinsic and trophic interactions that may bound the length of the cycle.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Loss of heterosis and family-dependent inbreeding depression in plant performance and resistance against multiple herbivores under drought stress. Inbreeding depression (ID), outbreeding depression (OD) and heterosis can occur concurrently in plant populations. ID often increases under environmental stress, but the combined effects of inbreeding, outbreeding between populations and environmental stress, such as drought, on plant performance and herbivore resistance remain unclear. In order to determine environment-dependent and family-dependent ID, OD and heterosis, we conducted a common garden experiment with plants from five populations of Brassica nigra. Inbred, within-population outbred and between-population outbred plant families were exposed to drought or ambient water levels. We recorded the abundance and damage caused by specialist herbivores from contrasting feeding guilds, that is the phloem-feeding Brevicoryne brassicae, the leaf-chewing Psylliodes chrysocephalus and the stem-boring Ceutorhynchus quadridens larvae. Drought stress had negative effects on growth, herbivore resistance and resistance against B.brassicae and positive effects on investments in reproductive output and plant secondary metabolites (sinigrin). We found drought stress-induced loss of heterosis for plant height and investment in reproductive output. Between-population outbred plants were more sensitive to drought stress in terms of above-ground biomass compared to within-population outbred plants. Drought and inbreeding synergistically negatively influenced traits related to growth and reproductive output (environment-dependent inbreeding depression, EDID). There was high variation among families within populations in the degree of ID and EDID. Genetic variation in EDID could buffer the negative effects of genetic stress associated with habitat fragmentation and concurrent environmental stress. In order to capture fully the effects of both inbreeding and between-population outbreeding under stress, the different spatial scales of the effects of inbreeding and between-population outbreeding should be taken into account.Synthesis. Our results indicate that drought stress influences not only inbreeding depression (ID), but also heterosis. These findings shed new light on the combined effects of anthropogenic environmental change and the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation on plants and their interactions with other organisms. Conservation programmes aiming to restore genetically degraded populations with the translocation of individuals between populations should consider environmental stress as a risk factor.", "label": [0, 4, 37, 9]}
{"token": "Times of peak astronomical tides. The times of maximum tide generating potential, maximum semi-diurnal potential, and maximum diurnal potential for years 1-3000 C.E. are found by direct evaluation from a high-precision numerical ephemeris of the sun and moon. A slight negative trend in the equilibrium peaks of the total tide is caused by the current decrease in the earth's orbital eccentricity, which increases the earth-sun distance at perihelion. Peak diurnal tides are also slightly decreasing owing to the decrease in obliquity. Trends in semi-diurnal tidal peaks are more complicated, tending to decrease until 1247 C.E. and increase thereafter, a result primarily of the influence of the earth's precession on the solar tide.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Using the liquid nature of the stationary phase. VI. Theoretical study of multi-dual mode countercurrent chromatography. Countercurrent chromatography chromatography (CCC) is a separation technique using a biphasic liquid system and centrifugal forces to maintain a support-free liquid stationary phase. Either one of the two phases can be the liquid stationary phase. It is even possible to switch the phase role during the separation. The dual-mode method is revisited recalling its theoretical background. The multi-dual mode (MDM) CCC method was introduced to enhance the resolution power of a CCC column. The theoretical study of the MDM method is validated by modeling the separation of two solutes. The basic hypothesis is that the forward step (partial classical elution) is followed by a backward step that returns the less retained solute to the column head. The equations show that the most important parameter to maximize resolution is not the number of MDM steps but the total volume of liquid phases used to elute the solutes. The model is validated calculating correctly the peak position of previously published MOM experiments. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "Facilitated Communication, Neurodiversity, and Human Rights. Facilitated Communication (FC) has rightly been labeled a pseudoscience as there are no controlled studies showing its validity as a form of communication for people with severe autism or other disabilities. In controlled studies, it has been the facilitator and not the person with disabilities that is generating the communication. Spurious communications have led to numerous cases of sexual assault and false accusations of misconduct. Nevertheless, FC remains widely practiced and touted even by supposed experts. We argue that this controversy has important human rights implications, especially for activists attempting to amplify marginalized people's voices by speaking for them, and raises critical questions about epistemological issues in human rights work.", "label": [5, 54, 57]}
{"token": "Improving Tax Audit Efficiency Using Machine Learning: The Role of Taxpayer's Network Data in Fraud Detection. Using the universe of Armenian business tax payers operating under a standard tax regime, we develop a fraud prediction model based on machine learning tools, with gradient boosting as the primary choice. Having to deal with broadly defined fraud and heterogeneous taxpayers, as well as a relatively small sample, we successfully derive important features from tax returns with a minimum of additional information. Among the important fraud predictors, we obtain historical fraud and audit, share of administrative costs, and external economic activity. We see two main contributions with generalizable practical implications for auditing authorities. First, by focusing on the lift score of the top decile, we demonstrate that even moderately accurate models can improve upon existing accuracy of rule-based approaches. Second, and more importantly, we demonstrate that the information contained in the supplier and buyer network of the taxpayer can be used whenever important predictors of fraud such as historical audits and fraud are not available. This is particularly important for situations with newly established companies, who would otherwise be under-rated in terms of fraud probability.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Relationship of seed quality traits for greenhouse-grown versus field-grown high erucic acid rapeseed: Is seed quality trait selection for greenhouse-grown seed worthwhile?. A study of the relationship of seed quality traits for greenhouse-grown and field-grown seed samples was conducted. Early generation high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) cross progeny were grown in the greenhouse, selfed and then the selfed seeds were grown in the field at the University of Manitoba. The oil, protein, erucic acid and glucosinolate concentrations of green house-grown versus field-grown seed samples were compared. There were differences (P <= 0.01) between the means of all seed quality traits for greenhouse-grown versus field-grown seed samples. The mean oil, protein and erucic acid concentrations of field-grown seed samples were higher than for greenhouse-grown seed samples. In contrast, the mean glucosinolate concentration of greenhouse-grown seed samples was higher than for field-grown seed samples. Rank correlations between greenhouse-grown seed samples and field-grown seed samples for all seed quality traits were significant but moderate in magnitude. Selection for oil, protein, erucic acid and glucosinolate concentration in greenhouse-grown seed samples dramatically increased the number of high seed quality F-4 families in the field and was successful for all seed quality traits. It is concluded that seed quality selection in greenhouse-grown seed samples is worthwhile and that this procedure could lead to greater efficiencies in Brassica plant breeding programs.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "The Early 1730s Shipworm Disaster in Dutch News Media. This article investigates the interaction between society, government and news media during the 1730s shipworm disaster in the Netherlands. It focuses on the quality of the information news media provided and the effects the governmental use of news media while addressing the population had in activating them to fight against the shipworm. The article demonstrates that newspapers did not neglect the topic for at least two years following the discovery of the shipworm, nor did they include much information about governmental policies against the disaster. However, more news circulated in pamphlets and news digests, many of which were advertised in the newspapers. The article concludes that the news media reacted soberly to the shipworm disaster.", "label": [3, 31, 30]}
{"token": "Secretory immune response to membrane antigens during Giardia lamblia infection in humans. The secretory immune response in humans infected with Giardia lamblia was studied by using saliva samples and a membrane rich protein fraction, The membrane fraction, studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, showed 24 antigen bands, ranging from 170 to 14 kDa, Saliva samples from giardiasis patients showed a heterogeneous response against the membrane fraction when they were assayed by immunoblotting. Among the antigens recognized by patient saliva samples, those of 170, 105, 92, 66, 32, 29, and 14 kDa stood out, These antigens were not recognized by saliva samples from healthy individuals, They may be of importance in future studies of protection from or diagnosis of G, lamblia infections.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Principles to guide international standard tests for liquid chemical germicides: A proposal. This review discusses issues involved in developing standard tests for liquid chemical germicides and suggests some guiding principles to be considered for future development of harmonized international standard methods for testing disinfectants and sterilants. A published test method to measure sporicidal activity is used as an example of the implementation of these principles.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Nonlinear oscillation and interfacial stability of an encapsulated microbubble under dual-frequency ultrasound. Encapsulated microbubbles (EMBs) are widely used in medical ultrasound imaging as contrast-enhanced agents. However, the potential damaging effects of violent collapsing EMBs to cells and tissues in clinical settings have remained a concern. Dual-frequency ultrasound is a promising technique for improving the efficacy and safety of sonography. The system modeled consists of the external liquid, membrane and internal gases of an EMB. The microbubble dynamics are simulated using a simple nonlinear interactive theory, considering the compressibility of the internal gas, viscosity of the liquid flow and viscoelasticity of the membrane. The radial oscillation and interfacial stability of an EMB under single-and dual-frequency excitations are compared. The simulation results show that the dual-frequency technique produces larger backscatter pressure at higher harmonics of the primary driving frequency-this enriched acoustic spectrum can enhance blood-tissue contrast and improve the quality of sonographic images. The results further show that the acoustic pressure threshold associated with the onset of shape instability is greater for dual-frequency driving. This suggests that the dual-frequency technique stabilizes the encapsulated bubble, thereby improving the efficacy and safety of contrast-enhanced agents.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Pre-service teachers training in ICT skills and competencies: profiles of a collaborative experience. This paper shows a research made inside GSIC-EMIC group at the University of Valladolid. The work defines profiles and designs and develops recommendations about CSCL scenarios. This work has been carried out to be applied in the learning by competencies on ICT pre-service teachers training contexts, supported in learning by competences. Therefore, we have used the Case Study research methodology (Stake 1995-2006) and we have based on a mixed method of data analysis and evaluation (Martinez et al., 2003). We have analyzed three case studies in the New Technologies Applied to Education subject of the Faculty of Education and Social Work during the 2004-06. For the selection of the cases we have taken into account the interests of five research projects: three projects of educational innovation, one national project and a European project. The process of collection and analysis of data has been based on qualitative and quantitative sources, following a qualitative interpretation perspective. We have used the qualitative analysis Nud*IST Vivo tool for the analysis process. Referring to the quantitative data analysis we have made it with SAMSA. This process has gave us a framework related to the training needs of design and development in CSCL environments, helping us to build professional profiles based on competences for pre-service teacher training. Furthermore it has allowed us to elaborate an educational proposal of recommendations for creating collaborative designs supported on computers. In this sense it will make us possible get closer to the processes of innovation and change proposed by the European Higher Education Area.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Microstructure evolution in HR3C austenitic steel during long-term creep at 650 degrees C. The creep behavior of HR3C austenitic steels was investigated at 650 degrees C and over the stress range from 150 to 250 MPa for up to 13,730 h. The corresponding microstructure evolution was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the initial stage of the creep process, the creep-resistance of HR3C steel is enhanced by the precipitation of second phases particles in the grain and at the grain boundary. Compared with the precipitates inside the grain, the higher nucleation and growth rate of precipitates at the grain boundary is related to the higher interfacial energy and diffusion rate of atoms. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results show that the precipitates inside the grain may initially nucleate at dislocation pile-up sites, and the interface coherency between the precipitate and the matrix can be destroyed after a long-term creep process. The TEM morphology indicates that the agglomerated tiny particles interact with the dislocations, contributing mostly to the precipitation strengthening inside the grain during the longterm creep process at 650 degrees C, while the growth of chain-like M23C6 precipitates at the grain boundary increases the tendency of intergranular cracking as the creep time increased.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
{"token": "The geography of trust: understanding differences in perceptions of risk, water resources, and regional development. This article draws on cultural theory of risk to explore public perceptions of trust in groups that provide information about water in the Reno-Sparks region of northern Nevada, USA. We survey 474 respondents, and using mixed-methods analysis, critically examine perceptions of trust in 12 sources to provide accurate information about water resources. Factor analysis reveals that respondents shared similar values of trust in several sources, which we categorize as: elected local officials, ancillary safeguards, local water and sanitation utilities, and supplemental sources. We then explored subregional variation in trust and local context, gleaned from open-ended responses. In conclusion, we find in the Reno-Sparks region as a whole there is general mistrust in elected local officials, however these perceptions are complicated by local context with some subregions more trusting than others.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Use of laser ablation and cryosurgery to prevent primary feather growth in a pigeon (Columba livia) model. Many species of birds kept in captivity must be rendered flightless to prevent escape from open enclosures. In this study, we evaluated the use of diode laser and cryosurgery as methods of ablating primary feather follicles in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). In group I birds (n = 6), primary feather 10 of both wings was treated with the diode laser (10 W, 2 seconds) and primary feather 6 was treated with the cryoprobe (5 seconds, 3 cycles). In group 2 birds (n = 6), primary feathers 10 and 6 were treated with the cryoprobe for 20 and 30 seconds, respectively, for 3 cycles. In all birds, primary feather 8 on both wings was manually pulled as the control follicle. Results showed that in group I birds, diode laser ablation prevented feather regrowth in 83% of follicles, however, freezing with the cryoprobe for 5 seconds did not prevent feather regrowth. In group 2 birds, treatment with the cryoprobe prevented feather regrowth at 100% and 42% of the treated sites (treatment times of 20 and 30 seconds, respectively). Significant tissue swelling and edema were observed in all group 2 birds. On histologic examination, follicle damage was most severe at the laser-treated sites in group I birds and at the 20-second freezing sites in group 2 birds, which correlated with the prevention of feather regrowth. The control follicles and follicles adjacent to treated areas in both groups were histologically normal. Feather follicle ablation with both the diode laser and the cryoprobe are effective in preventing feather regrowth; however, success with the cryoprobe depends on the ability of the probe to directly contact the feather follicle. Diode laser is a superior technique because it is faster, easier to perform, and causes minimal tissue damage.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "How volumetric exchange ratio and carbon availability contribute to enhance granular sludge stability in a fill/draw mode SBR treating domestic wastewater?. This work evaluated the granulation process and the stability of aerobic granular sludge in a pilot-scale reactor (1 m(3)), during a long-term operation (> 650 days) treating real low-strength domestic wastewater. Two operational strategies, distinguished by volumetric exchange ratio (VER: 50 and 75 %), were tested enabling higher organic loading rates. Different topics involving wastewater biological treatment was evaluated from physical-chemical and kinetic parameters to molecular biology techniques. Since process variability can only be described in statistical terms, multivariate statistical process control was applied to verify and integrate the results found. Successful granulation in terms of settling properties (Sludge volumetric index - SVI30 < 70 mL gTSS L-1 and SVI30/SVI5 similar to 0.70) and granules fraction (>80 %) were achieved when applying VER = 75 %. Multivariate analysis supported that an increment in VER from 50 to 75 % is an important strategy for AGS stability, especially during rainy periods where the carbon availability is lower (OLR < 0.4 kgSCOD m(-)(3) d(-1)). Carbon compounds were mainly removed during anaerobic feeding phase, however, the presence of particulate matter led to hydrolysis in the aerated phase. Nitrification was observed in both strategies. Nitrospira spp. was predominant under lower VER, whereas Nitrosomonas spp. overcame increasing VER. Although partial denitrification and low phosphorus removal were achieved under both strategies, these factors could be target by controlling the excess of DO in aeration phase and improving the availability of readily organic substrate in feeding phase.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Pyrotechnic and thermal studies on the magnesium-strontium nitrate pyrotechnic system. The pyrotechnic and thermal properties of a range of binary magnesium-strontium nitrate compositions containing from 10% to 90% by mass of magnesium have been determined. The burning rate and light output were measured after consolidating the compositions into cardboard tubes. The exothermicity, temperature of ignition and time to ignition of the compositions were also determined and the products of combustion were characterized.The compositions were found to burn reliably over the range 20% to 70% magnesium. The composition containing 70% magnesium was found to have the maximum burning rate and light output, while the maximum exothermicity was observed at 40% magnesium. The temperature and times of ignition decreased as the magnesium content was increased to 40% and thereafter did not change significantly.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Epidemiologic and molecular analysis of human tularemia, United States, 1964-2004. Tularemia in the United States is caused by 2 subspecies of Francisella tularensis, subspecies tularensis (type A) and subspecies holarctica (type B). We compared clinical and demographic features of human tularemia cases from 1964 to 2004 from 39 states in which an isolate was recovered and subtyped. Our data indicate that type A and type B infections differ with respect to affected populations, anatomic site of isolation, and geographic distribution. Molecular subtyping with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis further defined 2 subpopulations of type A (type A-east and type A-west) that differ with respect to geographic distribution, disease outcome, and transmission. Our data suggest that type A-west infections are less severe than either type B or type A-east infections. Through a combined epidemiologic and molecular approach to human cases of tularemia, we provide new insights into the disease for future investigation.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Melatonin generates an outward potassium current in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro independent of their circadian rhythm. The present study shows that melatonin, at night-time physiological concentrations, reduces the neuronal excitability of the majority of SCN neurones independent of the time of application in the circadian cycle. Thus in vivo melatonin may be important for circadian time-keeping by amplifying the circadian rhythm in SCN neurones, by lowering their sensitivity to phase-shifting stimuli occurring at night, (C) 2001 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.The present study investigated the membrane mechanisms underlying the inhibitory influence of melatonin on suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurotics in a hypothalamic slice preparation, Perforated-patch recordings were performed to prevent the rapid rundown of spontaneous firing rate as observed during whole cell recordings and to preserve circadian rhythmicity in SCN neurones. In current-clamp mode melatonin (1 muM or 1 nM) application, in the presence of agents that block action potential generation and fast synaptic transmission, resulted in a membrane hyperpolarisation accompanied with a decrease in input resistance in the majority of SCN neurotics (71-86%). The amplitude or the hyperpolarisation was not found to be significantly different between circadian time 5-12 and 14-21. In voltage-clamp mode melatonin (1 muM or 1 nM) induced an outward current accompanied with an increase in membrane conductance. The current was found to be mainly potassium driven with voltage kinetics resembling those of an open rectifying potassium conductance. Investigations into the signal transduction mechanism revealed melatonin-induced inhibition of SCN neurotics to be sensitive to pertussis toxin but independent of intracellular cAMP levels and phospholipase C activity.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "The Real Spiral of Cynicism? Symbiosis and Mistrust between Politicians and Journalists. The relationship among media, politicians, and the public has been studied a lot, especially how the media's portrayal of politics affects people's (cynical) attitudes. Scholars know little about the antecedent of this assumed spiral of cynicism: How cynical are politicians and journalists about each other and about politics? Based on a survey among Dutch politicians and political journalists, the research presented in this article tries to fill this gap. The results show that politicians are rather cynical about media and journalists, especially when they feel media are out to set the political agenda. journalists are equally cynical about politicians as the latter are about themselves, but it is a relative cynicism since it is lower than that of the general public. journalists are, however, convinced that most politicians are driven by what we call \\\\'media salacity\\\\' a drive to get journalists' attention and coverage, a conviction shared, surprisingly, by the politicians themselves.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Radiation doses from some [H-3]-labelled organic compounds following ingestion. Published information, especially human data, on the biokinetics of 11 compounds labelled with H-3 was used to develop simple, cautious compound-specific models and to calculate both tissue absorbed doses and effective doses using the OLINDA computer code. The compounds were [H-3]-cortisol, 3 alpha-Hydroxy-5 beta-pregnane-11, 20-dione-7-[H-3], cyclic 20 trimethylene acetal, [H-3]-ifetroban, [H-3]-digoxin, 7-[2'-alpha-methylphenylethylamino[H-3]]theophylline, 7-[2'-alpha-methylphenylethylamino]theophylline-[H-3], [H-3]-amphetamine, [17(3)H]-nicergoline, [H-3]-colestipol, [H-3]-5(S)-benzamido-4-oxo-6-phenylhexanoyl-l-proline and [6-H-3]-thymidine. The calculated effective doses ranged from 6 to 87% of that predicted by the ICRP default model for uncharacterised organic compounds of tritium (OBTM). For all the compounds studied, the retention of H-3 in the body was less than that predicted by the OBTM and the route of excretion was found to influence both tissue and effective doses. It is concluded that although the ICRP OBT model may underestimate doses for specific compounds by up to an order of magnitude, it can still be applied with caution for prospective radiological protection purposes, but it should not be applied for the interpretation of bioassay data.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 22, 15, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Enhancement of the activated sludge process by activated carbon produced from surplus biological sludge. Surplus biological sludge from wastewater treatment operations was converted into activated carbon and then added to the aerated vessel of an activated sludge process treating phenol and glucose. The addition of activated carbon, either sludge-based or commercial, enhanced phenol removal from 58 to 98.7% and from 87 to 93% for COD with feed concentrations of 100 mg phenol l(-1) and 2500 mg COD l(-1). No differences were found between the activated sludge-activated carbon bench scale continuous reactors operating with either commercial or sludge-based activated carbon in spite of the higher adsorption capacity of the former.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "THE DEVELOPMENTNT OF NARRATIVE LANGUAGE IN ITALIAN-SPEAKING SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN. The narratives produced by 75 Italian-speaking children divided in five subgroups ranging from 6.0 to 10.11 years of age were analyzed for age-related changes in microlinguistic and macrolinguistic aspects of discourse processing. Two single-picture stimuli and two cartoon-story sequences were used to elicit four stories per subject. Some aspects of linguistic processing varied linearly across agegroups (Speech Rate, Omission of Content Words, Sentence Completeness, Local Coherence errors, Thematic Informativeness) while some did not change at all (e.g., Words, Phonological Selection, Lexical errors, Errors of global coherence). Storytype (single picture vs. picture sequence) had a significant influence on some macrolinguistic measures. Strong interactions emerged between linguistic abilities as expressed in oral narrative text construction and general levels of intelligence.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Power of Darkness: Narrative and Biographical Reflexivity in A Series of Unfortunate Events. This paper investigates the high-earning children's series, A Series of Unfortunate Events, in relation to the skills young people require to survive and thrive in what Ulrich Beck calls risk society. Children's textual culture has been traditionally informed by assumptions about childhood happiness and the need to reassure young readers that the world is safe. The genre is consequently vexed by adult anxiety about children's exposure to certain kinds of knowledge. This paper discusses the implications of the representation of adversity in the Lemony Snicket series via its subversions of the conventions of children's fiction and metafictional strategies. Its central claim is that the self-consciousness or self-reflexivity of A Series of Unfortunate Events models one of the forms of reflexivity children need to be resilient in the face of adversity and to empower them to undertake the biographical project risk society requires of them.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "India National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 02 summary of scientific results: Numerical simulation of reservoir response to depressurization. The India National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 02 (NGHP-02) discovered gas hydrate at high saturation in sand reservoirs at several sites in the deepwater Bay of Bengal. To assess the potential response of those deposits to scientific depressurization experiments, comprehensive geologic models were constructed to enable numerical simulation for two sites. Both sites (NGHP-02-09 and NGHP-02-16) feature thick sequences of thinly-interbedded reservoir and non-reservoir facies at sub-seafloor depths less than 300 m and sub-sea depths of 2400 m or more. These settings pose significant challenges to current modeling capabilities. First, the thinly-interbedded reservoir architecture complicates the determination of basic reservoir parameters from both log and core data due to measurement resolution issues. Secondly, the fine scale variation in sediment properties imparts great contrasts in key parameters over very short distances, creating high gradients at multiple scales and varying orientations that necessitate careful design of high-definition simulation grids. Thirdly, the deposits include internal sources of water, as well as a range of complex boundary conditions, including variable permeability within the overlying mud-rich \\\\'seals,\\\\' that complicate reservoir depressurization. Lastly, because of the unique combination of great water depth and relatively shallow sub-seafloor depth: models designed to maximize the dissociation rate impose large pressure drawdowns on relatively low-strength sediments. This condition renders the proper evaluation and integration of the geomechanical response to hydrate dissociation critical. In this report, we review the history of gas hydrate reservoir simulation, discuss methods for creating geologic input models, and summarize the key findings and implications of the collaborative NGHP-02 numerical simulation effort. Together, the studies confirm the viability of the modeled accumulations for scientific testing and identify key challenges related to the selection of specific test sites and the design of test wells.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Distortion and Consumption of Identity, from Rousseau to Adorno. This paper examines how production and consumption models of the 1920s determined cultural obsession with authenticity. From the analysis made by Benjamin, Adorno and Kracauer, this article discusses how cultural industry fosters aesthetic identification with the stars of the so-called mass society. next, it also explores why the origin of this reality is to be found in Rousseau's literary and political project and in the way he, while restoring novel in the literary institution, merged moral virtue with natural passion.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Estimation of source location and ground impedance using a hybrid multiple signal classification and Levenberg-Marquardt approach. A microphone array signal processing method for locating a stationary point source over a locally reactive ground and for estimating ground impedance is examined in detail in the present study. A non-linear least square approach using the Levenberg-Marquardt method is proposed to overcome the problem of unknown ground impedance. The multiple signal classification method (MUSIC) is used to give the initial estimation of the source location, while the technique of forward backward spatial smoothing is adopted as a pre-processer of the source localization to minimize the effects of source coherence. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed signal processing method are examined. Results show that source localization in the horizontal direction by MUSIC is satisfactory. However, source coherence reduces drastically the accuracy in estimating the source height. The further application of Levenberg-Marquardt method with the results from MUSIC as the initial inputs improves significantly the accuracy of source height estimation. The present proposed method provides effective and robust estimation of the ground surface impedance. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Assessing the multi-decadal shoreline dynamics along the Purba Medinipur-Balasore coastal stretch, India by integrating remote sensing and statistical methods. Monitoring decadal shoreline change is essential to understand the influence of coastal processes on the coastline. The shoreline is constantly shaped by natural and anthropogenic factors, and so, it is critical to understand decadal trends. The prediction of future shoreline positions is a must for effective long-term coastal zone management. This study was conducted along a 90-km-stretch of the coastline from the mouth of the Haldi River (Purba Medinipur) in the Northeast to the Subarnarekha estuary (Balasore) in the Southwest. The primary objectives of the study were to analyze the decadal shoreline migration using the End Point Rate (EPR) method and then predict future shoreline change prediction using the Kalman Filter method. Shoreline positions were digitized after extracting the shorelines using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) from Multi-temporal (1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020) and Multisensor (Landsat TM, ETM + , and OLI) satellite data. A total of 887 transects were cast to compute change statistics of the time series shoreline. It was observed that the average shoreline change rate was - 8.41 m/year in the periods of 1990-2000 and 2000-2010, and - 8.80 m/year from 2010 to 2020. Accretion along this coastal stretch is caused by the growth of morphological features such as sand bars, beaches, and dunes. We also found that erosion occurred from 1990 to 2000 along the coastline of Bhograi, Ramnagar-I, Ramnagar-II, a few parts of Contai-I, Khejuri-I, and the Nandigram-I coastal block. Accretion mostly occurred due to Land reclamation in the Northern portion of Bhograi, Contai-1 blocks and Nandigram- I block from 2000 to 2010 and 2010 to 2020. Root mean square error (RMSE) and Regression Coefficient values were computed for the future shoreline prediction of 2031 and 2041. The calculated RMSE value of +/- 4.7 m and value of 0.97 shows a good relationship between the actual and predicted coastline of 2020. This study concludes that the coastline of Purba Medinipur-Balasore experienced severe erosion and needs management action and also proves the efficiency of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) tool for decadal analysis and prediction of shoreline change. The findings of this study may help the coastal planners, environmentalists, and coastal managers in preparing both short-term and long-term coastal zone management plans.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Monitoring the improvement of an overall industrial performance based on a Choquet integral aggregation. The design and use of performance measurement systems (PMSs) have received considerable attention in recent years. Indeed, industrial performances are now defined in terms of numerous criteria to be synthesized for overall improvement purposes. The analysis of the literature leads to the conclusion that most of the proposed approaches deal with a qualitative approach of this multi-criteria issue. But only a few quantitative models for PMSs have been proposed in order to better monitor the continuous improvement cycle. Among them, the one proposed by the authors, based on a Choquet integral aggregation operator, allows to express an overall performance according to subordination and transverse interactions between the criteria involved. But, as this model is nonlinear, it is useful to define pieces of information aimed at aiding the manager to improve the performance situation. Thus, this article is a contribution to the managers' requirements for optimizing the improvement of the overall performance versus the allocated resources. In this view, indexes of efficiency and predictive improvement are proposed. The approach is applied to a case study submitted by a company manufacturing kitchen and bathroom furniture which wants to upgrade the monitoring of its \\\\'environment and quality improvement plan\\\\'. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Limit laws for wide varieties of topological groups. In 1977, Taylor introduced limit laws as natural analogues for topological algebras of algebraic laws for abstract algebras, and showed, in analogy to Birkhoff's theorem, that a class of topological algebras is a wide variety if and only if it is the class of models Mod(Sigma boolean OR Theta) for some set Sigma of algebraic laws and some perhaps proper class Theta of limit laws. A wide variety is a class of topological algebras closed under the formation of subalgebras, products and continuous homomorphic images. This paper is concerned specifically with wide varieties of topological groups, and limit laws in topological groups. The main contributions are as follows. (1) As a step towards determining whether 'perhaps proper class' above can be strengthened to 'set', a simple necessary and sufficient condition is derived for a wide variety to require a set rather than a proper class of limit laws. (2) Two closely related families of wide varieties, T(kappa) and B(kappa), for kappa an infinite cardinal, are studied in detail. The varieties T(kappa) have played an important role in the theory to date, while the B(kappa) are studied here for the first time. Detailed information about both families is obtained. In particular (i) a wide sub-variety of T(kappa) requires only a set of limit laws in addition to those defining T(kappa), and (ii) B(kappa) is defined by a set of limit laws. (3) A detailed analysis is given of certain simple limit laws in locally compact abelian groups.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Time course study of in situ expression of antigens following DNA-vaccination against VHS in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) fry. The present study was performed as a time course study of fish vaccinated with 20 mu g plasmid DNA vaccine encoding either the VHSV G-protein or the VHSV N-protein. Samples of the injection site were collected sequentially over a 7-week period. The study revealed an intense positive staining by immunohistochemistry for the viral G-protein mainly in the membrane of intact myocytes, most prominent by days 10-27, and with concomitant infiltration of inflammatory cells by days 13-38 that subsequently lead to a marked reduction in the number of myocytes expressing the G-protein. By immunofluorescence, infiltrating cells positive for MHC II, IgM, and C3 were demonstrated. By contrast, in fish vaccinated with the VHSV-N construct, fewer, diffusely positive myocytes were found, most prominent by days 13-38, these having a positive reaction for the N-protein mainly in the cytoplasm and variably in the membrane. N-protein positive myocytes did not attract infiltrating cells to the same degree. Positive reaction for the N-protein almost ceased by day 48 post-vaccination. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 6, 18, 45, 10]}
{"token": "Peers that count: The influence of deskmates on test scores. Peer effects have been shown to be important for educational development during adolescence. Peer effect from classmates and friends, nevertheless, could be the target of interventions only to a limited extent. We hypothesize that deskmates may affect educational achievement. In contrast to friendship, deskmate relations could realistically be a target of policy intervention by teachers, who can decide on the seating arrangements in class. This study examines whether deskmates have a positive impact on individual test scores that goes beyond the general influence of classmates and friends. The deskmate effect is investigated in ethnically mixed classrooms. Information on friendship and deskmates from a social network panel was merged with test score register data from secondary schools in Northern and Eastern Hungary. The study finds that, after controlling for students' own baseline eighth-grade reading test scores and classroom-fixed effects, deskmates' eighth-grade reading test score influences positively students' tenth-grade reading test scores. No similar effect was found for mathematics test scores. We found no evidence that deskmates' test scores mediate or moderate the ethnic test-score gap between Hungarian and Roma students.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Interventions for Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: An I-3 Model Perspective. The Instigating-Impelling-Inhibiting model of intimate partner violence (IPV) etiology, or \\\\'I-3 Model,\\\\' is presented as a meta-theoretical alternative to traditional perspectives regarding treatment models for perpetrators of IPV. The I-3 Model is a meta-theoretical approach to understanding IPV risk that, when applied to IPV intervention programs, incorporates practically any therapeutic component that aims to decrease individual's exposure to instigating contexts, target any individual or situational factor that impels IPV, and increase an individual's ability to inhibit an aggressive response. In this review, we first briefly summarize the IPV literature and existing intervention models. Second, we review the I-3 Model and illustrate its promise as a guiding framework for understanding IPV risk and its broad relevance to etiology and intervention. Third, we discuss the conceptual application of this framework to intervention with IPV perpetrators. Fourth, we identify factors that may promote as well as complicate I-3 Model-related intervention developments.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "An approximate solution of fractional cable equation by homotopy analysis method. In this article, the homotopy analysis method (HAM) is applied to solve the fractional cable equation by the Riemann-Liouville fractional partial derivative. This method includes an auxiliary parameter h which provides a convenient way of adjusting and controlling the convergence region of the series solution. In this study, approximate solutions of the fractional cable equation are obtained by HAM. We also give a convergence theorem for this equation. A suitable value for the auxiliary parameter h is determined and results obtained are presented by tables and figures.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "A multiscale time-space approach to analyze and categorize the precipitation fluctuation based on the wavelet transform and information theory concept. The present study proposed a time-space framework using discrete wavelet transform-based multiscale entropy (DWE) approach to analyze and spatially categorize the precipitation variation in Iran. To this end, historical monthly precipitation time series during 1960-2010 from 31 rain gauges were used in this study. First, wavelet-based de-noising approach was applied to diminish the effect of noise in precipitation time series which may affect the entropy values. Next, Daubechies (db) mother wavelets (db5-db10) were used to decompose the precipitation time series. Subsequently, entropy concept was applied to the sub-series to measure the uncertainty and disorderliness at multiple scales. According to the pattern of entropy across scales, each cluster was assigned an entropy signature that provided an estimation of the entropy pattern of precipitation in each cluster. Spatial categorization of rain gauges was performed using DWE values as input data to k-means and self-organizing map (SOM) clustering techniques. According to evaluation criteria, it was proved that k-means with clustering number equal to 5 with Silhouette coefficient = 0.33, Davis-Bouldin = 1.18 and Dunn index = 1.52 performed better in determining homogenous areas. Finally, investigating spatial structure of precipitation variation revealed that the DWE had a decreasing and increasing relationship with longitude and latitude, respectively, in Iran.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Is ovarian cancer a targetable disease? A systematic review and meta-analysis and genomic data investigation. Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis provide the first evidence that targeted therapy is potentially able to translate into improved survival of EOC patients, with a major role played by anti-angiogenetic drugs. The role of target therapy is underlined in the platinum-resistant setting that represents the \\\\' pain in the neck\\\\' in EOC management.Results: 30 randomized trials for a total of 10,530 patients were selected and included in the final analysis. A benefit in terms of OS (pooled HR 0.915; 95% CI 0.840-0.997; p=0.043), particularly for anti-angiogenetic agents (HR 0.872; 95% CI 0.761-1.000; p=0.049), has been demonstrated for targeted therapy. Moreover, a significant advantage in platinum-resistant subgroup in term of PFS (HR 0.755; 95% CI 0.624-0.912; p=0.004) was found.Methods: Clinical trials were selected by searching \\\\'Pubmed\\\\' database and abstracts from major cancer meetings within the time-frame of January 2004-June 2015. The endpoints were survival outcome and response rate (RR). Hazard ratios (HRs) of survival outcomes, with confidence intervals and odds-ratios (ORs) of RR, were extracted from retrieved studies and used for current analysis. Meta-analysis was carried out by random effect model.Objectives: The current gold-standard for the first-line treatment in IIIb/IV stages of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel plus bevacizumab in some countries. In the era of personalized medicine, there is still uncertainty on the impact of several molecularly targeted agents, which have been investigated for the management of this disease. To shed light on the actual role of targeted therapy in EOC, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Extra virgin Argan oils' shelf-life monitoring and prediction based on chemical properties or FTIR fingerprints and chemometrics. In order to achieve a better understanding of the shelf-life behavior of extra virgin Argan oils (EVAO) during storage, the influences of storage periods, roasting process and packaging materials were studied. Those oils were extracted from roasted and unroasted kernels. The EVAO shelf life assessment was made by determining chemical properties (acidity, peroxide value, specific absorbances K232 and K270, tocopherol content, fatty-acids and sterol composition, and oxidative stability index) and by FTIR spectra. Sixty EVAO samples (30 roasted and 30 unroasted) were evaluated after production and then were packed in two glass bottle types (dark and clear), which resulted in 120 samples. They were stored under realistic storage conditions (ambient temperature) for two successive years and analysed 6-monthly. Chemometric data analysis was applied to study the shelf-life influence. PCA and PLS-DA, on either the chemical data or the FTIR spectra, allowed the discrimination between fresh and oxidized oils. The oil shelf-life was predicted by means of PLS regression. Thus, the time of storage after which the oil loses its extra virgin quality could be predicted. Finally, the potential of FTIR fingerprinting to quantify four physicochemical properties (i.e. acidity, PV, K-232 and K-270) during EVAO storage was established using PLS regression.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "3D prestack plane-wave, full-waveform inversion. Prestack depth migration has been used for decades to derive velocity distributions in depth. Numerous tools and methodologies have been developed to reach this goal. Exploration in geologically more complex areas exceeds the abilities of existing methods. New data-acquisition and data-processing methods are required to answer these new challenges effectively. The recently introduced wide-azimuth data acquisition method offers better illumination and noise attenuation as well as an opportunity to more accurately determine velocities for imaging. One of the most advanced tools for depth imaging is full-waveform inversion. Prestack seismic full-waveform inversion is very challenging because of the nonlinearity and nonuniqueness of the solution. Combined with multiple iterations of forward modeling and residual wavefield back propagation, the method is computer intensive, especially for 3D projects. We studied a time-domain, plane-wave implementation of 3D waveform inversion. We found that plane-wave gathers are an attractive input to waveform inversion with dramatically reduced computer run times compared to traditional shot-gather approaches. The study was conducted on two synthetic data sets - Marmousi2 and SMAART Pluto 1.5 - and a field data set. The results showed that a velocity field can be reconstructed well using a multiscale time-domain implementation of waveform inversion. Although the time-domain solution does not take advantage of wavenumber redundancy, the method is feasible on current computer architectures for 3D surveys. The inverted velocity volume produces a quality image for exploration geologists by using numerous iterations of waveform inversion.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "ENGRAFTMENT AFTER INFUSION OF CD34 ENRICHED MARROW-CELLS. The CD34 antigen, expressed on 1-4% of marrow cells obtained from humans and primates, includes virtually all committed and primitive progenitors detected by in vitro assays. Previous studies in baboons have demonstrated that the infusion of small numbers of CD34 enriched marrow cells leads to full hematopoetic reconstitution after lethal irradiation. Because the CD34 antigen was not detected on breast cancer or neuroblastoma cells it was possible to use antibodies to the CD34 antigen to separate CD34 enriched cells from the marrows of such patients. Thirteen patients (11 with metastatic breast cancer and 2 with neuroblastoma) had 2.5-22.0 x 10(9) nucleated marrow cells processed for CD34 enrichment. We recovered 50-260 x 10(6) nucleated cells that adhered to the column which were 35-92% CD34 positive. Patients received 1.0-5.2 x 10(6) CD34 enriched cells/kg following myeloablative therapy. Ten of 13 patients, who survived long enough to be evaluable for engraftment, achieved 500 neutrophils/mm3 between days 15-45 and a self-supporting platelet count of 20,000/mm3 between days 23-66. We conclude that small numbers of CD34 enriched marrow cells are capable of autologous hematopoetic reconstitution in humans.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Ultrastructural and Phylogenetic Description of Kudoa orbicularis n. sp (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida): A Parasite Infecting the Muscle of the Fish Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) in the Amazon Region. A new myxosporean species is described from the muscle of the Amazonian freshwater fish Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Teleostei, Cichlidae), with basis on morphometric, ultrastructural and molecular data. Numerous myxospores were observed within pseudocysts located on the hosts' dorsal and ventral muscles, near the neural spines and neural canal (spinal cord). Mature myxospores quadrangular with rounded ends in apical view, measuring 4.3 (3.6-5.0) mu m in length and 5.1 (4.2-5.8) mu m in width. The myxospores wall is formed by four symmetric valves. Within, four pyriform polar capsules, 2.1 (1.7-2.6) mu m long and 1.3 (0.9-1.7) mu m wide, located two by two in opposite sides of the myxospores longitudinal axis, each containing a polar filament forming 2-3 coils. Molecular analysis of the SSU rRNA gene by maximum likelihood, neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony confirms the parasite as a new member of the genus Kudoa, herein named Kudoa orbicularis n. sp., the second species of its genus reported from the South American freshwater fauna, and the fourth species worldwide known to occur in the freshwater environment. Furthermore, its sequence of the SSU rRNA gene constitutes the first entry of a freshwater Kudoa species in GenBank.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Study on a Christian Chinese sample: sense of self-worth, well-being and locus of control. The purpose of this study was to explore Chinese Christians' sense of self-worth, well-being, locus of control and the correlations between these variables. One hundred and two Chinese Christians with a range of 18-40 years old were surveyed by the Scale of Self-worth, Chinese version of General Well-Being Scale and internal-external Locus of Control Scale. A control group of 134 Chinese non-Christians participated in the same survey. Christians scored lower on locus of control and higher on self-worth than the non-Christians. No significant general well-being difference was between the Christian and non-Christian samples. The correlations were significant between locus of control and self-worth/general well-being (negative) and between self-worth and general well-being (positive). Results suggest that Christians experience better self-worth and tend to be internals on locus of control.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "THE USE OF CYTOCHROME-B SEQUENCE VARIATION IN ESTIMATION OF PHYLOGENY IN THE VIREONIDAE. A recent phylogenetic study of the genus Vireo, based on protein electrophoresis, shows the taxon is polyphyletic and contains four distinct groups. This contradicts the traditional classification of the genus. Johnson et al. (1988) find a group containing members of the subgenera Vireo and Lanivireo, a lone taxon containing the species V. bellii and a division of the subgenus Vireosylva into a gilvus and an olivaceus group. To test these results independently, sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt-b) gene were collected from the following 9 vireos representing the three subgenera: Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii), Gray Vireo (V. vicinior), Solitary Vireo (V. solitarius), Black-capped Vireo (V. atricapillus), White-eyed Vireo (V. griseus), Philadelphia Vireo (V. philadelphicus), Warbling Vireo (V. gilvus), Red-eyed Vireo (V. olivaceus) and Black-whiskered Vireo (V. altiloquus), and two confamilial species: Rufous-browed Peppershrike (Cyclarhis gujanensis) and Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo (Vireolanius leucotis). For each of the above species, at least 273 homologous base pairs from the cyt-b gene were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, and subsequently sequenced. Estimates of phylogenies were achieved through phenetic, maximum likelihood and weighted cladistic analyses. The evolutionary histories produced did not support or reject the monophyly of the genus Vireo. However, Cyclarhis was more closely related to Vireo than was Vireolanius. Two major clades were found in the genus Vireo. An eye-lined clade contained members of the subgenus Vireosylva while an eye-ringed group contained members of the subgenera Vireo and Lanivireo (including V. bellii).", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "SCADA Systems Cyber Security for Critical Infrastructures: Case Studies in Multiple Sectors. Past cyber-attacks on Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems for Critical infrastructures have left these systems compromised and caused financial and economic problems. Deliberate attacks have resulted in denial of services and physical injury to the public in certain cases. This study explores the past attacks on SCADA Systems by examining nine case studies across multiple utility sectors including transport, energy and water and sewage sector. These case studies will be further analysed according to the cyber-terrorist decision-making theories including strategic, organisational and psychological theories based on McCormick (2000). Next, this study will look into cyber-terrorist capabilities in conducting attacks according to Nelson's (1999) approach that includes simple-unstructured, advance-structured and complex-coordinated capabilities. The results of this study will form the basis of a guideline that organisations can use so that they are better prepared in identifying potential future cybersecurity attacks on their SCADA systems.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Augmented and Virtual Reality in Construction: Drivers and Limitations for Industry Adoption. Augmented and virtual reality have the potential to provide a step-change in productivity in the construction sector; however, the level of adoption is very low. This paper presents a systematic study of the factors that limit and drive adoption in a construction sector-specific context. A mixed research method was employed, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis. Eight focus groups with 54 experts and an online questionnaire were conducted. Forty-two limiting and driving factors were identified and ranked. Principal component analysis was conducted to group the identified factors into a smaller number of factors based on correlations. Four types of limiting factors and four types of driving factors were identified. The main limitation of adoption is that AR and VR technologies are regarded as expensive and immature technologies that are not suitable for engineering and construction. The main drivers are that AR and VR enable improvements in project delivery and provision of new and better services. This study provides valuable insights to stakeholders to devise actions that mitigate the limiting factors and that boost the driving factors. This is one of the first systematic studies to present a detailed analysis of the factors that limit and drive adoption of AR and VR in the construction industry. The main contribution of this study is that it grouped and characterized myriad limiting and driving factors into easily understandable categories, so that the limiting factors can be effectively mitigated and the driving factors potentiated. A roadmap with specific short-term and medium-term actions for improving adoption was outlined.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Complex network approach to fractional time series. In order to extract correlation information inherited in stochastic time series, the visibility graph algorithm has been recently proposed, by which a time series can be mapped onto a complex network. We demonstrate that the visibility algorithm is not an appropriate one to study the correlation aspects of a time series. We then employ the horizontal visibility algorithm, as a much simpler one, to map fractional processes onto complex networks. The degree distributions are shown to have parabolic exponential forms with Hurst dependent fitting parameter. Further, we take into account other topological properties such as maximum eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix and the degree assortativity, and show that such topological quantities can also be used to predict the Hurst exponent, with an exception for anti-persistent fractional Gaussian noises. To solve this problem, we take into account the Spearman correlation coefficient between nodes' degrees and their corresponding data values in the original time series. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.", "label": [4, 35, 41]}
{"token": "Emission shift by recombination effect in a three-layered oeld. Organic electroluminescent devices (OELDs) with the structure of indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/N,N-diphenyl-N . N-(3-methylphenyl)1,1-biphenyl-4,4-diamine (TPD)/2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-5-(4-biphenylyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD)/tris(8-quinolinolato)aluminum (Alq(3))/Al:Li were fabricated and we investigated the effects of applied voltage, thickness of organic layer, and ITO anode to probe the emission mechanism. Electroluminescence (EL) spectra and Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of these devices were measured to observe emitting characteristics in various voltages. The emission color gradually changes from yellowish-green to greenish-blue due to the shift of recombination region of holes and electrons as driving voltage is increased in the same structure. The thickness of each organic layer and hole injection capabilities of the anode are also among major factors to expand the recombination region in the device. Especially, the total amount of holes provided by the ITO anode affects the probability of recombination and can shift the CIE coordinates. It is possible in an OELD for holes and electrons to recombine in the emitting layer (PBD) as well as there are to be contributions to the emission from the electron transport and hole transport layers (HTLs). (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Violent Men: Trauma, Humiliation and Scenarios of Harm. In this chapter, through numerous in-depth ethnographies, I explore the biographical accounts of several violent men that have committed serious criminal offences. Some of the men in this chapter have served custodial sentences for committing acts of homicide. All the men, however, have been part of organised crime networks, with some being involved in criminal operations beyond the West Midlands. In addition to exploring their criminal activities, I present rich narratives of these men through their life histories, which in turn provides an understanding of harms inflicted on them, and the harms that they have inflicted on others. To provide a persuasive analysis, theoretically I decipher biographical and reflexive accounts of these men through psychoanalysis and Bourdieusian epistemologies. Indeed, it is through narrative accounts that I present what I have coined: scenarios of harm, and how imaginary situations contribute towards the shaping of an individual's street habitus (Wacquant in American Journal of Sociology 107: 1468-1532, 2002; Sandberg and Pedersen in Street Capital: Black Cannabis Dealers in a White Welfare State. Policy Press, Bristol, 2009; Fraser in Journal of Youth Studies 16: 970-985, 2013), and how this then valorizes their capital and position within the field. Ultimately, I draw towards a speculative suggestion that the containment of harmful dispositions becomes integral for a person's behaviour, interaction and trajectory in the underworld.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 29, 57]}
{"token": "The nurse apprentice and fundamental bedside care: An historical perspective. This historical study aims to explain how the transition from student nurse service to fully qualified \\\\'graduate nurse\\\\' service in the United States in the 20th century affected assumptions about fundamental patient care in hospital wards and provide historical context for current apprenticeship programs. Through analysis of documents from 1920 when student nurse service, a nurse apprentice model, was the norm to 1960 when the nurse apprentice model was waning in favor of registered nurse service, this study found that the replacement of student nurses with registered nurses led to weakened standardization of fundamental bedside care and the introduction of large numbers of unlicensed nursing assistants. While student nurses could perform all the functions of fully qualified graduate nurses, nursing assistants could not, resulting in a separation of fundamental nursing care from the professional nurse role and changes in assumptions and attitudes toward fundamental care. These changes had a negative effect on fundamental nursing care. New apprenticeship programs provide opportunities for improvement.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Common genetic variation and susceptibility to partial epilepsies: a genome-wide association study. Partial epilepsies have a substantial heritability. However, the actual genetic causes are largely unknown. In contrast to many other common diseases for which genetic association-studies have successfully revealed common variants associated with disease risk, the role of common variation in partial epilepsies has not yet been explored in a well-powered study. We undertook a genome-wide association-study to identify common variants which influence risk for epilepsy shared amongst partial epilepsy syndromes, in 3445 patients and 6935 controls of European ancestry. We did not identify any genome-wide significant association. A few single nucleotide polymorphisms may warrant further investigation. We exclude common genetic variants with effect sizes above a modest 1.3 odds ratio for a single variant as contributors to genetic susceptibility shared across the partial epilepsies. We show that, at best, common genetic variation can only have a modest role in predisposition to the partial epilepsies when considered across syndromes in Europeans. The genetic architecture of the partial epilepsies is likely to be very complex, reflecting genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Larger meta-analyses are required to identify variants of smaller effect sizes (odds ratio < 1.3) or syndrome-specific variants. Further, our results suggest research efforts should also be directed towards identifying the multiple rare variants likely to account for at least part of the heritability of the partial epilepsies. Data emerging from genome-wide association-studies will be valuable during the next serious challenge of interpreting all the genetic variation emerging from whole-genome sequencing studies.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Paternal inheritance of growth in fish pursuing alternative reproductive tactics. In species with indeterminate growth, age-related size variation of reproductive competitors within each sex is often high. This selects for divergence in reproductive tactics of same-sex competitors, particularly in males. Where alternative tactics are fixed for life, the causality of tactic choice is often unclear. In the African cichlid Lamprologus callipterus, large nest males collect and present empty snail shells to females that use these shells for egg deposition and brood care. Small dwarf males attempt to fertilize eggs by entering shells in which females are spawning. The bourgeois nest males exceed parasitic dwarf males in size by nearly two orders of magnitude, which is likely to result from greatly diverging growth patterns. Here, we ask whether growth patterns are heritable in this species, or whether and to which extent they are determined by environmental factors. Standardized breeding experiments using unrelated offspring and maternal half-sibs revealed highly divergent growth patterns of male young sired by nest or dwarf males, whereas the growth of female offspring of both male types did not differ. As expected, food had a significant modifying effect on growth, but neither the quantity of breeding substrate in the environment nor ambient temperature affected growth. None of the environmental factors tested influenced the choice of male life histories. We conclude that in L.callipterus growth rates of bourgeois and parasitic males are paternally inherited, and that male and female growth is phenotypically plastic to only a small degree.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Bulgakov's Account of Creation: Neglected Aspects, Critics and Contemporary Relevance. The article focuses on a central, yet neglected dimension of the 'Sophia Debate' in twentieth-century Russian Orthodox theology: Bulgakov's panentheistic account of creation and its critique by Nikolai Lossky. Bulgakov understood the doctrine of creation to be negatively defined as creatio ex nihilo and positively defined as creatio ex Deo. Bulgakov's sophiology seeks to relate God and the world through the intermediate concept of Sophia, balancing an account of God's being in the world with an account of the world's eternal foundation in God. Lossky objected that Bulgakov's account underemphasizes novelty, contingency and the free character of creation. Lossky's objections notwithstanding, Bulgakov's version of panentheism - especially its trinitarian, antinomian and kenotic dimensions - finds significant points of contact with contemporary accounts of creation.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Institutional ownership and liquidity commonality: evidence from Australia. We study the liquidity commonality impact of local and foreign institutional investment in the Australian equity market in the cross-section and over time. We find that commonality in liquidity is higher for large stocks compared to small stocks in the cross-section of stocks, and the spread between the two has increased over the past two decades. We show that this divergence can be explained by foreign institutional ownership. This finding suggests that foreign institutional investment contributes to an increase in the exposure of large stocks to unexpected liquidity events in the local market. We find a positive association between foreign institutional ownership and commonality in liquidity across all stocks, particularly in large and mid-cap stocks. Correlated trading by foreign institutions explains this association. However, local institutional ownership is positively related to the commonality in liquidity for large-cap stocks only.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "ENVIRONMENTAL COOPERATION AS THE INSTRUMENT OF CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION IN EAST ASIA. East Asia is an area with high number of political militarized conflicts, but also with high biodiversity and fast environmental degradation. A decade ago there emerged the idea that environmental cooperation is able to initiate and sustain a dialogue between the parties of a conflict and facilitates conflict transformation and peace building. This article tests on the three case studies from East Asia two hypotheses and asks one question to find out more about the origin and functioning of environmental cooperation in areas of political conflicts. The article shows that environmental cooperation can emerge even during a political conflict, but only at a time when the intensity of the violence is low. The emergence and development of environmental cooperative projects also depends on the support of external actors. We conclude that the intensity of environmental cooperation in conflict-prone areas remains weak even after many years and even when the process is strongly supported by many external actors.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "SILENCING BAD BOTS: GLOBAL, LEGAL AND POLITICAL QUESTIONS FOR MEAN MACHINE COMMUNICATION. As digital automation expands across social contexts, the way in which legal systems respond when algorithms produce lies and hate presents a pressing policy problem. Search results, autofill suggestions, and intelligent personal assistants generate seemingly objective information for users in order to be helpful, efficient or fun but, as social technologies, can also produce prejudicial and false content. Chatbots and trending lists have made headlines for quickly being transformed from sweet to spiteful and political to inaccurate. As humans progressively engage with and rely on machine communication, the legality of algorithmically created information that harms the reputation or dignity of an individual, entity or group is a policy question posed and answered differently around the world. This article compares various defamation and hate speech laws through the lens of algorithmic content production - mean machine communication - and presents a set of outstanding issues that will require international and interdisciplinary attention.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Towards an integrated corpus stylistics. Over recent years, the use of corpora in stylistic analysis has grown in popularity. However, questions still remain over the remit of corpus stylistics, its distinction from corpus linguistics generally and its capacity to explain complex stylistic effects. This article argues in favour of an integrated corpus stylistics; that is, an approach to corpus stylistics that integrates it with other stylistic methods and analytical frameworks. I suggest that this approach is needed for two main reasons: (i) it is analytically necessary in order to fully explain stylistic effects in texts, and (ii) integrating corpus methods with other stylistic tools is what will distinguish corpus stylistics from corpus linguistics. My argument is supported by reference to examples from Mark Haddon's no vel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time and the HBO TV series Deadwood. Both these examples rely for their explanation on a combination of corpus stylistic analytical techniques and other stylistic methods of analysis.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Fluoxetine exposures: Are they safe for children?. Although it is generally believed that unintentional ingestions of fluoxetine by children are relatively safe, there are no large published studies supporting this concept. The goal of this retrospective study is to determine the signs and symptoms of these children. Inclusion criteria included fluoxetine exposures from six certified regional poison centers: <6 years old, known amount, single substance, 20 mg or more ingested, and follow up done to determine outcome. One hundred twenty cases met all inclusion criteria. Average age was 25 months +/- 12 months. Median amount ingested was 20 mg. Mild signs and symptoms were noted in 3.3%, and no major signs or symptoms were reported. In 48 cases, a milligram per kilogram dose was calculated, and the median dose ingested was 2.26 mg/kg. In 92% of the cases, the amount ingested was 60 mg or below. These children will have no adverse effects or only minimal effects and require no emergency treatment or gastric decontamination. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Increasing the reach of forensic genetics with massively parallel sequencing. The field of forensic genetics has made great strides in the analysis of biological evidence related to criminal and civil matters. More so, the discipline has set a standard of performance and quality in the forensic sciences. The advent of massively parallel sequencing will allow the field to expand its capabilities substantially. This review describes the salient features of massively parallel sequencing and how it can impact forensic genetics. The features of this technology offer increased number and types of genetic markers that can be analyzed, higher throughput of samples, and the capability of targeting different organisms, all by one unifying methodology. While there are many applications, three are described where massively parallel sequencing will have immediate impact: molecular autopsy, microbial forensics and differentiation of monozygotic twins. The intent of this review is to expose the forensic science community to the potential enhancements that have or are soon to arrive and demonstrate the continued expansion the field of forensic genetics and its service in the investigation of legal matters.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 29]}
{"token": "Characteristics of black liquor sprays from gas-assisted atomizers in high-temperature environments. Black liquor droplets in an entrained-flow gasifier that are too large or too small can cause problems in the chemical recovery process. It is therefore important in gasifier design to understand the nature of the atomized-gas spray. We used high-speed imaging to study black liquor sprays in cold and hot environments. Significant conclusions are that: 1. the droplet size distribution width is linked to the mean droplet size as for other sprays in the literature, necessitating a gasifier design that is tolerant of the distribution width associated with the target droplet size; 2. the shape of black liquor droplets is highly non-spherical, necessitating consideration of shape in addition to mass; 3. black liquor has exceptional ability to attach to the nozzle and thereby to form larger-than-desired fragments of liquor; and 4. the furnace environment has a measurable impact on droplet formation, making cold-spray-chamber test results difficult to apply to practical in-furnace spray performance. It had previously been assumed that the furnace environment does not affect the spray.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Marital adjustment for patients with epilepsy in China. Marriage is a major source of social support and a predictor of health; however, marriages that involve people with epilepsy are more likely to fail. To explore this issue in China, we compared the marital adjustment of patients with epilepsy to control subjects using the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS). A total of 136 married persons with epilepsy and 145 healthy control subjects were recruited. The DAS score was significantly lower in people with active epilepsy than in the controls (102.0 +/- 17.8 vs. 109.2 +/- 15.8, p < 0.001). A hierarchical regression showed that depression and social support satisfaction were significant predictors for DAS. Psychosocial variables accounted for 24.0% of the variance in DAS after control for demographic and seizure-related factors in patients with active epilepsy. The result suggests that people with active epilepsy in our sample encountered more marital discord than controls. Treatment to control mood disorder and support intervention might be important for their marital adjustment. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
{"token": "The Return of Proto-Mark A Response to David Neville. In my book Rethinking the Gospel Sources: From Proto-Mark to Mark, I presented evidence for a new theory of Synoptic relations, in which all three Synoptics depended on earlier sources, including some form of a \\\\'Proto-Mark\\\\'. My arguments for this theory have been criticized in two articles by David Neville. Neville's criticisms fall into three categories: general criticisms, criticisms of my evidence against direct dependence of one Synoptic on another (Chapters 2 and 3 of my book), and criticisms of the constructive portion of my book. An examination of his critique suggests that it does not damage my case as much as Neville supposed. Ultimately, Neville's disagreements with my work are less significant than his agreements. We both recognize that theories of Markan or Matthean priority have had their day and that future progress in solving the Synoptic Problem will require a hypothesis of some form of Proto-Mark.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Homelessness and Depressive Symptoms A Systematic Review. The present systematic review aimed to summarize data on the prevalence and treatment of depressive symptoms among homeless people. We referred to the PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify relevant studies on the topic. Among the 43 included studies, we found great variability in the prevalence of depressive symptoms among homeless people (ranging from 9.9% to 77.5%). Comparative studies among the homeless versus nonhomeless population showed that rates of depressive symptoms are 5 to 14 times higher in the homeless population. Similar differences were also found for suicidal ideation. The lack of research and treatment plans for this specific population further encourages more evidence and special therapeutic intervention. Although little has been found in the literature, a substantial improvement in the quality of life and reduction in depressive symptoms was demonstrated when therapeutic interventions were performed among homeless people (i.e., housing, nursing, access to community care and effective services and supports programs, mindfulness, pharmacological treatment).", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Farm costs associated with premovement testing for bovine tuberculosis. Sixty cattle farmers in England were questioned about the costs associated with premovement testing for bovine tuberculosis (TB). On average, the farmers had premovement tested 2-45 times in the previous 12 months, but the majority had tested only once. An average of 28.6 animals were tested on each occasion, but there were wide variations. The average farm labour costs were (sic)4.00 per animal tested, veterinary costs were (sic)4.33 and other costs were (sic)0.51, giving a total cost of (sic)8.84, but there were wide variations between farms, and many incurred costs of more than (sic)20 per animal. A majority of the farmers also cited disruption to the farm business or missed market opportunities as costs, but few could estimate their financial cost. Most of the farmers thought that premovement testing was a cost burden on their business, and over half thought It was not an effective policy to control bovine TB.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Religious education in England. This article argues that RE in England is shaped by a number of factors that promote a rigid definition of religiosity and which discourage engagement with new, unconventional or non-mainstream forms of religion. The article identifies the close relationship between RE and the national church and other faith communities as well as a reliance on local agreed syllabi as key characteristics in the inability of RE in England to fully engage with contemporary forms of religion. It ends by calling for a revaluation of the basis for RE and a greater engagement with other disciplines involved in the study of religion.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
{"token": "An analysis of the medical specialty training system in Spain. In this paper, we analyse the medical specialty training system in Spain (the so-called \\\\'residency system\\\\'). In order to do so, we a) summarize its historical evolution; b) describe the five major architectural pillars on which the system is currently based; c) analyse the special contract of the specialist-in-training; d) discuss the three major challenges for the medical specialist training future: the evolution and expansion of the residency system to other health professions, the issue of grouping specialties with a common core trunk and the continuity of the learning process; and e) draw four conclusions that may be relevant for those who are in the process of developing or revising their own medical specialization systems.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
{"token": "Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum (MTCC 5422) with fructooligosaccharide as wall material by spray drying. Microencapsulation is a promising technique for delivery of live microbial supplements through foods. Prebiotics like 'fructooligosaccharide (FOS)' can be used as a wall material to produce synbiotics. However, the low glass transition temperature (T-g) of FOS causes stickiness when used as wall material during spray drying. This problem was alleviated by FOS in combination with whey protein isolate (WPI) or denatured whey protein isolate (DWPI) for encapsulating the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum (MTCC 5422). Microencapsulation was performed with wall materials FOS, FOS + WPI, FOS + DWPI at two different core-to-wall ratios of 1:1 and 1:1.5. FOS + WPI and FOS DWPI microcapsules of 1:1 core-to-wall ratio exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency, lower residual moisture content and narrow range of particle size distribution than 1:1.5. However, microcapsules of 1:1.5 core-to-wall ratios enhanced the storage stability and tolerance of probiotic cells in the simulated gastric and intestinal conditions. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of whey proteins and FOS in the microcapsules after spray drying. On overall comparison, FOS + DWPI microcapsules of 1:1 core-to-wall ratio had higher encapsulation efficiency (98.63%) but 1:1.5 ratio exhibited better storage stability and protection in simulated gastric, as well as intestinal condition than the other encapsulates. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "The wholly social or the holy social?: recognising theological tensions in sociology. While Latour criticises the tautologies of the 'sociologists of the social' as an intellectual shortcut, here sociology in the broadest sense is reconsidered as informed by unrecognised theological ideas, inter alia. Durkheim's classic account of religion, wherein 'society is God' is taken as a starting point to explore the intersection of sociology and theology. Thereafter the article examines three social theorists, Elias, Giddens and Boltanski, each of whom attempt a re-casting of sociology, yet rearticulate theological models. In particular, this includes an ontological conception of society, structure or system in terms of over-arching and invisible forces which is derived - inter alia - from religious models of divine will and providential order, which incorporates human choice - or agency in contemporary parlance. Accompanying this ontology is an epistemology of deciphering 'deeper' or 'structural' or 'transcendent' aspects of society by observing trends, cases or culture, akin to divining the providential will by observing its manifestations, which can be conducted in a more critical or forgiving manner. By examining these theological strands which persist in sociology, this aim is not to critically repudiate them, but to recognise the productive contribution of these models of thinking to imagining the 'social'.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Improvement of Thermoelectric Properties Via Combination of Nanostructurization and Elemental Doping. Since the nanostructure was introduced to modify thermoelectric properties in 1993, many efforts have been devoted to fabricate nanostructures and investigate the electrical and thermal transports in nanostructured materials. Compared with low-dimensional materials, nanocomposites not only exhibit nanofeatures but also can be fabricated in large quantities and compatible with practical thermoelectric devices in scale and shape. This article reviews the background of nanocomposites, then the Mg-2(Si0.4Sn0.6)Bi-x solid solutions. High-manganese silicides with MnSi (HMS-MnSi), and In4-xGdxSe3 compounds are selected as examples to illustrate the combination effect of nanostructure and dopants on thermoelectric properties. In situ nanostructures successfully formed during the rapid cooling and spark-plasma sintering processing and elemental doping were achieved via melting processing. Electrical conductivities were enhanced as a result of the increased carrier concentration or carrier mobility by elemental doping. Meanwhile, thermal conductivities decreased as a result of the strong phonon scattering intensified by nanostructures. The ZTs for the specimens with optimal doping ratio were enhanced in these three types of thermoelectric materials.", "label": [1, 4, 11, 13, 39]}
{"token": "Of cabbages and king cobra: Populist politics and Zambia's 2006 election. Zambias 2006 election was won by incumbent President Levy Mwanawasa and his Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD). However, it is argued here that the most important outcome of the campaign was the successful articulation of a new populist politics by Michael Satas Patriotic Front (PF), which won a significant majority in urban areas. Satas attacks on foreign investors (particularly from China) for their abuse of the workforce and their supposedly corrupt relationship with the MMD resonated with urban Zambians, already angered by the negative impact of economic liberalization. PFs campaign injected popular social demands into what had become a moribund political debate. The MMD government is now adopting PF policies in an attempt to restore its own urban support base. The article describes the campaign and its outcomes, contrasting the political discourse of the MMD and PF and analysing the differences in voting behaviour between rural and urban Zambians. It argues that recent relief of 92 percent of Zambias international debt, along with the renewed profitability of the copper mining industry, have created conditions for the re-emergence of a nationalist-developmental political framework.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "CORAL COMMUNITY DECLINE AT BONAIRE, SOUTHERN CARIBBEAN. We assessed the status of coral reef benthic communities at Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, in December 2008 and January 2009 through similar to 5 km of photo transects taken at depths of 5, 10, and 20 m at 14 locations around the island. Univariate and multivariate analyses detected significant variation in benthic communities among depths and locations, as well as between leeward and windward sides of the island. Mean percentage cover of scleractinian corals ranged between 0.2% and 43.6% at the study sites and tended to be lowest at 5-m depth. The survey recorded 40 scleractinian coral species from 19 genera, within 10 families. Faviidae were by far the most abundant scleractinian family at all depths (predominantly Montastraea spp.), followed by Agariciidae at 20 and 10 m, and by Astrocoeniidae at 5-m depth. Macroalgal cover exceeded scleractinian coral cover at nearly all sites, averaging 34.9% (all samples pooled), compared with a pooled mean coral cover of 15.4%. Windward reefs were characterized by prolific growth of the brown algae Sargassum spp., and leeward reefs by growth of turf algae, Dictyota spp., Trichogloeopsis pedicellata (Howe) I. A. Abbott & Doty, and Lobophora variegata (Lamouroux) Womersley ex Oliveira. Damage from recent hurricanes was evident from the presence of toppled and fragmented corals, the movement of sand, and exposure of cemented Acropora cervicornis (Lamarck, 1816) rubble on the shallow reef platform. The combination of algal dominance and low to moderate coral cover are symptomatic of partly degraded reef systems, particularly as they coincide with elevated nutrients and reduced herbivory.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
{"token": "PPPs in Health: Static or Dynamic?. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), or in the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) form throughout the Anglo-Saxon world, are gaining in popularity for the provision of hospitals. Increasingly common around the world and seen as a potential solution that will both overcome the bottlenecks associated with more conventional approaches to hospital provision and generate 'value for money'(VfM), these PFI-PPPs represent a major, but so far under-evaluated, concept. This article analyses whether public-private partnerships do deliver the benefits claimed. It endeavors to assess the potential of hospital PFI-PPPs, and their empirical performance on achieving VfM, through addressing the way the contractual arrangements are structured and the extent of flexibility they generate. Initial lessons arising from the current provisioning of English and Australian hospital facilities by PFI-PPPs are identified so they can be taken into consideration in future projects.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Temperature dependence of the complex shear modulus of cation and anion exchanging poly(pyrrole) films. The temperature dependence of the complex shear modulus, G = G' + jG', of poly(pyrrole) anion and cation exchanging films was investigated in aqueous solutions as a function of potential in the temperature interval 15-50 degrees C. Both G' and G' decrease with increasing temperature for anion exchangers and remain constant for cation exchangers. This effect is explained in terms of free volume effects and glass temperature variation due to the presence of trapped large surfactant anions in the cation exchanging and mobile small anions in the anion exchanging films. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "On the breaking of internal waves in the ocean. The minimum Richardson numbers both of the quasi-steady x-directed flow, J(x) (that is, in the horizontal direction of wave propagation), and of the transverse y-directed flow, J(y), may be <1/4 for steepness, s < 1, provided that sigma/f is sufficiently close to unity, where sigma is the wave frequency and f the Coriolis frequency. For waves of increasing steepness bur fixed frequency, it is found that the minimum Richardson number of flow in the y direction, J(y), becomes less than 1/4 before those of flows in other directions, suggesting that disturbances in the y direction, transverse to the wave, may be first to become unstable. Analytical and numerical solutions of the Taylor-Goldstein equation however show that there is a singular neutral mode of the y-directed flow with a maximum Richardson number, J(y), necessary and sufficient for instability, which decreases as s increases. This mode is stationary. Nonstationary singular x-directed neutral modes exist when the minimum Richardson numbers equals 1/4, independent of s (<1). These critical disturbances move in the x direction at speeds that increase roughly linearly with s. In consequence and depending on the relative growth rates and the manner in which wave steepness increases, moving x-directed disturbances will be the first to become unstable as s increases; they may characterize the onset of instability and consequent wave breaking at all values of s < 1. The wavelengths of the first disturbances to become unstable in near-inertial internal waves of a fixed frequency as their steepness increases are then slightly in excess of the vertical wavelength of the internal waves. These disturbances propagate in the positive x direction with speeds which increases with s, approximately as 0.325cs, where c is the horizontal phase speed of the internal wave. The study draws attention to the need to examine whether collective instability, leading to mixing on a scale exceeding that of a single wave, is possible.The onset of instability in monochromatic two-dimensional internal near-inertial gravity waves propagating in an ocean of constant buoyancy frequency and no mean shear is examined for increasing values of the wave steepness s, the product of the wave amplitude, and the vertical wavenumber of the the waves. Stability of disturbances to the quasi-steady flow depends on the minimum Richardson number of the flow in the direction of the disturbance vector.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Heat-flow anomalies crossing New Mexico along La Ristra seismic profile. Heat-flow data along La Ristra seismic line crossing New Mexico from the Colorado Plateau to the Great Plains suggest that the Jemez Lineament and the Rio Grande rift are high heat-flow geologic provinces, which, from the heat-flow data, appear separated by a triangular wedge of Colorado Plateau. Estimated mid-depths of upper-mantle thermal sources for the Jemez Lineament and the Rio Grande rift generally agree with the mid-depths of the greatest upper-mantle seismic velocity anomalies, supporting the suggestion that these seismic anomalies are caused in part by increased temperature. Mid-depths of shallower thermal sources are near the mid-depth between the top of the crustal seismic velocity anomaly and the top of the upper-mantle seismic anomaly. Heat flow returns to intermediate values in the Colorado Plateau and the eastern rift flank of the Rio Grande rift, suggesting similar crustal and upper-mantle thermal conditions in the two regions and low values in the Great Plains, indicating cooler crustal and upper-mantle temperatures. Heat-flow values are generally consistent with seismic velocities, although differences between the data sets are observed for the Rio Grande rift eastern flank.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Building ships while breaking apart Container economies and the limits of chaebol capitalism. With the center of gravity of the maritime industry over recent decades progressively moving eastwards, South Korea is today a giant in both shipping and shipbuilding. Its largely family-controlled industrial enterprises are nowadays increasingly engaged in risky business experiments abroad, which on occasion fail in a spectacular manner. By following the story of how one family-run economic actor invested unsuccessfully in the Philippines, I combine an exploration of the political-economic factors involved in this failure with an investigation of how these larger structures are entangled with a complex family story inside a Korean conglomerate. The forced separation between family and business that ensued in this case illuminates changing and competing ideals of \\\\'waterborne\\\\' capitalism in the twenty-first century.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "The ancient brass cementation processes revisited by extensive experimental simulation. Prior to the mastering of metallic zinc production in the mid-19th century, brass making in Europe was based on the so-called cementation process: within a more or less closed vessel, gaseous zinc is produced by the carbothermic reduction of zinc ore at around 1,000A degrees C (+/- 100A degrees C), and simultaneously diffuses into metallic copper. Few ancient brass objects dated before the Industrial Revolution analyzed so far bear more than 30 wt.% zinc, so that this zinc content value has become a dating criterion for these artifacts. The systematic laboratory-scale experimental simulations of the ancient process presented here permit the multiple influences of temperature, isothermal treatment duration, and initial Zn/Cu ratio on the zinc content of the final products, and on the zinc recovery rates as well, to be investigated for the first time.", "label": [1, 4, 11, 13, 39]}
{"token": "Second Language Teacher Development through CALL Practice: The Emergence of Teachers' Agency. The data suggests that the teachers became aware of the social nature of the technology through the challenges they encountered when coordinating their own and students' mismatched values attached to ICT. Such a change in perceptions not only impacted their pedagogical usage of the technology but in turn also constituted their agency.A growing number of studies examining second language (L2) teacher education from the perspective of sociocultural theory, in particular the activity theory framework (Engestrom, 1999), show that transformations in teachers' cognition and practice can be fostered through negotiation of sociocultural and cognitive dissonance in their teaching environments.This case study examines 16 years of cognitive development of two Japanese language teachers practicing computer-assisted language learning (CALL) and the challenges they experienced as a result of the evolution of information and communications technology (ICT). The focus is on the challenges faced by L2 teachers and their responses, and how these challenges relate to the development of teachers' agency as CALL practitioners. Narrative inquiry data for both participants were collected following the Trajectory Equifinality Approach (e.g., Valsiner & Sato, 2006), in which each teacher's life trajectory is visualized to identify critical points based on social affordances and constraints. The critical points were further analyzed and interpreted within and between activity systems.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "ASSESSING COMPLIANCE OF CONSERVATION SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION STANDARDS AND PROFIT EFFICIENCY IN SMALL-SIZED FARMS IN KENYA. Sustainable Conservation Standards (SCS) promote the need for preserving soil life system and minimal use of farm chemicals including fertilizer to replenish the soil. The standards also guide farmers to meet international food safety and production standards such as Global Good Agricultural Practices (GLOBALGAP). The study was conducted in Kenya examined and compared levels of compliance to Sustainable Conservation Standards between GLOBALGAP certified and Non-GLOBALGAP Certified farms. Also, the study examined profit efficiency between GLOBALGAP certified and Non-GLOBALGAP Certified farms. The sample size comprised of 429 randomly selected smallholder farmers from three major snap bean producing regions in Kenya. The result revealed that the majority of GLOBALGAP certified farmers were likely to comply to Sustainable Conservation Standards techniques such as low usage of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizer than None GLOBALGAP certified farmers. The showed that compliance to SCS and food safety and production standards enables snap bean smallholder farmers to directly access advanced value chains and ultimately receive higher prices for produce. We conclude by noting that the cost of implementing international food safety and production standards is still expensive to smallholder farmers especially in Sub-Saharan Africa.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
{"token": "Arbitrary footprint patterns obtained by circular apertures. The proposed quasi-analytical method undertakes the shaping of a desired footprint as a composition of several phi-symmetric circular Taylor patterns exhibiting flat-topped beams. The final pattern is obtained after sampling the obtained circular aperture for circular grid planar arrays. A square and a rectangular footprint pattern, both radiated by a planar array with 1246 elements, demonstrate the performance of the technique.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Accounting as Technical, Social and Moral Practice: The Monetary Valuation of Public Cultural, Heritage and Scientific Collections in Financial Reports. The International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board of the International Federation of Accountants issued exposure draft ED78 Property Plant and Equipment in April 2021. It proposes valuing 'heritage items' for recognition as 'heritage assets' in statements of financial position. This proposed requirement for global application casts the spotlight on a highly controversial topic in regulated financial reporting. The monetary valuation of cultural, heritage and scientific collections of public not-for-profit museums, art galleries and similar repositories has been subject to considerable discussion and debate for the past three decades. Our purpose is to critically examine this perennial financial reporting controversary, in the context of the three conceptions of accounting: accounting as technical practice, social practice and moral practice as articulated in the definition of accounting proposed by Carnegie et al. (2021a, 2021b) for discussion, debate and potential adoption in the accounting profession, including by accounting standard setters in all sectors. This article is intended to challenge accounting to enhanced self-awareness in reaching its full potential.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "The Constructive Use of Abundance': the UN World Food Programme and the Evolution of the International Food-Aid System during the Post-War Decades. This article studies the expansion of multilateral economic development aid in the early 1960s by exploring the history of the United Nations (UN) World Food Program. It analyses the pivotal role played by key development economists within the UN Secretariat, such as Hans Singer, alongside US policy-makers in the Kennedy administration in framing and directing the debate on multilateral food aid. It specifically argues that this period marked a shift in how food aid was perceived and utilised by donor and recipient countries - as well as international organisations like the UN and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Ultimately, what began in the 1950s as a bilateral method to feed the hungry through the disposal of surplus agricultural commodities evolved into an international food-aid system by the 1960s centred on the utilisation of surplus agriculture for economic development. This change showcased both the common goals and competing interests of US and UN policy-makers as food aid now joined the wider debate on various doctrines of development.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Fountains impinging on a density interface. We present an experimental study of an axisymmetric turbulent fountain in a two-layer stratified environment. Interacting with the interface, the fountain is observed to exhibit three regimes of flow. It may penetrate the interface, but nonetheless return to the source where it spreads as a radially propagating gravity current; the return flow may be trapped at the interface where it spreads as a radially propagating intrusion or it may do both. These regimes have been classified using empirically determined regime parameters which govern the relative initial momentum of the fountain and the relative density difference of the fountain and the ambient fluid. The maximum vertical distance travelled by the fountain in a two-layer fluid has been theoretically determined by extending the theory developed for fountains in a homogeneous environment. The theory compares favourably with experimental measurements. We have also developed a theory to analyse the initial speeds of the resulting radial currents. The spreading currents exhibited two different flow regimes: a constant-velocity regime and an inertia-buoyancy regime in which the front position, R, scales with time, t, as R similar to t(3/4). These regimes were classified using a critical Froude number which characterized the competing effects of momentum and buoyancy in the currents.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Greatness and Limitations: The Scholarly Legacy of Finnur Jonsson. In 2009 75 years had passed since the death of Finnur Jnsson (1858-1934) who was without doubt one of the most influential scholars of Old Norse studies of his day. Even today, Jnsson casts a considerable shadow on those who work in his chosen fields which included virtually every aspect of Old Norse literature, grammar and lexicography. His editions of Hauksbk and Morkinskinna-old as they may be-are still the only ones available, and his comprehensive edition of skaldic poetry is still of use to those without access to the relevant manuscripts. Primarily, Jnsson was a phenomenally energetic scholar and productive to such a degree that his output in Old Norse studies has to my knowledge never been equalled. But he was also a scholar who based his work on strongly held and controversial beliefs that inevitably affected it, and as a result, his reputation, both during his lifetime and after his death, has been subject to very differing opinions. In this essay I would like to survey his career as a scholar and the much disputed legacy that Jnsson has left to his successors in the field of Old Norse studies.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "An unusual case of sudden unexpected death due to massive hemopericardium from primary mediastinal seminoma. It is well-known that cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of sudden unexpected death, especially in the young. However complete postmortem investigation performed by qualified forensicpathologists is crucial in establishing the exact cause and manner of death. Sudden death caused by a cardiac tamponade occurring secondarily to a primary mediastinal tumor is extremely unusual. An autopsy on a 25-year-old man who died unexpectedly discovered a massive hemopericardium in association with an anterosuperior mediastinal mass. The tumor had invaded the pericardium and an ulcerative surface with hemorrhagic necrosis on the cut surfaces of the intrapericardial tumor was revealed. All cardiac chambers and intrathoracic great vessels were intact and both testes were normal. Histologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of primary mediastinal pure cell seminoma. Diffuse pulmonary edema, as well as generalized congestion of internal organs, was observed as evidence of acute decompensated heart failure. To our knowledge, this is the firstreported case of unexpected death due to massive hemopericardium as a result of primary mediastinal seminoma. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Twisted Hilbert modular surfaces, arithmetic intersections and the Jacquet-Langlands correspondence. We study arithmetic intersections on quaternionic Hilbert modular surfaces and Shimura curves over a real quadratic field. Our first main result is the determination of the degree of the top arithmetic Todd class of an arithmetic twisted Hilbert modular surface. This quantity is then related to the arithmetic volume of a Shimura curve, via the arithmetic Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch theorem and the Jacquet-Langlands correspondence. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Convergence and divergence of random series. This paper amplifies Daley's (1981) criteria for absolute convergence of certain random series by providing a sufficient condition which also is necessary if the summands are independent. Conditions for unconditional and conditional convergence are also given. These results are used to obtain a substantially complete picture of the behaviour of random Dirichlet series of a fairly general type. Behaviour of the partial sums of divergent series is discussed, with particular attention to Dirichlet series.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "THOU HALLOW THE SABBATH DAY. THE SYNODAL REGULATIONS OF WORKON HOLY DAYS (XVI-XVIII CENTURIES). Despite the general ban of servile works on feast days, in Spain, as in other Catholic countries, Sundays and holy days of obli-gation did not mean the complete cessation of labour. The synodal statutes show the problematic balance that Catholic theology tried to achieve between the observance of Sunday rest and the maintenance of some economic activities. This paper analyses the causes that legitimate work on feast days. The regulations concerning holy days are more permissive for agricultural tasks and trade transactions than in the rest of activities.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
{"token": "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Levels in Rectal and Seminal Compartments After Switching to Long-Acting Cabotegravir Plus Rilpivirine: A Longitudinal Study. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels were longitudinally evaluated in 211 rectal and 152 seminal samples from 12 virologically suppressed participants switching to monthly long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine or continuing with daily dolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudine. Maintenance of viral suppression in rectal and seminal compartments was comparable, and blips occurred with similar frequency with both treatment regimens.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "FROM NIEO TO NOW AND THE UNFINISHABLE STORY OF ECONOMIC JUSTICE. Why have attempts to bring development aspirations to bear on international law over a period of 50 years come to far less than any reasonable person would hope? The early claims for a New International Economic Order and permanent sovereignty by developing countries over their natural resources, efforts to delineate a body of international development law, followed by the affirmation of a human right to development, were all attempts to have economic justice reflected in international law. Figures on world poverty and inequality suggest that international law accommodated no such restructuring. This article explores why it is international law has failed the poor of the world, and what interests it has served in their stead.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "HLA Associations in Schizophrenia: Are We Re-Discovering the Wheel?. Associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms on chromosome 6p and schizophrenia (SZ) risk have been evaluated for over five decades. Numerous case-control studies from the candidate gene era analyzed moderately sized samples and reported nominally significant associations with several loci in the HLA region (sample sizes, n=100-400). The risk conferred by individual alleles was modest (odds ratios<2.0). The basis for the associations could not be determined, though connections with known immune and auto-immune abnormalities in SZ were postulated. Interest in the HLA associations has re-emerged following several recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS); which utilized 10- to 100-fold larger samples and also identified associations on the short arm of chromosome 6. Unlike the earlier candidate gene studies, the associations are statistically significant following correction for multiple comparisons. Like the earlier studies; they have modest effect sizes, raising questions about their utility in risk prediction or pathogenesis research. In this review, we summarize the GWAS and reflect on possible bases for the associations. Suggestions for future research are discussed. We favor, in particular; efforts to evaluate local population sub-structure as well as further evaluation of immune-related variables in future studies. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 20, 23]}
{"token": "Suppression of Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations in coffee in the Mexico-Guatemala border region through the augmentative releases of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In Guatemalan coffee plantations, Ceratitis capitata populations were suppressed by the application of augmentative releases of parasitoids. These releases significantly increased parasitism of this fruit fly over paired no-release control areas. Integrated management plus biological control presented a significant reduction in the pest population. These results support the application of biological control in C. capitata management.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
{"token": "The impact of social value orientation and risk attitudes on trust and reciprocity. Prior experimental studies provide evidence that the levels of trust and reciprocity are highly susceptible to individuals' preferences towards payoffs, prior experience, capacity to learn more about personal characteristics of each other and social distance. The objective of this study is to examine whether social value orientation as developed by Griesinger and Livingston [Griesinger, D. W., & Livingston Jr., J.W. (1973). Toward a model of interpersonal motivation in experimental games. Behavioral Science, 18, 173-188] and Liebrand [Liebrand, W. B. G. (1984). The effect of social motives, communication and group size on behavior in an n-person Multi-stage mixed-motive game. European Journal of Social Psychology, 14, 239-264] and risk preferences can help to account for the variability of trust and trustworthiness. We use the Berg, Dickhaut and McCabe [Berg, J., Dickhaut, I., & McCabe, K. (1995). Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior, 10, 122-142] investment game to generate indices of trust and reciprocity. Prior to their participation in the investment game, all subjects participated in two other games. One is used to measure their social value orientation (a measure of other regarding behavior) and the second to measure risk attitudes. These variables are introduced as treatments in the analysis of the trust and reciprocity data. In addition to these preference related variables, gender is introduced to capture any differences between men and women which may not be encompassed by value orientation and risk attitudes. The statistical analysis indicates that the social value orientation measure significantly accounts for variation in trust and reciprocity. As well, the level of trust exhibited by an investor significantly affects the reciprocity of the responders and this measure of trust interacts with social value orientation. individuals who are highly pro-social reciprocate more as the sender's trust increases, while those who are highly pro-self reciprocate less as the sender's trust increases. For this sample of participants, the gender variable does not capture any differences in the behavior of men and women that is not already reflected by the differences captured by their value orientations. Risk attitudes do not significantly account for variation in trusting behavior, except for the case where individuals have neither strongly pro-social nor pro-self social value orientations. In this case, more risk-seeking individuals are more trusting. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 55]}
{"token": "Identifying time-space constraints: a neglected element of the development discourse. Findings - The analysis draws attention to the impact of mobility constraints on dignity and social functioning in policy environments that maximise rather than address and redress such constraints.Research implications - A time-space constraint approach leads towards more fundamental practices of process investigation rather than a parading of apparent patterns of outcomes, and this in turn leads towards a practice of process correction. There are significant policy implications from this research.Originality/value - Identifying time-space constraints represents a woefully neglected element of the development discourse, and it is time for the correction of this neglect with detailed analysis of time-space constraints across the range of social action. This paper addresses this.Purpose - The purpose of this article is to provide conceptual provocation in the context of collective expertise on the identification of time-space constraints - a conceptual provocation that pushes understandings of routines and practices and the tensions that exist around schedulability and social efficiency when the collective dimension of all social action is ignored by social policy, be it in the developing or developed context.Design/methodology/approach - The article examines time-space constraints in three distinctive environments - low-income children in urban Ghana, women's space in the North West Frontier province of Pakistan and low-income elderly sick within the National Health system of the UK. A case study approach is taken.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Looking different, acting different: Struggles for equality within the South African police service. This descriptive paper tells the story of the daily difficulties that members of the Public Order Police (POP) unit in South Africa experienced in their attempts to create a more diverse (in terms of race and gender) and representative police organization. This story is told through recordings of observations and conversations that span a 4-year ethnographic journal. The paper demonstrates that despite affirmative action and equity legislation and programmes, Durban POP by the year 2001, six years after the transformation process within the unit began, was still plagued by deep racial and gender divisions. These divisions were reinforced by the structural make-up of the unit and the inability of middle management to challenge entrenched practices, as well as deep-seated assumptions, schemas and values associated with race, ethnicity and gender. By means of a ethnographic journal I was able to discover some of the daily dilemmas of the police in their change efforts and also the difficulties of getting police practice to meet new policy agendas.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Bending and shear performance of cross-laminated timber and glued-laminated timber beams: A comparative investigation. In mass timber construction, cross-laminated timber (CLT) and glued-laminated timber (GLT) usually build a load-bearing system together. Exploring the mechanical properties of CLT and GLT can provide a better understanding and inspiration for designing their members. This study presents a comparative study on the bending and shear characteristics of CLT and GLT beams under the out-of-plane and in-plane loading forms. A series of mechanical properties parameters in the major strength direction were obtained through the tests, and the bending properties were compared with theoretical results. A contribution rate model was developed to quantify the effects of the bending stiffness relationship between adjacent layers in the major strength direction. Under same loading forms, the CLT presented lower bending and shear properties in the major strength direction than the GLT, mainly due to the orthogonal structure inside the CLT. The shear analogy theory showed higher accuracy in the out-of-plane bending results, and the calculation theory that considered all layers could better predict the in-plane bending results. Furthermore, the proposed contribution rate model was consistent with the test results, and it intuitively revealed the effect of the layer stiffness on the overall stiffness for bending specimens under two loading forms.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "THERMAL-PROCESS SIMULATION OF CANNED FOODS UNDER MECHANICAL AGITATION. This paper describes how the distributed parameter conduction-heating numerical model was modified and tested to accurately predict the can center temperature for canned foods which exhibit combined heat transfer of pure conduction with added forced convection caused by mechanical agitation. This innovation will open the door to more widespread use of such mathematical models as part of the control system logic for making accurate adjustments to process conditions in response to unexpected retort temperature deviations on-line during thermal processing of canned foods in agitating retorts.", "label": [0, 1, 16, 8]}
{"token": "Effects of Chorioamnionitis on the Fetal Lung. Very preterm infants are commonly exposed to a chronic, often asymptomatic, chorioamnionitis that is diagnosed by histologic evaluation of the placenta only after delivery. The reported effects of these exposures on fetal lungs are inconsistent because exposure to different organisms, durations of exposure, and fetal/maternal responses affect outcomes. In experimental models, chorioamnionitis can both injure and mature the fetal lung and cause immune nodulation. Postnatal care strategies also change how chorioamnionitis relates to clinical outcomes such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "RESPONSE OF A SHADOW-SHIELD WHOLE-BODY COUNTER TO A VARIETY OF PHYSICAL PHANTOMS. The performance characteristics of a shadow-shield whole-body counter system with an array of four high-resolution germanium detectors using whole-body and organ-specific (lungs, liver, head, knee and thyroid) physical phantoms are described. Detection efficiency and minimum detectable activities for selected radionuclides and several measurement configurations are presented. Results demonstrate that the system meets the requirements for direct radio bioassay and that detection efficiency and minimum detectable activities are similar in magnitude to other whole-body (or organ) counting systems installed in fully shielded structures.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 22, 15, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Effect of oxygen pressure on asphalt oxidation kinetics. The oxidation of asphalt is a major cause of pavement failure. At a given temperature and pressure, the asphalt oxidizes in two stages: (1) a rapid-rate period followed by (2) a long period with constant oxidation rate. The degree of oxidation that occurs in the constant-oxidation region is asphalt-dependent and varies with oxygen pressure and with temperature. Using pavement-temperature oxidation kinetics obtained for eight asphalts in this study, it has been determined that the activation energies for the constant-rate region are dependent on the oxygen pressure and can be related to the asphaltene composition of the asphalt. An oxidation kinetic model is developed to predict the rate of oxidation in the constant-rate region knowing an initial asphaltene composition variable for the asphalt.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Formation mechanism of titania based opacified glaze with novel core-shell nanostructure. The formation mechanism of titania based opacified glaze is discussed in this paper. The glaze system composed of albite, kaolin, talc, calcite, quartz, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide is used to adjust the glaze formula and to obtain the glaze samples with better opacifying effect. The whiteness and glossiness of glaze products formed with different TiO2 contents are characterized by whiteness meter and gloss meter respectively. The structure of glaze layer is analyzed by means of SEM, TEM and EDS. The results show that the introducing of TiO2 can promote the phase separation and forms the special Si-rich/Ti-rich core-shell nanostructure. During the cooling process of the glaze, the liquid-liquid phase separation occurs and results in the formation of uniform Si-rich nanoparticles. While the Ti-containing components are enriched at the interface between the different phases and a special spherical core-shell structure is obtained around the Si-rich nanoparticles. The glaze layer is filled with the core-shell nanospheres and shows a network structure like opal. However, due to the decrease of cationic content (Ti, Zn, Ca, and Mg) in the interface between glaze and body, the network nanostructure like reverse opal would be formed. In the interaction of special opal and reverse opal structure, the opacifying effect is enhanced obviously.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Potential for Yield Improvement in Combined Rip-First and Crosscut-First Rough Mill Processing. Traditionally, lumber cutting systems in rough mills have either first ripped lumber into wide strips and then crosscut the resulting strips into component lengths (rip-first), or first crosscut the lumber into component lengths, then ripped the segments to the required widths (crosscut-first). Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Crosscut-first typically works best for the production of wider components, while rip-first favors the production of narrower and longer components. Thus, whichever type of processing method is selected for a given rough mill usually depends on the characteristics of the cutting bills the mill expects to process. There is a third option, a dual-line mill that contains both ripfirst and crosscut-first processing streams. To date, such mills have been rare for a variety of reasons, complexity and cost being among them. However, dual-line systems allow the mill to respond to varying cutting bill size demands as well as to board characteristics that favor one method (rip-first or crosscut-first) over the other. Using the Rough Mill Simulator (ROMI 4), this paper examines the yield improvement potential of dual-line processing over single-system processing (i.e., rip-first or crosscut-first processing alone) for a variety of cutting bills and lumber grade mixes.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Holocene glacier and deep water dynamics, Adelie Land region, East Antarctica. This study presents a high-resolution multi-proxy investigation of sediment core MD03-2601 and documents major glacier oscillations and deep water activity during the Holocene in the Adelie Land region, East Antarctica. A comparison with surface ocean conditions reveals synchronous changes of glaciers, sea ice and deep water formation at Milankovitch and sub-Milankovitch time scales. We report (1) a deglaciation of the Adelie Land continental shelf from 11 to 8.5 cal ka BP, which occurred in two phases of effective glacier grounding-line retreat at 10.6 and 9 cal ka BP, associated with active deep water formation: (2) a rapid glacier and sea ice readvance centred around 7.7 cal ka BP; and (3) five rapid expansions of the glacier-sea ice systems, during the Mid to Late Holocene, associated to a long-term increase of deep water formation. At Milankovich time scales, we show that the precessionnal component of insolation at high and low latitudes explains the major trend of the glacier-sea ice-ocean system throughout the Holocene, in the Adelie Land region. In addition, the orbitally-forced seasonality seems to control the coastal deep water formation via the sea ice-ocean coupling, which could lead to opposite patterns between north and south high latitudes during the Mid to Late Holocene. At sub-Milankovitch time scales, there are eight events of glacier-sea ice retreat and expansion that occurred during atmospheric cooling events over East Antarctica. Comparisons of our results with other peri-Antarctic records and model simulations from high southern latitudes may suggest that our interpretation on glacier-sea ice-ocean interactions and their Holocene evolutions reflect a more global Antarctic Holocene pattern. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Epimerase and Reductase Activities of Polyketide Synthase Ketoreductase Domains Utilize the Same Conserved Tyrosine and Serine Residues. The role of the conserved active site tyrosine and serine residues in epimerization catalyzed by polyketide synthase ketoreductase (PKS KR) domains has been investigated. Both mutant and wild-type forms of epimerase-active KR domains, including the intrinsically redox-inactive EryKR3 degrees and PicKR3 degrees as well as redox-inactive mutants of EryKR1, were incubated with [2-H-2]-(2R,3S)-2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-SACP ([2-H-2]-2) and 0.05 equiv of NADP in the presence of the redox-active, epimerase-inactive EryKR6 domain. The residual epimerase activity of each mutant was determined by tandem equilibrium isotope exchange, in which the first-order, time-dependent washout of isotope from 2 was monitored by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with quantitation of the deuterium content of the diagnostic pantetheinate ejection fragment (4). Replacement of the active site Tyr or Ser residues, alone or together, significantly reduced the observed epimerase activity of each KR domain with minimal effect on substrate binding. Our results demonstrate that the epimerase and reductase activities of PKS KR domains share a common active site, with both reactions utilizing the same pair of Tyr and Ser residues.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "In search of intimacy: forms of prayer in vernacular language in fourteenth and fifteenth-century France. This article analyzes a series of French prayer texts composed in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. These texts taught the lay public devotional modalities considered \\\\'internal,\\\\' that is, inspired by monastic practices based on reading, meditation and private prayer. It is worth exploring how such texts, which were written by clergymen and differed from the Books of Hours - which in that period still privileged Latin - presented a program of virtuous life for lay people interested in more fully dedicating themselves to prayer in their daily life. It is important to consider the value of such teachings in the context of tensions generated by the papal schism - which divided the Church between Rome and Avinhao from 1378 to 1417 - and the clerical reprobation of devotional excesses coming from those who were then seeking more intimate and direct ways of talking with God, such as visions, ecstasies and stigmata, and the disregard of sacraments.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The evolution of US-Biafra/Nigeria policy during the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. The Nigerian Civil War was a conflict fought between the Nigerian soldiers and Biafran forces lasting from 1967 to 1970. In its course, the US government intervened. The US also rendered relief or humanitarian support to the victims of the conflict, especially those within the Biafran environ or enclave. While this appeared to the US government as the proper step to take toward ensuring global peace and promoting human security, the Federal Military Government (FMG) was against their activities. Available studies on the conflict have detailed the roles played by the US in the conflict, but little is known about the reactions of the parties to this intervention. Combining materials from archives in the US and Canada with data gathered from recently conducted fieldwork in Nigeria, this paper explores how the US arms embargo on Nigeria and Biafra, and the US government's moves against Nigeria's counterproductive blockade on Biafra negatively shaped the relations between Nigeria and US throughout the civil war. More than any other foreign powers which intervened in the conflict, the US policy, due to its flexibility, elicited constant doubts among the Nigerians and Biafrans about the actual position or stance of the great power.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Heidegger and Nancy: Social Change between Project and Event. The aim of this article is to provide a critical study of the phenomenology of sociality as it is proposed in Heidegger's account of historicity and collective happening, put forward in Sein und Zeit. On the basis of this account and in view of a critical, but still constructive, interpretation of it, we arrive at the conception of sociality which is sketched in Nancy's works La communaute desoeuvree and Etre singulier pluriel. This movement is connected with a stress on the opposition between project and event which comes out in the way social change is perceived. We are not, therefore, concerned with investigating sociality in its static form, which would by its very nature deny the character of social interaction, but with investigating the dynamic of social changes which can be seen either through the prism of project or through the prism of event. Deeper investigation, however, shows that social changes do not necessarily have the character of pure project or pure event. Much more often we encounter processes which have both the character of a project and an event. The key to this way of comprehending social processes is to be provided by Nancy's reinterpretation of Heidegger's Mitsein and of the collective happening of human existence.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Listening for Johannesburg: secret affinities, wondrous resonances. Amongst the diverse music scenes that have emerged during the unfinished transition from apartheid, those that have formed within voluntary associations of jazz lovers remain a notable, if fractured and only partially audible feature of city culture around Johannesburg and elsewhere in South Africa. The ways in which things acquire social lives that in turn remake their purported owners has been a distinct subtheme within cultural anthropology and material culture studies for some decades now. I pursue this with regard to how jazz continues, after the official abolition of apartheid, to have purchase as a symbolically resonant resource for figuring the personal and collective self. This article also takes its cue from the invitation to offer a critical reading and an interrogation of the city in Africa via Walter Benjamin's Arcades Project, and to sharing scholarship across disciplines. Departing from the premise that the ways in which cities have been designed often prioritise visual layout and physical fixity, I want to think about what it means to know a city through sound. With regard to Johannesburg, I ask how a concept at the heart of this iconically commercial African city - the commodity - can be socialised and sonified.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Genetic screen for factors mediating PIN polarization in gravistimulated Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls. Gravitropism is an adaptive response that orients plant growth parallel to the gravity vector. Asymmetric distribution of the phytohormone auxin is a necessary prerequisite to the tropic bending both in roots and shoots. During hypocotyl gravitropic response, the PIN3 auxin transporter polarizes within gravity-sensing cells to redirect intercellular auxin fluxes. First gravity-induced PIN3 polarization to the bottom cell membranes leads to the auxin accumulation at the lower side of the organ, initiating bending and, later, auxin feedback-mediated repolarization restores symmetric auxin distribution to terminate bending. Here, we performed a forward genetic screen to identify regulators of both PIN3 polarization events during gravitropic response. We searched for mutants with defective PIN3 polarizations based on easy-to-score morphological outputs of decreased or increased gravity-induced hypocotyl bending. We identified the number of hypocotyl reduced bending (hrb) and hypocotyl hyperbending (hhb) mutants, revealing that reduced bending correlated typically with defective gravity-induced PIN3 relocation whereas all analyzed hhb mutants showed defects in the second, auxin-mediated PIN3 relocation. Next-generation sequencing-aided mutation mapping identified several candidate genes, including SCARECROW and ACTIN2, revealing roles of endodermis specification and actin cytoskeleton in the respective gravity- and auxin-induced PIN polarization events. The hypocotyl gravitropism screen thus promises to provide novel insights into mechanisms underlying cell polarity and plant adaptive development.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Organic carbon cycling in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent shelf: Implication for the influence of Three Gorges Dam. Surface sediments collected from the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent shelf were analyzed for elemental and stable carbon isotopic composition, and lignin-phenols to investigate spatial variability of the sources, transport and decay of sedimentary organic carbon (OC). Bulk and molecular proxy data indicated a mixed marine/terrestrial OC sources in the study area. A three end-member mixing model using Monte-Carlo simulation showed that marine OC was the predominant OC source, accounting for an increasing fraction along the coast and seaward, while soil-derived OC and C-3 vascular plant detrital OC decreased seaward and southward. Large fragments of lignin-rich C3 vascular plant OC were deposited mainly near the river mouth, whereas fine-grained lignin-poor soil-derived OC was delivered further south alongshore. Higher values of lignin decay indices, seaward and southward, were attributed to selective transport of terrestrial OC on fine-grained particles and efficient remineralization in mobile muds. A(8) of OC in Changjiang Estuary sediments has slightly decreased in recent years, which could in part be due to the trapping of terrestrial coarse particles by the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Also, we propose that there has been an increasing input of phytodetritus derived from freshwater phytoplankton to coastal sediments after the construction of the TGD. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38, 45, 39]}
{"token": "A design of experiment approach as applied to the analysis of diffuser-augmented wind turbines. Since the 1930s ducted-wind-turbines have received considerable attention due to the possibility of obtaining a significant increase in the extracted power compared to an open turbine with the same rotor swept area. The incomplete knowledge of the flow phenomena occurring in these devices and the large design-space to be explored generally hampers the development of an effective and robust design-procedure. This work investigates the performance of ducted wind turbines through a fully automated analysis procedure based on a Computational-Fluid-Dynamics-Actuator-Disk approach. The method duly takes into account the effects of the design parameters, the rotor-duct coupling, the wake rotation and expansion, and the spanwise variability of the rotor load. A Design-of-Experiment analysis is carried out to quantify the impact of the change of all geometric parameters and their mutual interactions. The latter explicitly account for the simultaneous variation of all design parameters. As such, it is a powerful pre-design tool that allows to reduce and confine the design space. It is found that the chord and stagger angle of the duct contribute more than 85% to the improvements of the turbine performance, while the effects of the thickness are negligible. Finally, the sensitiveness of the performance to the variation of the operating conditions is also analysed revealing that the optimal configuration is also the most robust.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "In pursuit of supplier resilience: The explanatory role of customer leadership style. Supply chains are only as strong as their weakest link. Given that most supply chain disruptions occur because of first-tier suppliers, the need to examine supplier resilience in supply chain relationships cannot be overstated. However, our understanding of how customers can engage with their suppliers and facilitate supplier resilience in their relationships is rather curbed. We examine the role of customer leadership styles in inciting supplier extra-role behaviors, such as relational flexibility and relationship-specific investments, by fostering supplier trust, which can then abet supplier resilience. We test our hypotheses using survey data collected from 207 U.S. firms while ensuring our model and findings are relevant to practice through interviews with high-level executives at several Fortune-1000 firms. We find that a customer's leadership style enhances a supplier's trust in the customer. Subsequently, the supplier might demonstrate relational flexibility and relationship-specific investments. While relational flexibility enhances supplier resilience, relationship-specific investments might limit the supplier's alternatives to remedy a disruptive situation and impede its resilience towards its customer. Our study contributes to academic research and practice by showing that a customer can utilize its leadership style to enhance supplier resilience within the specific customer-supplier relationship. Nevertheless, if the mechanism to promote supplier resilience is not clearly understood, a customer's leadership style might backfire.", "label": [1, 5, 49, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Radiometric Stability of the SABER Instrument. The SABER instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite continues to provide a long-term record of Earth's stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere. The SABER data are being used to examine long-term changes and trends in temperature, water vapor, and carbon dioxide. A tacit, central assumption of these analyses is that the SABER instrument radiometric calibration is not changing with time; that is, the instrument is stable. SABER stratospheric temperatures and those derived from Global Positioning System Radio Occultation measurements are compared to examine SABER's stability. Global Positioning System Radio Occultation measurements are inherently stable due to the accuracy and traceability of the measured phase delay rate to the Systeme Internationale definition of the second. Differences in global annual mean SABER and COSMIC lower stratospheric temperatures show little significant change with time in the 11 years spanning 2007-2017. From this analysis we infer that SABER temperatures are stable to better than 0.1 to 0.2 K per decade.", "label": [4, 34, 38]}
{"token": "Dual Leadership in the Matrix: Effects of Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) and Dual-Leader Exchange (DLX) on Role Conflict and Dual Leadership Effectiveness. While strategic management theories have heavily engaged with the reality of matrix organizations, leadership theories that actually focus on the people working within such arrangements are missing. We argue that (a) followers perceive dual leadership effectiveness to be more than the sum of each leader's effectiveness, (b) a core detriment to perceived dual leadership effectiveness is role conflict experienced by the follower, and (c) Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) needs to be theoretically extended to the triadic level to capture the influence of dual leadership. Specifically, followers' role conflict and leadership effectiveness perceptions are driven not only by how they perceive their LMX relationships with both leaders, but also how they perceive the relationship quality between their leaders (dual leadership exchange, DLX). As such, even though higher LMX is still better than lower LMX, having a similar exchange relationship with both leaders reduces employees' role conflict and, by extension, heightens dual leadership effectiveness. Additionally, we reason that when employees lack a good relationship with one of the leaders, higher DLX can act as a substitute. We find support for our hypotheses by applying polynomial regression analyses to a dataset of 111 managers from a matrix organization who report to both a regional and business unit leader.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Analysis of Ulysses data: Radiation pressure effects on dust particles. The objective of this paper is to illustrate the influence of the radiation pressure and the electromagnetic force on dust particles in interplanetary space. Between 1990 and 2001 62 so-called beta-meteoroids (beta describes the ratio of the radiation pressure force to gravity) were detected as dust particles coming from the inner solar system on hyperbolic orbits. 24 of them were detected shortly after the launch of Ulysses within the ecliptic and 38 of them were recorded primarily passing the Solar poles. Furthermore high speed particles not coming from the direction of the Sun were ejected from the solar system by electromagnetic forces. For the time period until the end of 2008 the effective area for particles coming from the direction of the Sun has been determined. The particles' perihelion distances indicated that they originated within a region of 0.5 AU from the Sun. For the second orbit of Ulysses the flux of beta-meteoroids was determined using the same method as during its first revolution. Because of the more defocusing phase during the first orbit of Ulysses the production rate of beta-meteoroids has been estimated to be nearly twice of that for the second revolution. On the other hand, an imbalance of the identified beta-meteoroids between the north and south pole could not be explained by the solar cycle.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Diagnostic value of computed tomography, radiography and ultrasonography in metacarpophalangeal joint disorders in horses. In modern society the work and athletic performance of horses has led to a very important animal production sector in which Brazil possesses the third largest horse stock. Among all equine lesions described, metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint lesions are considered one of the main causes of lameness. Consequently, there is a need to improve the understanding and diagnosis of these injuries. The most efficient imaging diagnostic methods for the fetlock region are computed tomography, radiography and ultrasound. Imaging studies of the anatomical structures involving this joint are extremely important to obtain a more precise diagnose. The present study was performed in order to evaluate the capacity of different imaging diagnostic modalities to detect a variety of lesions in different fetlock structures. Twenty horses (Equus caballus) used for horsemanship activities were referred to the Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology of Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu campus, with clinical signs of metacarpophalangeal joint injuries. Horses were submitted to radiographic and ultrasonographic exam and computed tomography scan. Image analysis revealed a significant capacity of these methods to characterize lesions in this region. However, computed tomography provided broader and better evaluation of lesions in bones and adjacent structures, because it allows the analysis to be performed on three-dimensional projections, with attenuation coefficients (window selections) and tissue density measurement through Hounsfield Units (HU).", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Comparative analyses of biofilm formation among different Cutibacterium acnes isolates. The Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium Cutibacterium acnes is a commensal of the human skin, but also an opportunistic pathogen that contributes to the pathophysiology of the skin disease acne vulgaris. Moreover, C. acnes, in addition to other skin-colonizing bacteria such as S. epidermidis and S. aureus, is an emerging pathogen of implant-associated infections. Notably, C. acnes isolates exhibit marked heterogeneity and can be divided into at least 6 phylotypes by multilocus sequence typing. It is becoming increasingly evident that biofilm formation is a relevant factor for C. acnes virulence, but information on biofilm formation by diverse C. acnes isolates is limited. In this study we performed a first comparative analysis of 58 diverse skin-or implant-isolates covering all six C. acnes phylotypes to investigate biofilm formation dynamics, biofilm morphology and attachment properties to abiotic surfaces. The results presented herein suggest that biofilm formation correlates with the phylotype, rather than the anatomical isolation site. IA1 isolates, particularly SLST sub-types A1 and A2, showed highest biofilm amounts in the microliter plate assays, followed by isolates of the IC, IA2 and II phylotypes. Microscopic evaluation revealed well-structured three-dimensional biofilms and relatively high adhesive properties to abiotic surfaces for phylotypes IA1, IA2 and IC. Representatives of phylotype III formed biofilms with comparable biomass, but with less defined structures, whereas IB as well as II isolates showed the least complex three-dimensional morphology. Proteinase K- and DNase I-treatment reduced attachment rates of all phylotypes, therefore, indicating that extracellular DNA and proteins are critical for adhesion to abiotic surfaces. Moreover, proteins seem to be pivotal structural biofilm components as mature biofilms of all phylotypes were proteinase K-sensitive, whereas the sensitivity to DNase I-treatment varied depending on the phylotype.", "label": [2, 4, 43, 21]}
{"token": "Tephra from andesitic Shiveluch volcano, Kamchatka, NW Pacific: chronology of explosive eruptions and geochemical fingerprinting of volcanic glass. The similar to 16-ka-long record of explosive eruptions from Shiveluch volcano (Kamchatka, NW Pacific) is refined using geochemical fingerprinting of tephra and radiocarbon ages. Volcanic glass from 77 prominent Holocene tephras and four Late Glacial tephra packages was analyzed by electron microprobe. Eruption ages were estimated using 113 radiocarbon dates for proximal tephra sequence. These radiocarbon dates were combined with 76 dates for regional Kamchatka marker tephra layers into a single Bayesian framework taking into account the stratigraphic ordering within and between the sites. As a result, we report similar to 1,700 high-quality glass analyses from Late Glacial-Holocene Shiveluch eruptions of known ages. These define the magmatic evolution of the volcano and provide a reference for correlations with distal fall deposits. Shiveluch tephras represent two major types of magmas, which have been feeding the volcano during the Late Glacial-Holocene time: Baidarny basaltic andesites and Young Shiveluch andesites. Baidarny tephras erupted mostly during the Late Glacial time (similar to 16-12.8 ka BP) but persisted into the Holocene as subordinate admixture to the prevailing Young Shiveluch andesitic tephras (similar to 12.7 ka BP-present). Baidarny basaltic andesite tephras have trachyandesite and trachydacite (SiO2 < 71.5 wt%) glasses. The Young Shiveluch andesite tephras have rhyolitic glasses (SiO2 > 71.5 wt%). Strongly calc-alkaline medium-K characteristics of Shiveluch volcanic glasses along with moderate Cl, CaO and low P2O5 contents permit reliable discrimination of Shiveluch tephras from the majority of other large Holocene tephras of Kamchatka. The Young Shiveluch glasses exhibit wave-like variations in SiO2 contents through time that may reflect alternating periods of high and low frequency/volume of magma supply to deep magma reservoirs beneath the volcano. The compositional variability of Shiveluch glass allows geochemical fingerprinting of individual Shiveluch tephra layers which along with age estimates facilitates their use as a dating tool in paleovolcanological, paleoseismological, paleoenvironmental and archeological studies. Electronic tables accompanying this work offer a tool for statistical correlation of unknown tephras with proximal Shiveluch units taking into account sectors of actual tephra dispersal, eruption size and expected age. Several examples illustrate the effectiveness of the new database. The data are used to assign a few previously enigmatic wide-spread tephras to particular Shiveluch eruptions. Our finding of Shiveluch tephras in sediment cores in the Bering Sea at a distance of similar to 600 km from the source permits re-assessment of the maximum dispersal distances for Shiveluch tephras and provides links between terrestrial and marine paleoenvironmental records.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "The rise and fall of malaria under land-use change in frontier regions. Land-use change is the main force behind ecological and social change in many countries around the globe; it is primarily driven by resource needs and external economic incentiwes. Concomitantly, transformations of the land are the main drivers for the emergence and re-emergence of malaria. An understanding of malaria population dynamics in transforming landscapes is lacking, despite its relevance for developmental and public health policies. We develop a mathematical model that couples malaria epidemiology with the socio-economic and demographic processes that occur in a landscape undergoing land-use change. This allows us to identify different types of malaria dynamics that can arise in early stages of this transformation. In particular, we show that an increase in transmission followed by either a decline, or a further enhancement, of risk is a common outcome. This increase results from the asymmetry between the relatively fast ecological changes in transformed landscapes, and the slower pace of investment in malaria protection. These results underscore the importance of reducing ecological risk, while providing services and economic opportunities to early migrants for longer periods. Consideration of these socio-ecological processes and, more importantly, the temporal scale on which they act, is critical to avoid potential bifurcations that lead to long-lasting endemic malaria.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Structure of the proton emitter La-117 studied by proton and gamma-ray spectroscopy. Proton radioactivity from La-117 was re-investigated with much improved statistics and precision. Only the ground-state proton decay (E-p = 813(3) keV, T-1/2 = 20.1(25) ms) was observed, no evidence for a previously reported isomeric proton decay was found. Prompt gamma rays in 117La were identified using the Recoil-Decay Tagging method. Overall the data indicate that the proton-emitting state is associated with a K-pi = 3/2(+) configuration, in agreement with all the published proton-decay calculations and predictions for the ground-state configuration of La-117 calculated in the framework of either adiabatic or non-adiabatic particle models. However, this is not in agreement with the most recent state-of-the-art quasi-particle non-adiabatic model calculations which predict a K-pi = 7/2(-) configuration. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Compliance with the Law in Slovenia: The Role of Procedural Justice and Police Legitimacy. The empirical status of Tom Tyler's (1990) process-based model of regulation is frustrated by the fact that most studies are conducted in the US, leaving open the question of whether similar effects can be observed in countries with different historical and political contexts. The current study tests two process-based model hypotheses using cross-sectional survey data from 683 young adults in Slovenia. The results reveal: (1) procedural justice judgments significantly shape individual perceptions of police legitimacy, and (2) perceived police legitimacy explains self-reported compliance with the law. Though slightly diminished in magnitude, the legitimacy effect persists when using an instrumental variable to address possible endogeneity bias and after statistically controlling for known correlates of law violating behavior (i.e., personal morality and low self-control). The findings also show that the legitimacy effect on compliance with different laws (e.g., littering and buying stolen property) varies depending on the operationalization of legitimacy (i.e., additive scale versus instrumental variable). While the findings indicate that the process-based model of regulation is germane to post-socialist countries such as Slovenia, more research focusing on the explanatory breadth of the model is necessary.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Fifty shades of SUMO: its role in immunity and at the fulcrum of the growth-defence balance. The sessile nature of plants requires them to cope with an ever-changing environment. Effective adaptive responses require sophisticated cellular mechanisms at the post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. Post-translational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins is emerging as a key player in these adaptive responses. SUMO conjugation can rapidly change the overall fate of target proteins by altering their stability or interaction with partner proteins or DNA. SUMOylation entails an enzyme cascade that leads to the activation, conjugation and ligation of SUMO to lysine residues of target proteins. In addition to their SUMO processing activities, SUMO proteases also possess de-conjugative activity capable of cleaving SUMO from target proteins, providing reversibility and buffering to the pathway. These proteases play critical roles in the maintenance of the SUMO machinery in equilibrium. We hypothesize that SUMO proteases provide the all-important substrate specificity within the SUMO system. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the role of SUMO in plant innate immunity. SUMOylation also overlaps with multiple growth-promoting and defence-related hormone signalling pathways, and hence is pivotal for the maintenance of the growth-defence balance. This review aims to highlight the intricate molecular mechanisms utilized by SUMO to regulate plant defence and to stabilize the growth-defence equilibrium.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "PURINE ALKALOID PRODUCTION AND ACCUMULATION IN COCOA CALLUS AND SUSPENSION-CULTURES. Cocoa callus and suspension cultures were found to produce caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline which are typical of the purine alkaloids found in cocoa beans.  Production of these purine alkaloids was monitored in callus cultures for over 2 years and shown to stabilize at concentrations of about 10% those found in vivo.  Caffeine and theobromine were produced concomitant with log phase growth of the cultures whilst theophylline production reached a maximum during stationary phase, reflecting the possible role of the latter as a catabolite of caffeine.  The effects of choice of cytokinin, explant tissue, cocoa type, light conditions and time in culture on purine alkaloid production by callus have been examined.  Purine alkaloid production by cocoa suspension cultures has also been examined and these cultures were shown to be less productive and more variable than callus cultures.  The results demonstrate that cocoa tissue cultures can be useful for studying secondary metabolism in vitro.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Psychosis and adults with intellectual disabilities - Prevalence, incidence, and related factors. Objective To determine the point prevalence, incidence, and remission over a 2-year period of psychosis in adults with intellectual disabilities, and to investigate demographic and clinical factors hypothesised to be associated with psychosis. Method A population-based cohort of adults with intellectual disabilities (n = 1,023) was longitudinally studied. Comprehensive face-to-face mental health assessments to detect psychosis, plus review of family physician, psychiatric, and psychology case notes were undertaken at two time points, 2 years apart. Results Point prevalence is 2.6% (95% CI = 1.83.8%) to 4.4% (95% CI = 3.2-5.8%), dependant upon the diagnostic criteria employed. Two-year incidence is 1.4% (95% CI = 0.6-2.6), and for first episode is 0.5% (95% CI = 0.1-1.3). Compared with the general population, the standardised incidence ratio for first episode psychosis is 10.0 (95% CI = 2.1-29.3). Full remission after 2 years is 14.3%. Visual impairment, previous long-stay hospital residence, smoking, and not having epilepsy were independently associated with psychosis, whereas other factors relevant to the general population were not. Conclusions The study of psychosis in persons with intellectual disabilities benefits the population with intellectual disabilities, and advances the understanding of psychosis for the general population. Mental health professionals need adequate knowledge in order to address the high rates of psychosis in this population.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Structural analysis of a unique hybrid-type ganglioside with isoglobo-, neolacto-, and ganglio-core from the gills of the Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). [GRAPHICS]Monosialosyl gangliosides from the gills of the Pacific salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, have been prepared by solvent extraction and DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. The unknown acidic glycolipids (M14 and M15) with slower mobility than GM1a on thin-layer chromatography were separated by Iatrobeads column chromatography and were characterized by compositional analysis, methylation analysis, chemical, and enzymatic degradation, negative-ion LSIMS, and H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Both M14 and M15 contained a same oligosaccharide core with isoglobo-, neolacto-, and ganglio-series as follows:The only difference between M14 and M15 was in fatty acid acylation. Analysis of the fatty acids indicated a predominance of C24:1 fatty acid in M14 and shorter chain saturated fatty acids, C14:0 and C16:0, in M15. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "Pulmonary Venous Malformation in a 4-Year-Old Boy: a Case Report. We report a case of a pulmonary venous malformation in a 4-year-old boy who presented with recurrent pneumonia. A radiograph revealed a right infrahilar mass and a hyperlucent right lung. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a mass containing intensely enhancing areas and multiple phleboliths located in the right lower lobe and encasing the right bronchus and right inferior pulmonary vein. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) precisely revealed the mass demarcation. A right lower lobectomy was performed and a pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a venous malformation. To the best of our knowledge, a venous malformation in pulmonary tissue has not been reported in the English literature. Herein, we report a case of a pulmonary venous malformation, with the radiograph, CT, MRI, and blood pool scan findings, along with its pathologic correlation.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Rapid identification of clinically significant species and taxa of aerobic actinomycetes, including Actinomadura, Gordona, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces, and Tsukamurella isolates, by DNA amplification and restriction endonuclease analysis. A previously described PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) identification schema for Nocardia that used an amplified 439-bp segment (amplicon) of the 65-kDa heat shock protein gene was evaluated for potential use with isolates of all clinically significant aerobic actinomycetes. The study included 28 reference (American Type Culture Collection) strains and 198 clinical isolates belonging to 20 taxonomic groups. Of these 198 isolates, 188 could be differentiated by this PCR-RFLP method. Amplicons from all aerobic actinomycete isolates lacked BstEII recognition sites, thereby distinguishing them from those of mycobacteria that contain one or more such sites. Of 29 restriction endonucleases, MspI plus HinfI produced RFLP patterns that differentiated 16 of the 20 taxa. A single RFLP pattern was observed for 15 of 20 taxa that included 65% of phenotypically clustered isolates. Multiple patterns were seen with Gordona bronchialis, Nocardia asteroides complex type VI, Nocardia otitidiscaviarum, Nocardia transvalensis, and Streptomyces spp. Streptomyces RFLP patterns were the most heterogeneous (five patterns among 19 isolates), but exhibited a unique HinfI fragment of >320 bp. RFLP patterns that matched those from type strains of Streptomyces albus, Streptomyces griseus, or Streptomyces somaliensis were obtained from 14 of 19 Streptomyces isolates. Only 10 of 28 isolates of N. otitidiscaviarum failed to yield satisfactory amplicons, while only 6 of 188 (3.2%) clinical isolates exhibited patterns that failed to match one of the 21 defined RFLP patterns. These studies extended the feasibility of using PCR-RFLP analysis as a rapid method for the identification of all clinically significant species and taxa of aerobic actinomycetes.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Stepwise synthesis of constrained controls for single input nonlinear systems of special form. For control systems of the form dx/dt = a(x)+ B(x) beta(x, u) with one-dimensional control, where a(x) is an n-dimensional vector function, B(x) is an (n x m)-matrix, and beta(x, u) is an m-dimensional vector function, the method of constructing of stepwise synthesis control is proposed. At first, under certain conditions we reduce such system to a system consisting of m subsystems; in each subsystem all equations are linear except of the last one. Further we propose the method for construction of controls which transfer an arbitrary initial point to the equilibrium point in a certain finite time. Each such control is constructed as a concatenation of a finite number of positional controls (we call it a stepwise synthesis control). On each step of our method we choose a new synthesis control. In this connection, nonlinearity of a system with respect to a control is essentially used. The obtained results are illustrated by examples. In particular, the problem of the complete stoppage of a two-link pendulum with the help of non-linear forces is solved. Finally, we introduce the class of nonlinear systems which is called the class of staircase systems that provides the applicability of our method.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Some remarks on Logic, Algebra and Classical Chaos. It is usually mis-thought that classical physics is fully predictable in principle, whereas quantum one is not. Actually, it has been shown that even deterministic systems are vulnerable to small changes in initial conditions, thus making a long-term prediction impossible. But there seems to be little discussion about deeper cause of classical unpredictability - the one concerned not with availability and quality of initial data but with the general principle whether such data may be expressed in \\\\'our\\\\' logic and language. Is the classical unpredictability a cause of just lacking enough information or is it in the core of the classical physics model?In this paper it is argued that classical unpredictability is deeply connected with logical principles, i.e. the fact that classical models rely on Boolean logic. Specifically, the discussion starts from Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras. Further the consequences of this theorem are discussed in the context of social sciences (esp. economic forecasts) and space-time structure. Only classical models are concerned. Finally it is stated that no predictable models describing reality in the mentioned fields may be constructed if they base on Boolean logic.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Nonlinear dynamic mechanism of vocal tremor from voice analysis and model simulations. Nonlinear dynamic analysis and model simulations are used to study the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of vocal folds with vocal tremor, which can typically be characterized by low-frequency modulation and aperiodicity. Tremor voices from patients with disorders such as paresis, Parkinson's disease, hyperfunction, and adductor spasmodic dysphonia show low-dimensional characteristics, differing from random noise. Correlation dimension analysis statistically distinguishes tremor voices from normal voices. Furthermore, a nonlinear tremor model is proposed to study the vibrations of the vocal folds with vocal tremor. Fractal dimensions and positive Lyapunov exponents demonstrate the evidence of chaos in the tremor model, where amplitude and frequency play important roles in governing vocal fold dynamics. Nonlinear dynamic voice analysis and vocal fold modeling may provide a useful set of tools for understanding the dynamic mechanism of vocal tremor in patients with laryngeal diseases. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "The candombe of the argentina-uruguay border When the drums call to integration and sing inequality. The Candombe was recognized as Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO in 2009. Historically, it has played a significant cultural role to reinforce identity in Uruguay as well as (to a lesser extent) in Argentina and Brazil. The loss of its religious character converts it into a cultural practice, \\\\'strategic\\\\' for certain groups. The author affirms that it is a cultural manifestation of identity border, built into the regional's processes of local integration-resistance in the city of Concordia (Argentina). The study shows paradoxical changes in regional development processes local, complex, and more \\\\'bet\\\\' on development of cultural inclusion. [culture, identity strategy, border, regional/local development, integration, inequality]", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Unusual Assortment of Segments in 2 Rare Human Rotavirus Genomes. Using full-length genome sequence analysis, we investigated 2 rare G3P[9] human rotavirus strains isolated from children with diarrhea. The genomes were recognized as assortments of genes closely related to rotaviruses originating from cats, ruminants, and humans. Results suggest multiple transmissions of genes from animal to human strains of rotaviruses.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Circular RNA circPRKDC promotes tumorigenesis of gastric cancer via modulating insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) and mediating microRNA-493-5p. CircPRKDC has been disclosed to participate in the tumorigenesis of serval tumors, but the regulatory mechanisms of circPRKDC in GC are still unknown. CircPRKDC, miR-493-5p, and insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) levels were tested by RT-qPCR. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related protein levels were evaluated via western blot. The cell viability, migration and invasion were evaluated through CCK-8 and Transwell assays. Luciferase reporter and RIP assays were employed to confirm the binding ability between miR-493-5p and circPRKDC or IRS2. CircPRKDC was upregulated in GC samples, and circPRKDC silencing restrained GC cell viability, metastasis, and EMT and suppressed GC tumor growth. Besides, miR-493-5p was a target of circPRKDC, and the repressive impact of circPRKDC knockdown on GC development was neutralized by miR-493-5p inhibition. Moreover, miR-493-5p targeted IRS2 and IRS2 addition rescued the effects of circPRKDC depletion on GC progression. Finally, circPRKDC knockdown could regulate IRS2 expression by targeting miR-493-5p. These results elaborated that circPRKDC accelerated GC development via sponging miR-493-5p and increasing IRS2, which might provide novel potential targets for GC treatment.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "In Situ Visualization of Site-Dependent Reaction Kinetics in Shape-Controlled Nanoparticles: Corners vs Edges. Corner and edge sites have long been predicted to play a dominant role in the chemistry of nanomaterials due to their low metal-metal coordination numbers. However, due to the difficulty in directly observing chemical reactions, a detailed understanding of how a material's crystallographic sites and morphology affect those sites' reaction kinetics is limited. Using environmental scanning transmission electron microscopy (ESTEM), we report direct observations under continuous reaction conditions of site-dependent chemical reactivity critical to corrosion and heterogeneous catalysis. A range of fcc nickel nanocrystal morphologies bound by the low index {111} facets (triangular plates, hexagonal plates, and decahedral and icosahedral nanoparticles) were studied during oxidation to visualize in situ changes using atomic number (Z) contrast ESTEM. Oxidation is shown to occur preferentially at the corner sites and then the edges. The enhanced oxidation rate of the corners persists until corrosion has progressed to a depth of similar to 2-4 nm, depending on the nanoparticle geometry. The nanoparticle systems showed that the triangular plates were the most reactive followed by the hexagonal plates, decahedra, and icosahedra. Time-resolved measurements of oxidation rates show a size-dependent induction period for the edges, hypothesized to be due to oxygen diffusion along the surface of the smaller particles to react preferentially at the more reactive corner sites.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Do international capital flows smooth or transmit macroeconomic volatility? Time-series evidence from emerging markets. Capital flows-particularly of more volatile types of investment-have the potential to destabilize an emerging economy. On the other hand, economic theory suggests that financial integration provides channels by which macroeconomic volatility might be reduced. This study looks at four emerging economies to test which hypothesis is correct. Generalized impulse-response and variance decomposition analysis shows that the volatility of real consumption shows relatively little response to capital flows, but that FDI reduces output and investment volatility only in a few cases. Non-FDI flows have a stronger but ambiguous influence, reducing real investment volatility for Mexico and South Africa, but increasing it for Brazil and Russia.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Basement Imaging Using Sp Converted Phases from a Dense Strong-Motion Array in Lan-Yang Plain, Taiwan. We have collected a large number of accelerograms recorded by the Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (TSMIP) stations to study the thickness variations of Quaternary alluviums beneath Lan-Yang Plain, Taiwan, using an Sp converted wave. The estimated thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments inferred by the travel-time difference of S and Sp waves are between 200 and 1400 m and become thicker toward the northeast. In general, our resulting features of the time difference of arrivals between Sp and S waves are consistent with the previous studies on thickness variations of the Quaternary alluviums beneath Lan-Yang Plain assuming the converting point is at the unconsolidated Quaternary alluvial sediments-Miocene basement interface. Our study suggests that this technique of using P-S converted phases could be applied to the other populated basins or plains in the Taiwan region based on its dense coverage of the TSMIP stations and high seismic activity. This technique is simple and time effective and can be used to determine the general characteristics of velocity/thickness structure of a study area.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of itraconazole capsules as antifungal prophylaxis for neutropenic patients. To evaluate the efficacy of itraconazole capsules in prophylaxis for fungal infections in neutropenic patients, we conducted a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Patients with hematologic malignancies or those who received autologous bone marrow transplants were assigned either a regimen of itraconazole (100 mg orally twice daily; n = 104) or of placebo (n = 106). Overall, fungal infections (superficial or systemic) occurred more frequently in the placebo group (15% vs. 6%; P=.03), There were no differences in the empirical use of amphotericin B or systemic fungal infections. Among patients with neutropenia that was profound (<100 neutrophils/mm(3)) and prolonged (for at least 7 days), those receiving itraconazole used less empirical amphotericin B (22% vs. 61%; P=.0001) and developed fewer systemic fungal infections (6% vs, 19%; P=.04). For patients with profound and prolonged neutropenia, itraconazole capsules at the dosage of 100 mg every 12 h reduce the frequency of systemic fungal infections and the use of empirical amphotericin B.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Intelligent sensory decision-making for error identification in autonomous robotic systems. Successful automatic assembly of complex artefacts requires the robotic system to have the capability of detecting, identifying and recovering from various errors. Efficient error identification process is essential to ensure fast recovery and minimum loss of production time. It is not cost-effective to interrogate every sensor for every pass through the assembly process. This paper presents a machine-learning approach to identify error. The basic idea is to construct a decision tree based on some sensor and error attributes in the knowledge base.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Microstructural and Chemical Characteristics of Archaeological White Elm (Ulmus laevis P.) and Poplar (Populus spp.). The degradation states of archaeological white elm, with an age estimation of ~350 years, and poplar, with an age approximation of ~1000-1200 years, were studied by means of different chemical and microscopy analyses. Recently cut samples from the respective species were used for comparison reasons. The chemical composition analysis of the archaeological samples showed significantly low holocellulose values, while the lignin, extractive, and ash contents were considerably high, as compared with the recently cut samples. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy also confirmed the changes in the chemical structure of the archaeological elm and poplar samples. The light and scanning electron microscopies illustrated that the erosion bacteria were the main degrading agent in both archaeological elm and poplar, although the hyphae of rot fungi were detected inside the vessel elements of the archaeological poplar sample.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "SUBSTANCE AND THE CONCEPT OF PERSONAL IDENTITY. In this paper, I identify and discuss the following feature of our judgments about hypothetical scenarios concerning the identity of persons: with respect to the vast majority of scenarios, both members of a pair of logically complementary propositions about personal identity are conceivable. I consider a number of explanations of this feature that draw on the metaphysics and the epistemology of personal identity, none of which prove to be satisfactory. I then argue that in order to give an adequate explanation, one needs to recognize an important characteristic of our concept of personal identity: it is such that if there are mental substances (or the like), they constitute personal identity. At the same time, there can still be persons if there are no such substances. Since this finding casts doubts on the way that thought experiments about personal identity are usually set up, I end by outlining its potential consequences for the debate over the identity of persons.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Recurrent Odontogenic Myxofibroma of the Mandible in a 12 Year Old: An Illustrative Case Report. Clinical and radiographic features of a large, destructive, unilateral recurrent lesion of mandible in a 12 year old boy histologically proved as myxofibroma are described here. The purpose of this article is to lay emphasis on the importance of early diagnosis of such lesions so that further recurrence can be prevented.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "The Russian-American Relations during the Period (2000-2008) - Prospects of Competition and Cooperation. First: The Russian foreign politics during the reign of president Putin witnessed a mass turning especially towards the United States of America.Third: There are many aspects of conflict between Russia and the United States especially in expanding the sovereignty of NATO over the countries of Eastern Europe, and USA's try to control South East Asia countries annexed to Russian, supporting the colorful revolutions especially in Georgia and Ukraine.Fourth: Notwithstanding the aspects of conflict between Russia and the United States, this didn't prevent the existence of aspects of cooperation between both countries, especially in the fields of Economy, Energy, and the fight against terrorism.This study targets researching in the Russian-American relations during the period (2000-2008) by using the descriptive and statistical methodologies, as the study shows the following:Second: President Putin suggested some main principles for the Russian foreign politic, known as \\\\'Putin's Principles\\\\' as he tried to mix between the Euro-Atlantic and the New Eurasian.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "The Important Role of Chemistry Department Chairs and Recommendations for Actions They Can Enact to Advance Black Student Success. There is a severe shortage of Black scientists in the United States. Amid the recent national movement to dismantle systemic racism and racial injustices, many scientists publicly highlighted the prevalence of racist learning environments in STEM, contributing to the underrepresentation of Black students in STEM fields. Acknowledging this longstanding troubling reality, this article emphasizes the instrumental role of chemistry department chairs in advancing Black student success in chemistry and STEM broadly. Guided by literature on systemic change and equity in higher education as well as our research on the Black student experience and teaching practices in chemistry, this article describes the following five recommendations for actions that chemistry chairs should consider enacting to promote equitymindedness within their departments to advance Black student success: (i) disaggregate data to make publicly visible racial inequities; (ii) offer formal opportunities for Black students to candidly share their perspectives; (iii) conduct systematic assessment of course syllabus; (iv) measure teaching practices; and (v) create chemistry education research positions. The enactment of these recommendations by chemistry chairs provides meaningful opportunities for faculty and staff to critically examine the chemistry learning environment using an equity-minded approach to in turn inform the development of strategic efforts to support the advancement of Black student success.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 53]}
{"token": "A New Individual Tree Crown Delineation Method for High Resolution Multispectral Imagery. In current individual tree crown (ITC) delineation methods for high-resolution multispectral imagery, either a spectral band or a brightness component of the multispectral image is employed in delineation with reference to edges or shapes of crowns, whereas spectra of tree crowns are seldom taken into account. Such methods normally perform well in coniferous forests with obvious between-crown shadows, but fail in dense deciduous or mixed forests, in which tree crowns are close to each other, between-crown shadows and boundaries are unobvious, whereas adjacent tree crowns may be of distinguishable spectra. In order to effectively delineate crowns in dense deciduous or mixed forests, a new ITC delineation method using both brightness and spectra of the image is proposed in this study. In this method, a morphological gradient map of the image is first generated, treetops of multi-scale crowns are extracted from the gradient map and refined regarding the spectral differences between neighboring crowns, the gradient map is segmented using a watershed approach with treetops as markers, and the resulting segmentation map is refined to yield a crown map. Evaluated on images of a rainforest and a deciduous forest, the proposed method more accurately delineated adjacent broad-leaved tree crowns with similar brightness but different spectra than the other two typical ITC delineation algorithms, achieving a delineation accuracy of up to 76% in the rainforest and 63% in the deciduous forest.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Loss and Damage from Droughts and Floods in Rural Africa. 'Loss and Damage' refers to the adverse effects of climate variability and climate change that occur despite efforts in global mitigation and local adaptation. This chapter reports on five case studies on loss and damage as a result of drought and floods in rural areas in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique and The Gambia using a questionnaire survey (N = 1,973) and participatory research tools. The research goes beyond existing knowledge on adaptation and coping mechanisms by examining the limits, constraints and residual impact of household measures to cope and adapt. Only 28% of the households surveyed successfully avoided loss and damage from drought or floods but those that introduced agricultural adaptations, such as planting drought-resistant crop varieties, or diversified their livelihoods with non-farm activities were significantly more successful than others. Migration, on the other hand, was associated with the failure to avoid loss and damage. The chapter uses examples from five case studies and is structured around three 'loss and damage pathways' to illustrate the consequences of not being able to cope and adapt adequately. The findings presented here indicate that climate-related losses and damage are already a reality in many rural African communities.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "From Cottesloe (1961) to Trondheim (2016): The journey of the Dutch Reformed Church back into the ecumenical family of the World Council of Churches. This article presents an analysis of the journey of the Dutch Reformed Church (South Africa) back into the ecumenical fellowship of the World Council of Churches (WCC). The first part contains a brief historical review of the relationships between the WCC and the Dutch Reformed Church family, underlining the fact that the Dutch Reformed Church family in South Africa is a founding member of WCC and that it was never excluded from WCC fellowship; rather, this church itself resigned membership in the WCC after the Cottesloe Consultation (1961) at the pressure of the South African government of that time. The last part presents in detail the process of the readmission of the Dutch Reformed Church into the WCC fellowship (2012-2016) as well as the way this church was active in the WCC after readmission (2016-2018).", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Regression analysis of interval-censored failure time data with possibly crossing hazards. Interval-censored failure time data occur in many areas, especially in medical follow-up studies such as clinical trials, and in consequence, many methods have been developed for the problem. However, most of the existing approaches cannot deal with the situations where the hazard functions may cross each other. To address this, we develop a sieve maximum likelihood estimation procedure with the application of the short-term and long-term hazard ratio model. In the method, the I-splines are used to approximate the underlying unknown function. An extensive simulation study was conducted for the assessment of the finite sample properties of the presented procedure and suggests that the method seems to work well for practical situations. The analysis of an motivated example is also provided.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 41, 42, 24]}
{"token": "ON SELF-DUAL CYCLIC CODES OF LENGTH p(a) OVER GR(p(2), s). In this paper, cyclic codes over the Galois ring GR(p(2), s) are studied. The main result is the characterization and enumeration of Hermitian self -dual cyclic codes of length p(a) over GR(p(2), s). Combining with some known results and the standard Discrete Fourier Transform decomposition, we arrive at the characterization and enumeration of Euclidean self -dual cyclic codes of any length over GR(p(2), s).", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "Preliminary optical classification of lakes and coastal waters in Estonia and south Finland. A preliminary optical classification of lakes in Estonia and south Finland which can also be used for small bays of the Baltic Sea is elaborated. The classification is based on the optical properties of water (diffuse attenuation coefficient, diffuse reflectance) and parameters that are routinely monitored in water bodies (Secchi depth, concentration of chlorophyll-a, total suspended matter and yellow substance). The data complex used for our classification covers different types of water ecosystems (ranging from oligotrophic to hypertrophic) and the variability of water constituent concentrations in the ice-free period in Estonia and south Finland. Using cluster analysis, we found 5 optical classes of waters: clear (C), moderate (M), turbid (T), very turbid (V) and brown (B). There is satisfactory correspondence between clash of water, shape of diffuse attenuation coefficient and diffuse reflectance spectra and trophic state of the lakes. (C) 2603 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Improved Identification and Relative Quantification of Sites of Peptide and Protein Oxidation for Hydroxyl Radical Footprinting. Protein oxidation is typically associated with oxidative stress and aging and affects protein function in normal and pathological processes. Additionally, deliberate oxidative labeling is used to probe protein structure and protein-ligand interactions in hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF). Oxidation often occurs at multiple sites, leading to mixtures of oxidation isomers that differ only by the site of modification. We utilized sets of synthetic, isomeric \\\\'oxidized\\\\' peptides to test and compare the ability of electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID), as well as nano-ultra high performance liquid chromatography (nanoUPLC) separation, to quantitate oxidation isomers with one oxidation at multiple adjacent sites in mixtures of peptides. Tandem mass spectrometry by ETD generates fragment ion ratios that accurately report on relative oxidative modification extent on specific sites, regardless of the charge state of the precursor ion. Conversely, CID was found to generate quantitative MS/MS product ions only at the higher precursor charge state. Oxidized isomers having multiple sites of oxidation in each of two peptide sequences in HRPF product of protein Robo-1 Ig1-2, a protein involved in nervous system axon guidance, were also identified and the oxidation extent at each residue was quantified by ETD without prior liquid chromatography (LC) separation. ETD has proven to be a reliable technique for simultaneous identification and relative quantification of a variety of functionally different oxidation isomers, and is a valuable tool for the study of oxidative stress, as well as for improving spatial resolution for HRPF studies.", "label": [4, 36, 35, 42]}
{"token": "Typical earthquake-induced soft-sediment deformation structures in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation, Yongding River Valley, Beijing, China and interpreted earthquake frequency. The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation, composed of dolomite is a widely distributed stratigraphic unit in the Beijing area. It was formed over a long period of time in the Yan-Liao aulacogen, a stable peritidal environment that was ideal for recording earthquakes in the form of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS). Numerous examples occur in the upper part of the Wumishan Formation, along the Yongding River Valley. In addition, brittle structures include intrastratal fault and seismically cracked breccias. The soft-sediment deformation structures include liquefied features (diapirs, clastic dykes, convolute bedding), compressional deformation features (accordion folds, plate-spine breccias, mound-and-sag structures), and extensional plastic features (loop-bedding). Based on the regional geological setting and previous research, movements along the main axial fault of the Yan-Liao aulacogen are considered as the triggers for earthquakes since the Early Mesoproterozoic. The number and distribution of the SSDS suggest the major earthquake frequency in the Wumishan Formation of 20 to 32 thousand years.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Oakeshott, Berlin, and liberalism. This article compares the political philosophies of Michael Oakeshott and Isaiah Berlin, probably the two most important political philosophers in postwar Britain, who, strangely, had very little to do with one another during their illustrious careers. The article focuses on their respective critiques of rationalism and theories of liberal pluralism, arguing that Oakeshott provides the more consistent and philosophically satisfying account in both instances.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Upregulation of probing- and feeding-related behavioural frequencies in Bemisia tabaci upon acquisition of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. RESULTS: The frequencies of behaviours such as wing flapping, leg movement, body shaking and body position change while settling and feeding on plant leaves were higher in V than in NV whiteflies. Evaluation of probing frequencies by measuring the number and size of holes punctured in parafilm by whiteflies revealed that most holes had a diameter of 7.5-26.7 mu m, which is within the range of proboscis diameters of whiteflies. There were more small-sized holes than medium- and large-sized holes. Male whiteflies produced more small-sized holes, but females more mid-sized holes. V whiteflies showed increased hole numbers but decreased feeding duration relative to NV whiteflies.CONCLUSION: Adult B. tabaci showed higher frequencies of probing and feeding behaviours when infected with TYLCV. These manipulations of feeding behaviours of insect vectors may result in increased transmission of plant virus. (C) 2014 Society of Chemical IndustryBACKGROUND: The behaviour of insect vectors can be altered by the acquisition of plant viruses. Bemisia tabaci, which is the vector of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), causes damage to susceptible tomato cultivars. Here, the frequencies of several behavioural characteristics related to probing and feeding that are exhibited by non-viruliferous (NV) and TYLCV-viruliferous (V) adult B. tabaci were compared using a sandwich-type parafilm cage.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "THE EFFECT OF ACCELERATED AGING ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PMMA DENTURE BASE MATERIALS MODIFIED WITH ITACONATES. This study evaluated the effect of accelerated aging on tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness and Charpy impact strength in commercial PMMA denture base material modified with di-methyl itaconate (DMI) and di-n-butyl itaconate (DBI). The samples were prepared by modifying commercial formulation by addition of itaconates in the amounts of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 % by weight. After polymerization samples were characterized by FT-IR and DSC analysis while residual monomer content was determined by HPLC-UV. Accelerated ageing was performed at 70 C in water for periods of 7, 15 and 30 days. Tensile measurements were performed using an Instron testing machine while the hardness of the polymerized samples was measured by the Shore D method. The addition of itaconate significantly reduces the residual MMA. Even at the small amounts of added itaconates (2.5%) the residual MMA content was reduced by 50%. The increase of itaconate content in the system leads to the decrease of residual MMA. It has been found that the addition of di-n-alkyl itaconates decreases the tensile strength, hardness and Charpy impact strength and increases elongation at break. Samples modified with DMI had higher values of tensile strength, hardness and Charpy impact strength compared to the ones modified with DBI. This is explained by the fact that DBI has longer side chain compared to DMI. After accelerated aging during a 30 days period the tensile strength decreased for all the investigated samples. The addition of DMI had no effect on the material aging and the values for the tensile strength of all of the investigated samples decreased around 20%, while for the samples modified with DBI, the increase of the amount of DBI in the polymerized material leads to the higher decrease of the tensile strength after the complete accelerated aging period of 30 days, although after the first seven days of the accelerated aging the values of hardness have increased for all of the investigated samples. Such behavior is explained as a result of the polymer chain relaxation. The values of Charpy impact strength decreased after accelerated aging. The amount of added DMI had no affect on the decrease of Charpy impact strength after accelerated aging, the decrease was similar as for pure PMMA. The decrease of Charpy impact strength increased with increase of the amount of added DBI.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Older Persons and the Right to Health in the Nordics during COVID-19. We reflect on the extent to which Nordic countries have safeguarded the right to health of older persons during the pandemic in 2020. All Nordic states have ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and thereby committed to recognising the right to health. We use the AAAQ framework developed by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to draw attention to aspects of the respective states' responses. The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant impacts on the health of older persons, from the direct effects of the virus, such as illness and death, to indirect impacts, like isolation and loneliness. We find that Nordic states have at times failed to prioritise the full realisation of the core obligations of the right to health for older persons, namely, non-discrimination and provision of essential healthcare. Resource constraints cannot justify discrimination or failure to respect autonomy, integrity and human dignity.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Static and free vibration analysis of multilayered functionally graded shells and plates using an efficient zigzag theory. Accurate zigzag theory is presented for static and free vibration analysis of multilayered functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shells and rectangular plates by approximating inplane displacements as a combination of linear layerwise and cubic global terms. Governing equations of motion are derived using Hamilton's principle. The theory yields accurate results for displacements, stresses and natural frequencies in simply-supported functionally graded multilayered cylindrical shell panels and rectangular plates. Effect of changing the volume fraction ratio, aspect ratio and thickness of FGM layer between two homogeneous layers are investigated for a number of multilayered shell and plate laminates.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
{"token": "High-technology spin-offs from government R & D laboratories and research universities. The present paper examines the high-tech spin-off process through which a new company is formed from a parent organization. Here Mle investigate spin-offs from three U.S. Federal R&D laboratories in New Mexico, and from Japanese government laboratories and universities. The spin-off process is one important means of transferring and commercializing technological innovations. Our study of seven spin-off companies leads us to suggest a more complex definition than the conventional definition, which centers on (1) the technological innovation, and (2) the entrepreneurs who found the spin-off. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Production of indole-3-acetic acid by several wild-type strains of Ustilago maydis. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was identified and quantitated in spent media from cultures of ten Ustilago maydis strains. IAA was identified by thin-layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and u.v. spectroscopy, and was quantitated by HPLC. All strains produced IAA in a tryptophan (Trp)-supplemented minimal medium at levels of 0.1 to 4.0 mu g IAA/ml of spent medium as assessed by HPLC The highest levels of IAA were found in strains I2 and P2. The latter was also capable of producing IAA without addition of Trp to the medium.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Oldest record of the pit-viper Bothrops (Squamata, Viperidae), fro m the Lower Pliocene of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. The fossil record of the genus Bothrops is still sparse in South America. Most records belong to extant species recovered in strata not older than the late Pleistocene. The genus was also tentatively reported from the early Pliocene and early-middle Pleistocene of Buenos Aires province, Argentina, based on fragmentary specimens. The aim of the present contribution is to report the partial vertebral column of a viperid snake discovered in the lower Pliocene layers of Farola de Monte Hermoso locality, southern Buenos Aires province. The specimen can be referred to the extant genus Bothrops, representing the oldest occurrence for this taxon. This finding supports the hypothesis sustained by previous authors that indicate a \\\\'stasis\\\\' in the evolution of the South American herpetofauna since the late Neogene, at least.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "DECENTRALIZATION AND THE LOCAL DEVELOPMENTAL STATE: PEASANT MOBILIZATION IN OROMIYA, ETHIOPIA. This article explores the politics of decentralization and state-peasant encounters in rural Oromiya, Ethiopia. Breaking with a centralized past, the incumbent government of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) committed itself to a decentralization policy in the early 1990s and has since then created a number of new sites for state-citizen interactions. In the context of electoral authoritarianism, however, decentralization has been interpreted as a means for the expansion of the party-state at the grass-roots level. Against this backdrop, this article attempts a more nuanced understanding of the complex entanglements between the closure of political space and faith in progress in local arenas. Hence, it follows sub-kebele institutions at the community level in a rural district and analyses their significance for state-led development and peasant mobilization between the 2005 and 2010 elections. Based on ethnographic field research, the empirical case presented discloses that decentralization and state-led development serve the expansion of state power into rural areas, but that state authority is simultaneously constituted and undermined in the course of this process. On that basis, this article aims to contribute to an inherently political understanding of decentralization, development and their entanglement in local and national politics in rural African societies.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
{"token": "Screening of exotic potato germplasm for nitrogen uptake and biomass production. Exotic potato germplasm may contain useful traits for improving nitrogen CN) use efficiency in cultivated potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). The objective of this study was to evaluate a \\\\'mini\\\\' core collection of wild germplasm for biomass production, N uptake, and N use efficiency. A field study was conducted during the 1993 growing season on a loamy sand soil at Becker, Minnesota. Uniform transplants for 39 wild accessions and 3 varieties were grown under greenhouse conditions, and after 40 days, they were transplanted to the field. Plants were subjected to two N treatments, 0 and 225 kg N ha(-1), replicated three times in a split-plot design. Plant parts were collected separately 111 days after transplanting, dried, weighed, and analyzed for N concentration. Nitrogen rate and potato species had significant effects on total dry weight, N content, and tissue N concentration. The regression coefficient of N concentration on total dry weight was very low (r=0.22, NS), whereas the regression coefficient of total N content on total dry weight was high (r=0.94, P<0.001). At both low and high N environments, Russet Burbank had greater dry weight than all the accessions. Several wild accessions, especially S. chacoense, S. commersonii, S. kurtzianum, S. microdontum, and S. phureja, had equal to or greater dry weights than Russet Norkotah or Red Norland. For N uptake efficiency, 2, 7, and 20 accessions were ranked better than Russet Burbank, Russet Norkotah, and Red Norland, respectively. Recovery of soil applied N by the varieties ranged from 16 to 36%; the top seven wild accessions recovered between 27 and 49%. Based on plant growth without added N fertilizer and relative response to N fertilizer, the species were categorized into four relative N use efficiency groups: good foragers with good response to N, poor foragers with good response to N, good foragers with poor response to N, and poor foragers with poor response to N.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "SIGNIFICANT DIGITS - FOUNDATIONS, MYTHS AND UTILIZATION. Scientific text books, journal articles, and all types of other sources of scientific information frequently give certain recommendations and/or make statements of presumed fact concerning the issue of significant digits in scientific computation, Most of these ''well-known'' facts concerning significance in computation are false. This article discusses the folklore of significant digits, debunks the common cliches, illustrates the actual behavior of computational significance in a typical scenario, and makes recommendations concerning these matters.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 22, 15, 52, 24]}
{"token": "MANAGEMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURIST INDUSTRY IN THE CONDITION OF A PANDEMIC. The tourism industry occupies an important place in the development of many countries around the world. Revenues from the provision of tourist services support about 50 related economic activities, which employ about 5% of the working population. Despite the gradual recovery of the economy caused by hostilities in eastern Ukraine during 2015-2020, its sharp decline in 2020, following the declaration of a global pandemic, was perhaps the largest in the last 20 years. The tourism industry has undergone significant transformations. If in 2019 the export of tourism amounted to 29.3 million people, a year later it was 2.5 times less. A similar deterioration is observed in tourism imports, where the decline in 2019/2020 ranged from 13.7 million to 3.4 million, respectively. The decline in tourist flows to Ukraine and abroad has caused negative chain changes in the functioning of Ukraine's largest transport carriers. Thus, the fall in passenger air traffic in 2020 by 64.2% led to an increase in losses by UAH 0.4 billion in the national airline Ukraerorukh, the fall in passenger traffic by rail by 64.2% increased the loss by UAH 14.9 billion in PJSC Ukrzaliznytsia. And if air travel is more focused on the export of tourist flow, then rail transport is focused on the domestic market. Thus, the program of development of air communication within national borders needs detailed revision. At the same time, the closure of the Ukrainian border and the limited ability to travel have attracted the Ukrainian tourism market. During 2020, there was an increase in the cost of leisure services by an average of 25-30%, with the same quality of services provided. Due to the underdevelopment of premium-class recreation, approaches to investing in the expansion of this segment need to be reconsidered. The lack of sufficient investments of the state and business in the development of roads, reduces access to many quality places of nature, architectural monuments and so on. Thus, making appropriate adjustments to the development programs of the tourism industry at the national, regional and local levels becomes a priority in bringing the quality of tourism services to a new level and will provide an opportunity to increase revenues from the provision of tourism services.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Neo-Liberal Constitutionalism: Ideology, Government and the Rule of Law. This article explores the centrality of constitutionalism and the rule of law in neo-liberal ideology. It argues that neo-liberalism is not simply a one-dimensional set of economic ideas directed at promoting the free market, but is an ideology with broader political dimensions. At the core of neo-liberalism is a serious doctrine about politics and the proper role of government. Neo-liberals like F.A. Hayek, Milton Friedman and James Buchanan recognised that in order to have a functioning market order, a corresponding political order is a vital corollary. However, the article points out that a number of contradictions and tensions sit at the heart of the neo-liberal conception of politics: those that exist between freedom and the state, liberty and democracy, and law and legislation. The article suggests that one of the most daunting tasks facing neo-liberal politicians and theorists in the twenty-first century will be to overcome the constitutional \\\\'ignorance' of Western democracies and institute a framework of rules, conventions or procedures through which the powers of government can be adequately constrained.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Consensus definitions and application guidelines for control groups in cerebrospinal fluid biomarker studies in multiple sclerosis. The choice of appropriate control group(s) is critical in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker research in multiple sclerosis (MS). There is a lack of definitions and nomenclature of different control groups and a rationalized application of different control groups. We here propose consensus definitions and nomenclature for the following groups: healthy controls (HCs), spinal anesthesia subjects (SASs), inflammatory neurological disease controls (INDCs), peripheral inflammatory neurological disease controls (PINDCs), non-inflammatory neurological controls (NINDCs), symptomatic controls (SCs). Furthermore, we discuss the application of these control groups in specific study designs, such as for diagnostic biomarker studies, prognostic biomarker studies and therapeutic response studies. Application of these uniform definitions will lead to better comparability of biomarker studies and optimal use of available resources. This will lead to improved quality of CSF biomarker research in MS and related disorders.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Representation and beyond Female victims in Post-Suharto media. This study analyses representations of female victims in post-Suharto media. In so doing, it underlines the import of the fall of the New Order regime and the concurrent opening up of the media world in Indonesia. The study is based on notably influential issues that emerged among media producers, feminist activists, social scientists, policy makers, and general audiences during the period of study (1998-2004). Based on observations made in women's NGOs and other institutions concerned with women, interviews and informal conversations with individuals engaged in projects related to female mediation, and content analysis of a large number of mainstream and alternative media presentations, this study finds that the context of the reform (reformasi) in Indonesia constituted a major factor in influencing the changes that affected women and the media, and more importantly, on the burgeoning of the discourse of female victimization. This study also addresses the concepts of ideology, interpellation, identity, and agency to show how the media culture during the reform period, or rather the cultural producers during that time, constructed female victims' identities by sorting out and selecting the representations that represented the context and the history of the regime's change.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Climate Conditions at Perennially Ice-Covered Lake Untersee, East Antarctica. In November 2008 an automated meteorological station was established at Lake Untersee in East Antarctica, producing a 5-yr data record of meteorological conditions at the lake. This dataset includes five austral summer seasons composed of December, January, and February (DJF). The average solar flux at Lake Untersee for the four years with complete solar flux data is 99.2 +/- 0.6 W m(-2). The mean annual temperature at Lake Untersee was determined to be -10.6 degrees +/- 0.6 degrees C. The annual degree-days above freezing for the five years were 9.7, 37.7, 22.4, 7.0, and 48.8, respectively, with summer (DJF) accounting for virtually all of this. For these five summers the average DJF temperatures were -3.5 degrees, -1.9 degrees, -2.2 degrees, -2.6 degrees, and -2.5 degrees C. The maximum (minimum) temperatures were +5.3 degrees, +7.6 degrees, +5.7 degrees, +4.4 degrees, and +9.0 degrees C (-13.8 degrees, -12.8 degrees, -12.9 degrees, -13.5 degrees, and -12.1 degrees C). The average of the wind speed recorded was 5.4 m s(-1), the maximum was 35.7 m s(-1), and the average daily maximum was 15 m s(-1). The wind speed was higher in the winter, averaging 6.4 m s(-1). Summer winds averaged 4.7 m s(-1). The dominant wind direction for strong winds is from the south for all seasons, with a secondary source of strong winds in the summer from the east-northeast. Relative humidity averages 37%; however, high values will occur with an average period of ~10 days, providing a strong indicator of the quasi-periodic passage of storms across the site. Low summer temperatures and high wind speeds create conditions at the surface of the lake ice resulting in sublimation rather than melting as the main mass-loss process.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "The role of classification in knowledge representation and discovery. THE LINE BETWEEN CLASSIFICATION AND KNOWLEDGE is explored. Classification schemes have properties that enable the representation of entities and relationships in structures that reflect knowledge of the domain being classified. The strengths and limitations of four classificatory approaches are described in terms of their ability to reflect, discover, and create new knowledge. These approaches are hierarchies, trees, paradigms, and faceted analysis. Examples are provided of the way in which knowledge and the classification process affect each other.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "DIETARY FIBRE CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SESAME SEED COATS (TESTAE). The dietary fibre contained in the seed coats (testae) of sesame, by-products of the dehulling processes during the manufacture of sweetened sesame paste (halaweh), were evaluated with two assays: the AOAC enzymatic-gravimetric method and the enzymatic-chemical method. Functional properties and antioxidant activity of sesame seed coats were also determined. The total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fibre contents measured were significantly higher using the AOAC method, than with the enzymatic-chemical method. The dietary fibre contained high amounts of neutral sugars (15.11 g/100 g seed coat dry matter), insoluble uronic acids (10.52 g/100 g seed coat dry matter), and lignin (5.42 g/100 g seed coat dry matter). Physical property analyses showed a high positive correlation between particle size reduction of seed coat, water holding capacity, and oil holding capacity; however, there was a negative correlation with bulk density. Sesame testae showed a relatively high polyphenol content (9.9 mg/g of seed coat dry matter). Aqueous methanol, ethanol, and acetone extracts of seed coats yielded similar polyphenol levels (similar to 75 mg/g of extract), higher than those found in aqueous extracts (52.7 mg/g of extract). Aqueous organic solvent extracts possessed higher antioxidant activity than water extracts. Our results suggested that sesame seed coats can be used in the preparation of low calorie, high fibre, and antioxidant-rich foods.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "The shtetl in the museum: representing Jews in the eras of Stalin and Putin. This article considers the representation of the shtetl in two museum narratives devoted to Jews in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. The first, the state-funded 1939 exhibit The Jews in Tsarist Russia and the USSR was organized by the Jewish Section of the State Museum of Ethnography in Leningrad and remained on display to the Soviet public until the Nazi invasion in June 1941. The second is the privately funded Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow, which opened in 2012. Though conceived under radically different ideological and political circumstances, each exhibition conveys a significant message about the place of Jews in Soviet and post-Soviet society, respectively, and each positions the shtetl as a formative arena for Jewish civic identity vis-a-vis the Russian homeland. Across the chasm of over seventy years, these two museum projects raise strikingly similar questions about how and why cultural institutions are mobilized to define the relationship of Ashkenazi Jews and the state. In both cases, the shtetl plays a significant role in narrating this unequal relationship.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
{"token": "Solid phase microextraction as a methodology in the detection of irradiation markers in ground beef. The usefulness of solid phase microextraction (SPME) to detect the occurrence of the irradiation markers 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) and 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene in irradiated ground beef was evaluated. To that aim, beef samples were irradiated with different irradiation doses and subsequently examined together with non-irradiated beef samples used as control samples. The SPME conditions applied were selected as a result of performing an optimization process including different fibers (PDMS, DVB/CAR/PDMS, polyacrylate and PDMS/DVB), as well as extraction times (10, 25 and 40 min) and temperatures (40 and 60 degrees C). For comparison, 2-DCB and 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene were additionally identified in some of the samples by steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDE). Although this study is a preliminary work, from the results obtained SPME seemed to be a rapid and valuable technique to determine 2-DCB and 1,3-bis(l, I-dimethylethyl)benzene in ground beef subjected to irradiation, offering advantages over other methods reported in the literature. In addition, SPME allowed to confirm the validity of 2-DCB as an useful marker to distinguish non-irradiated from irradiated ground beef. On the contrary, the occurrence of 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene was however established in both types of samples by SPME and SDE. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Epilepsy today: Summary of the IVETF 'Consensus proposal: Diagnostic Approach to Epilepsy in Dogs. In 2015, the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) published the \\\\'Consensus Proposal: Diagnostic Approach to Epilepsy in Dogs\\\\', proposing the basis for a standardized method of diagnostic procedures in patients suffering from seizures. The recommended modus operandi comprises two fundamental steps to clarify if the patient is truly suffering from epilepsy and to determine its underlying cause. The authors suggest a tier system of three confidence levels describing the reliability of the diagnosis \\\\'idiopathic epilepsy\\\\' The authors of the consensus proposal emphasize that these recommendations will evolve over time with advances in neuroimaging, electroencephalography, and molecular genetics of canine epilepsy. In this article, the contents of the consensus proposal are summarized in German language.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Francesco Sambiasi, a Missing Link in European Map Making in China?. When the Jesuit missionaries began to work in China, they attracted the attention of the Chinese by introducing European knowledge. This is the context in which Jesuits such as Matteo Ricci, Giulio Aleni, Francesco Sambiasi and Ferdinand Verbiest made their Chinese-language world maps. Sambiasi was a man of many talents. He was a tactful diplomat and a learned scientist. His world map shows him to be a skilful adapter of earlier knowledge, which he passed on to future generations. The six known copies of his map are in two versions, printed from two sets of wood blocks (c. 1639). A text at the top of one version explains why the world must be seen as a sphere, which demonstrates how these maps were meant to convince the Chinese public of European scientific findings.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 30, 52]}
{"token": "LOCAL LINEAR CONVERGENCE OF THE ALTERNATING DIRECTION METHOD OF MULTIPLIERS FOR QUADRATIC PROGRAMS. The Douglas-Rachford alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) has been widely used in various areas. The global convergence of ADMM is well known, while research on its convergence rate is still in its infancy. In this paper, we show the local linear convergence rate of ADMM for a quadratic program which includes some important applications of ADMM as special cases.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "On superintegrable symmetry-breaking potentials in N-dimensional Euclidean space. Here x(n+1) is a distinguished Cartesian variable. The algebra of second-order symmetries of the resulting Schrodinger equation is given and, for the first potential, the closure relations of the corresponding quadratic algebra. These potentials are particularly interesting because they occur in all dimensions n greater than or equal to 1, the separation of variables problem is highly nontrivial for them, and many other potentials are limiting cases.V = 1/2Sigma(l=1)(n)[k(l)(2) - 1/4/x(l)(2) + omega(2)x(l)(2)] + 2omega(2)x(n+1)(2) or V = 1/2(2alpha/rootx(1)(2)+...+x(n+1)(2) + Sigma(l=1)(n)1/4 - k(l)(2)/x(l)(2)).We give a graphical prescription for obtaining and characterizing all separable coordinates for which the Schrodinger equation admits separable solutions for one of the superintegrable potentials", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Case report: Cytochrome P450 implications for comorbid ADHD and OCD pharmacotherapy. TopicThis case report details the treatment of an early adolescent already receiving treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder who presents with recurrent obsessive-compulsive disorder. Potential atomoxetine (Strattera) and fluoxetine (Prozac) interactions via Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) pathways are examined and alternate therapies are recommended.ConclusionsGenetic testing as a prescriptive tool is not indicated for all medications; however, potential drug-drug interactions, narrow therapeutic drug index, and side effect toxicity contribute to the need for testing. An understanding of CYP450 metabolism and drug interaction as well as metabolism phenotypes should inform prescribing and dosing psychotropic medications.SourcesPeer-reviewed journals, U.S. Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Medical Library, and the Clinical Pharmacology database.PurposeProvide a discussion of psychopharmacogenomics, especially in the case of combining medications, CYP450 enzymes, and clinical implications in the context of the burgeoning field of precision medicine. The following questions are addressed: 1) What are the recommendations for pharmacogenetics testing? 2) How should pharmacogenetics inform medication selection? 3) What impact should CYP450 knowledge have on medication dosing?", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Intra-Dealer Integration. This paper examines the quotation behaviour of dealers who made markets in the same stocks on both NASDAQ and either EASDAQ or the LSE. Whereas previous studies examine international integration at the market level, we examine integration at the dealer level. In other words, do dealers within the same market-making firm use information from their arm on the opposite side of the Atlantic in forming their own quotes? We find that while there is some evidence of integration at the market level, integration is hard to detect at the dealer level. The results are largely unaffected by differences in fungibility between our two samples.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Swine hepatitis E virus: Cross-species infection, pork safety and chronic infection. Swine hepatitis E virus (swine HEV) belongs to the species Orthohepevirus A within the genus Orthohepevirus in the family Hepeviridae. Four different genotypes of swine HEV within the species Orthohepevirus A have been identified so far from domesticated and wild swine population: genotypes 3 (HEV-3) and 4 (HEV-4) swine HEVs are zoonotic and infect humans, whereas HEV-5 and HEV-6 are only identified from swine. As a zoonotic agent, swine HEV is an emerging public health concern in many industrialized countries. Pigs are natural reservoir for HEV, consumption of raw or undercooked pork is an important route of foodborne HEV transmission. Occupational risks such as direct contact with infected pigs also increase the risk of HEV transmission in humans. Cross-species infection of HEV-3 and HEV-4 have been documented under experimental and natural conditions. Both swine HEV-3 and swine HEV-4 infect non-human primates, the surrogates of man. Swine HEV, predominantly HEV-3, can establish chronic infection in immunocompromised patients especially in solid organ transplant recipients. The zoonotic HEV-3, and to lesser extent HEV-4, have also been shown to cause neurological diseases and kidney injury. In this review, we focus on the epidemiology of swine HEV, host and viral determinants influencing cross-species HEV infection, zoonotic infection and its associated pork safety concern, as well as swine HEV-associated chronic infection and neurological diseases.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Sampling design effects: Do they affect the analyses of data from the National Survey of Families and Households?. Most large national surveys, such as the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), involve clustered and stratified samples. These complex sample designs have consequences for data analysis techniques. Standard errors calculated using procedures that do nor adjust for design effects often are too small and lead to incorrect inferences. We discuss design effects and estimate them for a set of variables selected from the 1988 NSFH. Included are examples of descriptive estimates and regression results with household income and marital happiness as dependent variables. Statistical software that adjusts standard errors in complex designs is discussed, as are issues related to weighting and the analysis of subsamples.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Boronate decorated membrane via atom transfer radical polymerization for separation and enrichment of polyphenols from tea drinks. Boronate affinity (BA) materials play an important role in the selective separation and enrichment of cis-diol-containing compounds. However, a majority of BA materials suffer from low binding capacity and tedious preparation process. In this work, a novel high-capacity BA membrane was synthesized via a two-step procedure, including immobilization of active bromine groups on a nylon 66 membrane and grafting of poly(4-vinylphenylboronic acid) chains by surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization. The successful synthesis was revealed by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and so on. The BA membrane could not only selectively recognize cis-diol-containing compounds by specific interaction between cis-diol and boronic acid ligands, but also extensively adsorb non-cis-diol-containing compounds by hydrophobic (or pi-pi) interaction and B-O coordination effect. The novel BA membrane was used as an extraction material, and some parameters of extraction were optimized in detail. Membrane extraction coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography was applied to the selective enrichment and determination of 10 kinds of polyphenols, including eight cis-diol-containing polyphenols and two non-cis-diol-containing polyphenols. The recoveries at three spiked levels from jasmine green tea were between 91.2% and 100.5% for cis-diol-containing polyphenols, with intraday and interday relative standard deviations ranging from 3.7% to 7.5% and 4.2% to 8.2%, respectively.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8, 35]}
{"token": "Six new supermassive black hole mass determinations from adaptive-optics assisted SINFONI observations. Different massive black hole mass - host galaxy scaling relations suggest that the growth of massive black holes is entangled with the evolution of their host galaxies. The number of measured black hole masses is still limited and additional measurements are necessary to understand the underlying physics of this apparent coevolution. We add six new black hole mass (M-BH) measurements of nearby fast rotating early-type galaxies to the known black hole mass sample, namely NGC 584, NGC 2784, NGC 3640, NGC 4570, NGC 4281, and NGC 7049. Our target galaxies have effective velocity dispersions (sigma(e)) between 170 and 245 km s(-1), and thus this work provides additional insight into the black hole properties of intermediate-mass early-type galaxies. We combined high-resolution adaptive-optics SINFONI data with large-scale MUSE, VIMOS and SAURON data from ATLAS(3D) to derive two-dimensional stellar kinematics maps. We then built both Jeans Anisotropic Models and axisymmetric Schwarzschild models to measure the central black hole masses. Our Schwarzschild models provide black hole masses of (1.3 +/- 0.5) x 10(8) M-circle dot for NGC 584, (1.0 +/- 0.6) x 10(8) M-circle dot for NGC 2784, (7.7 +/- 5) x 10(7) M-circle dot for NGC 3640, (5.4 +/- 0.8) x 10(8) M-circle dot for NGC 4281, (6.8 +/- 2.0) x 10(7) M-circle dot for NGC 4570, and (3.2 +/- 0.8) x 10(8) M-circle dot for NGC 7049 at 3 sigma confidence level, which are consistent with recent MBH-sigma(e) scaling relations. NGC 3640 has a velocity dispersion dip and NGC 7049 a constant velocity dispersion in the center, but we can clearly constrain their lower black hole mass limit. We conclude our analysis with a test on NGC 4570 taking into account a variable mass-to-light ratio (M/L) when constructing dynamical models. When considering M/L variations linked mostly to radial changes in the stellar metallicity, we find that the dynamically determined black hole mass from NGC 4570 decreases by 30%. Further investigations are needed in the future to account for the impact of radial M/L gradients on dynamical modeling.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "The Novgorod region: A Russian success story. A specialist on Russian politics and society examines the apparent success of economic and political liberalism in Novgorod oblast' in the 1990s. The article is based on published and unpublished documentary sources from the region, as well as in-depth, repeated interviews with local officials during 1997-1999. Focus is on progress in economic reform, finance, and foreign investment forms of political decentralization and representation, the growth civic associations, and styles of political leadership. Several explanations for these outcomes are proposed and discussed.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Experimental investigation of secondary and tertiary oil recovery from fractured porous media. Naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs) contribute in large extent to oil and gas production to the ever increasing market demand of fossil energy. It is believed that the vertical displacement of oil during gas injection assisted by gravity drainage (GAGD) is one of the most efficient methods for oil recovery in these reservoirs. Hence, in this work, unconsolidated packed models of cylindrical geometry surrounded by fracture were utilized in order to perform a series of flow visualization experiments during which the contribution of different parameters such as the extent of matrix permeability, physical properties of oil (viscosity, density, and surface tension) and the withdrawal rate was studied. Furthermore, mutual effects of permeability, oil properties, and production rate on oil recovery efficiency through controlled and free fall gravity drainage processes were also investigated. Experimental results obtained from secondary and tertiary recovery experiments demonstrated that decreasing model permeability and increasing oil viscosity during secondary recovery process reduced the recovery efficiency for all production rates, while under tertiary recovery process these phenomena lead to more oil production for all production rates.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "Food Microbiology-Design and Testing of a Virtual Laboratory Exercise. A web-based virtual laboratory exercise in identifying an unknown microorganism was designed for use with a cohort of 3rd-year university food- technology students. They were presented with a food-contamination case, and then walked through a number of diagnostic steps to identify the microorganism. At each step, the students were asked to select 1 of 4 tests. All tests had an associated cost. Feedback was given on selection and once the right test was selected, students were shown the results and could progress. At the end of the exercise, students had determined a number of characteristics of the microorganism. They were then required to identify the organism using a variety of reference material and present a report on the significance of the microorganism identified. A student survey showed they enjoyed the exercise and felt it fulfilled the aims and objectives of the lesson. There was a positive response to its flexible nature and the inclusion of test costs. This virtual laboratory was less expensive and 10 times faster than a traditional laboratory exercise yet achieved the same learning outcomes for students who were already familiar with laboratory techniques. The virtual lab was developed with a generic template that could be used for future lessons.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Development of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae in vitro in primary and permanent cell lines. In conclusion, we established suitable in vitro systems for the culture of E. ninakohlyakimovae macromeronts, e.g., for the mass production of merozoites I, for basic studies on parasite/host endothelial cell interactions or for pharmaceutical screenings. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Infections with Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae represent important coccidian diseases of goats severely affecting animal health and profitability of goat industry. For the development of suitable vaccination strategies basic research is needed for which one important prerequisite is the establishment of in vitro cultures guaranteeing the availability of parasitic material. Therefore, primary cell cultures [caprine, bovine and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (CUVEC, BUVEC, HUVEC)] as well as permanent cell lines [bovine foetal gastrointestinal cells (BFGC), bovine colonic epithelial cells (BCEC), African green monkey kidney cells (VERO)] were exposed to vital sporozoites of E. ninakohlyakimovae. The parasites invaded all different cell types used, irrespective of their origin, but further development into macromeronts and subsequent release of viable merozoites I were restricted to ruminant cells. Mature macromeronts developed in both, endothelial (CUVEC, BUVEC) and epithelial cells (BCEC). VERO cells were non-permissive for parasite development, nevertheless sporozoites survived for 21 days p.i. within an enlarged parasitophorous vacuole. Best in vitro development of E. ninakohlyakimovae macromeronts with respect to the production of viable merozoites I was observed in BCEC, followed by BUVEC. However, the largest macromeronts developed in CUVEC. Mature macromeronts were also detected in BFGC, but these cells were less effective concerning infection rates and productivity. The complete life-cycle of E. ninakohlyakimovae leading to oocyst production was not accomplished in any cell type used.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Fly ash-GGBS geopolymer in boron environment: A study on rheology and microstructure by ATR FT-IR and MAS NMR. The present study focuses on the use of borax composite sodium silicate activator (B) in place of water glass (S) in the fly ash-GGBS composite (4:1) geopolymerization. The substituent is favoured as it delivers advantages such as increased setting time and workability by mitigating the agglomeration of flocks without affecting the compressive strength of the geopolymer. Microstructural changes of boroaluminosilicate were studied with the help of ATR-FT-IR and MAS NMR. Rheology studies indicated that the borax composite pastes display shear thinning behaviour with low yield stress and fit well with the Bingham model. In-situ ATR-FT-IR spectrum revealed the severing of silica bonds by soluble [BO4] and its incorporation into the silicate backbone resulted in the drop in of Si-O-T asymmetry vibration response. The NMR spectral changes of Si-29, Al-27 and B-11 nuclei environment in geopolymeric tetrahedral network showed that the fraction of [SiO4] and [BO4] increases upon borax addition with the diminished fraction of B-3 non-rings without any specific changes in Al coordination. The tetrahedral boron absorption band in the wave numbers at 1380-1310 cm(-1) and1134 cm(-1) is observed in FT-IR and its configuration is compatible in the reaction product. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "In vitro culture conditions for the mouse preantral follicles isolated by enzyme treatment. in order to investigate the factors affecting the culture of mouse preantral follicles in vitro, we examined the effect of culture media, protein supplements, and culture period on their growth. The oocyte diameter (initial size: 55.6+/-2.5 gm) was progressively increased during culture, and the maximum size (72.0+/-2.4 mu m) was reached on day 10 of the in vitro culture. The chromatin configuration in the germinal vesicle (GV) oocyte progressively shifted from a non-surrounded nucleolus (NSN) to a surrounded nucleolus (SN). On day 10 of the culture, most of the oocytes progressed to the SN pattern. The survival and metaphase 11 rates of the oocytes in alpha-minimal essential medium (alpha-MEM) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in Waymouth and tissue culture medium (TCM)-199. As a protein source, fetal bovine serum (FBS) was more suitable for the culture of mouse preantral follicles as compared to human follicular fluid (hFF) and bovine serum albumin (BSA); the optimal concentration of FBS was 5%. These results suggest that in a culture of mouse preantral follicles, alpha-MEM and 5% FBS are an optimal medium and a protein source, respectively; further, the 10 days of culture is required for the complete growth of oocytes in this culture system.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "How salinity and temperature combine to affect physiological state and performance in red knots with contrasting non-breeding environments. Migratory shorebirds inhabit environments that may yield contrasting salinity-temperature regimes-with widely varying osmoregulatory demands, even within a given species-and the question is: by which physiological means and at which organisational level do they show adjustments with respect to these demands? Red knots Calidris canutus winter in coastal areas over a range of latitudes. The nominal subspecies winters in salty areas in the tropics, whereas the subspecies Calidris canutus islandica winters in north-temperate regions of comparatively lower salinities and temperatures. In this study, both subspecies of red knot were acclimated to different salinity (28/40 aEuro degrees)-temperature (5/35 A degrees C) combinations for 2-week periods. We then measured food/salt intakes, basal metabolic rate (BMR), body mass and temperature, fat and salt gland scores, gizzard mass, heat-shock proteins, heterophils/lymphocytes (H/L) ratio and plasma Na+ to assess the responses of each taxon to osmoregulatory challenges. High salinity (HS)-warm-acclimated birds reduced food/salt intake, BMR, body mass, fat score and gizzard mass, showing that salt/heat loads constrained energy acquisition rates. Higher salt gland scores in saltier treatments indicated that its size was adjusted to higher osmoregulatory demands. Elevated plasma Na+ and H/L ratio in high-salinity-warm-acclimated birds indicated that salt/heat loads might have a direct effect on the water-salt balance and stress responses of red knots. Subspecies had little or no effect on most measured parameters, suggesting that most adjustments reflect phenotypic flexibility rather than subspecific adaptations. Our results demonstrate how salinity and temperature affect various phenotypic traits in a migrant shorebird, highlighting the importance of considering these factors jointly when evaluating the environmental tolerances of air-breathing marine taxa.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "The Spin-Wave Susceptibility of Ferromagnetic Superlattices with a Mixture of One- and Three-Dimensional Inhomogeneities. Effects of the simultaneous presence (\\\\'mixture\\\\') of one- and three-dimensional inhomogeneities on the high-frequency susceptibility at the boundary of the first Brillouin zone of a sinusoidal ferromagnetic superlattice are studied. It is shown that the contributions of the components of different dimensionalities to the resulting modification of the susceptibility are not additive.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Beauveria bassiana affects immature stage development of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: bostrichidae) in stored maize. Recent research in Ghana has demonstrated the effectiveness of an isolate of B. bassiana, sensu lato (IMI 389521) from the U.K. against the larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), a major pest of stored maize. To determine whether this isolate is effective on immature stages of P. truncatus, a laboratory study of the response of immature stages (egg, larvae and pupae) of P. truncatus in maize grains to two concentrations (1 x 10(9) and 3.16 x 10(9) cfu/kg maize) of B. bassiana, IMI 389521 formulated with Entostat T and kaolinite was undertaken. Adult emergence, per cent survival of adults that emerged and the number of larvae in each immature stage were assessed after 45 days. Apart from the egg experiment, higher numbers of adults emerged in grains containing larvae and pupae treated with B. bassiana product compared to the untreated maize control. This notwithstanding, survival of emerged adults of P. truncatus was greatly reduced in B. bassiana treatments (<10%) compared with 75-95% in the controls. Surface treatment with B. bassiana on pre-infested maize showed a significant effect on the developmental biology of P. truncatus in Ghana.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
{"token": "Static and dynamic contact angles of evaporating liquids on heated surfaces. We studied both static and dynamic values of the apparent contact angle for gravity-driven flow of a volatile liquid down a heated inclined plane. The apparent contact line is modeled as the transition region between the macroscopic film and ultra-thin adsorbed film dominated by disjoining pressure effects. Four commonly used disjoining pressure models are investigated. The static contact angle is shown to increase with heater temperature, in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. The angle is less sensitive to the details of the disjoining pressure curves than in the isothermal regime. A generalization of the classical Frumkin-Derjaguin theory is proposed to explain this observation. The dynamic contact angle follows the Tanner's law remarkably well over a range of evaporation conditions. However, deviations from the predictions based on the Tanner's law are found when interface shape changes rapidly in response to rapid changes of the heater temperature. The Marangoni stresses are shown to result in increase of the values of apparent contact angles. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "From Internet to social safety net: The policy consequences of online participation in China. Internet-based platforms are increasingly being used by governments around the world to facilitate public engagement with citizens. However, it remains an open question whether participation through these platforms can actually enable citizens to influence policies. We address this question by studying the patterns and consequences of online participation at a major electronic petition platform in China, a country with the world's largest Internet-using population. Content analysis of over 900,000 petitions reveals that a substantial share of them concern lower-class issues and are originated from less developed rural and suburban areas. Linking variations in petition volumes to an original data set of government policy priorities, we further show that online participation led governments to place greater emphasis on social welfare policies and to increase the coverage of a key low-income assistance program. These results underscore the potential of online participation as an important mechanism to improve the quality of governance.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Impact of Hepatic Uptake Transporters on Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions: Use of Assays and Models for Decision Making in the Pharmaceutical Industry. The ability to predict hepatic metabolic clearance is a key component in the design and selection of small molecule drug candidates within the pharmaceutical industry. The recognition that metabolism-transporter interplay can influence hepatic metabolic clearance has presented new challenges, both in terms of the creation of experimental systems suitable for an industry setting and also in developing an understanding of the pharmacokinetic concepts that underpin them. This paper reviews the pharmacokinetic principles that govern the kinetics of uptake transporter substrates. In addition, new data are presented from a range of test systems for assessing hepatic drug clearance and the impact of drug-drug interactions (DDIs).", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "'Care about my animal, know your stuff and take me seriously': United Kingdom and Australian clients' views on the capabilities most important in their veterinarians. Success in veterinary practice requires careful balancing of stakeholder needs. The aim of this study was to investigate the current expectations and needs of veterinary clients across a range of practice types. Interviews and focus groups were undertaken with veterinary clients to identify the capabilities of veterinarians that result in the best client experience, generating a 'Veterinary Capability Framework'. This comprised six main capabilities each containing 4-10 behavioural indicators: client relationships; professionalism; communication skills; decision-making and problem solving; commitment to animal welfare; and commitment to quality and the profession. An online survey was then conducted to validate the importance of these capabilities, which was completed by 1446 mostly UK and Australian clients. The data have allowed us to develop a 'Client Hierarchy of Needs' which emphasises the fundamental importance of commitment to animal welfare and veterinary capabilities to the client experience. This study is part of the VetSet2Go project, a collaborative international project to define the capabilities most important for employability and success in the veterinary profession today.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "DNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG): An update of the recommendations on the use of Y-STRs in forensic analysis. The DNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG) regularly publishes guidelines and recommendations concerning the application of DNA polymorphisms to the problems of human identification. A previous recommendation published in 2001 has already addressed Y-chromosome polymorphisms, with particular emphasis on short tandem repeats (STRs). Since then, the use of Y-STRs has become very popular, and a numerous new loci have been introduced. The current recommendations address important aspects to clarify problems regarding the nomenclature, the definition of loci and alleles, population genetics and reporting methods. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Molecular analysis reveals lowbush blueberry pest predation rates depend on ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) species and pest density. Molecular gut-content analysis allows determination of pest predation by field-collected predators. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) common in lowbush blueberries may consume blueberry spanworm, Itame argillacearia (Packard) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), and blueberry flea beetle, Altica sylvia Malloch (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), providing pest suppression. Using newly developed pest specific primers, laboratory feeding trials showed that the median detection time (MDT) for blueberry spanworm in the largest beetle, Carabus nemoralis O.F. Muller, was 3.7 h, whereas Poecilus lucublandus (Say) and Pterostichus mutus (Say) had MDTs between 27.1 and 31.6 h for both pests. At a field-site with high pest abundances, the probability of detecting blueberry spanworm and blueberry flea beetle DNA was greater in P. lucublandus, 26 and 39 % respectively, than in P.mutus, 8 and 20 % respectively. Only 0 and 1 % of P. lucublandus and P. mutus, respectively, tested positive for blueberry spanworm DNA at a second site with low abundance. At the first site, the probability of detecting pest DNA in both ground beetle species was positively related to pest density. Higher pest DNA detection rates and captures of ground beetles corresponded to field areas where significant pest reductions occurred from late May to early June. Conservation of predatory carabid beetles could lead to valuable biological control in lowbush blueberries.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Mid- to late-Holocene sea-level evolution of the northeastern Aegean sea. We combined biostratigraphical analyses, archaeological surveys, and Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) models to provide new insights into the relative sea-level evolution in the northeastern Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean). In this area, characterized by a very complex tectonic pattern, we produced a new typology of sea-level index point, based on the foraminiferal associations found in transgressive marine facies. Our results agree with the sea-level history previously produced in this region, therefore confirming the validity of this new type of index point. The expanded dataset presented in this paper further demonstrates a continuous Holocene RSL rise in this portion of the Aegean Sea. Comparing the new RSL record with the available geophysical predictions of sea-level evolution indicates that the crustal subsidence of the Samothraki Plateau and the North Aegean Trough played a major role in controlling millennial-scale sea-level evolution in the area. This major subsidence rate needs to be taken into account in the preparation of local future scenarios of sea-level rise in the coming decades.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "The influence of recording technologies on the early development of electroacoustic music. From the earliest experiments with the manipulation of 78-rpm disks during the 1920s, the technology of recording has played a major role in the evolution of electroacoustic music. This has extended not only to the recording and reproduction of materials but also to key components of the compositional process itself. Although such influences have become less prominent with the advent of digital technology, their impact during the formative years of electroacoustic music was significant and far-reaching. This article examines some key aspects of the pioneering era of creative development through the early 1950s, with particular reference to the Bauhaus sound artists, Pierre Schaeffer and musique concrete, and the Cologne studio for elektronische Musik.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Factors affecting the potentiometric response of all-solid-state solvent polymeric membrane calcium-selective electrode for low-level measurements. An all-solid-state calcium-selective electrode was constructed with poly(pyrrole) solid-contact doped with calcium complexing ligand Tiron. The potentiometric response of this sensor can have a linear range down to 10(-9) M with a slope close to Nernstian and detection limit equal to 10(-9.6). The effects of pH and the activity of the interfering ion in the conditioning solution on the potentiometric behavior of the constructed sensors were examined. Potential stability, reproducibility, and impedance studies were performed. The selectivity of the constructed electrode is better than that of the conventional calcium-selective electrode with internal filling solution of 10(-2) M CaCl2 and comparable to that of the best liquid-contact electrodes.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Laryngeal reflex responses in pediatric anesthesia. Laryngeal and respiratory reflexes are vitally important defense mechanisms against foreign body aspiration, safeguarding airway patency, and ventilation. These highly preserved automatisms easily overrule external influences like willpower or (anesthetic) medication. Prevention and anticipation are, therefore, the essential strategies to avoid adverse events and damage, and treatment is most effective in the early stage of the reflex response. The physiology and pathophysiology of the various defensive reflexes as well as a comprehensive anesthetic approach to prevention and treatment are outlined in this review.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "The 'Bantu clinic'. A genealogy of the African patient as object and effect of South African clinical medicine, 1930-1990. This paper is about power, medicine and the identity of the African as a patient of western medicine. From a conventional perspective and as encoded in the current \\\\'quest for wholeness\\\\' that characterises South African biomedical discourse, the African patient - like any other patient - has always existed as an authentic and subjectified being, whose true attributes and experiences have been denied by the \\\\'mechanistic,\\\\' \\\\'reductionistic\\\\' and \\\\'ethnocentric\\\\' practices of clinical medicine. Against this liberal humanist perspective on the body as ontologically independent of power, this paper offers a Foucaultian reading of the African patient as - like any other patient - contingent upon the force relations immanent within and relayed through the clinical practices of biomedicine. A quintessential form of disciplinary micro-power, these fabricate the most intimate recesses of the human body as manageable objects of medical knowledge and social consciousness to make possible the great control strategies of repression, segmentation and liberation that are the usual focus of conventional investigations into the place and function of medicine in society. Since the 1930s when the African body first emerged as a discrete object of a secular clinical knowledge, these have repeatedly transformed the attributes and identity of the African patient, and the paper traces this archaeology of South African clinical perception from then until the 1990s to show how its \\\\'quest for wholeness\\\\' is not an end point of \\\\'discovery\\\\' or \\\\'liberation,\\\\' but merely another ephemeral crystallization of socio-medical knowledge in a constantly changing force field of disciplinary power.", "label": [2, 5, 56, 52, 23]}
{"token": "Random genomic scans at microsatellite loci for genetic diversity estimation in cold-adapted Lepidium latifolium. Lepidium latifolium L. (Brassicaceae) grows successfully in a high-altitude cold arid environment. Little molecular data are available for this plant despite its immense ecological importance as a cold- and drought-adapted species. We used a novel approach to identify microsatellite regions using genome walker libraries, called as Random Scans at Microsatellite Regions (RaSMiR), and implemented them on genotypes collected from relatively different topographical conditions within a small geographical area. The success rate of finding a microsatellite sequence using this methodology was 100%, and on developing the RaSMiR technique itself as a molecular marker, 230 electrophoretic bands were obtained using 13 different RaSMiR primers in combination with a microsatellite sequence primer. On an average, 17 bands were obtained for each primer. The electrophoretic profiles generated by RaSMiR markers were distinct from those produced by inter-simple sequence repeat markers. This information has been documented as a dominant marker data, and has been used to construct a neighbour-joining tree that successfully distinguished all genotypes. RaSMiR is an attractive approach for the development of unique and informative microsatellites, or for genome scanning directly as a molecular marker that can potentially be employed for the estimation of genetic diversity or to identify polymorphic loci involved in adaptations particularly in the non-model species, for which sufficient genomic data are not available.", "label": [0, 2, 20, 9]}
{"token": "Intellectuals and nationalism: Anthropological engagements. To what extent are intellectuals artisans of nationalism? In this chapter we review past and present anthropological research that has helped to reveal the agency of intellectuals in the projects and operations of states and nations. If the intellectual has long been defined in the Marxian-Gramscian tradition as a social actor with a special praxical investment in ways and forms of knowing, then what we discuss as \\\\'intellectualism,\\\\' the social formation of knowledge, should be understood as a central dimension of the (re)production of nations and nationalism both inside and outside of states. We suggest that further drawing anthropological attention to intellectuals and their knowledge practices (ranging from the poetic-literary to the technical-administrative) will help the anthropology of nations and nationalism to (a) locate the role of human agency in the creation, circulation, and contestation of national culture, (b) capture the intellectual work involved in nationalism and bureaucracy in its full diversity, and (c) imagine a new series of ethnographic access points among educated professionals for the study of nationalism in action.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "EARLY MATURING SOYBEAN NODULATION AND PERFORMANCE WITH SELECTED BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM STRAINS. Seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Jordan is a common production practice for most soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growers in northwest Minnesota; however, plants seldom are well-nodulated.  Our objectives were to (i) identify strains of B. japonicum that enhance nodulation and agronomic performance of Maturity Group 00 soybean cultivars grown on soils having a range of NO3--N concentrations; and (ii) assess cultivar-by-strain specificity.  Six cultivars and five B. japonicum strains were evaluated in six field trials during 1988 to 1990.  Nonfertilized (1988-1990) and N fertilized (1990), uninoculated controls were included.  Soil NO3--N concentrations (0-60 cm) at planting ranged from 52 to 175 kg N ha-1.  Residual soil NO3--N values were low and substantially less than initial values in only three environments.  Nonetheless, significant increases in response to inoculation were observed for grain yield, seed weight, and grain N concentration in 17 of 18 comparisons.  In 1990 trials, fertilizer N (168 kg ha-1) increased seed weight and grain N concentration significantly more than inoculation.  Nodule number (r = -0.89; significant at P = 0.05) and dry weight (r = -0.97; significant at P = 0.01) were inversely correlated with soil NO3--N (0-60 cm) at planting.  Estimated (difference method) N2 fixation (r = -0.93; significant at P = 0.05) and relative increases in grain yield (r = -0.93; significant at P = 0.05), seed weight (r = -0.97; significant at P = 0.01) and grain N concentration (r = -0.95; significant at P = 0.05) were inversely correlated with soil NO3--N (0-60 cm) at harvest.  Although similar responses were observed among all cultivars, B. japonicum strains 61A152 and 61A212 generally outperformed other strains.  Cultivar-by-strain specificity could not be detected.  Soybean producers in northwest Minnesota should realize significant increases (10% or greater) in grain yield in response to inoculation of rhizobia-free soils, provided initial soil NO3--N concentrations (0-60 cm) are less than 110 kg N ha-1 and N mineralization during the growing season is minimal.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Decomposing Preferences Into Predispositions and Evaluations. When making decisions, people can be influenced by the context (or framing) of the decisions in addition to the features of the choice options. It has recently been argued that people can use context to develop predispositions toward certain categories (or types) of options. This research has shown that predispositions increase the efficiency of the choice process by reducing the need for in-depth evaluation of the features but that they also bias choice. Here, we experimentally studied the dynamics of predispositions and their link to evaluations. In our first experiment, using real choices between healthy and unhealthy foods, we found that predispositions arise whenever one category is made to appear generally better than the other, regardless of the specific features of the options in a given decision. We found that predispositions toward healthy and unhealthy foods can be altered but that people's favorable evaluations of healthy foods persist. In our second experiment, we induced changes in both predispositions and evaluations. We again found that predispositions evolve in response to subjects' choice biases while evaluations do not. These changes occur over very short periods of time, highlighting the malleability of people's predispositions. Our findings provide a framework for understanding the factors that affect preferences and for attributing them to context-dependent predispositions or decision-level evaluations.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Rapid intergenerational changes in morphology and behaviour in colonies of Africanized and European honey bees (Apis mellifera) from tropical Yucatan, Mexico. An evaluation of honey bee (Apis mellifera) defensive behaviour, worker morphometrics and worker brood cell size was conducted in an apiary in an area undergoing Africanization with the aim of documenting the rate of change of these traits across generations, and their reliability to accurately identify colonies. Ten European and 10 Africanized parental colonies (generation P; groups 1 and 2, respectively) were selected in accordance with their morphometrics and subjective evaluation of their behaviour in the field. These colonies were tested for three traits of defensiveness using a standard protocol. Colonies' worker morphometrics and worker cell dimensions were also measured. After the P generation colonies were tested, queens were removed and colonies were allowed to requeen themselves. The virgin queens of the following generation (F1) were allowed to mate freely and, six months later, colonies were again tested. This procedure of mother-daughter queen replacement and testing of colonies was performed two more times (F2 and F3 generations). Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests and Pearson's correlation analysis were used to test for differences between groups in defensive and morphological traits and to determine the relationship between traits in each generation. The results of this study showed that individual colonies dramatically changed their worker morphometrics and defensive behaviour from one generation to the next. However, all colonies, whether originally Africanized or European, came to resemble more the Africanized type across subsequent generations. Correlations between morphometrics and defensive behaviour were not always consistent Although morphometrics might still be a reliable method for quick identification of colonies it seems that defensive behaviour alone may provide an inadequate trait by which to discriminate among neotropical honey bee types, especially Africanized-European hybrid colonies.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Labour and management in the People's Republic of China: seeking the 'harmonious society'. This study examines the challenges facing China's increasingly complex labour-management relations system vis-a-vis the new economic, political and social environment it faces and how it is adapting to the new concept of the 'harmonious society' - to which the new Chinese leadership now aspires. The contribution concludes that the changes in the labour-management relations system reflect the impact of globalization on enterprise diversity as well as the increasing important position of trade unions to coordinate labour relations and protect worker's rights and interests. There will be another 'Long-March' needed for both party/state and other civil groups in China to reach a new social equilibrium.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "The Non-Linear Effects of Energy Efficiency Gains on the Incidence of Energy Poverty. Energy poverty is defined as insufficient access to modern energy resources which are relatively cleaner than the traditionally utilized ones. In this regard, the incidence of energy poverty is particularly higher in the cases of the developing countries across the globe. Accordingly, the chronic energy poverty issues in the developing countries within Sub-Saharan Africa have become a major socioeconomic and environmental concern for the associated governments. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the effects of energy efficiency gains and shocks to other key macroeconomic factors on energy poverty in the context of selected Sub-Saharan African nations. In this study, we measure energy poverty in terms of the lack of access to clean cooking fuels and technologies for the population of the selected Sub-Saharan African countries. The overall findings from the common correlated effects panel regression analysis reveal that energy efficiency gains initially aggravate the energy poverty situation but improve it later on; consequently, a U-shaped relationship between energy efficiency and access to clean cooking fuels and technologies is evidenced. Besides, the predicted threshold levels of energy efficiency are observed to be higher than the average energy efficiency level of the Sub-Saharan African nations. Moreover, the results also portray that economic growth, carbon dioxide emissions, foreign direct investment inflows, and international trade are effective in reducing energy poverty. Conversely, financial development is witnessed to be ineffective in influencing the incidence of energy poverty in this region.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Social construction and the diffusion of anti-trafficking laws in the US(sic)(sic)(sic)Palabras clave. Human trafficking is a compelling and persistent problem that has attracted a great amount of attention among political leaders, government institutions, NGOs, and nonprofit organizations. While there is consensus that trafficking necessitates a multipronged policy response commonly known as the \\\\'3Ps\\\\' (prosecution, protection, and prevention), anti-trafficking policies diffused across U.S. states in a piecemeal fashion. In this paper, we explore the fragmented diffusion of the different types of anti-trafficking laws. Drawing from social constructivist approaches, we posit that the differential diffusion rates depend on the social construction of the target population and policy intention of the law. Using event history analysis, we examine the diffusion of 14 types of human trafficking laws throughout the U.S. during 2003-2013. We find strong support for our hypotheses and show substantial differences in the rates at which prosecution, protection, and prevention-related laws diffuse.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "ENERGY BENCHMARKING MANAGEMENT FOR BEER AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY IN VIETNAM. The purpose of this paper is to introduce basic principles of benchmarking and explain the methodology to set the specific energy consumption (SEC) target for the beer and beverage industry in Vietnam to evaluate performance, support decisions, and energy efficiency (EE) improvement. Energy benchmarking management method is used to assess EE performance. This study also presents the SEC methodology as a guide for Vietnam enterprises in the brewery sector on how to manage the EE consumption and to comply with the legal energy consumption quota in the beer and beverage production. The study supports the enterprise in how to determine the SEC and support for national EE is essential to the promotion and deployment of practical energy-saving solutions and compliance with the SEC through a suitable energy-saving target. In addition, this paper is introducing the original SEC calculation in three cases of production in the beer and beverage industry including producing beer only, producing beverage only, and producing both beer & beverage in the context of Vietnam.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Improvement of economic incentive mechanism for environmental management. For the purposes of developing and improving the system of nature use administration and the role of charges for negative impact on the environment in targeted financing of environmental protection measures and stimulation of rational nature management, we have analyzed the structure of economic mechanism of environmental management and have considered foreign experience of economic regulation of negative impact on the environment. The principles of a systematic approach to the study of ecological and economic development were the methodological basis of our research. Special attention has been paid to the incentive function of economic mechanism of environmental management. Increasing the role of this function can be achieved through the use of the authors' system of fine sanctions being applied in the environmental sphere. They are calculated on the basis of manmade load on the environment and human health. As a negative effect indicator of enterprises' performance, we propose to use the magnitude of risk for the health of population being located within the impact area.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Seeing double: Tobiah the Ammonite as an encrypted character. I propose that the minor biblical character in the Book of Nehemiah known variously as Tobiah, Tobiah the Ammonite, and Tobiah the Ammonite servant reflects two different historical figures named Tobiah who lived some 200 years apart. One was a wealthy member of the gola-community who returned to Yehud ca 460 BCE and was involved in the rebuilding and resettling of Jerusalem, while the other was the head of a division of cavalrymen stationed at a fort in Ammon ca 250 BCE, whose son served as a tax collector in Yehud on behalf of the Ptolemaic rulers. I look at the implications this technique of \\\\'history by exegesis\\\\' has for the compositional history of the book of Nehemiah and for historians using biblical texts as potential sources in their recreations of the past.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "PI2 PULSATIONS AT SEPARATED SITES (DELTA-PHI-SIMILAR-OR-EQUAL-TO-90-DEGREES) - A COMPARISON BETWEEN MIDLATITUDE AND LOW-LATITUDE OBSERVATIONS. A comparison between geomagnetic field measurements made during July 1985 at Green Hill (R.I., USA, geomagnetic latitude LAMBDA is-approximately-equal-to 52-degrees) and L'Aquila (Italy, LAMBDA is-approximately-equal-to 42.5-degrees) at longitudinal separations of the order of 90-degrees reveals a close correspondence between mid- and low-latitude measurements in the identification of Pi2-type pulsations when both stations are in the night sector. The observed azimuthal delay times between the two stations are smaller than previously estimated. The polarization pattern is found to be anticlockwise at both stations and does not show any LT dependence. However a clear LT control of the orientation of the major axis of the polarization ellipses emerges at low latitudes. A comparison of observations during intervals in which one station is located in the dayside hemisphere and one is located in the nighttime hemisphere suggests the occurrence of dayside Pi2-like events at mid- and low-latitudes.", "label": [4, 34, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Beyond plans, governance structures, and organizational strategies: how emotional mechanisms can make a difference in emergency response processes. Emergency policies are among the most challenging policies that policy makers have to deal with, because of their extreme seriousness, the lack of time, and the high uncertainties that are involved. Policy analyses have demonstrated that good structural and organizational strategies are important, but not sufficient, to systematically guarantee a high level of resiliency in response processes. Some scholars have therefore suggested the need to verify whether individual cognitive and relational mechanisms can contribute to explaining the different levels of resiliency that emerge in emergency response processes. From such a perspective, this article presents the findings of a research that was aimed at testing whether emotional mechanisms matter. The affect infusion model was used to provide the analytical framework that was considered to identify the evidence necessary for the empirical research, and the 'most similar system design' was applied to select and compare two couples of emergency response processes with similar contextual, structural and organizational features, but different levels of resiliency. The empirical research was conducted from April 2020 to February 2021, through periods of job shadowing and semi-structured interviews with personnel from the public and private organizations involved in the response processes. The research has substantially corroborated the hypothesis and has highlighted that, despite very similar contextual, structural and organizational conditions, a negative emotional mechanism, triggered by fear and anxiety, was pervasive among managers involved in the two lower-resiliency emergency response processes, while a positive emotional mechanism, triggered by pride, was dominant among managers involved in the two lower-resiliency processes.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Legume-Modified Rotations Deliver Nutrition With Lower Environmental Impact. Introducing legumes to crop rotations could contribute toward healthy and sustainable diet transitions, but the current evidence base is fragmented across studies that evaluate specific aspects of sustainability and nutrition in isolation. Few previous studies have accounted for interactions among crops, or the aggregate nutritional output of rotations, to benchmark the efficiency of modified cropping sequences. We applied life cycle assessment to compare the environmental efficiency of ten rotations across three European climatic zones in terms of delivery of human and livestock nutrition. The introduction of grain legumes into conventional cereal and oilseed rotations delivered human nutrition at lower environmental cost for most of the 16 impact categories studied. In Scotland, the introduction of a legume crop into the typical rotation reduced external nitrogen requirements by almost half to achieve the same human nutrition potential. In terms of livestock nutrition, legume-modified rotations also delivered more digestible protein at lower environmental cost compared with conventional rotations. However, legume-modified rotations delivered less metabolisable energy for livestock per hectare-year in two out of the three zones, and at intermediate environmental cost for one zone. Our results show that choice of functional unit has an important influence on the apparent efficiency of different crop rotations, and highlight a need for more research to develop functional units representing multiple nutritional attributes of crops for livestock feed. Nonetheless, results point to an important role for increased legume cultivation in Europe to contribute to the farm and diet sustainability goals of the European Union's Farm to Fork strategy.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy in alpha-mannosidosis mice: a preclinical animal study. alpha-Mannosidosis is a lysosomal storage disorder which manifests itself in the excessive storage of mannose-containing oligosaccharides in the lysosomes of multiple peripheral tissues and in the brain. Here we report on the correction of storage in a mouse model of alpha-mannosidosis after intravenous administration of lysosomal acid alpha-mannosidase (LAMAN) from bovine kidney, and human and mouse recombinant LAMAN. The bovine and the human enzyme were barely phosphorylated, whereas the bulk of the mouse LAMAN contained mannose 6-phosphate recognition markers. The clearance decreased from bovine to human to mouse LAMAN with plasma half-times of 4, 8 and 12 min, respectively. The apparent half-life of the internalized enzyme was dependent on the enzyme source as well as tissue type and varied between 3 and 16 h. The corrective effect on the storage of neutral oligosaccharides was time-, tissue- and dose-dependent, and the effects were observed to be transient. After a single dose of LAMAN the maximum corrective effect was observed between 2 and 6 days after injection. In general the corrective effect of the human LAMAN was higher than that of the mouse LAMAN and lowest for the bovine LAMAN. Injection of 250 mU human LAMAN/g body weight followed by a subsequent injection 3.5 days later was sufficient to clear liver, kidney and heart from neutral oligosaccharides. Surprisingly a decrease in mannose containing oligosaccharides was also observed in the brain, with storage levels reported at <30% than that found in controls. These data clearly underline the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy for the correction of storage in alpha-mannosidosis and suggest that this treatment can substantially decrease storage in the brain.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Cognitive dissonance 2: A theoretical grounding of motivational interviewing. Results. The nature, principles and techniques of MI are, without exception, found to relate to one or more of the principles of cognitive dissonance. Criticisms and amendments to the technique of MI can be offered with the aim of making this mapping of cognitive dissonance more exact. Several practical suggestions can be made and a more structured approach offered.Method. A mapping is undertaken of principles of cognitive dissonance as found in Draycott & Dabbs (1998) onto the description of nature, principles and techniques of MI as set out by Miller & Rollnick (1991). Following this, areas where insights from cognitive dissonance are ignored or underutilized are drawn out and used to suggest modifications to MI.Purpose. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the utility of the concept of cognitive dissonance in clinical psychology by showing how it may underlie an existing intervention. The technique of motivational interviewing (MI) is taken as an example of an area where the literature on cognitive dissonance can find such an application. The further aim of this exercise is to utilize insights from cognitive dissonance to suggest possible modifications to the intervention as it currently stands.Conclusions. The concept of cognitive dissonance can clearly be seen to be of use in understanding the mechanism of action of MI. It can further be of use in guiding modifications to this existing intervention. This concept, and others available through the experimental psychological literature, can be of use in all branches of clinical psychology.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "UV-B as an environmental factor in plant life: Stress and regulation. Recent studies indicate that increasing solar UV-B is not merely an environmental stress for plants. Solar UV-B can cause plant morphogenetic effects, which can, in turn, modify the architecture of plants and the structure of a vegetation. In addition, UV-B radiation affects the production of various secondary metabolites (such as flavonoids, tannins and lignin) with Important physiological and ecological consequences.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
{"token": "The impact of agricultural technology adoption on income inequality in rural China: Evidence from southern Yunnan Province. This study analyzes the impact on income inequality of government efforts to increase agricultural incomes in rural China. It collects and analyzes survey data from 473 households in Yunnan, China in 2004. In particular, it investigates the effects of government efforts to promote improved upland rice technologies. Our analysis shows that farmers who adopted these technologies had incomes approximately 15% higher than non-adopters. Despite this relatively large increase, we estimate that the impact on income inequality was relatively slight. This is primarily due to the fact that lower-income farmers adopted the improved rice technology at rates that were roughly equivalent to those of higher-income farmers. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Role of pepper mild mottle virus as a tracking tool for fecal pollution in aquatic environments. The plant pathogen pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) has recently been proposed as a water quality indicator, it is a RNA virus belonging to the genus Tobamovirus in the family Virgoviridae that causes harm to the pepper crops. After consuming processed food products containing infected peppers, such as hot sauces, PMMoV is excreted in high concentrations in feces; therefore, this is the most common RNA virus, constantly found in the feces of humans. The fecal-oral pathway is emerging as an environmental problem. The presence of high concentrations of pathogens associated with human excreta in environmental waters or water reuse supplies poses a threat to public health. Due to the difficulty in determining the presence of pathogens effectively in water, attempts to monitor microbial water quality often use surrogates or indicator organisms that can be easily detected; therefore, PMMoV is used as a viral surrogate in aquatic environment. This paper describes the incidence and persistence of PMMoV in aquatic environments and in waste treatment plants and its usefulness for quantifying virus reductions by advanced water treatment technologies. In recent research, SARS-CoV-2 was reported to be found in wastewater and utilized for the purpose of monitoring coronavirus illness outbreaks. Since PMMoV is readily identified in the human feces and can also serve as an indicator of human waste, the determined PMMoV concentrations may be utilized to give the normalized report of the SARS-CoV-2 concentration, so that, the amount of human waste found in the wastewater can be taken into consideration.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "A MANAGEMENT MODEL OF UNIVERSITY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY FROM THE STAKEHOLDERS PERSPECTIVE. Internationally, university social responsibility has become a trend that higher education institutions have adopted models or indicators recommended by different organizations, but they are only theoretical models. This statistical and empirical model is a new way to justify which strategies are the most useful and most impactful. The main purpose is a new management model of university social responsibility analyzed to enhance the performance of university students, and the effect that university social responsibility factors have through the actions of higher education institutions in northeastern Mexico. The methodology used was quantitative, descriptive and predictive using multi-variable techniques of structural equations. The sample was 776 students, with which it is possible to prove that the performance of university stakeholders is influenced by the culture of legality of the students as well as their integral formation and by the projects related to the environment and sustainability as well as their application in university and professional life. A contribution is generated to the management of university social responsibility by identifying which factors are the most important to obtain the most significant impact for the stakeholders.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "The unstable core of global finance: Contingent valuation and governance of international accounting standards. Accounting standards are the foundations of the financial regulatory edifice, and global financial governance is no more stable than the asset valuations that feed it. Yet for two decades and up to this day, no international accounting rule for financial instruments - the bulk of banks' balance sheets - has emerged that was more than a temporary fix, to be succeeded by further reforms. We show how banking regulators have been central to this dynamic and how their support for applying fair value accounting to financial instruments, the cornerstone of regulatory debate, has oscillated throughout the whole period. The two common international political economy approaches to global financial governance, which analyze it either as interest-based bargaining or as ideas-driven expert governance, fail to account for this pattern. In contrast, we show how the contingency of financial valuations itself has made it impossible for regulators to embrace or reject a stable set of accounting rules.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 54, 51]}
{"token": "The Intellectual Structure of Product Innovation Research: A Bibliometric Study of the Journal of Product Innovation Management, 1984-2004. Product innovation research has matured substantially in the last two decades. A great deal of knowledge has been produced on various aspects of the discipline, so it is of interest to assess the state of the art the scientific community has reached in this discipline and the route it has taken. This perspective is investigated through a bibliometric study of the Journal of Product Innovation Management (JPIM), arguably the most important specialized journal on this topic. The work reviews all journal paper contributions in JPIM from 1984 to 2004 in determined time frames, assesses the citations contained in these papers, identifies how the citations are related to the various topics of production innovation research (topic-related citation variety, topic-related citation consistency, variation in topic-related citation pattern), and offers a retrospective examination of the evolution of the field. The overall analysis of citations shows that most papers in JPIM cite at least one of the top 50 works identified by this study. This testifies to the strong impact of the most influential works on the intellectual structure of product innovation research. The observed citation pattern suggests that the top 50 papers gained influence in product innovation research either because they represent a relevant contribution on a fundamental topic that already has been authoritatively studied or because they investigate in a relevant manner a new topic. The paper suggests that JPIM might benefit in its aim to consolidate its position as one of the top academic business journals if published papers increasingly drew on the most influential works to inform their research design and explicitly stated the theoretical underpinnings they draw on in their research design. Overall, the analysis of the subperiods (1984-1988, 1989-1993, 1994-1998, and 1999-2004) provides evidence for the maturation of new product innovation research. Books covering a wide range of topics are replaced by journal papers addressing a specific topic; over time, specific topics emerge and become influential for the discipline's intellectual structure; papers published in JPIM augment their methodological rigor and increasingly address contingency factors. The paper also notes that obtaining relevance for JPIM authors constitutes a necessary condition for being considered by management researchers at large as an influential contribution to product innovation research.", "label": [1, 5, 48, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a survival factor, inhibiting apoptosis in neonatal rat gubernaculum in vitro. Background: Testicular descent is proposed to occur in 2 stages. During the second stage, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) released from the genitofemoral nerve (GFN) causes maximal mitosis in the gubemacular bulb. As normal development requires a balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, this study explored the effect of CGRP on apoptosis in the rat gubemacular bulb.Conclusions: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) acts as a survival factor in the rat gubernaculum, possibly to steer cells away from a defined apoptotic pathway. Greater apoptosis occurs earlier in development. However, in vivo CGRP released from the genitofemoral nerve may be required to prevent apoptosis, as shown by pretreatment with the sensory nerve toxin capsaicin. Androgen is also involved in the pathway controlling apoptosis, as androgen blockade with flutamide inhibited the action of CGRP. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Results: Normal Sprague-Dawley rat gubernacula showed reduced apoptosis when cultured with CGRP, in DO (7.0% vs 4.8%, P <.05) and D2 (4.9% vs 2.3%, P <.001). Greater apoptosis occurred at DO compared to D2, without CGRP added (7.0% vs 4.9%, P <.05) and with CGRP (4.8% vs 2.3%, P <.001). For D2 gubernacula, capsaicin treatment increased apoptosis compared to controls, without CGRP added (4.9% vs 7.3%, P <.05) and with CGRP (2.3% vs 6.7%, P <.001). There was no difference in apoptosis when cultured with or without CGRP (7.3% vs 6.7%, nonsignificant) after capsaicin treatment. Flutamide treatment increased apoptosis compared to controls, but only with CGRP (2.3% vs 7.3%, P <.001). There was no difference in apoptosis when cultured with or without CGRP (7.1% vs 7.3%, nonsignificant) after flutamide.Methods: Gubemacula were collected from male Sprague-Dawley rats at birth (DO) or 2 days post birth (D2), and placed in organ culture for 24 hours with or without CGRP (0.001 mol/L). The D2 rats were pretreated with capsaicin (sensory nerve toxin) or flutamide (antiandrogen) or untreated. DO rats were untreated (n = 64). Sections of the bulb were stained using the TUNEL method to identify apoptotic cells. Apoptosis was calculated as the percentage of positive cells per hundred cells.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Essence The structure and dynamics of the brand. The concept of 'brand essence' is relatively well established in marketing circles. it has come to the fore as a way for marketers to better understand their brands and also as a benchmark to evaluate brand activities. In some quarters, however, the concept has encountered more resistance. It is seen by many in the creative community as something that oversimplifies the marketing process and limits the power of the brand.The main argument of this paper is that brand essence has been fundamentally misunderstood. This has resulted in a number of negative consequences for the branding process. However, this paper will also show how the concept still has much to offer marketing professionals. A new, and more relevant, interpretation of brand essence is put forward in this paper, which recognises the intrinsically relational and dynamic aspects of the concept. As such, it creates a new platform upon which we can build our understanding of brands.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "A comprehensive comparison of Ziehl-Neelsen and fluorescence microscopy for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in a resource-poor urban setting. OBJECTIVES: To establish the efficiency, costs and cost-effectiveness of six diagnostic strategies using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and fluorescence microscopy (FM).SETTING: Nairobi City Council Chest Clinic, Kenya.CONCLUSION: The FM method used on one or two specimens is more cost-effective and shortens the diagnostic process. Consequently, more patients can be put on a regimen for smear-positive TB, contributing to improved treatment and reducing transmission.DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of 1398 TB suspects attending a specialised chest clinic in Nairobi subjected to three sputum examinations by ZN and FM. Lowenstein-Jensen culture was used as the gold standard. Cost analysis included health service and patient costs.RESULTS: Of 1398 suspects enrolled, 993 (71%) had a complete diagnostic work-up involving three sputum specimens for ZN and FM, culture and chest X-ray (CXR). Irrespective of whether ZN or FM was used on one, two or three smears, the overall diagnostic process detected 92% culture-positive cases. Different strategies affected the ratio of smear-positive to smear-negative TB; however, FM was more sensitive than ZN (P < 0.001). FM performance was not affected by the patient's HIV status. The cost per correctly diagnosed smear-positive case, including savings, was US$40.30 for FM on two specimens compared to US$57.70 for ZN on three specimens.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
{"token": "BROADENING OF EXCITON LUMINESCENCE LINE IN MODIFIED CDTE/ZNTE MULTIQUANTUM WELLS. Photoluminescence in modified CdTe/ZnTe superlattice multi-quantum wells (MQW's) was investigated. In order to reduce the number of misfit dislocations; the well region is formed from a short-period strained-layer superlattice composed of CdTe and ZnTe. The observed peak energies of the free exciton line are higher than those calculated. The full width at half-maximum of the observed line has a minimum around 45 K in the temperature range between 1.8 and 210 K. The broadening above 45 K is attributed to exciton scattering with phonons and ionized impurities, while the broadening below 45 K is due to localized states.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Enablers and barriers to university technology transfer engagements with small- and medium-sized enterprises: perspectives of Principal Investigators. This paper seeks to bring forward the Principal Investigator (PI) observations on the enablers and barriers to successful technology transfer of university research to small- and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs), taking a micro-perspective which has not been the focus of any research attention to date. Using a qualitative approach set in an Irish research context, this exploratory study found personal relationships, asset scarcity and proximity issues as barriers and enablers to technology transfer engagements with SMEs. The exploratory study also found that PIs were frustrated with their dealings with technology transfer offices and their research relationships with SMEs were not sufficiently valued by their universities.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Working with People Experiencing Homelessness in Europe. In Europe, the widespread transition from the Traditional Staircase (TS) model to the Housing First (HF) model is transforming the way social service providers work with people experiencing homelessness. This study examined social service providers' perspectives in both models regarding factors that facilitate or hinder their work. Data were collected through 17 photovoice projects involving 81 social service providers from eight European countries. The results show factors affecting social service providers' work at three levels: systemic, organizational, and individual. Professionals in TS and HF identified similar topics; however, TS providers discussed more obstacles to work. Implications for practice are discussed.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Nutritional properties of organic and conventional beef meat at retail. BACKGROUNDConsumers perceive that organic meat has superior nutritional properties compared to conventional meat, although the available evidence from commercial samples is very scarce. The present study compared the nutritional composition of organic and conventional beef meat sold at retail, including, for the first time, the bioactive compounds coenzyme Q(10), carnosine, anserine, creatine and taurine. Sampling comprised two muscles: longissimus thoracis and supraspinatus.RESULTSOrganic beef had 17% less cholesterol, 32% less fat, 16% less fatty acids, 24% less monounsaturated fatty acids, 170% more alpha-linolenic acid, 24% more alpha-tocopherol, 53% more beta-carotene, 34% more coenzyme Q(10) and 72% more taurine than conventional beef. Differences between organic and conventional samples were clearly dependent on the muscle because longissimus thoracis and supraspinatus showed different patterns of compound accumulation.CONCLUSIONTo our knowledge, a higher amount of bioactive compounds in organic beef meat is reported for the first time in the present study. Retail organic beef had a higher nutritional value than retail conventional beef, which resulted from better-balanced lipid and bioactive compound contents. (c) 2019 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Administration of Community Participation in Small-Scale Projects: Brownfield Remediation in Los Angeles. This study examines when and how community involvement occurs in the remediation processes of brownfield sites in Los Angeles County, California. Although community participation is usually considered important for determining what happens with these sites, our results indicate that, except in sometimes triggering evaluation by alerting authorities about it, community involvement almost never occurs when important decisions are made. Participation does sometimes occur, but when and how cleanup occurs is driven by administrative processes, with bureaucrats following procedure, rather than following community preferences. The findings suggest that the best space for communities in the process may be the identification of sites that need remediation.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Substrate-Induced Change in the Quaternary Structure of Type 2 Isopentenyl Diphosphate Isomerase from Sulfolobus shibatae. Type 2 isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase catalyzes the interconversion between two active units for isoprenoid biosynthesis, i.e., isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, in almost all archaea and in some bacteria, including human pathogens. The enzyme is a good target for discovery of antibiotics because it is essential for the organisms that use only the mevalonate pathway to produce the active isoprene units and because humans possess a nonhomologous isozyme, type 1 isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase. However, type 2 enzymes were reportedly inhibited by mechanism-based drugs for the type 1 enzyme due to their surprisingly similar reaction mechanisms. Thus, a different approach is now required to develop new inhibitors specific to the type 2 enzyme. X-ray crystallography and gel filtration chromatography revealed that the enzyme from a thermoacidophilic archaeon, Sulfolobus shibatae, is in the octameric state at a high concentration. Interestingly, a part of the regions that are involved in the substrate binding in the previously reported tetrameric structures is integral to the formation of the tetramer-tetramer interface in the substrate-free octameric structure. Site-directed mutagenesis at such regions resulted in stabilization of the tetramer. Small-angle X-ray scattering, tryptophan fluorescence, and dynamic light scattering analyses showed that substrate binding causes the dissociation of an octamer into tetramers. This property, i.e., incompatibility between octamer formation and substrate binding, might provide clues to develop new specific inhibitors of the archaeal enzyme.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Down syndrome: Interaction between culture, demography, and biology in determining the prevalence of a genetic trait. The incidence of Down syndrome (DS) at conception is highly dependent upon the maternal age distribution and age-specific pregnancy rates. Live-birth prevalence of DS reflects these factors and fetal deaths. Since the introduction of prenatal diagnosis in the early 1970s, the role of fetal deaths in the equation has increased. Between 1920 and the early 1980s, DS live-birth prevalence decreased in many populations due to declining fertility rates, particularly among older women. In the late-1970s the trend reversed, as the median age of populations and birth rates among older women steadily increased. This paper illustrates these interactions using data we have analyzed for New York State (NYS) and comparative data obtained from the literature. Between 1983 and 1997 DS live-birth prevalence in NYS remained stable at about 9.9 per 10,000 live births. The number of prenatal tests performed increased by 158%, and the number of DS fetuses detected prenatally more than quadrupled. Fertility rates of women aged 35-49 continued to increase. The proportion of DS cases born to these older mothers increased from 23% in 1985 to 43% in 1997. We estimated that without prenatal diagnosis, DS live-birth prevalence would have been 17.0 per 10,000 live births by 1995. Cultural factors influence demographic trends, birthing technologies, physician practices, and women's decision-making regarding prenatal screening and diagnosis for DS.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 56, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Pushing the boundaries of climate economics: critical issues to consider in climate policy analysis. Climate policy choices are influenced by the economics literature which analyses the costs and benefits of alternative strategies for climate action. This literature, in turn, rests on a series of choices about: the values and assumptions underlying the economic analysis; the methodologies for treating dynamics, technological change, risk and uncertainty; and the assumed interactions between economic systems, society and the environment, including institutional constraints on climate policy. We identify and discuss such critical issues, pushing at the boundaries of current climate economics research. New thinking in this area is gathering pace in response to the limitations of traditional economic approaches, and their assumptions on economic behaviour, ecological properties, and socio-technical responses. We place a particular emphasis on the role of induced technological change and institutional setups in shaping cost-effective climate action that also promotes economic development and the alleviation of poverty. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Ultrasonographic imaging of the sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) intertarsal joint. Tendon ossification in the crus and tarsometatarsal regions of cranes makes ultrasonography difficult everywhere except for joints, where ossification is absent. Normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the adult Florida sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pratensis) intertarsal joint is described on the basis Of Ultrasonography that was performed on the limbs of a cadaver, which were dissected and cross-sectioned subsequently, to correlate ultrasonographic images with anatomic structures. Intertarsal joints of five normal sandhill cranes and two cranes with known intertarsal abnormalities were then imaged bilaterally in transverse and sagittal planes. Ultrasonographic imaging call be used to evaluate the soft-tissue structures on the dorsal and plantar aspects of the intertarsal joint of cranes. and it is a useful adjunct to physical and radiographic examination for localizing injuries to this area.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Dieudonne Completion and PT-Groups. We consider the classes of PT-groups, strong PT-groups, completion friendly groups, and Moscow groups introduced by Arhangel'skii for the study of the Dieudonne completion of topological groups. We show that every subgroup H of a Lindelof P-group is a PT-group, and that H is a strong PT-group iff it is R-factorizable. Assuming CH, we prove that every omega-narrow P-group is a PT-group. Several results regarding products of PT-groups and R-factorizable groups are established as well. We prove that the product of a Lindelof group and an arbitrary subgroup of a Lindelof Sigma-group is completion friendly, and the same conclusion is valid for the product of an R-factorizable P-group with an almost metrizable group.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Landmark based localization in urban environment. A landmark based localization with uncertainty analysis based on cameras and geo-referenced landmarks is presented in this paper. The system is developed to adapt different camera configurations for six degree-of-freedom pose estimation. Local bundle adjustment is applied for optimization and the geo-referenced landmarks are integrated to reduce the drift. In particular, the uncertainty analysis is taken into account. On the one hand, we estimate the uncertainties of poses to predict the precision of localization. On the other hand, uncertainty propagation is considered for matching, tracking and landmark registering. The proposed method is evaluated on both KITTI benchmark and the data acquired by a mobile mapping system. In our experiments, decimeter level accuracy can be reached. (C) 2017 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Inertia Friction Welding of Dissimilar Superalloys Mar-M247 and LSHR. The solid state inertia friction welding (IFW) process was used for the first time to join two dissimilar Ni-based superalloys, LSHR, a powder metallurgy alloy, and Mar-M247, a directionally solidified alloy. Extensive studies of the microstructure, phase composition, re-distribution of the alloying elements between the welded alloys, microhardness, and welding defects were conducted at different distances from the weld interface, and the results were correlated with the loading and friction conditions during IFW. Possible reasons leading to the formation of the welding defects were discussed and directions for the further improvement of the quality of the IFW of these two dissimilar alloys were outlined.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Experiences in using virtual reality in design and graphics classrooms. This paper discusses how the use of virtual reality technology impacts student learning and faculty teaching methods, both individually and collectively. Experiences concerning implementation and interactions between instructors and students are presented. Surveys were conducted to collect students' responses concerning the use of VR in design and graphics classrooms. Students noted that the use of VR offers advantages over other learning methods. Students' spatial skills were significantly improved after a semester of virtual reality-based instruction. Some challenges in implementing virtual reality in classrooms are also discussed.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 15]}
{"token": "Voices beyond the Urals - The discovery of a central state archive (The Center for Preservations of a Reserve Record in the western Siberian town of Ialutorovsk). The Center for Preservation of a Reserve Record is an enormous warehouse of state documents located in the western Siberian town of Ialutorovsk. It wa built after the death of Stalin as a repository and not an archive, and was closed to researchers until 1992. The Center's primary and unique function is the maintenance and storage of microfilms or back-up copies (strakhovye fondy) of important archival documents from both the Tsarist and Soviet periods. In addition to the microfilms, however, the Center stores a vast collection of original documents, printed material, sound recordings and films which were moved to this remote site from their original storage in various central state archives in Moscow. This study is the first to list the contents of the Center's vast collection, but also seeks to illustrate the importance of the Center's holdings by focusing on a group of documents stored there, the case files and individual petitions of the lishentsy or the disenfranchised from the 1920s and the 1930s. A systematic sampling of these petitions can help historians to explore a variety of new questions, such as the victim's response to repression and the ways in which political membership was contested and constructed in the new Soviet state.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Persistence of reactivity against the 45 kDa glycoprotein in late trichinellosis patients. Over the years, the opinions of clinicians on the existence of the so-called chronic trichinellosis or late sequelae of infection have differed. However, the persistence of a humoral immune response against Trichinella in these late-stage patients has been confirmed using specific tests such as the competitive inhibition assay (CIA). We evaluated sera from late-stage trichinellosis patients (2-8 years from acute infection), for their reactivity against Trichinella spiralis antigens. The following tests were carried out: (i) indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), performed on muscle sections from mice, 30 days following synchronous infection by intramuscular injection with T spiralis newborn larvae (NBL); (ii) enzyme immunoassay, employing a synthetic beta-tyvelose antigen conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA-Ag); and (iii) western blot (VM) with both an \\\\'in house\\\\' kit and a commercial kit. The results of IFA obtained by confocal laser microscopy showed that sera reacted against both surface and internal structures of L-1 larvae but at varying levels. Employing the synthetic antigen, EIA showed that 50% of sera tested were positive for the presence of specific antibodies against beta-tyvelose. By WB, all sera were reactive with the 45 kDa glycoprotein (45 gp). These data suggest that reactivity against the beta-tyvelosylated 45 gp persists even in very late stages of human trichinellosis. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Effects of Imunit Insecticide on Biological Characteristics and Life Table Parameters of Spodoptera cilium (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Simple Summary Spodoptera cilium Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the grass pests in some parts of the world, including the southern regions of Iran. The larvae of S. cilium feed on grasses and heavy infestations can severely destroy lawn grasses. In the present study, we monitored the effects of Imunit on some biological and demographic parameters of the offspring generation. Our results indicate that Imunit reduced the survival rate and fecundity of S. cilium and could be used in the management programs of this pest. Imunit is a mixture of alpha-cypermethrin + teflubenzuron, and has been launched for controlling caterpillars. In this study, the effects of Imunit at LC50 and LC30 were investigated on parental and offspring generation of S. cilium, according to age-stage, two-sex life table. The experiments were conducted by leaf dipping method at 25 degrees C and 60 +/- 5% relative humidity, under a cycle of 16 h fluorescent light and 8 h darkness. LC30 and LC50 concentrations of Imunit increased the immature developmental time of S. cilium in the offspring generation, while the LC50 of Imunit significantly reduced the developmental time of adults. The adult pre-oviposition period and total pre-oviposition period considerably increased when offspring were treated with LC50 of Imunit. In offspring of S. cilium exposed to LC50 and LC30 concentrations of Imunit, the gross reproductive rate (GRR), net reproduction rate (R-0), the intrinsic rate of population increase (r), and the finite rate of population increase (lambda) significantly reduced compared to the control. This study showed that the application of Imunit at LC50 could suppress the S. cilium population and can be used in the integrated management program of this pest.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Male Bicyclus anynana Butterflies Choose Females on the Basis of Their Ventral UV-Reflective Eyespot Centers. Butterflies often use their dorsal and ventral wing color patterns for distinct signaling functions. Color patterns on hidden dorsal wing surfaces are often used in sexual signaling, while exposed ventral patterns are often used to ward off predator attacks. At rest, however, part of the ventral forewings are often hidden by the hindwings, allowing individuals to also use the patterns on this wing surface for sexual signaling. Here, we test this hypothesis in Bicyclus anynana (Butler, Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) butterflies by first determining the degree of sexual dimorphism in ventral forewing patterns, focusing on the eyespots, from both wet and dry season forms, and then testing the role of the larger ventral forewing eyespots of dry season females in male mate choice. We also test male investment in reproduction. We show that ventral forewing UV-reflective eyespot centers, in addition to dorsal forewing eyespot centers previously examined in this species, play a role in sexual signaling as males preferentially mated with females with their ventral eyespot centers intact instead of blocked with black paint. This male preference, however, did not translate into a detectable higher reproductive investment via a single mating toward ornamented females. This study provides an example of how ventral forewing patterns, often hidden by hindwings, are used in sexual communication, in this case by females to attract males.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Influence of flexible interface on the performance of whole spacecraft vibration isolation. Findings - It is found that, when this type of flexibility is included, an extra low-frequency mode dominated locally by the interface structure is induced, and then a significant resonance appears in the vibratory transmissibility of the vibration isolation device at a low frequency.Originality/value - The vibration isolation performance may be over-estimated in the design by taking the interface as rigid. The inherent flexibility of the interface structure, on the other hand, may degrade the performance of the vibration isolation device and degrade the function of the rotation constraint device added into the vibration isolation device.Purpose - As the installation of the vibration isolation device to the spacecraft for the whole spacecraft vibration isolation, the interface structure is typically modeled as a rigid structure during the design phase. However, the flexibility of the interface structure does exist for a large-sized adaptor. This is a source of uncertainty and could reduce the reliability of the system. It is necessary to investigate the influence of this type of flexibility on the vibration isolation performance in an engineering practice. This paper aims to address this situation.Design/methodology/approach - The vibratory transmissibility from the bottom of the isolator is generally used to evaluate the performance of the vibration isolation. By introducing the interface flexibility from both the adaptor and the vibration isolation device, a planar model which includes a flexible beam representing the interface structure is established to study the influence of this type of flexibility on the vibratory transmissibility.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "GENETIC-CONTROL OF IMMUNOPATHOLOGY INDUCED BY MYCOBACTERIUM-LEPRAE. The pathogenesis of leprosy is almost totally attributable to the immune response of the host towards Mycobacterium leprae, a virtually non-toxic intra-cellular parasite. At one end of the leprosy spectrum are tuberculoid leprosy patients, who develop immunity but also delayed-type hypersensitivity towards M. leprae; at the other end are lepromatous leprosy patients, who lack helper T cell activity and therefore do not develop immunity, but who can nevertheless produce antibodies that may cause immunopathology due to immune complexes. A range of immunopathology is seen between these poles.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "The International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes: Initial Results. RESULTS: Among locations with data for the PM10 analysis, ORs estimating the relative risk of term LBW associated with a 10-mu g/m(3) increase in average PM10 concentration during pregnancy, adjusted for SES, ranged from 0.63 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.30-1.35] for the Netherlands to 1.15 (95% CI, 0.61-2.18) for Vancouver, with six research groups reporting statistically significant adverse associations. We found evidence of statistically significant heterogeneity in estimated effects among locations.BACKGROUND: The findings of prior studies of air pollution effects on adverse birth outcomes are difficult to synthesize because of differences in study design.OBJECTIVES: The International Collaboration on Air Pollution and Pregnancy Outcomes was formed to understand how differences in research methods contribute to variations in findings. We initiated a feasibility study to a) assess the ability of geographically diverse research groups to analyze their data sets using a common protocol and b) perform location-specific analyses of air pollution effects on birth weight using a standardized statistical approach.METHODS: Fourteen research groups from nine countries participated. We developed a protocol to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for the association between particulate matter <= 10 mu m in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) and low birth weight (LBW) among term births, adjusted first for socioeconomic status (SES) and second for additional location-specific variables.CONCLUSIONS: Variability in PM10-LBW relationships among study locations remained despite use of a common statistical approach. A more detailed meta-analysis and use of more complex protocols for future analysis may uncover reasons for heterogeneity across locations. However, our findings confirm the potential for a diverse group of researchers to analyze their data in a standardized way to improve understanding of air pollution effects on birth outcomes.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Risk assessment and disease burden of legionella presence in cooling towers of Iran's central hospitals. Regular monitoring and measurement of Legionella in tower water and preventive measures against contamination are particularly important in hospitals. This study aimed at risk assessment and disease burden because of legionella presence in cooling towers of Iran's central hospitals. Then its correlation with temperature, pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, and EC was investigated by the Pearson test. The health risk and burden of diseases caused by Legionella exposure were determined using QMRA and DALY models. Statistical analysis and modeling were performed in MATLAB(2018). Of the total samples, 30-43% was infected with Legionella. The mean concentrations in hospital A and B were 5-102.5 +/- 10 and 5-89.7 +/- 0.7 CFU/L, respectively. Among environmental factors, turbidity and pH were the most effective factors in increasing and decreasing Legionella concentration, respectively. According to the QMRA model, the risks of Legionella infections and annual mortality in both hospitals were 0.2-0.3, 0-0.19, 2-2.9 x 10(-5), and 0-0.7 x 10(-5), respectively, which was higher than the acceptable risk range for Legionella (10-4-10-7). However, the trend of its change was negatively correlated with time (R-B = - 0.77). According to the results, the concentration of Legionella and the exposure risk in both hospitals were higher than the permissible range, which is necessary to decrease to 0.1 current concentrations.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Safety, efficacy and acceptability of mifepristone-misoprostol medical abortion in Vietnam. Results: Success rates for both methods were extremely high (96% for medical abortion and 99% for surgical abortion). Medical abortion patients reported many more side effects than women obtaining surgical procedures (most commonly, cramping, prolonged bleeding and nausea), but none of these side effects represented a serious medical risk. Nearly all women, regardless of the method they chose, were satisfied with their abortion experience. Additionally among women who had previously undergone surgical abortion, those who selected medical abortion were more likely than those who chose surgery to say that their study abortion was more satisfactory than their earlier one (32% vs. 4%).Conclusions: Mifepristone-misoprostol abortion is safe, effective and acceptable for urban Vietnamese women who are given a choice of methods. If similar results are observed for rural areas. the regimen could help meet the need for abortion services nationwide.Methods: In a comparative study of the safety, efficacy and acceptability of medical and surgical abortion, 393 women at two urban clinics chose between a mifepristone-misoprostol medical regimen and the standard surgical procedure offered in each clinic.Context: In developing countries where the demand for abortion services is high, such as Vietnam, the need for safe and effective alternatives to surgical abortion is great. Medical abortion using mifepristone and misoprostol may be an appropriate option in some of these countries.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Biological variation in a large sample of mouse lemurs from Amboasary, Madagascar: Implications for interpreting variation in primate biology and paleobiology. A thorough knowledge of biological variation in extant primates is imperative for interpreting variation, and for delineating species in primate biology and paleobiology. This is especially the case given the recent, rapid taxonomic expansion in many primate groups, notably among small-bodied nocturnal forms. Here we present data on dental, cranial, and pelage variation in a single-locality museum sample of mouse lemurs from Amboasary, Madagascar. To interpret these data, we include comparative information from other museum samples, and from a newly collected mouse lemur skeletal sample from the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve (BMSR), Madagascar. We scored forty dental traits (n = 126) and three pelage variants (n = 19), and collected 21 cranial/dental measures. Most dental traits exhibit variable frequencies, with some only rarely present. Individual dental variants include misshapen and supernumerary teeth. All Amboasary pelage specimens display a \\\\'reversed V\\\\' on the cap, and a distinct dorsal median stripe on the back. All but two displayed the dominant gray brown pelage coloration typical of Microcebus griseorufus. Cranial and dental metric variability are each quite low, and craniometric variation does not illustrate heteroscedasticity. To assess whether this sample represents a single species, we compared dental and pelage variation to a documented, single-species M. griseorufus sample from BMSR. As at Amboasary, BMSR mouse lemurs display limited odontometric variation and wide variation in non-metric dental traits. In contrast, BMSR mouse lemurs display diverse pelage, despite reported genetic homogeneity. Ranges of dental and pelage variation at BMSR and Amboasary overlap. Thus, we conclude that the Amboasary mouse lemurs represent a single species most likely (in the absence of genetic data to the contrary) M. griseorufus, and we reject their previous allocation to Microcebus murinus. Patterns of variation in the Amboasary sample provide a comparative template for recognizing the degree of variation manifested in a single primate population, and by implication, they provide minimum values for this species' intraspecific variation. Finally, discordance between different biological systems in our mouse lemur samples illustrates the need to examine multiple systems when conducting taxonomic analyses among living or fossil primates. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
{"token": "From Fearsome Pollution to Fukushima: Environmental Activism and the Nuclear Blind Spot in Contemporary Japan. On September 19, 2011, sixty thousand people gathered in Tokyo to protest against nuclear power and radiation pollution after reactor meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Their protest evoked memories of the 1960s when Japan was among the most polluted locations on the planet with hazardous levels of air, water, and ground contamination. Observers at the time described the country as a polluters' paradise and advised tourists to pack a gas mask. By the early 1970s, however, the Japanese had addressed many their thorniest pollution problems and the country possessed some of the strictest regulatory standards in the world. In this article I analyze the activities of an influential group of natural and social scientists, the Pollution Research Committee, which spearheaded the struggle against pollution. I make two claims. First, on the positive side, the committee played a decisive role in Japan's pollution turnaround through its field research, pollution victim advocacy, and extensive international activities. But, second, the reactive victim-centered environmental agenda of the committee and other contemporary groups never developed into a preventive movement capable of identifying and scrutinizing potential forms of pollution such as radiation. The result was a nuclear blind spot in Japanese environmental activism only made visible with the Fukushima disaster of 2011.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Confidence intervals and hypothesis testing for the Permutation Entropy with an application to epilepsy. In nonlinear dynamics, and to a lesser extent in other fields, a widely used measure of complexity is the Permutation Entropy. But there is still no known method to determine the accuracy of this measure. There has been little research on the statistical properties of this quantity that characterize time series. The literature describes some resampling methods of quantities used in nonlinear dynamics - as the largest Lyapunov exponent - but these seems to fail. In this contribution, we propose a parametric bootstrap methodology using a symbolic representation of the time series to obtain the distribution of the Permutation Entropy estimator. We perform several time series simulations given by well-known stochastic processes: the 1/f(alpha) noise family, and show in each case that the proposed accuracy measure is as efficient as the one obtained by the frequentist approach of repeating the experiment. The complexity of brain electrical activity, measured by the Permutation Entropy, has been extensively used in epilepsy research for detection in dynamical changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) signal with no consideration of the variability of this complexity measure. An application of the parametric bootstrap methodology is used to compare normal and pre-ictal EEG signals. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Polar Islam: Muslim Communities in Russia's Arctic Cities. This article advances the notion of \\\\'Polar Islam\\\\' to describe the birth and structuring of Muslim communities in Russia's Arctic cities. It does not assert that Arctic conditions have created an entirely specific Islam; most of the features attributed here to \\\\'Polar Islam\\\\' can easily be found in other regions of Russia. Yet the climatic conditions, remoteness, and heavy industrial character of these cities contribute to accentuating certain characteristics that mold the social landscape in which Muslims live, thereby offering a fascinating regional case study of the development of Islam. This article first explores the emergence of Islamic symbols-mosques-on the Arctic urban landscape and the institutional struggles around the control of this Polar Islam. It then delves into Muslim communities' cultural adaptation to their new Arctic identity. The blossoming of this Polar Islam confirms that Islam is no longer geographically segregated in its traditional regions, such as the North Caucasus and the Volga-Urals; it has spread to all the country's big cities. In this respect, Arctic cities are at the forefront of Russia's societal transformations.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Improvising a Posterior Nasal Pack with Equipment in a Basic First Aid Kit. Posterior epistaxis is a serious condition that can be difficult to treat in a wilderness setting. The initial standard of care involves packing the affected nostril with a 7 to 9 cm nasal pack to tamponade the bleed. These packs are often unavailable outside of the emergency or operating room. This study set out to determine whether a posterior nasal pack could be constructed from the supplies present in a basic first aid kit in order to control massive nasal hemorrhage in a wilderness setting. A basic first aid kit was utilized to construct a posterior nasal pack that was inserted into an anatomical model and visibly compared with the Rapid Rhino (Posterior, 7.5 cm; Smith & Nephew, Austin, TX) nasal packing. The shape, size, and anatomical areas of compression (ie, into nasopharynx and posterior aspect of inferior turbinate) of this pack was similar to the commercially available posterior nasal pack. Placement in an anatomical model appears to provide similar compression as the commercially available posterior pack. This technique may provide short-term hemorrhage control in cases of serious posterior nasal hemorrhage where standard treatment options are not available.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Nonimmune Hydrops Fetalis Part I: Etiology and Pathophysiology. Nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) is a condition in which excess fluid has accumulated in the fetal interstitial spaces as a result of one or more nonimmune factors. A plethora of maternal, placental, and fetal disease processes have been associated with NIHF. Knowledge of the various etiologies of NIHF and how the disease process affects fluid homeostasis is important for planning patient care and counseling families of patients diagnosed with nonimmune hydrops fetalis. This article discusses the mechanisms governing fluid distribution in the extracellular spaces, examines the various etiologies associated with NIHF, and describes the pathogenesis of NIHF for each etiologic category. Part 11 of this article will appear as the Evidence-Based Practice column in the November/December 2010 issue of Neonatal Network (R).", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Cognitive functions in smoking and non-smoking patients with Check for schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative updates. studies. The \\\\'Self-medication hypothesis\\\\' that has been developed to explain the effect of nicotine in improving aspects of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia remains controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared cognitive functions between smoking and non-smoking schizophrenia patients. The PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were systematically and independently searched. Basic demographic and clinical characteristics, smoking history and cognitive performance were recorded. Seven of the 11 studies included in the study, had meta-analyzable data. Compared to non-smoking schizophrenia patients, their smoking counterparts showed significant deficits on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS)-immediate memory (n = 739), the RBANS-total score (n = 739) and the Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (n = 157). Two of the 4 studies without meta-analysable data did not report significant group difference in performance on the Wechsler Digit Span Task and the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, while the other 2 studies found that non-smokers outperformed than smokers in problem solving and visual learning. In conclusion, this systematic review and meta-analysis found that smoking schizophrenia patients had worse performance in certain cognitive tasks than non-smoking patients, casting doubts on the validity of the \\\\'self-medication hypothesis\\\\' that needs to be further examined.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Subgroup Differences in Implicit Associations and Explicit Attitudes during Wartime. When their country is at war, individuals express support for their government and hostility toward the foreign adversary, leading to the \\\\'rally 'round the flag\\\\' effect. What is less understood is how, during a rally, ethnic identity and proximity to conflict relate to attitudes toward the home state and the adversary. Moreover, individuals may feel pressure to answer patriotically when asked about the conflict, particularly individuals who share an ethnic identity with the majority population of the foreign adversary, leading to biased measures of opinion. We study these dynamics in the context of Ukraine's ongoing war with Russia, comparing responses from self-identified ethnic Ukrainians and Russians in four cities in Ukraine. Using a lab-based implicit association test (IAT) and survey with 600 respondents, we examine whether respondents' implicit biases, reflexive preferences that are hard to manipulate, match their explicitly stated preferences for either Ukraine or Russia. We find that, on average, ethnic Ukrainians and Russians in Ukraine are explicitly and implicitly pro-Ukraine, although we observe slightly lower levels of pro-Ukraine bias among ethnic Russians. We also find that 70 percent of those who are implicitly pro-Russia are explicitly neutral or pro-Ukraine, highlighting the need to study implicit associations in sensitive settings.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "RUSSIAN POLITICS THROUGH PRISM OF SOCIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS. The starting point for the author of this essay was the book \\\\'Russia surprises. 2015\\\\', prepared by a partnership of leading think tanks - Social Design Center \\\\'Platforma\\\\', All-Russian Center of Public Opinion Research (VTsIOM), and the institute of Socio-Economic and Political Reseasrch (ISEPR Foundation). Studying the political consciousness of society is difficult, in particular because its being not monolithic, but extremely controversial and composite. In addition, political scientists and sociologists often appeal to not the same interpretive criteria. Now the problem of self-identification, positioning oneself in the turbulent new world occupies the crucial place in the national consciousness of Russians. The growing frustration of the mass consciousness, associated with the consequences of the reunification of the Crimea - e.g. a bloody conflict in the south-east of Ukraine, Western sanctions and a hostile atmosphere in relations with some Russia's neighbors - could not but trigger the growth of psychological tension in Russian society and its polarization. The analysis of data, given in the book \\\\'Russia surprises\\\\', shows that Russia surprises first and foremost by a certain inconsistency, ambiguity, and the passivity of public opinion. We are witnessing the formation of a sluggish but obvious anti-Western discourse on the background of an amorphous, nonlinear nonverbalized ideology. Now, as the book \\\\'Russia surprises\\\\' demonstrates, we are also witnessing the formation of a relatively idiosyncratic consensus, based on a sense of patriotism and anti-Western rhetoric. The author also analyzes the new controversial role of the Internet and social media in shaping public opinion.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Shake Table Testing of Slender RC Shear Walls Subjected to Eastern North America Seismic Ground Motions. This paper presents shake table test results on two identical 1:0.429 scaled, 8-story moderately ductile RC shear wall specimens under the expected high-frequency ground motion in eastern North America. The walls were designed and detailed according to the seismic provisions of the NBCC 2005 and CSA-A23.3-04 standards. The objectives were to validate and understand the inelastic responses and interaction of shear and flexure and axial loads in the plastic hinge zones of the walls taking into consideration the higher-mode effects. One specimen was tested under incremental ground motion intensities ranging from 40 to 120% of the design level. The intensity range was increased from 100 to 200% for the second specimen. The response of the walls was significantly affected by the second mode, causing an inelastic flexural response to develop at the base as well as at the sixth level. Dynamic amplification of the base shear forces was also observed in both walls. In the second wall, which was tested in the undamaged condition, peak base shear forces occurred prior to significant inelastic rotation and the contribution to concrete of shear resistance exceeded the value used in the design. Once inelastic rotation had developed that contribution corresponded to the value obtained using a value of 0.18 for the reduction factor accounting for concrete cracking. Inelastic rotation in the upper wall region was found to limit the force demand imposed by the higher-mode response. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000581. (C) 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Brightness gradient-corrected hyperspectral image mosaics for fractional vegetation cover mapping in northern California. We evaluated the effectiveness of different approaches to compensate for across-track brightness gradients within a hyperspectral image mosaic comprised of multiple flight lines in the San Francisco Bay Area. We calculated the spectral consistency of adjacent flight lines and conducted regression-based unmixing of woody- and non-woody vegetation fractions to assess the comparative benefits of the methods. Results showed that a class-wise empirical approach produced the most spectrally consistent, nearly seamless image mosaics and led to accurate vegetation fraction maps (mean absolute error?=?12.6%). Overall, a class-wise empirical approach is recommended as a simple, flexible and transferable technique to compensate for brightness gradients over a global empirical approach, brightness normalization or continuum removal.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Ionic liquid/water interfacial localization of a green fluorescent protein fused to a tryptophan-rich peptide. We report that several tryptophan-rich peptides exhibit an affinity for a hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL) (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonyl imide), and that green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to a peptides, \\\\'SSSWWSWWWW\\\\' (SW1) or \\\\'SWWWWSWWWW\\\\' (SW2), containing serine (S) and tryptophan (W) at the C terminus localized at the IL/water interface. While GFPs without W-rich peptide distributed only in water phase, SW1- and SW2-GFPs were accumulated at the interface. The localization of SW1-GFP showed biphasic behavior, and most distinctive localization was observed at 7.1 mu M. The localization of SW2-GFP presumably occurred at largely lower concentration (<= 0.5 mu M) than that of SW1-GFP, which difference was due to the higher hydrophobicity of SW2 peptide. (C) 2011, The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
{"token": "The energy-saving production of tartaric acid using ion exchange resin-filling bipolar membrane electrodialysis. In view of some inherent disadvantages of traditional technique, production of tartaric acid was attempted through the laboratory-scale bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) in this work. Due to the relatively low solubility of bitartrate, the three-compartment configuration but not the two-compartment configuration which is preferred for weak acid production was selected. Thus, one of the aims of this work lies in the exploration of the energy-saving producing method for weak acid by BMED with the three-compartment configuration. Enlightened by electro-deionization technology, strong acid resin was filled in the acid compartment which is partly responsible for high energy consumption in the weak acid production to facilitate the transport of ions. Accordingly, the cell voltage, current efficiency and energy consumption were investigated and compared during the tartaric acid production before and after the addition of resin, respectively. The preliminary results showed that the expectation that the run of BMED with three-compartment configuration at relatively high current density with relatively low energy consumption can be implemented to a certain extent by the aforementioned method. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Solar drying of bananas: Mathematical model, laboratory simulation, and field data compared. A mathematical model for the solar drying of bananas was developed using a numerical solution procedure to generate a computer simulation. The solution incorporated terms for solar absorption, long-wave emission, natural or forced convection, and evaporation. The model was in good agreement with laboratory results obtained under artificial lights and also field data from researchers In Thailand. The model showed drying to be insensitive to ambient relative humidity but sensitive to factors affecting banana temperature. Reducing exposure to wind was shown to increase banana temperature and so reduce drying time by typically 15%, while also lowering the final moisture content achievable. The results are potentially useful to producers.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Genetic analysis of 12 X-chromosome STRs in Western Mediterranean populations. Haplotype and allele frequencies of 12 X-STRs included in the Investigator Argus X-12 kit are reported for 255 individuals, representing four Western Mediterranean populations: Valencia (eastern mainland Spain) and the Balearic Islands (Majorca, Minorca, and Ibiza). Ibiza shows the lowest intra-population variability and the highest level of linkage disequilibrium together with an important genetic distance with regard to the geographically close populations, which is consistent with the historical evidence for long-term demographic isolation and its different matrilineal background.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Incorporating Diblock Copolymer Nanoparticles into Calcite Crystals: Do Anionic Carboxylate Groups Alone Ensure Efficient Occlusion?. New spherical diblock copolymer nanoparticles were synthesized via RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization of 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) at 70 degrees C and 20% w/w solids using either poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) or poly(proline methacrylate) as the steric stabilizer block. Both of these stabilizers contain carboxylic acid groups, but poly(proline methacrylate) is anionic above pH 9.2, whereas poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) has zwitterionic character at this pH. When calcite crystals are grown at an initial pH of 9.5 in the presence of these two types of nanoparticles, it is found that the anionic poly(proline methacrylate)-stabilized particles are occluded uniformly throughout the crystals (up to 6.8% by mass, 14.0% by volume). In contrast, the zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate)stabilized particles show no signs of occlusion into calcite crystals grown under identical conditions. The presence of carboxylic acid groups alone therefore does not guarantee efficient occlusion: overall anionic character is an additional prerequisite.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "The Effect of Persuasive Messages on Policy Problem Recognition. Prior theories of individual behavior in recognizing public problems have centered on the role of policy entrepreneurs; institutional effects; information; and cultural, political, and social pressures. Our extension of these theories suggests that policy problem recognition is an attitudinal evaluation process. If the information is considered valid and the new attitude is negative in valence, then a policy problem is recognized. To test this theory, we use an embedded experiment in a national survey to measure the effect of persuasive messages on the concern for global warming. We find that the negativity of the message and the credibility of the source of the message both affect the level of increase in concern for global warming. Further, the impact of the message from the source is conditional based upon the recipient's ideology. This suggests that policy problem recognition is attitudinal and thus incorporates both analytical and affective components.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Individual homelessness: Entries, exits, and policy. Homelessness is part of the lives of many people. But almost no one is homeless for all or most of his or her life. The median shelter homeless spell is well under a month, and even \\\\'chronic homelessness\\\\' officially entails spells of a year or so. I model homelessness as part of people's lives in a dynamic stochastic framework in continuous time. I can explain many empirical regularities with a parsimonious model: for instance, why the last addresses of homeless people are concentrated in a few low-rent neighborhoods, why homeless entries are hard to predict, why recidivism is common and past homelessness is a good predictor of future homelessness, why some groups recidivate more often than others, why the hazard rate for shelter exit is single-peaked, why effective homelessness prevention programs do not alter the average length of homeless spells. I also examine policy. The optimal homelessness prevention program is Pigouvian and starkly simple. With an optimal prevention program in place, optimal shelter quality maximizes a simple and intuitive expression, and insurance programs always raise social welfare. Most of the previous economics literature about homelessness has been static, but most literature about homelessness outside economics has been dynamic. This paper tries to bring the two strands of literature closer together. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Holistic Health and People With Spinal Cord Injuries: Results of a Pilot Study With Canadian Rehabilitation Health Care Providers. We examined the perspectives of rehabilitation professionals in British Columbia on the use of holistic practices (HP) by their clients with spinal cord injury (SCI). This was a qualitative descriptive study with 13 rehabilitation professionals. Results show that health care practitioners serving those with SCI noted interest in and use of HP between 75% and 90% among their client groups. Most rehabilitation professionals already work in an interdisciplinary fashion with HP practitioners. Some were skeptical about HP, others saw a great benefit to their clients and others still only pursued HP when asked about it by their clients. Conclusions are that health care professionals are willing to acquire more knowledge about HP to provide the best available care. Participants showed interest in incorporating other aspects of health care to aid rehabilitation.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Exploring relationships between design features and system usability of intelligent car human-machine interface. In-vehicle human-machine interface (HMI) mainly refers to the T-shaped panel system with instruments, centre console, gear lever and other components installed. For intelligent vehicles, the high level of intelligent interconnection may to some extent make drivers lack situational safety awareness and reduce the usability of the system. Thus, this study attempted to establish a relationship between design features and system usability of the in-vehicle panels. From the perspective of visual ergonomics, the panels were deconstructed into design features to determine 36 samples to be studied. After dividing each sample into four areas of interest (AOI), eye movement and subjective preference data were collected to quantify the user experience. Artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) were used in the study. Nevertheless, conventional learning algorithms often underwent deficiencies in accuracy and robustness in the detection of multifarious kinds of panels. Therefore, the parameters of the two models were tuned to deal with the noise common in user experience data. The determinant coefficients, mean-square errors and mean relative errors of the two models showed that the SVM model had a higher accuracy, smaller error and was more stable in the learning of user experience of HMI design features, which could provide a method for the layout design and evaluation of T-shaped instrument panel. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Religious Belonging in the East Asian Context: An Exploration of Rhizomatic Belonging. This article explores the hermeneutical challenges to understand religious belonging and religious identity in the East Asian context. In East Asia, religious identities have not always been as exclusively delineated, as is the case in Western models of religious diversity, for example in the so-called World Religions paradigm. Various theoretical frameworks are discussed in religious studies, sociology and anthropology of religion in China and East Asia, to acquire a better understanding of religious belonging. It is observed that two hermeneutical frameworks are used by scholars to discuss religious diversity: a hermeneutics of multiple religions and a hermeneutics of religiosity. The former analyses \\\\'religious belonging\\\\' as a \\\\'belonging to religious traditions\\\\'. In the latter, \\\\'religious belonging\\\\' is understood as transcending particular religious traditions. It is argued that we need to take another look at the philosophical concept of \\\\'multiplicity\\\\' to understand religious diversity and religious belonging. We can use the Deleuzian concepts of \\\\'rhizome\\\\' and \\\\'assemblage\\\\' to describe religious belongings in East Asia specifically and also religion in general. A rhizomatic thinking about religion enables us to reimagine the concept of religious belonging as rhizomatic belonging, and also, as is argued by Haiyan Lee and Mayfair Yang, make it possible to subvert power structures inherent to religion.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Functional performance of biocrusts across Europe and its implications for drylands. The Soil Crust International (SCIN) project was a multidisciplinary attempt to obtain a complete understanding of biocrusts communities across Europe, including among the monitored locations the Tabernas badlands in Spain, the driest habitat in the whole continent. Here we provide an overview in a Mini-Review format of our research about the functional performance of the more relevant biocrust forming organisms involved, looking for similarities and differences in the behavior of these communities in regions with contrasting environmental conditions, allowing a deeper understanding of habitat over biocrusts functioning. New unpublished results linked to SCIN are also included in order to reinforce or clarify some general ideas proposed within the text. The general perspective provided to the data through this unique multi-site comparison, will allow in depth studies of relevant functional traits that can shed some light over the possibility of biocrusts behaving as functional types under some circumstances. Poikilohydry is proposed as an essential driving force involved, at different extents, in all key traits ruling biocrusts ecophysiology.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
{"token": "Identification of the Cleavage Domain within Glycoprotein G of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2. Glycoprotein G (gG) from herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively) functions as a viral chemokine binding protein (vCKBP). Soluble recombinant forms of gG of HSV-1 and HSV-2 (SgG1 and SgG2, respectively) enhance chemokine-mediated leukocyte migration, in contrast to most known vCKBPs, including those from animal alpha-herpesviruses. Furthermore, both proteins bind to nerve growth factor (NGF), but only SgG2 enhances NGF-dependent neurite outgrowth. The basis and implications of this functional difference between the two proteins are still unknown. While gG1 and gG2 are positional homologues in the genome, they share very limited sequence homology. In fact, US4, the open reading frame encoding gG is the most divergent genetic locus between these viruses. Full-length gG1 and gG2 are type I transmembrane proteins located on the plasma membrane of infected cells and at the viral envelope. However, gG2 is larger than gG1 and is cleaved during protein maturation, secreting the N-terminal domain to the supernatant of infected cells, whereas gG1 is not. The enzyme involved in gG2 cleavage and the functional relevance of gG2 cleavage and secretion are unknown. We aim to identify the gG2 sequence required for cleavage to determine its functional role in future experiments. Our results prove the existence of at least two cleavage motifs in gG2 within the amino acid region 314-343. Transfer of this sequence to a fusion protein results in cleavage. Finally, we show that propeptide convertases like furin are responsible for gG2 cleavage.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Metreleptin and generalized lipodystrophy and evolving therapeutic perspectives. Introduction: Metreleptin was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of generalized lipodystrophy, a condition characterized by leptin deficiency. Its efficacy as hormone replacement therapy suggests broader applications in diseases also characterized by leptin abnormalities, such as familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and common obesity. Metreleptin, in conjunction with other pharmacologic interventions, has the potential to address one of the most widespread epidemics of our time, obesity.Areas covered: This review covers the physiology of leptin, the pharmacologic properties of recombinant methionyl human leptin (R-metHu-Leptin, metreleptin), evidence for metreleptin's efficacy in the treatment of generalized lipodystrophy from both completed and ongoing clinical trials, safety concerns, and future directions in metreleptin research.Expert opinion: Metreleptin's approval for generalized lipodystrophy is the first step in defining and expanding its role to other metabolic diseases. Clinical trials are underway to delineate its efficacy in FPLD, human immunodeficiency virus/highly active anti-retroviral therapy-associated acquired lipodystrophy (HAL), and NAFLD. Additionally, there is growing data that support a therapeutic role in obesity. One of the barriers to development, however, is metreleptin's safety and immunogenicity. Further advances in biologic compatibility are required before metreleptin can be approved for additional indications.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
{"token": "Metabolism and function of polyamines in plants: recent development (new approaches). A review is presented of the recent developments in the metabolism and function of polyamines in plants. Polyamines appear to be involved in a wide range of plant processes so their exact role is not completely understood. In this review, the metabolic pathways involved in polyamine biosynthesis and degradation are explained, along with the transport and conjugation of these compounds. The methodologies involved in the analysis of polyamine function using metabolic inhibitors and genetic and molecular approaches are described. The occurrence and distribution of polyamine-derived alkaloids are also dealt with. The direction of future research in the study of plant polyamines is indicated.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Sweet corn (Zea mays) cultivar tolerance to primisulfuron. O'Sullivan, J. and Sikkema, P. H. 2002. Sweet corn (Zea mays) cultivar tolerance to primisulfuron. Can. J. Plant Sci. 82: 261-264. Nine sweet corn cultivars were evaluated to identify cultivar sensitivity to primisulfuron in four field studies, conducted over a 2-yr period. Response to primisulfuron varied, depending on cultivar and application dose. DelMonte 2038 was highly sensitive to primisulfuron resulting in very severe injury and, in most cases, the death of all plants at both locations, each year. At Exeter in 1998 and 1999, injury was slight with no plant height or yield reductions on other cultivars. At Simcoe in 1998 and 1999, five other cultivars showed visual injury of 10% or greater at 50 g ha(-1) of primisulfuron. However, in most cases, this did not result in a significant plant height or yield reduction. SS Jubilee Bt showed a yield reduction but only in 1998 at Simcoe. Three cultivars, CNS 710, GH 2690 and Reveille, were classified as fully tolerant to field applications of primisulfuron at 25 g ai ha(-1) with little or no risk of injury.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "INTERNAL CONTAMINATION BY ACTINIDES AFTER WOUNDING: A ROBUST RODENT MODEL FOR ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL AND DISTANT ACTINIDE RETENTION. Internal contamination by actinides following wounding may occur in nuclear fuel industry workers or subsequent to terrorist activities, causing dissemination of radioactive elements. Contamination by alpha particle emitting actinides can result in pathological effects, either local or distant from the site of entry. The objective of the present study was to develop a robust experimental approach in the rat for short-and long-term actinide contamination following wounding by incision of the skin and muscles of the hind limb. Anesthetized rats were contaminated with Mixed OXide (MOX, uranium, plutonium oxides containing 7.1% plutonium) or plutonium nitrate (Pu nitrate) following wounding by deep incision of the hind leg. Actinide excretion and tissue levels were measured as well as histological changes from 2 h to 3 mo. Humid swabs were used for rapid evaluation of contamination levels and proved to be an initial guide for contamination levels. Although the activity transferred from wound to blood is higher after contamination with amoderately soluble form of plutonium (nitrate), at 7 d most of theMOX (98%) or Pu nitrate (87%) was retained at the wound site. Rapid actinide retention in liver and bone was observed within 24 h, which increased up to 3 mo. After MOX contamination, a more rapid initial urinary excretion of americium was observed compared with plutonium. At 3 mo, around 95% of activity remained at the wound site, and excretion of Pu and Am was extremely low. This experimental approach could be applied to other situations involving contamination following wounding including rupture of the dermal, vascular, and muscle barriers. Health Phys. 103(2):187-194;2012", "label": [1, 2, 5, 22, 15, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Molecular analyses resolve the phylogenetic position of Polysiphonia adamsiae (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) and reveal a strong phylogeographic structure in Australia. Polysiphonia adamsiae was originally described from Tasmania and simultaneously reported in New Zealand. It has an unusual combination of morphological characters: 10-12 pericentral cells and rhizoids in open connection with the pericentral cells. Rhizoid anatomy is similar to that of the tribe Polysiphonieae. However, P. adamsiae differs from most members of the Polysiphonieae in having more than four pericentral cells, a character more common in the tribe Streblocladieae, which is characterised by having rhizoids cut off from pericentral cells. Because this species has not been investigated using molecular methods, it has not been clear to which tribe it belongs. We analysed phylogenetic relationships of P. adamsiae using rbcL sequences from plants collected in Tasmania and Croajingolong National Park (eastern Victoria). The phylogenetic analysis placed P. adamsiae in the Polysiphonieae. Our study further confirmed rhizoidal anatomy as a diagnostic character distinguishing the Streblocladieae from the Polysiphonieae and demonstrated that pericentral cell number varied in these tribes. While most species in the Polysiphonieae have four pericentral cells, at least six species have evolved morphologies with a higher number. Polysiphonia adamsiae is hereby recorded for the first time in mainland Australia based on molecular and morphological evidence. The five haplotypes observed in our 16 rbcL sequences show that the species has strong phylogeographic structure. The Victorian haplotype is distinctive from those in Tasmania, making it is especially valuable in the conservation of this Australasian endemic species.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
{"token": "Methane hydrate dissociation experiment in a middle-sized quiescent reactor using thermal method. Dissociation kinetic behavior of methane hydrate was studied at 268.15 K using thermal method in a closed quiescent middle-sized reactor of 10 L, which with a multi-deck cell-type vessel as the internals and coiled copper tubes placed inside assuring hydrate form or dissociate in all cells of the vessel simultaneously to reduce or eliminate the scale-up effect. A dramatically reduced dissociation rate phenomenon - \\\\'buffered dissociation\\\\' due to the ice melting was observed. The influences of the water temperature, the heating rate, the quantity of hydrate, and the dissociation pressure upon the dissociation rate and the extent of the buffering effect were investigated experimentally to reveal the gas production mechanism from hydrate below the ice point. The experimental results indicate that the rate of heat transfer and the thermodynamic driving force were the key rate-limiting factors for hydrate dissociation in the closed reactor. The buffering effect of gas production can be eliminated and the dissociation rate can be increased by increasing the temperature of the heating water and lowering the dissociation pressure. However, the temperature buffering behavior cannot be eliminated. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "A transient method for total emissivity determination. A transient method for determining the hemispherical total emissivity of solids is investigated using an emissometer recently developed at the NPL. The emissivity is calculated from measurement of the sample surface temperature coupled with a knowledge of its bulk thermal properties. This was conducted as part of the current work to validate the new NPL apparatus for high temperature emissivity measurements. A theoretical study shows that when a thermally thick sample is allowed to radiate instantaneously into a cold environment, then the resulting transient surface temperature depends solely on its hemispherical total emissivity and effusivity. This approach is used to obtain a hemispherical total emissivity value for Fecralloy steel, and it is then compared with the normal total emissivity value obtained by integration of normal spectral emissivity measurements in the wavelength range 2 to 9 mum.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Orbital evidence for clay and acidic sulfate assemblages on Mars based on mineralogical analogs from Rio Tinto, Spain. Outcrops of hydrated minerals are widespread across the surface of Mars, with clay minerals and sulfates being commonly identified phases. Orbitally-based reflectance spectra are often used to classify these hydrated components in terms of a single mineralogy, although most surfaces likely contain multiple minerals that have the potential to record local geochemical conditions and processes. Reflectance spectra for previously identified deposits in Ius and Melas Chasma within the Valles Marineris, Mars, exhibit an enigmatic feature with two distinct absorptions between 2.2 and 2.3 mu m. This spectral 'doublet' feature is proposed to result from a mixture of hydrated minerals, although the identity of the minerals has remained ambiguous. Here we demonstrate that similar spectral doublet features are observed in airborne, field, and laboratory reflectance spectra of rock and sediment samples from Rio Tinto, Spain. Combined visible-near infrared reflectance spectra and X-ray diffraction measurements of these samples reveal that the doublet feature arises from a mixture of Al-phyllosilicate (illite or muscovite) and jarosite. Analyses of orbital data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) shows that the martian spectral equivalents are also consistent with mixtures of Al-phyllosilicates and jarosite, where the Al-phyllosilicate may also include kaolinite and/or halloysite. A case study for a region within Ius Chasma demonstrates that the relative proportions of the Al-phyllosilicate(s) and jarosite vary within one stratigraphic unit as well as between stratigraphic units. The former observation suggests that the jarosite may be a diagenetic (authigenic) product and thus indicative of local pH and redox conditions, whereas the latter observation may be consistent with variations in sediment flux and/or fluid chemistry during sediment deposition. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Achromobacter xylosoxidans: Characterization of Strains in Brazilian Cystic Fibrosis Patients. We investigated the possibility of cross-infection among cystic fibrosis patients in two Brazilian reference centers. Achromobacter xylosoxidans isolates (n = 122) were recovered over a 5-year period from 39 patients. Isolates were genetically heterogeneous, but one genotype was present in 56% of the patients, suggesting that cross-infection may have occurred.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "The gene encoding pyolysin, the pore-forming toxin of Arcanobacterium pyogenes, resides within a genomic islet flanked by essential genes. The plo gene, encoding the Arcanobacterium pyogenes cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, pyolysin (PLO), was localized to a 2.7-kb genomic islet of reduced %G+C content and alternate codon usage frequency. This islet, conserved among isolates from diverse hosts and geographical locations, separated the housekeeping genes smc and fts Y, which are found adjacent in many prokaryotes. The fts Y and ffh genes, located downstream of the plo islet, encode components of the signal recognition particle. Mutational analysis suggested that these genes were essential for viability in A. pyogenes. The A. pyogenes ffh gene was unable to complement a conditional ffh mutant of Escherichia coli and its overexpression was toxic in E coli. Mutagenesis of the islet-encoded orf121 did not affect plo expression, indicating that it may not be involved directly in the regulation of plo expression. Regardless, the presence of the plo gene as part of a genomic islet inserted between genes essential for normal growth may provide selective pressure for the retention of this important virulence factor. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Calpain and caspase-3 play required roles in immobilization-induced limb muscle atrophy. Prolonged skeletal muscle inactivity results in a rapid decrease in fiber size, primarily due to accelerated proteolysis. Although several proteases are known to contribute to disuse muscle atrophy, the ubiquitin proteasome system is often considered the most important proteolytic system during many conditions that promote muscle wasting. Emerging evidence suggests that calpain and caspase-3 may also play key roles in inactivity-induced atrophy of respiratory muscles, but it remains unknown if these proteases are essential for disuse atrophy in limb skeletal muscles. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that activation of both calpain and caspase-3 is required for locomotor muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb immobilization. Seven days of immobilization (i.e., limb casting) promoted significant atrophy in type I muscle fibers of the rat soleus muscle. Independent pharmacological inhibition of calpain or caspase-3 prevented this casting-induced atrophy. Interestingly, inhibition of calpain activity also prevented caspase-3 activation, and, conversely, inhibition of caspase-3 prevented calpain activation. These findings indicate that a regulatory cross talk exists between these proteases and provide the first evidence that the activation of calpain and caspase-3 is required for inactivity-induced limb muscle atrophy.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 52]}
{"token": "PIGMENT AND PROTEIN-COMPOSITION OF RECONSTITUTED LIGHT-HARVESTING COMPLEXES AND EFFECTS OF SOME PROTEIN MODIFICATIONS. The structure and heterogeneity of LHC II were studied by in vitro reconstitution of apoproteins with pigments (Plumley and Schmidt 1987, Proc Natl Acad Sci 84: 146-150). Reconstituted CP 2 complexes purified by LDS-PAGE were subsequently characterized and shown to have spectroscopic properties and pigment-protein compositions and stoichiometries similar to those of authentic complexes. Heterologous reconstitutions utilizing pigments and light-harvesting proteins from spinach, pea and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveal no evidence of specialized binding sites for the unique C. reinhardtii xanthophyll loroxanthin: lutein and loroxanthin are interchangeable for in vitro reconstitution. Proteins modified by the presence of a transit peptide, phosphorylation, or proteolytic removal of the NH2-terminus could be reconstituted. Evidence suggests that post-translational modifications are not responsible for the presence of six electrophoretic variants of C. reinhardtii CP 2. Reconstitution is blocked by iodoacetamide pre-treatment of the apoproteins suggesting a role for cysteine in pigment ligation and/or proper folding of the pigment-protein complex. Finally, no effect of divalent cations on pigment reassembly could be detected.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "The functions and values of Shaanxi geoparks-from the perspective of geological environment. The Earth resources are rich and colorful, and thousands of years of history have preserved various geological relics for us. As the precious heritage left by nature to mankind, geoparks are the main choice for people to travel nowadays and have attracted tourists from all over the world. However, the values and functions of geoparks are not well known to the public. This paper introduces the concept, origin, and grade of geoparks, elaborates the values and functions of Shaanxi Geoparks in China from different aspects with unique perspective, as well as explores the complexity and practical significance of natural geography and landform; thus, we can welcome the arrival of a new era of public tourism, eco-tourism, experience tourism, and global tourism in China and even in the world with new concepts. More importantly, we realize the geographical values of geoparks, protect the natural geographical environment, and understand the significance of geological resources.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Rotationally symmetric internal gravity waves. Many mathematical models formulated in terms of non-linear differential equations can successfully be treated and solved by Lie group methods. Lie group analysis is especially valuable in investigating non-linear differential equations, for its algorithms act here as reliably as for linear cases. The aim of this article is to provide the group theoretical modeling of internal waves in the ocean. The approach is based on a new concept of conservation laws that is utilized to systematically derive the conservation laws of non-linear equations describing propagation of internal waves in the ocean. It was shown in our previous publication that uni-directional internal wave beams can be obtained as invariant solutions of non-linear equations of motion. The main goal of the present publication is to thoroughly analyze another physically significant exact solution, namely the rotationally symmetric solution and the energy carried by this solution. It is shown that the rotationally symmetric solution and its energy are presented by means of a bounded oscillating function. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Multipliers for Dirichlet type spaces by randomization. Cochran et al. (Can J Math 45(2):255-268, 1993) proved that if f(z)=Sigma(infinity)(n=0)a(n)z(n) is a holomorphic function in the Dirichlet space D of analytic functions in the unit disc, then for almost every choice of signs the function given by Sigma(infinity)(n=0)+/- a(n)z(n) is a multiplier of D. They obtain also versions of this result for the weighted Dirichlet spaces D-alpha(2)(0 <=alpha<1). The purpose of this paper is to generalized these results to the setting of the spaces of Dirichlet type D-alpha(p) (0<p<infinity, alpha>-1). We prove that, if 1 <= p<infinity and -1<alpha<p-1, then Sigma n=0 infinity +/- a(n)z(n) is a multiplier of D alpha p almost surely if and only if Sigma(infinity)(n=0)2n(p-alpha-1)(Sigma(2n+1)(k=2n)-1 vertical bar a(k)vertical bar(2))p/2<infinity. Also, we give some sufficient conditions for the two cases where alpha>-1 and 0<p <=alpha+1, and alpha>-1 and alpha+1 <= p <= 1. Some related issues for lacunary series are discussed too.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "The black hole of the transition process: dropout of care before transition age in adolescents. Recent evidence confirms the risks of discontinuity of care when young people make a transition from child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) to adult mental health services (AMHS), although robust data are still sparse. We aimed to identify when and how patients get lost to care during transition by tracking care pathways and identifying factors which influence dropping out of care during transition. This is a retrospective observational study of 760 patients who reached the transition age boundary within 12 months before transition time and being treated at CAMHS for at least during preceding 18 months. Data were collected at two time points: last visit to CAHMS and first visit to AHMS. Socio-demographic, clinical and service utilization variables on CAMHS treatment were collected. In the 12 months leading up to the transition boundary, 46.8% of subjects (n = 356) withdrew from CAHMS without further contact with AHMS, 9.3% withdrew from CAHMS but were referred to AHMS by other services, 29% were transferred from CAHMS to AHMS, 10% remained at CAHMS and 5% patients were transferred to alternative services. Fifty-six percent of subjects experience cessation of care before the transition age. The risk of dropout increases with shorter contact time in CAMHS, is greater in subjects without pharmacological treatment, and decreases in subjects with psychosis, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, mental retardation, and neurodevelopmental disorders. This study confirms that a large number of people drop out of care as they approach the CAMHS transition and experience discontinuity of care during this critical period.", "label": [2, 5, 27, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Effect of Simulated Climate Warming on the Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Community of Boreal and Temperate Host Species Growing Near Their Shared Ecotonal Range Limits. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can influence the establishment and performance of host species by increasing nutrient and water absorption. Therefore, understanding the response of ECM fungi to expected changes in the global climate is crucial for predicting potential changes in the composition and productivity of forests. While anthropogenic activity has, and will continue to, cause global temperature increases, few studies have investigated how increases in temperature will affect the community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The effects of global warming are expected to be particularly strong at biome boundaries and in the northern latitudes. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of experimental manipulations of temperature and canopy structure (open vs. closed) on ectomycorrhizal fungi identified from roots of host seedlings through 454 pyrosequencing. The ecotonal boundary site selected for the study was between the southern boreal and temperate forests in northern Minnesota, USA, which is the southern limit range for Picea glauca and Betula papyrifera and the northern one for Pinus strobus and Quercus rubra. Manipulations that increased air and soil temperature by 1.7 and 3.4 A degrees C above ambient temperatures, respectively, did not change ECM richness but did alter the composition of the ECM community in a manner dependent on host and canopy structure. The prediction that colonization of boreal tree species with ECM symbionts characteristic of temperate species would occur was not substantiated. Overall, only a small proportion of the ECM community appears to be strongly sensitive to warming.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 43]}
{"token": "Official statistics in the era of big data opportunities and threats. In recent years, the quantity of digital data created, stored and processed in the world has grown exponentially. The demand for statistical information has never been so apparent. For 'official statistics', the public informational infrastructure provided by statistical authorities, this new era offers not only essential opportunities but also manifold threats. In order for official statistics to function as a language for all kinds of societal interactions and decision-making, it is essential that the product 'information' is fit for purpose. This is an essential shift in perspective. Quality of official statistics needs to be seen with a much wider scope, going beyond the side of production, including the use side and analysing scientifically how these two sides are interacting in a dynamic relationship.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Unraveling the role of forgiveness in family relationships. Testing the idea that the process of forgiveness is intrinsically different across diverse relationships, this study examined the role of forgiveness in different family relationships. In 2 laboratory sessions I year apart, 114 families (each including 2 parents and I child) completed a new measure of family forgiveness and many individual-level, relationship-level, and family-level variables that have been previously linked with forgiveness. After validating the measure of family forgiveness in cross-sectional analyses, investigators performed longitudinal analyses to examine the role of forgiveness in each family relationship over the I-year interval. Results indicated many important positive consequences of forgiveness on individual traits, aspects of each family relationship, and general family environment. However, there were also important asymmetries in associates of forgiveness across parent-child and parent-parent relationships, demonstrating the relationship-bound nature of forgiveness.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Analyzing and forecasting the Chinese term structure of interest rates using functional principal component analysis. Practical implications - The authors propose a functional approach to analyzing and forecasting the yield curve, which effectively utilizes the smoothness assumption and conveniently addresses the missing-data issue.Originality/value - To the best knowledge, the authors are the first to use FPCA in the modeling and forecasting of yield curves.Findings - Monthly yield data from January 2002 to December 2016 are used in this paper. The authors find that in the full sample, the first two FPCs account for 98.68 percent of the total variation in the yield curve. The authors then construct an FPCA-K model using the leading principal components. The authors find that the FPCA-K model compares favorably with the functional signal plus noise model, the dynamic Nelson-Siegel models and the random walk model in the out-of-sample forecasting.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyze and forecast the Chinese term structure of interest rates using functional principal component analysis (FPCA).Design/methodology/approach - The authors propose an FPCA-K model using FPCA. The forecasting of the yield curve is based on modeling functional principal component (FPC) scores as standard scalar time series models. The authors evaluate the out-of-sample forecast performance using the root mean square and mean absolute errors.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Cost Savings of Housing First in a Non Experimental Setting. We investigate the impact of supportive housing (Housing First, or HF) programs on public service utilization of people experiencing homelessness in Calgary, Alberta. We use data on clients between 2012 and 2016, and, using a pre-post design, we assess the interaction of each client with the health and justice systems. We estimate the savings for $1 spent on HF to be between $1.17 and $2.84. There are potential estimation biases, but our estimates are broadly consistent with evidence from randomized controlled trials. Our somewhat higher estimated returns may be attributed to the practice of program delivery and effectiveness of the triage system.", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
{"token": "Enhanced management of personal astronomical data with FITSManager. Although the roles of data centers and computing centers are becoming more and more important, and on-line research is becoming the mainstream for astronomy, individual research based on locally hosted data is still very common. With the increase of personal storage capacity, it is easy to find hundreds to thousands of FITS files in the personal computer of an astrophysicist. Because Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) is a professional data format initiated by astronomers and used mainly in the small community, data management toolkits for FITS files are very few. Astronomers need a powerful tool to help them manage their local astronomical data. Although Virtual Observatory (VO) is a network oriented astronomical research environment, its applications and related technologies provide useful solutions to enhance the management and utilization of astronomical data hosted in an astronomer's personal computer. FITSManager is such a tool to provide astronomers an efficient management and utilization of their local data, bringing VO to astronomers in a seamless and transparent way. FITSManager provides fruitful functions for FITS file management, like thumbnail, preview, type dependent icons, header keyword indexing and search, collaborated working with other tools and on-line services, and so on. The development of the FITSManager is an effort to fill the gap between management and analysis of astronomical data. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Removal and recovery of heavy metals from tannery sludge subjected to plasma pyro-gasification process. Chromium shavings are toxic waste produced by the tanning industry and include both liquid and solid materials contaminated with chromium(III). Their treatment by pyro-gasification in a plasma torch allows to convert them into an inert solid residue; unfortunately, the high temperatures involved in the process (similar to 1500 degrees C) induce the volatilization of some metals, the subsequent condensation of which leads to the formation of hazardous powders that require appropriate management. The aim of this work is to study the most convenient approach to deal with these powders, generated as a by-product when chromium-containing tannery waste is treated with plasma pyrolysis, and recover the heavy metals they contain. Initially, the best conditions were identified to extract those components (Pb, Zn and Cd) that can be leached from the powder, testing solutions of HCl and H2SO4 at various concentrations; subsequently, their recovery was studied considering different treatment strategies. Fractional precipitation by neutralization with 1M NaOH has proven effective for the selective recovery of Pb and Zn, followed by adsorption on chitosan for the extraction of Cd. Finally, an integrated process is proposed, which includes the two separation approaches mentioned above and allows a complete recovery of Cd and Pb, in addition to 96.3% of the initial content of Zn. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Detection of spores of Nucleospora salmonis in frozen tissue material from Atlantic salmon. In contrast to the detection of spores of Nucleospora salmonis in fresh tissue material of Salmo salar by Gram staining, it was not possible to stain these spores in the same material when it has been kept frozen and then defrosted at 4 degreesC over several hours. The spores could only be made visible by incubation of the imprints of the defrosted and then sectioned kidney and spleen material in calcofluor and by a double staining employing Gram staining with subsequent incubation in Calcofluor.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "Forcing vine regrowth to delay ripening and its association to changes in the hormonal balance. The quality and typicality of wines, strongly depends on the management techniques used for grapevine cultivation. Actually, the increment in the average world temperature due to climate change induces not only bigger irrigation necessities, but also earlier grape-ripening processes, which take place in warmer days and shorter nights. Thus, with the aim of delaying grape ripeness of at least two months, a technique has been proposed based on forcing vine regrowth. This technique consists on forcing vine regrowth from the formed latent buds after cutting the green shoots between the second and the third node; lateral shoots, leaves, and primary clusters are also removed. In this study, a forcing treatment was carried out at three different phenological stages (G, I and J). Depending on the phenological stage of vines during the forcing treatment, we wanted to determine the berry ripening delay and to explore how this mechanical pruning interacts with the hormonal balance to modulate bud growth just before shoot decapitation (Control) and later, within the following 7 and 14 days after cutting the green shoots. Forcing treatments carried out at stages G, I and J succeeded to delay ripening 18, 27 and 45 days respectively, as compared to unforced plants. Vine yield was significantly reduced in all treatments as compared to control plants, resulting in a high level of acidity in berries which might be associated with the loss of flowers, a reduction in the fruit set percentage or a combination of both. Endogenous cytokinin (CK) content in control latent buds decreased during the vine vegetative cycle. Contrarily, abscisic acid (ABA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) increased, while minor changes were found in the concentration of gibberellins (GAs), salicylic acid (SA) and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxilic acid (ACC). Moreover, a clear modification of the hormonal balance was found in latent buds 7 and 14 days after forcing regrowth. CK content significantly increased while ABA rapidly decreased after pruning in all treatments. Thus, vine regrowth from the formed latent buds might have been upregulated by CK and promoted by the absence of ABA.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "The 'mini brain' appearance of plasmacytoma in the appendicular skeleton. We report on the case of a 70-year-old woman presenting with right hip pain. Radiographs of the right hip demonstrated a well-defined large lytic lesion in the proximal right femur, with prominent trabeculae situated peripherally and extending into the lesion in a \\\\'spoke-wheel\\\\' pattern. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated solid enhancing marrow-replacing lesion, with intervening linear nonenhancing areas of low T2 signal intensity. The MRI appearance resembled that of a small brain or \\\\'mini brain\\\\'. Biopsy specimen demonstrated predominantly mature plasma cells, with occasional admixed immature forms. A diagnosis of plasmacytosis, consistent with myeloma, was made. This case illustrates a rare but seemingly characteristic \\\\'mini brain\\\\' appearance of plasmacytoma, which, to date, has only been reported in the spine and has not been observed in other bony lesions.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Relationship between travel time to the nearest hospital and survival from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: record linkage study. Background There is currently a trend in Britain to concentrate specialist services in a smaller number of hospitals in order to improve outcomes. However, for rapidly life-threatening conditions such as ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAAs), the resulting increased travel time to hospital might adversely affect survival. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between travel time to the nearest hospital and survival from RAAAs in West Sussex.Conclusion Several previous studies suggested better survival with longer distances travelled. They are likely to be biased by omission of community deaths. This methodologically better study found no such relationship between RAAA survival and travelling time to hospital in West Sussex, although confidence intervals were wide. This is particularly pertinent while there is a push to centralize vascular and other services in the United Kingdom.Results After adjusting for age, sex, Townsend deprivation score and nearest hospital, the odds ratio for survival associated with a 10 min increase in potential travel time to the nearest hospital was 0.97 (0.88 unadjusted) (95 per cent confidence interval for adjusted odds ratio: 0.70 to 1.34; p = 0.86).Methods Information was collected regarding outcome, postcode, age, sex and diagnoses for all West Sussex residents who had a RAAA between January 1996 and September 1999, including admissions and deaths, wherever they occurred. Deprivation scores were calculated based on postcode. Potential travel time to the nearest hospital was calculated using \\\\'Microsoft AutoRoute Express\\\\'(TM) and its effect on outcome was analysed using multiple logistic regression.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "The role and application of ion beam analysis for studies of plasma-facing components in controlled fusion devices. First wall materials in controlled fusion devices undergo serious modification by several physical and chemical processes arising from plasma-wall interactions. Detailed information is required for the assessment of material lifetime and accumulation of hydrogen isotopes in wall materials. The intention of this work is to give a concise overview of key issues in the characterization of plasma-facing materials and components in tokamaks, especially in JET with an ITER-Like Wall. IBA techniques play a particularly prominent role here because of their isotope selectivity in the low-Z range (1-10), high sensitivity and combination of several methods in a single run. The role of He-3-based NRA, RBS (standard and micro size beam) and HIERDA in fuel retention and material migration studies is presented. The use of tracer techniques with rare isotopes (e.g. N-15) or marker layers on wall diagnostic components is described. Special instrumentation, development of equipment to enhance research capabilities and issues in handling of contaminated materials are addressed. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Ramified Frege Arithmetic. ystein Linnebo has recently shown that the existence of successors cannot be proven in predicative Frege arithmetic, using Frege's definitions of arithmetical notions. By contrast, it is shown here that the existence of successor can be proven in ramified predicative Frege arithmetic.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
{"token": "'Like an ox yoke': Challenging the intrinsic virtuousness of a grassroots social movement. Since the 1980s, neoliberal globalization fostered an upsurge of grassroots social movements in Latin America that sought alternatives to increasing poverty and social exclusion. Social movement scholars often interpret these movements as morally noble models of democracy given their claims to social justice and equity. My research examines the forced seizure of a closed Mexican sugar mill and establishment of a cooperative, worker-run factory by a grassroots movement whose cultural politics aimed at creating more democratic processes. Yet in 2009, after 11 years of success, movement leaders declared the mill bankrupt and shut it down. The facade of unity presented by activists obscured internal divisions and hierarchical control that beleaguered the movement. I argue that a more nuanced and critical analysis that takes into consideration the contradictions and paradoxes that may be present in grassroots struggles reframes essentialist conceptions regarding the intrinsic virtuousness of grassroots social movements.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Interrogating and Constructing the 'Authentic' Roman Catholic Church: Feminist Perspectives Among Canadian Women Religious. Based on qualitative interview and questionnaire data among 32 current and former women religious, this article explores the alternative constructions of the church by Canadian women religious and the corresponding practices they have engendered. It reviews the insights of feminist women religious with respect to their understandings and experiences of patriarchal structures and practices within the Roman Catholic Church, their resistance to, and dismissal of these structures and practices, and the construction of understandings and practices which, for the women religious in our study, more closely correspond to their vision of the 'authentic' church than to the hierarchical and patriarchal practices with which they are institutionally familiar. In so doing, we highlight examples of the sisters' divergence from the patriarchal church, including their promotion and practice of feminist spirituality and activism. Our theoretical discussion of the constructions of the 'authentic' church within and alongside the hierarchical Catholic Church, as well as of the significance and challenges of these, are integrated throughout the recounting of the experiences of feminist women religious as they navigate the spaces they create in their relationship to the Church.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
{"token": "Reassignment of Haemogregarina annularis from the Blood of Tarentola annularis to the Genus Hepatozoon Based on the Parasite Morphology and 18S rDNA Sequence Analysis. Purpose To date, two haemogregarines have been described from the white-spotted wall gecko, Tarentola annularis in Egypt. These species are Haemogregarina annularis and Haemogregarina tarentannulari. Although these two species initially were described as different species parasitizing T. annularis, both forms look identical due to their similar morphology and morphometric characteristics from the same host species. Here we will clarify, using traditional morphological description of the blood and tissue stages, combined with molecular analysis, the identity of the haemoparasites infecting T. annularis in Egypt. Methods Thin blood smears were screened from 50 gecko, Tarentola annularis and merognic stages were identified in the lung of the infected geckos. Parasite DNA was extracted and PCR was carried out to amplify parasite 18S rDNA. Results Morphological criteria of parasite stages, mature gamont stages and mergonic stages were similar to the two previously reported Haemogregarina species. In the phylogenetic tree, the present haemogregarine fell within a clade comprising most of Hepatozoon species infecting reptiles. Conclusion Our morphological comparison supported that the two previously described Haemogregarina species were the same and allowed us to consider Haemogregarina tarentannulari as a junior synonym of Haemogregarina annularis. Our phylogenetic analysis gave us the opportunity to reassign Haemogregarina annularis to the genus Hepatozoon and being identified as Hepatozoon annularis n. comb.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 10, 47]}
{"token": "Reconfiguring Rights in Austerity Britain: Boundaries, Behaviours and Contestable Margins. This paper addresses policy change in Britain since 2010 across the three fields of domestic welfare, migration and asylum, and analyses the association between welfare, conditionality and control through the lens of civic stratification. Drawing on the work of Richard Munch and Mary Douglas, it moves beyond existing literature in this area to show that the more complex the classification in play, and the more severe its boundary implications, the more likely the emergence of contestable margins. Informed by Munch's 'battlefield' approach, it provides a discussion of contestable margins in each of the three policy fields and outlines the nature and source of challenges that emerge within the 'institutional battlefield'. A concluding section reflects on what is revealed by viewing welfare, migration and asylum within the same conceptual frame, identifying an emergent welfare paradigm that displays recurrent problems across all three fields.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Laboratory Animal Welfare Meets Human Welfare: A Cross-Sectional Study of Professional Quality of Life, Including Compassion Fatigue in Laboratory Animal Personnel. Laboratory animal personnel may experience significant stress from working with animals in scientific research. Workplace stress can be assessed by evaluating professional quality of life, which is comprised of compassion fatigue (i.e., burnout and secondary traumatic stress) and compassion satisfaction. This research aimed to explore the associations between risk factors and professional quality of life in laboratory animal personnel. In a cross-sectional, convenience sample design, laboratory animal personnel were recruited from widespread online promotion. A total of 801 personnel in the United States or Canada completed an online survey regarding professional quality of life, social support, euthanasia, enrichment, stress/pain levels, and human-animal interactions. Participants worked in a wide range of settings (e.g., industry, academia), research types (e.g., basic, applied, regulatory), species (e.g., non-human primates, mice), and roles (e.g., animal caretaker, veterinarian). Data were analyzed using general linear models. Personnel who reported higher compassion fatigue also reported lower social support, higher animal stress/pain, higher desire to implement more enrichment, and less control over performing euthanasia (p's < 0.05). Higher burnout was associated with less diverse/frequent enrichment, using physical euthanasia methods, and longer working hours. Higher secondary traumatic stress was associated with more relationship-promoting human-animal interactions (e.g., naming animals) and working as a trainers (p's < 0.05). Higher compassion satisfaction was associated with higher social support, less animal stress/pain, and more human-animal interactions (p's < 0.05). Surprisingly, neither personnel's primary animal type (e.g., non-human primates, mice) nor frequency of euthanasia (e.g., daily, monthly) were associated with professional quality of life (p's > 0.05). Our findings show that the professional quality of life of laboratory animal personnel is associated with several factors. Personnel reporting poorer professional quality of life also reported less social support, higher animal stress/pain, less enrichment diversity/frequency and wished they could provide more enrichment, using physical euthanasia, and less control over performing euthanasia. Poorer professional quality of life was also seen in personnel working as trainers, at universities, and longer hours. This study contributes important empirical data that may provide guidance for developing interventions (e.g., improved social support, decreased animal stress, increased animal enrichment diversity/frequency, greater control over euthanasia) to improve laboratory animal personnel's professional quality of life.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Genetic diversity and population structure of Dermatophagoides farinae based on microsatellite markers. Dermatophagoides farinae is one of the most important allergens that cause allergic diseases and trigger serious harm to the human body. D.farinae is widely distributed, and the development of genetic markers and genetic information regarding the populations of this species are needed to establish control strategies. The aim is to develop a microsatellite marker and assess the genetic diversity and population structure of different populations of D. farinae. The genomic DNA of D. farinae was extracted and sequenced by NGS analysis. Microsatellite markers were identified and screened with MISA software. Primers were designed with Primer5.0 and screened by capillary electrophoresis detection. Genotyping was implemented with GeneMarker 2.2. Genetic diversity and population structure were analysed by related softwares. Twelve microsatellite markers detected 66 alleles in 256 individuals of D. farinae from 12 geographic populations. The average allele number (Na), effective allele number (Ne), observed heterozygosity (Ho), and expected heterozygosity (He) were 4.431, 2.610, 1.056 and 0.484, respectively. Genetic variation existed within populations and there was no correlation between geographic distance and genetic distance (Fst) (P = 0.160). Structure analysis showed D. farinae is largely divided into three groups. The genetic diversity of the geographical population of D. farinae is relatively high.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Removal of (137)Cs from aqueous solutions using different cationic forms of a natural zeolite: clinoptilolite. Distribution coefficients of cesium on natural and cation-enriched (Na(+), K(+), NH(4)(+) and Ca(+2)) forms of clinoptilolite were measured by batch, radioactive tracer technique. The measurements were carried out for an initial cesium concentration range of 10(-6)-10(-1) mol/dm(3) and at temperatures of 25, 40, 60 and 80 degreesC. Experimental isotherms evaluated from distribution coefficients were fit to Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R)models. Of the models tested, D-R model was found to represent the isotherms better in a wider range of concentrations than either Langmuir or Freundlich model. Breakthrough behavior of cesium on natural and cation-enriched forms of clinoptilolite for a particular set of conditions were also determined in a small size column. Column parameters were evaluated using mass transfer zone concept. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Interpreting azimuthal Fourier coefficients for anisotropic and fracture parameters. Amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOAz) analysis can be separated into two separate parts: amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis and amplitude variation with azimuth (AVAz) analysis. Useful information about fractures and anisotropy can be obtained just by examining the AVAz. The AVAz can be described as a sum of sinusoids of different periodicities, each characterized by its magnitude and phase. This sum is mathematically equivalent to a Fourier series, and hence the coefficients describing the AVAz response are azimuthal Fourier coefficients (FCs). This FC parameterization is purely descriptive. The aim of this paper is to help the interpreter understand what these coefficients mean in terms of anisotropic and fracture parameters for the case of P-wave reflectivity using a linearized approximation. The FC representation is valid for general anisotropy. However, to gain insight into the significance of FCs, more restrictive assumptions about the anisotropy or facture system must be assumed. In the case of transverse isotropic media with a horizontal axis of symmetry, the P-wave reflectivity linearized approximation may be rewritten in terms of azimuthal FCs with the magnitude and phase of the different FCs corresponding to traditional AVAz attributes. Linear slip theory is used to show that the FCs can be interpreted similarly for the cases of a single set of parallel vertical fractures in isotropic media and in transverse isotropic media with a vertical axis of symmetry (VTI). The magnitude of the FCs depends on the fracture weakness parameters and the background media. For the case of vertical fractures in a VTI background, the AVOAz inverse problem is underdetermined, so extra information must be incorporated to determine how the weights are modified due to this background anisotropy. We evaluated this on a 3D data set from northwest Louisiana for which the main target was the Haynesville shale.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Characterization of physicochemical properties, microbial diversity and volatile compounds of traditional fermented soybean paste in Henan province of China. This study aimed to investigate the changes in microbial diversity, and volatile compounds of traditional fer-mented soybean paste originated from Henan province of China using 16S rRNA sequencing, headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS), and electronic nose (E-nose). The amino acid nitrogen and reducing sugar contents ranged between 1.18 and 1.58 g/100 g and 2.29 and 3.74 mg/g, respectively. The results showed that fermented soybean paste exhibited the highest amount of glutamate and aspartate amino acids. Approximately 112 volatile compounds were detected in all SP samples comprising 10 alcohols, 19 esters, 10 acidic compounds, and 21 heterocyclic compounds. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that Enterobacter, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus were the predominant bacteria in fermented soybean paste samples. Moreover, network analysis revealed that Klebsiella, Bacillus, and Lacto-bacillus positively correlated with H-fluorendimethyl, octenol, and benzaldehyde. These findings helped in un-derstanding the formation of volatile flavoring compounds during SP fermentation.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Joan Timoneda and the Catalan popular song entitled La cena: from chapbook to broadsheet (1556-1845). A two-leaves poetic chapbook, printed in 1556, includes an Eucharistic poem written in Catalan by Joan Timoneda, with the following opening lines: \\\\'En la cena consagrada / fon posat aquest sant pa\\\\'. This poem develops the allegory of the mystical mill and remained in the oral tradition through a song entitled La cena, documented in the 19th and 20th centuries: not only there have been recorded several oral versions, some of them with musical notation, but at least two 19th-century broadsheets are known. This paper focuses especially on a broadsheet edition with La cena on one side and four other texts on the other side, depending on the copy taken into consideration. This fact indicates that this edition, with its different publishing solutions, was composed by printing La cena on the blank side of different broadsides. It would be a case of reusing stocks not previously sold by the printer. Moreover, the analyzed data agree with the conclusion that this edition is not prior to 1841. Another edition of La cena was printed in Barcelona by Miquel Borras, probably in 1845.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "RELATIONS BETWEEN CHURCH AND STATE IN REPUBLIC OF CROATIA. This article offers an analyze of the relation between the state and the Roman Catholic Church in Croatia in the end of 20th and in the beginning of 21st century and shows how political pluralism and democracy have created conditions for a new, greater and more important role of religion in Croatian society and politics. On the first democratic elections held in spring 1990 important role of the Roman Catholic Church in Croatia was emphasized as well as its influence onto newly formed political parties and their voters alike. The approach which is in particular adopted in this article is a comparative study of position of the Roman Catholic Church in Croatia in two periods, straight after the first democratic elections, i.e. during 1990s and in more recent years, i.e. in the first decade of 21st century.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Molecular detection of rickettsial agents of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from wild birds of Panama. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from wild birds in Panama were tested for the presence of tick-borne pathogens as Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Borrelia, Hepatozoon sp., and Babesia. Overall 124 ticks were found in 57 birds belonging to 28 species: Amblyomma longirostre (32 larvae, 1 nymph), Amblyomma nodosum (30 nymphs), Amblyomma geayi (15 larvae, 1 nymph), Amblyomma varium (5 larvae, 2 nymphs), Amblyomma naponense (2 larvae), Amblyomma ovale (2 larvae), and Amblyomma calcaratum (1 larva). DNA of Rickettsia amblyommatis was detected in 65% ofA. longirostre, 69% of A. geayi and 14% of A. varium. Moreover, results from two larvae of A. longirostre showed DNA of unidentified Rickettsia sp. No DNA of Borrelia, Bartonella, Anaplasmataceae neither Babesia nor Hepatozoon was detected. These results expand knowledge about the host for immature Amblyomma ticks in Panama and show the first data of Rickettsia in ticks collected from birds in this country.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Diffusion in the Study of Civil Wars: A Cautionary Tale. This essay reviews diffusion as studied in large-N civil war research. In doing so, a number of pitfalls and lacunae are identified. First, the definition of diffusion as a process-whereby internal conflict in one location alters the probability of internal conflict erupting in another location at a later point in time-entails a number of difficulties for empirical modeling. Researching such a process involves an attempt to study a phenomenon that, in essence, is unobservable. It also creates difficulties in identifying relevant units of analysis, because the process involves at least two units. Second, diffusion is customarily identified based on correlations within a spatial and temporal proximity. Classifying it in this way risks simultaneously over-and underestimating cases of diffusion, which in turn generates uncertainty regarding the main determinants of diffusion. With these observations in mind, this essay ends with a word of caution for policymakers, with relevance extending beyond diffusion of civil war.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "ON THE STREET AND IN THE BATHHOUSE: MEDIEVAL GALENISM IN ACTION?. In this article we combine the perspective of medieval urban hygiene and the findings of medical and intellectual historians by tracing some ways in which medieval urban residents and governments attempted to limit disease and promote health by recourse to preventative measures. In both of the urban regions and domains in focus, namely Italian streets and Dutch bathhouses, considerable thought had been put into reducing the health risks perceived as attending upon them, at times devising arguments and procedures that possibly reflect insights from prevailing medical theories and the advice of practitioners. We suggest that the relation between medical learning and health practices was more complex than a trickle-down process, and analyze them in the context of pre-modern \\\\'healthscaping\\\\': a physical, social, legal, administrative, and political process by which urban individuals, groups, and especially governments sought to safeguard and improve collective wellbeing.", "label": [3, 31, 30]}
{"token": "The BookboXX A Sustainable Street Library. Like the sun, books are a renewable resource and come with next to no cost of energy. The BookboXX project engages trainees from different professions, bringing books to a larger segment of society and involving society in a new understanding of sustainability. The BookboXX speaks to citizens of every age by offering a deeper sense of place, an interdisciplinary and creative outlet, free resources and in some cases the role of memorialising very difficult times as well as challenging situations. Receiving international recognition, the BookboXX project represents the splendour and simplicity of human potential.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "A Novel Genetic Sexing Strain of Anastrepha ludens for Cost-Effective Sterile Insect Technique Applications: Improved Genetic Stability and Rearing Efficiency. Simple Summary Tephritid flies, including the Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens, are key agricultural pests responsible for billions of dollars of damage each year due to the female flies which lay eggs and develop maggots in the fruits of hundreds of species of economically-important plants. Integrated pest management practices such as the sterile insect technique were developed which rely on the mass rearing and release of millions of sterile males of the same pest species in order to suppress the pest reproductive capacity. The presence of females in early bisexual strains often caused high rearing and release costs plus damage to crops by oviposition. Therefore, using classical genetic tools, genetic sexing strains were developed for some fruit flies in order to produce male-only colonies which enhanced the technique efficacy, cost-efficiency and reduced undesirable side-effects such as fruit damage by the mass reared females. In this paper the process for the development and characterization of a new genetic sexing strain (GSS) for A. ludens is documented, using the low-dose irradiation and line selection techniques. The new GUA10 GSS, when compared with its predecessor Tapachula-7, promises to further increase the sterile insect technique performance given its higher quality, yield and genetic stability. Anastrepha ludens (Loew) is one of the most destructive insect pests damaging several fruits of economic importance. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is used under an area-wide integrated pest management approach, to suppress these pest populations. Mass rearing facilities were initially established to produce sterile males of bi-sexual strains in support of SIT. The first genetic sexing strain (GSS) for A. ludens, Tapachula-7, based on pupal color dimorphism, was a key development since the release of males-only significantly increases the SIT efficiency. In this study, we document the development of a novel pupal color-based GSS. Twelve radiation-induced translocation lines were assessed as potential GSS in terms of recombination rates and rearing efficiency at a small scale. The best one, GUA10, was cytogenetically characterized: it was shown to carry a single translocation between the Y chromosome and chromosome 2, which is known to carry the black pupae marker. This GSS was further evaluated at medium and large scales regarding its genetic stability, productivity and quality versus Tapachula-7. GUA10 presented better genetic stability, fecundity, fertility, production efficiency, flying ability, and male mating, clear indicators that GUA10 GSS can significantly improve the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of SIT applications against this pest species.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "High Validity and Reliability of the PedsQL (TM) Multidimensional Fatigue Scale for Brazilian Children With Cancer. Among the main factors that affect patients' quality of life, fatigue is a significant symptom experienced by children during treatment. Despite the high incidence, there has been no validated scale to evaluate fatigue in children with cancer in Brazil. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale, using self-reports of Brazilian children, 8 to 18 years of age, and proxy reports. A cross-sectional method was used to collect data from 216 subjects over an 18-month period. Reliability ranged from .70 to .90 except for sleep/rest fatigue, self-report ( = .55). No floor or ceiling effects were found in any dimension. Convergent validity was higher than .40 and divergent validity had 100% adjustment. The root mean square error of approximation was acceptable. The comparative fit index was lower than expected. The agreement between self and proxy responses was weak and moderate. The results demonstrate the reliability and validity of the Brazilian version in children with cancer. This is the first validated scale that assesses fatigue in Brazilian children and adolescents with cancer.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Antidepressant Use in Canada Has Stopped Increasing. Method: During the past 2 decades, a series of Canadian national health surveys have evaluated AD use in the household population. Some of these surveys have assessed past 2-day use whereas others have assessed self-reported past-month use. We applied meta-regression methods as a methodological strategy to address this heterogeneity and to examine long-term trends, incorporating 2012 data.Conclusion: The frequency of AD use may now be stabilizing in the Canadian population. This emerging steady state may reflect a contemporary balance between the perceived need, perceived effectiveness, and acceptability of these medications in the general population.Objective: Large increases in the use of antidepressants (ADs) were reported in the past 2 decades in many countries, including Canada. Our objective was to determine whether this pattern of increasing use has continued, using data from a 2012 national mental health survey.Results: In keeping with prior reports, AD use rapidly increased in the 1990s and early 2000s. However, the 2012 data suggest that these increases have slowed or perhaps even stopped in recent years. A post hoc examination of longitudinal data from the National Population Health Survey reinforced the impression of a levelling off in the use of these medications.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Interfacial Nano-Mechanical Properties of Copper Joints Bonded with Silver Nanopaste near Room Temperature. Sintering of nanomaterials at low temperatures has been demonstrated as an alternative for flexible electronic packaging. Silver nanowires were synthesized via polyol method and used as filler material for bonding copper to copper near room temperature. The experimental results indicated that both silver-to-silver and copper-to-silver formed metallurgical bonds. The elastic modulus and nano-hardness of copper joints at the copper-silver interface were characterized using nanoindentation. A transition layer at the interface was observed and its thickness was determined. Sintered silver filler material showed good elasticity both inside and out of the transition layer.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "TaDiRAH: a Case Study in Pragmatic Classification. Classifying and categorizing the activities that comprise \\\\'digital humanities\\\\' has been a longstanding area of interest for many practitioners in this field, fueled by ongoing attempts to define digital humanities both within the academy and in the public sphere. The emergence of directories that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries has also spurred interest in categorization, with the practical goal of helping scholars identify, for instance, projects that take a similar technical approach, even if their subject matter is vastly different. This paper tracks the development of TaDiRAH, the Taxonomy of Digital Research Activities in the Humanities developed by representatives from DARIAH, the European cyberinfrastructure initiative, and DiRT, a digital humanities tool directory. TaDiRAH was created specifically to connect people with information on DiRT and in a DARIAH-DE bibliography, but with the goal of adoption by other directory-like sites. To ensure that TaDiRAH would be usable by other projects, the developers opened drafts for public feedback, a process which fundamentally altered the structure of the taxonomy and improved it in numerous ways. By actively seeking feedback from the digital humanities community and reviewing data about how the source taxonomies are actually used in order to inform term selection, the development of TaDiRAH provides a model that may benefit other taxonomy efforts.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Florpyrauxifen-benzyl Weed Control Spectrum and Tank-Mix Compatibility with other Commonly Applied Herbicides in Rice. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is a new herbicide being developed for rice. Research is needed to understand its spectrum of control and optimal tank-mix partners. Multiple greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate florpyrauxifen-benzyl efficacy and tank-mix compatibility. In greenhouse experiments, florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 30 g ai ha(-1) provided >= 75% control of all weed species evaluated (broadleaf signalgrass, barnyardgrass, Amazon sprangletop, large crabgrass, northern jointvetch, hemp sesbania, pitted morningglory, Palmer amaranth, yellow nutsedge, rice flatsedge, smallflower umbrellasedge), and control was similar to or better than other herbicide options currently available in rice. Barnyardgrass was controlled 97% with florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 30 g ha(-1), ultimately reducing height (86%) and aboveground biomass (84%). In these field studies at 30 g ha(-1), no antagonism was observed when florpyrauxifen-benzyl was tank-mixed with contact (acifluorfen, bentazon, carfentrazone, propanil, and saflufenacil) or systemic (2,4-D, bispyribac, cyhalofop, fenoxaprop, halosulfuron, imazethapyr, penoxsulam, quinclorac, and triclopyr) rice herbicides. Although not every tank-mix or weed species was evaluated, the lack of antagonistic interactions herein highlights the flexibility and versatility of this new herbicide. Once florpyrauxifen-benzyl becomes commercially available, it will be beneficial to tank-mix this new herbicide with others without sacrificing efficacy, so as to apply multiple sites of action together and thus lessen the risk for evolution of herbicide resistance.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "The 'Cantankerous Old People' Next Door : How Old Age Is Represented in Serbian Television Commercials. Just as it is possible to make a distinction between commercials depending on whether or not the products advertised are targeted at the elderly - which they rarely are - and whether elderly people appear in leading or supporting roles, in order to make viewers laugh or annoy them, so it is possible to distinguish between the \\\\'real-life principle\\\\', which involves the translation of the society's dominant attitudes into commercials, and \\\\'commercial reality\\\\', which either makes old age invisible or \\\\'masks\\\\' it so that it is pleasant to the eye. The reason that old people are absent from television commercials or are mostly represented in a negative light is to be found in the low purchasing power of this age group, but also in the fact that advertising in Serbia developed practically overnight, and therefore has not always been able to follow foreign advertising trends, which treat the elderly as a worthy target audience for commercials.This paper is the result of a three-month monitoring of Serbian television commercials which aimed to study the way elderly people are represented in the media. Elderly people appear in only six commercials, more often as a functional part of a series than as protagonists. Yet in spite of the small number of commercials in which they appear, it is easy to identify the stereotypes which are translated from a social paradigm into the sphere of the media. The stereotypes on which commercials are based belong for the most part to the corpus of negative stereotypes of elderly people as hopelessly behind the times, feeble, lonely, irritating, cantankerous, etc. Some positive stereotypes are also evident, but they are mostly limited to a perception of elderly people as kindly givers of useful advice. It is interesting to note that the \\\\'cantankerous people next door\\\\' are as a rule anonymous elderly people, as are those \\\\'lost in time and space\\\\', who are mostly elderly women. In contrast, those who let their careers and images be associated with a certain product, in order to pass on their great experience and knowledge, are as a rule famous persons.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Investigating Non-Linear Trends in Questionnaire Studies Using Contrastive Bipolar Scales. The following study provides evidence that the use of a high number of test items in a subjective rating task with a bipolar scale does not affect the outcome detrimentally, a question hitherto unexplored in quantitative linguistics. By 'contrastive bipolar scale' we have in mind a scale with two different, explicit 'options' (here words), one at each end. We analyse a large-scale rating study consisting of nearly 1,000 participants and almost 700 pairs of word items per participant. A pair consisted of two synonymous words from a non-standard Silesian variety, one of German origin (a loan), one from the Polish Standard language. The judgement to be given was an estimation of the subjective frequency of the use of the German loan in comparison to its Polish equivalent in colloquial Silesian speech. We use non-linear regression analysis, GAMM, to examine if the presentation order of words affects the mean ratings. Findings show that results are not affected by either the high number of test items or the order of the presentation of word items.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Genetic modification of potato against microbial diseases: in vitro and in planta activity of a dermaseptin B1 derivative, MsrA2. Dermaseptin B1 is a potent cationic antimicrobial peptide found in skin secretions of the arboreal frog Phyllomedusa bicolor. A synthetic derivative of dermaseptin B1, MsrA2 (N-Met-dermaseptin B1), elicited strong antimicrobial activities against various phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria in vitro. To assess its potential for plant protection, MsrA2 was expressed at low levels (1-5 mu g/g of fresh tissue) in the transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Desiree. Stringent challenges of these transgenic potato plants with a variety of highly virulent fungal phytopathogens-Alternaria, Cercospora, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Verticillium species-and with the bacterial pathogen Erwinia carotovora demonstrated that the plants had an unusually broad-spectrum and powerful resistance to infection. MsrA2 profoundly protected both plants and tubers from diseases such as late blight, dry rot and pink rot and markedly extended the storage life of tubers. Due to these properties in planta, MsrA2 is proposed as an ideal antimicrobial peptide candidate to significantly increase resistance to phytopathogens and improve quality in a variety of crops worldwide with the potential to obviate fungicides and facilitate storage under difficult conditions.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 7, 20, 9]}
{"token": "In the Eyes of the Law: Perception Versus Reality in Appraisals of Video Evidence. Video evidence has been widely welcomed into courtrooms, largely on the implicit faith that video objectively represents the legally relevant facts as they are. In this paper, we argue that both lay and legal understanding of video as \\\\'objective\\\\' is a misapprehension. The ways in which people watch video, as well as the vividness of the format itself, may encourage biased decision-making. We suggest the need for an evidence-based understanding of the probative value and prejudicial pitfalls of video, adapting a rubric used by scholars to assess the reliability of eyewitness testimony. Drawing from contemporary research on visual attention and perception, we question the reliability of people's interpretations of video. Specifically, we suggest that people overbelieve video, assuming their interpretations are more accurate and complete than they actually are and failing to discriminate inaccurate from accurate interpretations. Further, people are largely unaware of these biases in their processing of video evidence. We conclude by suggesting future avenues of research geared toward the development of rules and interventions for the presentation of video evidence. We seek to promote dialogue between legal experts and psychologists about new ways to reduce biases in judgment and to maximize the benefits of an increasingly prevalent type of evidence.", "label": [2, 3, 5, 22, 29, 55]}
{"token": "Dyslipidemia: Current Therapies and Strategies to Overcome Barriers for Use. Dyslipidemia continues to be a major predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with risk factors as well as diagnosed atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Recent clinical trials and national guidelines from the US Preventive Services Task Force, American College of Cardiology, and American Heart Association have reinforced a paradigm shift from quantitative reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets to prevention and risk factor reduction. Optimized medical therapies have become more inclusive of patients in both the primary and secondary care settings. Although statins continue to be a cornerstone of all recommended therapeutic options, many barriers to patient adherence with medical therapy exist. As medical options change to include the newer lipid-lowering treatments, patient adherence and provider practice challenges can diminish the benefits these medications offer. Although the phenomenon of adherence is complex, multidis-ciplinary teams, technology, improved communication, prior authorization, step-wise approaches, and the streamlining of the appeal process have shown benefit to mitigate cardiovascular disease-related sequelae. A current overview of practitioner barriers such as organizational restrictions, as well as patient challenges such as poor health literacy and poverty, are examined. Collaborative, multidisciplinary planning and interventions are reviewed with suggestions to increase patient adherence and optimize treatment regimens. This article reinforces existing knowledge while providing new insights to these issues. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "What about China? Religious Vitality in the Most Secular and Rapidly Modernizing Society. Through a biographical and historical account of religious change in China, this article first offers a personal observation of life in a society without religion. In the last three decades or so, however, unbeknown to most sociologists in China and the West, a quiet spiritual revolution has swept the vast land. Contemporary China is indeed a fertile field for sociologists to examine the social importance of religion in the modern world. His scholarly research on religion has been driven both by personal curiosity and a sense of social responsibility. The author explains what questions have propelled his empirical research and theoretical development. Constructively engaged with both classic and contemporary sociologists, the author calls for going beyond national boundaries and transcend various forms of parochialism in their social scientific endeavor.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
{"token": "Microbial Source Tracking Analysis Using Viral Indicators in Santa Lucia and Uruguay Rivers, Uruguay. The aim of this study was to determine the origin (human, bovine or porcine) and the concentration of the fecal sources of contamination in waters from Santa Lucia basin and Uruguay River in Uruguay by using host-specific viral markers (adenoviruses and polyomaviruses) as microbial source tracking (MST). Between June 2015 and May 2016, monthly collections of surface water samples were performed in six sites in Santa Lucia basin and four sites in Uruguay River (n = 120 samples). Viral concentration was carried out using an absorption-elution method. Detection and quantification of human and porcine adenovirus (HAdV and PAdV, respectively) and human and bovine polyomavirus (HPyV and BoPyV, respectively) were performed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). To evaluate the infectivity of circulating HAdV, an integrated cell culture-qPCR (ICC-qPCR) was used. A logistic regression analysis was carried out to estimate the influence of environmental variables on the virus presence in surface waters. Overall, HAdV was the prevalent (18%; 21/120) followed by BoPyV (11%; 13/120) and HPyV (3%; 3/120), whereas PAdV was not detected in this study. The mean concentration ranged from 1.5 x 10(4) genomic copies/L (gc/L) for HAdV to 1.8 x 10(2) gc/L for HPyV. Infective HAdVs were observed in two out of ten analyzed samples. A significant effect of environmental temperature (p = 0.001) and river (p = 0.012) on the presence of human viruses was found. These results suggest that fecal contamination could affect the water quality of these rivers, showing deficiencies in the procedure of sewage discharge from regional cities, livestock and dairy farms.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 5, 8, 43, 52, 21]}
{"token": "Effect of COD/SO42-ratio and sulfide on thermophilic (55 degrees C) sulfate reduction during the acidification of sucrose at pH 6. This study investigated the effect of the COD/SO42- ratio (4 and 1) and the sulfide 4 concentration on the performance of thermophilic (55 degrees C) acidifying (pH 6) upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactors fed with sucrose at an organic loading rate of 4.5 g CODreactor-1 day(-1). Sulfate reduction efficiencies amounted to 65% and 25-35% for the COD/SO42- ratios of 4 and 1, respectively Acidification was complete at all the tested 4 conditions and the electron flow was similar at the two COD/SO2- ratios applied. The 4 stepwise decrease of the sulfide concentrations in the reactors with a COD/SO2- ratio of 1 4 by N-2 stripping caused an immediate stepwise increase in the sulfate reduction efficiencies, indicating a reversible inhibition by sulfide. The degree of reversibility was, however, affected by the growth conditions of the sludge. Acidifying sludge pre-grown at pH 6, at a COD/SO42- ratio of 9 and exposed for 150 days to 115 mgl(-1) sulfide, showed a slower 4 recovery from the sulfide inhibition than a freshly harvested sludge from a full scale 4 = 9.5) exposed for a 70 days to 200 mgl(-1) sulfide. In treatment plant (pH 7 and COD/SO42- the latter case, the decrease of the sulfide concentration from 200 to 45 mgl(-1) (35 mgl(-1) undissociated sulfide) by N-2 stripping caused an immediate increase of the sulfate reduction efficiency from 35% to 96%. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "La voix humaine: instrument a vent ou instrument a cordes? Un parcours historique (XVIIe/XVIII(e)siecles) autour de cette question. ReSUMe La voix humaine fascine, et cela, depuis toujours. Elle intrigue, et par sa force d'expression, elle provoque des reactions aupres des auditeurs et interlocuteurs. Aux XVII(e)et XVIII(e)siecles, on ne dispose pas encore des moyens modernes pour analyser la voix. Grammairiens, mais aussi rhetoriciens, medecins et musiciens, tous les specialistes de la voix, cherchent alors un moyen pour s'approcher de ce phenomene difficile a cerner. Une astuce est la comparaison entre la voix et la phonation d'un cote, et un instrument de musique de l'autre. Cette comparaison permet de poser la voix en un objet plus facilement comprehensible et descriptible que le sont les processus se deroulant a l'interieur de l'appareil phonatoire. Plusieurs types d'instruments sont proposes dans les textes, que l'on peut resumer en trois grands groupes: l'instrument a vent, l'instrument a cordes et un type combine. Nous nous interessons aux contextes d'utilisation et a la valeur epistemologique de chacun de ces types, aux objectifs qui determinent le choix des auteurs pour un certain type, et aux raisons de l'abandon de la comparaison.", "label": [3, 31, 28]}
{"token": "Highlighting the Challenges When Conducting Cross-National Studies: Use of Transcultural Theory. Insufficient exploration of multicultural social justice competence in research methodology and procedures may contribute to lingering clinical problems for diverse populations. Using transcultural theory to evaluate the effectiveness of cross-national research, the authors examined the various cross-national methodological challenges during the research design, analysis, and interpretation stages. Recommendations focus on expanding the Multicultural Social Justice Counseling Competencies (Ratts, Singh, Nassar-McMillan, Butler, & McCullough, ) to prepare researchers with enhanced skills to explore issues involving diverse populations.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "STI Foresight in Brazil. Globally, advanced countries and institutions emphasise Foresight studies that create spaces for structured dialogue with a focus on systemic or transformative innovation. Aligned with the coordination of societal actors, foresight processes of that kind aim to better enable innovation systems to address common challenges. In doing so, foresight activities become more relevant and have greater impacts in decision-making processes.The analysis of the evolution of Foresight in Brazil presented in this paper shows a greater role of such studies in formulating science, technology and innovation policy. Foresight projects carried out by the Brazilian Center for Strategic Studies and Management in Science, Technology and Innovation (CGEE) raise new strategic questions that should be investigated and addressed to reorient the Brazilian National Innovation System.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
{"token": "DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PREDATORY SOIL NEMATODE PRIONCHULUS STURHANI SP NOV (NEMATODA: MONONCHIDA). Prionchulus sturhani sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Germany. This new species is characterized by medium body length (1.63-1.88 mm), rounded head, cephalic papillae bigger than labial ones, cylindrical and medium sized (35.1-39.7 x 19.2-20.0 mu m) buccal cavity, lower position of dorsal tooth (17.6-20.0% of the buccal cavity length), relatively short tail (77.3-87.7 mu m, c=20.5-24.4, c'=1.7-2.2) with rounded tip, female genital branches without spermatheca and valvular apparatus between uterus and oviduct, pars refringens vaginae with close and poorly marked, almost transparent, narrow drops-shaped sclerotizations, relatively long and thick walled pars distalis vaginae.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Crucifixion Hermeneutics in Judaism at the Time of Jesus. This essay strongly suggests that prior to Jesus' death and its interpretation Judaism knew no interpretative means capable of transforming the ignominious death of crucifixion into something favorable.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "NATIONALIZATION AND PRIVATIZATION IN BRAZIL: THE ROLE OF STATE COMPANIES IN THE CYCLES OF GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN THE ECONOMIC FIELD. This paper aims to unveil the movements of expansion and shrinkage of the State Productive Sector (SPS) in Brazil between 1930 and 2010, as well as the arguments used by the governments to justify these processes. First, we describe the formation of the Brazilian SPS, highlighting the quantitative growth of these organizations. We analyse the economic and ideological changes triggering the privatization movement of the 80's, which aimed to stop the uncontrolled growth of the number of state companies. Since 1990, the privatization process intensified and, with the beginning of the government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, it became part of a broader movement to reform the State. The final section addresses the Lula mandates, characterized by a recovery of State intervention and, on the other hand, by the maintenance of the concessions policy started by the previous government.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ELEVATED ACTIVITY OF ARYL ACYLAMIDASE AND PROPANIL RESISTANCE IN JUNGLE-RICE, ECHINOCHLOA-COLONA. Aryl acylamidase (aryl-acylamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.13) activity has been measured in crude extracts from leaves of propanil-susceptible (S) and propanil-resistant (R) biotypes of the grass weed, Echinochloa colona (L.) Link from Columbia. Both specific and total amidase activity increased with plant age up to 15 days (four-leaf stage), then decreased beyond 20 days to about 50% of the maximum at 36 days in both R and S E. colona biotypes. Specific activity with propanil in the R biotype was about 80% of that obtained for rice (Oryza sativa L.), compared to 25% in the susceptible biotype. The specific activity of the propanil amidase was three-fold higher in the R biotype than in the S. Partially purified amidase extracts from rice and both S and R biotypes of E. colona were compared biochemically. Both rice and E. colona amidases had a pH optimum of 7.5 and native relative molecular masses, estimated by gel filtration, of 179 000 and 181 000, respectively. Out of six substrates tested, three produced appreciable activity (propanil, 4-chloroacetanilide and acetanilide) in both rice and E. colona. Michaelis constants showed that the rice amidase had a higher affinity for propanil (0.36 mM) than had the E. colona enzyme (1.1 mM). Carbamates and organophosphorus pesticides were shown to inhibit amidase activity in partially purified rice and E. colona extracts. Additional preliminary data have implicated peroxidase in the next step of propanil metabolism in vitro. These data demonstrate that increased aryl acylamidase activity contributes to resistance to the herbicide propanil in E. colona weeds. Also, a biochemical comparison of purified aryl acylamidases from S and R biotypes of E. colona is presented for the first time.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "Impact of Self-Energy Recycling and Cooperative Jamming on SWIPT-Based FD Relay Networks With Secrecy Constraints. This paper investigates the secrecy performance of a power splitting-based simultaneous wireless information and power transfer cooperative relay network in the presence of an eavesdropper. The relay is considered to operate in full-duplex (FD) mode to perform both energy harvesting and information decoding simultaneously. To accomplish that, the relay is assumed to employ two rechargeable batteries, which switch between power supplying mode and charging mode at each transmission block. We also assume that the self-interference inherent of the FD mode is not completely suppressed. Therefore, it is assumed that, after some stages of passive and active self-interference cancellation, there is still a residual self-interference (RSI). A portion of this RSI (remaining after passive cancellation) is recycled for energy harvesting. In order to improve the system secrecy performance, it is considered that the relay can split its transmit power to send the information signal and to emit a jamming signal to degrade the eavesdropper's channel. The secrecy performance is evaluated in terms of the secrecy outage probability and the optimal secrecy throughput. Tight-approximate and asymptotic expressions are obtained for the secrecy outage probability, and the particle swarm optimization method is employed for addressing the secrecy throughput optimization problem. From numerical results, we show that the secrecy performance can be increased depending on the self-energy recycling channel condition. Finally, our derived expressions are validated via Monte Carlo simulations.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Configurations of the Penrose Tiling beyond Nearest Neighbors. Starting from the eight vertex types in the Penrose tiling, we investigate the configurations beyond the nearest neighbors. The detailed structure of configurations and their concentrations in the whole pattern are obtained. It is found that the number of configuration types increases greatly when the observed clusters are becoming larger, which indicates that it is difficult to generate a perfect Penrose tiling according to the local matching rules.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Chemometrics in brewing - A review. Chemometrics is the application of principles of measurement science and multivariate mathematics and statistics to efficiently extract maximum useful information from data. It can be applied to sensory, chemical, and biological measurements and typically is applied when multiple measurements are made on a set of samples. Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is often used to simplify and gain better understanding of large, complicated data sets. EDA can also be used to determine how many fundamental properties are represented in a data set and the extent to which measurements are redundant. Pattern recognition (PARC) can be used to identify the cultivar or growing area of a raw material or the brand or production plant in which a product was made from its pattern of analytical results. Advanced PARC procedures can detect adulteration or be used for multivariate quality assurance or quality control. Empirical modeling has many applications, including development of analytical methods, discerning the relationships between product composition and sensory properties, developing knowledge of relationships between molecular structure and biological properties, and developing control algorithms for unit operations or processes.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
{"token": "Sensorimotor cortical response during motion reflecting audiovisual stimulation: evidence from fractal EEG analysis. Sensorimotor activity in response to motion reflecting audiovisual titillation is studied in this article. EEG recordings, and especially the Mu-rhythm over the sensorimotor cortex (C3, CZ, and C4 electrodes), were acquired and explored. An experiment was designed to provide auditory (Modest Mussorgsky's \\\\'Promenade\\\\' theme) and visual (synchronized human figure walking) stimuli to advanced music students (AMS) and non-musicians (NM) as a control subject group. EEG signals were analyzed using fractal dimension (FD) estimation (Higuchi's, Katz's and Petrosian's algorithms) and statistical methods. Experimental results from the midline electrode (CZ) based on the Higuchi method showed significant differences between the AMS and the NM groups, with the former displaying substantial sensorimotor response during auditory stimulation and stronger correlation with the acoustic stimulus than the latter. This observation was linked to mirror neuron system activity, a neurological mechanism that allows trained musicians to detect action-related meanings underlying the structural patterns in musical excerpts. Contrarily, the response of AMS and NM converged during audiovisual stimulation due to the dominant presence of human-like motion in the visual stimulus. These findings shed light upon music perception aspects, exhibiting the potential of FD to respond to different states of cortical activity.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 22, 15, 40, 42]}
{"token": "The embryonic development of the Egyptian cobra Naja h. haje (Squamata: Serpentes: Elapidae). The Egyptian cobra, Naja h. haje, is the largest of the African cobras and is a member of a successful and medically important species complex found throughout Africa, north and south of the Sahara, as well as across the Arabian Peninsula to Oman. Although its phylogenetic position and venom characteristics have been well studied, its development has not. Here, we present a normal staging table for N. h. haje, based on external features. Comparison with firstly the Asian monocled cobra, Naja kaouthia, and then with the small number of other oviparous snake species, allowed us to examine whether differences between two species in the same genus were of the same type and magnitude as those between unrelated genera. In fact, at least with respect to external features, we found a similar level of disparity. N. h. haje embryos lagged behind those of N. kaouthia in body and head scale development, size in ovo and hatchling length, despite having a slightly shorter incubation period and a somewhat larger adult size. Some of these differences may have been the result of differing incubation temperatures. Nonetheless, there does appear to be a broadly conserved pattern of in ovo development in at least macrostomatan snakes.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
{"token": "Beyond secular and religious: An intellectual genealogy of Tahrir Square. Competing visions of Egypt's future have long been divided along secular versus religious lines, a split that both the Sadat and Mubarak regimes exploited to weaken political opposition. In this context, one striking feature of the Egyptian uprising that took place last spring is the extent to which it defied characterization in terms of the religioussecular binary. In this commentary, I explore how this movement drew sustenance from a unique political sensibility, one disencumbered of the secular versus religious oppositional logic and its concomitant forms of political rationality. This sensibility has a distinct intellectual genealogy within Egyptian political experience. I focus here on the careers of three Egyptian public intellectuals whose pioneering engagement with the question of the place of Islam within Egyptian political life provided an important part of the scaffolding, in my view, for the practices of solidarity and association that brought down the Mubarak regime. [Egypt, politics, intellectuals, secular, Islam]", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Stabilising lamellar stacks of lipid bilayers with soft confinement and steric effects. Structure and interactions stabilising the lamellar stack of mixed lipid bilayers in their fluid state are investigated by means of small-angle X-ray scattering. The (electrically neutral) bilayers are composed of a mixtures of lecithin, a zwitterionic phospholipid, and Simulsol, a non-ionic cosurfactant with an ethoxylated polar head. The soft confinement of the bilayer hydrophilic components is varied by changing hydration and bilayer composition, as well as the length of the cosurfactant polar head. Structural transitions are observed at low hydration, in the stacking order for the longer cosurfactant, and in the mixed bilayers for the shorter one. At higher hydration, the swelling of the lamellar stacks occurs with a significant, but continuous evolution in the mixed bilayer structure. The bilayer structural changes are discussed in analogy with the so-called \\\\'brush-to-mushroom\\\\' transition induced by lateral confinement, relevant for long linear polymers grafted onto rigid surfaces, taking also into account the role of vertical confinement.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Imaging Moving Targets for a Forward-Scanning Automotive SAR. In this paper, we extend the forward-scanning synthetic aperture radar (SAR) methodology to reconstruct images of the moving targets, for a forward-looking automotive radar. We adapt a matrix decomposition approach to forward-scanning SAR in order to separate moving targets from clutter/stationary objects. To solve our optimization problem, we propose an iterative solution based on augmented Lagrangian method. Image focusing, over the synthetic aperture, is achieved through spatial segmentation and cross-correlation maximization. Our proposed method results in well-focused imaging of the moving targets with enhanced angular resolution. Experimental results from simulation as well as real-data corroborate our proposed methodology.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "WOOD CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF THREE SPECIES FROM A MEDIUM DECIDUOUS FOREST. Here, we determined the chemical composition of three plant species, Prunus hintonii (C. K. Allen) Kostern, Pseudobombax ellipticum (Kunth) Dugand, and Thouinia villosa DC. We assessed the pH, ash content, ash composition, extractives, holocellulose, and lignin contents. We determined the following ranges: pH 4.6 to 8.7, ash 0.61- to 6.2- % (calcium, potassium and magnesium in major concentrations), total extractives 5.6- to 13.2- %, holocellulose 50.0- to 68.9- %, and lignin 21.5- to 30.1- %. A variance analysis of the results indicated that the values for the chemical components were statistically different (p < 0.01) among species, except for the hot water extractives.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Purification and structural stability of the peach allergens Pru p 1 and Pru p 3. Pru p 1 (a Bet v 1 homologue) and Pru p 3 (a nonspecific lipid transfer protein; nsLTP) are major allergenic proteins in peach fruit, but differ in their abundance and stability. Pru p 1 has low abundance and is highly labile and was purified after expression as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Pru p 3 is highly abundant in peach peel and was purified by conventional methods. The identities of the proteins were confirmed by sequence analysis and their masses determined by MS analysis. The purified proteins reacted with antisera against related allergens from other species: Pru p 1 with antiserum to Bet v 1 and Pru p 3 with antiserum to Mal d 3 (from apple). The presence of secondary and tertiary structure was demonstrated by circular dichroism (CD) and high field NMR spectroscopy. CD spectroscopy also showed that the two proteins differed in their stability at pH 3 and in their ability to refold after heating to 95 degrees C. Thus, Pru p 1 was unfolded at pH 3 even at 25 degrees C but was able to refold after heating to 95 degrees C at pH 7.5. In contrast, Pru p 3 was unable to refold after heating under neutral conditions but readily refolded after heating at pH 3.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Interventions for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction in Korean Americans: A Systematic Review. This systematic review was to identify and synthesize literature that described the cultural appropriateness and effectiveness of interventions aimed at cardiovascular risk reduction in Korean Americans. We searched multiple electronic databases for studies published between January 2000 and August 2017 and identified 14 eligible research reports. All reviewed studies targeted first-generation Korean American adults. Most of the reviewed studies incorporated components of surface structure, and leveraged deep structure in those interventions. Significant changes in cardiovascular health outcomes were reported in most of the reviewed studies; however, the role of cultural factors in the outcomes was rarely evaluated, and few reported long-term effects. Future research needs to consider long-term effects. Deploying cultural factors and evaluating their contributions to the target outcomes will enhance the research on cardiovascular health disparities.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "HIV-1 Drug Resistance Genotyping in Resource Limited Settings: Current and Future Perspectives in Sequencing Technologies. Affordable, sensitive, and scalable technologies are needed for monitoring antiretroviral treatment (ART) success with the goal of eradicating HIV-1 infection. This review discusses use of Sanger sequencing and next generation sequencing (NGS) methods for HIV-1 drug resistance (HIVDR) genotyping, focusing on their use in resource limited settings (RLS). Sanger sequencing remains the gold-standard method for detecting HIVDR mutations of clinical relevance but is mainly limited by high sequencing costs and low-throughput. NGS is becoming a more common sequencing method, with the ability to detect low-abundance drug-resistant variants and reduce per sample costs through sample pooling and massive parallel sequencing. However, use of NGS in RLS is mainly limited by infrastructure costs. Given these shortcomings, our review discusses sequencing technologies for HIVDR genotyping, focusing on common in-house and commercial assays, challenges with Sanger sequencing in keeping up with changes in HIV-1 treatment programs, as well as challenges with NGS that limit its implementation in RLS and in clinical diagnostics. We further discuss knowledge gaps and offer recommendations on how to overcome existing barriers for implementing HIVDR genotyping in RLS, to make informed clinical decisions that improve quality of life for people living with HIV.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "A multimodal analysis of Jane Eyre book covers. This paper applies visual grammar theory to make a multimodal discourse analysis of book covers of the different Chinese versions of Jane Eyre. It illustrates the relationship between the social environment and social changes in Chinese society and culture in relation to an increasing social acceptance of the novel in China. This research not only validates the applicability and practicability of visual grammar in analyzing book covers, but also helps to show an ideological change in Chinese readers and publishers over time from the 1930s to the 21st century. Indeed, the connotations of book covers of the different Chinese versions of Jane Eyre seem to be closely related to different historical and social contexts. They document and bear witness to, in their particular way, the tremendous changes in Chinese society from early last century on. They also show that Jane, the heroine of the novel, seemed to be re-discovered over and over again in China, depending on the main social features of different periods. She seems to have been portrayed as the gray presence, the feminist, the lover and protagonist, and finally the icon.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Pressor Response to Noradrenaline in the Setting of Septic Shock: Anything New under the Sun-Dexmedetomidine, Clonidine? A Minireview. Progress over the last 50 years has led to a decline in mortality from approximate to 70% to approximate to 20% in the best series of patients with septic shock. Nevertheless, refractory septic shock still carries a mortality close to 100%. In the best series, the mortality appears related to multiple organ failure linked to comorbidities and/or an intense inflammatory response: shortening the period that the subject is exposed to circulatory instability may further lower mortality. Treatment aims at reestablishing circulation within a \\\\'central\\\\' compartment (i.e., brain, heart, and lung) but fails to reestablish a disorganized microcirculation or an adequate response to noradrenaline, the most widely used vasopressor. Indeed, steroids, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, or donors have not achieved overwhelming acceptance in the setting of septic shock. Counterintuitively, alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonists were shown to reduce noradrenaline requirements in two cases of human septic shock. This has been replicated in rat and sheep models of sepsis. In addition, some data show that alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonists lead to an improvement in the microcirculation. Evidence-based documentation of the effects of alpha-2 agonists is needed in the setting of human septic shock.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
{"token": "Pharmacy student perspectives on classroom education about herbal supplements. Results. A majority of the students perceived their knowledge of herbal supplements was inadequate. Almost all (95%) students reported a need to learn more about herbal supplements, primarily from pharmacy courses and books. Attitudes towards safety and efficacy of herbal supplements varied. Almost half agreed that herbal supplements should only be sold in pharmacies. Providing information on herbal supplements was viewed as the pharmacist's responsibility.Methods. A 17-item questionnaire was distributed during regularly scheduled classes to third-, fourth-, and fifth-year pharmacy students.Objectives. To assess students' perspectives on including education about herbal supplements in the curriculum.Conclusions. Students perceive their knowledge about herbal supplements to be inadequate and desire more information through didactic courses. While pharmacy associations should establish guidelines for herbal education in pharmacy curricula, pharmacy schools should work towards developing a structured approach to teaching about herbal supplements.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
{"token": "Influence of magnesium ions on heat shock and ethanol stress responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This study has highlighted the role of magnesium ions in the amelioration of the detrimental effects of ethanol toxicity and temperature shock in a winemaking strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Specifically, results based on measurements of cellular viability and heat shock protein synthesis together with scanning electron microscopy have shown that, by increasing the bioavailability of magnesium ions, physiological protection is conferred on yeast cells. Elevating magnesium levels in the growth medium from 2 to 20 mM results in repression of certain heat shock proteins following a typical heat shock regime (30-42 degrees C shift). Seed inocula cultures prepropagated in elevated levels of magnesium (i.e. 'preconditioned') also conferred thermotolerance on cells and repressed the biosynthesis of heat shock proteins. Similar results were observed in response to ethanol stress. Extra- and intracellular magnesium may both act in the physiological stress protection of yeast cells and this approach offers potential benefits in alcoholic fermentation processes. The working hypothesis based on our findings is that magnesium protects yeast cells by preventing increases in cell membrane permeability elicited by ethanol and temperature-induced stress. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Recent advances in the (molecular) phylogeny of vertebrates. The analysis of molecular phylogenetic data has advanced the knowledge of the relationships among the major groups of living vertebrates. Whereas the molecular hypotheses generally agree with traditional morphology-based systematics, they sometimes contradict them. We review the major controversies in vertebrate phylogenetics and the contribution of molecular phylogenetic data to their resolution: (a) the mono-paraphyly of cyclostomes, (b) the relationships among the major groups of ray-finned fish, (c) the identity of the living sistergroup of tetrapods, (d) the relationships among the living orders of amphibians, (e) the phylogeny of amniotes with particular emphasis on the position of turtles as diapsids, (f) ordinal relationships among birds, and (g) the radiation of mammals with specific attention to the phylogenetic relationships among the monotremes, marsupial, and placental mammals. We present a discussion of limitations of currently used molecular markers and phylogenetic methods as well as make recommendations for future approaches and sets of marker genes.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Preparing Civil Engineers for International Collaboration in Construction Management. Economic globalization is increasingly affecting both the construction industry and academia. It is changing the traditional roles of civil engineers and construction managers. Cross-cultural collaboration and communication skills, multinational team management skills, the ability to overcome the social challenges of geographically distributed teams, and familiarity with construction materials, standards, and methods of foreign countries are vital for modern construction professionals. However, the traditional skills and education style of engineers and construction managers do not equip them to successfully deal with such issues. This paper describes the experiences of a university course International Collaborative Construction Management that was developed to educate the next generation of civil engineers to be more internationally savvy. Throughout the three years that the course has been conducted to date, students in Turkey, the United States, Israel, and Brazil were grouped in multinational teams. They collaborated to develop construction schedules, cost estimates, risk assessment plans and response strategies and to prepare bid documents for actual construction projects. Within the context of this course, students were introduced to the different challenges of cross-cultural collaboration and improved their technical/managerial skills through direct involvement in hands-on experiences. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000044. (C) 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 15]}
{"token": "Optimization of discharge printing of indigo denim using potassium permanganate via response surface regression. Originality/value The KMnO4 oxidation process is considered eco-friendly because manganese dioxide, which is formed when permanganate is reduced, can be recycled. Thus, the use of KMnO4 can be considered as an eco-friendly safe process for the discharging of indigo dyes.Practical implications This study highlights the practical implication of KMnO4 to be used as a safe and effective discharging agent under different conditions and to optimize the parameters using statistical analysis to ensure minimum loss in textile properties. The use of denim has evolved over the decades from a rough and tough workwear to highly fashionable apparel. Various dry and wet processing techniques have been introduced in recent years for the value-addition of denim - discharge printing is one of them. As lab to bulk reproducibility requires some sort of experience and adjustments in main parameters, the practical feasibility on the bulk scale should be adjusted in advance by means of the lab scale experimentation.Findings It was found that some captivating discharge printing effects could be produced using appropriate KMnO4 concentration, printing paste pH and reaction time without any significant loss in the fabric strength.Design/methodology/approach Response surface methodology, which is a statistical technique for the optimization of process variables, was used to study the effect of three key variables, i.e. KMnO4 concentration, printing paste pH and reaction time on whiteness and strength of discharged printed fabric. Regression models were developed to predict response variables, i.e whiteness, tensile strength and tear strength of discharge printed denim.Purpose This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) as an efficient discharging agent for indigo-dyed denim fabrics and identification of key variables for its cost-efficient implication.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 11]}
{"token": "Towards Sensor-Based Phenotyping of Physical Barriers of Grapes to Improve Resilience to Botrytis Bunch Rot. Botrytis bunch rot is one of the economically most important fungal diseases in viticulture (aside from powdery mildew and downy mildew). So far, no active defense mechanisms and resistance loci against the necrotrophic pathogen are known. Since long, breeders are mostly selecting phenotypically for loose grape bunches, which is recently the most evident trait to decrease the infection risk of Botrytis bunch rot. This study focused on plant phenomics of multiple traits by applying fast sensor technologies to measure berry impedance (Z(REL)), berry texture, and 3D bunch architecture. As references, microscopic determined cuticle thickness (MSCT) and infestation of grapes with Botrytis bunch rot were used. Z(REL) hereby is correlated to grape bunch density OIV204 (r = -0.6), cuticle thickness of berries (r = 0.61), mean berry diameter (r = -0.63), and Botrytis bunch rot (r = -0.7). However, no correlation between Z(REL) and berry maturity or berry texture was observed. In comparison to the category of traditional varieties (mostly susceptible), elite breeding lines show an impressive increased Z(REL) value (+317) and a 1-mu m thicker berry cuticle. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on LGs 2, 6, 11, 15, and 16 were identified for Z(REL) and berry texture explaining a phenotypic variance of between 3 and 10.9%. These QTLs providing a starting point for the development of molecular markers. Modeling of Z(REL) and berry texture to predict Botrytis bunch rot resilience revealed McFadden R-2 = 0.99. Taken together, this study shows that in addition to loose grape bunch architecture, berry diameter, Z(REL), and berry texture values are probably additional parameters that could be used to identify and select Botrytis-resilient wine grape varieties. Furthermore, grapevine breeding will benefit from these reliable methodologies permitting high-throughput screening for additional resilience traits of mechanical and physical barriers to Botrytis bunch rot. The findings might also be applicable to table grapes and other fruit crops like tomato or blueberry.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Simultaneous Longitudinal and Transverse Oscillations in an Active-Region Filament. We report on the co-existence of longitudinal and transverse oscillations in an active-region filament. On March 15, 2013, an M1.1 class flare was observed in Active Region AR 11692. A coronal mass ejection (CME) was found to be associated with the flare. The CME generated a shock wave that triggered the oscillations in a nearby filament, situated south-west of the active region as observed from National Solar Observatory (NSO) Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG) Ha images. In this work we report the longitudinal oscillations in the two ends of the filament, which co-existed with the transverse oscillations. We propose a scenario in which an incoming shock wave hits the filament obliquely and triggers both longitudinal and transverse oscillations. Using the observed parameters, we estimate the lower limit of the magnetic field strength. We use a simple pendulum model with gravity as the restoring force to estimate the radius of curvature. We also calculate the mass accretion rate that causes the filament motions to damp quite fast.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Analysis of the South Australian Aboriginal population using the Global AIMs Nano ancestry test. We investigate the ability of the 31 SNP loci in the Global AIMs Nano set to distinguish self-declared Australian Aboriginal individuals from European, Oceanic, African, Native American and East Asian populations. Human evolution suggests that Australian Aboriginal individuals came to Australia approximately 50 000 years ago, during the time it made up part of Sahul. Since then the colonisation of Australia by Europeans has meant significant admixture within the Australian Aboriginal population. These two events present themselves in our study with the Aboriginal population creating a continuous genetic cline between the Oceanic and European groups. We also assigned the Aboriginal individuals into their traditional regional groups to determine whether there was any ability to distinguish these from each other. We found similar results to studies using other markers, namely that the more remote regions (that have been less affected by admixture) diverged from the rest. Overall, we found the ability of the GNano system to differentiate self-declared Australian Aboriginal individuals was reasonable but had limitations that need to be recognised if these assignments are applied to unknown individuals.", "label": [2, 3, 20, 29]}
{"token": "Novel and Recurrent Mutations in the NF1 Gene in Italian Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common autosomal dominant disorders in humans, affecting 1 in 3500 individuals. NF1 is a fully penetrant exhibiting a mutation rate some 10-fold higher compared to most other disease genes. As a consequence, a high number of cases (up to 50%) are sporadic. Mutation detection is complex due to the large size of NF1 gene, the presence of pseudogenes and the great variety of lesions. In the present study we attempted to delineate the NF1 mutational spectrum in the Italian population reporting four-year experience with the direct analysis of the whole NF1 coding region in 110 unrelated subjects affected by NF1. For each patient, the whole coding sequence and all splice sites were studied for mutations, either by the protein truncation test (PTT), or, most often, by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). Mutations were identified in 75 (68%) patients. Twenty-two mutations were found to be novel. The detection rate for the different methods was 7/18 (39%) for PTT, and 68/103 (66%) for DHPLC. The mutations were evenly distributed along the NF1 coding sequence. Thirty-two of the 75 unrelated NF1 patients in which germline mutations were identified (32/75, 43%) harbour 23 different recurrent mutations. Fifteen sequence variants likely to represent nonpathogenic polymorphisms were observed at the NF1 locus. Genotype-phenotype analysis was unable to detect any obvious correlation. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "How Reliable Are Reports of Early Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health Events In Demographic and Health Surveys?. CONCLUSIONS: Caution should be exercised when inferring changes in early adolescent sexual and reproductive health on the basis of estimates from the DHS. Greater effort should be made to develop data collection instruments that reduce misreporting of self-reported data from women sampled in household surveys.RESULTS: Marked differences in estimates for very early first births and marriage were found. Women aged 15-19 were much less likely to report marriages and first births before age 15 than were women from the same birth cohort when asked five years later at ages 20-24. Early sexual debut was reported more consistently in consecutive surveys than early marriages or births.CONTEXT: Age at sexual debut, age at first marriage or first union and age at first birth are among the most widely used indicators of health and well-being for female adolescents. However, the accuracy of estimates for these indicators, particularly for younger adolescents, is poorly understood.METHODS: For each of nine countries in Africa and Latin America, Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from two surveys conducted five years apart were used to examine women's reports of age at sexual debut, marriage or first union, and first birth. The consistency of estimates between surveys and across birth cohorts is described, focusing particularly on the reporting of events occurring before age 15 and age 16.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24, 57]}
{"token": "Variation of the chemical contents and morphology of gunshot residue in the surroundings of the shooting pistol as a potential contribution to a shooting incidence reconstruction. A study of the chemical contents and sizes of gunshot residue originating from 9 x 18 mm PM ammunition, depositing in the vicinity of the shooting person was performed by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Samples of the residue were collected from targets placed at various distances in the range 0-100 cm as well as from hands and clothing of the shooting person. Targets were covered by fragments of white cotton fabric or black bovine leather. In the case of cotton targets microtraces were collected from circles of 5 and 10 cm in radius. Results of the examinations in the form of numbers of particles, proportions of their chemical classes and dimensions revealed a dependence on the distance from the gun muzzle, both in the direction of shooting and in the opposite one, i.e., on the shooting person. The parameters describing gunshot residue differed also depending on the kind of the target substrate. The kind of obtained information gives rise to understanding the general rules of the dispersion of gunshot residue in the surroundings of the shooting gun. Thus, it may be utilised in the reconstruction of shooting incidences, especially in establishing the mutual positions of the shooter and other participants of the incident. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Metabolism of Purine Alkaloids and Xanthine in Leaves of Mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Accumulation and metabolism of purine alkaloids in leaves of mate (Ilex paraguariensis) were investigated. In winter, leaves accumulated caffeine but not theobromine, indicating that caffeine is the end product of purine alkaloid synthesis in mate. To elucidate the purine alkaloid metabolism in mate leaves, the metabolic fate of [8-C-14]theobromine, [8-C-14]theophylline, [8-C-14]caffeine and [8-C-14] xanthine was investigated in the leaf disks of young and mature leaves. In young mate leaves, significant amounts of theobromine and theophylline were utilized for caffeine biosynthesis, but the conversion was not observed in mature leaves. A small amount of theophylline was converted to theobromine. Practically no caffeine catabolism was detected in mate leaves during a 24 h-incubation. Catabolism of theobromine and theophylline via 3-methylxanthine was observed mainly in mature leaves. Xanthine was catabolised extensively via ureides in both young and mature leaves, but limited amounts are also utilized for the synthesis of theobromine, theophylline and caffeine. Possible pathways for the metabolism of purine alkaloids in mate leaves are discussed.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 8]}
{"token": "Laparoscopic treatment of gastric GIST: Report of 21 cases and literature's review. Conclusions As found also in the literature review, the laparoscopic resection is safe and effective in treating gastric GISTs. Given these findings as well as the advantages afforded by laparoscopic surgery, a minimally invasive approach should be the preferred surgical treatment in patients with small- and medium-sized gastric GISTs.Results Twenty-one patients, mean age 50.1 years (range, 34-68 years), were submitted to laparoscopic wedge- segmental gastric resections. Mean tumor size was 4.5 cm (range, 2.0-8.5 cm). Mean operative time was 151 min (range, 52-310 min), the mean blood loss was 101 mL (range, 10-250 mL), and the mean hospital stay was 4.8 days (range 3-7 days). There were no major operative complications or mortalities. All lesions had negative resection margins. At a mean follow-up of 35 months, all patients were disease-free. Morbidity, mortality, length of stay, and oncologic outcomes were comparable to the open surgery retrospective evaluation (p=not significant).Study Design Between August 2001 and December 2006, 21 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic resection of gastric GISTs were enrolled in a prospective study. A literature review of laparoscopic treatment was performed on Pubmed using keywords GIST and surgery. A comparison with authors' experience with open wedge-segmental resection of GISTs (25 cases from November 1995 to December 2000) was also carried out. Statistical analysis was based on chi-squared test and t Student evaluation.Background Although the feasibility of laparoscopic resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) has been established, various aspects are debated. This paper describes the problems of minimally invasive resection of gastric GISTs and compares this experience with an extensive literature review.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Voluntary Running Triggers VGF-Mediated Oligodendrogenesis to Prolong the Lifespan of Snf2h-Null Ataxic Mice. Exercise has been argued to enhance cognitive function and slow progressive neurodegenerative disease. Although exercise promotes neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis and adaptive myelination are also significant contributors to brain repair and brain health. Nonetheless, the molecular details underlying these effects remain poorly understood. Conditional ablation of the Snf2h gene impairs cerebellar development producing mice with poor motor function, progressive ataxia, and death between postnatal days 25-45. Here, we show that voluntary running induced an endogenous brain repair mechanism that resulted in a striking increase in hindbrain myelination and the long-term survival of Snf2h cKO mice. Further experiments identified the VGF growth factor as a major driver underlying this effect. VGF neuropeptides promote oligodendrogenesis in vitro, whereas Snf2h cKO mice treated with full-length VGF-encoding adenoviruses removed the requirement of exercise for survival. Together, these results suggest that VGF delivery could represent a therapeutic strategy for cerebellar ataxia and other pathologies of the CNS.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Late Quaternary interactions between aeolian and fluvial processes: a case study in the northern UAE. The gravel plain of the northern UAE is bounded to the east by the Musandam Mountains and to the west by the northernmost extension of the dunes of the Rub Al-Khali. Further west, beyond the dunes lies the coast of the Arabian gulf. The gravel plain comprises coalescent Quaternary alluvial fans, supplied with sediment from catchments in the Musandam Mountains. The boundary between the plain and the dunes follows the outline of the fans, and its width varies in relation to the size of the drainage basins supplying sediment to the fans. Linear dune ridges appear to wrap around the outline of the margins of the major fans. This suggests that the two landform assemblages are related. Where one wadi system crosses the dunefield the field relationships further suggest some contemporaniety of development. Where the mountain front is drained by catchments too small to sustain fan deposition, the dunes advance to the mountain front.Correlations with other work suggest that there were major phases of both fan sedimentation and dune accumulation during the late Pleistocene. Cooler and/or wetter climatic conditions enhanced sediment supply to the alluvial fans. Strong northwesterly winds and greater sediment availability from the then dry floor of the Arabian Gulf may have been responsible for dune accumulation. Later dune reworking may reflect Holocene aridity. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
{"token": "Determining the optimal procurement policy and maximum allowable lifespan for machining tools with stochastically distributed toollife. For high-value added products, machining tools' lifespan significantly influences the quantity of procurement in machining process. Preemption of tools from the workpiece while processing is continuing is sometime beneficial to safeguard the product from the damage due to tool failure or its malfunction. Also an early discard of a tool is costly for the manufacturing operation. Therefore an optimal strategy for the tool life is sought here to determine the maximum allowable tool lifespan to preempt from the workpiece and to have an appropriate amount of tool stock in the crib to ascertain the proper running of the production schedule and tool inventory. Therefore, an impact of the machining tool lifespan on the production-inventory policy of the system is investigated in this paper. An integrated lifespan related inventory model for machining tools is developed to meet the responding accurate requirement of procurement and inventory. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the integrated model. The results show that the practical lifespan adoption of machining tools has significant impact on the whole quantity of procurement, and eventually influences the coordinating economic decision making.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Christ and the CIO: Blue-Collar Evangelicalism's Crisis of Conscience and Political Turn in Early Cold-War California. This article explores tensions within the Democratic Party's uneasy alliance of grassroots labor and blue-collar evangelicalism that collapsed in heated confrontation during California's postwar political realignment. The context in which this played out is Han and Eggs, one of California's largest old-age welfare movements during the 1930s which in the midst of economic reconstruction, found new (but short-lived) relevance in the late 1940s. From spring 1945 until summer 1946 Ham and Eggs rallied workers behind its message of economic redistribution and Christian Americanism in hopes of forcing new legislation oil behalf of pensions for the elderly. In the process. it stirred a political storm that thrust it into a significance exceeding its original intent. At issue was the \\\\'labor question.\\\\' the vexing uncertainty animating American politics Lit this Juncture about the extent to which New Deal liberalism's labor-friendly initiatives and progressive impulses for economic freedom. racial equality. and social justice Would be extended. Caught between a labor-Left movement within the Democratic Party that looked to extend New Deal liberalism and a galvanized Christian Right. which looked to roll it back, blue-collar evangelicals affiliated with Ham and Eggs confronted a new political reality that compelled them to choose between their class and faith commitments. With reluctance they chose the latter over the former. The decision marked the beginning of blue-collar evangelicalism's shift to the Right and ultimately the formation of a broader evangelical political alliance that would prove instrumental in the rise of California's conservative Republican movement.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 57]}
{"token": "THE EXPRESSIVE POWER OF TRUTH. There are two perspectives from which formal theories can be viewed. On the one hand, one can take a theory to be about some privileged models. On the other hand, one can take all models of a theory to be on a par. In contrast with what is usually done in philosophical debates, we adopt the latter viewpoint. Suppose that from this perspective we want to add an adequate truth predicate to a background theory. Then on the one hand the truth theory ought to be semantically conservative over the background theory. At the same time, it is generally recognised that the central function of a truth predicate is an expressive one. A truth predicate ought to allow us to express propositions that we could not express before. In this article we argue that there are indeed natural truth theories which satisfy both the demand of semantical conservativeness and the demand of adequately extending the expressive power of our language.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
{"token": "Effects of rainfall amount and frequency on vegetation growth in a Tibetan alpine meadow. Over the past decades, rainfall amount and frequency changed considerably on the Tibetan Plateau. However, how altered rainfall pattern affects vegetation growth and phenology in Tibetan alpine grasslands is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the long-term effects of rainfall amount and frequency on production (i.e., aboveground biomass, AGB) and phenology of three perennial plants in a Tibetan alpine meadow from 1994 to 2005. Growth period (i.e., the dates from greening to senescence) was referred to plant phenology here. Our results showed that annual precipitation and total rainfall from large events (a parts per thousand yen 5 mm per day) were mainly distributed in the growing season, which increased significantly from 1994 to 2005 with more increment in May and July (p < 0.05). Total AGB and growth periods of three plants were linearly correlated with annual precipitation and total rainfall from large events, but have insignificant correlations with total rainfall from small events (< 5 mm per day) and rainfall frequency (including small, large, and all events). The results suggest that aboveground plant production and phenology are more sensitive to changes in large rainfall events (a parts per thousand yen 5 mm per day) than small events (< 5 mm per day) in the alpine meadow ecosystems.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Effect of Soil Temperature, Injection Depth, and Metam Sodium Rate on the Management of Verticillium Wilt of Potato. Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb., is a primary component of the early dying complex of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the United States. Although genetic resistance to V. dahliae exists and has been incorporated into several potato cultivars, the commercial potato industry is still dominated by cultivars susceptible to the pathogen. As a result, soil fumigation with metam sodium remains an important means by which Verticillium wilt is controlled, despite its expense and potentially negative environmental impact. Recent restrictions on metam sodium use by the Environmental Protection Agency directed at reducing exposure to vapor emissions have increased the need to improve shank injection of the soil fumigant. In studies reported here, the application of metam sodium reduced the severity of Verticillium wilt, however, soil temperature at the time of injection, metam sodium injection depth, and application rate had little overall effect. In 2011, temperature at the time of metam sodium injection did not result in significant differences in any parameter evaluated. However, in 2012, soil populations of V. dahliae, wilt severity and host colonization were significantly reduced when metam sodium was applied at 4 A degrees C compared to 13 or 15 A degrees C. No significant differences were observed between a single or two metam sodium injection depths in any parameter evaluated across the 2 years the study was conducted. While all rates of metam sodium significantly reduced soil populations of V. dahliae compared to the non-treated control, significant differences across rates were rarely observed. Improved control of Verticillium wilt and increased yield can be achieved as a result of these studies. The effective control of Verticillium wilt can be obtained by using metam sodium at a comparatively low rate of 373 l/ha, particularly when applied at a relatively cold soil temperature of 4 A degrees C using a single injection depth of 25 cm. The potential impact of these application modifications of metam sodium in reducing emissions and non-target exposure is discussed.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Lithothamnin A, the First Bastadin-like Metabolite from the Red Alga Lithothamnion fragilissimum. Lithothamnin A (1) is a new bastadin-like metabolite and represents the first report of this class of molecules from the red alga Lithothamnion fragilissimum. Lithothamnin A contains several novel structural features that distinguish it from other bastadins. These unique structural features include novel aromatic substitution patterns and the presence of a meta-meta linkage between aromatic rings, in addition to the meta-para linkage seen in the bastadins. Lithothamnin A is modestly cytotoxic in a panel of six human tumor cell lines.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "Information, belief elicitation and threshold effects in the 5X1000 tax scheme: a framed field experiment. In this paper, we study by means of a framed field experiment on a representative sample of the population the effect on people's charitable giving of three, substantial and procedural, elements: information provision, belief elicitation and threshold on distribution. We frame this investigation within the 5X1000 tax scheme, a mechanism through which Italian taxpayers may choose to give a small proportion (0.5%) of their income tax to a voluntary organization to fund its activities. We find two main results: (i) providing information or eliciting beliefs about previous donations increases the likelihood of a donation, while thresholds have no effect; (ii) information about previous funding increases donations to organizations that received fewer donations in the past, while belief elicitation also increases donations to organizations that received most donations in the past, since individuals are more likely to donate to the organizations they rank first.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "INFLUENCES OF HALOGENATED ORGANIC-SUBSTANCES ON OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT AND HEPATIC EROD ACTIVITY IN THE 3-SPINED STICKLEBACK, GASTEROSTEUS-ACULEATUS, AND RAINBOW-TROUT, ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS. Female three-spined sticklebacks were fed freeze-dried chironomids contaminated with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) (Bromkal 70-5DE), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) (Halowax 1014) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) (Clophen A50) in low or high doses in the following combinations: Halowax 10 14 + Clophen A50, Bromkal 70-5DE + Clophen A50, Halowax 1014 + Bromkal 70-5DE, and Halowax 1014 + Clophen A50 + Bromkal 70-5DE. The control group was fed uncontaminated freeze-dried chironomids. After 2.5 months of exposure, the fish were dissected for chemical, biochemical and morphological analyses. Hepatic cytochrome P450-dependent ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was induced (3-to 7-fold) in all high-dose groups, but not in the low-dose groups. There were no significant differences between the control and exposed groups in liver somatic index (LSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), progesterone 17alpha-hydroxylase activity or the mean proportion of atretic oocytes per total number of oocytes. The mean gonadal progesterone 6beta-hydroxylase activity in the control group was 0.3 +/- 0.2 pmol mg-1 protein min-1. All groups except the one that received a high dose of Halowax 10 14 + Clophen A50 + Bromkal 70-5DE had significantly higher gonadal progesterone 6beta-hydroxylase activities compared with the control group. The mean activities in the significantly induced groups ranged from 9.4 +/- 3.3 to 20.6 +/- 5.0 pmol mg-1 protein min-1. Rainbow trout yolk-sac fry were injected with the same substance blends as the stickle-backs, except that Halowax 1014 + Clophen A50 + Bromkal 70-5DE was not included in the study. Furthermore, each substance alone was injected into the fry. The substances were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and three concentrations were prepared. Halowax 1014, Clophen A50, and Halowax 1014 + Bromkal 70-5DE significantly induced the EROD system. In conclusion, the study showed that Halowax 1014 and Clophen A50 were potent inducers of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system in fish, whereas Bromkal 70-5DE was not. Furthermore, the differences in progesterone hydroxylase activities recorded between the control and exposed groups point to the importance of future thorough studies of organohalogen influence on the hormonal cycle.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 45]}
{"token": "The profitability of technical trading rules in the Bitcoin market. We apply seven trend-following indicators to assess the profitability of technical trading rules in the Bitcoin market. Using daily price data from July 2010 to January 2019, our main results show that specific technical analysis trading rules, mainly trading range breakout, contain significant forecasting power for Bitcoin prices, allowing the outperformance of the buy-and-hold strategy through the Sharpe ratio computed via the bootstrapping method. Results from various sub-periods, representing normal and boom markets, generally confirm our main finding and show that the added value of the trading range breakout rule delivers outperformance in strongly trending markets.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Exact unemployment rate indices. Conventional unemployment rate measures tend to overestimate the degree of labor underutilization if unemployment disproportionately affects less educated and generally v less productive workers. based on index number the on as well as on econometric techniques, this article proposes a number of alternative measures that are exact for specific labor aggregator functions. The results for the United States show that the conventional, unweighted unemployment rate overestimates the true rate by about 0.6 of a percentage point, or by almost 14%.", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
{"token": "Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology. Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c.2 cm or more to fine-grained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "IN-SITU BACTERIAL PRODUCTION AND GROWTH-YIELD MEASURED BY THYMIDINE, LEUCINE AND FRACTIONATED DARK OXYGEN-UPTAKE. In situ bacterial net production and growth yield were measured using thymidine, leucine incorporation and dark oxygen consumption techniques in marine enclosures and in the Bay of Aarhus. Denmark. Bacterial respiration was significantly correlated with thymidine (r2 = 0.42, P < 0.01, y = 0.12x + 0.054) and leucine (r2 = 0.45, P < 0.01, y = 0.09x + 0.043). The range of bacterial growth yield, calculated from the relationship net production/net production + respiration, was 0.07-0.77 with 74% of the observations lying in the 0.15-0.45 growth yield interval. Substrate was an important determinant of growth yields. A significant difference was found between growth yields obtained from an enclosure with added glycine (mean 0.32 +/- 0.096) and one with added inorganic nutrients (mean 0.16 +/- 0.051) (P < 0.01, t-test). Growth yield showed a weak but significant negative correlation with temperature (r2 = 0.0.35, P < 0.001, y = -0.017x + 0.52). No correlation between chlorophyll a and growth yield was found (r2 = 0.25, P > 0.05). The results suggest that thymidine and leucine techniques reflect the levels of bacterial production to better than an order of magnitude. The variations found in the growth yield support the notion that relying on fixed growth yields reduces the accuracy of estimating gross bacterial production.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Fabrication of Composites Based on Shape-Memory Materials of Ni-Al and Cu-Al-Ni Powders. The possibility of fabrication of composite shape-memory materials is experimentally investigated. As model materials, Ni-Al and Cu-Al-Ni powders are used. The powders with particle sizes ranged from 1 to 50 mu m are synthesized by spark-erosion method from pre-prepared alloys. The mixing of powders in the ratios 75% :25%, 50% :50%, 25%:75% is performed during 30 min in a specially designed machine, which ensures high stochastic trajectories of the powder particles to obtain a homogeneous mixture. The compacting of powders in cylindrical samples is made under the pressure of about 800 MPa. Sintering is carried out at the temperatures of 750-1080 degrees C. These compacts are investigated by scanning electron and optical microscopies. The main attention is paid to structural integrity as well as adhesion (cohesion) of powder particles with different compositions. Obtained samples are also compared with other compacts, which were made by spark-plasma sintering (SPS) method.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Design of sheet stamping operations to control springback and thinning: A multi-objective stochastic optimization approach. The aim of this paper is to develop a design tool for stamping processes, which is able to deal with the scattering of the final part quality due to the inner variability of such operations. Such variability is one of the main drawbacks for a robust process design. It results in a scattering of the most significant process results and depends on several parameters. The so called noise factors greatly influence final result variability, which often means rejecting parts and anyway achieving final properties different from the specified ones.The process investigated in the paper is an S-shaped U-channel stamping operation carried out on a lightweight aluminum alloy of automotive interest. The main topic of the paper is the prevention of excessive part thinning and the control of springback phenomena: thus, thinning and springback are the objective functions taken into account. The blank holder force (BHF) value was considered as process design variable while two noise factors were considered: lubricating conditions (represented by the friction coefficient mu) and strain-hardening index of the material (exponent n in material flow rule). The approach proposed in this paper is a multi-objective optimization problem consisting of an integration among finite element (FEM) numerical simulation, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. The developed tool starts from a Pareto optimal solutions search technique and takes into account noise factors. The design procedure is able to foresee the potential direction along which a Pareto solution may move due to the effects of the noise factors. In this way, the proposed design tool is fully able to take into account process variability effects and to provide a precise overview of the possible perturbations the analyzed objective functions may undergo. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Implementation of Information and Communications Technologies for Financial Inclusion in Programs to Alleviate Poverty in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico. Implementation of ICT in policies targeted to alleviate poverty, specifically in conditional transfer programs (CTP), offers two opportunities. On one side, it contributes to improve delivery efficiency to beneficiaries, diminishing transfer costs with better control over beneficiaries' registry. On the other side, ICT incorporation on CTP helps to reduce costs of receiving funds and, from a broader scope, it contributes to social and digital inclusion of poor; this is especially relevant with the emergence of mobile banking.The main objective of this chapter is to analyze innovative ICT implementation on CTP in three countries in the region: Bolsa Familia (Brazil), Oportunidades (Mexico) and Familias en Accion (Colombia). These three countries are implementing pilot programs that include ITC. These experiences may important insights for future successful implementation of ICT for CTP in other countries.Almost every country in Latin America employs CTP programs as a social policy. Approximately 100 million of people are beneficiaries of CTP in Latin America, which accounts for about half of the people living in poverty in the region. Hence, improving administration of this kind of policy implies for the Latin-American countries, not only savings based on efficiency, but the opportunity of broaden the benefits.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 51]}
{"token": "SURFACE-ANALYSIS OF WOOL BY X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY AND STATIC SECONDARY-ION MASS-SPECTROMETRY. The surface of untreated wool has been investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS). The wool surface is covered in a thin layer of lipid estimated to be approximately 0.9 nm thick. Mass spectral peaks are consistent with the presence in the lipid layer of saturated C20, C21, and hydroxylated C2, fatty acids, presumably bound as esters. This lipid layer can be partially, but not completely, removed by treatment with potassium tert-butoxide in tert-butanol or potassium hydroxide, reagents that cause oxidation of the surface cystine. XPS indicates that the surface protein (epicuticle) is rich in sulfur, suggesting a half-cystine content of about 35%.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Systematic review of frequency of felt and enacted stigma in epilepsy and determining factors and attitudes toward persons living with epilepsy-Report from the International League Against Epilepsy Task Force on Stigma in Epilepsy. Objective To review the evidence of felt and enacted stigma and attitudes toward persons living with epilepsy, and their determining factors. Methods Thirteen databases were searched (1985-2019). Abstracts were reviewed in duplicate and data were independently extracted using a standardized form. Studies were characterized using descriptive analysis by whether they addressed \\\\'felt\\\\' or \\\\'enacted\\\\' stigma and \\\\'attitudes\\\\' toward persons living with epilepsy. Results Of 4234 abstracts, 132 met eligibility criteria and addressed either felt or enacted stigma and 210 attitudes toward epilepsy. Stigma frequency ranged broadly between regions. Factors associated with enacted stigma included low level of knowledge about epilepsy, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status, rural areas living, and religious grouping. Negative stereotypes were often internalized by persons with epilepsy, who saw themselves as having an \\\\'undesirable difference\\\\' and so anticipated being treated differently. Felt stigma was associated with increased risk of psychological difficulties and impaired quality of life. Felt stigma was linked to higher seizure frequency, recency of seizures, younger age at epilepsy onset or longer duration, lower educational level, poorer knowledge about epilepsy, and younger age. An important finding was the potential contribution of epilepsy terminology to the production of stigma. Negative attitudes toward those with epilepsy were described in 100% of included studies, and originated in any population group (students, teachers, healthcare professionals, general public, and those living with epilepsy). Better attitudes were generally noted in those of younger age or higher educational status. Significance Whatever the specific beliefs about epilepsy, implications for felt and enacted stigma show considerable commonality worldwide. Although some studies show improvement in attitudes toward those living with epilepsy over time, much work remains to be done to improve attitudes and understand the true occurrence of discrimination against persons with epilepsy.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Women's experiences of sex and intimacy after childbirth: making the adjustment to motherhood. The aim of this study was to explore women's experiences of changes to their sexual relationship, sexuality and intimacy, as a result of pregnancy, childbirth and parenting. A sub-sample of women was purposively selected from a larger prospective pregnancy cohort study of nulliparous women in Melbourne, Australia. Eighteen women (including a mixture of parity, birth methods and relationship status) were interviewed 2.5-3.5 years after a first birth. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Women identified numerous factors affecting sexual and intimate relationships including extreme tiredness, changing lifestyles and body image issues, leading to changes in libido and intimacy in relationships. Of particular note were feelings of guilt and failure women experienced as a result of a lowered libido. Finding ways to stay connected - whether through sex, quality time together or working as a team - helped women and their partners navigate the transition to parenthood. This study demonstrates that pregnancy, childbirth and parenting can bring about significant changes to women's experiences of sex and intimacy. Women who experience significant reductions in their libido may be vulnerable to feelings of guilt and failure, connected with high expectations that they should be able to \\\\'do it all\\\\'.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by monoclonal antibodies to carbohydrates of Schistosoma mansoni. Patients infected with HIV-1 develop a potent humoral immune response against the virus, but HIV-1 primary isolates are remarkably resistant to neutralizing antibodies. Considering that the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 (gp120/41) is heavily glycosylated, we investigated whether anti-carbohydrate antibodies could inhibit HIV-1 infection in vitro. We studied the neutralizing activity of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised to carbohydrates of Schistosoma mansoni, against seven primary isolates of HIV-1. Assays were performed infecting peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal donors with viral isolates previously treated with mAbs. Viral strains used were tropic for the coreceptors CCR5, CXCR4, and dual-tropic ones. We found that the anti-glycan mAbs vigorously inhibited HIV-1 infection, regardless of the preferential coreceptor usage of the isolate, in a dose-response manner. Importantly, five isolates were resistant to neutralization by two HIV-1 antibody-positive human sera endowed with potent anti-HIV-1 inhibitory activity. Our findings suggest that carbohydrates of the HIV-1 viral envelope may be a target of an effective humoral immune response elicited by vaccination.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43]}
{"token": "A model of middle-level managers' entrepreneurial behavior. Middle-level managers' entrepreneurial behavior is linked to successful corporate entrepreneurship. Herein, we integrate knowledge about corporate entrepreneurship and middle-level managers' behaviors to develop and explore a conceptual model. The model depicts the organizational antecedents of middle-level managers' entrepreneurial behavior, the entrepreneurial actions describing that behavior, and outcomes of that behavior as well as factors influencing its continuance. Following discussion of the model's contents, we describe its potential value for researchers and those engaging in corporate entrepreneurship.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Governing Infrastructure in the Age of the 'Art of the Deal': Logics of Governance and Scales of Visibility. Many different types of organization provide public services or goods and build public works without being, strictly speaking, part of government. Such entities tend to be seen as more innovative than government proper, both because of their organizational autonomy and because they primarily use private-law techniques (contracts, mainly) and lay claim to private sector credentials. This article examines the presumed correlation between moves towards greater public-private hybridity in government and public sector innovation, using illustrative examples from Ontario and British Columbia, Canada. Combining interviews with professional infrastructure deal-makers, direct observation of public infrastructure workshops, and analyses of the documents that constitute infrastructure deals, we show that the quest to bring virtues and techniques associated with private enterprise to the delivery and governance of public goods and services often leads to a dialectical reversal. At first, bureaucratic rules do give way to the pursuit of more or less sui generis deals. But the entities that initiate deals and partnerships soon come to feel the need to standardize the process, which then leads to the return of standard templates and surprisingly rigid rules.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Exploring the challenges of medical/nursing tasks in home care experienced by caregivers of older adults with dementia: An integrative review. Aims To examine prevalence, types, challenges and the impact of medical/nursing tasks (MNT) on caregivers of older adults with dementia. Background Medical/nursing tasks have been perceived as a professional healthcare role; however, research shows that many caregivers of older adults with dementia perform those tasks in the home, such as giving injections, tube feedings or operation of medical equipment. Little is known about the caregivers' challenges in engaging in these MNT. Design Integrative review. Methods Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases were searched to explore MNT among caregivers of older adults with dementia who lived in a community setting. Four quantitative and nine qualitative studies published between 1980-2018 were included. Overall, process of the review was guided by PRISMA. Results About 67% of U.S. caregivers of older adults with dementia performed MNT, including managing multiple medications, wound care and nutritional management. Care recipients' cognitive impairment complicated the provision of those tasks due to their limited cognitive functioning, behavioural changes, comorbidities and complex medication regimen. Insufficient information and training from healthcare professionals as well as caregivers' age and their own health problems made performance of those tasks even more challenging. As a result, caregivers frequently suffered from emotional distress such as worrying, anxiety and sleep disturbance. Conclusions Medical/nursing tasks have become one of the daily tasks of caregivers of older adults with dementia within the home. However, the tasks are difficult and complicated, and inadequate support from healthcare professionals may compromise the caregivers' well-being. Relevance to clinical practice Healthcare professionals should provide education and should be aware of caregivers' needs related to MNT. Structured-medical information, skill-based instructions and hands-on training may be beneficial to decrease the caregivers' distress from MNT.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Evidence of susceptibility to morbillivirus infection in cetaceans from the United States. P>Cetacean morbilliviruses (CeMV) are viruses that can cause mass mortalities among various odontocete species. In this study levels of \\\\'herd\\\\' immunity in cetaceans from the U.S. coast are described from the distribution and prevalence of antibodies against morbilliviruses. Neutralizing antibody titers against dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), porpoise morbillivirus (PMV), phocine distemper (PDV), and canine distemper viruses (CDV) were measured. Positive samples had higher titers against the CeMV than against the other morbilliviruses tested, indicating that although PDV or CDV can be used to investigate exposure their use may result in a higher false negative rate. The results suggest that morbillivirus did not persist in coastal populations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) after the major outbreaks that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s. Bottlenose dolphins from Beaufort, North Carolina; St. Joseph Bay, Florida; and Cape May, New Jersey had anti-DMV seroprevalences ranging from between 15% and 33% but those from Charleston, South Carolina and Sarasota Bay, Florida, sampled in recent years were largely negative. These latter groups are therefore now vulnerable to infection and could experience high mortality if exposed to CeMV. Sero-surveys of this kind are therefore vital for assessing the risk of new and recurring viral outbreaks in coastal cetaceans.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
{"token": "Functional diversity of three different DsbA proteins from Neisseria meningitidis. The genome of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58 contains three genes - nmb0278, nmb0294 and nmb0407 - encoding putative homologues of DsbA, a periplasmic thiol disulphide oxidoreductase protein-folding catalyst of the Dsb protein family. DsbA assists the folding of periplasmic and membrane proteins in diverse organisms. While all three cloned genes complemented the DTT sensitivity of dsbA-null Escherichia coli, they showed different activities in folding specific target proteins in this background. NMB0278 protein was the most active in complementing defects in motility and alkaline phosphatase activity, while NMB0294 was the most active in folding periplasmic MalF. NMB0407 showed the weakest activity in all assays. It is extremely unusual for organisms to contain more than one chromosomal dsbA. Among the members of the genus Neisseria, only the meningococcus carries all three of these genes. Strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria lactamica, Neisseria cinerea and Neisseria polysaccharea contained only homologues of nmb0278 and nmb0407, while Neisseria flava, Neisseria subflava and Neisseria flavescens carried only nmb0294. It is speculated that the versatility of the meningococcus in surviving in different colonizing and invasive disease settings may be derived in part from an enhanced potential to deploy outer-membrane proteins, a consequence of carrying an extended repertoire of protein-folding catalysts.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Non-stationary Variance and Volatility Causality. This paper aims to describe bias estimates when non-stationary variance is not detected. We first present a theoretical multivariate GARCH model with structural changes in variance. Then we describe the non-stationary variance and Volatility Causality in the case of the US and the three developed Asian stock markets Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Daily data are used for the period May 30th 2002 until June 29th 2010.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Analyzing imperfective games. Deo 2015 is the first study applying mathematically explicit evolutionary analysis to a specific semantic-change phenomenon, namely the progressiveimperfective diachronic cycle. However, Deo's actual results do not match completely the empirical observations about that cycle. Linguistic communities passing through the cycle often employ, in the synchrony, a single common type of progressive-imperfective grammar. In Deo's modeling results, however, two of the grammars never get shared by nearly all the population, including the grammar with the obligatory use of progressive marking in semantically progressive contexts, as in Present-Day English. This paper improves on that wrong prediction. The crucial modeling decision enabling the improvement is switching from the assumption of infinite speaker population to the more realistic, but harder to analyze finite population setting. The finite-population version of Deo's model derives stages where at many time points, all or almost all speakers share the same grammar. Interestingly, two different a priori reasonable types of trajectories with that feature emerge, depending on the parameter settings. These two trajectory types constitute novel empirical predictions regarding the shape of the cycle generated by (the proposed extension of) Deo's model.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "The Legislative Consequences of Congressional Scandals. We explore the consequences of involvement in scandal for members of Congress' (MCs) success within the House of Representatives. Our analyses target all MCs who served in the 101st to 112th Congresses (1989-2012). Across this time period, we identify 253 discrete member-term observations of professional or personal scandal. Our results demonstrate that scandal stalls the upward trajectory of MCs' careers in the chamber, affecting their levels of legislative effectiveness, their centrality to the congressional network, and their likelihood of gaining or losing prestigious committee assignments and leadership positions. Importantly, these effects can linger beyond the term following scandal, shaping MCs' behavior into the future. Our findings demonstrate that in addition to negative electoral repercussions, scandals can have important legislative consequences for members.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Checklist of the freshwater fishes of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. We present a critical checklist of freshwater fish species found so far in the countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. In total 119 freshwater fishes are recorded. There are 40, 86 and 96 species currently known for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia respectively. From these 119 species, seven are endemic and seven species are alien. From the alien species, only three (Carassius gibelio, Gambusia holbrooki and Pseudorasbora parva) can be considered as widespread and invasive. There are four species (Gasterosteus aculeatus, Gobio artvinicus, Perca fluviatilis and Salmo gegarkuni) that are translocated within the region. Seven species are confirmed or recorded for the first time including G. artvinicus and Oxynoemacheilus veyselorum for Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, Capoeta kaput and Rhinogobius lindbergi for Azerbaijan and Georgia, Capoeta razii for Azebaijan, Oxynoemacheilus cemali and Squalius agdamicus for Georgia. In this checklist, Acipenser colchicus is treated as a synonym of Acipenser persicus. Sand smelts of the Black and Caspian Sea basin are identified as Atherina caspia and Clupeonella caspia is treated as a synonym of Clupeonella cultriventris. Coregonus sevanicus is listed as Coregonus sp. until the situation of Sevan whitefish is better understood. Capoeta sevangi and Capoeta ekmekciae are synonyms of Capoeta capoeta. The fish often identified as Capoeta capoeta gracilis from rivers south of the Kura most likely belong to C. razii. The Black and Caspian Sea Rutilus populations are treated as conspecific, therefore R. kutum is a junior synonym of R. frisii. Oxynoemacheilus veyseli is valid as O. veyselorum. We list the alien Rhinogobius species as R. lindbergi, however the name is provisional and needs further confirmation. All Squalius species from the Kura River drainage are identified as S. agdamicus, however in the Aras, it is replaced by S. turcicus. Squalius orientalis is treated as a valid species restricted to the eastern Black Sea basin. The four forms of Lake Sevan trout (Salmo ischchan, S. gegarkuni, S. danilewskii and S. aestivalis) are treated as valid species, two of them (S. ischchan and S. danilewskii) are extinct. Rutilus sojuchbulagi from Azerbaijan is also extinct.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "Duplications of the critical Rubinstein-Taybi deletion region on chromosome 16p13.3 cause a novel recognisable syndrome. Conclusions Interstitial 16p13.3 duplications have a recognizable phenotype, characterized by normal to moderately retarded mental development, normal growth, mild arthrogryposis, frequently small and proximally implanted thumbs and characteristic facial features. Occasionally, developmental defects of the heart, genitalia, palate or the eyes are observed. The frequent de novo occurrence of 16p13.3 duplications demonstrates the reduced reproductive fitness associated with this genotype. Inheritance of the duplication from a clinically normal parent in two cases indicates that the associated phenotype is incompletely penetrant.Objectives To delineate the phenotypic spectrum associated with interstitial 16p13.3 duplications, and perform a genotype-phenotype analysis.Background The introduction of molecular karyotyping technologies facilitated the identification of specific genetic disorders associated with imbalances of certain genomic regions. A detailed phenotypic delineation of interstitial 16p13.3 duplications is hampered by the scarcity of such patients.Results The present report describes the genotypic and phenotypic delineation of nine submicroscopic interstitial 16p13.3 duplications. The critically duplicated region encompasses a single gene, CREBBP, which is mutated or deleted in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. In 10 out of the 12 hitherto described probands, the duplication arose de novo.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Phytotoxicity of clippings from creeping bentgrass treated with glyphosate. Recent advances in genetic engineering have led to the development of glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops for genetic markers and selective weed control. The effects of glyphosate residue on turfgrass clippings could be toxic to non-GR species. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether glyphosate would retain activity within clippings of creeping bentgrass when applied to Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass. Greenhouse-grown 'Penncross' and GR 'ASR-368' were treated with glyphosate at 2.24 kg/ha. Clippings were collected 1, 3, 7, and 12 d after application and applied to greenhouse-grown Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass. Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass dry weight and percent cover were reduced by clippings receiving glyphosate that were harvested 1 and 3 d after glyphosate application from both susceptible and resistant creeping bentgrass. Results indicate that glyphosate remains active in clippings for up to 3 d after treatment within creeping bentgrass clippings. Glyphosate-applied creeping bentgrass clippings will need to be managed to prevent injury to susceptible species.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of babblers (Timaliidae). The systematics of the babblers, (Timaliidae) and related members of the Old World insectivorous passerines have been particularly difficult. To clarify our understanding of this group, phylogenetic relationships were constructed using sequences of three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b, rRNA 12S and 16S). The results indicated that several species traditionally placed among babblers, the shrike babblers (Pteruthius) and the Gray-chested Thrush Babbler (Kakamega poliothorax), are not related to the Timaliidae, but belong to other passerine groups. Furthermore, the phylogenetic hypotheses inferred from molecular data suggest that the babblers assemblage includes two other oscine taxa traditionally considered to be distantly related, Sylvia (Sylviidae) and Zosterops (Zosteropidae). The polyphyly of several babbler genera is discussed, with particular attention to the laughingthrushes (genera Garrulax and Babax) for which the phylogeny is compared to previous hypotheses of relationships. Results from different tests under the maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood criteria indicate the rejection of the hypothesis of monophyly for the laughingthrushes group. Thus, the molecular phylogeny challenges the traditional classification of the Timaliidae.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Freedom and Nature in the Series of Phenomena. Freedom and Nature in the Series of Phenomena. The Article offers a reading of the third antinomy according to which its resolution contains a true paradox, in the positive sense suggested by Emilio Garroni. The relationship between thesis and antithesis two opposite, but not contradictory, propositions with the same subject understood in different ways and both to be considered true on the basis of theoretical arguments in one case and of practical reasons in the other brings about a deeper understanding of human reason and experience. Yet our intelligence cannot really explain, and much less make evident, how freedom can exist in the same domain of phenomena. An argument derived from Note 5662 on miracles seems to add even a specifically Kantian reason in support of the impossibility that a noumenal cause, such as freedom, intervenes in the series of phenomena, which are essentially and inevitably determined by natural causality (otherwise, they would lose any temporal identification and objectivity). Nonetheless, it is actually useful to highlight the difference between the case of the miracle and that of freedom as the latter does not, according to Kant, question the necessity-without-exception of the laws of nature. Finally, the distance of his conception the relationship of non-contradiction and transcendental compatibility between causality of nature and of freedom, which in no way attempts to homogenize the two concepts from contemporary forms of compatibilism is pointed out.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Oxidative dissolution of bornite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The oxidation of finely ground (-200 mu m) bornite (Cu5FeS4) by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was evaluated in oxygen uptake and shake flasks experiments. The oxidation was a net acid-consuming reaction. Residual bornite was not detected by X-fray diffraction in solids after 2 days of contact in acid leach solution, indicating that the chemical and biological oxidation of bornite was relatively fast. Virtually 100% of copper solubilization was achieved in A. ferrooxidans cultures with or without ferrous iron, while in abiotic controls the copper extraction was around 30%. Bornite was not oxidized by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in respirometric or shake flasks experiments. Covellite (CuS) was detected as a secondary phase under all experimental conditions. Sulfur and jarosite were formed only in the presence of A. ferrooxidans. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 16, 42]}
{"token": "Intergranular corrosion of 304 stainless steel pickled in acidic electrolytes. Intergranular corrosion is induced after a single step pickling in HF electrolyte while not in HCl. The depth of intergranular corrosion obtained from a multi-step pickling is dependent on the successive sequence and duration of the two electrolytes used. Intergranular corrosion is deepened with increasing immersion time in HF. (C) 2004 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Population genetic structure and mycotoxin potential of the wheat crown rot and head blight pathogen Fusarium culmorum in Algeria. Surveys for crown rot (FCR) and head blight (FHB) of Algerian wheat conducted during 2014 and 2015 revealed that Fusarium culmorum strains producing 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3ADON) or nivalenol (NIV) were the causal agents of these important diseases. Morphological identification of the isolates (n FCR = 110, n FHB = 30) was confirmed by sequencing a portion of TEF1. To assess mating type idiomorph, trichothecene chemotype potential and global population structure, the Algerian strains were compared with preliminary sample of F. culmorum from Italy (rt = 27), Australia (n = 30) and the United States (n = 28). A PCR assay for MAT idiomorph revealed that MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 strains were segregating in nearly equal proportions, except within Algeria where twothirds of the strains were MAT1-2. An allele-specific PCR assay indicated that the 3ADON trichothecene genotype was predominant globally (83.8% 3ADON) and in each of the four countries sampled. In vitro toxin analyses confirmed trichothecene genotype PCR data and demonstrated that most of the strains tested (77%) produced culmorin. Global population genetic structure of 191 strains was assessed using nine microsatellite markers (SSRs). AMOVA of the clone corrected data indicated that 89% of the variation was within populations. Bayesian analysis of the SSR data identified two globally distributed, sympatric populations within which both trichothecene chemotypes and mating types were represented.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Divergent Responses of Floral Traits of Lonicera nervosa to Altitudinal Gradients at the Eastern Margin of Hengduan Mountains. Understanding phenotypic responses is crucial for predicting and managing the effects of environmental change on native species. Color and display size are typically used to evaluate the utilization value of ornamental plants, which are also important ornamental characters of Lonicera nervosa Maxim. (L. nervosa). However, there is limited documentation of its floral environmental adaptation. The environmental conditions for the development of an organism changes with altitudinal variation. The aim of this research was to find flower trait variability maintenance and the tradeoff among the organs in five different populations of L. nervosa growing at distinct altitudes. We investigated the distribution patterns of floral color, floral display, and biomass tradeoff along a 700-m altitude gradient from 2,950 to 3,650 m. One-way ANOVA analysis was performed to assess the variability of flower traits and floral color across different altitudes. Moreover, correlations and tradeoffs between flowers and vegetative organs were also observed at different altitude ranges. The results indicated that L. nervosa flowers had a strong adaptability along the elevation and divergent altitude range-specific patterns, which was divided by an altitude breakpoint at around 3,300 m. Below 3,300 m, petal lightness (petal L) decreased, but total floral display area (TFDA), individual floral dry mass (IFDM), and total floral dry mass (TFDM) increased with an increase in altitude. Whereas, above 3,300 m no significant difference was observed in petal L, TFDA, IFDM, and TFDM decreased slightly with an increase in altitude. The responsibility for the selection on floral color at a lower altitude was stronger than that at a higher altitude, while the selection agents on floral biomass had significant effects within the entire altitude range. However, the effects on floral biomass were opposite on both sides of 3,300 m. Thus, floral trait and floral color can be useful indicators for the domestication of horticultural plants and help to evaluate and initiate management and conservation actions.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Unhappiness and casual attributions of homelessness among people living homeless in Leon (Nicaragua). Nicaragua is one of the countries with the lowest levels of development in Latin America, with a collectivist culture, where information on people in a homeless situation is very limited. The study examines a sample of people living homeless in the city of Leon (Nicaragua), their level of overall happiness, their future expectations, their perception of the evolution of their situation, their causal attributions of homelessness, and the aspects they believe are most important for overcoming their situation. Forty-one of the 68 homeless people contacted in Leon (Nicaragua) responded to a structured interview. The results show that the interviewees reported very low levels of overall happiness, although their future expectations were positive. The interviewees attributed homelessness situation (their own and other people's) primarily to individualistic causes and problems in family relationships, and they had a tendency to consider both themselves and other people living homeless responsible for their homelessness. The results are compared to the data obtained using similar methodologies and instruments for people living homeless in Madrid (Spain) and trash pickers in Leon (Nicaragua)-two groups in situations of extreme poverty and social exclusion.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 55, 24]}
{"token": "Evolutionarily conserved and divergent functions for cell adhesion molecules in neural circuit assembly. The developing nervous system generates remarkably precise synaptic connections between neurons and their postsynaptic target cells. Numerous neural cell adhesion proteins have been identified to mediate cell recognition between synaptic partners in several model organisms. Here, I review the role of protein interactions of cell adhesion molecules in neural circuit assembly and address how these interactions are utilized to form different neural circuitries in different species. The emerging evidence suggests that the extracellular trans-interactions of cell adhesion proteins for neural wiring are evolutionarily conserved across taxa, but they are often used in different steps of circuit assembly. I also highlight how these conserved protein interactions work together as a group to specify neural connectivity.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
{"token": "ACQUISITION OF PHYSICS IN COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL: ACCENTS OF CONSTRUCTIVISM APPROACH. Nowadays in general education the emphasis is put on a pupil and his/her activity in learning. Gradually there are deepened pedagogical theories considering a pupil as an active constructor of knowledge. As the process of learning natural sciences at school is essential in the world cognition and it is needed to increase the effectiveness of learning natural sciences, including physics, as well as facilitate the attractiveness of these subjects, it is important to identify and evaluate contemporary didactic standpoints and opportunities for their application in the teaching and learning process. In the article the author analyzes the theoretical ideas of constructivism in the aspect of learning physics. The aim of the theoretical research is to evaluate the didactic standpoints of constructivism, put forward and describe the main principles of constructivism to be implemented in comprehensive secondary education. Within the research reflected in the article there is performed the analysis of scientific literature, analytical judgments are based on the previous empirical researches and using authors' personal pedagogical experience.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Analysis of Theileria orientalis draft genome sequences reveals potential species-level divergence of the Ikeda, Chitose and Buffeli genotypes. Background: Theileria orientalis (Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida) has caused clinical disease in cattle of Eastern Asia for many years and its recent rapid spread throughout Australian and New Zealand herds has caused substantial economic losses to production through cattle deaths, late term abortion and morbidity. Disease outbreaks have been linked to the detection of a pathogenic genotype of T. orientalis, genotype Ikeda, which is also responsible for disease outbreaks in Asia. Here, we sequenced and compared the draft genomes of one pathogenic (Ikeda) and two apathogenic (Chitose, Buffeli) isolates of T. orientalis sourced from Australian herds.Conclusions: We used whole genome sequencing to demonstrate that the T. orientalis Ikeda, Chitose and Buffeli variants show substantial genetic divergence. Our data indicates that future researchers could potentially consider disease-associated Ikeda and closely related genotypes as a separate species from non-pathogenic Chitose and Buffeli.Results: Using de novo assembled sequences and a single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis pipeline, we found extensive genetic divergence between the T. orientalis genotypes. A genome-wide phylogeny reconstructed to address continued confusion over nomenclature of this species displayed concordance with prior phylogenetic studies based on the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene. However, average nucleotide identity (ANI) values revealed that the divergence between isolates is comparable to that observed between other theilerias which represent distinct species. Analysis of SNVs revealed putative recombination between the Chitose and Buffeli genotypes and also between Australian and Japanese Ikeda isolates. Finally, to inform future vaccine studies, dN/ dS ratios and surface location predictions were analysed. Six predicted surface protein targets were confirmed to be expressed during the piroplasm phase of the parasite by mass spectrometry.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
{"token": "Lobophorin Producing Endophytic Streptomyces olivaceus JB1 Associated With Maesa japonica (Thunb.) Moritzi & Zoll.. In this study, we focused on endophytes of Maesa japonica (Thunb.) Moritzi & Zoll. and the plant-microbe interaction at metabolite levels. We isolated seven endophytes associated with M. japonica (JB1-7), and focused on Streptomyces olivaceus JB1 because of antibacterial activities of its secondary metabolites. We confirmed lobophorin analogs production from the bacterial strain JB1 by using spectroscopic techniques such as NMR, UV, and LC/Q-TOF-MS. In the LC/MS system, thirteen reported lobophorin analogs and twelve unreported analogs were detected. Among metabolites, lobophorin A was clearly detected in the dried foliar residues of M. japonica which implies that JB1 resides in the host and accumulates its secondary metabolites likely interacting with the plant. Antimicrobial activity tests of the secondary metabolites against undesirable contaminants isolated from the external surface of M. japonica supported the host and microbe mutualistic relationship. In the meantime, lobophorin producing Streptomyces spp. were isolated from marine environments such as marine sediments, algae, corals, and sponges. As lobophorin producing Streptomyces is isolated commonly from marine environments, we conducted a saline water stress tolerance test with JB1 showing saline medium does not accelerate the growth of the bacterium.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "From Protest to Parliamentary Coup: An Overview of Brazil's Recent History. Brazil's parliamentary coup has managed to topple the elected PT government with remarkable ease, meeting with little resistance at home or abroad despite the blatant violation of constitutional norms and the almost farcically corrupt record of the new incumbents. How has the neo-right been able to transfer its script of juridical-mediatic manipulation of electoral democracy, previously rehearsed on smaller stages such as Honduras and Paraguay, to the regional hegemon? What are the stakes and perspectives for Brazil's political institutions, and are there any possibilities left for emancipatory movements? Two leading political scientists from Rio de Janeiro chronicle the events so far.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Distribution of glutamine synthetase and an inverse relationship between glutamine synthetase expression and intramuscular glutamine concentration in the horse. Glutamine plays important roles in the interorgan transport of nitrogen, carbon and energy but little is known about glutamine metabolism in the horse. In this study we determined the tissue distribution of glutamine synthetase expression in three Standardbred mares. Expression of glutamine synthetase was highest in kidney and mammary gland, and relatively high in liver and adipose tissue. Expression was lower in gluteus muscle, thymus, colon and lung, and much lower in small intestine, pancreas and uterus. The pattern of glutamine synthetase expression in the horse is similar to that of other herbivores and it is likely that skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue and lungs are the major sites of net glutamine synthesis in this species. Expression did not differ between adipose tissue depots but did vary between different muscles. Expression was highest in gluteus and semimembranous muscles and much lower in diaphragm and heart muscles. The concentration of intramuscular free glutamine was inversely correlated with expression of glutamine synthetase (r=-0.81, p=0.0017). The concentration of free glutamine was much higher in heart muscle (21.6 +/- 0.9 mu mol/g wet wt) than in gluteus muscle (4.19 + 0.33 mu mol/g wet wt), which may indicate novel functions and/or regulatory mechanisms for glutamine in the equine heart. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
{"token": "Stress, coping, and social support as psychosocial factors in readmissions for ischaemic heart disease. In comparison to persons with multiple admissions for cardiac illness, first time admissions appraised their IHD as less central and threatening, perceived less affective and affirmational support from health professionals, and identified health professionals less and neighbours more as sources of support. Greater use of the coping strategy 'seeking social support' was associated with the readmission of persons who had had their first admission for IHD. Less use of the coping strategy 'accepting responsibility' was associated with the readmission of persons who had a history of prior admission for IHD. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.This exploratory investigation aimed to identify psychological and social factors associated with early (4 months post-discharge) readmission to hospital of persons with ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Data on stress (Stress Appraisal Scale), coping strategies (Ways of Coping Questionnaire), and social network/social support (Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire) were collected from 100 persons with the primary diagnosis of IHD prior to discharge From hospital. Twenty-four persons were readmitted during the 4-month study period. The sample was divided into two groups for analysis: (1) persons with a first admission for IHD, and (2) persons with a prior history of admission for IHD.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "In the Acute Phase of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection, Liver Lymphoid and Myeloid Cells Display an Ambiguous Phenotype Combining Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Markers. Multiple cell populations, cellular biochemical pathways, and the autonomic nervous system contribute to maintaining the immunological tolerance in the liver. This tolerance is coherent because the organ is exposed to high levels of bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) molecules from the intestinal microbiota, such as lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS). In the case of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, although there is a dramatic acute immune response in the liver, we observed intrahepatic cell populations combining pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. There was loss of fully mature Kupffer cells and an increase in other myeloid cells, which are likely to include monocytes. Among dendritic cells (DCs), the cDC1 population expanded relative to the others, and these cells lost both some macrophage markers (F4/80) and immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10, TGF-beta 1). In parallel, a massive T cell response occured with loss of naive cells and increase in several post-activation subsets. However, these activated T cells expressed both markers programmed cell death protein (PD-1) and cytokines consistent with immunosuppressive function (IL-10, TGF-beta 1). NK and NK-T cells broadly followed the pattern of T cell activation, while TCR-gamma delta cells appeared to be bystanders. While no data were obtained concerning IL-2, several cell populations also synthesized IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, which has been linked to host defense but also to tissue injury. It therefore appears that T. cruzi exerts control over liver immunity, causing T cell activation via cDC1 but subverting multiple populations of T cells into immunosuppressive pathways. In this way, T. cruzi engages a mechanism of hepatic T cell tolerance that is familiar from liver allograft tolerance, in which activation and proliferation are followed by T cell inactivation.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Unary and Binary Heterogeneous Nucleation of Organic Vapors on Monodisperse WOx Seed Particles with Diameters Down to 1.4 nm. Unary and binary heterogeneous nucleation has been studied experimentally using monodisperse tungsten oxide (WOx) particles in the size range from 1.4 nm up to 7 nm. WOx particles were generated using a commercially available WOx generator in combination with a nanoDMA for size selection. n-Propanol and n-nonane as well as mixtures thereof were used as the nucleating substances. The experiments were performed with an expansion-type condensation particle counter in combination with a constant-angle Mie scattering detector providing counting efficiency of 100% down to at least 3 nm particle diameter. The binary n-propanol-n-nonane system was found to co-nucleate only reluctantly which is in agreement with homogeneous nucleation experiments as well as composition of critical clusters as determined by the heterogeneous nucleation theorem. The size dependent measurements for the pure systems revealed that n-nonane leads to contamination of the chamber at particle sizes below 4 nm. In contrast, n-propanol is suitable to detect particles as small as 1.4 nm.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 16, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Using an artificial financial market for studying a cryptocurrency market. This paper presents an agent-based artificial cryptocurrency market in which heterogeneous agents buy or sell cryptocurrencies, in particular Bitcoins. In this market, there are two typologies of agents, Random Traders and Chartists, which interact with each other by trading Bitcoins. Each agent is initially endowed with a finite amount of crypto and/or fiat cash and issues buy and sell orders, according to her strategy and resources. The number of Bitcoins increases over time with a rate proportional to the real one, even if the mining process is not explicitly modelled. The model proposed is able to reproduce some of the real statistical properties of the price returns observed in the Bitcoin real market. In particular, it is able to reproduce the unit root property, the fat tail phenomenon and the volatility clustering. The simulator has been implemented using object-oriented technology, and could be considered a valid starting point to study and analyse the cryptocurrency market and its future evolutions.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Climate fluctuations during the past two millennia as recorded in sediments from Maxwell Bay, South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica. The climate evolution of the South Shetland Islands during the last c. 2000 years is inferred from the multiproxy analyses of a long (928 cm) sediment core retrieved from Maxwell Bay off King George Island. The vertical sediment flux at the core location is controlled by summer melting processes that cause sediment-laden meltwater plumes to form. These leave a characteristic signature in the sediments of NE Maxwell Bay. We use this signature to distinguish summer and winter-dominated periods. During the Medieval Warm Period, sediments are generally finer which indicates summer-type conditions. In contrast, during the Little Ice Age (LIA) sediments are generally coarser and are indicative of winter-dominated conditions. Comparison with Northern and Southern Hemisphere, Antarctic, and global temperature reconstructions reveals that the mean grain-size curve from Maxwell Bay closely resembles the curve of the global temperature reconstruction. We show that the medieval warming occurred earlier in the Southern than in the Northern Hemisphere, which might indicate that the warming was driven by processes occurring in the south. The beginning of the LIA appears to be almost synchronous in both hemispheres. The warming after the LIA closely resembles the Northern Hemisphere record which might indicate this phase of cooling was driven by processes occurring in the north. Although the recent rapid regional warming is clearly visible, the Maxwell Bay record does not show the dominance of summer-type sediments until the 1970s. Continued warming in this area will likely affect the marine ecosystem through meltwater induced turbidity of the surface waters as well as an extension of the vegetation period due to the predicted decrease of sea ice in this area.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "You can laugh at everything, but not with everyone What jokes can tell us about group affiliations. This paper explores the impact of group affiliation with respect to the on-line processing and appreciation of jokes, using facial electromyography (EMG) activity and offline evaluations as dependent measures. Two experiments were conducted in which group affiliation varied between the participant and each of two independent (recorded confederate) speakers whose described political profiles were distinguished through one word: \\\\'Right\\\\' versus \\\\'Left.\\\\' Experiment 1 showed that jokes were more highly evaluated and that associated EMG activity was more intense when it was later determined that the speaker was a member of the listener's ingroup rather than outgroup. In an effort to determine whether these parochial effects can be isolated to ingroup favoritism as opposed to outgroup derogation, Experiment 2 paired a joke-teller described as politically active (either from the right or the left) with one who was described as politically neutral. These more subtle comparisons suggest that the parochial effects observed in our joke understanding paradigm are mediated, at least in part, by the presence of an outgroup member.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 52]}
{"token": "The regulation of DNA adsorption and release through chitosan multilayers. To sustain transgene expression, chitosan was studied to immobilize DNA using layer-by-layer assembly to form polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs). Higher DNA concentrations and longer deposition periods demonstrated more DNA adsorptions to PEMs. By adjusting pH and the molecular weight of chitosan, PEM structures were manipulated. Chitosan molecules adsorption to PEMs increased when they were at pH 6 because of their low protonation. Furthermore, the configuration of chitosan favored a coiled-form when the pH was high, as the intramolecular repulsion decreased. Therefore, interdiffusion of polyelectrolytes in PEMs was promoted to increase DNA adsorption, especially for chitosan with high molecular weight. For the release experiments, because PEMs fabricated by lower pH chitosan owned less chitosan molecules, DNA release was enhanced. However, this phenomenon did not happen to chitosan with high molecular weight, which should be due to the entanglement between polymer chains. This comprehensive approach should be beneficial to substrate-mediated gene delivery applications. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Inter-disciplinary, multi-scale science to support society to adapt under global change. Factualised storytelling narratives may assist scientists to communicate inter-disciplinary, multi-scale climate change research with stakeholders and non-expert members of the community. Scientists are increasingly required to balance scientific rigour with storytelling narratives that can facilitate climate change mitigation and adaptation as new communication technologies evolve. In this editorial to the research front, 'Climate impacts on marine system structure and function: molecules to ecosystems', a review of climate change coverage in the media since 1980 showed that climate change science had a substantial voice globally and, in particular, in countries with carbon-dependent economies. However, the effective communication of multi-scale climate change research in the media can be complicated by the complex messages, the lack of training scientists receive in communication, and the traditionally distant relationship that the scientific community has with the media and, more so, with the broader community. Considerable scientific effort is being made to overcome these challenges as additional responsibility is placed on the scientific community to produce newsworthy scientific outputs. However, the integration of inter-disciplinary, multi-scale information, such as outlined in this research front, can result in more holistic climate change stories that scientists can effectively communicate with stakeholders and the broader community.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Dense alternating sign matrices and extensions. In this paper, some connections of dense alternating sign matrices with total unimodularity, combined matrices, and generalized complementary basic matrices are explored. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "High step-up/step-down non-isolated BDC with built-in DC-transformer for energy storage systems. A non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter (BDC) is proposed for high step-up/step-down bidirectional power conversion applications. A DC-transformer is integrated into a conventional non-isolated buck-boost BDC to achieve high-voltage conversion ratio and wide voltage/power range regulation simultaneously. The switches are shared by the buck-boost BDC and the DC-transformer. Voltage stresses of switches are reduced by connecting the input and output of the DC-transformer in-series. The duty cycles of switches are used to make sure that the voltages on the two sides of the DC-transformer are matched. As a result, the DC-transformer always operates under the highest-efficiency condition. The phase-shift angle between the switching bridges is employed to achieve the power flow regulation. Soft-switching of all the switches is achieved by adopting the pulse-width modulation plus phase-shift control strategy. Operation principles, characteristics and design considerations of the proposed BDC are analysed in detail. Experimental results from a 48 V/400 V-1 kW prototype verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter. The efficiency is demonstrated to peak at 96.6% for both the step-up and step-down modes.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "UNEXPECTED INACTIVATION OF ACCEPTOR CONSENSUS SPLICE SEQUENCE BY A -3C TO T-TRANSITION IN INTRON-2 OF THE CFTR GENE. Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR). Analysis of DNA from a pancreatic sufficient patient by means of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and subsequent DNA sequencing led to the identification of a novel potential splice mutation and a novel missense mutation in the CFTR gene. One C to T substitution (297-3C-->T) was found at the splice acceptor site of intron 2 and a T to C substitution at 1213 was found in exon 7. To determine the effect of the potential splicing mutation on the patient's CFTR transcripts and by taking advantage of the ''illegitimate'' transcription phenomenon, RNA from EBV-lymphoblastoid cells was reverse transcribed and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Direct sequencing of the PCR product revealed that the transcript from the chromosome with the 297-3C-->T mutation exhibited the skipping of exon 3.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Exploring alkaline pre-treatment of microalgal biomass for bioethanol production. We have investigated, for the first time, the alkaline pre-treatment of microalgal biomass, from the species Chlorococcum infusionum, using NaOH for bioethanol production. This pre-treatment step aims to release and breakdown entrapped polysaccharides in the microalgae cell walls into fermentable subunits. Three parameters were examined here; the concentration of NaOH. temperature and the pre-treatment time. The bioethanol concentration, glucose concentration and the cell size were studied in order to determine the effectiveness of the pre-treatment process. Microscopic analysis was performed to confirm cell rupturing, the highest glucose yield was determined to be 350 mg/g, and the maximum bioethanol yield obtained was 0.26 g ethanol/g algae using 0.75% (w/v) of NaOH and 120 degrees C for 30 min. Overall, the alkaline pre-treatment method proved to be promising option to pre-treat microalgal biomass for bioethanol production. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Spirulina (Arthrospira) industry in Inner Mongolia of China: current status and prospects. This paper outlines an investigation on current situation of Spirulina (Arthrospira) industry in Inner Mongolia, an internal region of China with temperate continental climate. More than 20 Spirulina plants have been established in Inner Mongolia since 2001, most of which are located at Wulan Town in the Ordos Plateau. By the end of 2009, the total annual production of Spirulina in the Ordos Plateau surpassed 700 t (dw), which account for ca. 80% of the total productivity of Inner Mongolia, and ca. 20% of China. Besides abundant solar radiation and enough freshwater favorable for Spirulina production, the three technical strategies contribute to the prosperity and success of Spirulina industry in the region: (1) reducing the cost or investment by overall advantages of rich local natural resources with low cost for Spirulina production, such as alkaline lakes, coal, electricity, and sandy land; (2) controlling the culture temperature and to avoid contamination by building plastic greenhouses on raceway ponds, (3) reducing investment by simplifying the construction of the ponds and the greenhouses. As the result, the growth period of Spirulina has been prolonged from about 120 to about 165 days, the cost of Spirulina has decreased by 25-30%, and the quality of products has been enhanced substantially. Inner Mongolia is expected to become the largest base for Spirulina production not only in China, but also in the world in the near future.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
{"token": "A simple fluorescent labeling technique to study virus adsorption in Newcastle disease virus infected cells. The present study demonstrates that the fluorescent general membrane dyes PKH67 and PKH26 are suitable to label Newcastle disease virus, an enveloped virus belonging to the family of paramyxoviridae. Adsorption of the labeled virus particles was tracked, visualized and quantitated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The specificity of PKH-labeling was determined by colocalization analysis of the PKH signal with NDV-specific immunolabeling, and by using mock-infected controls and infection with detergent-pretreated labeled virus particles. The infectivity of the NDV particles was not affected by the labeling procedure as indicated by the results of a cytotoxicity ATP assay, an apoptosis assay and detection of virus-specific RNA and protein by qPCR and Western blotting, respectively, in cells infected with PKH-labeled and unlabeled virus particles. This technique can be used as an inexpensive, sensitive and rapid alternative method in the analysis of adsorption and internalization of enveloped viruses by the infected cells. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "TROUBLES WITH (THE CONCEPT OF) TRUTH IN MATHEMATICS. In the paper the problem of definability and undefinability of the concept of satisfaction and truth is considered. Connections between satisfaction and truth on the one hand consistency of certain systems of omega-logic and transfinite induction on the other are indicated.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
{"token": "Contribution to the knowledge of the oribatid mite genus Antarctozetes (Acari, Oribatida, Punctoribatidae). A new species of Antarctozetes (Oribatida, Ceratozetoidea) is described from the soil in New Zealand based on adult morphology. Antarctozetes mariehammerae sp. nov. differs from Antarctozetes intermedius (Hammer, 1967) by the short rostral setae, very short stalks of bothridial setae, and bidentate lamellar cusps. A revised generic diagnosis is given, Antarctozetes is maintained in Punctoribatidae, although knowledge of juvenile instars is lacking. The relationship of Antarctozetes, Anellozetes, Africoribates and Kilimabates is discussed. Data on habitat and an identification key to known species of Antarctozetes in New Zealand are provided.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Predicts Negative Alterations in Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity in Chronic HIV Infection. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), a key negative regulator of fibrinolysis, has been investigated to be one of the potential mechanisms of the development of impaired insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. Because chronically stable HIV-infected individuals frequently develop abnormal glucose metabolism, including insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, we postulated that PAI-1 could be one of the multifactorial pathogenic roles in the development of impaired insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance among chronic HIV-infected individuals. From our longitudinal cohort study, we selectively recruited chronically stable HIV-infected individuals without diagnosis of diabetes mellitus at baseline (N=62) to analyze the correlation of baseline inflammatory cytokines, including PAI-1 and whole-body insulin sensitivity, with 2-year follow-up, as measured by Matsuda Index. We found a negative correlation between baseline PAI-1 and Matsuda Index (r=-0.435, p=.001) and a negative correlation between baseline PAI-1 and Matsuda Index at 2 years (r=-0.377, p=.005). In a linear regression model that included age, total body fat mass percentage, serum amyloid A, and family history of diabetes mellitus, PAI-1 still remained significantly associated with Matsuda Index at 2-year follow-up (=-.397, p=.002). Our longitudinal study suggests that PAI-1 is an independent predictor of impaired insulin sensitivity among chronic HIV-infected individuals.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
{"token": "The EU and the implementation of international law: the case of 'sea-level bureaucrats'. Is the European Union (EU) influencing national bureaucracies' implementation of international law? This paper reports findings from interviews with ship inspectors and their superiors about European training aimed at harmonization. The maritime sector's highly institutionalized global regime may constitute an unlikely case for European influence over national bureaucrats for historical, institutional and economic reasons. This examination of 'sea-level bureaucrats' shows how European executive capacity is acquired at the national level even in this sector, adding to our insights on implementation and compliance in European governance. We find evidence that inspections seem Europeanized, and together with research on other sectors, this indicates the development of a new, international, multi-level administrative order with stronger traits of direct implementation. In it, the EU may have developed into an interpretative filter for national implementation of global maritime safety rules.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Negative regulation of mitotic promoting factor by the checkpoint kinase Chk1 in simian virus 40 lytic infection. Lytic infection of African green monkey kidney (CV-1) cells by simian virus 40 (SV40) is characterized by stimulation of DNA synthesis leading to bypass of mitosis and replication of cellular and viral DNA beyond a 4C DNA content. To define mechanisms underlying the absence of mitosis, the expression levels of upstream regulatory molecules of mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) were compared in parallel synchronized cultures of SV40-infected and uninfected CV-1 cells. The DNA replication/damage checkpoint kinase Chk1 was phosphorylated in both uninfected and SV40-infected cultures arrested at G(1)/S by mimosine, consistent with checkpoint activation. Following release of uninfected cultures from G(1)/S, Chk1 phosphorylation was lost even though Chk1 protein levels were retained. In contrast, G(1)/S-released SV40-infected cultures exhibited dephosphorylation of Chk1 in S phase, followed by an increase in Chk1 phosphorylation coinciding with entry of infected cells into >G(2). Inhibitors of Chk1, UCN-01 and caffeine, induced mitosis and abnormal nuclear condensation and increased the protein kinase activity of MPF in SV40-infected CV-1 cells. These results demonstrate that SV40 lytic infection triggers components of a DNA damage checkpoint pathway. In addition, chemical inhibition of Chk1 activity suggests that Chk1 contributes to the absence of mitosis during SV40 lytic infection.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Lentivirus gene transfer in murine hematopoietic progenitor cells is compromised by a delay in proviral integration and results in transduction mosaicism and heterogeneous gene expression in progeny cells. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-based lentivirus vectors containing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene were used to transduce murine Lin(-) c-kit(+) Seal(+) primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells. Following transduction, the cells were plated into hematopoietic progenitor cell assays in methylcellulose and the colonies were scored for GFP positivity. After incubation for 20 h, lentivirus vectors transduced 27.3% +/- 6.7% of the colonies derived from unstimulated target cells, but transduction was more efficient when the cells were supported with stem cell factor (SCF) alone (42.0% +/- 5.5%) or SCF, interleukin-3 (IL-3), and IL-6 (53.3 +/- 1.8%) during transduction. The, vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein-pseudotyped MGIN oncoretrovirus control vector required IL-3, IL-6, and SCF for significant transduction (39.3 +/- 9.4%). Interestingly, only a portion of the progeny cells within the lentivirus-transduced methylcellulose colonies expressed GFP, in contrast to the homogeneous expression in oncoretrovirus-transduced colonies. Secondary plating of the primary GFP(+) lentivirus vector-transduced colonies revealed vector PCR+ GFP(+) (42%), vector PCR- GFP(-) (46%), and vector PCR+ GFP(-) (13%) secondary colonies, indicating true genetic mosaicism with respect to the viral genome in the progeny cells. The degree of vector mosaicism in individual colonies could be reduced by extending the culture time after transduction and before plating into the clonal progenitor cell assay, indicating a delay in the lentiviral integration process. Furthermore, supplementation with exogenous deoxynucleoside triphosphates during transduction decreased mosaicism within the colonies. Although cytokine stimulation during transduction correlates with higher transduction efficiency, rapid cell division after transduction may result in loss of the viral genome in the progeny cells. Therefore, optimal transduction may require activation without promoting intense cell proliferation prior to vector integration.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "God and Dispositional Essentialism: An Account of the Laws of Nature. It is common to appeal to governing laws of nature in order to explain the existence of natural regularities. Classical theism, however, maintains the sovereignty thesis: everything distinct from God is created by him and is under his guidance and control. It follows from this that God must somehow be responsible for natural laws and regularities. Therefore, theists need an account of the relation between (i) regularities, (ii) laws, and (iii) God. I examine competing accounts of laws of nature and conclude that dispositional essentialism provides the most satisfactory explanation of the relation between (i), (ii) and (iii).", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Modeling of a screw solid-liquid extractor through concentration evolution experiments. Experimental data and mathematical models are presented for extraction from plants in a continuous countercurrent screw extractor operating with solvent recycling. The working process of the device was analyzed for two kinetically different solid-liquid systems: Geranium macrorhizum L. -water and Nicotiana tabacum L. -water. A dimensionless convection-diffusion model, adapted for the relevant flow configuration, was solved numerically under dynamic conditions. From independent experiments in a periodically stirred vessel and in a continuous screw extractor, the model parameters (effective diffusivity, mass-transfer coefficient, and axial dispersion) were obtained by comparing the model solutions to the experimental data. It was found that, for systems containing dilute solutions at high solvent velocity with an internal-diffusion-controlled process (Bi much greater than 40), a simplified perfect-mixing approximation successfully fits the experimental data for the larger particle sizes studied.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Effects of crop diversity on bird species richness and abundance in a highland East African agricultural landscape. We examined the effects of crop diversity on avian species richness and abundance in the highland farmlands of Nyandarua, Kenya. We surveyed birds using point counts and recorded habitat data at the same locations estimating cover and growth stage of all crop types, whether they were grown as intercrops or monocrops, and the dominant surrounding vegetation type. An index of crop diversity was calculated from the percentage cover of the different crop types. The effects of these habitat variables on bird species richness, abundance of foraging guilds and the abundance of each of the 12 most common species were examined using linear mixed models. Crop diversity had significant positive effects on species richness. Cereal cover had negative effects on species richness, overall bird abundance and abundance of granivores. Occurrence of cultivation/fallow and mixed vegetation as the dominant habitat surrounding crop plots positively influenced granivores' abundance, and the abundance of Speckled Mousebird Colius striatus, a pest species, was favoured by increasing orchard cover and occurrence of wooded and shrub vegetation as the dominant surrounding vegetation type. The study confirmed that heterogeneity brought about by increased crop diversity and reduced cereal cover within cultivations contributed to enhancement of farmlands as habitats for birds.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Optimization of a Large Scale Industrial Reactor Towards Tailor Made Polymers Using Genetic Algorithm. This paper presents a computational procedure for producing tailor made polymer resins, satisfying customers' needs while operating with maximum profit. The case study is an industrial large-scale polymerization reactor. The molecular properties considered are melt index (MI), which measures the molecular weight distribution, and stress exponent (SE), which is related to polydispersity. An economic objective function is associated to a deterministic mathematical model and the resulting optimization problem is solved by genetic algorithm (GA), a stochastic method. The GA parameters for both binary and real codifications are tuned by means of the design of experiments. Attempting to achieve the global optimum, a hybrid method, which introduces process knowledge into GA random initial population, is proposed. The binary codification performs better than the real GA, especially with hybridization. Results show that the GA can satisfactorily predict tailor made polymer resins with profits up to 25% higher than the industrial practice.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Using MathCad in understanding the induction motor characteristics. Computer-aided multimedia education is increasingly popular within the classroom and laboratory. The applications of market-ready mathematical and database programming software for teaching engineering course outline is well appreciated. This article shows how MathCad can be used to introduce electrical machine characteristics simulated at different possible control modes. The undergraduate students require minimum knowledge of a programming language. The examples presented in the article show how MathCad software can be used to simplify some of the characteristics of the three-phase and one-phase induction machine. The result of introducing math software as a teaching tool at the third- and fourth-year level have been accepted and are now used as part of the practical sessions for the electrical machine and other credited courses at Birzeit University, West Bank and Gaza in the Palestine.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 14]}
{"token": "Engagement across three social media platforms: An exploratory study of a cause-related PR campaign. This study analyzed a social media campaign promoting child welfare to explore the associations among people's social media use, their engagement with different social media platforms (blog, Facebook page, Twitter account), and three intended behavioral outcomes (social media behavior, offline communication behavior, and helping behavior). An online survey of 73 participants shows that people's use of each social media platform was significantly related to their engagement with it at a bivariate level (when the other control variables were not considered). Social media use was also related to all three behavioral outcomes. Additionally, users' engagement played a significant mediating role in the relationship between their social media use and their offline communication behavior. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
{"token": "Bundling, a newly identified risk factor for neonatal tetanus: Implications for global control. Background. Bundling, which consists of wrapping an infant for prolonged periods in a sheepskin cover after dried cow dung is applied, is a common and apparently unique practice limited to the rural, mountainous regions of Northern Pakistan. The practice is initiated at various ages during the neonatal period. Its potential contribution to neonatal tetanus (NNT) had not been evaluated.Conclusions. Bundling is a significant risk factor for NNT in the mountainous regions of Northern Pakistan. While this practice is seemingly limited to these remote areas, the findings have broad implications since they indicate that NNT can derive from exposures of the umbilical wound at any time during the first several days of life. Thus, clean cord care at delivery is not itself sufficient to prevent NNT and control programmes need to address post-delivery sources of NNT.Results. Bundling instituted within the first 3 days of life was a substantial risk factor for NNT (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [Cl] : 1.3-4.9). Other factors found risky for NNT were delivery on a straw surface and pre-delivery intravaginal application of ghee to the mothers. Handwashing by the delivery attendant and use of a new razor to cut the umbilical cord were protective.Methods. A population-based, matched, case-control study was undertaken to assess bundling and other factors potentially related to NNT in rural parts of the Northern Areas, Pakistan.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Partner management for gonococcal and chlamydial infection - Expansion of public health services to the private sector and expedited sex partner treatment through a partnership with commercial pharmacies. Results: Providers permitted the health department to contact 3613 (91%) of 3972 potentially eligible patients, and 1693 (67%) of 2531 successfully contacted patients consented to interview. Of these, 1095 (65%) reported at least one untreated partner. Most patients (90%) wished to notify partners themselves. Patients were more likely to have partners who had not yet been treated and to request PN assistance if they had more than one sex partner in the preceding 60 days or a partner they did not anticipate having sex with in the future. These two factors characterized 49% of all patients interviewed, 70% of those with a partner that was untreated 7 or more days after index patient treatment, and 83% of those accepting PN assistance. Among 458 randomly selected patients with untreated partners at time of study interview, 346 (76%) agreed to deliver treatment to a partner. Of these, most (266) chose to obtain medication for a partner at a pharmacy, of whom 223 (84%) successfully did so.Background: Public health partner notification (PN) services currently affect only a small minority of patients with gonorrhea or chlamydial infection and new approaches to PN are needed.Conclusion: A substantial minority of private sector patients have untreated partners more than 7 days after their own treatment; some need help with PN, but most will agree to deliver medication to partners themselves.Objectives: To expand PN for gonorrhea and chlamydial infection to private sector patients and to assess the feasibility of treating sex partners through commercial pharmacies.Methods: Selected patients were offered PN assistance and were randomly offered medication to deliver to their partners.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Zinc deficiency and toxicity in pediatric practice. Recent findingsPurpose of reviewDuring the last decade, the significance of zinc deficiency in childhood growth, morbidity, and mortality has been recognized by a number of large-scale supplementation trials in underdeveloped countries. Recognition of the recent nationwide shortage of injectable zinc available for total parenteral nutrition supplementation over the last 2 years focused attention on the possibility of zinc deficiency in the United States.SummaryAlthough primarily thought of as a problem reserved for underdeveloped countries, zinc deficiency has increasing pediatric prevalence in the USA. Zinc is an essential trace element in the body that is responsible for numerous structural, catalytic, and biochemical functions. Deficiencies can occur because of poor dietary intake, long-term parenteral nutrition without supplementation, and enteral causes such as malabsorption. Zinc deficiency is closely associated with stunting, respiratory infections, diarrhea, and dermatitis. Deficiency is hard to define solely by the serum levels. Clinicians should utilize a combination of serum zinc levels, presenting signs and symptoms, and nutritional intake via oral, enteral, and parenteral routes to accurately assess the deficiency risk and diagnosis.Zinc is a commonly overlooked deficiency in developed countries, occurring in infants, children, and adolescents during critical growth periods. The purpose of this review is to present the evidence of zinc deficiencies and toxicities as well as treatment in pediatrics.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Shaming in a Shameless World: The Broken Dialectic of the Self. Until recently, shame culture was considered a powerful weapon for maintaining the status quo. Furthermore, it was also considered anti-democratic. Yet nowadays, in the hands of the weak, it has become a powerful weapon for challenging the status quo. It appears that the efficiency of shame has increased in an allegedly shameless society. This article seeks to clarify such conundrums by employing the largely forgotten dialectic of the self to highlight the difference between \\\\'being ashamed\\\\' within one's inner self and \\\\'feeling shamed\\\\' in one's outer self, as evinced in the usages of two different words for \\\\'shame\\\\' in Hebrew and Greek. By contrasting Socrates with Diogenes the Cynic, this approach shows not only why not being able to be ashamed within one's inner self is a sign of a totalitarian self but also why such a self can become more vulnerable to external acts of shaming.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "The Biographical Process of a Tibetan Lama. This paper is concerned with the social life of a deceased Tibetan Buddhist lama. It details the role of death and successive lives in a lifestory that ends not with the passing of the subject but with his rebirth. Ethnographic attendance to tales told about the lama's death and reincarnation, and their textualization in the Tibetan convention of hagiography, or namtar, draw attention to quintessentially Tibetan understandings of the lifecourse. I argue that posthumous forms of the lama challenge the notion of biological death, and, in so doing, demonstrate that life can continue in new mediums including relics, reincarnation and hagiographical representations.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in chitosan-based scaffolds using a flow-perfusion bioreactor. Native articular cartilage is subjected to synovial fluid flow during normal joint function. Thus, it is believed that the morphogenesis of articular cartilage may be positively regulated by the application of similar stimulation in vitro. In the present study, the effect of fluid flow over the chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) was investigated. We intended to find out whether the shear stress caused by perfusion of the medium through the constructs was capable of augmenting the differentiation process. Human BMSCs were isolated from bone marrow aspirates and were characterized by flow cytometry. After expansion, hBM-MSCs were seeded statically onto fibre mesh scaffolds, consisting of a blend of 50 : 50 chitosan : poly(butylene terephthalate adipate) (CPBTA). Constructs were cultured in a flow-perfusion bioreactor for 28 days, using complete medium for chondrogenesis supplemented by TGF beta 3. An enhanced ECM deposition and collagen type II production was observed in the bioreactor samples when compared to the static controls. Moreover, it was observed that hBM-MSCs, in static cultures, take longer to differentiate. ECM accumulation in these samples is lower than in the bioreactor sections, and there is a significant difference in the expression of collagen type I. We found that the flow-induced shear stress has a beneficial effect on the chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 15, 42]}
{"token": "A Predictive Environmental Assessment Method for Construction Operations: Application to a Northeast China Case Study. Construction accounts for a considerable number of environmental impacts, especially in countries with rapid urbanization. A predictive environmental assessment method enables a comparison of alternatives in construction operations to mitigate these environmental impacts. Process-based life cycle assessment (pLCA), which is the most widely applied environmental assessment method, requires lots of detailed process information to evaluate. However, a construction project usually operates in uncertain and dynamic project environments, and capturing such process information represents a critical challenge for pLCA. Discrete event simulation (DES) provides an opportunity to include uncertainty and capture the dynamic environments of construction operations. This study proposes a predictive assessment method that integrates DES and pLCA (DES-pLCA) to evaluate the environmental impact of on-site construction operations and supply chains. The DES feeds pLCA with process information that considers the uncertain and dynamic environments of construction, while pLCA guides the comprehensive procedure of environmental assessment. A DES-pLCA prototype was developed and implemented in a case study of an 18-storey building in Northeast China. The results showed that the biggest impact variations on the global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication (EP), photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP), abiotic depletion potential (ADP), and human toxicity potential (HTP) were 5.1%, 4.1%, 4.1%, 4.7%, 0.3%, and 5.9%, respectively, due to uncertain and dynamic factors. Based on the proposed method, an average impact reduction can be achieved for these six indictors of 2.5%, 21.7%, 8.2%, 4.8%, 32.5%, and 0.9%, respectively. The method also revealed that the material wastage rate of formwork installation was the most crucial managing factor that influences global warming performance. The method can support contractors in the development and management of environmentally friendly construction operations that consider the effects of uncertainty and dynamics.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Reflective teaching practices in Turkish primary school teachers. The objective of the study is to explore the prevalence of reflective teaching practices among Turkish primary school teachers. Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used together in the study. The sample was composed of 328 primary school teachers working in 30 primary education institutions in the town of Antakya in the province of Hatay (Turkey). For data collection, a Reflective Teaching Practices Questionnaire and observation form were used. The results of the study show that teachers generally implement the following reflective teaching practices: providing learner-centered instruction, creating a reflective classroom climate, valuing criticism, self-appraising, making decisions for the future, solving problems, and being open to professional development. However, observation results indicate that teachers generally fail to implement the reflective teaching practices of praising students who defend their views freely, facilitating students to communicate their criticism regarding instructional processes and teacher attitudes in oral or written form, identifying problems that emerge in the class, and keeping a daily journal to observe their own professional development and identify shortcomings.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "African swine fever virus organelle rearrangements. Like most viruses African swine fever virus (ASFV) subsumes the host cell apparatus in order to facilitate its replication. ASFV replication is a highly orchestrated process with a least four stages of transcription, immediate-early, early, intermediate and late. As the infective cycle progresses through these stages most if not all of the organelles that comprise a nucleated cell are modified, adapted or in some cases destroyed. The entry of the virus is receptor-mediated, but the precise mechanism of endocytosis is a matter of keen, current debate. Once ASFV has exited from the endosomal-lysosomal complex the virus life-cycle enters into an intimate relationship with the microtubular network. Genome replication is believed to be initiated within the nucleus and ASFV infection completely reorders the structure of this organelle. The majority of replication and assembly occurs in discrete, perinuclear regions of the cell called virus factories and finally progeny virions are transported to the plasma membrane along microtubules where they bud out or are propelled away along actin projections to infect new cells. The generation of ASFV replication sites induces profound reorganisation of the organelles that comprise the secretory pathway and may contribute to the induction of cellular stress responses that ASFV modulates. The level of organisation and complexity of virus factories are not dissimilar to those seen in cellular organelles. Like their cellular counterparts the formation of virus factories, as well as virus entry and exit, are dependent on the various components of the cytoskeleton. This review will summarise these rearrangements, the viral proteins involved and their functional consequences. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Preventing pressure ulcers: An evaluation of four operating-table mattresses. Pressure is a major factor in the development of pressure ulcers. This research focused on assessing the pressure-reducing effects of operating-table mattresses. Five mattresses were tested: a standard operating-table mattress, a foam mattress, a gel mattress, a visco-elastic polyether mattress, and a visco-elastic polyurethane mattress. Four intraoperative postures were evaluated: supine, lateral, fossa, and the Miles-Pauchet position. Interface pressure measurements were performed on 36 healthy volunteers. The foam mattress and the gel mattress seem to have little or no pressure-reducing effect; the polyurethane mattress and the polyether mattress reduce interface pressure significantly better (p <.001); but none of the mattresses reduce pressure sufficiently to prevent the occurrence of pressure ulcers. Copyright (C) 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Engaging trainee teachers with crafts and cultural heritage. This article concerns perspectives on, and formative experiences of, crafts and cultural heritage reported by twenty exchange students from seven countries who studied Cultural Heritage and Craft Education in an International Study Programme at a University in Finland. The research is reported in a cultural ecological framework. Data were collected through individual and group activities concerned with students' understandings of key terms, memories evoked by undertaking craft activities, values held about crafts and cultural heritage, and accounts of craft education. Results show that engaging in craft practices evokes strong associations with people, places, artefacts, activities, feelings and sensations. Crafts are valued particularly for the way they connect with culture and the possibilities they offer for self-expression. Cultural heritage is associated with crafts but relationships between the two are not taught in schools. The significance of the research concerns the case made for connecting crafts and cultural heritage in a broader conceptualization of arts education.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Interrater Reliability of the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test. The sit-to-stand (STS) task, an important activity required to maintain functional independence, can be used to assess physical performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the interrater reliability of the five-times-sit-to-stand test (FTSTS). Ninety-two subjects, mean age of 65 years, performed the FTSTS without the use of the upper extremities. A video recording of each subject's performance was independently assessed to determine the test completion time by three clinicians with similar education and years of clinical experience. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) was used to determine the interrater reliability of the FTSTS. Statistical analysis revealed excellent interrater reliability among all three researchers: ICC = 1.000. When clinicians with equal education and clinical experience administer the FTSTS, it has excellent interrater reliability.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "TITO'S BUST AND THE 'HOT' CROATIAN SUMMER. POLITICAL USE OF HISTORY IN CROATIA - SUMMER OF 2014. In Croatia, as in many other countries, the history of the 20th century, rich in dramatic events, especially events that occurred during World War II, are particularly strongly present in public life. Croatian society does not represent a unique attitude towards these events, and today they represent the basic foundation of political preferences of Croatian citizens. They are also strongly reflected in the social and political tensions. Politicians of various political options often evoke past events in their public speeches. As expected, they become the main topic of the speech kept during celebrations of anniversaries.The article is devoted to the political use of history in Croatia through the analysis of speeches held during celebrate the holidays and the anniversary celebrations during the summer of 2014. The speeches were analyzed on the basis of publicly available records and text material from the Internet and material collected in the framework of one research project. In this way, it endeavors to present a situation that corresponds to a specific time (summer 2014). Speeches and celebrations are presented along with a brief overview of the history of the celebrations, through which examining the context and the changes that have been taking place so far.Analyzing these examples of political use of history in public appearances at celebrations the paper presents the ways in which politicians and public figures refer to the past. The resulting image shows the disunity of the Croatian society when it comes to remembering the events of the 20th century and the presence of the culture of memory marked by confrontation and conflicts, as well as a very limited possibility of open public debate on those elements from the national past that present controversial points of national memory.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "WHO ARE 'WE'? DON'T MAKE ME LAUGH. This paper explores the implications of uses of the word 'we' in post-apartheid South African fiction. 'We' in these novels is typically a contested linguistic site - which tells of the loss of inherited communities, and reflects the ethically complex negotiations of a 'we' perhaps still to come. Yet if the internal narratives assert a loss of community, each event of the novel's being-read inaugurates a new 'community' of readers. The paper considers the ethical implications of the act of reading a literary text in post-apartheid South Africa. In the course of the argument, I draw links between African philosophies of community, and Jean-Luc Nancy's proposition that 'I' does not precede 'we'. Thus I suggest some ways in which philosophies from Africa contribute towards current debates about 'we' in contemporary continental philosophy.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "OXYGEN-SATURATION IN CYSTIC-FIBROSIS. The availability of non-invasive oxygen saturation (SaO2) measurement could prove to be a useful tool for following up the progress of patients with cystic fibrosis. The present study was undertaken to compare its use with other routine measurements in the clinic. A total of 100 patients with cystic fibrosis were compared with 50 patients with stable asthma. The children were aged between 5 and 16 years and were studied as outpatients. A positive correlation was found between forced expiratory volume in one second and SaO2 in the group with cystic fibrosis and in the comparison group. Median SaO2 in those with cystic fibrosis (94.0%) was significantly lower than in controls (97.0%). Significant correlations were also found in the patients with cystic fibrosis for the following: Shwachman-Kulczycki score, higher weight centiles, and chronic pseudomonas lung infection with or without staphylococci. An inverse correlation was found with the Chrispin-Norman chest x ray score. SaO2 measurements are useful in the outpatient assessment of patients with cystic fibrosis and compare well with other standard tests of disease severity.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Quantifying macrodetritus fluxes from a small temperate estuary. Empirical measurements of estuary-to-coast material fluxes usually exclude the fraction of primary production that is exported as macrodetritus (marine plant litter), potentially leaving a gap in our understanding of the role of estuaries as outwelling systems. To address this gap, we sampled water and suspended material seasonally from the mouth of Pepe Inlet, Tairua Estuary, New Zealand. From samples collected hourly over 24h, we calculated the lateral tidal fluxes (import, export, net flux) of macrodetritus, particulate and dissolved forms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Annually, the inlet was a net exporter of N and P (5145 and 362kg respectively). However, macrodetritus accounted for <13 and <3% of seasonal N and P exports respectively. Macrodetritus is an obvious and visible source of estuary-to-coast subsidy, but our derived nutrient budgets suggest the dissolved and particulate forms dominate the net export of N and P (>87%). Nevertheless, seasonal pulses in the source and supply of macrodetritus may have consequences for the temporal scales over which this resource subsidy affects receiving ecosystems (e.g. intertidal sandflats). These mensurative investigations are useful to inform estuarine nutrient budgets that quantify the ecosystem services provided by temperate estuaries (e.g. contribution to fisheries food webs).", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Is the incipient Chinese civil society playing a role in regenerating historic urban areas? Evidence from Nanjing, Suzhou and Shanghai. Urban regeneration in Western countries can count on a long-lasting tradition of experiences in which civil society has played a fundamental role in counterbalancing the system of power, resulting in profound urban governance readjustments. This has been the result of the increasing centrality of horizontal alliances between citizens and associations involved in urban affairs since the late 1960s in the West. Similar theoretical frameworks have been applied in China. However, these have frequently resulted in conceptual shortcuts that depict civil society as immature or lacking and the state as authoritarian. This paper will explore whether these categories are still entirely valid to urban regeneration in China. While the regime has traditionally prevented horizontal linkages of associations in urban governance (supporting their vertical integration to ensure a certain degree of soft control), there are signs of change. In particular, three cases of urban regeneration in historic areas will be used to discuss the changing role played by civil society in China. The ultimate goal is to examine whether horizontal linkages across groups of heterogeneous citizens are arising at the micro-level of urban governance. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Comparison of EQ-5D-3L and 5L versions following operative fixation of closed ankle fractures. Purpose To undertake the first testing and comparison of measurement properties for the EuroQol EQ-5D-3L and 5L in patients with ankle problems. Methods The cross-sectional postal survey of 959 patients aged >= 18 years, who underwent surgical treatment (ORIF) for unstable and closed ankle fractures in Eastern Norway. Both the EQ-5D-3L and 5L were included in a postal questionnaire in 2015, 3-6 years post surgery. Missing data, floor and ceiling effects, and response consistency were assessed. Tests of validity included comparisons with scores for the SF-36 and widely used ankle-specific instruments. The 5L version was assessed for test-retest reliability. Results There were 567 (59%) respondents; 501 completed both versions and 182 (61%) the 5L retest questionnaire. The 5L outperformed the 3L in tests of data quality and classification efficiency. Correlations with scores for other instruments largely met expectations, those for the 5L being slightly higher. All 5L scores had acceptable levels of reliability. For the 5L index, the smallest detectable differences for group and individual comparisons were 0.02 and 0.20, respectively. Conclusion The 5L outperformed the 3L in terms of data quality, number of health states assessed and tests of validity. The 5L is recommended in research and other applications following surgery for ankle fracture but further testing including responsiveness to change is recommended at clinically relevant follow-up periods.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Shelf life of alkali activated cement: Effects of storage condition and duration. Hydraulic cements based on the alkali aluminosilicate chemistry tend to be more reactive than Type I Portland cement. An experimental investigation was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of storage in air and in sealed condition on the properties and performance of alkali aluminosilicate cements. Different storage durations up to 28 days were considered in this experimental study. Hydraulic cements were evaluated based on their morphology, chemistry and mineralogy, hydration kinetics, strength development characteristics, and microstructure of the resultant hydration products. The early-age hydration kinetics and strength development characteristics of the alkali aluminosilicate cement were found to be altered by storage, especially when the cement was exposed to air. Older cements also produced hydration products that were more susceptible to microcracking when dried under vacuum. Longer-term strength development characteristics of cements were less influenced than their shorter-term strength development characteristics with duration of storage in sealed or exposed condition. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Responsible research and innovation in Europe: A cross-country comparative analysis. The objective of this article is to contribute to the emerging attempts to foster empirical, quantitative approaches to Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI), and to provide a low-resolution map of the European RRI landscape, which can serve as a vehicle for international learning. The article presents indicators of RRI aimed at characterising countries. It examines the empirical structure of the data collected in the 'Monitoring the evolution and benefits of Responsible Research and Innovation' (MoRRI) project and reports patterns across Europe. Factor analysis is applied to identify 11 empirically-anchored dimensions of RRI. Based on indices for these dimensions, cluster analysis reveals four distinct clusters of countries. These results point to diversity regarding the empirically-manifest components of RRI as well as diversity in the RRI profiles of the 28 European Union Member States.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
{"token": "A Longitudinal Examination of the Relations Between Moral Disengagement and Antisocial Behavior in Sport. Moral disengagement (MD) has been positively associated with antisocial behavior (AB) in sport. However, the longitudinal associations between MD and AB are unexamined to date. Adopting a three-wave cross-lagged panel design, the authors examined the reciprocal relations betweenMDand two forms of AB (i.e., toward opponents and teammates) across a competitive season with a sample of 407 team-sport athletes (M-age = 15.7 years) from Canada. Using structural equation modeling, the authors found strong positive autoregressive effects for MD and both forms of AB across both time periods. They also identified strong positive synchronous correlations between MD and both types of AB at each time point. Finally, cross-lagged effects were only found between MD and AB toward opponents; effects from MD to AB toward opponents were stronger than the reciprocal effects. These findings contribute important knowledge on the regulation of AB in sport.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "A novel SCL-90-R six-item factor identifies subjects at risk of early adverse outcomes in public mental health settings. To increase access to treatment, Italy made assessment at community mental health centers (CMHCs) independent of medical referral, resulting in increased numbers of patients to be triaged efficiently. To support this process, we evaluated SCL-90-R item-ratings to identify factors that best predicted adverse early outcomes among persons seeking first-time CMHC care in a 24-month period in Rome. A psychiatric nurse screened subjects with a brief interview and self-administered SCL-90-R and psychiatrists provided CGI ratings and ICD-9 diagnosis. Of 832 screened subjects, 32 (3.85%) were hospitalized or attempted suicide within 90 days. Six SCL-90 items (15,41,55,57,78,88) scored much higher with than without such adverse outcomes; their sum is proposed as a predictive measure (\\\\'SCL-6\\\\'). In binary multivariable logistic modeling, this factor, but not age, sex, diagnosis, or other SCL-90-derived subscales strongly predicted adverse outcomes. A ROC curve for SCL-6 reflected a strong separation between subjects with versus without adverse outcomes (AUC = 0.76). This simple screening tool may support timely identification of patients at risk of early adverse clinical outcome who require especially close follow-up.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Utilizing the ball lens effect for astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry. In the present study, a simple method is developed to apply astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry (APTV) to transparent particles utilizing backlight illumination. Here, a particle acts as ball lens and bundles the light to a focal point, which is used to determine the particle's out-of-plane position. Due to the distance between focal point and particle, additional features have to be considered in ball lens astigmatism particle tracking velocimetry (BLAPTV) compared to conventional APTV. We describe required calibration steps and perform parameter studies to show how the autocorrelation coefficient and the light exposure affect the accuracy of the method. It is found that the accuracy and robustness of the Euclidean calibration approach as also used in conventional APTV (Cierpka et al. in Meas Sci Technol 22(1):015401, 2010a) can be increased if an additional calibration curve for the light intensity of the particle's focal point is considered. In addition, we study the influence of the particle diameter and the refractive index jump between liquid and particles on the calibration curves and the accuracy. In this way, particles of the same size, but different material, can be distinguished by their calibration curve. Furthermore, an approach is presented to account for shape changes of the calibration curve along the depth of the measurement volume. Overall, BLAPTV provides high out-of-plane particle reconstruction accuracies with respect to the particle diameter. In test cases, position uncertainties down to 1.8% of the particle diameter are achieved for particles of dp=124 mu m. The measurement technique is validated for a laminar flow in a straight rectangular channel with a cross-sectional area of 2.3x30 mm2. Uncertainties of 0.75% for the in-plane and 2.29% for out-of-plane velocity with respect to the maximum streamwise velocity are achieved.Graphic abstract", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Bioethanol strains of Saccharomyces cereuisiae characterised by microsatellite and stress resistance. Strains of Saccharomyces cereoisiae may display characteristics that are typical of rough-type colonies, made up of cells clustered in pseudohyphal structures and comprised of daughter buds that do not separate from the mother cell post-mitosis. These strains are known to occur frequently in fermentation tanks with significant lower ethanol yield when compared to fermentations carried out by smooth strains of S. cereoisiae that are composed of dispersed cells. In an attempt to delineate genetic and phenotypic differences underlying the two phenotypes, this study analysed 10 microsatellite loci of 22 S. cereu isiae strains as well as stress resistance towards high concentrations of ethanol and glucose, low pH and cell sedimentation rates. The results obtained from the phenotypic tests by Principal-Component Analysis revealed that unlike the smooth colonies, the rough colonies of S. cereu isiae exhibit an enhanced resistance to stressful conditions resulting from the presence of excessive glucose and ethanol and high sedimentation rate. The microsatellite analysis was not successful to distinguish between the colony phenotypes as phenotypic assays. The relevant industrial strain PE-2 was observed in close genetic proximity to rough-colony although it does not display this colony morphology. A unique genetic pattern specific to a particular phenotype remains elusive. (C) 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Miracles, Jesus, and Identity: A History of Research regarding Jesus and Miracles with Special Attention to the Gospel of Mark. To write a comprehensive history of research regarding miracle narratives and the Gospels that is also reasonably sized would itself be miraculous. This article attempts to present a history of literature that is faithful to the wealth of research about miracles and Jesus, but at the same time focuses directly on studies most relevant to the narrative of the Gospel of Mark in its final form. The development of miracle studies has multiple facets and has been approached in a variety of disparate ways. In order to facilitate the clearest history of research, the article has placed relevant works into five major categories: history of religions and the theios aner debate; historical Jesus studies; the miracle, medicine, and magic discussion; comparative, literary, and other studies; and miracles in Mark and the identity of Jesus. Each of these categories are designed to review the history of secondary scholarship regarding Jesus, miracles, and the identity of Jesus as a miracle-worker with special attention to the Gospel of Mark.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "A low-level accretion flare during the quiescent state of the neutron-star X-ray transient SAX J1750.8-2900. We report on a series of Swift/X-ray telescope observations, performed between 2012 February and 22 March, during the quiescent state of the neutron-star X-ray binary SAX J1750.8-2900. In these observations, the source was either just detected or undetected, depending on the exposure length (which ranged from similar to 0.3 to similar to 3.8 ks). The upper limits for the non-detections were consistent with the detected luminosities (when fitting a thermal model to the spectrum) of similar to 10(34) erg s(-1) (0.5-10 keV). This level is consistent with what has been measured previously for this source in quiescence. However, on March 17 the source was found to have an order of magnitude larger count rate. When fitting the flare spectrum with an absorbed power-law model, we obtained a flare luminosity of (3-4) x 10(34) erg s(-1) (0.5-10 keV). Follow-up Swift observations showed that this flare lasted < 16 d. This event was very likely due to a brief episode of low-level accretion on to the neutron star and provides further evidence that the quiescent state of neutron-star X-ray transients might not be as quiet as is generally assumed. The detection of this low-level accretion flare raises the question whether the quiescent emission of the source (outside the flare) could also be due to residual accretion, albeit continuous instead of episodic. However, we provide arguments which would suggest that the lowest intensity level might instead represent the cooling of the accretion-heated neutron star.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Analysis of the mechanics of breaker bar generation in cross-shore beach profiles based on numerical modelling. In this work, a recently developed numerical model, capable of solving the hydro- and morphodynamics of the cross-shore beach profile, is used to gain insight into the relevant processes driving the generation of a breaker bar. The bedload and suspended sediment transport contributions are analysed separately. It has been shown that the bedload transport tends to accumulate sediment on the onshore side of the undertow detachment point, at a distance that depends on the skewness of the waves and the magnitude of the friction velocity, shaping the onshore face of the breaker bar. In contrast, the suspended transport contributes to the growth of the offshore side of the breaker bar. Besides, a comparison between the sediment transport rates produced by different types of breakers shows a faster bathymetric evolution and an offshore displacement of the position of the breaker bar for high Iribarren numbers. Differences are consistent with the proposed mechanisms driving the evolution of the beach profile. The findings of this work provide a better understanding of the processes driving the formation of breaker bars, how they interact with each other and the relative importance of bedload and suspended sediment transport at each location of the cross-shore profile.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Hydrogen effect on the sigma-phase in Fe53.8Cr46.2. Investigation of the stability and properties of a sigma-phase type compound Fe53.8Cr46.2 after electrochemical hydrogen treatment was made using X-ray diffraction and Fe-57 Mossbauer spectroscopy techniques. The amount of the hydrogen uptake was estimated to be equal to similar to 1.2H per unit formula, and its presence leads to an anisotropic cell parameter expansion. However, the hydrogenated state appears as metastable with reference to the aged samples analyzed a few days to months after loading with hydrogen. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Fifteen-minute consultation: Severe traumatic brain injury in paediatrics. Paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a non-degenerative, acquired brain insult. Following a blow or penetrating trauma to the head, normal brain function is disrupted. If it occurs during the early stages of development, deficits may not immediately become apparent but unfold and evolve over time. We address the difficulties that arise when treating a child with severe TBI.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "FEM simulation simulation of micro-crystalline materials during ECAP based on the dislocation evolution method. Based on severe plastic deformation; the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) method has been used for producing metal materials with the ultrafine grain size and specific mechanical properties, particularly high yield strength. The grain sizes and the mechanical properties of ECAP processed materials strongly depend on the degree of plastic deformation, which is congregated by the evolution of dislocation slipping in the slipping planes. It is very important to analyze the dislocation density and strain hardening evolution in the slipping planes. In this paper, based on the crystal plastic model, the strain hardening & grain refinement of aluminum alloys were calculated with a dislocation evolution model during equal channel angular pressing. Next, the simulated strain, stress and grain size evolution were analyzed. Although the maximum value of the strain is very similar, th-e stress is rapidly increased when the materials pass the shear areas. Regarding the congregation of the dislocation density, the grain sizes decrease with the process continuing. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35, 41]}
{"token": "Evaluation of spinosad for the oral treatment and control of flea infestations on dogs in Europe. The novel ectoparasiticide spinosad is a naturally occurring mixture of spinosyns A and D formed during a fermentation process. The spinosyns are tetracyclic macrolides with a unique ring system. Their mode of action differs from that of other commercially available insecticides. Laboratory and field trials were conducted to evaluate the use of spinosad in a chewable tablet at a dose range of 45 to 70 mg/kg for the treatment and control of flea infestations on dogs in Europe. Laboratory studies with artificially infested dogs confirmed persistent activity against Ctenocephalides felis of higher than 99 per cent at three weeks post-treatment with values of 96.5 to 97.8 per cent at four weeks. Two multicentric field trials with naturally infected client-owned animals in five European countries used selamectin as comparator. Monthly doses were given during the summer when many homes were heavily infested. Households with spinosad-treated dogs showed cumulative benefits with flea burdens reduced by about 97 per cent at 14 and 30 days and by 99.6 per cent at 60 and 90 days. Corresponding figures for selamectin were significantly lower (P<0.05) at all time points: between 88.5 and 91 per cent at 14 and 30 days, then 97.8 and 98.2 per cent at 60 and 90 days. Thus, the performance of spinosad compared favourably with that of the established reference product.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Passive multistatic radar experiment using WiMAX signals of opportunity. Part 1: Signal processing. Radio frequency (RF) spectrum crowding has resulted in the need for interoperability between radar and communications systems. Passive radar has been investigated as a means to exploit the proliferation of RF systems to perform functions such as detection and tracking of moving targets. Passive multistatic radar may alleviate spectral fratricide by replacing some active monostatic radar systems. Part 1 of this study presents results from a passive multistatic radar experiment that exploits worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) communications waveforms to detect moving targets. Signal processing strategies for high-duty cycle, low pulse repetition frequency (PRF) waveforms are discussed and validated on experimental data. Part 2 of this article attempts to address the outstanding research issue of combining data from multistatic radar systems to increase performance.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "The 'publicness' of public organizations. This article analyses the diversity of public organizations focusing on variations in their degree of publicness. We define 'publicness' as organizational attachment to public sector values: for example, due process, accountability, and welfare provision. Based on a survey of Danish public organizations, we show that organizations with a high degree of publicness differ from organizations with a low degree of publicness. The former are characterized by complex tasks, professional orientation, many external stakeholders, conflicting environmental demands, and low managerial autonomy. The latter are the opposite. We explore in detail both the relationship between the organizations and their parent ministries and their responses to organizational change. Organizations with a high degree of publicness are subject to a tight ministerial control and have formal and distant relations with the ministry. They also have strong vertical links, externally and internally. High internal control is the joint product of ministerial control and the stress on the public sector value of rule compliance. All organizations ranked high on publicness are reluctant to adopt organizational changes stemming from the 'New Public Management'. Again, organizations with a low degree of publicness are the opposite, keen to adopt new ideas. We show that degree of publicness matters, across both functional types of organizations and policy sectors. Finally, we discuss alternative theoretical explanations of publicness drawn from contingency theory and the new institutionalism.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "HIV type 1 infection in lymphoid tissue: Natural history and model systems. The pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the lymphoid compartment has a dramatic effect on disease progression and important implications for therapeutic and vaccine strategies. Here we discuss current understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV in the lymphoid tissue. Various model systems that allow examination of the effect of retroviral infection in primary lymphoid organs are discussed, as well as current progress made with the use of these systems, with particular emphasis on the SCID-hu mouse.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
{"token": "A new method for topology design of electromagnetic antennas in hyperthermia therapy. The topological derivative concept has been proved to be useful in many relevant applications such as topology optimization, inverse problems, image processing, multi-scale constitutive modeling, fracture mechanics and damage evolution modeling. In this work, we develop a new optimization method based on the topological derivative concept applied to the cancer treatment by hyperthermia. Hyperthermia therapy is a non-invasive medical treatment in which body tissue is artificially heated through electromagnetic waves, focusing the heat in cancerous cells undergoing apoptosis. The basic idea, therefore, consists in finding a distribution of heat source generated by electromagnetic antenna aiming to increase the temperature in the region occupied by the tumor, while keeping the temperature in the remainder part of the body. Numerical results are presented illustrating possible application of the proposed methodology to treatment of cancer by hyperthermia. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Ecto-Nucleotidase Activities of Promastigotes from Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Relates to Parasite Infectivity and Disease Clinical Outcome. Methodology/Principal Findings: Our results show that the isolates differ in their ability to hydrolyze adenine nucleotides. Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between the time for peak of lesion development in C57BL/6J mice and enzymatic activity and clinical manifestation of the isolate. In addition, we found that L. (V.) braziliensis isolates obtained from mucosal lesions hydrolyze higher amounts of adenine nucleotides than isolates obtained from skin lesions. One isolate with high (PPS6m) and another with low (SSF) ecto-nucleotidase activity were chosen for further studies. Mice inoculated with PPS6m show delayed lesion development and present larger parasite loads than animals inoculated with the SSF isolate. In addition, PPS6m modulates the host immune response by inhibiting dendritic cell activation and NO production by activated J774 macrophages. Finally, we observed that the amastigote forms from PPS6m and SSF isolates present low enzymatic activity that does not interfere with NO production and parasite survival in macrophages.Background: Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis has been associated with a broad range of clinical manifestations ranging from a simple cutaneous ulcer to destructive mucosal lesions. Factors leading to this diversity of clinical presentations are not clear, but parasite factors have lately been recognized as important in determining disease progression. Given the fact that the activity of ecto-nucleotidases correlates with parasitism and the development of infection, we evaluated the activity of these enzymes in promastigotes from 23 L. braziliensis isolates as a possible parasite-related factor that could influence the clinical outcome of the disease.Conclusions/Significance: Our data suggest that ecto-nucleotidases present on the promastigote forms of the parasite may interfere with the establishment of the immune response with consequent impaired ability to control parasite dissemination and this may be an important factor in determining the clinical outcome of leishmaniasis.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Drill string dynamics and experimental study of constant torque and stick-slip reduction drilling tool. Aiming at the problems of large torque fluctuation of drill bit and low weight-on-bit(WOB) transmission efficiency during the drilling process, a novel drilling tool generating constant torque and reducing stick-slip is proposed. For investigating the further dynamics behavior of drill string system, the mathematic models are established based on the new tool output characteristics. Also, compared with field test and application, the drilling tool effects on increasing ROP (rate of penetration) and reducing drill bit wear are verified. The research results show that the peak value of drill bit angular velocity increases gradually with the bigger value of the pre-compression of disk spring system, so as the rotary table inputting speed, during drill bit downward movement. About the drill string influence, the larger the length of drill string, the longer response time is the rotating angular velocity of drill bit. Another one, the shorter the steady time of drill bit angular velocity, the bigger ratio is the stick-slip within one period. This new drilling tool can effectively improve the drill bit force conditions, and reduce the stick-slip stage, which can also profitably increase drilling efficiency and the service life of downhole tools, especially in ultra-deep or long distance horizontal wells.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Does austerity drive public service innovation? Evidence from shared senior management teams in local government. Shared senior management teams are a recent and radical response to financial austerity. They aim to improve the efficiency of public services without the disruption, controversy and transaction costs associated with full-blown organizational mergers. This paper assesses the adoption of this management innovation by English district councils, identifies enablers and barriers to its effective implementation, offers a preliminary assessment of its impacts, and draws out practical lessons for policy-makers.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Detection of Quang Binh virus from mosquitoes in China. Flaviviruses present a wide range of genetic diversity and exhibit diverse host relationships. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses have recently been isolated and characterized worldwide. Yunnan Province of China is one of the richest areas of species diversity and is the center of multi-species evolution in mainland Asia, which supports the circulation of numerous arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). In a screening program of arboviruses, mosquitoes were collected during the mosquito activity season in the Yunnan Province from 2007 to 2010. Eleven flavivirus strains, named Yunnan Culex flaviviruses (YNCxFVs), were obtained from Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis specimens. Sequence analyses based on partial nonstructural protein (NS) 5 gene indicated that the YNCxFVs shared 92.8-99.6% nucleotide identity with each other and were similar to the Culex-related flaviviruses. The Complete genome of one representative isolate, LSFlaviV-A20-09, was sequenced. The genome was 10,865 nucleotides long and contained a single, long open reading frame (ORF) of 10,080 nucleotides that encoded a 3360-aa polyprotein. This genome was most closely related to the Quang Binh virus (QBV) VN180 strain, an insect-specific flavivirus isolated from Culex mosquitoes in Vietnam, but only had 83.0% nucleotide and 93.8% amino acid identities for the ORF sequence. The genome has approximately 66.3%-68.5% nucleotide sequence and 69.3-73.3% amino acid sequence identities to other Culex flaviviruses, and only has 47.9-57.9% nucleotide sequence and 38.7-55.1% amino acid sequence identities to Coquillettidia-related, Mansonia-related and Aedes-related flaviviruses. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the LSFlaviV-A20-09 fell into the Culex-related flavivirus clade. Our discoveries provide more information regarding the heterogeneity of viruses that infect mosquitoes. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Characterization and electrochemical performance of lithium-active titanium dioxide inlaid LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 material prepared by lithium residue-assisted method. The lithium residues are consumed as raw materials to in-situ synthesize the LiTiO2-inlaid LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 composites. The effects of various LiTiO2 contents on the morphology, structure, and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 materials are investigated in detail. Energy dispersive spectrometer mapping, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and fast Fourier transform analysis confirm that the spherical particles of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 are completely coated by crystalline LiTiO2 phase; X-ray diffraction, cross-section SEM and corresponding EDS results indicate that Ti ions are also doped into the bulk LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 with gradient distribution. Electrochemical tests show that the LiTiO2-inlaid samples exhibit excellent reversible capacity, enhanced cyclability, superior lithium diffusion coefficient and rate properties. Specially, the 3 mol% LiTiO2 inlaid sample maintains 153.7 mA h g(-1) with 94.4% capacity retention after 100 cycles between 2.7-4.4 V at 1 C, take 30% advantage than that of the pristine one (118.2 mA h g(-1)). This improvement can be attributed to the removal of lithium residues and suitable LiTiO2 inlaying. The absence of lithium residue is helpful to retard the decomposition of LiPF6. While, suitable LiTiO2 inlaying can protect the bulk from directly contacting the electrolyte, buffer the volume change of core and shell during cycles, increase the surface electronic conductivity and offer a 3D path for Li+ diffusion from the bulk to interface. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Ecological and functional roles of mycorrhizas in semi-arid ecosystems of Southeast Spain. Mycorrhizas are worldwide symbiotic associations established between certain soil fungi and most vascular plants and are fundamental in optimizing plant fitness and soil quality. Mycorrhizal symbioses improve the resilience of plant communities against environment stresses, including nutrient deficiency, drought and soil disturbance. Since these stresses are paramount in the degradation of semi-arid ecosystems in the SE Spain, a series of basic, strategic and applied studies have been made to ascertain how the activity and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi affect plant community composition, structure and dynamics in this region. These investigations are reviewed here in terms of: (i) analysing the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi; (ii) assessing the ecological and functional interactions among plant communities and their associated mycorrhizal fungal populations; and (iii) using mycorrhizal inoculation technology for the restoration of degraded semi-arid areas in Southeast Spain. Disturbance of the target semi-arid ecosystems decreases the density and diversity of mycorrhizal fungust populations. Nevertheless, the mycorrhizal propagules do not disappear completely suggesting a certain degree of stress adaptation, and these remaining, resilient ecotypes are being used as plant inoculants. Numerous field experiments, using plant species from the natural succession inoculated with a community of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi, have been carried out in revegetation projects in the semi-arid Iberian Southeast. This management strategy improved both plant development and soil quality, and is a successful biotechnological tool to aid the restoration of self-sustaining ecosystems. However, despite a 20-year history of this work, we lack a comprehensive view of the mycorrhizal potential to improve the composition, diversity, structure and functionality of drought-adapted plant communities in the Region. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
{"token": "Effects of Preheating by Direct Electric Current on the Self-propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of Ni3Al-CNT Intermetallic Nanocomposites. This paper for the first time investigates the effect of direct electric current in preheating on self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS). Ni3Al-carbon nanotube (CNT) intermetallics, were processed using SHS under different preheat temperatures, with and without electric current. The effects of preheating with and without electric current on the reaction wave velocities and activation energies are reported, together with Ni3Al conversion. Results show that preheating with electric current, results in faster wave velocities and lower activation energies. Moreover, increased product homogeneity was also observed with electric current preheating.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and Galileo Galilei: 'Necessary Demonstrations','Demonstrative Regress and the Moon like Another Earth. The author analyses the impact of Aristotle's Posterior Analytics on Galileo's argumentation in the Starry Messenger in favor of his astronomical and cosmological conclusions, based on the telescopic observations. After the summary of the third disputation of Galileo's Tractatio de demonstratione on the questions arising from the Posterior Analytics, the author focuses on two issues: (1) What exactly is the meaning of Galileo's \\\\'necessary demonstrations\\\\' or \\\\'demonstrative and necessary reasons\\\\'? (2) Can the \\\\'demonstrative regress\\\\' illuminate his argumentation? According to the author the example of the existence of mountains and valleys on the Moon shows that the influence of Florentine's youthful notes is not detectable in his use of the method of \\\\'demonstrative regress\\\\' but in his conception of \\\\'necessary demonstration\\\\'. Demonstration connects subjects (things) and predicates (properties). Natural, i.e. necessary predicate (property) of the subject can be grasped on the basis of the induction and experience, with the help of the \\\\'light of the intellect\\\\'. The intellect establishes the necessary connection of the subject (thing) and its predicate (property). Galileo's Tractatio does not, however, reveal anything about the essential element of his demonstrations: \\\\'the necessity of geometrical demonstration\\\\'.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Population Trends of Shorebirds in Southern Ontario, 1974-2009. Shorebirds are thought to be declining across North America but trend analyses for migrant shorebirds at interior sites in eastern North America have not been updated since the late 1990s. Data from a volunteer-based survey at stopover sites throughout Ontario were used to assess population trends of shorebirds over the period 1974-2009. Surveyors carried out 7,135 surveys of 258 sites and recorded 538,744 individuals of 43 shorebird species. Of 19 taxa for which trends were estimated, 17 appeared to be declining in abundance. Precision of the trend estimates was generally poor and only three declines Were significant alpha = 0.05. Total numbers of shorebirds recorded on surveys declined by four per cent per year, resulting in an estimated decrease in abundance of greater than 75% over the 35 years of observation. Rate of decline may be increasing for some species as declines for twelve species were larger for the period 1989-2009 vs. 1974-1989, and six species showed significant declines in the latter period whereas none did in the former period. Relating these declines in abundance at the surveyed sites to population declines is complicated by, several potential sources of survey bias including changes in turnover rates and in migration timing and distributions of the species. However, given that these results are consistent with those of other migration surveys as well as those on the breeding and the wintering grounds, the most parsimonious explanation remains a widespread decline in shorebird populations. Received 26 April 2011, accepted 19 November 2011.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Train-feeder modes in Italy. Is there a role for active mobility?. The transport mode used to reach a train station is an important determinant of the urban traffic and rail transport attractiveness. In this paper, we have investigated train-feeder mode choice on the basis of 185 interviews with Italian train users living in cities of different size. We analyzed their current choice and their stated choices under hypothetical scenarios using various discrete choice model specifications. Their current train-(f)eeder mode choice is mainly car-based: 63.2% of the respondents use the car, as either drivers or passengers. The active modes cycling and walking are chosen by 18.4% and 9.7% of the respondents, respectively; the remaining using either the bus or the scooter. Our estimates confirm that travel time and travel cost play a relevant role with two covariates, commuter and gender, explaining the large heterogeneity of the active mobility travel time variable. However, the performed scenario analysis suggests that, in many instances, it is extremely difficult to alter the existing train-feeder mode choice in favor of the active modes and that promoting active mobility in Italy requires a coordinated effort at many levels, including territorial planning, infrastructural investment and traffic regulations.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "The Protectors of Religion and Communty: Traditionalist Muslim Scholars of the Volga-Ural Region at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century. As in many Muslim societies the twentieth century, the Volga-Ural' traditionalist ulama of late imperial Russia were often portrayed as reactionary, backward, and unaware of contemporary changes. While scholars have challenged this dichotomy and begun to address various aspects of traditionalist thought in one way or another, this article aims to understand the ulama's views on \\\\'progress\\\\' (taraqqi and how the ulama dealt with change. I argue that their major concern was the preservation of the traditional integrity of the Muslim community (traditionalism), winch consisted of three elements educational, moralistic and legal and the differences between their community and Russian society in an era of rapid change.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Increasing incidence of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in Queensland, Australia, 2007-2016. Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a major contributor to the global burden of foodborne disease, with invasive infections contributing substantially to illnesses and deaths. We analyzed notifiable disease surveillance data for invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease (iNTS) in Queensland, Australia. We used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios by gender, age group, and geographical area over 2007-2016. There were 995 iNTS cases, with 945 (92%) confirmed by blood culture. Salmonella Virchow accounted for 254 (25%) of 1,001 unique iNTS isolates. Invasive NTS disease notification rates peaked among infants, during the summer months, and in outback Queensland where the notification rate (95% CI) was 17.3 (14.5-20.1) cases per 100,000 population. Overall, there was a 6,5% annual increase (p<0.001) in iNTS disease incidence. In conclusion, high iNTS rates among males, infants, and the elderly require investigation of household level risk factors for NTS infection. Controlling Salmonella Virchow infections is a public health priority.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Molecular genetics and pathophysiology of Menkes disease. The molecular genetics and pathophysiology of Menkes disease and an animal model for this disease are reviewed. The Menkes gene, located on chromosome X13.3, encodes a copper-transporting ATPase, as shown by the sequencing of a cDNA of 4500 bp. Mutations in the Menkes gene in patients with Menkes disease show great variety, including missense, nonsense, deletion and insertion mutations. Mutations in the Menkes gene have also been identified in patients with mild Menkes disease or occipital horn syndrome, showing that these diseases are allelic variants of Menkes disease. Mutations in the mottled gene, the murine homolog of the Menkes gene, have been demonstrated in mottled mutant mice that display biochemical and phenotypic abnormalities similar to those observed in patients with Menkes disease. In affected cells, copper significantly accumulates as metallothionein-bound copper in the cytosol and copper transport to the organelles, as well as copper efflux, is disturbed. As a result, cuproenzymes cannot receive the copper necessary for their normal function. Thus, the objective in treatment of Menkes disease and occipital horn syndrome is to deliver copper to the intracellular compartments where cuproenzymes are synthesized.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "ARCHAIC OCCUPATIONS AND PROBABLE EVIDENCE OF EARLY NAVIGATION IN THE ARHEIC COAST OF ANTOFAGASTA. The intensive archaeological and biological study of a singular site (Copaca 1) in the arheic coast of Antofagasta, Chile, brings new data that contributes to a deeper understanding of the Middle Archaic Period, its settlement patterns, its funerary practices, and its ways of life. It also provides probable evidence of early navigation.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Stimulation of coenzyme Q synthesis. Uptake of dietary coenzyme Q (CoQ) into organs is limited but there are some exceptions such as adrenal glands and ovaries. Under deficient conditions an optimal solution could be stimulation of the endogenous synthesis. In rodent exercise, cold exposure and a few substances elevate the CoQ levels to some extent. Investigations of the nuclear receptors PPAR alpha, RXR alpha and LXR alpha and beta did not answer the question which nuclear receptor regulates CoQ biosynthesis and at present we cannot design a ligand for upregulation of the synthesis. Upon ultraviolet irradiation of CoQ a number of products are formed which influence the synthesis of the mevalonate pathway lipids. Among them epoxidated derivatives were identified. Upon chemical epoxidation of a series of polyisoprenoids it was found that none of the tested poly-cis polyisoprenols had any effect but some of the all-trans polyisoprenols stimulated CoQ synthesis and in some cases also inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis. Tocotrienol epoxides were proved to be very efficient, those having one epoxide in the side chain doubled or trebled the CoQ synthesis while those with two epoxides additionally also inhibited cholesterol synthesis by 50-90%. The elevation of CoQ synthesis was elicited by increased mRNA levels for biosynthetic enzymes while the inhibition point in the cholesterol synthesis was localized to oxidosqualene cyclase.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Decision making algorithmic techniques based on aggregation operations and similarity measures of possibility intuitionistic fuzzy hypersoft sets. Soft set has limitation for the consideration of disjoint attribute-valued sets corresponding to distinct attributes whereas hypersoft set, an extension of soft set, fully addresses this scarcity by replacing the approximate function of soft sets with multi-argument approximate function. Some structures (i.e., possibility fuzzy soft set, possibility intuitionistic fuzzy soft set) exist in literature in which a possibility of each element in the universe is attached with the parameterization of fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets while defining fuzzy soft set and intuitionistic fuzzy soft set respectively. This study aims to generalize the existing structure (i.e., possibility intuitionistic fuzzy soft set) and to make it adequate for multi-argument approximate function. Therefore, firstly, the elementary notion of possibility intuitionistic fuzzy hypersoft set is developed and some of its elementary properties i.e., subset, null set, absolute set and complement, are discussed with numerical examples. Secondly, its set-theoretic operations i.e., union, intersection, AND, OR and relevant laws are investigated with the help of numerical examples, matrix and graphical representations. Moreover, algorithms based on AND/OR operations are proposed and are elaborated with illustrative examples. Lastly, similarity measure between two possibility intuitionistic fuzzy hypersoft sets is characterized with the help of example. This concept of similarity measure is successfully applied in decision making to judge the eligibility of a candidate for an appropriate job. The proposed similarity formulation is compared with the relevant existing models and validity of the generalization of the proposed structure is discussed.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer. Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in men 20 to 35 years of age and has an annual incidence of four per 100,000. If diagnosed early, the cure rate is nearly 99 percent. Risk factors for testicular cancer include cryptorchidism (i.e., undescended testicles), family history, infertility, tobacco use, and white race. Routine self-examination and physician screening have not been shown to improve outcomes, and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and American Cancer Society do not recommend them in asymptomatic men. Patients presenting with a painless testicular mass, scrotal heaviness, a dull ache, or acute pain should receive a thorough examination. Testicular masses should be examined with scrotal ultrasonography. If ultrasonography shows an intratesticular mass, the patient should be referred to a urologist for definitive diagnosis, orchiectomy, and further evaluation with abdominal computed tomography and chest radiography. The family physician's role after diagnosis of testicular cancer includes encouraging the patient to bank sperm because of possible infertility and evaluating for recurrence and future complications, especially cardiovascular disease.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Defects in glycopeptidolipid biosynthesis confer phage I3 resistance in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Mycobacteriophages have played an important role in the development of genetic tools and diagnostics for pathogenic mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, despite the isolation of numerous phages that infect mycobacteria, the mechanisms of mycobacteriophage infection remain poorly understood, and knowledge about phage receptors is minimal. In an effort to identify the receptor for phage I3, we screened a library of Mycobacterium smegmatis transposon mutants for phage-resistant strains. All four phage I3-resistant mutants isolated were found to have transposon insertions in genes located in a cluster involved in the biosynthesis of the cell-wall-associated glycopeptidolipid (GPL), and consequently the mutants did not synthesize GPLs. The loss of GPLs correlated specifically with phage I3 resistance, as all mutants retained sensitivity to two other mycobacteriophages: D29 and Bxz1. In order to define the minimal receptor for phage 13, we then tested the phage sensitivity of previously described GPL-deficient mutants of M. smegmatis that accumulate biosynthesis intermediates of GPLs. The results indicated that, while the removal of most sugar residues from the fatty acyl tetrapeptide (FATP) core of GPL did not affect sensitivity to phage I3, a single methylated rhamnose, transferred by the rhamnosyltransferase Gtf2 to the FATP core, was critical for phage binding.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Perceptions of life and death among suicidal gay adolescents. Suicide rates among homosexuals are higher than those among heterosexuals. This article suggests that gay youth who attempt suicide represent a special case in which the meanings associated with life and death are worth exploration. In light of the phenomenological paradigm, we are interested in how sixteen gay men who attempted suicide perceived life and death before the actual suicide attempt and how these perceptions are linked to the attempt. Orbach's model specifies four categories of attitudes toward life and death: attraction and aversion to life and attraction and aversion to death. Only three categories of Orbach's model emerged from the interview data. \\\\'Attraction to life\\\\' was missing and the analysis attempts to account for this gap.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "Prediction Model for Field Rut Depth of Asphalt Pavement Based on Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test Properties. The Hamburg wheel tracking (HWT) test has been found to be a promising test to evaluate the field rutting performance of asphalt pavements and has been implemented as a material screening test during the mix design process by several state departments of transportation. However, the rutting performance of an asphalt pavement depends not only on the material properties, but also on many other factors such as pavement structure and traffic. To date, there are few performance models that have integrated the Hamburg rutting parameters for pavement rutting prediction. In addition, mechanistic-empirical-based prediction models have been found to have some difficulties in reasonably predicting field rut depth, especially when field variables and confounding factors have to be considered. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between the HWT test results and the field rut depth, then develop a predictive model for field rut depth based on the HWT test results. Field projects consisting of 51 hot mix asphalt (HMA) and warm mix asphalt (WMA) pavements were included in the analysis. These projects were located in different climatic zones with varying traffic levels, pavement structures, and material properties. Through direct correlation, it was found that the field rut depth in general decreased with the increase of the rutting resistance index (RRI). However, HWT test results alone do not have a strong relationship with the field rut depth, and many other factors, such as climate and pavement structure, have to be considered. Further, statistical-based methods in conjunction with engineering interpretation were applied to identify critical influencing factors and develop a prediction model for field rut depth. The developed rutting predictive model indicated that (a) mixture property (rutting resistance index, a parameter developed based on the HWT test), pavement age (month), average annual daily truck traffic (AADTT), and pavement structure (total HMA thickness and overlay thickness) are critical influencing factors for field rut depth; (b) RRI, along with pavement age and traffic data, has the most significant effect on rut depth among the identified five key predictor variables; (c) no significant differences are observed between prediction results of HMA and WMA mixtures, and thus the prediction model can be applied for both; and (d) using the developed predictive model, the effect of the HWT RRI can be considered comprehensively with other factors including climate, traffic, and pavement structure to determine the suitability of a designed asphalt mixture for pavement construction. (C) 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Intradermal doxorubicin reduces ganglionic reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus in mice after pretreatment with hypertonic saline. Recurrent lesions from herpes simplex virus (HSV) occur after reactivation of latent HSV in neurons of sensory ganglion, axonal transport of reactivated virus, and HSV replication on the skin. A potential treatment strategy is to inject epithelial sites of frequent recurrences with antiviral or cytotoxic agents that are taken up by nerve terminals and transported by axoplasmic flow to latently infected ganglionic neurons. Doxorubicin is transported by nerves and destroys the corresponding nerve cell bodies, but earlier attempts in HSV animal models required intraneural injection to eliminate HSV infection and this treatment destroyed the nerve and large portions of the ganglion. The present study used intradermal doxorubicin in latently infected mice that had been inoculated with HSV by the lip route and passively immunized at the time of inoculation. As found previously, doxorubicin injection in the lip 2 or more months after HSV inoculation did not eliminate HSV latency as evaluated by recovery of virus from trigeminal ganglionic explants. However, when hypertonic saline was injected in the same site 24 hr prior to doxorubicin, there was a 55% reduction of positive ganglionic explant cultures. Edema from the hypertonic saline may increase access of doxorubicin to nerve terminals. This technique with hypertonic saline, which has also been used to enhance virulence of HSV skin innoculation, may have general application of increasing axoplasmic transport of drugs or biologicals. Skin toxicity may preclude doxorubicin use for HSV recurrences in patients; however,the results of this study support the concept of anti HSV treatment via retrograde axoplasmic transport.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "A Society within Society: Linkage in the Case of the Cypriot Communist Party. In this article we aim to contribute to the study of linkage by focusing on the Cypriot communist partyProgressive Party of the Working People (AKEL), an exceptional case in European communismbetween the mid-1980s and the present. Based on the distinction between participatory and environmental linkage, we explore three issues. First, we focus on the intensity of linkage processes through the examination of participation patterns and organisational practices in the party. Then, we trace the predominant direction of influence between AKEL and society. Finally, we assess the explanatory value of four potential factorsideology, electoral competition, party leadership and party modelon the links developed by AKEL with society.", "label": [5, 54, 57]}
{"token": "A Case Study to Select an Optimal Split-Plot Design for a Mixture-Process Experiment Based on Multiple Objectives. With increasingly constrained budgets, it is now becoming more desirable to get more information from each experiment and to have an intentional strategy for selecting designs for split-plot experiments that balance multiple competing objectives. Lu and Anderson-Cook (2014) developed a decision-making process for selecting an optimal split-plot design (SPD) for flexible objectives/criteria based on a Pareto front. The method allows exploration of all contending non-inferior choices with their trade-offs to enable an informed and justifiable decision based on understanding the potential impact of subjective aspects. This article considers a case study of a mixture-process experiment that seeks an SPD with a good balance of precise model coefficient estimates as measured by D-efficiency and low experimental cost, which is a function of both the time required to run the experiment as well as the financial cost. The D-efficiency is a function of the whole plot-to-subplot error variance ratio, a quantity that is typically not known a priori when the choice of a design must be made. The Pareto front approach is applied and graphical tools are used to quantify the trade-offs between criteria and robustness of design performance to different user-selected preferences for the criteria. A substantially different pattern of design performance robustness to the uncertainty of the specified variance ratio is demonstrated compared to non-mixture experiments.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
{"token": "Allelopathic Influence ofBetula pendulaLeaf Litter on the Initial Stages ofRumex aquaticusL. Ontogenesis. The allelopathic effect of extracts from leaf litter ofBetula pendulaon the initial stages of ontogenesis (seed germination and growth and development of seedlings) ofRumex aquaticushas been studied in laboratory conditions. A significant decrease in laboratory germination by 1.5-36.3 times, depending on the concentration of the extract, is found. The change in the coefficient of inhibition confirmed the phytotoxicity of the investigated extract. The inhibitory effect on the seedlings at a concentration >= 50% of control is manifested in a decrease in the morphometric parameters of both the underground (root system and hypocotyl) and aboveground (cotyledon) parts of the seedlings.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "The article a(n) in English quantifying expressions: A default marker of cardinality. Certain English quantificational expressions feature what appears to be an indefinite article, e.g. a bunch, a few, a hundred. These can be divided into three types of quantifying expressions: pseudopartitives (a lot, a bunch, a ton), article-requiring quantifiers (a few, a couple, a hundred), and article-free quantifiers (three, many, several); article-free quantifiers have an article under certain circumstances, e.g. modification by an adjective (a surprising 30 ...). While standard analyses would take the article in these expressions to be a D head, it is argued here that the article is not in D, nor is it singular or count, as evidenced by its (lack of an) interaction with verbal agreement. Instead, it is claimed that a(n) is a default cardinality marker, which surfaces when a QP is present, but fails to be spelled-out by other material. The distribution of default a(n) further interacts with adjective placement (a surprising 30), plural marking on some quantifiers (tons of), other determiners (the hundred), and the functional status of the quantifier (a wealth of vs. a lot). The resemblance of this article to the English indefinite article a(n) is also considered, and a possible unifying analysis is given.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Continuing teacher training in the relationship between university and school: analysis references construction from the Program for Educational Development experience - Parana/Brazil. The present article examines the demands of continuing education in the relationship between university and school in the current context. From the studies and researches proposed by the Project \\\\'The quality of teacher education in the current context: school, university and educational policy,\\\\' developed by the authors, it is proposed to situate the role of the university as a body of knowledge and educators and teachers training for the current school. The asessment of the continued education policies of the PDE/PR - (Program for Educational Development Network Continuous Formation. Parana, Brazil) is prioritized, proposed by Ministry of Education of Parana to the UFPR (Universidade Federal do Parana) and the Education Sector, which has been in force since 2007. From this perspective, it is presented the analysis of the research conducted with groups of professional participants of the project, from semi-structured interviews, in three instances: - the educators, state schools teachers, and teachers guiding the PDE/PR at UFPR. From emancipatory assessment and according to the theories of authors who deal with the continuing education today, the research analyzes the PDE/PR process, in its objectives and activities. Considering the relationship between university and school, and taking into account statements and actions of the participant professionals, the aim is to get referrals to assess the role of the university in the initial and continued teacher training.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Refitting evidence for the stratigraphic integrity of the Kudu Koppie Early to Middle Stone Age site, northern Limpopo Province, South Africa. Stone Age sites that demonstrate long sequences of occupation that span the Earlier through to the Later Stone Age are uncommon in southern Africa. The site of Kudu Koppie, in the Mapungubwe National Park of Limpopo Province, South Africa has evidence for extended and intense occupation by prehistoric populations in the context of a talus slope deposit adjacent to the Koppie itself. This paper describes the use of refitting of late Earlier Stone Age (ESA) and Middle Stone Age (MSA) lithics to address issues of stratigraphic integrity and taphonomy in a slope deposit context. Specifically, it is shown that approximately 80% of all refits fall with a vertical separation of between 0 and 10 cm. It is concluded that lithics associated with Kudu Koppie have not been greatly affected by post-depositional disturbances and therefore the material represents the general discard patterns of groups occupying the site between the late ESA and MSA periods. As such, this study provides additional evidence for earlier interpretations of the stratigraphic integrity of archaeological deposits at the site. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Hypermobility in Adolescent Athletes: Pain, Functional Ability, Quality of Life, and Musculoskeletal Injuries. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of GJH in elite-level adolescent athletes, and to study the association of GJH with pain, function, HRQoL, and musculoskeletal injuries.RESULTS: Overall prevalence rates for GJH4, GJH5, and GJH6 were 27.3%, 15.9%, and 6.8%, respectively, with a higher prevalence of GJH4 in ballet dancers (68.2%) and TeamGym gymnasts (24.6%) than in team handball players (13.2%). There was no significant difference in lower extremity function, injury prevalence and related factors (exacerbation, recurrence, and absence from training), HRQoL, or lengths of hop tests for those with and without GJH. However, the GJH group had significantly larger center-of-pressure path length across sway tests.METHODS: A total of 132 elite-level adolescent athletes (36 adolescent boys, 96 adolescent girls; mean +/- SD age, 14.0 +/- 0.9 years), including ballet dancers (n = 22), TeamGym gymnasts (n = 57), and team handball players (n = 53), participated in the study. Generalized joint hypermobility was classified by Beighton score as GJH4 (4/9 or greater), GJH5 (5/9 or greater), and GJH6 (6/9 or greater). Function of the lower extremity, musculoskeletal injuries, and HRQoL were assessed with self-reported questionnaires, and part of physical performance was assessed by 4 postural-sway tests and 2 single-legged hop-for-distance tests.BACKGROUND: Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) may increase pain and likelihood of injuries and also decrease function and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in elite-level adolescent athletes.STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional.CONCLUSION: For ballet dancers and TeamGym gymnasts, the prevalence of GJH4 was higher than that of team handball players. For ballet dancers, the prevalence of GJH5 and GJH6 was higher than that of team handball players and the general adolescent population. The GJH group demonstrated larger sway in the balance tests, which, in the current cross-sectional study, did not have an association with injuries or HRQoL. However, the risk of having (ankle) injuries due to larger sway for the GJH group must be studied in future longitudinal studies.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
{"token": "Chlorinated Hypoelectronic Dimetallaborane Clusters: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electronic Structures of (eta(5)-C5Me5W)(2)B5HnClm (n=7, m=2 and n=8, m=1). Pyrolysis of (eta(5)-C5Me5WH3)B4H8, 1, in the presence of excess BHCl2 center dot SMe2 in toluene at 100 degrees C led to the isolation of (eta(5)-C5Me5W)(2)B5H9, 2, and B-Cl inserted (eta(5)-C5Me5W)(2)B5H8Cl, 3, and (eta(5)-C5Me5W)(2)B5H7Cl2, (four isomers). All the Chlorinated tungstaboranes were isolated as red and air and moisture sensitive solids. These new compounds have been characterized in solution by H-1, B-11, C-13 NMR, and the structural types were unequivocally established by crystallographic analysis of compounds 3, 4, and 7. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carded out on the model molecules of 3-7 to elucidate the actual electronic structures of these chlorinated species. On grounds of DFT calculations we demonstrated the role of transition metals, bridging hydrogens, and the effect of electrophilic substitution of hydrogens at B-H vertices of metallaborane structures.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Present-day seasonal gully activity in a south polar pit (Sisyphi Cavi) on Mars. The large amount of multi-temporal high-resolution images acquired in the last few years offers the opportunity to identify morphological changes associated with recent geologic activity on the surface of Mars. In this study we focus on a single gully in Sisyphi Cavi, located in the south polar region at 1.44 degrees E and 68.54 degrees S. The gully incises the gullied equator-facing slope of an isolated polar pit within an infilled impact crater. It is important to notice that the following investigations describe the activity and modifications of an existing gully and not the formation of the gully itself. High-resolution image data analyses show new deposits at the terminus of the gully channel and on the gully apron within spring (after solar longitudes of 236 degrees) of martian years (MY) 29 and 31. Our morphological investigations show that the identified new deposits were formed by dark flows through the entire gully deposited on top of the apron between solar longitudes (L-S) similar to 218 degrees and similar to 226 degrees. Thermal data show a temperature increase between L-S similar to 218 degrees and similar to 226 degrees. Near-infrared spectral data show relatively constant band strengths of CO2 ice and H2O ice in this time range. After the formation of the dark flows (after L-S similar to 226 degrees), temperatures increase rapidly from similar to 180 K to >similar to 270 K at L-S similar to 250 degrees. At this time, spectral data indicate that all volatiles on the surface sublimated. However, an earlier beginning of sublimation when the dark flows were observed (between L-S similar to 218 degrees and similar to 226 degrees) is likely, due to the fact that the instruments can only show the last phase of sublimation (decrease of volatile band strengths). Spectral modeling shows that from winter to mid-spring, the surface of the studied area is covered by translucent CO2 slab-ice contaminated by minor amounts of H2O ice and dust. Furthermore, our spectral modeling indicates that the dark material most likely flows on top of the CO2 slab-ice cover. Three different scenarios were proposed to explain the identified dark flows, including (1) flows supported by liquid H2O, (2) flows supported by CO2 gas, and (3) dry flows. On the basis of our study we find that scenario (1) is unlikely because of the very low temperatures. While scenario (2) is consistent with the observed beginning of CO2 ice sublimation in the study area, it is unlikely because of the limitation of the activity to only one gully compared to surrounding gullies that share the same morphologies, slope angles, and volatile contents. Also with scenario (3), dry flows, the activity of only one gully is difficult to explain. Thus, we propose a mixture of scenario (2 and 3), dry flows supported by the ongoing sublimation of CO2 ice within the gully, to be the most plausible scenario, when the observed active gully comprises different source material than the surrounding gullies, i.e., a higher content of probably sand-sized material from outcrops located in the alcove. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "From 'philosophy of sport' to 'philosophies of sports'? History, identity and diversification of sport philosophy. My goal in this article is to give a portrait of how modern sport philosophy, which started in 1972, developed from relatively narrow paradigmatic borders to become a diverse and multi-paradigmatic international discipline. This development has included several changes but also some continuity. I identify three main tenets that may be viable in the future. One is to focus on the traditional sport philosophical paradigm, which had an ambition to identify the essence of sport. A second option is to develop more specific approaches, focusing on single sports or types of sport, like football or climbing. A third alternative is to develop a philosophy, not only of sport but of 'homo movens', studying the moving human being in different environmental and socio-cultural contexts. All three options are viable and should be welcomed.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Medicine in the Thought and Action of the Emperor Julian. This paper assembles evidence from the full scope of Julian's writings that the emperor had a pronounced interest in medicine and human health, which impacted both his rhetorical and real approach to political, philosophical, and religious problems. His initiatives aimed to promote doctors, medical research, and public health. He emphasized a holistic view of bodily and spiritual health in his version of theurgic Neoplatonism. Medical frames of reference also played an appreciable role in his anti-Christian program. Finally, he himself and others styled him as a physician-king on a divine mission to heal the Empire of the Christian disease.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Subclinical prion infection. Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative disorders that include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. The principal component of the infectious agent responsible for these diseases appears to be an abnormal isoform of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP), designated PrP(Sc). Prion diseases are transmissible to the same or different mammalian species by inoculation with, or dietary exposure to, infected tissues. Although scrapie in sheep has been recognized for over 200 years, it is the recent epidemic of BSE that has centred much public and scientific attention on these neurodegenerative diseases. The occurrence of variant CJD in humans and the experimental confirmation that it is caused by the same prion strain as BSE has highlighted the need for intensive study into the pathogenesis of these diseases and new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The existence and implications of subclinical forms of prion disease are discussed.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "Babesiosis (Babesia bovis) stability in unstable environments. Enzootic stability (herd immunity) in bovine babesiosis occurs when the rate of transmission (inoculation rate) of Babesia spp by the tick vector is sufficient to immunize a majority of susceptible calves before the loss of calfhood resistance. The effect of three tick (Boophilus microplus) control strategies (none, threshold, and strategic) on enzootic stability and the likelihood of babesiosis (Babesia bovis) outbreaks was studied using a spreadsheet age-class computer simulation model. The model was driven by weekly bovine tick counts from Brazil and Uruguay. The Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil bovine population (30 degrees 05' South latitude) was found to be in a naturally occurring state of enzootic stability, corresponding to an inoculation rate exceeding 0.005 throughout the year. Threshold dipping strategies should not increase the risk of babesiosis in cattle so managed. Strategic dipping resulted in an extended period of enzootic instability lasting 30 weeks, which requires protection of the herd through immunization. Because of the more prolonged low winter temperature conditions, the Tacuarembo, Uruguay bovine population (31 degrees 40' South latitude) was found to be in a naturally occurring state of enzootic instability, characterized by a 28 week period in which the inoculation rate was below 0.005. Strategic dipping should lead to eradication of the babesial parasite from tick and bovine populations, but would not result in eradication of the tick vector. This could lead to subsequent outbreaks if Babesia carrier animals were to be introduced into the herd. In both populations, strategic tick control could be accompanied by concurrent babesiosis vaccination.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Priming of protein expression in the defence response of Zantedeschia aethiopica to Pectobacterium carotovorum. The defence response of Zantedeschia aethiopica, a natural rhizomatous host of the soft rot bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum, was studied following the activation of common induced resistance pathways-systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance. Proteomic tools were used, together with in vitro quantification and in situ localization of selected oxidizing enzymes. In total, 527 proteins were analysed by label-free mass spectrometry (MS) and annotated against the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nonredundant (nr) protein database of rice (Oryza sativa). Of these, the fore most differentially expressed group comprised 215 proteins that were primed following application of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and subsequent infection with the pathogen. Sixty-five proteins were down-regulated following MJ treatments. The application of benzothiadiazole (BTH) increased the expression of 23 proteins; however, subsequent infection with the pathogen repressed their expression and did not induce priming. The sorting of primed proteins by Gene Ontology protein function category revealed that the primed proteins included nucleic acid-binding proteins, cofactor-binding proteins, ion-binding proteins, transferases, hydrolases and oxidoreductases. In line with the highlighted involvement of oxidoreductases in the defence response, we determined their activities, priming pattern and localization in planta. Increased activities were confined to the area surrounding the pathogen penetration site, associating these enzymes with the induced systemic resistance afforded by the jasmonic acid signalling pathway. The results presented here demonstrate the concerted priming of protein expression following MJ treatment, making it a prominent part of the defence response of Z. aethiopica to P. carotovorum.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "The influence of perceived stock value price histories in the mean-variance-instability model. The model introduced by II. Talpaz, A, Harpaz and J.B. Penson (1984. European Journal of Operational Research 14, 262-269) extends the mean-variance model introducing the concept of instability. In this way it is possible to see an investor's attitude towards predicted instability. In this paper we show how optimisation procedures based on penalty (or preferred) weighted instability matrices can be interpreted in terms of real time utility functions which depend on an 'actual' and a 'remembered' time series due to fading memory. This approach justifies some bounded normalised functions used to represent the investors preference between the irregular frequency fluctuations. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V, All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Laboratory Evaluation of Acute Toxicity of the Essential Oil of Allium tuberosum Leaves and Its Selected Major Constituents Against Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae). The aim of this research was to evaluate acute toxicity of the essential oil of leaves of Chinese chives, Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng (Asparagales: Alliaceae) and its major constituents against Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dur (Hemiptera: Miridae). The essential oil of A. tuberosum leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The major constituents of the oil were sulfur-containing compounds, including allyl methyl trisulfide (36.24%), diallyl disulfide (27.26%), diallyl trisulfide (18.68%), and dimethyl trisulfide (9.23%). The essential oil of A. tuberosum leaves exhibited acute toxicity against Ap. lucorum with an LD50 value of 20.03 mu g per adult. Among the main compounds, diallyl trisulfide (LD50 = 10.13 mu g per adult) showed stronger acute toxicity than allyl methyl trisulfide (LD50 = 21.10 mu g per adult) and dimethyl trisulfide (LD50 = 21.65 mu g per adult). The LD50 value of diallyl disulfide against Ap. lucorum was 28.10 mu g per adult. The results indicated that the essential oil of A. tuberosum and its major constituents may have a potential to be developed as botanical insecticides against Ap. lucorum.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Progress and challenges in the detection of residual pesticides using nanotechnology based colorimetric techniques. Pesticides are generally used to control and prevent agricultural pests. Excessive and sporadic use of pesticides poses a serious threat to human and livestock life. Therefore, to safeguard the people's health simple and sensible approaches for the determination of residual pesticides in food items are desperately required. The nanotechnology-based colorimetric approaches provide the options for detection of residual pesticides with high precision and speed. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is one of the most prominent features of metal nanoparticles which provides unique optoelectronic characteristics in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Metal nanoparticles especially gold and silver have very high extinction coefficients, therefore a well-suited electrochemical interaction between target analytes and nanoparticles surfaces cause aggregation, which leads to a colorimetric response. Modification and functionalization of nanoparticles with other ligands enhances the sensitivity and selectivity of colorimetric assays. But still, there are major challenges which affect the efficacy of these techniques for onsite pesticides monitoring which need to be addressed. Therefore, a comprehensive review of progress and challenges in the application of nanotechnology-based colorimetric techniques for detection of residual pesticides is presented here. The mechanism behind the development of these analytical techniques is also discussed, briefly. In conclusion, potential future trends and prospects of colorimetric techniques are addressed. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 52]}
{"token": "Squeeze damping of giant electrorheological fluid tuned by pulse width modulation. Smart rheological materials represented by giant electrorheological fluid (GERF) have attracted considerable attention in vibration isolation, microfluidics, and robotics. The traditional control method is primarily to adjust the amplitude of the constant voltage. This paper introduces a GERF damper that works in squeeze mode and uses varying pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage for damping adjustment. The influence of PWM voltage parameters on the damping characteristics of the damper is analyzed through experiments. The similarities and differences between the constant voltage and PWM voltage are discussed. PWM voltage can obtain larger equivalent damping with small duty cycles. A parametric model is established based on the squeeze flow principle to describe the damping characteristics of the damper. The root mean square error between the experimental and model results is less than 0.015, which verifies the accuracy of the model. The results of the vibration platform test show that the PWM voltage control can adjust the transmissibility of the damper in the frequency domain. The amplitude of the vibration is reduced by 56% in the time domain. This study provides a new damping adjustment method for GERF dampers.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "First Case of Actinomycetoma in France Due to a Novel Nocardia Species, Nocardia boironii sp nov.. Bacterial mycetoma is a neglected disease mainly observed in tropical area countries and typically associated with rural conditions, making its presence in developed countries of temperate climate areas rare. However, we report the first case of an autochthonous mycetoma case in continental France that originated from a new Nocardia species. A Gram-positive filamentous bacterium (OFN 14.177T) was isolated from a pus sample from the mycetoma of a male French patient 92 years old suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The isolate was analyzed by a polyphasic taxonomic approach by coupling morphological, biochemical, physiological, and chemotaxonomic aspects to genomic and phylogenetic analyses. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using four housekeeping genes (16S rRNA gene, secA1, hsp65, and sod) combined with phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strain OFN 14.177T is phylogenetically closer not only to Nocardia altamirensis but also to all other species comprising the Nocardia brasiliensis clade (i.e., N. brasiliensis, N. altamirensis, N. vulneris, N. iowensis, and N. tenerifensis), some of which present cutaneous tropism. The G+C content of isolate OFN 14.177T was 68.2 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization analyses demonstrated 38.25% relative reassociation with N. altamirensis. The strain OFN 14.177T is different from the closest species at genetic and phenotypical levels, and the data obtained indicate that it should be recognized as a new species, for which the name of Nocardia boironii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OFN 14.177T (= EML 1451 = DSM 101696).IMPORTANCE Bacterial mycetoma is an endemic infection in areas with tropical and subtropical climates. Thus, its presence in temperate climate areas remains rare. We report here the first case of autochthonous actinomycetoma in continental France originating from a Nocardia species other than N. brasiliensis, namely, Nocardia boironii. Considering the history of the patient, the infection source of strain OFN 14.177T may be from frequent contact with the soil over many years because of his gardening activities. The discovery of a French autochthonous Nocardia species responsible for actinomycetoma reveals the importance of considering the possibility of having autochthonous infections of this type in nontropical countries, not only imported cases from tropical countries. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the real incidence of this new species.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "NONPERTURBATIVE OCEAN ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY INVERSION. A method for estimating range-averaged sound-speed and sound-slowness profiles from single-slice tomographic travel-time measurements is demonstrated. The method directly yields the range average of the equivalent symmetric profile and the asymmetry of the sound channel at the source and receiver. In the absence of independent information, the measurements themselves indicate whether they are consistent with a range-independent sound channel. The inversion method is applied to a simulated pulse arrival sequence (generated by ray tracing), and the recovered sound speed agrees with that used for the simulation. Using climatology (or other independent information) for the sound speed below the sound-channel axis would allow an estimate of the range average of the profile above the sound-channel axis. The method yields the range average of sound slowness without linearization and gives the range average of the sound speed to first order.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
{"token": "Radio astrometry at 24 and 43 GHz. We describe the goals and initial results of a collaboration formed to survey extragalactic objects at radio frequencies of 24 and 43 GHz. This survey is for extending the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) that is the current coordinate system for astrometry and which is the angular inertial frame of deep space navigation. In principle, the extension should lead to a more stable reference frame. We report upon our initial three 24-hour observing sessions involving about 100 radio sources at the VLBA.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Distribution and biochemical composition of large and small seeds of soybean (Glycine max L.). CONCLUSION: Segregating the seeds of apical from the basal portion of soybean plant at harvest is expected to improve the germination, growth, yield and food-processing aspects. (c) 2007 Society of Chemical Industry.RESULTS: The proportion of large seeds was higher at the apical portion while small seeds predominated at the basal portion of the soybean stem axis. The contents of lipids, starch, soluble sugars and soluble proteins were higher in large seeds as compared to those in small ones. The proportion of membrane lipid components, on a 10-kernel basis, was higher in large seeds. The proportion of palmitate and oleate was also higher in large seeds. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that glycinin (11S) proteins of 46 and 32 kDa were at higher concentrations, while 158 and 20 kDa were at lower concentration in large seeds in comparison to small seeds. Likewise, beta-conglycinins (7S) of 75, 62 and 46 kDa were higher in large seeds compared to small ones.BACKGROUND: The position of soybean seeds on the stem axis brings about differences in seed filling during seed development, which contributes to different seed size and results in determining the quality of seeds for food usage. The quality differences between the large and small seeds are reported.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "WHICH HISTORY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY. How should we approach the knowledge of the past at the beginning of the 21st century? In recent decades, this was done by trying to reach places and perspectives until then unexplored. Now we must concern ourselves with the form of the content of our research at a time when ideological changes have carried away many supposed certainties. Calmness and meditation should be the foundation for the historian's work, far from the productive urge and the Manichaeism that history partly took on in the seventies and eighties of the 20th century. In Spain, and to an extent in the other country in the European Mediterranean area, efforts must be made to reject prejudices against the narrative, to search for a balance between local and general history and to place an precise value on the forms recently arrived from the United States, such as formalism, deconstruction or post-structuralism. An especially we have to overcome the aversion of determined academic circles to the permanent opening of new ways to reform and combat the bureaucratisation of the university system.", "label": [3, 31, 30]}
{"token": "Quality control ranges of minimum inhibitory concentrations for Lactococcus garvieae and Photobacterium damselae subsp piscicida. It is necessary to determine the quality control ranges of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for fish pathogenic bacterial strains in order to achieve comparability of test results. We derived tentative quality control ranges for Lactococcus garvieae and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (2 strains each), by using the standard agar dilution method of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. We measured the MICs of 14 drugs for the 4 strains and 5 quality control strains under culture conditions recommended for both aquatic bacteria and determined tentative quality control ranges from the modal MIC +/- 1 log(2) dilution step.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
{"token": "Laparoscopic-Assisted Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement in Children Younger Than the Age of 1 Year. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic-assisted ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) insertion in children younger than the age of 1 year and weighing less than 5 kg.METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of children receiving laparoscopic-assisted VPS. Patient characteristics, complications, operation and hospitalization time, blood loss, and conversion to the standard approach were noted and analyzed.CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic-assisted VPS insertion in children seems to be safe and feasible leading to very good results even in patients under the age of 1 and weighing less than 5 kg.RESULTS: Laparoscopic-assisted VPS was performed in 25 children. Mean age was 32 months (range 19 days to 18 years); 16 patients (64%) were younger than the age of 1 year and 10 patients (38%) weighed less than 5 kg at the time of surgery. In all cases laparoscopic insertion was possible without the need to convert to the standard approach. No intraoperative laparoscopy-associated complications occurred. Mean estimated blood volume lost was 4.52%, showing no significant difference between patients younger and older than 1 year. Mean operation time was 75.44 minutes (range 45-121 minutes), and mean hospitalization time was 37.1 days (range 4-142 days, median: 22 days). Patients younger than the age of 1 year showed significant shorter operation time (P < 0.001) and longer hospitalization time (P = 0.04). Complication rate within 30 days was 24% (n = 6), and overall complication rate was 36% ( n = 9), whereas none were related to the abdominal placement of the catheter, and showed no difference between the 2 age groups.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Death by overlaying and wedging - A 15-year retrospective study. The author reviewed all pediatric forensic cases referred for autopsy to the Forensic Section of the Medical University of South Carolina/Medical Examiners' Office over the past 15 years, from 1985 to 1999. Of these, all cases of overlaying, cases listed as undetermined sudden infant death syndrome versus overlaying, and wedging were included. The cases were analyzed as to victims' age, sex, race, location/bedding, bed-sharer, and whether the bed-sharer was known to have ingested drugs or alcohol before sleep. Postmortem physical findings were also reviewed, particularly for documentation of contusions, abrasions, or facial or ocular petechiae. By clarifying not only the victim, bed-sharer, and scenario but also the presence or absence of physical findings in cases of overlaying, wedging, and other accidental asphyxia, we can better categorize these cases.Overlaying, the accidental death by smothering caused by a larger individual sleeping on top of an infant, is a cause of death that has been documented for centuries. The hazard of death has been reported to be greater in infants less than 5 months of age but may occur in children up to the age of 2 years. When an adult or older child rolls on top of an infant, mechanical asphyxia results. The face may be pressed into the mattress or into the body of the sleeping adult or older child. The infant's air may be expressed, and he or she is unable to cry due to pressure on the thorax and the inability to inhale. Some pathologists and investigators believe that the victims of overlaying have no pertinent physical findings at autopsy and that any injury is indicative of inflicted trauma. Others believe that one may see contusions and abrasions from overlaying in and of itself. Wedging is another form of accidental mechanical asphyxia that may have negative autopsy findings. The prevalence of bruising, contusions, or facial and ocular petechiae is not clear.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 29]}
{"token": "Presence of Torque Teno Virus (TTV) in Tap Water in Public Schools from Southern Brazil. Torque teno virus (TTV) was surveyed in tap water collected in schools from three municipalities located in the south of Brazil. TTV genomes were found in 11.7 % (4/34) of the samples. TTV DNA was detected in 10.5 % (2/19) of the samples collected at the city of Caxias do Sul and in 25 % (2/8) of the samples from Pelotas. Those cities have a low rate of sewage treatment. All samples from Santa Cruz do Sul, which has nearly 92 % of its sewage treated, were negative. These results suggest that the amount of sewage treated may have an effect on the detection rates of TTV DNA in drinking water in a given urban area, showing a mild negative correlation (r = -0.76), when comparing the percentage of sewage treatment to the detection of TTV genomes. The detection rate of TTV was also compared with Escherichia coli, showing a strong correlation (r = 0.97), indicating that TTV may be a suitable marker of fecal contamination.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 5, 8, 43, 52, 21]}
{"token": "Canine indolent nodular lymphoma. Sixty-six cases of indolent canine lymphoid proliferation were reviewed. Age ranged from 1.5 to 16 years (median 9.0 years). Dogs of 26 breeds, plus 13 of mixed breeding or unknown lineage, were represented. B-Cell lymphomas (CD79a(+)) predominated. Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), the largest group, involved lymph node (33 cases) and spleen (13 cases), with both tissues involved in five of these cases. Follicular lymphoma (FL) involved lymph nodes (five cases), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) occurred as solitary splenic masses (three cases). Nodal CD3(+) T-zone lymphomas (TZL) (10 cases), were included since they resembled late-stage MZL at the architectural level. Two cases of marginal zone hyperplasia (MZH) were included to aid in differentiation of early MZL. Clonality status was determined in 54 cases by analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) and T-cell antigen receptor gamma (TCRG) gene rearrangement. Clonal rearrangement of IGH was detected in 28 of 35 MZL cases (80%), four of four FL cases (100%) and three of three MCL cases (1009/6). Concurrent cross lineage rearrangement of TCRG was detected in six MZL and two FL cases. Clonal rearrangement of TCRG was documented in five of eight TZL cases (63%). Limited survival data obtained for 18 dogs indicated that the B-cell lymphomas (MZL, MCL, and FL) and the T-cell lymphoma (TZL) were associated with indolent behavior and long survival. Although to the authors' knowledge, the true incidence of canine indolent lymphomas is unknown, the tumors are not rare and may have been underrecognized. Recognition of their architectural features, routine application of immunophenotyping, and molecular clonality assessment should alleviate this.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "An Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Asphalt Production in Nigeria. This study assessed the impact of asphalt production on the environment in Nigeria, using the HMA facility of the Delta State Direct Labour Agency located at Agbarha-Otor in Ughelli North Local Government Area, Delta State as a case study. Soil, water and vegetation samples were obtained in a field survey, while interviews and focus group discussions were also held with the stakeholders. Analysis of the laboratory results of field samples taken reveal that the HMA facility has some limited impact on the soil, vegetation and water around it. In particular, the statistical analysis shows that the impact on the Cadmium and Benzene contents in the soil is significant, while the impact on the other pollutant elements considered are not significant. For vegetation and water, the impact on the elements considered is not significant. Analysis of the interviews and discussions held with the stakeholders reveal that the HMA facility has impacted both positively and negatively on the socio-economic activities and health of the host community.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
{"token": "Research priorities in pediatric parenteral nutrition: a consensus and perspective from ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN. Parenteral nutrition is used to treat children that cannot be fully fed by the enteral route. While the revised ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN pediatric parenteral nutrition guidelines provide clear guidance on the use of parenteral nutrition in neonates, infants, and children based on current available evidence, they have helped to crystallize areas where research is lacking or more studies are needed in order to refine recommendations. This paper collates and discusses the research gaps identified by the authors of each section of the guidelines and considers each nutrient or group of nutrients in turn, together with aspects around delivery and organization. The 99 research priorities identified were then ranked in order of importance by clinicians and researchers working in the field using a survey methodology. The highest ranked priority was the need to understand the relationship between total energy intake, rapid catch-up growth, later metabolic function, and neurocognitive outcomes. Research into the optimal intakes of macronutrients needed in order to achieve optimal outcomes also featured prominently. Identifying research priorities in PN should enable research to be focussed on addressing key issues. Multicentre trials, better definition of exposure and outcome variables, and long-term metabolic and developmental follow-up will be key to achieving this. Impact The recent ESPGHAN/ESPEN/ESPR/CSPEN guidelines for pediatric parenteral nutrition provided updated guidance for providing parenteral nutrition to infants and children, including recommendations for practice. However, in several areas there was a lack of evidence to guide practice, or research questions that remained unanswered. This paper summarizes the key priorities for research in pediatric parenteral nutrition, and ranks them in order of importance according to expert opinion.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Male-biased sex ratio among unhatched eggs in great tit Parus major, blue tit P. caeruleus and collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that brood sex ratios are frequently unequal, but the proximate mechanisms underlying this deviation are largely unknown. In the current study we analysed deviation from expected 1:1 sex ratio among dead embryos from unhatched eggs collected from partially unhatched clutches of three passerine bird species. We showed that male embryos were significantly overrepresented among unhatched eggs of great tit Parus major, blue tit P. caeruleus and collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. Moreover, the bias in sex ratio differed among species and tended to differ among study years. We discuss several hypotheses to explain the observed male bias among unhatched eggs. We conclude that sex specific embryo mortality may contribute to explain the observed variation in sex ratios in several species of wild birds and that sexing unhatched eggs is important in studies of sex ratio allocation.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "ENCOUNTERING NEW AGE SPIRITUALITY: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR THE RURAL CHURCH. This article reviews the rise of New Age spirituality, locating its origins in widespread disillusionment with the western cultural paradigm and difficulties faced by the Church in offering relevant answers to new questions. At the same time, it argues that the Church has resources, particularly in its rural manifestations, that can begin to address the concerns of today's spiritual searchers.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "In vivo release of oxytetracycline from a biodegradable controlled-release gel injected subcutaneously in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A long-acting, biodegradable, controlled-release formulation of oxytetracycline (CR-OTC) was evaluated in 18 adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica ) following a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection. Prior to characterizing the release of oxytetracycline (OTC) from the CR-OTC, the pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenously (i.v.) administered OTC were determined. Concentrations of free OTC were measured using a bioassay. The plasma concentration-time profile of OTC after a single i.v. injection at 20 mg/kg was best fit to an open two-compartmental model, with the following pharmacokinetic parameters: area under the curve (AUC ) = 36.72 mg . h/L, terminal elimination half-life = 2.34 h, clearance (Cl ) = 0.545 L/kg/h. Plasma [OTC] was >1.0 mu g/mL for at least 4 h following i.v. injection. The CR-OTC gel was well tolerated at a dosage of 1500 mg/kg s.c. Plasma [OTC] rose to >1.0 mu g/mL within 24 h; it remained >1.0 mu g/mL for at least 10 days in all birds sampled at that time point (n = 9) and for at least 18 days in two of nine birds. Using a deconvolution technique, it was determined that approximately 54.8% of the administered OTC was released from the CR-OTC over the 45-day observation period. This long-acting, biodegradable controlled-release OTC formulation may have potential for the treatment of chlamydophila infections and other OTC-sensitive bacteria in Japanese quail, however further studies are necessary to determine its safety and clinical application.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 10]}
{"token": "Disrupting data sharing for a healthier ocean. Ocean ecosystems are in decline, yet we also have more ocean data, and more data portals, than ever before. To make effective decisions regarding ocean management, especially in the face of global environmental change, we need to make the best use possible of these data. Yet many data are not shared, are hard to find, and cannot be effectively accessed. We identify three classes of challenges to data sharing and use: uploading, aggregating, and navigating. While tremendous advances have occurred to improve ocean data operability and transparency, the effect has been largely incremental. We propose a suite of both technical and cultural solutions to overcome these challenges including the use of natural language processing, automatic data translation, ledger-based data identifiers, digital community currencies, data impact factors, and social networks as ways of breaking through these barriers. One way to harness these solutions could be a combinatorial machine that embodies both technological and social networking solutions to aggregate ocean data and to allow researchers to discover, navigate, and download data as well as to connect researchers and data users while providing an open-sourced backend for new data tools.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
{"token": "An MPEG-4 authoring system with temporal constraints for interactive scene. An MPEG-4 scene is the specification for generating interactive multimedia contents. Each object constituting an MPEG-4 scene runs according to its own run time. Likewise, it should support the update of predefined temporal relations and attributes by the user event taking place during run time. Nonetheless, BIFS, which is the scene description of MPEG-4, does not support the temporal relations among the objects, neither is it capable of controlling the variance of temporal properties by user events. This paper defined the temporal relations and its related events that are helpful to the effective authoring of MPEG-4 and introduced temporal constraints to generate error-free scenes for user events taking place during run time. Furthermore, an authoring system of MPEG-4 contents was developed together with this application.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Cross-talk of cutaneous beta human papillomaviruses and the immune system: determinants of disease penetrance. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect the epithelia of skin or mucosa, where they can induce hyperproliferative lesions. More than 220 different HPV types have been characterized and classified into five different genera. Mucosal high-risk HPVs are causative for cancers of the anogenital region and oropharynx. Clinical data from patients with the rare genetic disorder epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) indicate that genus beta-HPVs cooperate with ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, epidemiological and biological findings indicate thatbeta-HPV types play a role in UV-mediated skin carcinogenesis also in non-EV individuals. However, the mechanisms used by these cutaneous viruses to promote epithelial carcinogenesis differ significantly from those of mucosal HPVs. Recent studies point to a delicate cross-talk of beta-HPVs with the cell-autonomous immunity of the host keratinocytes and the local immune microenvironment that eventually determines the fate of cutaneous HPV infection and the penetrance of disease. This review gives an overview of the critical interactions of genus beta-HPVs with the local immune system that allow the virus to complete its life cycle, to escape from extrinsic immunity, and eventually to cause chronic inflammation contributing to skin carcinogenesis.This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Listening to Arab Women's Voices: Society for Asian Music 2018 Keynote Address. This article illustrates the near-constant presence of Arab women's musical voices in Middle Eastern societies and the ways in which these voices affected their societies and exercised power. Examples are drawn from the centuries of the Islamic Empire, the decades surrounding World War I in Cairo, Egypt, and the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries in the Arabian Gulf and Peninsula. Attention is given to theories of voice. Emphasis lies on urban, usually professional, performers.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in age-related macular degeneration: influence of smoking habits on effectiveness and outcome of treatment. A total of 100 patients were included in the retrospective analysis. Data included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and number of injections in 24 months. Subjects with BCVA < 0.1 at baseline were rejected. All patients were interviewed about smoking habits and current systemic medication.Smoking is not only a risk factor for the development of AMD but also for the effectiveness of an anti-VEGF treatment. Also from a socio-economic point of view AMD patients should be instructed to quit smoking.The study comprised 42 smokers (including 31 past-smokers) with a median of 23.5 packyears (py). The more py a patient had smoked, the lower BCVA was after the last injection (p = 0.009). The more cigarettes per day a smoker had smoked the more injections he had received (p = 0.0042). Patients with arterial hypertension had a lower BCVA after the last injection (p = 0.045).To investigate the influence of smoking, age and systemic medication on the effectiveness of an anti-VEGF therapy in patients with exsudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD).", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Organizational Ambidexterity as an Outcome of Quality Dimensions and Triple Helix: The Role of Technology Readiness and User Satisfaction. Advancing times and rapidly developing technology put pressure and responsibility on the management of organizations. Organizational ambidexterity is a concept for an organization that can balance profitability with innovation and development. This study examined the relationship between the triple helix and quality dimensions on organizational ambidexterity mediated by technology readiness and user satisfaction to give management an advantage in addressing this problem. Quantitative analysis methods using PLS-SEM (Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling) were employed in this study. This study was conducted in Indonesia with 425 respondents participating in the data collection, 411 of which were declared valid after filtering. The results of this study demonstrate that the role of the triple helix in developing organizational ambidexterity is very significant and that other variables, such as quality dimensions and technology readiness, also play an essential role. The framework for organizational ambidexterity presented in this study may be helpful for future research in this field. This study can be further developed for future research, especially by adding new external variables that change over time and focusing more on a specific organization. At the very least, this study is relevant for researchers and practitioners to improve business quality using the concept of the triple helix, quality dimensions, and technology readiness.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Vegetation restoration and agricultural management to mitigate nitrogen pollution in the surface waters of the Dan River, China. Non-point source pollution in rivers is an important factor affecting water quality. Quantifying the load of non-point source pollutants in the water and implementing improvement measures are critical for guaranteeing drinking water quality. In this study, the Dan River watershed, which is an important water source for Beijing, was investigated. Through a combination of water sampling and numerical simulations, the temporal and spatial distributions of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+-N) loads in the watershed were determined, and the effects of vegetation restoration and agricultural management on reducing nitrogen pollution in the river were predicted. The NO3--N and NH4+-N loads in the watershed were higher during the wet season (July-September), accounting for more than 50% of the annual nitrogen output. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate the nitrogen load in the watershed. Pollution from nitrogen loading was serious in the lower reaches of the river; however, vegetation restoration can reduce the nitrogen output. Through scenario simulations, we found that an increase in forestland in the watershed would reduce the NO3--N and NH4+-N loads. The nitrate and NH4+-N loads in the watershed also decreased with reduced fertilizer use and reduced irrigation application in the watershed. Thus, reasonable land planning and agricultural management measures can effectively reduce nitrogen loss, which is an effective way to control non-point source pollution in watersheds and ensure river water quality.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "A new look at the benefits of diversification: lessons from Central America. Recent trends of export diversification in Central America may lower foreign exchange earnings instability there. Four countries-Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala-are analysed across a twenty-year period. The paper uses United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics to explain why Costa Rica and Honduras have enjoyed greater earnings stability in recent years, despite the fact that Honduras has not greatly diversified its export products and markets. Despite the growth of new agricultural and manufacturing goods, traditional primary products still dominate the countries' export portfolios. Specific products within each of the four broad product category groups contribute to the varied country outcomes. Summary statistics from the United Nations (panel) data suggest newer agricultural exports have not stabilized Guatemalan and Salvadoran export earnings, while Honduras has enjoyed relatively stable banana export revenues and Costa Rica has benefited from the smooth flow of microelectronic products. Further panel data regression analysis shows country size and intangible country effects also explain parts of the detrended earnings deviation in addition to product base and level of diversification.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Regulation and Spatiotemporal Patterns of Extracellular Enzyme Activities in a Coastal, Sandy Aquifer System (Doana, SW Spain). A seasonal study of extracellular enzyme activities (EEA) was conducted in the coastal, sandy aquifer system located in the greater fluvial-littoral ecosystem of Doana (SW, Spain). Glucosidase, leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, and phenol oxidase activities were determined over a 2-year period in 30 piezometers spread in an area of approximately 100 km(2). Taking into account all enzymes, piezometers, and seasons, EEA ranged over several orders of magnitude, from 1.01 Au 10(-5) +/- 2.92 Au 10(-6) to 1.37 +/- 0.13 nmol (methylumbelliferyl, amido-4-methylcoumarin, or dihydroxyphenylalanine) mL(-1) h(-1). The quality, much more than the quantity, of organic matter and nutrients seemed to be the major variables that controlled the spatiotemporal patterns showed by EEA. EEA patterns obtained in this study agree with several functional models of microbial communities, such as optimal resource allocation and nutrient co-limitation. This study probably represents the first one in which these functional models have been tested in subsurface systems. Results obtained in this study seem to suggest that microbial communities inhabiting groundwaters in Doana are not dead or compromised cells. By contrast, these communities play relevant roles in carbon and nutrient cycling, continue with the decomposition process that begins in the sediments of the shallow lakes located in the area, provide remineralized carbon and nutrients to producers of these surface aquatic systems, and close energy and matter cycles. This study proposes that groundwater systems should be considered dynamic systems, comparable in functional complexity to surface systems.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 43]}
{"token": "Periodic oscillations in continuous free-radical solution polymerization reactors - a general approach. Previous studies regarding the bifurcation behavior of continuous stirred tank polymerization reactors have reported a multitude of different nonlinear responses. The nonlinear responses reported most often are steady-state multiplicity and self-sustained oscillatory behavior, which have been confirmed experimentally. Particularly, Freitas Filho, Biscaia, and Pinto (Chemical Engineering Science 49 (22) (1994) 3745 -3755) used a generic model to describe the dynamic behavior of continuous free-radical solution polymerizations and were able to show that most reactors can present as many as five distinct steady-stale solutions, regardless of the particular chemical system analyzed. The work of Freitas Filho, Biscaia, and Pinto is extended here to show that self-sustained oscillatory responses may also be considered to be generic reactor responses, regardless of the particular chemical system analyzed. The effect of both physico-chemical and operational reactor parameters on the topology of the branches of periodic solutions is also investigated. It is shown that most continuous solution polymerization systems may present regions where limit cycles are present and that the increase of the gel effect decreases the probability of observing sustained oscillatory responses. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Characteristics of anodic coatings oxidized to different voltage on AZ91D Mg alloy by micro-arc oxidization technique. With increasing applied voltage, three types of anodic coatings, passive film, micro-spark ceramic coating and spark ceramic coating were made by micro-arc oxidization (MAO) technique on AZ91D magnesium alloy in alkali-silicate solution. The structure, composition characteristics and the electrochemical properties of coatings were also studied with SEM, XRD and EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) technique, respectively. It is found that the electrochemical properties are closely related to the structure and composition characteristics of the anodic coatings. At the same time, the characteristics of the three types of anodic coatings differ significantly, among them, the micro-spark ceramic coating, prepared in the voltage range of 170similar to220V exhibits compact, homogeneous structure and highest corrosion-resistance.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Development of a flashback correlation for burner-stabilized hydrogen-air premixed flames. With a growing need for replacing fossil fuels with cleaner alternatives, hydrogen has emerged as a viable candidate for providing heat and power. However, stable and safe combustion of hydrogen is not simple and as such, a number of key issues have been identified that need to be understood for a safe design of combustion chambers. One such issue is the higher propensity of hydrogen flames to flashback compared to that for methane flames. The flashback problem is coupled with higher burner temperatures that could cause strong thermal stresses in burners and could hinder their performance. In order to systematically investigate flashback in premixed hydrogen-air flames for finding a global flashback criteria, in this study we use numerical simulations as a basic tool to study flashback limits of slit burners. Flashback limits are found for varying geometrical parameters and equivalence ratios and the sensitivity of each parameter on the flashback limit and burner temperatures are identified and analyzed. It is shown that the conven-tional flashback correlation with critical velocity gradient does not collapse the flashback data as it does not take into account stretch induced preferential diffusion effects. A new Karlovitz number definition is introduced with physical insights that collapses the flashback data at all tested conditions in an excellent manner.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of The Combustion Institute. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Modeling the fontan circulation: Where we are and where we need to go. The Fontan procedure and its subsequent modifications over the past 30 years can be described as a class of surgical procedures for patients born with complex congenital heart disease exhibiting a single-ventricle physiology. The long-term outcome for children currently undergoing a Fontan procedure remains worrisome because of multiple late morbidities observed. Despite significant modeling efforts spanning three decades, improvements to the Fontan procedure have occurred without comprehensive validation from these modeling studies. Careful examination shows that modeling studies to date offer only a \\\\'glimpse through a keyhole\\\\' into understanding and modeling a representative range of the variations in anatomy and physiology that exist in Fontan patients. Suggestions for future investigations are provided.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Variation in Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase activity following acute malaria. Primaquine and tafenoquine are the only licensed drugs with activity against Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites but cause haemolysis in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Malaria also causes haemolysis, leading to the replacement of older erythrocytes with low G6PD activity by reticulocytes and young erythrocytes with higher activity. Aim of this study was to assess the impact of acute malaria on G6PD activity. Selected patients with uncomplicated malaria were recruited in Bangladesh (n = 87), Indonesia (n = 75), and Ethiopia (n = 173); G6PD activity was measured at the initial presentation with malaria and a median of 176 days later (range 140 to 998) in the absence of malaria. Among selected participants (deficient participants preferentially enrolled in Bangladesh but not at other sites) G6PD activity fell between malaria and follow up by 79.1% (95%CI: 40.4 to 117.8) in 6 participants classified as deficient (<30% activity), 43.7% (95%CI: 34.2 to 53.1) in 39 individuals with intermediate activity (30% to <70%), and by 4.5% (95%CI: 1.4 to 7.6) in 290 G6PD normal (.70%) participants. In Bangladesh and Indonesia G6PD activity was significantly higher during acute malaria than when the same individuals were retested during follow up (40.9% (95%CI: 33.4-48.1) and 7.4% (95%CI: 0.2 to 14.6) respectively), whereas in Ethiopia G6PD activity was 3.6% (95%CI: -1.0 to -6.1) lower during acute malaria. The change in G6PD activity was apparent in patients presenting with either P. vivax or P. falciparum infection. Overall, 66.7% (4/6) severely deficient participants and 87.2% (34/39) with intermediate deficiency had normal activities when presenting with malaria. These findings suggest that G6PD activity rises significantly and at clinically relevant levels during acute malaria. Prospective case-control studies are warranted to confirm the degree to which the predicted population attributable risks of drug induced haemolysis is lower than would be predicted from cross sectional surveys.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Neighbors' use of water and sanitation facilities can affect children's health: a cohort study in Mozambique using a spatial approach. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort including 61,333 children from a district in Mozambique during 2012-2015. We obtained water and sanitation household data and morbidity data from Manhica Health Research Centre surveillance system. To evaluate herd protection, we estimated the density of household neighbors with improved facilities using a Kernel Density Estimator. We fitted negative binomial adjusted regression models to assess the minimum children-based incidence rates for every morbidity indicator, and Cox regression models for mortality.Conclusion: Household and neighbors' access to improve water and sanitation can affect children's health. Accounting for household WASH and herd protection in interventions'evaluation could foster stakeholders' investment and improve WASH related diseases control.Results: Household use of unimproved water and sanitation displayed a higher rate of outpatient visit, diarrhea, malaria, and anemia. Households with unimproved water and sanitation surrounded by neighbors with improved water and sanitation high coverage were associated with a lower rate of outpatient visit, malaria, anemia, and malnutrition.Background: Impact evaluation of most water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions in health are user-centered. However, recent research discussed WASH herd protection - community WASH coverage could protect neighboring households. We evaluated the effect of water and sanitation used in the household and by household neighbors in children's morbidity and mortality using recorded health data.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Convergence or Divergence? Do Parties and Outside Groups Spend on the Same Candidates, and Does It Matter?. There is a good deal of discussion currently among political scientists about the nature of political parties and the impacts of changing party-group relations. Are so-called outside groups promoting extreme candidates and, thus, contributing to polarization? Or perhaps, party-allied groups follow the party's lead and support the same candidates the party supports. We view parties as extended party networks (EPNs) and examine the campaign spending practices of formal party organizations (the House congressional campaign committees) and some of the groups that are seen as allied with each party and some we expect to be outside each party's network. We analyze the levels of congruence and divergence in party and group spending in the 2014 House elections. We find that most nonparty groups support the same candidates favored by the party with which they most identify, and very few are outside each party's EPN-supporting candidates who are challenging the party's picks.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS AND ASSOCIATED SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PATIENTS. Results: Among the 25.5% of participants whose Zung score was outside the normal range, 19.38% were mildly, 4.64% moderately, and 0.91% severely depressed. Statistically significant differences were observed among groups defined according to level of education, employment and marital status (p<0.001). Lower Zung scores were found in individuals with a higher level of education, who were unmarried, employed or still undergoing education. Multivariate logistic regression model revealed that older age (p<0.001), unemployment (p=0.001) or unmarried status (p=0.025) were significant predictors of depression symptoms.Subjects and methods: The study included 769 patients without previous psychiatric disorder who attended their primary care physicians in the Health Centre Zagreb - Zapad in January 2011. Data on patients' age, sex, level of education, marital and employment status were collected. All participants completed The Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale.Background: Depression is a growing public health problem still under-recognised in primary care settings. By focusing primarily on somatic complaints and diseases, general practitioners often fail to identify an underlying mental disorder. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of patients with unrecognised depression symptoms in general practice and identify associated socio-demographic factors.Conclusions: The study revealed a high prevalence of depression symptoms among primary care patients who had not been previously suspected to have any psychiatric co-morbidity. Awareness of depression symptoms and disorders should be raised among general practitioners, focusing on older, unemployed and unmarried people.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Impacts of Organic Wastes on Plankton Population of Woji Creek, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The impacts of organic wastes contamination on plankton population of Woji creek in Port Harcourt, Rivers State were studied for two years. Monthwise the surface water samples were collected from five sampling points, identified and enumerated using standard methods and keys. The samples were assessed for plankton population comparing phytoplankton and zooplankton. Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta were significantly higher in the dry season (218.4 +/- 2.60 and 259.60 +/- 8.18) than in the wet season (144.90 +/- 25.05 and 216.90 +/- 15.23) while the population of Xanthophyta and Insecta were significantly higher in the wet season (154.90 +/- 12.0 and 4.50 +/- 1.52) than in the dry season (115.80 +/- 12.23 and 9.2 +/- 1.02). The Bacillariophyta and Copepoda showed higher abundance and more species diversity than other plankton populations. Only Insecta in the zooplankton group had a significant difference between seasons at p<0.05.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Synchrotron-based measurement of the impact of thermal cycling on the evolution of stresses in Cu through-silicon vias. One of the main causes of failure during the lifetime of microelectronics devices is their exposure to fluctuating temperatures. In this work, synchrotron-based X-ray micro-diffraction is used to study the evolution of stresses in copper through-silicon via (TSV) interconnects, \\\\'as-received\\\\' and after 1000 thermal cycles. For both test conditions, significant fluctuations in the measured normal and shear stresses with depth are attributed to variations in the Cu grain orientation. Nevertheless, the mean hydrostatic stresses in the \\\\'as-received\\\\' Cu TSV were very low, at (16 +/- 44) MPa, most likely due to room temperature stress relaxation. In contrast, the mean hydrostatic stresses along the entire length of the Cu TSV that had undergone 1000 thermal cycles (123 +/- 37) MPa were found to be eight times greater, which was attributed to increased strain-hardening. The evolution in stresses with thermal cycling is a clear indication that the impact of Cu TSVs on front-end-of-line (FEOL) device performance will change through the lifetime of the 3D stacked dies, and ought to be accounted for during FEOL keep-out-zone design rules development. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Population Growth and Protein and Energy Content of Proales Similis (Rotifera: Monogononta) Reared at Different Salinities. The effect of different salinities on growth, crude protein and total energy on a Mexican strain of the minute rotifer Proales similis (GenBank KM078762) were evaluated. The experiment was conducted at 5, 15, 25 and 35 psu, with five replicates. Rotifers were fed twice a day with Nannochloropsis sp., temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH values were maintained at 25 1 degrees C, 5 +/- 1 mg L-1 and 8 +/- 1 respectively. Results show that salinity does not affect the intrinsic rate of population growth (r=0.46 to 0.51 day(-1)) and duplication time (Dt=1.36 to 1.51 days) for P. similis. Maximum density (Dmax) values were lower at 35 psu (1,703 rotifers mL(-1)), whereas Dmax values were between 2,488 to 2,560 rotifers mL(-1) at 5, 15 and 25 psu. Crude protein fluctuated between 25.3 and 42.8% dry biomass (DB), while energy content varied between 11.8 and 19.9 J mg(-1) DB; values were significantly lower at 35 psu. Observed population growth parameters and the protein and energy content between 5-25 psu, indicate that P. similis can be successfully reared below 35 psu, making P. similis very suitable when fish larvae require a small rotifer due to sizing of mouth gap at the beginning of exogenous feeding.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "Effect of Ammonium Polyphosphate on Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, and Mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Polyester/Phenolic/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites. In present research, the effect of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) content on flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester resin/unsaturated phenolic resin/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites were studied. Nanocomposites were prepared via in situ mold casting technique. Flame retardancy of the nanocomposite was investigated through the UL 94 vertical burning test and limiting oxygen index (LOI) analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted to measure thermal properties, whereas flexural and impact tests were carried out to determine mechanical properties of nanocomposites. Nanocomposites with 30 phr APP achieved the flammability rating of V-1 and LOI of 29.2%. TGA results showed that nanocomposites with 30 phr APP had the highest thermal stability. Nanocomposite prepared with 3 phr MMT had the highest flexural strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength. Thus the best balance between flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical properties was achieved with MMT and APP content of 3 and 30 phr, respectively.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "PROBLEMS OF CUMULATIVE PUNISHMENT ASSIGNMENT BY MEANS OF ACCUMULATIVE SENTENCING. One of current practical problems is determination of type and amount of penalty assigned accumulatively in terms of criminal law reforming. Differentiation and individualization of cumulative punishment is a big problem. Choice of final cumulative punishment assignment rules depends on judicial discretion and refers to punishment individualization. Enactment of Plenum of Supreme Court of Russian Federation No. 40 on Criminal punishment assignment court practice dated 11 June 1999 is studied in order to clarify. The abovementioned Enactment provides cumulative punishment assignment issues solution as follows: absorption of less severe punishment by more severe, complete or partial cumulative sentence according to social danger level, personality of the offender, leniency and aggravation. The Enactment is analysed comparing to Enactment No. 2 on on Criminal punishment assignment court practice in Russian Federation dated 11 Jan 2007. The latter proves necessary to assign punishment individually The authors conclude understanding partial cumulative sentence, they study mechanism of partial cumulative sentence for different cumulative crimes. Authors also study different approaches to partial cumulative sentence by combination of merger and accumulation, accumulation of certain part of sentence while merger its unaccumulated part. The author state that unaccumulated part of sentence assigned for one of cumulative crimes will remain unaccumulated part of sentence. Yet it can not be considered mergered by final sentence. In case of appeal, cassational appeal or regulatory inspection of assigned sentence the unaccumulated part of sentence will have its legal effect that might help determine legalness and justness of court decision.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Taxonomy and phylogeny of Leptopilina species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) attacking frugivorous drosophilid flies in Japan, with description of three new species. Despite the intensive use of the Leptopilina genus and its drosophilid hosts as model systems in the study of host-parasitoid interactions, the diversity and distribution of the species occurring in the Asian region remain elusive. Here we report the phylogeny of Japanese Leptopilina species attacking frugivorous drosophilid flies, based on COI, ITS1 and ITS2 sequences. Consistent with molecular data, hybridization experiments and morphological examination, five species were recorded in Japan: Leptopilina heterotoma, L. victoriae and three new species, two occurring in the Ryukyu archipelago, L. ryukyuensis and L. pacifica, and another species, L. japonica, distributed in Honshu and Hokkaido. Leptopilina japonica is further divided into two subspecies, L. j. japonica occurring in Japan, and L. j. formosana occurring in Taiwan. According to these results, we discuss the evolution, speciation and colonization history of Japanese Leptopilina species.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Circumbinary planets - the next steps. The Kepler mission opened the door to a small but bonafide sample of circumbinary planets. Some initial trends have been identified and used to challenge our theories of planet and binary formation. However, the Kepler sample is not only small but contains biases. I will present a circumbinary plan for the future. Specifically, I will cover the BEBOP radial velocity survey, the latest TESS transit mission and a new technique for digging out small circumbinary planets in archival Kepler photometry.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "A Genetic Association Study of Tobacco Withdrawal Endophenotypes in African Americans. Public Significance Statement This is the first study to integrate laboratory behavioral pharmacology with genetic epidemiology methods to study tobacco addiction endophenotypes in African Americans. No statistically robust or historically consistent associations of any genetic variants with 24 tobacco withdrawal endophenotypes assessed in this study were found. We did not find support for the notion that searching for specific genetic loci underlying intensively assessed tobacco withdrawal phenotypes in African Americans might lead to interventions that substantively reduce tobacco-related health disparities.Genome-wide association (GWA) genetic epidemiology research has identified several variants modestly associated with brief self-report smoking measures, predominately in European Americans. GWA research has not applied intensive laboratory-based measures of smoking endophenotypes in African Americans-a population with disproportionately low quit smoking rates and high tobacco-related disease risk. This genetic epidemiology study of non-Hispanic African Americans tested associations of 89 genetic variants identified in previous GWA research and exploratory GWAs with 24 laboratory-derived tobacco withdrawal endophenotypes. African American cigarette smokers (N = 528; >= 10 cig/day; 36.2% female) completed two counterbalanced visits following either 16-hr of tobacco deprivation or ad libitum smoking. At both visits, self-report and behavioral measures across six unique \\\\'sub-phenotype\\\\' domains within the tobacco withdrawal syndrome were assessed (Urge/Craving, Negative Affect, Low Positive Affect, Cognition, Hunger, and Motivation to Resume Smoking). Results of the candidate variant analysis found two significant small-magnitude associations. The rs11915747 alternate allele in the CAD2M gene region was associated with .09 larger deprivation-induced changes in reported impulsivity (0-4 scale). The rs2471711alternate allele in the AC097480.1/AC097480.2 gene region was associated with 0.26 lower deprivation-induced changes in confusion (0-4 scale). For both variants, associations were opposite in direction to previous research. Individual genetic variants may exert only weak influences on tobacco withdrawal in African Americans. Larger sample sizes of non-European ancestry individuals might be needed to investigate both known and novel loci that may be ancestry-specific.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Profiling the Research Landscape in Emerging Areas Using Bibliometrics and Text Mining: A Case Study of Biomedical Engineering (BME) in Thailand. This study focuses on applying bibliometric analysis and text mining technique to generate technology intelligence from publication databases. The intelligence represents the research profile and landscape by highlighting active research areas and revealing professional communities along with their social networks. Professional communities can be not just existing networks, but also hidden ones. In this paper, the analysis of biomedical engineering (BME) field in Thailand is presented as the case study. The findings can be used as key inputs for the development of effective policies and incentives to promote the research activities as well as the collaboration among different groups of experts.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "The utility and limitations of the Human Figure Drawing Test in the evaluation of the child abuse's cases in expert testimony circles. When following proper legal medical and forensic psychiatric methodology, one needs to be aware that it is incorrect to make a diagnosis of abuse based solely on the results of administered psychodiagnostic instruments, particularly when employing graphic evaluations, such as The Human Figure Drawing Test. This article highlights the expressive and communicative value that the drawings may possess in child abuse investigations, whether they are of a sexual, physical, or psychological nature, or if they involve neglect. It is well to remember that, especially in the field of legal medicine; one always needs to keep in mind that no do not automatism exists a direct association between the coupling of a single response on the test, needs to keep in mind that no direct association exists between the coupling of a single response on the test, and and its psychological significance. Test responses in no way constitute any significant juridically usable evidence.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "A new extension theorem for 3-weight modulo q linear codes over F-q. We prove that every [n, k, d](q) code with q >= 4, k >= 3, whose weights are congruent to 0, -1 or -2 modulo q and d = -1 (mod q) is extendable unless its diversity is ((q2)q(k-3) + theta(k-3), (q2)q(k-3)) for odd q, where theta(j) = (q(j+1) - 1)/(q - 1).", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nematodes are involved in negative feedback on a dual culture of alfalfa and Russian wildrye. The complex biological interactions taking place in soil-plant systems may sometimes alter the functioning of an ecosystem. We examined the relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) root colonization, nematode populations, and plant competition in an 8-year-old field experiment comparing alfalfa monoculture to dual culture of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Russian wildrye (Psathyostachys juncea Fisch. Nevski) (RWR) grown under different soil P fertility levels, in a Brown Chernozemic soil in Saskatchewan. The experiment included three P rates: 0, 20 and 40 kg P2O5 ha(-1) (0P, 20P and 40P) applied annually and was sampled three times during the cropping season: 30 June, 1 September and 30 September. Higher AM symbiotic development compensated for reduced soil P fertility in alfalfa stands without RWR and forage dry matter yield was not affected by P rates. But in the presence of RWR, reduced soil P fertility at 0P and 20P led to forage yield reduction. Fertilization treatments modified the soil microbial community structure only in the presence of RWR, as revealed by discriminant analysis of the profiles of microbial phospholipids fatty acid in soil lipid extracts and functional nematode groups. Arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization level was reduced with P fertilizer both in the presence and absence of RWR. In the presence of RWR, lower plant AM root colonization was concurrent with higher abundance of total, fungivorous and omnivorous nematodes. Our results are consistent with a model of negative feedback from the plant-associated soil microflora where the presence of RWR increased the population of fungivorous nematodes and grazing of AM hyphae. Negative impacts were larger in low P fertility soils promoting AM symbiotic development. The unexpected decrease in alfalfa-RWR dual culture yield under 0P and 20P fertilization levels was attributed to a carbon drain created by enhanced nematode feeding on AM fungi in the presence of RWR. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Long-scale conformational properties of peptide chains in beta-sheets. We propose a sufficiently simple multichain model of ordered beta-sheets, composed of extended macromolecules with rigid elements. The effective constants of intra- and interchain interactions describe primary and secondary structures of proteins, respectively. It is found that the long-range correlation of orientations of chain elements decreases with the separation along the same chain or between different chains according to the same asymptotic power law. The exponent in this law is determined by the ratio of the energy of thermal motion and the geometric mean of the energies of intra- and interchain interactions. The characteristic scale parameters are obtained, which define the crossover of the intra- and interchain correlation functions from the exponential law of decrease to the power one. The power law for intrachain correlations leads to a non-Gaussian behavior of the mean-square dimensions of chains. Several types of asymptotic dependences of mean-square dimensions of a chain in the beta-sheet on the number of chain elements are found. Peptide chains may exist in different conformations: from extended ones to random Gaussian coils. Long-scale statistical properties of polymer systems with interchain interactions and those for polymer chains with excluded volume effects are compared.", "label": [4, 36, 40, 42]}
{"token": "Nest of origin predicts adult neuron addition rates in the vocal control system of the zebra finch. Neurogenesis and neuronal replacement in adulthood represent dramatic forms of plasticity that might serve as a substrate for behavioral flexibility. In songbirds, neurons are continually replaced in HVC (used as a proper name), a pre-motor region necessary for the production of learned vocalizations. There are large individual differences in HVC neuron addition. Some of this variation is probably due to individual differences in adult experience; however, it is also possible that heritability or experience early in development constrains the levels of adult neuron addition. As a step toward addressing the latter two possibilities, we explored the extent to which nest of origin predicts rates of HVC neuron addition in adult male zebra finches. One month after injections of [H-3]-thymidine to mark dividing cells, neuron addition in HVC was found to co-vary among birds that had been nest mates, even when they were housed in different cages as adults. We also tested whether nest mate co-variation might be due to shared adult auditory experience by measuring neuron addition in nest mate pairs after one member was deafened. There were significant differences in neuron addition between hearing and deaf birds but nest mate relationships persisted. These results suggest that variation in genotype and/or early pre- or postnatal experience can account for a large fraction of adult variation in rates of neuron addition. These results also suggest that a major constraint on neurogenesis and the capacity to adjust rates of neuron addition in response to adult auditory experience is established early in development. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 18, 55, 47]}
{"token": "Technology Integration Actions in Mathematics teaching in Brazilian Basic Education: Stimulating STEM disciplines. Mathematics is a fundamental skill in many aspects of a student's life. Most students everywhere, and in this study in Brazil, sometimes lack motivation to thrive in such subjects. The work presented in this paper aims to contribute to the development of a multiplatform teaching and learning application through the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), in order to encourage the study of mathematics from the first years of basic education. The activities are divided into two areas: training teachers and how to integrate technology in the classroom through the use of mobile learning. The experience was conducted with children from the 5th grade, teaching them fractions and mathematics concepts all as part of a research project called \\\\'Technology Integration Proposal in Teaching STEM Disciplines in Public Basic Education\\\\', supported by CNPq - the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, and the project \\\\'Use of Remote Experimentation on Mobile Devices for Basic Education in Public Schools\\\\' supported by FRIDA (Regional Fund for Digital Innovation in Latin America and the Caribbean). In 2011, this project was selected as one of the most innovative research projects in Brazilian education by the Institute for Development and Educational Innovation (IDIE) of the Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) and sponsored by FundaciOn Telefonica.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Ageing-induced two-stage R-phase transformation in Ti-50.9at.%Ni. This study investigated the effects of low temperature ageing on the transformation behaviour of a Ti - 50.9at.%Ni alloy. It was found that ageing in the temperature range of 473-573 K induced a two-stage R-phase transformation, which was followed by a single-stage martensitic transformation at a lower temperature. The transformation behaviour was analyzed by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). DSC measurements revealed two separate transformation heat peaks, each with a small thermal hysteresis. XRD measurements demonstrated a two-stage evolution of diffraction intensities from the B2 phase and from the R-phase. Transformation temperatures determined from these measurements exhibited good correlation. TEM examinations revealed the presence of fine coherent Ti3Ni4 precipitates. Based on these observations it is identified that the first R-phase transformation on cooling was associated with the formation of the precipitates whereas the second R-phase transformation at a lower temperature was from the matrix away from precipitates. The martensitic transformation was associated with the second R-phase transformation at the lower temperature, i.e., it was an incomplete transformation from the regions away from precipitates. The occurrence of the multiple-stage R-phase transformation is attributed to precipitation-induced inhomogeneity of the matrix, both in terms of composition and of internal stress fields. (C) 2003 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Polymer chain-guided arrangement of gold nanoparticles. Here we show a new method for arranging An nanoparticles along polymer chains. The method contains a polymer complex formation between a thiolated poly(ethylene oxide) chain bound on the An surface and the added polymers. When poly(acrylic acid) was added, the An particles formed a network arrangement. The Au particles lined up excellently when a rigid chondroitin sulfate c sodium salt was added to the solution.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Comparing contractors' decision to bid in different market environments. The competitive situations within the Australia, Hong Kong and Singapore construction market environments are compared by observing the contractors' decision to bid behaviour according to two extreme market conditions (i.e. booming and recession) and different number of bidders scenarios (ranging from 4 to 30). Data were collected via a designed experiment so as to make direct comparisons possible. This study provides evidence that contractors' decision to bid behaviour varies in different market environments. Inline with decreasing probability of winning, the 'bid' responses of the three groups of contractors decrease as the number of bidders increases. However, all Australian respondents declined to bid when the number of bidders exceeded 10, even in recession. This is in stark contrast to Hong Kong and Singapore where about 30% of respondents were willing to bid in competitions containing 30 bidders, even in boom periods. In addition, the 'bid' responses of Australia were higher in booming than in recession times when the number of bidders, N <= 4. The Hong Kong construction market environment was found to be the most competitive with considerably higher proportions of 'bid' responses; this was followed by the Singapore and Australia, respectively.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Stability of rating transitions. The distribution of ratings changes plays a crucial role in many credit risk models. As is well-known, these distributions vary across time and different issuer types. Ignoring such dependencies may lead to inaccurate assessments of credit risk. In this paper, we quantify the dependence of rating transition probabilities on the industry and domicile of the obligor, and on the stage of the business cycle. Employing ordered probit models, we identify the incremental impact of these factors. Our approach gives a clearer picture of which conditioning factors are important than comparing transition matrices estimated from different sub-samples. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification. C25; G21; G33.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
{"token": "Learning and memory in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Learning and memory are defining features of our own species inherently important to our daily lives and to who we are. Without our memories we cease to exist as a person. Without our ability to learn individuals and collectively our society would cease to function. Diseases of the mind still remain incurable. The interest in understanding of the mechanisms of learning and memory is thus well founded. Given the complexity of such mechanisms, concerted efforts have been made to study them under controlled laboratory conditions, ie, with laboratory model organisms. The zebrafish, although new in this field, is one such model organism. The rapidly developing forward- and reverse genetic methods designed for the zebrafish and the increasing use of pharmacological tools along with numerous neurobiology techniques make this species perhaps the best model for the analysis of the mechanisms of complex central nervous system characteristics. The fact that it is an evolutionarily ancient and simpler vertebrate, but at the same time it possesses numerous conserved features across multiple levels of biological organization makes this species an excellent tool for the analysis of the mechanisms of learning and memory. The bottleneck lies in our understanding of its cognitive and mnemonic features, the topic of this chapter. The current paper builds on a chapter published in the previous edition and continues to focus on associative learning, but now it extends the discussion to other forms of learning and to recent discoveries on memory-related features and findings obtained both in adults and larval zebrafish.", "label": [4, 45, 42]}
{"token": "Explicit incipient motion of cohesive and non-cohesive sediments using simple hydraulics. Existing dimensionless expressions that represent the incipient motion of sediments are based on studies of non-cohesive sediments. Because of the complex behaviour of cohesive sediments, many simulators also assume non-cohesiveness when simulating the erosion of cohesive sediments. However, studies show that the critical shear force needed for entrainment is much higher for consolidated cohesive sediments than for similarly sized non-cohesive sediments. Treating cohesive sediments as non-cohesive sediments thus will introduce a significant error with regard to quantifying the eroded sediment mass. On the other hand, the existing expressions of non-cohesive sediments require relatively detailed hydraulic calculations to estimate the shear velocity or the bed shear stress and thus cannot be used with simplified simulators. Therefore, it is essential to have a versatile simple explicit method that estimates the incipient motion condition of both the consolidated cohesive and non-cohesive sediments whenever needed. In this paper, explicit analytical expressions are proposed that simulate the incipient motion of consolidated cohesive and non-cohesive sediments, based on the critical erosion curves of the Hjulstrom-Sundborg-Miedema diagram. The new method reproduces the latter diagram with high precision. It also mimics the critical incipient condition of non-cohesive sediments determined by a well-known analytical method for other experimental data sets and for the East Fork River without the need of an iterative solution. The new approach provides essential information for estimating the entrainment condition of pebbles or finer sediments. Besides, the use of the mean flow velocity and the flow depth as predictors of incipient condition allows for its easy and efficient implementation in conceptual simulators that do not perform detailed hydraulic calculations and for use by modelers that are not familiar with the hydrotechnical literature. It also reduces the computation time required for simulation.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "SELF-CONCEPT IN SANTAL WOMEN. The present study deals with the comparision of 200 santal tribal Women and 200 non-tribal women of santal Paragna District in terms of their self concept with the help of Rastogi's self concept scale. The 't' test applied to these scores shows that the self concept of santal tribal women was significantly lower than that of the non-tribal women. The tribal women scored significantly lower in the construct of self concept-Health and sex appropriateness, ability, self-confidence, self acceptance, worthiness, feeling of shame and guilt.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "A Study of Aerosol Impacts on Clouds and Precipitation Development in a Large Winter Cyclone. Aerosols influence cloud and precipitation development in complex ways due to myriad feedbacks at a variety of scales from individual clouds through entire storm systems. This paper describes the implementation, testing, and results of a newly modified bulk microphysical parameterization with explicit cloud droplet nucleation and ice activation by aerosols. Idealized tests and a high-resolution, convection-permitting, continental-scale, 72-h simulation with five sensitivity experiments showed that increased aerosol number concentration results in more numerous cloud droplets of overall smaller size and delays precipitation development. Furthermore, the smaller droplet sizes cause the expected increased cloud albedo effect and more subtle longwave radiation effects. Although increased aerosols generally hindered the warm-rain processes, regions of mixed-phase clouds were impacted in slightly unexpected ways with more precipitation falling north of a synoptic-scale warm front. Aerosol impacts to regions of light precipitation, less than approximately 2.5 mm h(-1), were far greater than impacts to regions with higher precipitation rates. Comparisons of model forecasts with five different aerosol states versus surface precipitation measurements revealed that even a large-scale storm system with nearly a thousand observing locations did not indicate which experiment produced a more correct final forecast, indicating a need for far longer-duration simulations due to the magnitude of both model forecast error and observational uncertainty. Last, since aerosols affect cloud and precipitation phase and amount, there are resulting implications to a variety of end-user applications such as surface sensible weather and aircraft icing.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Multiple antibiotic resistances and virulence markers of uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Mexico. Virulence and antibiotic resistance properties related to different Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups have not been studied in detail in Mexico. We aimed to identify patterns of virulence genes and multidrug resistance in phylogenetic groups of uropathogenic strains (UPEC). Strains of E. coli were isolated from outpatients with urinary tract infections (UTIs), who went to unit of the public health sector in the State of Mexico. E. coli virulence markers and phylogenetic groups were identified by PCR. Susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials was determined by Kirby-Bauer. E. coli was identified in 60.4% (n = 194) of the patients with UTIs. Phylogroups B2 51% (n = 99), A 13.4% (n = 26) and B1 10.3% (n = 20) were the most frequent. Resistance to three or up to eleven antibiotics was detected in most phylogroups (n = 188). The genes fimH (n = 146), feoB (n = 179), iutA (n = 178), sitA (n = 121), fyuA (n = 99), and traT (n = 142) were mainly detected in strains of phylogroups B2, A, B1, C, and D. Seventy-two patterns of virulence markers were distributed across eight E. coli phylogenetic groups. A high frequency of virulence markers and the multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes was observed in the phylogroups. The genes of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) found with higher frequency among UPEC strains were bla(TEM), bla(SHV) y bla(CTX-M) group 1, CIT (plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase), and bla(OXA)-like. In conclusion, our findings show the importance of surveillance, permanent monitoring, and particularly controlled prescription of antibiotics by physicians in the social security health system to reduce the spread of highly virulent UPEC strains that are resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Southeast Asian Origins of Five Hill Tribe Populations and Correlation of Genetic to Linguistic Relationships Inferred With Genome-Wide SNP Data. In Thailand, the term Hill Tribe is used to describe populations whose members traditionally practice slash and burn agriculture and reside in the mountains. These tribes are thought to have migrated throughout Asia for up to 5,000 years, including migrations through Southern China and/or Southeast Asia. There have been continuous migrations southward from China into Thailand for approximately the past thousand years and the present geographic range of any given tribe straddles multiple political borders. As none of these populations have autochthonous scripts, written histories have until recently, been externally produced. Northern Asian, Tibetan, and Siberian origins of Hill Tribes have been proposed. All purport endogamy and have nonmutually intelligible languages. To test hypotheses regarding the geographic origins of these populations, relatedness and migrations among them and neighboring populations, and whether their genetic relationships correspond with their linguistic relationships, we analyzed 2,445 genome-wide SNP markers in 118 individuals from five Thai Hill Tribe populations (Akha, Hmong, Karen, Lahu, and Lisu), 90 individuals from majority Thai populations, and 826 individuals from Asian and Oceanean HGDP and HapMap populations using a Bayesian clustering method. Considering these results within the context of results of recent large-scale studies of Asian geographic genetic variation allows us to infer a shared Southeast Asian origin of these five Hill Tribe populations as well ancestry components that distinguish among them seen in successive levels of clustering. In addition, the inferred level of shared ancestry among the Hill Tribes corresponds well to relationships among their languages. Am J Phys Anthropol 144:300-308, 2011. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
{"token": "Linking demography and host dispersal to Trichuris arvicolae distribution in a cyclic vole species. Spatial structure in the distribution of pathogen infection can influence both epidemiology and host-parasite coevolutionary processes. It may result from the spatial heterogeneity of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, or from the local population dynamics of hosts and parasites. In this study, we investigated the effects of landscape, host dispersal and demography (population abundance and phase of the fluctuation) on the distribution of a gastro-intestinal nematode Trichuris arvicolae in the fossorial water vole Arvicola terrestris sherman. This rodent exhibits outbreaks occurring regularly in Franche-Comte (France). Thirteen out-of-phase populations were studied in autumn 2003. They exhibited highly different T. arvicolae prevalences. The heterogeneity in prevalences was not explained by population structure, landscape or vole abundance, but by the phase of the vole population fluctuations. Populations at the end of the high density phase showed null prevalence whereas populations in increase or outbreak phases exhibited higher prevalences. Population genetic analyses based on microsatellites revealed significant differentiation between vole populations, and higher dispersal rates of young voles compared with old ones. These younger individuals were also infected more frequently than older voles. This suggested a role of host dispersal in the distribution of T arvicolae. However, there was a strong discrepancy between the spatial patterns of prevalence and of host genetics or demographic phase. Genetic differentiation and differences in demographic phase exhibited significant spatial autocorrelations whereas prevalence did not. We concluded that the distribution of T arvicolae is influenced by vole dispersal, although this effect might be overwhelmed by local adaptation processes or environmental conditions. (C) 2007 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Access to information: An asset for democracy or ammunition for political conflict, or both?. More than twenty-five years after its adoption, the Access to Information Act has become increasingly a cause for concern among public servants, experts, scientists and the media. This article reviews the evolution of the access-to-information regime since the 1980s, the issues that have arisen, the political significance of information in democracy, and the enduring tension between its democratic purpose and strategic value. The article also examines the issues of centralization, control and secrecy within the state apparatus despite continuing calls for transparency. Under Conservative governments since 2006, there has been increased control and conflict over disclosure of information, which have spread to a larger part of the state apparatus. Among those involved in conflicts over information with the Prime Minister's Office are members and officers of Parliament and parliamentary committees.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Colonization of non-planted mangrove species into restored mangrove stands in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Recruitment of non-planted mangrove species into Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba and Avicennia marina reforested stands (all of them 5 years old) was investigated to assess possibilities for natural colonization. Corresponding bare (denuded or open without mangroves) and natural (relatively undisturbed) sites were used as controls. Interstitial water salinity and temperature (measured at low tide) were lower, whereas sediment organic matter content was higher in the areas with mangrove cover. Also, the bare sites were more sandy, whereas those with mangrove cover had more clay and silt. There was no apparent recruitment of non-planted mangrove species into the bare areas, but the reforested stands of S. alba, A. marina, and R. mucronata had 5400, 4000 and 700 recruits ha(-1), respectively of different mangrove species. The results therefore suggest that mangrove reforestation has facilitated natural colonization of sites, most likely by altering local hydrodynamics. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
{"token": "Comparison of the clinical and analytical performance of Alinity m HR HPV and cobas 4800 HPV assays in a population-based screening setting. Conclusions: Alinity and cobas have comparable clinical performance and showed excellent overall and genotypespecific agreement. The Alinity's extended genotyping ability could help predict the 5-year CIN3+ risk and costsaving management of HPV-screen-positive women.Background: The recently launched Abbott Alinity m HR HPV (Alinity) assay separately identifies high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) genotypes HPV16, HPV18, and HPV45, and reports 11 other genotypes as two aggregates.Methods: Clinical and analytical performance of Alinity was compared with the cobas 4800 HPV assay on 4,334 women aged 20-64 years attending routine, population-based organized cervical cancer screening during 2009/ 2010. After 36 months, they were invited to participate in the second screening round (2012-2014) and later followed-up through centralized national cervical cancer screening registry.Results: In women 30 and older, the clinical sensitivity for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+ (CIN2+) was 100.0% (95% CI, 88.2-100.0%) for Alinity and 100.0% (95% CI, 88.2-100.0%) for cobas, and for CIN3+ 100.0% (95% CI, 78.9-100.0%) for both assays. The clinical specificity for <= CIN1 in women 30 and older was 92.4% (95% CI, 91.4-93.3%) and 92.9% (95% CI, 91.9-93.7%), respectively. The assays demonstrated excellent overall agreement for hrHPV detection (97.9%) and genotype-specific agreement for HPV16 (99.6%), HPV18 (99.8%), and other hrHPV (98.1%). Overall positive agreement and positive agreements for HPV16, HPV18, and other hrHPV genotypes were 84.3%, 89.1%, 73.2%, and 82.3%. Based on a 5-year CIN3+ risk, slightly more HPV-positive women would require referral to immediate colposcopy after testing with Alinity vs. cobas (4.1% vs. 3.8%; p = 0.470), but significantly fewer Alinity-tested women would need a 6- to 12-month follow-up visit compared with those tested with cobas (5.0% vs. 8.6%; p < 0.0001).", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Foreign language teaching - Integrationism vs. MGM. Modern language teaching is no longer grammar based, but based on authentic real life dialogues (dialogic speech acts) which enable learners to communicate or rather to interact verbally and nonverbally competent with native speakers. The conception of language teaching curricula, especially with regard to the development of textbooks, is in need of an applicable model of communication, based on regularities or principles of language-usage. Both, Integrationism and the Mixed Game Model (MGM) opt against segregational static approaches of linguistic analysis and - at first glance could be considered suitable approaches within the field of language teaching. Yet, I will argue that the Integrational approach is hardly applicable here, whereas the MGM perfectly suits the needs of foreign language textbook authors and editors.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Tests for coronal electron temperature signatures in suprathermal electron populations at 1 AU. In this paper, we analyse ACE/SWICS and WIND/3DP data spanning >12 years, and test properties of solar wind suprathermal electron distributions for the presence of signatures of the coronal temperature at their origin which may remain at 1AU. In particular we re-examine a previous suggestion that these properties correlate with the oxygen charge state ratio O7(+) / O6(+), an established proxy for coronal electron temperature. We find only a very weak but variable correlation between measures of suprathermal electron energy content and O7(+) / O6(+). The weak nature of the correlation leads us to conclude, in contrast to earlier results, that an initial relationship with core electron temperature has the possibility to exist in the corona, but that in most cases no strong signatures remain in the suprathermal electron distributions at 1AU. It cannot yet be confirmed whether this is due to the effects of coronal conditions on the establishment of this relationship or due to the altering of the electron distributions by processing during transport in the solar wind en route to 1AU. Contrasting results for the halo and strahl population favours the latter interpretation. Confirmation of this will be possible using Solar Orbiter data (cruise and nominal mission phase) to test whether the weakness of the relationship persists over a range of heliocentric distances. If the correlation is found to strengthen when closer to the Sun, then this would indicate an initial relationship which is being degraded, perhaps by wave-particle interactions, en route to the observer.The development of knowledge of how the coronal origin of the solar wind affects its in situ properties is one of the keys to understanding the relationship between the Sun and the heliosphere.", "label": [4, 34, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Oxygen storage capacity and structural properties of Ni-doped LaMnO3 perovskites. A series of Ni doped LaMnO3 perovskites were prepared by a sol-gel method as oxygen storage materials. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray adsorption fine structure (XAFS), oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and H-2-temperature program reduction (TPR) measurements were performed to investigate the OSC of the perovskites as well as the effects of Ni on the structural properties. The results showed that the Ni-doped LaMnO3 perovskite exhibited very large dynamic OSC and high oxygen release rate, which provided a possibility to serve as an oxygen storage material candidate in three-way catalysts. The available oxygen species below 500 degrees C primarily originated from the redox reaction between Mn4+ and Mn3+, and the more Mn4+ were favourable to the releasable oxygen. The doping of appropriate Ni ions promoted the OSC of the LaMnO3 perovskites by increasing the Me4+ content and adjusting the structural defects. On the other hand, the doped Ni ions could make the BO6 distortion disappearing in the LaMnO3 perovskites to reduce the lattice oxygen activity. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Relationship of health rating and HIV-related stigma among people living with HIV: a community study. The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of stigma among a geographic population of people living with HIV in Maricopa County, Arizona. People living with HIV who experience stigma have lower medication adherence and fewer kept appointments. The people living with HIV patient survey was administered using both paper and online versions in the beginning months of 2019. A total of 296 respondents completed the survey for this study. Participants were recruited through multiple methods, including online sites, the Phoenix AIDS Walk, health clinics, and the identification of zip codes with high HIV prevalence rates. There was a significant relationship between health status and age, with those who reported a higher health rating, that of excellent or good, more likely to be 45 years of age or older, X2 (1, N = 296) = 4.812, p = 0.028. Researchers and health care providers must be attentive to these variations and intersecting stigmas when providing services across diverse populations, especially when working with a high-stigma population such as people living with HIV. Providers can take a more active role in helping people living with HIV to see how their perceptions and experience of HIV-related stigma may be taking a toll on their perceptions of their health, as well as their approach to treatment, and refer them to support groups or individual counseling. Strategies, policies, and messages should be tailored with cultural, social, and ethnic sensitivities in mind. To address these threats, policies must be created that reduce the impact of HIV-related stigma within various systems, including but not limited to the public health sector.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Optimal registration conditions for tooth EPR dosimetry at low accumulated dose. The spectrum registration under rapid passage conditions (the second harmonic phase quadrature of the absorption signal) allows one to enhance substantially the sensitivity of tooth enamel and bone EPR dosimetry at a low accumulated dose. In the present work the dependencies of the radiation and background signals on EPR spectrometer parameters are described and the optimal conditions in RPM for EPR dosimetry are obtained. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd", "label": [1, 2, 4, 36, 22, 15]}
{"token": "The effect of high concentrations of calcium hydroxide in neutralised synthetic supernatant liquor-Implications for alumina refinery residues. The presence of calcium hydroxide in Bayer residue slurry inhibits the effectiveness of seawater neutralisation. An increase in the slurry pH, after neutralisation, is caused by the dissolution of calcium hydroxide and hydrocalumite (both components are found in the solid residue). At increased calcium hydroxide concentrations, additional hydrocalumite forms. Hydrocalumite has been found to be unstable when the solution pH is less than 10.5, releasing OH- ions and aluminium ions back into solution (pH and aluminium reversion). Through this mechanism, the concentration of calcium hydroxide in alumina refinery residues has an impact on seawater neutralisation process efficiency. (C) 2010 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Evidence for the enemy release hypothesis in Hypericum perforatum. The enemy release hypothesis (ERH), which has been the theoretical basis for classic biological control, predicts that the success of invaders in the introduced range is due to their release from co-evolved natural enemies (i.e. herbivores, pathogens and predators) left behind in the native range. We tested this prediction by comparing herbivore pressure on native European and introduced North American populations of Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort). We found that introduced populations occur at larger densities, are less damaged by insect herbivory and suffer less mortality than populations in the native range. However, overall population size was not significantly different between ranges. Moreover, on average plants were significantly smaller in the introduced range than in the native range. Our survey supports the contention that plants from the introduced range experience less herbivore damage than plants from the native range. While this may lead to denser populations, it does not result in larger plant size in the introduced versus native range as postulated by the ERH.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "A significant eastern range extension for Eleodes Tricostatus (Say) (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae). Eleodes tricostatus (Say) was discovered in oak and pine barrens in west central Wisconsin. This represents the first record of a species of Eleodes Eschscholtz east of the Mississippi River. Our observations indicate that E. tricostatus (Say) adults require a delicate balance of open habitat with exposed sandy soils in close proximity to shrub or tree cover making them sensitive to management activities and weather-related effects that alter vegetation.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "A spider diversity model for the Caucasus Ecoregion. Precise information on spatial patterns of species richness and endemic species distribution is important for effective species conservation. In the Caucasus Ecoregion such information is virtually non-existent for invertebrate taxa. Using occurrence data from a large database we calculated species distribution models with the GARP algorithm for 471 spider species to visualize the diversity distribution of spider species in this region. Overall species diversity was highest in mountain forests of the North Caucasus, east-central Georgia, the southern slopes of the eastern Great Caucasus and south-east Azerbaijan. A regression tree analysis Chi squared automatic interaction detector method revealed the mean temperature of the driest quarter and precipitation parameters to be the main environmental factors shaping these patterns. Diversity of endemic species was correlated with overall species diversity but hotspots of endemic species (10+ percent of all species) exists in high-mountain areas, suggesting post-glacial speciation events in the high mountains as the main sources of high endemism in Caucasus. Further information on the spatial distribution of species diversity of invertebrate taxa in the Caucasus Ecoregion is needed to improve conservation efforts in this biodiversity hotspot.", "label": [4, 44, 39]}
{"token": "Isogeometric rotation-free analysis of planar extensible-elastica for static and dynamic applications. Finite deformations of planar slender beams for which shear strain can be neglected are described by the extensible-elastica model, where the strain-displacement relation is geometrically exact and the Biot stress-strain relation is linear. However, if the formulation is expressed in terms of displacements without rotation, the kinematics are described by a partial differential equation involving a fourth-order spatial operator, which cannot be approximated by the classical C-0-continuous FE method in the standard Galerkin framework. In this work, we propose the spatial approximation of such high-order PDE by means of NURBS-based isogeometric analysis (IGA) which allows the use of globally high-order continuous basis functions. The employed IGA approach possesses three advantages: first, it facilitates the encapsulation of the exact geometric representation of the beams in the spatial approximation with fewer discrete points, especially useful for curved structures; second, it allows the discretization of high-order spatial operators; and third, it provides an efficient numerical solution of the discrete problem by using a limited number of degrees of freedom since the employed standard Galerkin formulation does not require rotational degrees of freedom. Yet this approach has not been directly compared to appropriate analytical solutions. To this end, we compare and validate numerical results from FE with the closed-form solutions for a set of static beam problems, including a newly derived solution for an initially curved beam, based on the extensible-elastica theory, by estimating the convergence orders of the errors. We also highlight the advantages of this formulation with the numerical solution of three dynamic problems: the swinging of a pinned beam, the propagation of solitons (nonlinear waves) in post-buckled beams, and snap-through buckling of a pinned beam that is axially buckled before transverse loading.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Effects of spin-isospin modes in transport simulations. In-medium properties derived for nuclear matter in a microscopic pi+NN-1 + Delta N-1 model are incorporated into transport simulations of nuclear collisions by means of a local-density approximation and by utilizing a local medium frame. Certain features of the transport results differ from those based on the corresponding vacuum properties. Comparisons of the pi and Delta production rates, as well as pion energy spectra, are discussed in particular. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Low-velocity impact behaviors of glass fiber-reinforced polymer laminates embedded with shape memory alloy. Shape memory alloy wires embedded glass fiber-reinforced polymer (SMA-GFRP) laminates have great potential in engineering applications. In this paper, low-velocity impact behaviors of SMA-GFRP laminates are investigated under different initial impact energies. Firstly, tensile tests are conducted on a single SMA wire and SMA-GFRP laminates to obtain their mechanical parameters. Then, finite element models are established to describe the mechanical behaviors of SMA-GFRP laminates. Finally, experiments and simulations are carried out to explore the low-velocity impact behaviors and damage mechanisms of SMA-GFRP laminates. The results show that, due to their excellent superelastic deformation and shape recovery ability, SMA wires can improve the damage tolerance and impact resistance of GFRP laminates. The damage patterns and mechanisms of SMAGFRP laminates vary with the increase of initial impact energy. Under low and medium initial impact energies, deformation can be mostly recovered, while under high impact energy, laminates are almost penetrated and deformation cannot be recovered because of breakage of SMA wires. The damage area of laminates increases first and then decreases as the increase of impact energy. The findings provide a guidance for design and evaluation of SMA-GFRP laminates with low-velocity impact resistance.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
{"token": "The Differential Vertical Distribution of the Airborne Biological Particles Reveals an Atmospheric Reservoir of Microbial Pathogens and Aeroallergens. The most abundant biological particles present in the air are bacteria, fungal propagules and pollen grains. Many of them are proved allergens or even responsible for airborne infectious diseases, which supports the increase of studies in recent years on their composition, diversity, and factors involved in their variability. However, most studies in urban areas are conducted close to ground level and a factor such as height is rarely taken into account. Thus, the information about how the composition of biological particles changes with this variable is scarce. Here, we examined the differential distribution of bacteria, fungi, and plants at four altitudes (up to similar to 250 m) in a metropolitan area using high-throughput DNA sequencing. Most taxa were present at all levels (common taxa). However, a transitional layer between 80 and 150 m seemed to affect the scattering of these bioaerosols. Taxa not present at all altitudes (non-common) showed an upward tendency of diversity for bacteria and plants with height, while the opposite trend was observed for fungi. Certain patterns were observed for fungi and specific plant genera, while bacterial taxa showed a more arbitrary distribution and no patterns were found. We detected a wide variety of aeroallergens and potential pathogens at all heights, which summed a substantial portion of the total abundance for fungi and plants. We also identified potential connections between the biological particles based on their abundances across the vertical section.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 43]}
{"token": "The State of Hepatitis B and C in the Mediterranean and Balkan Countries: Report from a Summit Conference. The burden of disease due to chronic viral hepatitis constitutes a global threat. In many Balkan and Mediterranean countries, the disease burden due to viral hepatitis remains largely unrecognized, including in high-risk groups and migrants, because of a lack of reliable epidemiological data, suggesting the need for better and targeted surveillance for public health gains. In many countries, the burden of chronic liver disease due to hepatitis B and C is increasing due to ageing of unvaccinated populations and migration, and a probable increase in drug injecting. Targeted vaccination strategies for hepatitis B virus (HBV) among risk groups and harm reduction interventions at adequate scale and coverage for injecting drug users are needed. Transmission of HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in healthcare settings and a higher prevalence of HBV and HCV among recipients of blood and blood products in the Balkan and North African countries highlight the need to implement and monitor universal precautions in these settings and use voluntary, nonremunerated, repeat donors. Progress in drug discovery has improved outcomes of treatment for both HBV and HCV, although access is limited by the high costs of these drugs and resources available for health care. Egypt, with the highest burden of hepatitis C in the world, provides treatment through its National Control Strategy. Addressing the burden of viral hepatitis in the Balkan and Mediterranean regions will require national commitments in the form of strategic plans, financial and human resources, normative guidance and technical support from regional agencies and research.", "label": [2, 22, 25, 21]}
{"token": "Differences in Evaluating Fall Risk by Primary Care Provider Type. This study assessed differences in clinical fall risk assessment of older adults (aged 65 and older) and clinical resources used by primary care providers (PCP). Porter Novelli 's 2016 DocStyles survey was used to examine clinical behavior data from PCPs (n = 1128). Compared with other practitioners, nurse practitioners (NP) reported that a higher percentage of their patients were older adults. The majority of NPs reported screening for falls risk routinely, but most did not use standardized fall-risk assessments to assess risk factors. There were also differences in the types of clinical resources used by NPs and other PCPs to evaluate the safety pro file of medications. (c) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Nef Performance in Macrophages: The Master Orchestrator of Viral Persistence and Spread. Following transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) into a new host, cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage play a central role in host invasion and viral replication. In particular, macrophages survive infection and support long-standing viral replication, contributing to viral persistence within the host and representing a viral reservoir in vivo. On the other hand, HIV Nef protein is a small though versatile molecule that plays an unquestioned key role in viral pathogenesis. In macrophages, Nef is able to modulate cell surface receptor expression, to intersect intracellular signaling pathways and to augment the release of pro-inflammatory and chemotactic molecules. In addition, Nef can alter macrophage phagocytic capacity, autophagy machinery and metabolism. Altogether, these Nef activities support viral replication and persistence in this cell type while at the same time favor viral dissemination. Here, we will review the newest findings describing how monocytes/macrophages natural pathways are altered by Nef protein, highlighting how viral and host biology are perturbed in consequence.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
{"token": "The enduring puzzle of the human chin. Although modern humans are considered to be morphologically distinct from other living primates because of our large brains, dexterous hands, and bipedal gait, all of these features are found among extinct hominins. The chin, however, appears to be a uniquely modern human trait. Probably because of the chin's exclusivity, many evolutionary scenarios have been proposed to explain its origins. To date, researchers have developed adaptive hypotheses relating chins to speech, mastication, and sexual selection; still others see it as a structural artifact tangentially related to complex processes involving evolutionary retraction of the midfacial skeleton. Consensus has remained elusive, partly because hypotheses purporting to explain how this feature developed uniquely in modern humans are all fraught with theoretical and/or empirical shortcomings. Here we review a century's worth of chin hypotheses and discuss future research avenues that may provide greater insight into this human peculiarity.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "TELEIMMERSIVE ARCHAEOLOGY. \\\\\\\\ Teleimmersive archaeology is still in embryonic stage of development but this system is the first one of this kind created worldwide and opens very challenging perspectives in archaeology. The project was supported by the University of California, Merced (School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts), and the University of California, Berkeley, CITRIS (Center for Information Technology and Society), where we have started the development of a collaborative system for archaeology, based on Teleimmersive Technology.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Effects of spent mushroom compost on quality and productivity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) grown in greenhouses. This study was conducted to determine the effects of spent mushroom compost (SMC), which is a waste product of mushroom processing through a year, on greenhouse cucumber growth as an organic matter source for the soil. The effects of SMC on several yield related characteristics, such as total yield, fruit width, fruit length, total soluble solids, first quality fruit yield in total yield and nutrition content of the cucumber fruit were investigated. The effects of SMC on total yield and fruit width obtained during the whole vegetation period were statistically significant. On the other hand, no significant differences were determined among the SMC treatments for the first quality fruit yield, total soluble solids and fruit length. The highest total fruit yield was obtained at 40 ton ha(-1) and it was followed by 80 and 20 ton ha(-1) SMC applications. The highest values of fruit width and the nitrogen contents in cucumber were found at 80 ton ha(-1) SMC application. Based on the present study it was concluded that as an organic material source and amendment of greenhouse soil application of at least 6 months waited SMC was very effective and beneficiary for cucumber growth, productivity and recycling the spent mushroom compost.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Spring bloom development in the marginal ice zone and the central Barents Sea. The knowledge of the relative contribution of algal groups and the environmental factors that control their abundance in the marginal ice zone of the Parents Sea is rather limited. Therefore, a field investigation to study the hydrography and the phytoplankton composition of the marginal ice zone (M1Z) in the central Parents Sea was carried out along a south-north transect in May 1993. The weakly stratified Atlantic sector of the transect appeared to be in a prebloom state and had intermittent intrusions from the meandering Polar Front and the Norwegian Coastal Current, introducing water of a more advanced bloom state. Pico- and nanoplankton flagellates and monads dominated, with a few diatoms and Phaeocystis pouchetii colonies. The average new production rate of 26 g C.m(-2) as reflected by NO, depletion in the euphotic zone, however, indicated that the vernal bloom had been in progress for some time in the Atlantic sector without leaving specific signals in the suspended fraction. The ice-edge and Polar Front area was characterized by a dominance of centric colonial diatom genera Chaetoceros and Thalassiosira with some development of P. pouchetii. In the densely ice-covered and stratified Arctic zone the vernal bloom was at its maximum and dominated by the diatom genera Fragilariopsis and Chaetoceros. Diatoms were limited by silicate concentrations <2 mu M in 32% of all samples. New production, as revealed by the C equivalent of nitrate depletion in the upper layer, ranged between 12 g C m(-2) in the north to 45 g C.m(-2) in the meandering Polar Front, with an average of about 27 +/- 28% g C.m(-2). The time development of the vernal bloom in the marginal ice zone and the central Parents Sea in late May 1993, with its complicated zonal structure, was not from south to north, but intermittently from north to south. Later during the year the general development of the vernal bloom was, as expected, from south to north.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Transcriptomic Responses of Four Pelagophytes to Nutrient (N, P) and Light Stress. Pelagophytes are abundant picophytoplankton within open ocean ecosystems and the causative algae of harmful brown tide blooms in estuaries. The physiological capabilities facilitating the ecological success of pelagophytes in these diverse ecosystems remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the transcriptional response of two coastal pelagophytes (Aureococcus anophagefferens and Aureoumbra lagunensis) and two open ocean pelagophytes (Pelagococcus subviridis and Pelagomonas calceolata) to conditions commonly found within the marine ecosystems where they thrive: low concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), or light. OrthoMCL was used to generate a total of 62,653 orthologous groups (OGs) with only a small fraction of these OGs (2,776 or 4.4%) being shared among all four pelagophytes. Of the commonly shared OGs, 8% were significantly differentially abundant under low N, P, or light with the majority associated with energy and lipid metabolism. Distinct responses among pelagophytes included increased abundance of transcripts encoding phosphate transporters (Aureococcus) and transcripts encoding a pyrophosphatase (Aureococcus and Pelagomonas) under low P, the expression of a suite of organic nitrogen-degrading enzymes under low N (Aureoumbra and Pelagomonas), increased abundance of transcripts encoding flavodoxins relative to ferredoxins (Pelagomonas) and transcripts encoding lysophospholipase (Pelagococcus) under low light, and both increases and decreases in abundance of transcripts encoding selenoproteins in all pelagophytes except Pelagococcus. Collectively, this study provides new information on the expressed gene compliment of these poorly characterized taxa and demonstrates that these pelagophytes possess a combination of shared and unique physiological features that likely facilitate their adaptation to distinct environmental conditions.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Collusive Opinion Fraud Detection in Online Reviews: A Probabilistic Modeling Approach. We address the collusive opinion fraud problem in online review portals, where groups of people work together to deliver deceptive reviews formanipulating the reputations of targeted items. Such collusive fraud is considered much harder to defend against, since the participants (or colluders) can evade detection by shaping their behaviors collectively so as not to appear suspicious. To alleviate this problem, countermeasures have been proposed that leverage the collective behaviors of colluders. The motivation stems from the observation that colluders typically act in a very synchronized way, as they are instructed by the same campaigns with common items to target and schedules to follow. However, the collective behaviors examined in existing solutions focus mostly on the external appearance of fraud campaigns, such as the campaign size and the size of the targeted item set. These signals may become ineffective once colluders have changed their behaviors collectively. Moreover, the detection algorithms used in existing approaches are designed to only make collusion inference on the input data; predictive models that can be deployed for detecting emerging fraud cannot be learned from the data. In this article, to complement existing studies on collusive opinion fraud characterization and detection, we explore more subtle behavioral trails in collusive fraud practice. In particular, a suite of homogeneity-based measures are proposed to capture the interrelationships among colluders within campaigns. Moreover, a novel statistical model is proposed to further characterize, recognize, and predict collusive fraud in online reviews. The proposed model is fully unsupervised and highly flexible to incorporate effective measures available for better modeling and prediction. Through experiments on two real-world datasets, we show that our method outperforms the state of the art in both characterization and detection abilities.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Successive short-selling ban lifts and gradual price efficiency: evidence from China. Using a database of five successive short-selling ban lifts in the Chinese stock market, we find that the stock price efficiency gradually changes. Specifically, the price efficiency of stocks that can be shorted later improves more than the price efficiency of stocks that can be shorted earlier. Two hypotheses are tested to explain the gradual changed price efficiency: the private information hypothesis and the analysis capability hypothesis. We further show that short selling is more associated with private information than with public information and that the relationship grows stronger after each ban lift, which supports the private information hypothesis.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Scattering of electrons at a magnetic protuberance of submicron size. We have studied transport of 2D electrons through individual magnetic inhomogeneities of the height up to 1 T and the size down to 100 nm. Such magnetic fields were created by placing dysprosium microtablets on top of a near-surface 2D electron gas (2DEG). The cyclotron orbit for such inhomogeneities becomes smaller than their size and incident electrons are strongly deflected. We report an inversion of the sign of the Hall effect: a positively magnetised micromagnet on top of a 2DEG gives rise to a Hall signal which corresponds to a negative field applied to the 2DEG, This dramatic anomaly is attributed to the fact that 2D electrons are not able to reach the central, strongest part of the magnetic field and, therefore, the dominant contribution to the Hall effect comes from a stray field having the opposite sign. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Costs and benefits of induced resistance in a clonal plant network. Plant defense theory suggests that inducible resistance has evolved to reduce the costs of constitutive defense expression. To assess the functional and potentially adaptive value of induced resistance it is necessary to quantify the costs and benefits associated with this plastic response. The ecological and evolutionary viability of induced defenses ultimately depends on the long-term balance between advantageous and disadvantageous consequences of defense induction. Stoloniferous plants can use their inter-ramet connections to share resources and signals and to systemically activate defense expression after local herbivory. This network-specific early-warning system may confer clonal plants with potentially high benefits. However, systemic defense induction can also be costly if local herbivory is not followed by a subsequent attack on connected ramets. We found significant costs and benefits of systemic induced resistance by comparing growth and performance of induced and control plants of the stoloniferous herb Trifolium repens in the presence and absence of herbivores.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Damage Assessment of an SRC Frame-Core Tube Structure under the Action of a Main Aftershock Sequence. Historical seismic damage data show that most strong earthquakes are accompanied by multiple intense aftershocks. In general, the time interval between the main shock and the aftershocks is relatively short, and structure repair work is often not completed before the aftershocks occur. For a structure that has suffered damage from the main shock, the aftershock will further aggravate the damage and even cause complete collapse. Based on the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method, this paper establishes a probabilistic seismic demand model for the SRC framework-core tube structure and plots the vulnerability curve of a structure under the action of the main aftershock sequence, which occurs following the actions of frequent earthquakes, fortification earthquakes, and rare earthquakes. The structure vulnerability matrix and the vulnerability index are used to evaluate the seismic performance of a structure. This study found that the occurrence of aftershocks leads the structure to a more unfavourable failure state. Taking the vulnerability index as an evaluation parameter, the structural vulnerability index when subjected to an intensity 8 earthquake under the action of the main aftershock is approximately 10% larger than under the action of a single main shock. Meanwhile, the SRC frame-core structure designed according to the current Chinese specifications meets the expected seismic fortification target, even after being acted upon by the main aftershock ground motion sequence.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "From Amelia to Calista and Beyond: Sentimental Heroines, 'Fallen' Women and Handel's Oratorio Revisions for Susanna Cibber. The history of singer and famed tragedienne Susanna Cibber (1714-66) demonstrates the influences of the British theatre and the culture of sentiment on Handel's oratorios. Throughout Cibber's long career, audiences lauded the 'natural' qualities of her performances, conflating her onstage and offstage identities as both deeply moving and holding great potential for moral instruction. In the late 1730s and early 1740s this presumed symbiosis was challenged by a highly publicised sex scandal that had profound effects on Cibber's roles in the spoken theatre. At the same moment, Handel began crafting parts for Cibber in Messiah, Samson, Hercules and Belshazzar in ways that showed awareness of the new complexity of her image. This article both illustrates the nature of Cibber's evolving public identity and explains Handel's revisions of preexisting parts for her. It shows that Handel recognised the challenges of Cibber's troubled public image and continued to highlight her greatest skills, setting her the task of harnessing the power of sympathy, drawing audiences in by appealing to them as fellow men and women of sensibility.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The Impact of Affect on Out-Group Judgments Depends on Dominant Information-Processing Styles: Evidence From Incidental and Integral Affect Paradigms. Two studies tested the affect-as-cognitive-feedback model, in which positive and negative affective states are not uniquely associated with particular processing styles, but rather serve as feedback about currently accessible processing styles. The studies extend existing work by investigating (a) both incidental and integral affect, (b) out-group judgments, and (c) downstream consequences. We manipulated processing styles and either incidental (Study 1) or integral (Study 2) affect and measured perceptions of out-group homogeneity. Positive (relative to negative) affect increased out-group homogeneity judgments when global processing was primed, but under local priming, the effect reversed (Studies 1 and 2). A similar interactive effect emerged on attributions, which had downstream consequences for behavioral intentions (Study 2). These results demonstrate that both incidental and integral affect do not directly produce specific processing styles, but rather influence thinking by providing feedback about currently accessible processing styles.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Investigation of electrical and optical properties of Ge-Ga-As-S glasses doped with rare-earth ions. Bulk glasses Ge250Ga17As83S650 were prepared by direct synthesis from high purity (6 N) elements S. Ga, Ge, As and doped by rare earth (RE) elements - Pr, Dy, Nd, Sm or Ho. The DC and AC electrical conductivity were measured, and activation energies of relevant conductivity process were obtained from Arrhenius plots of its temperature dependence. The real part of complex permittivity as a function of temperature and frequency was deduced from AC conductivity data. Room temperature optical transmission and low temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra were further investigated. The major feature in low-temperature PL spectra is the presence of the broad band luminescence of the base glass and relatively sharp 4f-4f radiative transitions due to the presence of RE3+ ions. When the broad band luminescence spectrally overlaps with 4f-4f transitions of RE3+ ions we can, in some cases, also observe the direct evidence of the energy transfer between the host glass and respective RE dopants which is manifested by the re-absorption of the base glass luminescence due to 4f-4f up-transitions. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Impact of early home language exposure on phonological and orthographic skills and their contributions to English literacy abilities in English monolingual and Chinese-English bilingual adults. Relatively little is known about the importance of phonological and orthographic processing skills for reading and spelling in monolingual and bilingual adults. We compared these underlying skills, using a series of phonological and orthographic tasks, in English monolingual (n = 28), English first language and Chinese second language bilingual (n = 21), and Chinese first language and English second language bilingual adults (n = 22) who were equally proficient in reading and spelling English, and examined the contributions of these skills to English word reading and spelling for each group. The results showed group differences in phonological processing, with English monolingual adults having better phonological skills than both groups of bilingual adults. No significant group differences were found for orthographic processing. Regression analyses showed phonological skills were a unique predictor of English word reading for both bilingual groups, but not for the English monolingual group. Orthographic skills were a significant predictor of English word spelling, but only for the English monolingual adults. This suggests there may be a long-lasting influence of being exposed to two contrasting languages on skills underlying literacy in bilingual individuals.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 55]}
{"token": "Coronal displacement of cementum in impacted teeth: As age marker. Dental cementum cementum is a vital tissue that demonstrates continuous apposition throughout the life of a tooth. This study was conducted on 130 impacted mandibular third molars extracted from healthy patients, aged between 18 and 38 years. The buccolingual ground sections were prepared and the distance between the edges of enamel and cementum were measured with micrometer attached to a light Microscope. A significant correlation (r = 0.56) between age and coronal displacement of cementum in impacted teeth was calculated and a regression equation was derived for age determination. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Acute exposure to ozone inhibits rapid carbon translocation from source leaves of Pima cotton. Tropospheric ozone (O-3) causes significant disruption of growth and yield in upland and Pima cottons. Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) was exposed to brief pulses (0.75 h) of a range of O-3 concentrations (nominally 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 mu l l(-1)) to investigate effects on phloem translocation of C-14-labelled recent photoassimilate. The initial phase of rapid efflux from source leaves was monitored with a Geiger-Muller Tube as activity remaining in the leaf as a function of time. Visual inspection of unprocessed efflux curves revealed disruption of efflux by O-3. Single exponential decay functions were fitted to these efflux curves to extract first order rate constants for phloem loading and longitudinal transport of labelled carbohydrates. A single compartment model was applied, with and without an asymptote of non-transported carbohydrate, to calculate leaf sugar contents. The effect of O-3 in retarding efflux of label, decreasing the rate constant, and increasing calculated soluble sugar pools, was consistent regardless of the method of analysis. Following incorporation of the asymptote, calculated rate constants and sugar pools were similar to values from the literature and to preliminary measurements of sugar contents in O-3-treated cotton leaves. Total carbohydrate transported from source leaves was reduced both by O-3 effects on assimilation (up to 20%) and by O-3 effects on efflux (up to 70%), but was clearly dominated by the impact on phloem translocation. These rapid efflux kinetics likely reflect oxidant damage at the plasmalemma or plasmodesmata of mesophyll or phloem companion cells. Evaluation of effects of O-3 on tonoplast function and consequences for carbohydrate translocation await a more complete compartmental efflux analysis.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "TICKS (ACARINA, IXODOIDEA, IXODIDAE) OF SERBIA - FAUNA AND ECOLOGY. Faunistic and ecological investigations of ticks were carried out in 67 places in East, South-East and West Serbia between 1984-1990. Of the fourteen species of the Ixodidae family occuring in Serbia, ten species of ticks were found in the investigated region. The investigation involved: the faunistic composition, relative abundance, population dynamics, the sex ratio and the distribution of fed, unfed and gravid females, as well as the effect of temperature, relative humidify and precipitation on the dynamics of tick populations.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Protein kinase C modulates NMDA receptor trafficking and gating. Regulation of neuronal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) by protein kinases is critical in synaptic transmission. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying protein kinase C (PKC) potentiation of NMDARs are uncertain. Here we demonstrate that PKC increases NMDA channel opening rate and delivers new NMDA channels to the plasma membrane through regulated exocytosis. PKC induced a rapid delivery of functional NMDARs to the cell surface and increased surface NR1 immunofluorescence in Xenopus oocytes expressing NMDARs. PKC potentiation was inhibited by botulinum neurotoxin A and a dominant negative mutant of soluble NSF-associated protein (SNAP-25), suggesting that receptor trafficking occurs via SNARE-dependent exocytosis. In neurons, PKC induced a rapid delivery of functional NMDARs, assessed by electrophysiology, and an increase in NMDAR clusters on the surface of dendrites and dendritic spines, as indicated by immunofluorescence. Thus, PKC regulates NMDAR channel gating and trafficking in recombinant systems and in neurons, mechanisms that may be relevant to synaptic plasticity.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "What Explains Corruption Perceptions? The Dark Side of Political Competition in Russia's Regions. Most empirical studies of corruption rely on data using perceptions of corruption as a proxy for actual corruption. While this approach might be appropriate for advanced democracies, it is less effective for hybrid regimes. In these regimes corruption allegations are often used in political battles, raising public perceptions of corruption and thus reflecting the degree of political competition rather than actual corruption. The data on public perceptions of corruption in Russian regions produced by Transparency International and the Information for Democracy Foundation (INDEM) shows that higher levels of political competition and press freedom along with lower economic development appear as the key variables contributing to higher public perceptions of corruption in Russian regions.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Learning for development: Learners' perceptions of the impact of the Kha Ri Gude Literacy Campaign. This article describes how the Kha Ri Gude Literacy Campaign in South Africa utilized an enriched literacy curriculum in enliterating 4.7 million adult learners who, as a result of the legacy of apartheid in South Africa, had little or no education. The article uses a mixed-methods approach mixing quantitative and qualitative data to determine what adult learners considered to be important benefits of initial literacy. Moreover, it explores the extent to which these benefits correlated with the developmental intent which aimed, by using MDG/SDG inspired themes, to impact on the social, economic and developmental opportunities that might be afforded by literacy acquisition. The article analyzes the responses obtained from a sample of 485,941 literacy learners to a 24-item instrument which sought to establish learner perceptions of the benefits (or lack thereof) of their participation in the literacy campaign. The high rate of positive responses showed that the majority of the learners perceived the campaign to have benefited them with regard to their feelings of self-confidence, their ability to participate in community matters, increased understandings of health issues, increased involvement in income generation, technological abilities, as well as in increasing their appetite for lifelong learning. The quantitative findings were triangulated with the findings of the learner interviews conducted with learners who had completed the program in the previous two to five years. In addition to focusing on the responses of learners who perceived the campaign to have had positive impacts, further quantitative analyses were conducted on the responses of those learners who gave negative feedback. It is believed that both the positive impact and the non-impactful findings reported in this article will allow for a closer tailoring of literacy programs in order to maximize their developmental potential. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
{"token": "Benefit-risk assessment of dietary selenium and its associated metals intake in China (2017-2019): Is current selenium-rich agro-food safe enough?. Dietary consumption of selenium-rich agro-food is an effective way to avoid selenium deficiency diseases, however, over consumption of selenium-rich agro-food will result in potential risk of selenosis and problems with associated metals. In this study, we measured the concentrations of selenium and its associated metals in 2756 common and 4894 selenium-rich agro-food samples in 10 regions of China. We found that selenium-rich rice, flour, edible fungi and algae, meat, and tea contain higher levels of associated metals than other selenium-rich agro-food samples. Increasing the consumption of selenium-rich agro-food could make the actual intakes (AIs) of selenium for all population to meet respective recommended daily intakes (RDIs). Benefit-risk assessment results indicated that increasing the consumption of selenium-rich agro-food make AIs of selenium for all populations meet RDIs, chromium intakes for people under 18 years old exceed provisional tolerated daily intake (PTDIs), while arsenic and cadmium intakes are close to PTDIs. The main dietary contributors of selenium, chromium, arsenic and cadmium were meat, edible fungi and algae, rice, and rice, respectively. The study supported the consumption of selenium-rich agro-food for effective selenium supplement, but also emphasized potential risk from associated metals in selenium-rich agro-food, especially chromium.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Persistent Hypertransaminasemia Uncovered Occult Limb-Girdle-Muscle Dystrophy-Type-2C in a Saudi Child. An asymptomatic 4.5 years-old Saudi girl was referred to the pediatric hepatology service with presumed liver disease because of the persistently elevated transaminases which were discovered accidently during routine laboratory workup. Alanine aminotransferase was 128 IU/L and aspartate aminotransferase was 143 IU/L. Subsequent investigations in the hepatology clinic revealed normal hepatic workup. Muscle related work up revealed increased creatine phosphokinase, abnormal electromyography and motor nerve conduction. Muscle biopsy was suggestive of early stage muscular dystrophy, and analyses were compatible with limb-girdle-muscle-disease Type 2C. Further confirmation was reached by molecular genetic testing. This case demonstrates that increased transaminases do not always suggest liver disease, and occult muscle disease should always be taken into account while investigating patients with unexplained persistent hypertransaminasemia.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Seasonal migrations of North Atlantic minke whales: novel insights from large-scale passive acoustic monitoring networks. Background: Little is known about migration patterns and seasonal distribution away from coastal summer feeding habitats of many pelagic baleen whales. Recently, large-scale passive acoustic monitoring networks have become available to explore migration patterns and identify critical habitats of these species. North Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) perform seasonal migrations between high latitude summer feeding and low latitude winter breeding grounds. While the distribution and abundance of the species has been studied across their summer range, data on migration and winter habitat are virtually missing. Acoustic recordings, from 16 different sites from across the North Atlantic, were analyzed to examine the seasonal and geographic variation in minke whale pulse train occurrence, infer information about migration routes and timing, and to identify possible winter habitats.Results: Acoustic detections show that minke whales leave their winter grounds south of 30 degrees N from March through early April. On their southward migration in autumn, minke whales leave waters north of 40 degrees N from mid-October through early November. In the western North Atlantic spring migrants appear to track the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream along the continental shelf, while whales travel farther offshore in autumn. Abundant detections were found off the southeastern US and the Caribbean during winter. Minke whale pulse trains showed evidence of geographic variation, with longer pulse trains recorded south of 40 degrees N. Very few pulse trains were recorded during summer in any of the datasets.Conclusion: This study highlights the feasibility of using acoustic monitoring networks to explore migration patterns of pelagic marine mammals. Results confirm the presence of minke whales off the southeastern US and the Caribbean during winter months. The absence of pulse train detections during summer suggests either that minke whales switch their vocal behaviour at this time of year, are absent from available recording sites or that variation in signal structure influenced automated detection. Alternatively, if pulse trains are produced in a reproductive context by males, these data may indicate their absence from the selected recording sites. Evidence of geographic variation in pulse train duration suggests different behavioural functions or use of these calls at different latitudes.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Potential applications of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Interest in the use of assisted reproductive technology in reindeer husbandry has gradually increased during the last decades. This article reviews Western and Russian literature on reindeer semen collection, semen cryopreservation and artificial insemination. In addition, literature on the synchronisation of the stage of reindeer oestrous cycle among females, recovery of in vivo embryos, embryo transfer, the production of in vitro-produced embryos and pregnancy diagnosis is reviewed.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 42, 10]}
{"token": "Molecular anthropology: the judicial use of genetic data in archaeology. Anthropology has always been an unashamed scavenger discipline, acquiring and employing techniques developed in other physical, life and social sciences to apply to a holistic approach to studying humanity. In this regard, the adoption of genetic analyses into archaeological investigations has paralleled many previous adoptions including those of radiometric dating, stable isotope analysis and chemical analysis of material culture. Employing DNA data in reconstructions of prehistory, however, has been hampered particularly by the expense of generating the data - both financial and logistical - and, at least initially, by unwarranted resistance to take seriously molecular data. While the expense continues to rise as new techniques become available, there has been a reversal in the place of genetic data in that it is now privileged over other sources of data. This kind of molecular chauvinism leads to overreach in interpretation and is no less likely to hamper our progress. Moving forward we would do best be judicial in the use of genetic data alongside other independent archaeological evidence in reconstructing the past. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Higher-Order Ruled Surfaces and their Possible Use in Architectural Design. This paper analyzes higher-order ruled surfaces in terms of their application in architecture and design. The possibilities of applying their characteristic segments and cuttings in the design of architectural objects, as well as the possibilities of their being multiplied and combined into more complex spatial structures are considered. The suggested design solutions should in practice enable the implementation of higher-order surfaces into the geometric forms of future architectural structures, as well as their use in different areas of design. The criteria for the selection of higher-order ruled surfaces are defined in this paper while their successful research, analysis and practical application are studied.", "label": [1, 3, 17, 30]}
{"token": "The 'Second Nurnberg': Legend vs. Myth in Postcommunism (II). In the first part, this article shows that \\\\'denazification\\\\' is a legend transformed into a myth (in the Sorelian sense of this term) and reflects a clash of memories rather than a dispute among historians. The \\\\'myth as legend\\\\' undergoes a transmogrification into \\\\'myth-asaction\\\\' and is employed for the purpose of justifying calls for a \\\\'symmetric\\\\' treatment of the Gulag based on the precedent of the Holocaust, in order to bring to justice those perceived as culpable of the crimes of the former regime, as well as for lustration. The second part shows that the clash is also part and parcel of the postcommunist search for a \\\\'usable past\\\\', entailing a pronounced subjective dimension; it also insists on the \\\\'social frameworks\\\\' of memory (Halbwachs) and on the role of \\\\'myth-providers\\\\'. The extent and, above all, the limits of denazification in postwar Germany are analyzed in the third part, while the fourth does the same for the Austrian case. The fifth part refers to the extent and the limits of the French and Italian postwar retribution of former officials of the Vichy and Mussolini regimes, the punishment of collaborators and the \\\\'mis-memory\\\\' of their actions. In a counterfactual section, the sixth part again refers to subjectivity, presenting an imaginary postwar trial of Benito Mussolini. The concluding remarks attempt to bring some novel analytical angles based on some sociologists' treatment of collective memory and its subjectivity.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "A contribution to the lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi flora of Armenia. Twenty-one lichen-forming and two lichenicolous fungi species are reported as new to Armenia. Four of these, Arthopyrenia cerasi, Chaenothecopsis treicheliana, Melaspilea ochrothalamia and Punctelia jeckeri, are new for the whole of SW Asia. One genus, Bacidina, is also new for Armenia. Short discussions are added for Anaptychia roemeri, Arthopyrenia cerasi, Bacidia polychroa, Caloplaca polycarpoides, Candelariella antennaria, C. lutella, Chaenothecopsis treicheliana, Cladonia rei, Lecanora impudens, Melaspilea ochrothalamia, Pertusaria constricta, Punctelia jeckeri and Stigmidium congestum. The lichenicolous fungus Chaenothecopsis treicheliana, earlier considered as a synonym of C. hospitans, is confirmed to be a separate species.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Can Basic Maternal Literacy Skills Improve Infant Health Outcomes? Evidence from the Education Act in Nepal. The National Education System Plan, implemented in 1971, reshaped the education system of Nepal and increased access to education among females. I use this dramatic change in Nepal's education system as a quasi-natural experiment to identify the effect of maternal literacy skills and highest level of schooling on infant and child mortality outcomes. The results suggest that the reform improved educational attainment among females of school-going age during the time of the reform but had no effect on males' educational attainment. Using within-cohort and across-district variations in educational outcomes due to the reform, I find that one more year of maternal schooling reduces the under-5 mortality rate by 4.5 percentage points.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Late Neoarchaean-Palaeoproterozoic supracrustal basin-fills of the Kaapvaal craton: Relevance of the supercontinent cycle, the 'Great Oxidation Event' and 'Snowball Earth'?. The application of the onset of supercontinentality, the \\\\'Great Oxidation Event\\\\' (GOE) and the first global scale glaciation in the Neoarchaean-Palaeoproterozoic as panacea-like events providing a framework or even chronological piercing points in Earth's history at this time, is questioned. There is no solid evidence that the Kaapvaal craton was part of a larger amalgamation at this time, and its glacigenic record is dominated by deposits supporting the operation of an active hydrological cycle in parallel with glaciation, thereby arguing against the \\\\'Snowball Earth Hypothesis\\\\'. While the Palaeoproterozoic geological record of Kaapvaal does broadly support the GOE, this postulate itself is being questioned on the basis of isotopic data used as oxygen-proxies, and sedimentological data from extant river systems on the craton argue for a prolongation of the greenhouse palaeo-atmosphere (possibly in parallel with a relative elevation of oxygen levels) which presumably preceded the GOE. The possibility that these widespread events may have been diachronous at the global scale is debated. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Mathematical models of block media in problems of geomechanics. Part IV: Interaction of an induced structure and stress state. A mechanical model of block rock-mass behavior when the block system depends on the existing stress-strain state is developed for the case of plane strain. The blocks are formed by intersecting nonorthogonal planes of weakening in the material, and the mathematical equations include elasticity constants for anisotropic body. The relations obtained for inelastic deformation (plasticity) of rock mass are illustrated by solving some problems of geomechanics.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "VITamins And Lifestyle cohort study: Study design and characteristics of supplement users. Vitamin and mineral supplements are among the most commonly used drugs in the United States, despite limited evidence on their benefits or risks. This paper describes the design, implementation, and participant characteristics of the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Study, a cohort study of the associations of supplement use with cancer risk. A total of 77,738 men and women in western Washington State, aged 50-76 years, entered the study in 2000-2002 by completing a detailed questionnaire on supplement use, diet, and other cancer risk factors, and 70% provided DNA through self-collected buccal cell specimens. Supplement users were targeted in recruitment: 66% used multivitamins, 46% used individual vitamin C, 47% used individual vitamin E, and 46% used calcium, typically for 5-8 of the past 10 years. Analyses to identify confounding factors, the main study limitation, showed that regular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, intake of fruits and vegetables, and recreational physical activity were strongly associated with supplement use (p < 0.001). The authors describe a follow-up system in which cancers, deaths, and changes of residence are tracked efficiently, primarily through linkage to public databases. These methods may be useful to other researchers implementing a large cohort study or designing a passive follow-up system.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Induction of host protective th1 immune response by chemokines in Leishmania donovani-infected BALB/c mice. The resolution from leishmanial infection is dependent on the coordinated interactions between the components of the cell mediated immune system and the activation of T-cell population into appropriate cytokine production and the activation of macrophages. Earlier reports established that C-C chemokines particularly macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha and macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 restrict the parasitic burden via the regulation of impaired protein kinase C (PKC) signalling and induction of free-radical generation in murine leishmaniasis. This study explored the role of MIP-1 alpha and MCP-1 in the induction of T helper 1 (Th1) immune response and suppression of T helper 2 (Th2) response in Leishmania donovani-infected BALB/c mice. These chemokines induced the known pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 secretion and inhibited the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta in infected macrophages. Impaired antigen presentation capability of infected macrophages was also restored by the chemokine treatment. C-C chemokine treatment resulted in reduced levels of mRNA expression of IL-10, but increased levels of mRNA expression of IL-12p40, interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase in both liver mononuclear cells as well as in splenocytes, reflecting a switch of CD4(+) differentiation from Th2 to Th1. Flow cytometric analysis of infected spleen cells suggested that C-C chemokine treatment enhances the CD4(+) T cells to produce increased levels of IFN-gamma. These studies hypothesize a promising immuno-prophylactic effect of chemokines against leishmaniasis by induction of Th1 cytokine release imparting a long-term resistance.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "A reflection on the translation of sex-related language in audio-visual texts: the Spanish version of JK Rowling's The Casual Vacancy. Studies on the way sex-related language has been approached in audio-visual translation are still rather limited. This article documents the range of solutions given in Spanish to the sex-related language present in the British TV series The Casual Vacancy (2015), based on the novel of the same title by J.K. Rowling. In order to do so I will cursorily follow the sex-related items on their way from the original novel (The Casual Vacancy, 2012) to its Spanish translation (Una vacante imprevista, 2012) and, later on, to the Spanish screen. For my analysis, the TV script for the BBC One series (February 2015) and the Spanish dubbed version for Canal Plus (May 2015) will be considered. The study shows that patterns of sexual terms, and of how sexual terms are translated, are key indicators of a society's attitude towards sex/sexuality, (im)morality, (in)decency, the body and gendered/sexual ideologies.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "What Do We Mean By 'Salafi'? Connecting Muhammad 'Abduh with Egypt's Nur Party in Islam's Contemporary Intellectual History. In contemporary academic literature, the word \\\\'Salafi\\\\' has a variety of meanings. Most importantly, Western academic literature of the 20th and 21st centuries applies the word to (1) an Islamic reform movement founded by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (d. 1897) and Muhammad 'Abduh (1849-1905) in the last decades of the 19th century and (2) to contemporary Sunni reform movements that criticize manifestations of Sunni Islam which are based on Sufism, Ash'arism, and traditional madhhab-affiliations to the Shafii, Hanafi, and Maliki schools. In a 2010-article Henri Lauziere argued that the use of the word \\\\'Salafi\\\\' to describe these two movements is an equivocation based on a mistake. While the movement of contemporary Salafis may be rightfully called by that name, al-Afghani and 'Abduh never used the term. Only Western scholars of the 1920s and 30s, most importantly Louis Massignon (1883-1962), called this latter movement \\\\'salafi\\\\'. This paper reevaluates the evidence presented by Lauziere and argues that Massignon did not make a mistake. The paper describes analytically both reform movements and draws the conclusion that there is a historic continuity that justifies calling them both \\\\'salafi\\\\'. The paper draws an analogy from the use of the word \\\\'socialist\\\\' in European political history, which first applied to a wider movement of the late 19th century before its use was contested and narrowed down in the course of the 20th.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Enhancement of magnetoresistance characteristics in spin valve structures by two-step sputter deposition. Spin valve structures were prepared by two-step deposition procedures. Upper layers were deposited at a higher sputtering pressure, while lower layers were deposited at a lower pressure. The possibility of independent control of maximum magnetoresistance and interlayer coupling was found. By employing the procedure, for example, two samples with similar magnetoresistance but quite different coupling fields (CF) can be produced. One has MRmax 4.0 %, CF = 7.6 Oe and the other has MRmax = 4.1 %, CF = 15.5 Oe. It is thought that the two-step-deposited samples combine reduced current shunting dud to the high pressure growth and reduced ferromagnetic interlayer coupling due to the low pressure growth.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae induces SJPL cell cycle arrest in G2/M-phase and inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication. Conclusions: We demonstrated for the first time that A. pleuropneumoniae is able to disrupt SJPL cell cycle resulting in inhibitory activity against PRRSV. Furthermore, two putative molecules were identified from the culture supernatant. This study highlighted the cell cycle importance for PRRSV and will allow the development of new prophylactic or therapeutic approaches against PRRSV.Background: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in the swine industry and causes important economic losses. No effective antiviral drugs against it are commercially available. We recently reported that the culture supernatant of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the porcine pleuropneumonia causative agent, has an antiviral activity in vitro against PRRSV in SJPL cells. Objectives of this study were (i) to identify the mechanism behind the antiviral activity displayed by A. pleuropneumoniae and (ii) to characterize the active molecules present in the bacterial culture supernatant.Methods: Antibody microarray analysis was used in order to point out cellular pathways modulated by the A. pleuropneumoniae supernatant. Subsequent, flow cytometry analysis and cell cycle inhibitors were used to confirm antibody microarray data and to link them to the antiviral activity of the A. pleuropneumoniae supernatant. Finally, A. pleuropneumoniae supernatant characterization was partially achieved using mass spectrometry.Results: Using antibody microarray, we observed modulations in G2/M-phase cell cycle regulation pathway when SJPL cells were treated with A. pleuropneumoniae culture supernatant. These modulations were confirmed by a cell cycle arrest at the G2/M-phase when cells were treated with the A. pleuropneumoniae culture supernatant. Furthermore, two G2/M-phase cell cycle inhibitors demonstrated the ability to inhibit PRRSV infection, indicating a potential key role for PRRSV infection. Finally, mass spectrometry lead to identify two molecules (m/z 515.2 and m/z 663.6) present only in the culture supernatant.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Poison treatment in the home. The ingestion of a potentially poisonous substance by a young child is a common event, with the American Association of Poison Control Centers reporting approximately 1.2 million such events in the United States in 2001. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has long concerned itself with this issue and has made poison prevention an integral component of its injury prevention initiatives. A key AAP recommendation has been to keep a 1-oz bottle of syrup of ipecac in the home to be used only on the advice of a physician or poison control center. Recently, there has been interest regarding activated charcoal in the home as a poison treatment strategy. After reviewing the evidence, the AAP believes that ipecac should no longer be used routinely as a home treatment strategy, that existing ipecac in the home should be disposed of safely, and that it is premature to recommend the administration of activated charcoal in the home. The first action for a caregiver of a child who may have ingested a toxic substance is to consult with the local poison control center.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Not your average fraternal organization: the IBPOEW and labor activism, 1935-1950. In writing about working-class activism, scholars frequently study labor organizations and workplaces from which African Americans have been mostly excluded. Consequently, the uniqueness of black labor activism is not captured and is often misinterpreted. This article posits that black fraternal organizations, specifically the Improved, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World (IBPOEW), offer an alternative site for studying black workers and their struggles for employment during the 1930s and 1940s. By analyzing the Elks participation in the continuous battle to gain work while resisting union exclusion, workplace segregation, unemployment and other labor issues central to the African American experience, this study concludes that black men and women often developed labor solidarity not in the workplace or labor unions but in a cross-class organization that participated in coalitions whose members' ideologies ranged from Christianity to Communism. Cross-class alliances, male/female solidarity, racial unity, a willingness to join coalitions across ideologies and to engage in multiple forms of struggle, especially militant mass mobilization, distinguish Elk labor activism from that of other fraternal orders.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52, 57]}
{"token": "WHAT ROLE FOR HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE GROWTH PROCESS: NEW EVIDENCE FROM ENDOGENOUS LATENT FACTOR PANEL QUANTILE REGRESSIONS. The estimates for the human capital effect in cross-country growth regressions have been subject of considerable controversy. We argue that human capital is intrinsically a multidimensional construct. We construct human capital measure by combining available alternative proxies via confirmatory factor analysis. Using panel data endogenous quantile regression methods we analyse the whole conditional growth distribution by simultaneously accounting for the potential endogeneity of human capital and country-specific effects. Our results conform to theoretical expectations and we are able to demonstrate the beneficial effect of both the measurement approach and the endogeneity correction on the derivation of theoretically consistent estimates.", "label": [5, 49, 54]}
{"token": "Effects of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate at two application rates on fermentation and aerobic stability of maize silage. This study evaluated two potassium sorbate (PS) and sodium benzoate (SB) application rates in improving the aerobic stability of maize silage. Treatments included no additive, the addition of PS at 1 and 2gkg(-1) fresh matter (FM) and the addition of SB at 1 and 2gkg(-1) FM. Four replicates of each treatment were ensiled in 15-L plastic jars. The silages were analysed for their fermentative characteristics and were subjected to an aerobic stability test with pH and yeast and mould count measurements. Considering fermentation quality and aerobic stability, both additives were effective. The PS was more active against yeasts during aerobic exposure. When the additives were applied at 2gkg(-1), the silages were more stable (256h, on average) than those with 1gkg(-1) (119h, on average) and control (61h). Aerobic deterioration was more pronounced in the controls than in the treated silages. Silages treated at 2gkg(-1) had consistent effects on pH values and yeast counts over 288h of aerobiosis. Overall, PS and SB applied at 2gkg(-1) were more effective in improving aerobic stability.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Dynamics of ruderal species diversity under the rapid urbanization over the past half century in Harbin, Northeast China. Urbanization has resulted in obvious changes in plant species diversity. We analyzed the dynamics of ruderal species diversity in Harbin over the past half century using historical data collected in 1955 and data of the present spatial distribution in 2010-2011. The results show that, the number of ruderal species decreased from 611 to 175 with remarkable tendency of decreasing in perennial species and increasing in winter annual species in the past half century, which caused the shift of life form spectrum from perennial mono-dominant type to summer annual and perennial co-dominant type. Meanwhile, the proportion of tropical originated species increased and the proportion of temperate originated species decreased which were considered to relate with the increase of temperature in urban area during the past half century. Moreover, there was a distinct decrease of the proportion of aquatic and hygrophytic ruderal species while an increase of mesic and xeric ruderal species which suggested a drought trend in urban habitats that consistent with the change of land use characterized as decrease of natural water bodies and wetlands and increase of urban land. Comparison of ruderal species along urbanization gradient also got the similar results with the above results from analysis on temporal scales and confirmed the effect of urbanization on decreasing plant richness. Our results suggested that land use change combined with its effect on temperature and disturbance regimes in urban habitats preferred species with short life span, high drought tolerance, fast growth rates and high seed yields.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "DNA methylation and gene expression profiling reveal MFAP5 as a regulatory driver of extracellular matrix remodeling in varicose vein disease. Aim: To integrate transcriptomic and DNA-methylomic measurements on varicose versus normal veins using a systems biological analysis to shed light on the interplay between genetic and epigenetic factors. Materials & methods: Differential expression and methylation were measured using microarrays, supported by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry confirmation for relevant gene products. A systems biological 'upstream analysis' was further applied. Results: We identified several potential key players contributing to extracellular matrix remodeling in varicose veins. Specifically, our analysis suggests MFAP5 acting as a master regulator, upstream of integrins, of the cellular network affecting the varicose vein condition. Possible mechanism and pathogenic model were outlined. Conclusion: A coherent model proposed incorporates the relevant signaling networks and will hopefully aid further studies on varicose vein pathogenesis.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Impact of Ministry of Health Interventions on Private Medicine Retailer Knowledge and Practices on Anti-Malarial Treatment in Kenya. Small-scale interventions oil training medicine retailers on malaria treatment improve over-the-counter medicine use, but there is little evidence oil effectiveness when scaled up. This study evaluated the impact of Ministry of Health (MoH) training programs on the knowledge and practices of medicine retailers in three districts in Kenya. A cluster randomized trial was planned across 10 administrative divisions. Findings indicated that 30.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.3, 39.0) and 5.2% (95% Cl: 2.1, 10.3) of program and control retailers, respectively, sold MoH amodiaquine with correct advice on use to surrogate clients (OR = 8.8; 95% Cl: 2.9, 26.9 P < 0.001). Similarly, 61.8% (950% CI: 54.2 69.1) and 6.3% (95% CI: 2.7, 12.1) of program and control retailers, respectively, reported correct knowledge on dosing with amodiaquine (OR = 29.8; 95% Cl: 8.2, 108.8). Large-scale retailer training programs within the national malaria control framework led to significant improvements in retailers' practices across three districts.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Radio Stars: From kHz to THz. Advances in technology and instrumentation have now opened up virtually the entire radio spectrum to the study of stars. An international workshop, \\\\'Radio Stars: From kHz to THz\\\\', was held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory on 2017 November 1-3 to discuss the progress in solar and stellar astrophysics enabled by radio wavelength observations. Topics covered included the Sun as a radio star; radio emission from hot and cool stars (from the pre- to post-main-sequence); ultracool dwarfs; stellar activity; stellar winds and mass loss; planetary nebulae; cataclysmic variables; classical novae; and the role of radio stars in understanding the Milky Way. This article summarizes meeting highlights along with some contextual background information.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Bacteraemia caused by Leptotrichia trevisanii in a neutropenic patient. We describe an episode of Leptotrichia trevisanii bacteraemia in a neutropenic hemato-oncology patient receiving chemotherapy for Refractory Anemia with Excess Blasts-2 (RAEB-2). Although Leptotrichia spp. colonize the oral cavity and genitourinary tract, serious episodes of bacteraemia might occur in immunocompromised patients, particularly in those with severe neutropenia. Therefore, microbiologists should consider the possibility of Leptotrichia spp. septicemia in patients with blood cultures positive for gram negative bacilli, when routine microbiology tests fail to reveal a correct identification of the organism. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Scope and limits of liberal multiculturalism from an intersectional gender approach. The article presents a critical analysis of two of the most influential theoretical positions within liberal multiculturalism -represented by Will Kymlicka and Charles Taylor-. Using an intersectional theoretical and methodological approach, the scope and limits from both positions are shown. The analysis shows that cultural diversity is an issue that acquires new and rich hues when approached holistically remarking the intersections of gender inequalities with other mechanisms of social inequality, such as 'race'/ethnicity and social class. It concludes that only by integrating and intersecting the study of these variables in the study of cultural diversity will it become possible to advocate for democratic politics that emphasizes the specific nature of the differences, but within the principles of equality and justice.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "The Triad Nocturia, Smoking and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. In patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), a consequence of the intermittent hypoxia is nocturia. The frequency of nocturia related OSA is increased because many pathological pathways are present simultaneously. The aim was to assess the prevalence of nocturia among OSA patients and to identify the relationship with OSA and its comorbidities. A transversal study determining the prevalence of OSA's comorbidities and nocturia related OSA and smoking was assessed, from 2011 to 2015, in 2 Romanian centres of Somnology, in Constanta county. All patients suspected of sleep breathing disorders were investigated by polygraphy and all patients diagnosed with OSA were recruited. Demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed, including the onset of nocturia. The comparison between groups with and without nocturia was performed using SPSS software, using Anova for numerical outcomes and chi(2) test for the categorical ones. Nocturia was highly prevalent (62.75 %) among 204 OSA patients, especially in elderly (p < 0.00001). High blood pressure (hypertension), obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), smoking exposure were more frequently reported in the OSA patients presenting nocturia (p<0.05). Type 2 diabetes and cardiac failure were also frequent, but did not reach a significant threshold of 95%. In conclusion, the nocturia is a frequent symptom and it is influenced by the OSA severity and comorbidities as hypertension and COPD. A further multidisciplinary approach in these patients is justified, especially in smokers.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Relationships between the endangered Pustertaler-Sprinzen and three related European cattle breeds as analysed with 20 microsatellite loci. We estimated the genetic relationships between the endangered German Pustertaler-Sprinzen cattle breed and the Pinzgauer, Vosges and Simmental breeds - decided upon after consultation of the available historical literature. Within-breed diversity of the four breeds was also assessed. Twenty microsatellite markers were amplified in 27-50 unrelated individuals from populations of each breed. Within-breed variation was estimated from average heterozygosity values and mean number of alleles. Breed relationships were evaluated by genetic distance and a neighbour-joining tree was calculated from these estimates. Bootstrap resampling of loci tested the robustness of the tree topology obtained. A tree was also constructed from distance matrices using individual animals as operational taxonomic units. From both the average heterozygosity values and mean number of alleles calculated, the Pustertaler breed appears to be no more genetically impoverished than the other breeds analysed. The breed tree showed an 85% support for the Pustertaler-Pinzgauer grouping, and this result is echoed in the genetic distance values and allele-sharing individual tree.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 20]}
{"token": "Buy that instrument: Graduating music therapists equip their imaginary music therapy room - theoretical and practical implications. Introduction: Frequently, graduating music therapists face the challenge of buying instruments to equip a music therapy room. With the constraints of a basic budget, critical decisions are inevitable, thus revealing underlying perceptions of what is perceived as less and more important in music therapy. The objective of the study was to find the main instrument choices of graduating music therapists and more specifically to see whether these are related to target clientele, to the therapist's gender, to musical background, and/or to cultural/national background. Methods: 41 graduating students were required to spend a virtual budget of 2000 Euros ( approximately equal to 2200 US dollars), to equip an imaginary music therapy room for a clientele of their choice. Spending patterns were compared according to target clientele, gender, musical orientation, and cultural/national background. Results: The most frequently chosen instruments were guitar and drums. No differences in spending patterns were found in relation to target clientele, gender, and musical orientation. Some differences were found in relation to cultural/national background, and more specifically, to the music therapy program in which participants were trained. Discussion: It seems that music therapy programs might have an overriding influence on students' approach to instruments and their possible functions in music therapy.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Thermodynamical and logical openness in general systems. In this paper we propose a theory of logically open systems. These latter coincide with systems in metastable equilibrium with the environment, in which the system-environment interaction cannot be described, as a principle, without taking into account the inner state of the systems themselves. We introduce a particular hierarchy of these systems and we prove some results relative to the limitations encountered when dealing with them. We derive an undescribability principle which applies to logically open systems at the top of this hierarchy. Besides, we suggest a strategy for coping with these Limitations and we sketch some possible applications of our theory to concrete cases. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "Behaviour of drones in Melipona (Apidae, Meliponinae). A description is given of a nest-associated drone aggregation of Melipona fasciata on a wall. Drones of this species stayed in the aggregation for an average of 7.6 days, spending most time on standing or flying in a \\\\'cloud\\\\' near the nest entrance. They spent about five hours daily on the average and may leave the aggregation temporary. Drones were able to live up to 74 days in a closed hive, the average being 45 days.Implications of drone behaviour for the mating biology of stingless bees are discussed.The behaviour of drones of different species of Melipona was studied in Costa Rica and on Tobago. Drones of all species behaved very similarly. The intranidal behavioural analysis indicates that drones spent most time on standing, walking, stirring the antennae and self-grooming. The only \\\\'typical worker behaviour\\\\', occasionally performed by 16 to 18 days old drones of Melipona, was the participation in nectar dehydrating. The age-relatedness and location in the nest where a behaviour is performed is being discussed. Worker aggression against drones was observed only three times. The behaviour of drones when they leave the nest is described. Drones leave the nest mainly between 8 and 11 AM, at an average age of 18.6 days. It was observed that drones do not return after they have once left the hive.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Demonstration of different bending profiles of a cantilever caused by a torque or a force. A simple experiment is described to demonstrate the different deflected shapes assumed by a cantilever due to a torque or a force acting on its end. An optical deflection technique is used to show that different shapes appear in the cantilever even if the torque or force causes an identical displacement of the cantilever end. (C) 2001 American Association of Physics Teachers.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
{"token": "Gonadotoxic effects of antitumor preparations. Here we review the results of experimental and clinical observations concerning the gonadotoxic effect of antitumor chemotherapy. Previous experiments showed that antiblastic preparations with various mechanisms of cytostatic action produce damage to the sex glands that differs in the severity, stage of manifestation, and period of reparative regeneration. These differences are related to different sensitivity of epitheliocytes in the testes and structural and functional elements in the ovaries. Morphological changes in the gonads are accompanied by dysfunction of the reproductive system. We compared damages to the reproductive system and its individual components produced by various antitumor preparations. The offspring was examined after cytostatic treatment of one of the parent animals.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Effects of Erkang, a modified formulation of Chinese folk medicine Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang, on mice. Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine formula used to increase vital energy, and strengthen health and immunity. Data from previous studies demonstrated that this formula also has the ability to attack tumor tissue. The Erkang capsule is a modified formula of Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang, with the addition of four other herbs to increase the adaptogen effects and ergogenic properties. Results from this study in mice indicated that the Erkang treated group had significant differences in mortality, body weight change, fatigue, cold temperature endurance, and immune function related organ weight change, compared to the control animals. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "True Negative Predictive Value of Endobronchial Ultrasound in Lung Cancer: Are We Being Conservative Enough?. Results. We studied 120 patients with NSCLC who underwent EBUS-FNA; 5 patients had false negative findings and 10 additional patients had nondiagnostic results. The NPV with and without inclusion of nondiagnostic samples was 65.9% and 85.3%, respectively.Background. Mediastinal staging in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with endobronchial ultrasound- guided fine-needle aspiration (EBUS-FNA) requires a high negative predictive value (NPV) (ie, low false negative rate). We provide a conservative calculation of NPV that calls for caution in the interpretation of EBUS results.Methods. We retrospectively analyzed our prospectively gathered database (January 2007 to November 2011) to include NSCLC patients who underwent EBUS-FNA for mediastinal staging. We excluded patients with metastatic NSCLC and other malignancies. We assessed FNAs with rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE). The calculation of NPV is NPV = true negatives/true negatives + false negatives. However, this definition ignores nondiagnostic samples. Nondiagnostic samples should be added to the NPV denominator because decisions based on nondiagnostic samples could be flawed. We conservatively calculated NPV for EBUS-FNA as NPV = true negatives/true negatives + false negatives + nondiagnostic. We defined false negatives as negative FNAs but NSCLC-positive surgical biopsy of the same site. Nondiagnostic FNAs were nonrepresentative of lymphoid tissue. We compared diagnostic performance with the inclusion and exclusion of nondiagnostic procedures.Conclusions. The inclusion of nondiagnostic specimens into the conservative, worst-case-scenario calculation of NPV for EBUS-FNA in NSCLC lowers the NPV from 85.3% to 65.9%. The true NPV is likely higher than 65.9% as few nondiagnostic specimens are false negatives. Caution is imperative for the safe application of EBUS-FNA in NSCLC staging. (C) 2013 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Adherence to guideline-recommended therapies among patients with diverse manifestations of vascular disease. Conclusion: The majority of patients with diverse manifestations of vascular disease take aspirin and abstain from smoking while fewer patients are prescribed ACEIs and statins. Among the current recommendations, statins have the widest variation in adherence. Less than one-third of patients with diverse manifestations of vascular disease are prescribed all four guidelinere-commended therapies.Results: Among 1,114 patients with vascular disease, adherence to guideline-recommended therapy at time of angiography included use of aspirin in 936 (84%), statins in 753 (68%), ACEIs in 673 (60%), and smoking abstinence in 788 (71%). A total of 335 (30%) patients utilized all four guideline-recommended therapies. Adherence to four guideline-recommended therapies was lowest among patients with acute limb ischemia (14%) and highest among patients with renal artery stenosis (37%). Among all patients with vascular disease, the range of adherence to individual guidelines was 64%-91% for aspirin, 43%-83% for statins, 49%-66% for ACEIs, and 47%-78% for smoking abstention.Background: Current guidelines recommend aspirin, statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), and smoking abstinence for all patients with vascular disease. There is little data on the variation in adherence to guideline-recommended therapies among patients with different clinical manifestations of vascular disease.Methods: We analyzed a comprehensive database of all patients with critical limb ischemia, claudication, acute limb ischemia, carotid artery stenosis, subclavian artery stenosis, renal artery stenosis, or mesenteric ischemia who underwent angiography between 2006 and 2013 at a multidisciplinary vascular center.Purpose: To analyze the variation in adherence to guideline-recommended therapies among patients with diverse manifestations of vascular disease.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Tissue Microarray sampling strategy for prostate cancer biomarker analysis. High-density tissue microarrays (TMA) are useful for profiling protein expression in a large number of samples but their use for clinical biomarker studies may be limited in heterogeneous tumors like prostate cancer. In this study, the optimization and validation of a tumor sampling strategy for a prostate cancer outcomes TMA is performed. Prostate cancer proliferation determined by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry was tested. Ten replicate measurements of proliferation using digital image analysis (CAS200, Bacus Labs, Lombard, IL, USA) were made on 10 regions of prostate cancer from a standard glass slide. Five matching tissue microarray sample cores (0.6 mm diameter) were sampled from each of the 10 regions in the parallel study. A bootstrap resampling analysis was used to statistically simulate all possible permutations of TMA sample number per region or sample. Statistical analysis compared TMA samples with Ki-67 expression in standard pathology immunohistochemistry slides. The optimal sampling for TMA cores was reached at 3 as fewer TMA samples significantly increased Ki-67 variability and a larger number did not significantly improve accuracy. To validate these results, a prostate cancer outcomes tissue microarray containing 10 replicate tumor samples from 88 cases was constructed. Similar to the initial study, I to 10 randomly selected cores were used to evaluate the Ki-67 expression for each case, computing the 90th percentile of the expression from all samples used in each model. Using this value, a Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to determine predictors of time until prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Examination of multiple models demonstrated that 4 cores was optimal. Using a model with 4 cores, a Cox regression model demonstrated that Ki-67 expression, preoperative PSA, and surgical margin status predicted time to PSA recurrence with hazard ratios of 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.20, p = 0.047), 2.36 (95% CI 1.15-4.85, p = 0.020), and 9.04 (95% CI 2.42-33.81, p = 0.001), respectively. Models with 3 cores to determine Ki-67 expression were also found to predict outcome. In summary, 3 cores were required to optimally represent Ki-67 expression with respect to the standard tumor slide. Three to 4 cores gave the optimal predictive value in a prostate cancer outcomes array. Sampling strategies with fewer than 3 cores may not accurately represent tumor protein expression. Conversely, more than 4 cores will not add significant information. This prostate cancer outcomes array should be useful in evaluating other putative prostate cancer biomarkers.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Strict actions of the human wrist flexors: A study with an electrical neuromuscular stimulation method. In order to elucidate strict actions of the human wrist flexors, motion and force produced by electrical neuromuscular stimulation (ENS) to each of musculus (m.) flexsor carpi radialis (FCR) and m. flexsor carpi ulnaris (FCU) with the prone, semiprone, and supine forearm were studied in ten healthy human subjects. Abduction, extension, adduction, and flexion directions were represented by, respectively, 0 degrees, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and 270 degrees. ENS to FCR and FCU produced motion in direction of, respectively, 273 degrees (mean) and 265 degrees with the prone, 249 degrees and 232 degrees with the semiprone, and 242 degrees and 229 degrees with the supine forearm to the maximal range. Direction/strength (N m) of force by ENS to FCR and FCU were, respectively, 298 degrees/1.16 and 239 degrees/1.70 with the prone, 279 degrees/1.30 and 241 degrees/1.62 with the semiprone, and 267 degrees/1.24 and 227 degrees/2.04 with the supine forearm. ENS to FCR exhibited force of 20-29% of maximal flexion and 7-15% of maximal abduction or 1-4% of maximal adduction and that to FCU force of 24-28% of maximal flexion and 15-25% of maximal adduction. The force study results suggest that FCU is a flexor rather than an adductor with every forearm position. FCR should be a flexor rather than an abductor with the prone and semiprone and a flexor with the supine forearm. The action of FCR as the abductor should diminish with supinating the forearm. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 22, 52]}
{"token": "Does mutual fund ownership affect financial reporting quality for Chinese privately-owned enterprises?. This paper examines the role of mutual funds in enhancing financial reporting quality in China. Mutual funds are more sophisticated and influential than individual investors. Therefore, they are expected to be more effective at preventing executives from expropriating investors and manipulating earnings as a cover-up, which in turn would reduce the incidence of modified audit opinions (MAOs). Our results, based on the Chinese listed firms from 2003 to 2008, confirm this prediction. More importantly, the effects of mutual fund ownership in reducing the incidence of MAOs are greater among privately owned enterprises (POEs), and especially those with higher growth. This is because POEs rely more heavily on the capital market for financing than do state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and because growth opportunities need to be funded by additional external capital. This finding implies that mutual funds form an important part of the external governance mechanismin emerging countries, but this effect is moderated by state control and ownership. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Andrade and critical time-to-failure laws in fiber-matrix composites: Experiments and model. We present creep experiments on fiber composite materials. Recorded strain rates and acoustic emission (AE) rates exhibit both a power-law relaxation in the primary creep regime and a power-law acceleration before global failure. In particular, we observe time-to-failure power-laws in the tertiary regime for acoustic emissions over four decades in time. We also discover correlations between some characteristics of the primary creep (exponent of the power-law and duration) and the time to failure of the samples. This result indicates that the tertiary regime is dependent on the relaxation and damage processes that occur in the primary regime and suggests a method for predicting the time to failure based on the early time recording of the strain rate or AE rate. We consider a simple model of representative elements, interacting via democratic load sharing, with a large heterogeneity of strengths. Each element consists of a non-linear dashpot in parallel with a spring. This model recovers the experimental observations of the strain rate as a function of time. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 12]}
{"token": "Communication - Presence Roundtrip: Travelling along Theoretical, Methodological and Applicative Connections. The convergence between telecommunication, virtual reality and artificial intelligence technologies resulted in a dramatical increase and modification of the opportunities to experience the physical and social world. Their diffusion and integration into multi-user and multi-agent virtual worlds highlighted the relevance of addressing from a common psychological perspective the domain of communication and the domain of presence. New theoretical and practical questions are emerging, in the double intent to explain phenomena at the interplay between mind and technology and to design effective technological applications. This chapter has the goal to start an exploration of the links and reciprocal contributions between communication and presence, analyzed at theoretical, methodological and applicative level.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "Biological elicitor potential of endospheric Trichoderma and derived consortia against pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaf curl virus. Pepper leaf curl virus (PeLCV), transmitted by whitefly is a cosmopolitan plant viral disease hampering a wide range of crops. Chemical elicitors have been used to curb the trend regardless of their setbacks on environment and human kind. Herein, we report the suppressive effects of Trichoderma Polysporum T1, Atroviridae T2 and Harzianum T8 and their consortia against PeLCV. They endophytically colonised pepper tissue with significant shift in auxin leading to accumulated biological yield. Likewise, Trichoderma-induced innate host immunity priming and stress tolerance may be mediated by the triggered phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (183% more phenolic content). The capability of Trichoderma bioagents to release salicylic acid under in vitro conditions appear to have prominent role in orchestrating PeLCV suppression (up to 50%). Interestingly, no difference was recorded in the specific activity of the destressing enzymes indicating a likely early ROS accumulation at infection sites leading to restricted virus spread. Overall, Trichoderma could help to counteract viral diseases.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Estimation of R-0 for the Spread of the First ASF Epidemic in Italy from Fresh Carcasses. After fifty years of spread in the European continent, the African swine fever (ASF) virus was detected for the first time in the north of Italy (Piedmont) in a wild boar carcass in December, 2021. During the first six months of the epidemic, the central role of wild boars in disease transmission was confirmed by more than 200 outbreaks, which occurred in two different areas declared as infected. The virus entered a domestic pig farm in the second temporal cluster identified in the center of the country (Lazio). Understanding ASF dynamics in wild boars is a prerequisite for preventing the spread, and for designing and applying effective surveillance and control plans. The aim of this work was to describe and evaluate the data collected during the first six months of the ASF epidemic in Italy, and to estimate the basic reproduction number (R-0) in order to quantify the extent of disease spread. The R-0 estimates were significantly different for the two spatio-temporal clusters of ASF in Italy, and they identified the two infected areas based on the time necessary for the number of cases to double (td) and on an exponential decay model. These results (R-0 = 1.41 in Piedmont and 1.66 in Lazio) provide quantitative knowledge on the epidemiology of ASF in Italy. These parameters could represent a fundamental tool for modeling country-specific ASF transmission and for monitoring both the spread and sampling effort needed to detect the disease early.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Molecular phylogenetic position of Schistosoma sinensium in the genus Schistosoma. The status of Schistosoma sinensium (samples from Thailand and from Sichuan, China) relative to other species of the genus Schistosoma was investigated using DNA sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene (partial) and the nuclear ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). Trees inferred from these sequences place S. sinensium as sister to the S. japonicum group and suggest a basal position in the clade utilizing snails of the family Pomatiopsidae. The sequence differences between specimens of S. sinensium from China and Thailand are at least as great as between S. malayensis and S. mekongi. Schistosoma sinensium is probably best regarded as a species complex.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
{"token": "Fixed-rent contracts and investment incentives. A comparative analysis of English tenant right. This article stresses that tenants are more motivated to improve the holding when they have formal property rights over their improvements. In this case, however, their rights over the improvements usually come into conflict with the landlords' rights over the land. Through a comparison with what happened elsewhere in Europe, the article analyses the attempts to delineate and ensure both rights in nineteenth-century England. No wholly satisfactory solution was found to the problem and the article concludes that this is one of the reasons explaining the poor performance of English agriculture in the early twentieth century. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Uncertainty and LR: to integrate or not to integrate, that's the question. Taroni et al. (2016) discuss the controversial issue of parameter uncertainty in the context of forensic evidence evaluation. Although we share with the authors the main idea that the likelihood ratio (LR) framework is the best method for evaluating forensic evidence, we have a different view on this issue. The core question is: does it make sense to consider the uncertainty attached to a calculated value of the LR, and consequently, should we report a single value for the LR or in addition address its uncertainty? Taroni et al. (2016) argue for reporting a single value based on a 'full-Bayesian' approach, and accuse anyone who considers the uncertainty of an LR of 'misconception of basic principles' and 'abuse of language'. However, their arguments presented as facts or logic are in fact choices or opinions. Furthermore, reporting a single number for the LR deprives the legal justice system of essential information needed to assess the reliability of the evidence. Therefore, we argue that forensic scientists should not only report an LR value, but also address its uncertainty and we explain why this is not a misconception or abuse of language.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 29, 41, 52]}
{"token": "Existential Muck: Romantic Borderlessness and Dissolving Dualisms in Schiller's Die Rauber. The essay investigates Romantic tendencies in Schiller's inaugural drama, Die Rauber [The Robbers]. The play's overt discourse of dualism and exchange rests on a more viscous foundation of existential muck. Franz von Moor's morastige Zirkel der menschlichen Bestimmung [muckish cycle of human determination] is a cyclical solvent that engulfs the play's dualisms and dissolves opposition and exchange. Forms rise from the muck, taking on borders (dimensions, limits) and they descend back into the muck, becoming once more borderless. This may be the other side of an all-encompassing Freude [Joy], both originary and terminal, yet as alle Menschen werden Bruder [all people become brothers], we are reminded of what it means to be brothers in the Moor clan. As a belated product of the proto-Romanticism of the Sturm und Drang, Schiller's 1781 play is a specimen of retro-proto-Romanticism.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Toward a Pentecostal Theological Aesthetic and Practice of Sacred Time 'Before His Face Through Times of Refreshing'. Pentecostal ecstatic-aimed oral-aural dynamics, along with other elements integral to the tradition, imply a latent though largely unexplored aesthetic of sacred time. The author begins by assessing this aesthetic through a constructed methodology defined as Pentecostal notions of Festive and Founding Time. From this analysis, he prescriptively delineates five steps for adapting the historic liturgical calendar to Pentecostal spirituality, thereby arguing for a Pentecostal theological aesthetic and practice of sacred time, in a manner related to the tradition's improvisational aesthetics of oral-aural liturgy. The author concludes by focusing these themes on the notions of aesthetics, suggesting how a Pentecostal theological aesthetic and practice of sacred time may contribute toward an ecumenically shared vision of beauty that transforms worshipers through the Spirit before God in the face of Jesus.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "CARBON ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION IN SYNTHETIC ARAGONITE AND CALCITE - EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION RATE. While the enrichment factors obtained here agree with those of some previous studies, temperature and rate effects do not.  Our results, which benefit from better control on precipitate mineralogy and precipitation rate, are probably the most accurate to date.An open-system chemostat technique was employed to study temperature and precipitation rate effects on carbon isotopic fractionation during the inoganic precipitation of aragonite and calcite from solutions held at constant chemical and isotopic composition.  Calcito-bicarbonate enrichment factors (epsilon(el-HCO3)) average 1.0 +/- 0.2 parts per thousand and are essentially constant throughout the range of temperatures (10, 25, and 40-degrees-C) and precipitation rates (10(2.6) to 10(4.8)-mu-mol m-2 h-1) studied.  Calcite-CO2(g) enrichment factors (epsilon(el-CO2)) are temperature sensitive and are described by the equation epsilon(el-CO2) = 11.98 (+/- 0.13) - 0.12(+/- 0.01).  T(degrees-C).Aragonite-bicarbonate enrichment factors (epsilon(ar-HCO3)) average 2.7 +/- 0.6 parts per thousand for temperatures of 10, 25, and 40-degrees-C and for rates from 10(2.3) to 10(4.1)-mu-mol m-1 h-1 epsilon(ar-HCO3) data are independent of temperature and display no precipitation rate effect at 10-degrees-C, a small negative relationship to rate at 25-degrees-C, and a small positive relationship to rate at 40-degrees-C.  The relative weakness of the effect coupled with the lack of consistency in the trends suggests that epsilon(ar-HCO3BAR) is independent of rate for most geologic processes.  Aragonite-CO2(g) enrichment factors (epsilon(ar-CO2)) are temperature-sensitive and are described by the equation epsilon(ar-CO2) = 13.88(+/- 0.16) - 0.13(+/- 0.01).  T(degrees-C).  Aragonite-calcite fractionation (epsilon(ar-el)) is 1.7 +/- 0.4 parts per thousand and is independent of temperature from 10 to 40-degrees-C.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "A precise blocking method for record linkage. Identifying approximately duplicate records between databases requires the costly computation of distances between their attributes. Thus duplicate detection is usually performed in two phases, an efficient blocking phase that determines few potential candidate duplicates based on simple criteria, followed by a second phase performing an in-depth comparison of the candidate duplicates. This paper introduces and evaluates a precise and efficient approach for the blocking phase, which requires only standard indices, but performs as well as other approaches based on special purpose indices, and outperforms other approaches based on standard indices. The key idea of the approach is to use a comparison window with a size that depends dynamically on a maximum distance, rather than using a window with fixed size.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "EFFECT OF MAGNETIC OVERSHOOT ON SHOCK DRIFT ACCELERATION. We present an investigation of the effect of magnetic overshoot (a feature of supercritical, collisionless shocks) on the shock drift acceleration (SDA) mechanism. The investigation is carried out by performing numerical simulations of ensembles of test particles (ions) to obtain reflection probabilities, energy gains, and anisotropies. We assume that the test particle approach is valid since the lowest-energy particles studied have speeds several times the ion thermal speed in the upstream plasma frame, which corresponds to a very small percentage of the overall population. We show that the magnetic overshoot enhances particle reflection considerably when the initial gyroradius of the particle is of the order of the shock transition length. Furthermore, as compared to the no-overshoot case, the overshoot allows initially lower energy particles to reflect. This, in turn, gives rise to more field-aligned beams upstream of the shock. The test particle results display adiabatic-like characteristics and indicate that the structured shock may be analytically modeled by an energy-dependent magnetic mirror. The results presented here are in agreement with a similar study in which the electromagnetic fields were provided by a self-consistent hybrid simulation. This investigation has applications to the regions of the outer planetary bow shocks, where curvature effects are considerably smaller than at the Earth's, and at strong interplanetary shocks less-than-or-similar-to 1 A.U., where the overshoot may still be significant.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Nonlinear optical susceptibilities of diglycinyl thiourea for frequency conversion and optical limiting applications. Organic nonlinear optical material diglycinyl thiourea (DGT) has been synthesized and single crystals have been grown from the aqueous solution by solvent evaporation technique. Powder second harmonic generation (SHG) study shows that DGT is 2.5 times efficient than KDP and is phase matchable. The third-order nonlinear optical and optical limiting properties of DGT have been investigated using a 532 nm second harmonics of diode-pumped Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm, 50 mW). The magnitude of nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear absorption coefficient and third-order susceptibility was found to be in the order of 10 (8) cm(2)/W, 10 (3) cm/W and 10 (6) esu, respectively. (C) 2010 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Recombinant expression of trypanosome surface glycoproteins in Pichia pastoris for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infection. Serodiagnosis of surra, which causes vast economic losses in livestock, is still based on native antigens purified from bloodstream form Trypanosoma (T.) evansi grown in rodents. To avoid the use of laboratory rodents in antigen preparation we expressed fragments of the invariant surface glycoprotein (ISG) 75, cloned from T. brucei gambiense cDNA, and the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) RoTat 1.2, cloned from T. evansi gDNA, recombinantly in Pichia (P.) pastoris. The M5 strain of this yeast has an engineered N-glycosylation pathway resulting in homogenous Man(5)GlcNAc(2) N-glycosylation which resembles the predominant Man(9-5)GlcNAc(2) oligomannose structures in T. brucei. The secreted recombinant antigens were affinity purified with yields of up to 10 mg and 20 mg per liter cell culture of rISG 75(29-465-E) and rRoTat 1.2(23-385-H) respectively. In ELISA, both recombinant proteins discriminated between pre-immune and immune serum samples of 25 goats experimentally infected with T. evansi. The diagnostic potential of rRoTat 1.2(23-385-H) but not of rISG 75(29-465-E) was confirmed with sera of naturally infected and control dromedary camels. The results suggest that rRoTat 1.2(23-385-H) expressed in P. pastoris requires further evaluation before it could replace native RoTat 1.2 VSG for serodiagnosis of surra, thus eliminating the use of laboratory animals for antigen production. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Effects of cohort and individual variation in duckling body condition on survival and recruitment in the Common Eider Somateria mollissima. The relationship between juvenile body condition and pre-reproductive survival and recruitment of female Common Elders was analysed in three duckling cohorts marked in the Stavns Fjord colony, Denmark during 1991-1993, based on recoveries of females in the colony in 1996. Mean duckling condition differed significantly between the three cohorts, but recruitment was not affected by this difference, c. 18% having recruited from each cohort in the third year after ringing. Compared to mean cohort condition, in all years a positive relationship existed between individual duckling condition and recruitment, irrespective of duckling size at capture. The present results suggest that survival and recruitment of female elders were related to the relative body condition attained as ducklings within cohorts rather than related to the absolute condition attained by separate cohorts.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Molecular Orientation Effects in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. It is well known that by horizontally aligning the transition dipole moments of exciton dipoles in the emitter films of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), a larger fraction of the radiative power can escape from the OLED stack, increasing the light outcoupling efficiency by up to 50% compared to the isotropic counterparts. In this account, we review recent advances in understanding this phenomenon, with a special focus on the practical strategies to control the molecular orientation in vacuum-deposited films of thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) dyes. The role of molecular orientation in efficient OLED design is discussed, which has been experimentally proven to increase the external quantum efficiency exceeding 30%. We outline the future challenges and perspectives in this field, including the potential to extend the concept to the solution-processed films. Finally, the development of multiscale computer simulations is reviewed to assess their potential as a complementary approach to systematically screening OLED molecules in silico.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Has Incrementalism Murdered the Hype? An Assessment of the Potential and Actual Use of Geographical Information Systems in Policy Design. In this chapter it will be evaluated whether incrementalism can account for Geographical Information Systems not reaching its full potential, and the expectations made in the hype, in the field of policy design. This will be done by first elaborating on Geographical Information Systems, what they are, what the expectations at the beginning of the hype were and what the actual use is. Next the rational actor model, bounded rationality and incrementalism will be elaborated on. Two case studies in which Geographical Information Systems were used to enhance policy making will be demonstrated and used to draw final conclusions on which part of the potential of Geographical Information Systems has not been reached and how the expectations during the hype could not meet practice and how this can be explained.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Fractal Kinetic Behavior of Plasmin on the Surface of Fibrin Meshwork. Intravascular fibrin clots are resolved by plasmin acting at the interface of gel-phase substrate and fluid-borne enzyme. The classic Michaelis Menten kinetic scheme cannot describe satisfactorily this heterogeneous-phase proteolysis because it assumes homogeneous well-mixed conditions. A more suitable model for these spatial constraints, known as fractal kinetics, includes a time-dependence of the Michaelis coefficient K-m(F) = K-m0(F) +t)(h), where h is a fractal exponent of time, t. The aim of the present study was to build up and experimentally validate a mathematical model for surface-acting plasmin that can contribute to a better understanding of the factors that influence fibrinolytic rates. The kinetic model was fitted to turbidimetric data for fibrinolysis under various conditions. The model predicted K-m0(F) 1.98 mu M and h = 0.25 for fibrin composed of thin fibers and K-m0(F)= 5.01 mu M and h = 0.16 for thick fibers in line with a slower macroscale lytic rate (due to a stronger clustering trend reflected in the h value) despite faster cleavage of individual thin fibers (seen as lower K-m0(F)). epsilon-Aminocaproic acid at 1 mM or 8 U/mL carboxypeptidase-B eliminated the time-dependence of Kr and increased the lysis rate suggesting a role of C-terminal lysines in the progressive clustering of plasmin. This fractal kinetic concept gained structural support from imaging techniques. Atomic force microscopy revealed significant changes in plasmin distribution on a patterned fibrinogen surface in line with the time-dependent clustering of fluorescent plasminogen in confocal laser microscopy. These data from complementary approaches support a mechanism for loss of plasmin activity resulting from C-terminal lysine-dependent redistribution of enzyme molecules on the fibrin surface.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Habitus and personality in the work of Max Weber. Weber's critique of modernity centred on how it shaped the habitus - life-conduct and motivations - of the modern individual. I explicate six habitus-types that appear in Weber's work: the early-modern Puritan Berufsmensch, the modern specialist, the modern industrial worker, the politician, the civil servant and the citizen voter. In doing so, I identify the main characteristics of each type and the causal mechanisms through which Western modernity's core features - capitalism and bureaucracy - brought them into being. Further, I discuss two habitus-related problems that concerned Weber: the general failure of the modern habitus to achieve 'personality'; and the mismatch between habitus and occupational role in the Wilhelmine political sphere. I then explain the practical reforms through which Weber hoped to address these problems. Finally, I show how this analysis helps resolve two apparent contradictions which have long perplexed Weber scholars.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "James Fenimore Cooper, The Pioneers, or The Sources of the Susquehanna; a Descriptive Tale (1823). This discussion of James Fenimore Cooper's novel The Pioneers (1823) places it within the context of Cooper's other writings, as well as within the historical and cultural contexts of his times and of nineteenth-century literary criticism. The historical contextualization provides the basis for a close reading of the novel, concentrating on major issues and themes, like property, progress and civilization, as well as native and settler conflicts, but also on the major structural, compositional and narrative strategies, like landscape description, plot structure, and compositional order. The essay concludes with a brief assessment of the novel's critical reception, focusing on some of its most consequential studies that informed major critical debates on Cooper's work, but also U. S. literary and cultural criticism at large. The discussion will focus on the relationship between the literary aesthetics and politics of Cooper's historical romance, the underlying concepts of history and narrative authority and, finally, on the problematic relationship between law, property and legitimacy.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Identity politics in the autobiographical novel: A comparative study of Mexican-Americans and Franco-Maghrebis. Since the advent of globalization, international migration has increased dramatically, leading to the rise of substantial second-generation populations of immigrant origin around the globe. France and the United States are two major immigrant-receiving countries which, since the 1970s and 1980s, have experienced movements of ethnic resurgence, causing these populations to face the profound impact of identity politics. Autobiographical literature, along with cinema, art, and music, has arisen as a reflection of the struggles faced by these groups. This article examines the socio-historical context of identity construction in Mexican-Americans and Franco-Maghrebis through the lens of autobiographical literature, particularly the works of Jimmy Santiago Baca, Sandra Cisneros, Azouz Begag, and Farida Belghoul.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Kinetic study of d-limonene release from finger citron essential oil loaded nanoemulsions during simulated digestion in vitro. Nanoemulsion loading finger citron essential oil (FCEO) can maintain bioactivities of FCEO and increase its water solubility. In this study, stability of FCEO nanoemulsions during digestion in vitro were evaluated and the release kinetics of d-limonene (the main component in the oil) were developed. Compared with free oil released to maximum for 6 min, all nanoemulsions kept sustainably releasing for 300 min or longer. Droplet size of the nanoemulsions increased from 10-18 nm of initial to 105-1106 nm after digestion, indicating coalescence or aggregation occurred. Zero-order, Hixcon-Crowell, Higuchi, Ritger-Peppas and Niebergull models were used to describe the release kinetics. The results showed zero-order and Ritger-Peppas models were the best fit models at mouth and intestinal stage, respectively. Both zero-order and Higuchi models were appropriate at gastric stage. This study could demonstrate the digestion mechanisms of FCEO loaded nanoemulsion and facilitate the design of hydrophobic nutraceuticals delivery systems in food industry.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "The politics of Latino publics: Immigration reform, political participation and intention to vote. Latinos are the largest U.S. minority group and are poised to play an increasingly important role in U.S. society. Public relations practitioners who work in politics should be interested in what motivates young Latinos to participate in politics. This study reports the findings of a national nonprobability survey with young Latinos (N=434). The analysis explores how demographic variables, acculturation, political ideology and media use predict perceptions of the importance of immigration reform, reported political participation, and vote likelihood in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Of the dependent variables, findings show that acculturation (beta=-0.13) only predicts perceptions of the importance of immigration reform, suggesting acculturation's effects are issue specific. Interest in politics is the largest influential factor in predicting all of the dependent variables. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
{"token": "Voriconazole inhibits fungal growth without impairing antigen presentation or T-cell activation. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is the most common life-threatening invasive mold infection worldwide. The principal therapy for IA is amphotericin B, despite its known toxicity and immunosuppressive side effects. Studies in animal models of IA suggest a role for T lymphocytes in the pathology of the disease, although the precise role for Aspergillus-specific T cells remains undefined. The isolation and characterization of T lymphocytes in animal models of IA are hampered by the rapid outgrowth of the fungus in cultures derived from infected organs. In the present study, we tested the abilities of the antifungal drugs caspofungin acetate and voriconazole to inhibit fungal growth in vitro as a means of maintaining cultures of T cells from Aspergillus-infected mice. We demonstrate that while both antifungal drugs are inhibitory, only voriconazole completely inhibited fungal growth, allowing long-term maintenance of T-cell cultures. In addition, voriconazole had no inhibitory effect on the activation and maturation of dendritic cells or the proliferation of T lymphocytes. Thus, voriconazole appears to be a promising agent for use in in vitro studies of Aspergillus-specific T lymphocytes in animal models of IA.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 43]}
{"token": "Relaxin as a potential diagnostic biomarker for ovarian cancer-A prospective study. Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female mortality worldwide. Although novel approaches on this disease have been developed, overall survival rates remain moderate due to the lack of scientific evidence promoting screening at early stages of the disease. A number of biomarkers have been suggested as predictive for this type of cancer. The role of relaxin in endometrial cancer is well documented but the scientific evidence is lacking with regards to ovarian cancer. We studied patients with ovarian cancer, benign ovarian cyst and healthy patients too. The levels of relaxin have been found to be an adequate diagnostic biomarker for ovarian cancer. We also presented the different range of Ca125, HE4 and ROMA in these three groups. Randomised control trials need to be conducted though, in order to elucidate the true role of relaxin in these cases. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Temporal Delay of Peak T-Cell Immunity Determines Chlamydia pneumoniae Pulmonary Disease in Mice. Severe chlamydial disease typically occurs after previous infections and results from a hypersensitivity response that is also required for chlamydial elimination. Here, we quantitatively dissected the immune and disease responses to repeated Chlamydia pneumoniae lung infection by multivariate modeling with four dichotomous effects: mouse strain (A/J or C57BL/6), dietary protein content (14% protein and 0.3% L-cysteine-0.9% L-arginine, or 24% protein and 0.5% L-cysteine-2.0%L-arginine), dietary antioxidant content (90 IU alpha-tocopherol/kg body weight versus 450 IU alpha-tocopherol/kg and 0.1% g L-ascorbate), and time course (3 or 10 days postinfection). Following intranasal C. pneumoniae challenge, C57BL/6 mice on a low-protein/low-antioxidant diet, but not C57BL/6 mice on other diets or A/J mice, exhibited profoundly suppressed early lung inflammatory and pan-T-cell (CD3 delta(+)) and helper T-cell (CD45) responses on day 3 but later strongly exacerbated disease on day 10. Contrast analyses characterized severe C. pneumoniae disease as being a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response with increased lung macrophage and Th1 cell marker transcripts, increased Th1:Th2 ratios, and Th1 cytokine-driven inflammation. Results from functional analyses by DTH, enzyme-linked immunospot, and immunohistofluorescence assays were consistent with the results obtained by transcript analysis. Thus, chlamydial disease after secondary infection is a temporal dysregulation of the T-cell response characterized by a profoundly delayed T-helper cell response that results in a failure to eliminate the pathogen and provokes later pathological Th1 inflammation. This delayed T-cell response is under host genetic control and nutritional influence. The mechanism that temporally and quantitatively regulates the host T-cell population is the critical determinant in chlamydial pathogenesis.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Effects of Daily Iron Supplementation in 2- to 5-Year-Old Children: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of 9169 references, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria, none of which were at low risk of bias. Children receiving iron supplementation had a mean end point hemoglobin of 6.97 g/L (P < .00001; I-2 = 82%) greater than controls, whereas mean end point ferritin was 11.64 mu g/L (P < .0001; I-2 = 48%) greater. No trials reported the effects of iron supplementation on ID or iron deficiency anemia, and only one reported on anemia. Limited evidence suggested that iron supplementation produced a small improvement in cognitive development but had no effect on physical growth.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common cause of anemia worldwide. The prevalence is highest among preschool-aged children. Iron is widely administered to children with or at risk for ID, but evidence of benefit among 2- to 5-year-old children has not been evaluated by systematic review. We summarize the evidence for the benefit and safety of daily iron supplementation with regard to hematologic, growth, and cognitive parameters in 2 to 5 year olds.CONCLUSIONS: In 2 to 5 year olds, daily iron supplementation increases hemoglobin and ferritin. There is a concerning lack of data on the effect of iron supplementation on clinically important outcomes including anemia, ID anemia, ID, and cognitive development. Additional interventional studies in this age group are needed.METHODS: Electronic databases, regional databases, thesis repositories, gray literature, and references of studies and previous reviews were searched. We included randomized controlled trials that compared daily oral iron supplementation with control in 2 to 5 year olds. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to synthesize predefined outcomes reported by at least 2 studies.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Biochemical composition, metabolism, and amino acid transport in planula-larvae of the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens. We determined the monthly percentage of biochemical components in planulae of the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens, for a S-year period, and evaluated the findings in relation to seasonal fluctuations in water temperature. We determined the biochemical profile and metabolic rate of aging planulae and examined the possible absorption of dissolved organic material (DOM) from the water by the planulae. Our study is the first to present a long-term biochemical profile of planulae. They contained an average of 2.2% ash, 51.5% lipid, 33.6% protein, and 1.3% carbohydrate. Calculation of the average energetic content of a planula revealed a value of 1.63 J planula(-1). Significant seasonal differences in planulae weight were noted between the summer and the other seasons. A significant decrease (41%) from the initial weight, 0.029 mg, took place in the planulae dry weight within 15 days. Significant decreases over time were also found in lipid (50%) and carbohydrate (83%) concentration but not in protein (20%). Metabolic rates of a planula was 0.06 mul O-2 planula(-1) hr(-1). The study shows for the first time that a soft coral planulae can take up dissolved free amino acids from seawater. Even though each of the amino acids was initially present at equimolar concentrations, there was a much faster uptake for the neutral, nonpolar amino acids, than for polar and basic ones. The potential contribution to the metabolic demand of planulae, from the uptake of amino acids, is estimated to be 11%. It is suggested that this uptake does not appear to be due to energetic considerations, but may have a more significant impact on their nitrogen budget. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Risk assessment for seafood consumers exposed to mercury and other trace elements in fish from Long Island, New York, USA. We determined concentrations of Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Ni, Ag, Se, Cu, and Zn in muscle tissue of six commonly consumed Long Island fish species (black seabass, bluefish, striped bass, summer flounder, tautog, and weakfish, total sample size = 1211) caught off Long Island, New York in 2018 and 2019. Long-term consumption of these coastal fish could pose health risks largely due to Hg exposure; concentrations of the other trace elements were well below levels considered toxic for humans. By combining the measured Hg concentrations in the fish (means ranging from 0.11 to 0.27 mg/kg among the fish species), the average seafood consumption rate, and the current US EPA Hg reference dose (0.0001 mg/kg/d), it was concluded that seafood consumption should be limited to four fish meals per month for adults for some fish (bluefish, tautog) and half that for young children. Molar ratios of Hg:Se exceeded 1 for some black seabass, bluefish, tautog, and weakfish.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Evidence for pollinator sharing in Mediterranean nectar-mimic orchids: absence of premating barriers?. Pollinator specificity has traditionally been considered the main reproductive isolation mechanism in orchids. Among Mediterranean orchids, however, many species attract and deceive pollinators by mimicking nectar-rewarding plants. To test the extent to which deceptive orchid species share pollinators, we collected and identified hernipollinaria-carrying insects, and used ribosomal sequences to identify the orchid species from which hernipollinaria were removed. We found that social and solitary bees, and also flies, carried hemipollinaria belonging to nine orchid species with different degrees of specialization. In particular, Anacamptis morio, Dactylorhiza romana and Orchis mascula used a large set of pollinator species, whereas others such as Orchis quadripunctata seemed to be pollinated by one pollinator species only. Out of the insects with hernipollinaria, 19% were found to carry hernipollinaria from more than one orchid species, indicating that sympatric food-deceptive orchids can share pollinators. This sharing was apparent even among orchid sister-species, thus revealing an effective overlap in pollinator sets among closely related species. These results suggest varying degrees of pollinator specificity in these orchids, and indicate that pollinator specificity cannot always act as the main isolation mechanism in food-deceptive temperate orchids.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "With the methodology of the juridical works: historical judgement in Guerra civil no Rio Grande do Sul, by Tristao de Alencar Araripe (1879-1881). In this article I analyze historical judgment as an integral part of historiographical pro-duction in the 19th century. This article explores the dispute of interpretations around the Farroupilha Revolution (1835-1845) that began in 1879 with Tristao de Alencar Ara-ripe's documented memories and its reception in Court and in the province of Rio Grande do Sul. Araripe's work and the responses it generated allow us to reflect on the production of judgments by historians in their practice of representing the past. Thus, two interpretation possibilities are explored. First, the social conditioning of historical judgment is analyzed, highlighting Araripe's training and practice as a scholar and a pol-itician. Following, the principles that grounded the historian's craft are discussed, such as the selection of sources and impartiality in the appreciation of facts, based on Karl von Koseritz's critique.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The dynamic stability of a laminated truncated conical shell with variable elasticity moduli and densities subject to a time-dependent external pressure. This study considers the dynamic stability of a laminated truncated conical shell with variable elasticity moduli and densities in the thickness direction, subject to a uniform external pressure, which is a power function of time. Initially, the dynamic stability and compatibility equations of a laminated elastic truncated conical shell with variable elasticity moduli and densities, subject to an external pressure, have been obtained. Then, employing Galerkin's method, those equations have been reduced to a system of time-dependent differential equations with variable coefficients. Finally, applying a mixed variational method of Ritz type, the critical dynamic and static loads, the corresponding wave numbers and the dynamic factor have been found analytically. Using those results, the effects of the variations in elasticity moduli and densities, the number and ordering of the layers, the semivertex angle and the power of time in the external pressure expression are studied via pertinent computations. It is observed that these factors have appreciable effects on the critical parameters of the problem in the heading.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 12]}
{"token": "ON THE APPROPRIATE OBJECTS AND THE DIVISION OF THE SPECULATIVE SCIENCES IN F. SUAREZ: A LITERAL INTERPRETATION OF THE DISPUTATIONES METAPHYSICAE I, I, 14-15. According to the beginning of Francisco Suarez's D.M., metaphysical science has lost its horizon. There is no clarity about which issues it deals with or which is the most appropriate way to approach them. For this reason, Dr. Eximio's main treatise begins with an essential study of the first philosophy where the emerging difficulties related to an adequate consideration of the sciences as a whole, and to the speculative ones in particular, will be gradually addressed. Thus, and according to Suarez's opinion, the absolute clarity reached around metaphysics lays the necessary foundations to avoid -or try to correct-errors in sacred theology, either considered in itself, or because of its necessary link with the first philosophy. Likewise, the clarification of the adequate object of metaphysics entails the need to evidence those of the other sciences, configuring a division and harmonious relationship between the speculative sciences objectively. At the same time, this particular panorama appears expressed with total clarity in the D.M. I, I, 14-15 on which exclusively it will be made focus.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "A kernel-free boundary integral method for implicitly defined surfaces. The kernel-free boundary integral (KFBI) method is a structured grid method for general elliptic partial differential equations. Unlike the standard boundary integral method, it avoids direct evaluation of volume and boundary integrals, which needs to know analytical expressions for the integral kernels. To evaluate a boundary or volume integral, the KFBI method first solves a corrected interface problem on a structured grid and then the numerical solution on the structured grid is interpolated to get approximate values of the integral at points on the boundary. Selection of control points of the boundary plays a key role in the KFBI method since both the correction for the interface equations and the interpolation with the structured grid based solution involve calculation of tangential derivatives of boundary data while stability and efficiency of the numerical differentiation critically depend on the distribution of control points. This work proposes a new point selection method, based on an overlapping surface decomposition of the boundary, which is implicitly defined by a level set function. The points selected are intersection points of the boundary with the grid lines of an underlying Cartesian grid. By the method, the interpolation stencils can be easily chosen to be locally uniform along a coordinate axis in two space dimensions and locally uniform on a coordinate plane in three space dimensions, which allows efficient numerical differentiation and boundary reconstruction/representation. An additional equilibrating process of boundary data further guarantees stable numerical differentiation. Numerical results demonstrating the method with examples in both two and three space dimensions are presented. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35, 40]}
{"token": "Rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis; a possible link via citrullination. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and chronic and aggressive periodontitis are chronic inflammatory disorders characterized by deregulation of the host inflammatory response. Increased secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators results in soft and hard tissue destruction of the synovium and periodontium respectively. Both diseases share risk factors and have pathological pathways in common, resulting in loss of function and disability as a final clinical outcome. This article discusses possible interactions, particularly related to the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, which could explain the observed association between these two prevalent diseases. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Miniature Terracotta Masks from the Decapolis City of Gerasa/Jerash, Jordan. Masks have had a very long history in human culture. They differ in their form, function, and material through time, and from one culture to another. This paper brings attention to the newly discovered miniature terracotta masks from the classical Decapolis city of Gerasa/Jerash in Jordan dated to the Roman period. Here, four masks are introduced. The aim of this paper is to describe and to identify the personification and the function of the masks. The authors concluded that these masks are miniature replicas for pantomime characters representing Hercules and two masks for Satyr/Faunus, and the fourth mask is a replica for comic mask representing a slave character. These masks were most probably used as offerings for Dionysus.", "label": [3, 31, 30]}
{"token": "Role of histamine H-3 receptor in glucagon-secreting alpha TC1.6 cells. Pancreatic alpha-cells secrete glucagon to maintain energy homeostasis. Although histamine has an important role in energy homeostasis, the expression and function of histamine receptors in pancreatic alpha-cells remains unknown. We found that the histamine H-3 receptor (H3R) was expressed in mouse pancreatic alpha-cells and alpha TC1.6 cells, a mouse pancreatic alpha-cell line. H3R inhibited glucagon secretion from alpha TC1.6 cells by inhibiting an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. We also found that immepip, a selective H3R agonist, decreased serum glucagon concentration in rats. These results suggest that H3R modulates glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha-cells. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies. This", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Propagation techniques, evaluation and improvement of the biodiesel plant, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre-A review. The leguminous tree Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre has been receiving considerable attention since its role as a feed stock for biodiesel production was defined and confirmed. Policy makers, scientists as well as farmers have turned their attention to this species with great gusto since the benefits to be derived affect all the stakeholders. Tremendous interest has been generated for raising organized plantations cif this untapped species. This has created the need for technology for its propagation and management. Though studies have been conducted on many aspects, the information is scattered. With this in view, the literature on important aspects of propagation, evaluation of genetic resources and improvement has been reviewed to glean the available information which can form the guidelines for raising of plantations to meet the current need. This review also aims to assist in the identification of gaps in information while preventing duplication of research efforts and unnecessary outflow of valuable resources. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Subjective Semantics. 'Der schwarze Kanal' and the Discursive Construction of a State-Sanctioned Reality of East-West German Relations, 1960-1972. This article investigates the discursive construction of a state-sanctioned reality of East-West German relations in the East German television program \\\\'Der schwarze Kanal\\\\' from 1960 to 1972. It focuses on constructions ofWest Germany as the enemy, the concepts of a \\\\'confederation\\\\' and \\\\'peaceful coexistence\\\\' of the two Germanys, the uprising of 17 June 1953 and the construction of the BerlinWall as challenges to East Germany's democratic legitimization. It also examines the Olympic Games as an arena in which the two German states competed over the representation of Germany. Besides exploring the potential of a sociological concept of discourse analysis for historical studies, it seeks to elucidate current discourses such as \\\\'fake news.\\\\'", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The evolution of the African National Congress in power: From revolutionaries to social democrats?. This research on the African National Congress (ANC) is done in the context of the question of what happens when a revolutionary, rebel movement succeeds in taking state power. It is now 12 years since 1994, when, as the result of national elections negotiated with the former National Party (NP) rulers, the ANC took the reins of governmental power. The analysis will place the challenges of the ANC in the context of rebel movements in Latin America that have taken power. Several theoretical questions will be addressed. First, when a revolutionary movement gains power what are the terms of its arrival at power? Is the old order thoroughly defeated or does it retain power in certain sectors? Second, what is the international context of the transition? Does the revolutionary movement have powerful friends or enemies? Third, what is the level of unity within the revolutionary movement? Are there factions with different approaches to the construction of a new society? Fourth, how well does the revolutionary movement, forged in part in clandestine operations, transform itself to democratic norms? Fifth, does the revolutionary movement have sufficient expertise to manage state power? How willing is it to use professionals from the old system and by what means does it control them? Sixth, how flexible is the revolutionary movement in adjusting to a changed environment? Does it alter its ideological stance and if it does what are the dangers to the movement if it strays too far from its long-stated principles?", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Impact of preconcentration on the efficiency of magnesite reverse flotation. Magnesite (MgCO3) is used to produce magnesia (MgO) either active or dead burned. In Euboea, Greece, it appears in veins or stockwerks in serpentine host rock. Beneficiation products with commercial quality are directly calcined in rotary kilns. Products that do not fulfill the quality requirements are ground to -300 mu m and treated by a reverse flotation process. Magnesite concentrate is calcined at 1000 degrees C to active magnesia, briquetted and finally dead burned at over 2000 degrees C in a shaft kiln. The present work examined the effect that the feed quality had on the reagent consumption and the product yield. It proposed a stage of magnetic separation prior to flotation in order to remove any excess of magnetic serpentine present in the flotation plant feed. The combined process reduced the reagent consumption, increased the product yield and improved the physical separation as indicated by the calculation of the degree of separation.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2015. This paper presents the results of our sixth annual horizon scan, which aims to identify phenomena that may have substantial effects on the global environment, but are not widely known or well understood. A group of professional horizon scanners, researchers, practitioners, and a journalist identified 15 topics via an iterative, Delphi-like process. The topics include a novel class of insecticide compounds, legalisation of recreational drugs, and the emergence of a new ecosystem associated with ice retreat in the Antarctic.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Electronic reserve services for academic libraries in China: practices and concerns. Findings - The paper reveals that three-level (national, regional, and campus-wide) e-reserve resource systems have been developed jointly or individually by Chinese academic libraries. Their development, implementation and implications are discussed; existing problems and possible solutions are identified.Purpose - This paper aims to offer a comprehensive description and analysis of electronic reserve services in academic libraries in China. It also seeks to describe possible solutions for libraries to build multi-functional e-reserve services in order to face the challenge of the vast expansion in both academia and the economy in modern China.Design/methodology/approach - The paper reviews the recent literature on the practices of e-reserve services, and analyses the results of the online surveys conducted in the 112 key university libraries in the China 211 Project, especially the top 15 university libraries.Originality value - The paper provides insights into the recent development of e-reserving services in Chinese academic libraries, offers useful information about e-reserving resources for students and faculty, and recommends solutions to libraries for e-reserve services.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Bridging Past and Present: A Study of Precontact Yup'ik Masks from the Nunalleq Site, Alaska. This article examines precontact Yup'ik masks, maskettes, and mask fragments recently recovered from the Nunalleq site (16th-17th century AD) near the village of Quinhagak, Alaska. Remarkable in their number, size, and variety of designs, the Nunalleq masks, which represent spirits, humans, and animals, indicate a very active ceremonial life among the residents of Nunalleq settlement. This paper combines archaeological, ethnographic, and oral history accounts to demonstrate the existence of a rich mask-carving tradition in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta flourishing at least two centuries prior to European contact. The iconography of Nunalleq masks shows interesting regional connections as well as strong continuity between the pre- and postcontact Yup'ik mask making. Mask-making traditions are conservative, but far from frozen, and some fluidity can be observed within the Nunalleq mask assemblage over the course of ca. 150 years of the site's occupation.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Mechanisms of Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells in Peritoneal Adhesion. A peritoneal adhesion (PA) is a fibrotic tissue connecting the abdominal or visceral organs to the peritoneum. The formation of PAs can induce a variety of clinical diseases. However, there is currently no effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of PAs. Damage to peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) is believed to cause PAs by promoting inflammation, fibrin deposition, and fibrosis formation. In the early stages of PA formation, PMCs undergo mesothelial-mesenchymal transition and have the ability to produce an extracellular matrix. The PMCs may transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts and accelerate the formation of PAs. Therefore, the aim of this review was to understand the mechanism of action of PMCs in PAs, and to offer a theoretical foundation for the treatment and prevention of PAs.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Malpractice claims analysis yields widely applicable principles. We received 50 claims of medical negligence in pediatric cardiology. From the analysis, patterns were identified and recommendations for improvement were found that apply generally to healthcare. Less than half (38%) of the claims were found to be medically meritorious. The impression of substandard care was often (7/50) created by an erroneous attribution of cause of death at autopsy. Both structured learning for caregivers and education of the public will reduce the frequency of malpractice forms-both valid and frivolous. Caregivers should document more effectively. The current tort system neither deters nor compensates as it was intended. The assignment of blame to a single individual is usually not in concert with the reality of modern medicine. Good health care is not a passive behavior; active participation by the public is required.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "The 'AGEING' experiment in the Spanish Soyuz Mission to the International Space Station. Human exploration of outer space will eventually take placed In preparation for this endeavour it is important to establish the nature of the biological response to a prolonged exposure to the space environment. In one of the recent Soyuz Missions to serve the International Space Station (ISS), the Spanish Soyuz mission in October 2003, we exposed four groups of Drosophila male imagoes to microgravity during the almost eleven days of the Cervantes mission to study their motility behaviour. The groups were three of young flies and one of mature flies, In previous space experiments, we have shown that when imagoes are exposed to microgravity they markedly change their behaviour by increasing their motility, especially if subjected to these conditions immediately after hatching. The constraints of the current Soyuz flights made it impossible to study the early post-hatching period. A low temperature cold transport was incorporated as a possible way out of this constraint. It turned out that on top of the space flight effects, the cold treatment by itself, modifies the motility behaviour of the flies. Although the four groups increased their motility, the young flies did it in a much lower extent than the mature flies that had not been exposed to the low temperature during transportation. Nevertheless, the flies flown in the ISS are still more active than the parallel ground controls. As a consequence of the lower motility stimulation in this experiment, a likely consequence of the cold transport step, no effects on the life spans of the flown flies were detected. Together with previous results, this study confirms that high levels of motility behaviour are necessary to produce significant decreases in fly longevity.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Colonial violence and civilising utopias in the French and British empires: the Morant Bay Rebellion (1865) and the Insurrection of the South (1870). Two similar rebellions in British and French Caribbean colonial histories are addressed to highlight the complexities of race and historiography. The Morant Bay Rebellion has been commemorated as a major event at the core of Jamaican nation-building, while the Insurrection of the South remained largely unrecorded in Martinique. Differing narratives of the past reflect the regimes of colonial violence adopted to suppress popular rebellion. Ideas of race' were explicit terms of reference in the British Empire, whereas the French republican ideal eradicated racial categorisation. Racial thinking' or colour blindness' informed respective governments' civilising' projects in subsequent decades.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Different, Really! A comparison of Highly-Configurable Systems and Single Systems. Context: The development of systems that handle configuration options according to a specific environment is considered a hard activity. These kind of systems, Highly-Configurable Systems (HCS) are perceived by researchers and developers as complex and difficult to maintain due to the necessity of handling variation points. Although this perception is reported in the literature, no prior study investigated the differences between HCS and Single Systems (SS).Objective: This study investigated similarities and differences between HCS and SS using well known metrics from the literature according to three different perspectives: product perspective (bug-proneness, complexity, and change size); process perspective (number of contributors, number of core developers, and accidental contributors); and people perspective (contributor retention and number of paid contributors).Method: To perform this comparison, we collected data from two surveys and from a mining study (within 15,769 releases of 124 GitHub projects written in C).Results: In general, we identified that for the majority of the metrics, the perception of practitioners and researchers about HCS and SS is different from our mining results.Conclusion: The identification of similarities and differences of HCS and SS will help to initiate a discussion and further research in this direction.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Terrorists or national heroes? Politics and perceptions of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine. This study analyzes controversies and public attitudes concerning the Bandera faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN-B), the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) and Stepan Bandera in Ukraine. The research question is: Which factors affect attitudes toward the OUN-B, the UPA and Bandera in contemporary Ukraine? This article employs comparative and regression analyses of surveys commissioned by the author and conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) in 2009 and 2013 to determine the effects of regional and other factors on attitudes toward these organizations and the OUN-B leader. The study shows that regional factors and perceptions of these organizations' involvement in mass murder were the strongest predictors of the views concerning the OUN-B, the UPA and Bandera. Their public support is strongest in Galicia and weakest in the East and the South, in particular, in Donbas and Crimea, two major conflict areas since the \\\\'Euromaidan.\\\\' (C) 2015 The Regents of the University of California. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "C. elegans and its bacterial diet as a model for systems-level understanding of host-microbiota interactions. Resident microbes of the human body, particularly the gut microbiota, provide essential functions for the host, and, therefore, have important roles in human health as well as mitigating disease. It is difficult to study the mechanisms by which the microbiota affect human health, especially at a systems-level, due to heterogeneity of human genomes, the complexity and heterogeneity of the gut microbiota, the challenge of growing these bacteria in the laboratory, and the lack of bacterial genetics in most microbiotal species. In the last few years, the interspecies model of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its bacterial diet has proven powerful for studying host-microbiota interactions, as both the animal and its bacterial diet can be subjected to large-scale and high-throughput genetic screening. The high level of homology between many C. elegans and human genes, as well as extensive similarities between human and C. elegans metabolism, indicates that the findings obtained from this interspecies model may be broadly relevant to understanding how the human microbiota affects physiology and disease. In this review, we summarize recent systems studies on how bacteria interact with C. elegans and affect life history traits.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
{"token": "Suitability of oligonucleotide-mediated cystic fibrosis gene repair in airway epithelial cells. Methods A cell-free biochemical assay was applied to assess the ability of CF airway epithelial cells to support chimeraplast-mediated repair. In addition, a methodology allowing the relative quantification of the percentage of W1282X mutation repair in a heterozygous background using the PCR/oligonucleotide ligation assay (PCR/OLA) was developed. The performance of different chimeraplast and short single-stranded oligonucleotide structures delivered by non-viral vectors and electroporation was evaluated.Conclusions Oligonucleotide-mediated CFTR gene repair is an inefficient process in CF airway epithelial cells. Further improvements in oligonucleotide structure, nuclear delivery and/or the capability for mismatch repair stimulation will be necessary to achieve therapeutic levels of mutation correction in these cells. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.Background Non-viral vector-mediated targeted gene repair could become a useful alternative to classical gene addition strategies. The methodology guarantees a physiologically regulated and persistent expression of the repaired gene, with reported gene conversion and phenotypic correction efficiencies approaching 40-50% in some in vitro and in vivo models of disease. This is particularly important for cystic fibrosis (CF) because of its complex pathophysiology and the cellular heterogeneity of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene expression and function in the lung.Results Chimeraplast-mediated repair competency was corroborated in CF airway epithelial cells. However, their repair activity was about 5-fold lower than that found in liver cells. Moreover regardless of the corrector, oligonucleotide structure applied to our CF bronchial epithelial cells, of compound heterozygous genotype (F508del/W1282X), the percentage of their resulting wild-type allele in the W1282X (exon 20) locus of the CFTR gene was not significantly different from that of the control untreated cells by our PCR/0LA assay (confidence interval at 95% +/- 4 allele wild-type).", "label": [2, 18, 19, 20]}
{"token": "Basal Ganglia Calcification in Psychiatric Inpatients: A Case-Control Study. Background and Objective:Several case reports have noted basal ganglia calcification (BGC) as an incidental radiologic finding in patients presenting with psychiatric manifestations. In this study, we examined the clinical correlates of mental disorders in two groups of psychiatric patients, one with BGC and one with normal radiologic studies.Methods:In a retrospective cross-sectional case-control study of patients admitted to the psychiatric ward in Al Ain Hospital between January 2011 and December 2013, we compared all 15 patients diagnosed with BGC and 30 control patients who had normal radiologic findings.Results:The BGC group's psychiatric symptoms began when they were aged in their 30s and 40s, later than the controls' 20s and 30s (P=0.001). More of the BGC group than the controls had cognitive symptoms (60% versus 6.7%, P=0.001). The BGC group was more likely to have chronic medical comorbidities (66.7% versus 20%, P=0.003). The BGC group's mean serum calcium was lower than the controls' (P=0.003) and the C-reactive protein was higher (P=0.049). We did not find significant differences between the groups in psychiatric diagnoses; five of the 15 patients with BGC had mood disorders and four of the 15 had psychotic disorders.Conclusions:Patients with BGC tend to develop psychiatric symptoms later in life than other psychiatric patients, and have higher rates of medical comorbidities. Many patients with BGC have cognitive symptoms, which can be concurrent with a mood or psychotic disorder.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
{"token": "Thermal comfort in physiotherapy centers: Evaluation of the neutral temperature and interaction with the other comfort domains. Not many studies regarding comfort in physiotherapy centers are present in literature. These facilities host both therapists and patients, who can have different age and health status and perform different activities. For this reason, the assessment of indoor environment can be difficult, and models available in technical standards and in the literature may poorly represent the occupants of physiotherapy centers. In this study, environmental wellbeing of therapists and patients was analysed in two facilities located in Italy and Denmark, in terms of thermal comfort and its interaction with other environmental quality domains (visual, air quality, acoustic). Separately for the heating and non-heating periods, measurements of the physical quantities and subjective questionnaire surveys were applied. Fanger's and adaptive models were used, while the influence of metabolic rate and subjective parameters on thermal comfort of occupants was investigated with statistical analyses. The neutral temperatures of the different occupants were assessed by means of different methods, and statistical analyses allowed to study the interaction of thermal comfort with the other domains. The study highlighted: 1. Limitations of current thermal comfort models when used in physiotherapy centers, being the metabolic rate difficult to estimate and subjective thermal sensation and satisfaction dependent on subjective parameters not included in the models (type of occupant, age, health status and gender); 2. Unsuitability of linear regression for estimating the neutral temperatures; 3. High tolerance and adaptability of therapists and patients to the temperatures in both seasons; 4. Association of thermal satisfaction with satisfaction with other environmental parameters.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "The influence of gravitational lensing on the spectra of lensed quasi-stellar objects. We consider the influence of (milli/micro) lensing on the spectra of lensed quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). We propose a method for the observational detection of microlensing in the spectra of lensed QSOs and apply it to the spectra of three lensed QSOs (PG 1115 + 080, Q1413 + 117 and Q0957 + 561) observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. We find that the flux ratio between images A1 and A2 of PG 1115 + 080 is wavelength-dependent and shows differential magnification between the emission lines and the continuum. We interpret this magnification as arising from millilensing. We also find that the temporal variations in the continuum of image C of Q1413 + 117 may be caused by microlensing, while the temporal variation observed in Q0957 + 561 was probably an intrinsic one.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Barbarity' and 'Civilization' according to perpetrators of State violence during the last dictatorship in Argentina. At first, through a genetical perspective, two key connotations of the barbarity / civilization dichotomy are located at its time of entry in the political language during the first part of the 19th century, in order to show under which form discourses produced 150 years later in the Argentinian context, are still impregnated from them. Then, specific persistencies of this notional couple are explored, from its moral to its identity-based dimension, when it is assimilated into the worldview of people who regularly transgressed the proscription of murder and torture.In this article, I would like to suggest permanencies in the frames of thought in terms of barbarity and civilization in the speeches of perpetrators of serious State violence in Argentina. This research is based on extensive testimonies such as autobiographical accounts (\\\\' memoirs \\\\') and non-judiciary interviews, from soldiers and policemen who were active just before and during Argentina's last military dictatorship (1976-1983) and spoke a posteriori about this past. To carry a necessary glance on the transhistorical and relevant connotations of this notional couple, I will refer to historical works of the political culture approach.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Video-electroencephalography investigation of ictal alterations of consciousness in epilepsy and nonepileptic attack disorder: Practical considerations. The ictal assessment of consciousness is of central importance in the differential diagnosis of epilepsy and nonepileptic attack disorder (NEAD). Long-term video-electroencephalography (video-EEG) is currently considered the gold standard investigative technique for the evaluation of patients with recurrent attacks associated with transient alterations of arousal responsiveness) and/or awareness experiential states). This paper offers a concise review focusing on the practical aspects of clinical relevance in the video-EEG diagnostic work-out of inpatients with suspected epilepsy or NEAD, as outlined in existing guidelines and recommendations. The reviewed literature implies that both implementation of specific procedures (e.g., activation maneuvers) and interpersonal approach (e.g., monitoring protocols) during video-EEG should be tailored to the individual patient's presentation. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Plant regeneration in leaf culture of Centaurium erythraea Rafn. Part 3: de novo transcriptome assembly and validation of housekeeping genes for studies of in vitro morphogenesis. Key message De novo assembled and fully annotated Centaurim erythraea transcriptome is publically available along with validated housekeeping genes with stable expression during in vitro development and mechanical injury.Centaurium erythraea Rafn. (common centaury, Gentianaceae) is a medicinal plant with great regeneration potential and developmental plasticity in vitro. Centaury can be regenerated from leaf explants by both somatic embryogenesis (SE) and shoot development (SD). We believe that its regeneration potential and developmental plasticity rest on high activity of certain genes, which may not be active or present in species recalcitrant to in vitro regeneration. However, there are no sequenced Gentianaceae genomes to support investigation of the molecular events during SE or SD. To this end, we have sequenced six centaury transcriptomes (embryogenic calli, globular somatic embryos, cotyledonary somatic embryos, adventitious buds, leaves and roots of in vitro grown plants) and de novo assembled centaury referent transcriptome comprising 105.726 genes. The high quality and completeness transcriptome was functionally annotated against NCBI nt, Swissprot and PFAM databases with KOG and GO enrichment. In addition, 11 housekeeping and functional genes were validated for expression stability in 27 tissue samples representing the processes of SE and SD, plants from nature and wounded tissues using GeNorm and NormFinder. The most stable genes that can be used for expression studies during SE, SD and in vitro manipulations are Ribosomal protein L2 (RPL2) and TATA binding protein 1 (TBP1) in combination with RAS (Rat Sarcoma)-related Nuclear protein (RAN) or Adenosine kinase (AK). These results comprise a complete framework for the search for genes involved in SE and SD, but may also be useful in identifying genes involved in biosynthesis of C. erythraea secondary metabolites.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 9]}
{"token": "A practical scheme for induction motor speed sensorless field-oriented control. This paper deals with a practical scheme of induction motor drive speed sensorless control. It requires the presence of an adaptive flux observer. The speed estimator is based on the induction motor magnetic characteristic slope approximation to the mutual inductance value. Encouraging simulation results have been obtained.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Crystal field analysis of energy level structure of LiAlO2 : V3+ and LiGaO2 : V3+. A detailed analysis of the energy level structure of tetrahedrally coordinated V3+ ion in lithium aluminum oxide LiAlO2 (gamma-phase) and lithium dioxogallate LiGaO2 is performed using the exchange charge model of the crystal field theory. The parameters of the crystal field acting on the V3+ optical electrons are calculated from crystal structure data assuming C-1 point symmetry of the [VO4](5-) impurity center in LiAlO2 and LiGaO2. Crystal field splitting of all five LS terms of the V3+ ion (F-3, (3)p, S-1, D-1, (1)G) is calculated. The energy levels obtained are compared with experimental absorption spectra and results of application of other crystal field models (the angular overlap model and Racah theory) to the considered crystals; though only one fitting parameter of the exchange charge model was used, a good agreement with experimental data on the ground and excited state absorption is demonstrated. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "MEDICATION ERRORS IN CARDIOPULMONARY ARREST AND CODE-RELATED SITUATIONS. PubMed/MEDLINE (1966-November 2014) was searched to identify relevant published studies on the overall frequency, types, and examples of medication errors during medical emergencies involving cardiopulmonary resuscitation and related situations, and the breakdown by type of error. The overall frequency of medication errors during medical emergencies, specifically situations related to resuscitation, is highly variable. Medication errors during such emergencies, particularly cardiopulmonary resuscitation and surrounding events, are not well characterized in the literature but may be more frequent than previously thought. Depending on whether research methods included database mining, simulation, or prospective observation of clinical practice, reported occurrence of medication errors during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and surrounding events has ranged from less than 1% to 50%. Because of the chaos of the resuscitation environment, errors in prescribing, dosing, preparing, labeling, and administering drugs are prone to occur. System-based strategies, such as infusion pump policies and code cart management, as well as personal strategies exist to minimize medication errors during emergency situations.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Toremifene-induced fatty liver and NASH in breast cancer patients with breast-conservation treatment. We have described fatty liver, diagnosed by computed tomography scanning (CT) in more than 30% of patients with breast cancel who received tamoxifen. Therefore, it is urgent to elucidate the frequency and the degree of fatty liver induced by toremifene, an analogue of tamoxifen, which is also used in br east cancer. We enrolled 52 breast cancer patients who were treated with breast-conservation treatment and administered oral toremifene for 3-5 years as adjuvant endocrine therapy. We evaluated the degree of fatty liver by abdominal CT performed annually. CT demonstrated toremifene-induced fatty liver in four (7.7%) of 52 breast cancer patients. Toremifene-induced fatty liver did not correlate with abnormal levels of AST, ALT, GGT or total cholesterol. One patient who demonstrated moderate fatty liver by CT was histologically diagnosed as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by liver biopsy. The incidence of toremifene-induced fatty liver was significantly lower than that induced by tamoxifen. Accordingly, in terms of fatty liver and NASH, toremifene is considered to be more appropriate agent than tamoxifen. Though toremifene is less likely to induce fatty liver, the possibility remains that toremifene-induced steatohepatitis occurs. Because the diagnosis of fatty liver or NASH can be easily missed if only a blood test is performed, it is necessary to screen fatty liver by annual CT examination for patients who receive an antiestrogen agent.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "GOD, CHRIST AND THE EVIL: COSMOLOGICAL DISPUTES AND TEMPORARY CYCLES IN SAN ANTONIO DEL CAJON (PROVINCE OF CATAMARCA, ARGENTINA). In San Antonio, Catamarca, Argentina, the dispute between God and Christ's forces, and evil's is narrated by the locals as a world's ruling principle. In it, people take active participation through the ritual action. In this article I present and discuss how this conflict is shaped in the yearly and daily cycles. In particular, I suggest the cosmological liaisons that are expressed annually, are repeated on a daily basis, in a way that the day results in a microcosmic repetition that is presented under similar organizing principles to those of the yearly cycle.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31, 30]}
{"token": "Graphical Peculiarities of Dostoevsky's Manuscripts (Based on the Materials of the Notebooks and Workbooks of the Years 1862-1865). This publication describes the preliminary results of graphical analysis carried out basing on the materials of Dostoevsky's workbooks of the first half of the 1860s, namely his \\\\'second\\\\' and \\\\'third\\\\' notebooks as well as one of his workbooks composed along with the previous ones (The Manuscripts Department of the Russian State Library. Funds 93.I.2.7, 93.I. 2.8; The Russian State Archive of Literature and Arts. Fund 212.1.3). Via concrete examples it is shown how a new database on Dostoevsky's writing can become an effective tool of the analysis of \\\\'difficult readings\\\\' in the writer's autographs. The article considers the possibility of using two methods of representing the texts of Dostoevsky's notebooks in the graphic analysis of a particular group of records in these notebooks related to calculations and publishing activities of Dostoevsky. A comprehensive study of this little-studied group of records belonging to several notebooks kept at the same time allowed revealing some common features. The intermediate results of graphical analysis of the figures appeared in Dostoevsky's manuscripts are presented in the form of a table, complementing a similar hand lettering table compiled last year.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Infant development and parental care in free-ranging Aotus azarai azarai in Argentina. Studies of infant development and parental behavior in free-ranging owl monkeys have been constrained by their nocturnal habits. Taking advantage of the cathemeral activity pattern of Aotus azarai azarai in the Argentinean Chaco, we describe the development of a cohort of free-ranging infants born in an owl monkey population in Formosa Province. We observed 7 infants, whose birth dates are known to the nearest week, to record details of their development and care between October 1999 and March 2000. We collected 92 h of behavioral data in 76 sessions. The infants were almost never off the parents during the first 4 wk of life, and we observed no infant being transported by a nonadult. The parent carrying the infant traveled most frequently in the middle of the group, sometimes first, but rarely last. The mean duration of 33 nursing episodes is 69 sec. After nursing, the infant was more likely to return to the nonnursing adult than to remain with the mother suggesting that in owl monkeys the infant may be primarily attached to the adult male in the group. Infants began to explore, to manipulate and to consume solid foods during the second month. Our observations are comparable to ones on captive breeding groups of Colombian owl monkeys (Aotus lemurinus) and Bolivian owl monkeys (A. azarai boliviensis) under controlled conditions of temperature, illumination and food availability.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Isoindigo-based microporous organic polymers for carbon dioxide capture. Isoindigo-based microporous organic polymers from nitrogen- and oxygen-rich 6,6'-dibromoisoindigo and its alkylated derivatives have been synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed Sonogashira-Hagihara cross-coupling reaction. The pore properties (pore size & surface area) of this kind of microporous organic polymers could be tuned by the alkyl groups connected to the 6,6'-dibromoisoindigo unit. Owing to the incorporation of nitrogen atoms and ketonic groups from the isoindigo unit into the skeleton of the microporous polymers, enhancing the binding affinity between the pore wall and CO2 molecules, the polymers show high isosteric heats of CO2 adsorption of 27.4-33.5 kJ mol(-1), which are higher than those of many reported porous organic polymers. Compared with the alkylated polymers of TBMIDM and TBMIDE, TBMID without an alkyl group exhibits a high CO2 uptake ability of 3.30 mmol g(-1) (1.13 bar/273 K) with a CO2/N-2 sorption selectivity of 58.8 : 1, because of the strong interactions between the polymer network and the polarizable CO2 molecules through dipole-quadrupole interactions and/or hydrogen bonding. These data demonstrate that these isoindigo-based microporous organic polymers could be potential candidates for applications in post-combustion CO2 capture and sequestration.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Eco-Physiological Screening of Different Tomato Genotypes in Response to High Temperatures: A Combined Field-to-Laboratory Approach. High temperatures represent a limitation for growth and development of many crop species. Several studies have demonstrated that the yield reduction of tomato under high temperatures and drought is mainly due to a photosynthetic decline. In this paper, a set of 15 tomato genotypes were screened for tolerance to elevated temperatures by cultivating plants under plastic walk-in tunnels. To assess the potential tolerance of tomato genotypes to high temperatures, measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence, pigments content and leaf functional traits have been carried out together with the evaluation of the final yields. Based on the greenhouse trials, a group of eight putative heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant tomato genotypes was selected for laboratory experiments aimed at investigating the effects of short-term high temperatures treatments in controlled conditions. The chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics were recorded on detached leaves treated for 60 min at 35 degrees C or at 45 degrees C. The last treatment significantly affected the photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency (namely maximum PSII quantum efficiency, F-v/F-m, and quantum yield of PSII electron transport, F phi(PSII)) and the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in the majority of genotypes. The short-term heat shock treatments also led to significant differences in the shape of the slow Kautsky kinetics and its significant time points (chlorophyll fluorescence levels minimum O, peak P, semi-steady state S, maximum M, terminal steady state T) compared to the control, demonstrating heat shock-induced changes in PSII functionality. Genotypes potentially tolerant to high temperatures have been identified. Our findings support the idea that chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (i.e., phi(PSII) or NPQ) and some leaf functional traits may be used as a tool to detect high temperatures-tolerant tomato cultivars.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Spinal muscular atrophy - Incidence in Iceland. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is among the commonest degenerative disorders of the nervous system in childhood. This is an inherited autosomal recessive disease which results in premature death of anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and is manifested by progressive weakness and atrophy of skeletal muscles. Few studies have looked at the frequency of the disease in a defined population. We identified all patients diagnosed with SMA in Iceland during a 15-year period. The diagnosis is based on typical symptoms and supported by results of electromyography/nerve conduction studies and muscle biopsy. The average annual incidence was 13.7 per 100,000 live births for all types of SMA, which is similar to that reported in other population-based studies.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Pure Shift NMR: Application of 1D PSYCHE and 1D TOCSY-PSYCHE Techniques for Directly Analyzing the Mixtures from Biomass-Derived Platform Compound Hydrogenation/Hydrogenolysis. Pure shift, a novel nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy technique is here applied to analyze the hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis products of the biomass-derived platform compounds. The complex and very overlapped H-1 NMR signals of the model mixtures from several biomass hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis reactions, such as glucose hydrogenation, sorbitol hydrogenolysis, levulinic acid (LA) formation, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol hydrogenolysis, and a real reaction system, were successfully analyzed and assigned by suppressing homonuclear couplings. Thus, we can clearly achieve component analysis and distinguish most signals according to one-dimensional (1D) pure shift obtained by chirp excitation (PSYCHE) spectra. For sophisticated mixtures, e.g., alpha-D-glucose, sorbitol, and mannitol, or LA, gamma-valerolactone, and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and finally the real reaction mixture, the 1D total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY)-PSYCHE approach was used as a supplementary tool to obtain full signals in one component. This allowed us to further resolve the signals where the PSYCHE technique failed to distinguish the signals sufficiently. The results demonstrated that the combined use of 1D PSYCHE and 1D TOCSY-PSYCHE techniques successfully analyzed various catalytic hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis mixtures and enabled us to provide precise signal assignments. Therefore, the pure shift NMR tool (a combination of 1D PSYCHE and 1D TOCSY-PSYCHE) can significantly simplify and successfully be used to assign the NMR spectra of the biomass-derived complex mixture, such as hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis reaction mixtures.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 39]}
{"token": "Shigella Subverts the Host Recycling Compartment to Rupture Its Vacuole. Shigella enters epithlial cells via internalization into a vacuole. Subsequent vacuolar membrane rupture allows bacterial escape into the cytosol for replication and cell-to-cell spread. Bacterial effectors such as IpgD, a PI(4,5)P2 phosphatase that generates PI(5)P and alters host actin, facilitate this internalization. Here, we identify host proteins involved in Shigella uptake and vacuolar membrane rupture by high-content siRNA screening and subsequently focus on Rab11, a constituent of the recycling compartment. Rab11-positive vesicles are recruited to the invasion site before vacuolar rupture, and Rab11 knockdown dramatically decreases vacuolar membrane rupture. Additionally, Rab11 recruitment is absent and vacuolar rupture is delayed in the ipgD mutant that does not dephosphorylate PI(4,5)P2 into PI(5)P. Ultrastructural analyses of Rab11-positive vesicles further reveal that ipgD mutant-containing vacuoles become confined in actin structures that likely contribute to delayed vacular rupture. These findings provide insight into the underlying molecular mechanism of vacuole progression and rupture during Shigella invasion.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
{"token": "A novel method based on maximum likelihood estimation for the construction of seismic fragility curves using numerical simulations. Seismic fragility curves presenting some probability of failure or of a damage state exceedance versus seismic intensity can be established by engineering judgment, empirical or numerical approaches. This paper focuses on the latter issue. In recent studies, three popular methods based on numerical simulations, comprising scaled seismic intensity, maximum likelihood estimation and probabilistic seismic demand/capacity models, have been studied and compared. The results obtained show that the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method is in general better than other ones. However, previous publications also indicated the dependence of the MLE method on the ground excitation input. The objective of this paper is thus to propose a novel method improving the existing MLE one. Improvements are based on probabilistic ground motion information, which is taken into account in the proposed procedure. The validity of this new approach is verified by analytical tests and numerical examples. (C) 2017 Acadmie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Cuticular wax deposition in growing barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves commences in relation to the point of emergence of epidermal cells from the sheaths of older leaves. In grasses, leaf cells divide and expand within the sheaths of older leaves, where the micro-environment differs from the open atmosphere. By the time epidermal cells are displaced into the atmosphere, they must have a functional cuticle to minimize uncontrolled water loss. In the present study, gas chromatography and scanning electron microscopy were used to follow cuticular wax deposition along the growing leaf three of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). 1-Hexacosanol (C-26 alcohol) comprised more than 75% of extractable cuticular wax and was used as a marker for wax deposition. There was no detectable wax along the first 20 mm from the point of leaf insertion. Deposition started within the distal portion of the elongation zone (23-45 mm) and continued beyond the point of leaf emergence from the sheath of leaf two. The region where wax deposition commenced shifted towards more proximal (basal) positions when the point of leaf emergence was lowered by stripping back part of the sheath. When relative humidity in the shoot environment was elevated from 70% (standard growth conditions) to 92-96% for up to 4 days prior to analysis, wax deposition did not change significantly. The results show that cuticular waxes are deposited along the growing grass leaf independent of cell age or developmental stage. Instead, the reference point for wax deposition appears to be the point of emergence of cells into the atmosphere. The possibility of changes in relative humidity between enclosed and emerged leaf regions triggering wax deposition is discussed.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "ACMEISM AND MARINA TSVETAEVA'S WORLD OF POETRY. Usually Marina Tsvetaeva (1892-1941) is considered to be a poet who was not associated with any literary trend. However, with a strong artistic personality, she had experienced a noticeable influence of a number of national and foreign authors. As one of the most significant poets of the early twentieth century, Tsvetaeva in her creative formation and development embodied those laws of literary and historical processes which were characteristic of the literary epoch. The time when she began writing poems coincided with the emergence of acmeism and mainstreaming its talented representatives -Gumilev, Akhmatova, Mandelstam, close to them was Maximilian Voloshin. Therefore, it seems necessary to investigate the impact of acmeism on the formation of Tsvetaeva's poetic world. This theme in the studies of Tsvetaeva. s creative heritage remains open. At the same time, in Tsvetaeva. s typology and artistic system we see volition, active acceptance of life, experience of objectivity, and not only musicality, but also picturesque images in conjunction with the general context of world culture. The development of these traits by Marina Tsvetaeva happened to a great extent due to the active perception of acmeism creative attitudes and traditions.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "The transmission of 'The West Saxon Royal Genealogy': a phylogenetic approach. We present a case study in the application of phylogenetic and other computational analyses to an Old English textual tradition. We chose the West Saxon royal genealogy for investigation because there are interesting problems in ascertaining the transmission of the text. We present a concise, up-to-date account of the manuscript tradition, a summary of the scholarly literature including current debates, and discuss phylogenetic and other analyses used to explore the tradition. We show how the results from phylogenetic analysis are consistent with interpretations advanced by scholars based on traditional methods of textual criticism. We also suggest a new textual grouping not mentioned before in the literature, and thus offer a new insight into this tradition. The suggested textual relationship finds support on historical and palaeographical grounds, and on that basis, we postulate the existence of a lost eleventh-century exemplar from Canterbury. The value of this article therefore lies in two main directions: first, we demonstrate the value of employing a combination of phylogenetic and other computer-based analysis methods with an Old English tradition; and second, we offer a striking new insight into the transmission and textual history of an important medieval English text.", "label": [3, 28, 30]}
{"token": "GREAT: the SOFIA high-frequency heterodyne instrument. We describe the design and construction of GREAT (German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies) operated on the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). GREAT is a modular dual-color heterodyne instrument for high-resolution far-infrared (FIR) spectroscopy. Selected for SOFIA's Early Science demonstration, the instrument has successfully performed three Short and more than a dozen Basic Science flights since first light was recorded on its April 1, 2011 commissioning flight. We report on the in-flight performance and operation of the receiver that - in various flight configurations, with three different detector channels - observed in several science-defined frequency windows between 1.25 and 2.5 THz. The receiver optics was verified to be diffraction-limited as designed, with nominal efficiencies; receiver sensitivities are state-of-the-art, with excellent system stability. The modular design allows for the continuous integration of latest technologies; we briefly discuss additional channels under development and ongoing improvements for Cycle 1 observations. GREAT is a principal investigator instrument, developed by a consortium of four German research institutes, available to the SOFIA users on a collaborative basis.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "A potential lignan botanical insecticide from Phryma leptostachya against Aedes aegypti: laboratory selection, metabolic mechanism, and resistance risk assessment. The development of resistance to mosquitocides highlights the need for new insecticides that can be incorporated into a rational resistance management strategy. Botanical insecticides that are highly effective and safe to non-target organisms have recently gained attention. Haedoxan A (HA) is a lignan isolated from Phryma leptostachya L. that exhibits high activity against mosquito larvae. In the present study, we subjected Waco mosquitoes, a susceptible Aedes aegypti (L.) line, to selection with HA to investigate the insecticidal properties of HA and the mechanisms underlying the development of HA resistance. The resistance ratio achieved by third instar larvae from the HA-resistant (HAR) line at G(19) was 20.354-fold higher than that of the Waco line. Synergist tests showed that the HAR line developed resistance mainly via enhanced cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activity. The realized heritability of resistance to HA in Ae. aegypti was 0.159. Resistance risk assessment indicated that 18 generations of Ae. aegypti are required for a tenfold increase in the LC50 in real-world HA application. Moreover, HA had very low cross-resistance with imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos in the HAR line compared with the Waco line. Therefore, HA shows promise as a botanical insecticide for mosquito control.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Structural Characterization of Al65Cu20Fe15 Melt-Spun Alloy by X-ray, Neutron Diffraction, High-Resolution Electron Microscopy and Mossbauer Spectroscopy. The aim of the work was to characterize the structure of Al65Cu20Fe15 alloy obtained with the use of conventional casting and rapid solidification-melt-spinning technology. Based on the literature data, the possibility of an icosahedral quasicrystalline phase forming in the Al-Cu-Fe was verified. Structure analysis was performed based on the results of X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, Fe-57 Mossbauer and transmission electron microscopy. Studies using differential scanning calorimetry were carried out to describe the crystallization mechanism. Additionally, electrochemical tests were performed in order to characterize the influence of the structure and cooling rate on the corrosion resistance. On the basis of the structural studies, the formation of a metastable icosahedral phase and partial amorphous state of ribbon structure were demonstrated. The possibility of the formation of icosahedral quasicrystalline phase I-AlCuFe together with the crystalline phases was indicated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), neutron diffraction (ND) patterns, Mossbauer spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves. The beneficial effect of the application of rapid solidification on the corrosive properties was also confirmed.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Effect of heavy ion-beam irradiation on plant growth and mutation induction in Nicotiana tabacum. Ion-beam mutagenesis is a highly effective way to rapidly create new cultivars. To optimize conditions for heavy ion mutagenesis, we irradiated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) tissues at various developmental stages with heavy ion beams of various doses and examined the effects of irradiation by monitoring plant growth and mutation induction. The effects differed among irradiated tissues. Sensitivity to heavy ion-beam irradiation increased in the following order: dry seeds, imbibed seeds, and culture tissues. We isolated three white flower mutants. One, BWF1, was found to be a novel mutant, in which the synthesis of proanthocyanidin was up-regulated. The others may have a mutation in some regulatory genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. These results suggest that the developmental state of plant tissues is critical for efficient plant mutagenesis, and that the broad spectrum of mutations may be induced by heavy ion-beam irradiation at molecular level.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 9]}
{"token": "Application of the EIIP/ISM bioinformatics concept in development of new drugs. The development of a new therapeutic drug is a complex, lengthy and expensive process. On average, only one out of 10,000 - 30,000 originally synthesized compounds will clear all the hurdles on the way to becoming a commercially available drug. The process of early and full preclinical discovery and clinical development for a new drug can take twelve to fifteen years to complete, and cost approximately 800 million dollars. The field of bioinformatics has become a major part of the drug discovery pipeline playing a key role in improvement and acceleration of this time and money consuming process. Here we reviewed the application of the EIIP/ISM bioinformatics concept for the development of new drugs. This approach., connecting the electronion interaction potential of organic molecules and their biological properties, can significantly reduce development time through (i) identification of promising lead compounds that have some activity against a disease by fast virtual screening of the large molecular libraries, (ii) refinement of selected lead compounds in order to increase their biological activity, and (iii) identification of domains of proteins and nucleotide sequences representing potential targets for therapy. Special attention is paid in this review to the application of the EIIP/ISM bioinformatics platform along with other experimental techniques (screening of a phage displayed peptide libraries, testing selected peptides and small molecules for antiviral activity in vitro) in development of HIV entry inhibitors, representing a new generation of the AIDS drugs.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Complementary Medicine and the Role of Oncology Nurses in an Acute Care Hospital: The Gap Between Attitudes and Practice. Methods: Nurses completed a knowledge and attitude questionnaire developed for the current study. Data were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric statistical tests.Main Research Variables: Hospital nurses' knowledge of and attitudes toward CM, and attitudes toward integrating CM into the role of the hospital oncology nurse.Findings: Nurses lack knowledge and are unaware of the risks associated with CM. However, they believe this approach can improve the quality of life of patients with cancer; 51% expressed an interest in receiving training. Oncology nurses were ambivalent about the feasibility of applying an integrative approach, whereas nurse managers expressed significantly more positive attitudes toward integrating CM within the scope of nursing practices.Conclusions: A large discrepancy remains between nurses' strong interest in CM and awareness of associated benefits, and their ambivalence toward its integration in their nursing practice.Setting: Rambam Health Care Campus in northern Israel.Implications for Nursing: Although improving nurses' knowledge should be mandatory, it remains insufficient; a shift in the approach to integrating CM into conventional health care is needed, from practitioners' responsibility to healthcare policymakers' responsibility. Legislations and policies are necessary, along with providing respectable infrastructures.Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional study.Purpose/Objectives: To describe hospital nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding complementary medicine (CM); to compare the knowledge and attitudes of nurse managers to staff nurses with diverse oncology experience; and to assess attitudes toward integrating CM into the role of the hospital oncology nurse.Sample: A convenience sample of 434 hospital nurses with varied oncology experience.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Efficient electron transfer from hydrogen to benzyl viologen by the [NiFe]-hydrogenases of Escherichia coli is dependent on the coexpression of the iron-sulfur cluster-containing small subunit. Escherichia coli can both oxidize hydrogen and reduce protons. These activities involve three distinct [NiFe]-hydrogenases, termed Hyd-1, Hyd-2, and Hyd-3, each minimally comprising heterodimers of a large subunit, containing the [NiFe] active site, and a small subunit, bearing iron-sulfur clusters. Dihydrogen-oxidizing activity can be determined using redox dyes like benzyl viologen (BV); however, it is unclear whether electron transfer to BV occurs directly at the active site, or via an iron-sulfur center in the small subunit. Plasmids encoding Strep-tagged derivatives of the large subunits of the three E. coli [NiFe]-hydrogenases restored activity of the respective hydrogenase to strain FTD147, which carries in-frame deletions in the hyaB, hybC, and hycE genes encoding the large subunits of Hyd-1, Hyd-2, and Hyd-3, respectively. Purified Strep-HyaB was associated with the Hyd-1 small subunit (HyaA), and purified Strep-HybC was associated with the Hyd-2 small subunit (HybO), and a second iron-sulfur protein, HybA. However, Strep-HybC isolated from a hybO mutant had no other associated subunits and lacked BV-dependent hydrogenase activity. Mutants deleted separately for hyaA, hybO, or hycG (Hyd-3 small subunit) lacked BV-linked hydrogenase activity, despite the Hyd-1 and Hyd-2 large subunits being processed. These findings demonstrate that hydrogenase-dependent reduction of BV requires the small subunit.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "IMPLICATIONS OF THE GALLEX SOURCE EXPERIMENT FOR THE SOLAR-NEUTRINO PROBLEM. We argue that, prior to the recent GALLEX Cr-15 source experiment, the excited state contributions to the Ga-71 capture cross section for Cr-51 and Be-7 neutrinos were poorly constrained, despite forward-angle (p,n) measurements. We describe the origin of the uncertainties and estimate their extent. We explore the implications of the source experiment for solar neutrino capture in light of these uncertainties. A reanalysis of the Be-7 and B-8 flux constraints and MSW solutions of the solar neutrino puzzle is presented.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Changes in the Content of Biogenic Amines and Fatty Acids in High Pressure-Processed Carp Flesh (Cyprinus carpio). Biogenic amine and fatty acid contents were determined in vacuum-packed fillets of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Samples were pressure treated at 300 and 500 MPa and were stored at 3.5 and 12 degrees C for up to 28 days (control, 0 MPa) and 70 days (pressure-treated). The content of eight biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, and phenylethylamine) were determined. Putrescine and cadaverine were influenced by all factors (temperature, pressurization level, and time of storage). Tyramine content was the most sensitive indicator of the improper status of sample, levels exceeding 10 mg/kg indicated both the loss of meat freshness and temperature abuse, in spite of persisting good sensory indices. Neither storage temperature nor pressurization level had a statistically important effect on the contents of fatty acids. Only polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased slightly if the storage time exceeded 42 days.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
{"token": "Artificial neural network application for identifying risk of depression in high school students: a cross-sectional study. Background Identifying important factors contributing to depression is necessary for interrupting risk pathways to minimize adolescent depression. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression in high school students and develop a model for identifying risk of depression among adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 1190 adolescents from two high schools in eastern China participated in the study. Artificial neurol network (ANN) was used to establish the identification model. Results The prevalence of depression was 29.9% among the students. The model showed the top five protective and risk factors including perceived stress, life events, optimism, self-compassion and resilience. ANN model accuracy was 81.06%, with sensitivity 65.3%, specificity 88.4%, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves 0.846 in testing dataset. Conclusion The ANN showed the good performance in identifying risk of depression. Promoting the protective factors and reducing the level of risk factors facilitate preventing and relieving depression.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Impact of chemotherapy-induced alopecia distress on body image, psychosocial well-being, and depression in breast cancer patients. ConclusionsChemotherapy-induced alopecia distress was negatively associated with body image, psychosocial well-being, and depression in women with breast cancer. It is necessary to develop specific interventions to minimize distress due to alopecia for women with breast cancer. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.PurposeThis study aims to evaluate the impact of chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) distress on body image, psychosocial well-being, and depression among breast cancer patients.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted at the breast cancer advocacy events held at 16 hospitals in Korea. Alopecia distress was assessed using the Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia Distress Scale', body image and psychosocial well-being were measured by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 and breast specific module (BR23), and depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. Means of outcomes were compared between low and high CIA distress groups. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models were used to analyze the relationship between the CIA distress and body image, psychosocial well-being, and depression.ResultsOne hundred sixty-eight breast cancer patients participated in the study; the mean age was 48.4 (SD=8.4) years, and 55.3% of the patients experienced higher distress from alopecia. In fully adjusted models, the high distress group was more likely to have a poorer body image than the low distress group (35.2 vs. 62.0; p &#60;0.001). Distressed patients were also more likely to report lower emotional (55.3 vs. 76.9; p &#60;0.001), role (58.6 vs. 72.0; p &#60;0.001), and social functioning (51.3 vs. 70.9; p &#60;0.001). The high distress group was also more likely to have depression compared with the low distress group (19.6 vs. 14.8; p &#60;0.001).", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 55]}
{"token": "A comparison of sedimentary DNA and pollen from lake sediments in recording vegetation composition at the Siberian treeline. Reliable information on past and present vegetation is important to project future changes, especially for rapidly transitioning areas such as the boreal treeline. To study past vegetation, pollen analysis is common, while current vegetation is usually assessed by field surveys. Application of detailed sedimentary DNA (sedDNA) records has the potential to enhance our understanding of vegetation changes, but studies systematically investigating the power of this proxy are rare to date. This study compares sedDNA metabarcoding and pollen records from surface sediments of 31 lakes along a north-south gradient of increasing forest cover in northern Siberia (Taymyr peninsula) with data from field surveys in the surroundings of the lakes. sedDNA metabarcoding recorded 114 plant taxa, about half of them to species level, while pollen analyses identified 43 taxa, both exceeding the 31 taxa found by vegetation field surveys. Increasing Larix percentages from north to south were consistently recorded by all three methods and principal component analyses based on percentage data of vegetation surveys and DNA sequences separated tundra from forested sites. Comparisons of the ordinations using procrustes and protest analyses show a significant fit among all compared pairs of records. Despite similarities of sedDNA and pollen records, certain idiosyncrasies, such as high percentages of Alnus and Betula in all pollen and high percentages of Salix in all sedDNA spectra, are observable. Our results from the tundra to single-tree tundra transition zone show that sedDNA analyses perform better than pollen in recording site-specific richness (i.e., presence/absence of taxa in the vicinity of the lake) and perform as well as pollen in tracing vegetation composition.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Plasmid DNA is released from nanosized acicular material surface by low molecular weight oligonucleotides: exogenous plasmid acquisition mechanism for penetration intermediates based on the Yoshida effect. When a colloidal solution consisting of nanosized acicular material and bacterial cells is stimulated with sliding friction at the interface between the hydrogel and interface-forming material where the frictional coefficient increases rapidly, the nanosized acicular material accompanying the bacterial cells forms a penetration intermediate. This effect is known as the Yoshida effect in honor of its discoverer. Through the Yoshida effect, a novel property in which penetration intermediates incorporate exogenous plasmid DNA has been identified. This report proposes a possible mechanism for exogenous plasmid acquisition by penetration intermediates in the Yoshida effect. Escherichia coli cells, pUC18, and chrysotile were used as recipient cells, plasmid DNA, and nanosized acicular material, respectively. Even when repeatedly washing the mixture consisting of pUC18 and chrysotile, transformation efficiency by pUC18 was stable. Accordingly, pUC18 adsorbed onto chrysotile was introduced into recipient E. coli cells. At saturation, the amount of pUC18 adsorbed onto chrysotile was 0.8-1.2 mu g/mg. To investigate whether pUC18 adsorbed on chrysotile is replicated by polymerase, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out with the chrysotile. Amplification of the beta-lactamase gene coded in pUC18, which was adsorbed onto chrysotile, was strongly inhibited. This suggests that DNA adsorbed onto chrysotile is not replicated in vivo. When we searched for substances to release pUC18 adsorbed onto chrysotile, we found that a 300-bp single- or double-stranded segment of DNA releases pUC18 from chrysotile. Competitive adsorption onto chrysotile between double-stranded DNA and pUC18 was then examined through the Yoshida effect. The 310- and 603-bp double-stranded nucleotides caused 50% competitive inhibition at the same molar ratio with pUC18. Hence, the adsorbed region of pUC18 is about 300 bp in length. As the culture period for recipient cells increases, transformation efficiency decreases while the expression levels of small RNA of 300-600 bp also decrease. These results suggest that pUC18 adsorbed onto chrysotile can be released by 300-bp small RNA, replicated by DNA polymerase, and transferred to daughter cells.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Who Participates in Popular Feasts and Festivals? An Empirical Approach from Cultural Economics Applied to the Carnival of Barranquilla (Colombia). The empirical analysis of individual participation in local and popular feasts and festivals is a field little explored by cultural economists. This article proposes a methodological scheme to analyse the profile of the participants in local and popular feasts and carnivals, allowing the establishment of a taxonomy that captures the heterogeneity of the participants replicable to other festivities and carnivals around the world. Similarly, participation equations that allow the analysis of the influence of context variables on individual decisions to participate in these types of events are estimated. For this, the Carnival of Barranquilla, the largest and most representative popular celebration in Colombia and declared by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, is used as a case study. The data were obtained from the Citizen Perception Survey of the Barranquilla Como Vamos programme, which evaluates the quality of life and the fulfilment of development plans in that city, and an empirical strategy is employed consisting of the estimation of a probit discrete choice model, which allows modelling the individual decisions of a time-intensive good, such as a carnival, with a strong influence of traditional variables, such as cultural capital and the availability of leisure time, and other context variables: location of people in the territory, stratification and poverty. The different profiles found offer information on the different strategies that can be implemented from public policy to stimulate greater participation by the population in popular festivities and festivals.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Novel recessive mutations in COQ4 cause severe infantile cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy associated with CoQ(10) deficiency. Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) or ubiquinone is one of the two electron carriers in the mitochondrial respiratory chain which has an essential role in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Defects in CoQ(10) synthesis are usually associated with the impaired function of CoQ(10)-dependent complexes I, II and III. The recessively transmitted CoQ(10) deficiency has been associated with a number of phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous groups of disorders manifesting at variable age of onset. The infantile, multisystemic presentation is usually caused by mutations in genes directly involved in CoQ(10) biosynthesis. To date, mutations in COQ1 (PDSS1 and PDSS2), COQ2, COQ4, COQ6, COQ7, COQ8A/ADCK3, COQ8B/ADCK4, and COQ9 genes have been identified in patients with primary form of CoQ(10) deficiency. Here we report novel mutations in the COQ4 gene, which were identified in an infant with profound mitochondrial disease presenting with perinatal seizures, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and severe muscle CoQ(10) deficiency.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "THE TRANSLATION OF THE ENGLISH-SPANISH CODE CHANGE IN THE WORK 'THE BRIEF WONDROUS LIFE OF OSCAR WAO', BY JUNOT DIAZ. The use of English-Spanish code-switching by people of Hispanic origin in the United States has been the subject of studies in several disciplines; however, little has been said from the point of view of Translation Studies, even though the constant presence of two languages intermingled in a text is a feature that poses translation problems and requires the translator to adopt specific translation strategies. In this paper, I will firstly determine the characteristics of English- Spanish code-switching, focusing on its use in the so-called \\\\'Latin literature\\\\' in the United States. I will then analyze the code-switching present in Junot Diaz's The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, winner of the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for fiction, as well as the strategies employed in its only Spanish translation to date.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Genetic variation at nine short tandem repeat loci among islanders of the eastern Adriatic coast of Croatia. We have analyzed the extent of genetic variation at nine autosomal short tandem repeat loci (D3S1358, VWA, FGA, TH01, TPOX, CSF1PO, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820) among six populations from Croatia: five distributed in the islands of the eastern Adriatic coast and one from the mainland. The purpose is to investigate the usefulness of these loci in detecting regional genetic differentiation in the studied populations. Significant heterogeneity among the island and mainland populations is revealed in the distributions of allele frequencies; however, the absolute magnitude of the coefficient of gene differentiation is small but significant. The summary measures of genetic variation, namely, heterozygosity, number of alleles, and allele size variance, do not indicate reduced genetic variation in the island populations compared to the mainland population. In contrast to the two measures of genetic variation, allele size variance and within-locus heterozygosity, the imbalance index (8) indicates evidence of recent expansion of population sizes in all islands and in the mainland. High mutation rates of the studied loci together with local drift effects are likely explanations for interisland genetic variation and the observed lack of reduced genetic diversity among the island populations.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 56, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Authoritarianism, Ethnic Management and Non-Securitisation: The Kyrgyz Minority in Uzbekistan. Why was there no ethnicity-based violence in Uzbekistan in June 2010? That month there was widespread violence against ethnically Uzbek citizens of southern Kyrgyzstan. Although its occurrence might have been expected, there was no retaliation against the sizeable Kyrgyz minority of Uzbekistan. Following an overview of the relatively sparse research on this minority, the essay explores how authoritarian conflict management by the Uzbek government reanimated 'people's friendship' discourses, preventing both active mobilisation and the demonisation of a minority. It concludes with some reflections on the prospects for the future of ethnic minorities in Central Asia's nationalising republics.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Health systems resilience in managing the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons from 28 countries. Health systems resilience is key to learning lessons from country responses to crises such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this perspective, we review COVID-19 responses in 28 countries using a new health systems resilience framework. Through a combination of literature review, national government submissions and interviews with experts, we conducted a comparative analysis of national responses. We report on domains addressing governance and financing, health workforce, medical products and technologies, public health functions, health service delivery and community engagement to prevent and mitigate the spread of COVID-19. We then synthesize four salient elements that underlie highly effective national responses and offer recommendations toward strengthening health systems resilience globally.A review of COVID-19 responses in 28 selected countries identifies elements of highly effective public health responses and offers recommendations toward strengthening health systems resilience.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
{"token": "Experimental and numerical study on largely perforated steel shear plates with rectangular tube-shaped links. Steel plate shear wall is one of the most effective dissipation systems which are commonly used in buildings. In order to improve the hysteretic behavior of shear panels, large perforation patterns may be applied, transforming the shear plate into a sort of grid systems, where plastic deformations are concentrated on specific internal link elements. This study investigates the behavior of grid systems loaded in shear where the internal links are created by cutting out internal parts, leaving rectangular tube-shaped link elements. The influence of internal link geometry on the cyclic performance of the systems is investigated experimentally. To this purpose, two specimens that varied in the width of links were fabricated and tested. The results indicate that any increase in the width of links leads to the growth of the ultimate strength, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity. Likewise, the stress distribution and fracture tendency of the tested specimens have been simulated by the finite element software (ABAQUS) and validated according to the experimental results. Based on finite element results, a suitable analytical formulation for the prediction of the shear strength at several shear deformation demands, considering the effect of thickness of the link, has been provided. Moreover, to improve the fracture tendency of the specimens, butterfly-shaped links, which varied in the middle length, were applied. The obtained results, which have been interpreted by considering the equivalent plastic strain value, prove that the shear panel behavior improves significantly when butterfly-shaped links are considered.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "A motivational-cognitive model of creativity and the role of autonomy. Recent research has questioned the assumed positive relationship between intrinsic motivation and creativity. Going beyond previous studies that explored the question of \\\\'when\\\\' intrinsic motivation affects creativity, this research addresses the question of \\\\'how.\\\\' Drawing on motivated information processing theory, we propose a motivational-cognitive model of creativity, such that intrinsic motivation exerts a positive indirect effect on creativity through cognitive flexibility. Results from two field studies provide convincing empirical evidence for our central hypothesis. To further explore how the motivational-cognitive processes to creativity are stimulated, we identify job autonomy as a contextual antecedent and find that job autonomy is positively and serially related to creativity through intrinsic motivation and cognitive flexibility. Moreover, such a serial mediating effect is stronger when supervisory autonomy support is high. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Bianchi high scrotal approach revisited. Cryptorchidism is a common paediatric complaint and is traditionally managed surgically by orchidopexy. We aimed to prospectively review the success of the Bianchi high scrotal incision technique for performing orchidopexy in boys with palpable non-descended testis. A total of 206 orchidopexies were performed in 85 patients during a 5-year period. Testicular position was assessed at follow-up clinics at 6 weeks, 6 months and 2 years. Patients were also asked if they were pain free at each subsequent visit. A total of 206 Bianchi orchidopexies were performed successfully in 156 patients; one patient required an additional inguinal incision. The only post-operative complications were infections in two patients. Testes were palpable and remained in the scrotal sac after 6 weeks, 6 months and 2 years in 122 patients. Scarring was minimal and all patients and their parents were happy with the cosmetic appearance of the testes at follow-up. Our results led us to conclude that the high scrotal single incision Bianchi technique should be recommended to replace the traditional inguinal approach, which requires an additional incision in the management of undescended testis within the inguinal canal.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Cadmium, silicon and nutrient accumulation by maize plants grown on a contaminated soil amended with a diatomaceous Earth fertilizer. Given that cadmium (Cd) poses high persistence in the environment and toxicity to humans, strategies to either decrease or avoid Cd entry in the trophic chain are fundamental to secure food safety. Here we assessed the effects of applying rates of Si as a diatomaceous Earth-based fertilizer on the amelioration of Cd toxicity towards maize plants grown on soil with or without pH correction. Besides determining Si and Cd concentrations. we also evaluated plant accumulation of nutrients (N, P. K. Ca, Mg. Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn) as a function of Si doses applied to the soil. Results showed that both the Si application and the liming had a positive effect on biomass and nutrient uptake. but the Si effect on plants' performance took place irrespectively to the soil pH. Silicon ameliorated Cd phytotoxicity in both limed and unlimed soils by decreasing Cd concentration in shoots and improving biomass yield and plant nutrition. Silicon alleviation of Cd-inhibitory effects on plants was more effective in the unlimed soil owing to the higher Cd availability in acidic soils. Also, taking into account the reduced transfer of Cd to shoots driven by Si, lower Cd accumulation in maize grains is likely, with implications to food safety. So. flusher studies on field conditions are warranted.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "The BigCAT: A normative and comparative investigation of the communication attitude of nonstuttering and stuttering adults. Learning outcomes: (1) The reader will learn about the BigCAT, a self-report measure of speech-associated attitude. (2) The reader will be given normative and comparative data that relate to the speech-associated attitude of PWS and PWNS as measured by the BigCAT. This will enable the clinician to use the BigCAT data as a useful source of information in clinical decision making that relates to assessment and treatment. (3) The reader will be informed about the internal reliability and content validity of the BigCAT, a gender-free measure of the speech-associated attitude of PWS and PWNS. (c) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.The purpose of this investigation was to provide normative and comparative data for the BigCAT, the adult form of the Communication Attitude Test, a sub-test of the Behavior Assessment Battery. The BigCAT, a 35-item self-report test of speech-associated attitude was administered to 96 adults who stutter (PWS) and 216 adults who do not (PWNS). The difference in the extent to which the two groups of participants reported a negative attitude toward their speech and speech ability, as measured by the BigCAT, was statistically significant. Moreover, the overlap in the scores of the PWS and PWNS was minimal, and the effect size attributable to group membership was very large. The BigCATs high Cronbach Alpha coefficients, together with the fact that each of its items significantly differentiated PWS from PWNS, indicate that the BigCAT is an internally consistent measure of the attitude that they have about their speech. Gender did not have a significant influence on the attitude toward speech or speech ability of either the PWS or PWNS. Overall, the present data suggest that the BigCAT holds promise as an aid to clinical decision making that relates to the assessment and treatment of those who stutter.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Prognostic indicators of mortality of mechanically ventilated patients with acute leukemia in a comprehensive cancer center. Methods. In this case-control study, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of relevant patients >16 year old who had been admitted to the ICU at our institution over a 4-year period. The main outcome measure was 30-day hospital mortality Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine significant predictors of death.Results. For the 167 patients meeting our eligibility criteria, the median age was 61 years. The majority was admitted due to respiratory insufficiency/failure (69%). The 30-day hospital mortality rate was 62%. Independent predictors of 30-day hospital mortality were advanced disease status (odds ratio [OR]=3.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-6.77) and increased organ failure at the time of intubation (OR=1.17; 95% CI, 1.03-1.33) per point increase in the SOFA score. Patients who had received endotracheal intubation within the first 24 h of ICU admission were less likely than others to die (OR=0.46, 95% CI, 0.23-0.91) within the next 30 days after admission to the hospital.Conclusion. Advanced disease status and elevated SOFA scores at intubation are strong predictors of 30-day mortality in patients with acute leukemia and respiratory failure. The protective effect of early endotracheal intubation warrants further investigation. (Minerva Anestesiol 2013;79:147-155)Background. The prognosis for adult acute leukemia patients that require intensive care unit (ICU) admission and invasive mechanical ventilation is poor. We aimed to identify prognostic indicators of 30-day hospital mortality in adult patients who had acute leukemia and respiratory failure, who had received invasive mechanical ventilation in the ICU but who had not received blood and marrow transplantation, were not admitted due to cardiopulmonary arrest or myocardial infarction and, had not recently undergone surgery", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs A Neptune-mass planet traversing the habitable zone around HD 180617. Despite their activity, low-mass stars are of particular importance for the search of exoplanets by the means of Doppler spectroscopy, as planets with lower masses become detectable. We report on the discovery of a planetary companion around HD 180617, a bright (J = 5.58 mag), low-mass (M = 0.45 M-circle dot) star of spectral type M2.5 V. The star, located at a distance of 5.9 pc, is the primary of the high proper motion binary system containing vB 10, a star with one of the lowest masses known in most of the twentieth century. Our analysis is based on new radial velocity (RV) measurements made at red-optical wavelengths provided by the high-precision spectrograph CARMENES, which was designed to carry out a survey for Earth-like planets around M dwarfs. The available CARMENES data are augmented by archival Doppler measurements from HIRES and HARPS. Altogether, the RVs span more than 16 yr. The modeling of the RV variations, with a semi-amplitude of K = 2.85(-0.25)(+0.16)m s(-1), yields a Neptune-like planet with a minimum mass of 12.2(1.4)(+1.0) M-circle plus on a 105.90(-0.10)(+0.09) d circumprimary orbit, which is partly located in the host star's habitable zone. The analysis of time series of common activity indicators does not show any dependence on the detected RV signal. The discovery of HD 180617 b not only adds information to a currently hardly filled region of the mass-period diagram of exoplanets around M dwarfs, but the investigated system becomes the third known binary consisting of M dwarfs and hosting an exoplanet in an S-type configuration. Its proximity makes it an attractive candidate for future studies.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Experimental investigation on the statistics of rogue waves under a random wave background. In this study, experiments on rogue wave events under a background of random waves were conducted in the wave basin. The improved method for generating rogue waves, introduced by Wang et al. (2015) was applied. The rogue wave event also satisfied the requirements of the specific spectrum and wave parameters, such as Hs, Tp and y, through the wave calibration process. Wave statistical distributions were also analyzed and compared with the analytical and semi-analytical distributions widely used in practice, providing possible guidance for the generation of rogue wave events in random sea within a 3-h duration. Moreover, the study also shows the potential applications of this method in future seakeeping tests where the extreme wave-structure interaction needs to be considered.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Genogroup I and II noroviruses detected in stool samples by real-time reverse transcription-PCR using highly degenerate universal primers. Genogroup I noroviruses from five genetic clusters and genogroup II noroviruses from eight genetic clusters were detected in stool extracts using degenerate primers and single-tube, real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) with SYBR Green detection. Two degenerate primer sets, designated MON 431-433 and MON 432-434, were designed from consensus sequences from the major clusters of norovirus based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region of the norovirus genome. Viruses were extracted from stool samples within 20 min using a viral RNA extraction kit. Real-time RT-PCR for noroviruses generated semiquantitative results by means of the cycle threshold data and dilution endpoint standard curves. Presumptive product verification was achieved by evaluation of first-derivative melt graphs. Multiple clusters of noroviruses were identified simultaneously in a multiplex fashion by virtue of slight differences in melting temperature. The detection of 13 different genetic clusters suggests that the MON primers may serve as universal primers for most, if not all, of the noroviruses in a multiplex assay. Our technique provides a framework for broad application of real-time RT-PCR in clinical, environmental, and food testing laboratories for a wide range of noroviruses.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
{"token": "Fractionated extracts of Russian wheat aphid eliciting defense responses in wheat. It is hypothesized that the interaction between aphids and plants follows a gene-forgene model. The recent appearance of several new Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Homoptera: Aphididae), biotypes in the United States and the differential response of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., genotypes containing different resistance genes also suggest a gene-for-gene interaction. However, aphid elicitors remain unknown. This study was conducted to identify fractionated Russian wheat aphid extracts capable of eliciting differential responses between resistant and susceptible wheat genotypes. We extracted whole soluble compounds and separated proteins and metabolites from two Russian wheat aphid biotypes (1 and 2), injected these extracts into seedlings of susceptible wheat Gamtoos (dn7) and resistant 94M370 (Dn7), and determined phenotypic and biochemical plant responses. injections of whole extract or protein extract from both biotypes induced the typical susceptible symptom, leaf rolling, in the susceptible cultivar, but not in the resistant cultivar. Furthermore, multiple injections with protein extract from biotype 2 induced the development of chlorosis, head trapping, and stunting in susceptible wheat. Injection with metabolite, buffer, or chitin, did not produce any susceptible symptoms in either genotype. The protein extract from the two biotypes also induced significantly higher activities of three defense-response enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, and beta-glucanase) in 94M370 than in Gamtoos. These results indicate that a protein elicitor from the Russian wheat aphid is recognized by a plant receptor, and the recognition is mediated by the Dn7-gene product. The increased activities of defense-response enzymes in resistant plants after injection with the protein fraction suggest that defense response genes are induced after recognition of aphid elicitors by the plant.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "The new Macedonian Concessions and Public-Private Partnerships Act: A Need for Further Improvement?. Public-private partnership was not unknown in Macedonia prior to the adoption of the latest legislation on concessions and PPP in 2007. Many infrastructure and other public interest projects have been developed or tried in the form of concessions mainly at the state level over the past few years. The Concession and Other Forms of Public-Private Partnerships Act marks an important step towards stimulating more intensive use of public-private partnerships, particularly in developing infrastructure and public services at the local self-government level. One has to welcome the introduction of this very concept of the Public-Private Partnerships Act into the Macedonian legal system because it brings this form of financing local development closer to both public and private partners, and it makes the whole process of structuring and awarding PPP projects more transparent and clear.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory for Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Background: Dysphagia is a common side effect of anticancer treatments in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) and can worsen patients' quality of life. A well-established measure is essential to evaluate dysphagia in HNC patients. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the M. D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI-C) for HNC patients. Methods: A total of 220 subjects were included in the study. Reliability was examined by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient). Validity was evaluated with Spearman correlations (r). Results: The Cronbach's ! and intraclass correlation coefficient of the MDADI-C were.923 and 0.942, respectively. The criterion validity of the MDADI-C was 0.777. The Spearman correlation coefficients of the MDADI-C with the European Organization for Research Into the Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire for Head and Neck Cancer (r = j0.851), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (r = j0.424), radiotherapy dose (r = j0.553), and treatment regimens (r = j0.407) demonstrated good construct validity (all P <.01). Conclusions: The MDADI-C demonstrated good psychometric properties and would be a valuable tool for clinicians to screen dysphagia rapidly and evaluate its impact on the quality of life of HNC patients. Implications for Practice: The MDADI-C could be used to document and monitor the dysphagia level of HNC patients for clinicians, nurses, and researchers. This validated questionnaire will help nurses and doctors to improve dysphagia management in HNC patients and will allow researchers to compare the study results across different countries.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Tet-on inducible system combined with in ovo electroporation dissects multiple roles of genes in somitogenesis of chicken embryos. The in ovo electroporation technique in chicken embryos has enabled investigators to uncover the functions of numerous developmental genes. In this technique, the ubiquitous promoter, CAGGS (CMV base), has often been used for overexpression experiments. However, if a given gene plays a role in multiple steps of development and if overexpression of this gene causes fatal consequences at the time of electroporation, its roles in later steps of development would be overlooked. Thus, a technique with which expression of an electroporated DNA can be controlled in a stage-specific manner needs to be formulated. Here we show for the first time that the tetracycline-controlled expression method, \\\\'tet-on\\\\' and \\\\'tet-off', works efficiently to regulate gene expression in electroporated chicken embryos. We demonstrate that the onset or termination of expression of an electroporated DNA can be precisely controlled by timing the administration of tetracycline into an egg. Furthermore, with this technique we have revealed previously unknown roles of RhoA, cMeso-1 and Pax2 in early somitogenesis. In particular, cMeso-1 appears to be involved in cell condensation of a newly forming somite by regulating Pax2 and NCAM expression. Thus, the novel molecular technique in chickens proposed in this study provides a useful tool to investigate stage-specific roles of developmental genes. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "ROLE OF AUDIT IN MANAGING PUBLIC INTEREST ENTITIES. The article discusses current issues of interaction between external auditors and management of public interest entities with the aim of making managerial decisions aimed at ensuring the continuity of an entity, ensuring balance between resources and their sources, eliminating distortions in financial statements.Based on the study, it has been found that the definition of << public interest >> is inextricably linked with the economic benefits of interested financial statements users. Internal control (audit) is aimed at prompt response to negative effects of economic activity. Considering financial performance generally, external audit provides users with reliable information on financial and property status of the audited entity, its financial results, and changes in cash flow and equity. Management team of a public interest entity has to create an audit committee to interact with an external auditor. At the same time, an external auditor creates an additional report and informs the audit committee on the applied principles of independence, on the key partner, on the auditors involved, on the scope and timing of the statutory audit, on the audit methodology, the materiality level chosen for the audit, on business continuity of the audited entity, on the shortcomings of its quality control system, on identified violations of the law, and on the interaction of auditors and management during the audit. A letter from the auditor to those with the highest managerial authority also contains information about the internal control system and its ability to identify deviations from legislative norms. A final document informing report users on financial and property status, operating activity, cash flow and equity statements of the audited entity is an audit report, which may include the following opinions of an auditor: unqualified opinion, qualified opinion, adverse opinion, and disclaimer of opinion. The management of the audited entity makes decisions on adjusting internal control system, financial statements, and revealed deviations from legislative norms based on audit documents preceding the report and the audit report itself. The procedure for adjusting the customer's internal control system of the audit, its financial statements identified during the inspection of deviations from existing legislative standards on the basis of audit documents preceding the audit report and an additional report for the audit committee of the enterprise is considered.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Long-term effects of mental disorders on marital outcomes in the National Comorbidity Survey ten-year follow-up. Conclusions Individuals with common mental disorders are at greater risk of marital dissolution and are less likely to enter new marriages. These factors contribute to the diminished social engagement and social support for individuals with these disorders. Interventions aimed at improving marital and family relationships could potentially ameliorate the effect of mental disorders on these vital social ties.Purpose Epidemiological research has consistently shown an association between mental disorders and marital dissolution. However, this research mostly examined the association of divorce as a risk factor for mental illness. This study prospectively examined the associations of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders with future marital dissolution and new marriages in a representative population sample.Methods The study used data from the National Comorbidity Survey panel study-a two-wave community epidemiological survey of 5001 participants interviewed in 1990-1992 and re-interviewed in 2001-2003. Mental disorders were ascertained with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, a fully structured instrument. Associations of baseline lifetime disorders and disorders with onset after the baseline with subsequent divorce and marriage/remarriage were examined using discrete-time survival analysis models.Results Mental disorders at baseline or with onset after baseline were associated with significantly greater odds of subsequent divorce among respondents who either were married at baseline or got married after baseline. Mental disorders with onset after baseline were associated with smaller odds of marriage or remarriage. Projections assuming causal effects of mental illness on marital outcomes suggest that preventing the effects of common mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders would be associated with 6.7 million fewer divorces and 3.5 million more marriages in the US population over an 11-year period.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "A Refutation of Frege's Context Principle?. This paper explores the limitations of current empirical approaches to the philosophy of language in light of a recent criticism of Frege's context principle. According to this criticism, the context principle is in conflict with certain features of natural language use and this is held to undermine its application in Foundations of Arithmetic. I argue that this view is mistaken because the features with which the context principle is alleged to be in conflict are irrelevant to the principle's methodological significance for our understanding of the role of analysis in analytic philosophy.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Rheological properties and microscopic mechanism of rock asphalt composite modified asphalts. In order to improve the low temperature performance of rock asphalt modified asphalt, this work presents a laboratory study to evaluate the rheological properties of rock asphalt composite modified asphalts considering aging effect. The mechanical properties of rock asphalt (RA)/styrene-butadienestyrene (SBS) composite modified asphalt (RA/SBSCMA) and RA/crumb rubber (CR) composite modified asphalt (RA/CRCMA) were assessed based on penetration, softening point and rotational viscosity tests. Experiments, including bending beam rheometer (BBR), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR), fluorescent microscope (FM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), were conducted to investigate the rheological properties and microstructure of rock asphalt composite modified asphalts, as well as the effect of polymer modification and aging on asphalts. Results demonstrated that the RA/CRCMA exhibited higher consistency, better deformation resistance and temperature sensitivity than RA/SBSCMA. The performance grade (PG) of RA/CRCMA indicates superior high- and low-temperature performance, of which the RA/CRCMA with 5% rock asphalt and 18% crumb rubber (5R/18C) performed the best. The RTFO and PAV aging reduced the frequency sensitivity, facilitated the internal network structure stability and improved the compatibility of the RA/SBSCMA with 5% rock asphalt and 2% SBS (5R/2S). The 5R/18C presented superior compatibility in different aging states. The MSCR test results showed that the RA/CRCMA exhibits excellent resistance to permanent deformation and superior elasticity and recovery deformation ability. The FM test revealed that grooves and protrusions existed on the surface of RA/CRCMA, and the spheroidal RA particles and the CR particles with irregular linear or mesh structure dispersed in the asphalt phase separately. The FTIR test results proved that the RA/SBSCMA was a primarily physical modification in nature, while the RA/CRCMA was a physical-chemical modification. The CR presented stronger inhibition on the formation of carbonyl and sulfoxide compounds than the SBS resulting in more excellent anti-aging performance of corresponding composite modified asphalt. It is recommended that the optimal percentages of additive materials were 5% for RA and 18% for CR. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "NEW UNADORNED HADROSAURINE HADROSAURID (DINOSAURIA, ORNITHOPODA) FROM THE CAMPANIAN OF NORTH AMERICA. A new hadrosaurid dinosaur, Acristavus gagslarsoni, is here named on the basis of several autapomorphic characteristics of the frontal, postorbital, and dentary. Acristavus is a member of the newly erected clade Brachylophosaurini, which along with its other members, Brachylophosaurus and Maiasaura, constitutes the earliest hadrosaurine hadrosaurid clade. The new taxon occurred approximately 79 million years ago and has been recovered from the Two Medicine Formation of western Montana and nearly simultaneously in the Wahweap Formation of southern Utah. Corresponding with its age and relationship to the other members of the Brachylophosaurini, it is not surprising that Acristavus possesses traits seen in both Brachylophosaurus and Maiasaura, but not necessarily shared between them. One of the most interesting morphological features of Acristavus is the lack of cranial osteological ornamentation, which is in stark contrast to every other hadrosaurid dinosaur except Edmontosaurus. Combining stratigraphic and phylogenetic data from Acristavus yields support for the hypothesis that the hadrosaurid ancestor did not possess cranial ornamentation, and that the subfamilies Hadrosaurinae and Lambeosaurinae each independently developed display structures.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Immanence and Transcendence as Inseparable Processes: On the Relevance of Arguments from Whitehead to Deleuze Interpretation. It is argued in this paper that recent work on immanence and transcendence in Whitehead scholarship, notably by Basile and Nobo, provides helpful guidelines and ideas for work on problems regarding immanence in Deleuze's philosophy. By following arguments on theism and naturalism in the reception of Whitehead, it argues that Deleuze's philosophy depends on reciprocal relations between that actual and the virtual such that they cannot be considered as separate without also being incomplete. It is then shown that Deleuze's philosophy allows for metaphysical terms such as 'pure' without having to concede a separate and self-sufficient pure realm.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Multi-criteria methodology based on majority principle for collective identification of a firm's valuable knowledge. The necessity to formalize knowledge produced and used in firms has increased rapidly in recent years. Firms become aware of the importance of the intangible capital owned by their employees which corresponds to their experience and accumulated knowledge about the firm's activities. Maintaining this capital is a powerful means to improve the level of performance of the firm. In this paper, we present a methodology for inducing a set of collective decision rules representing a generalized description of the preferential information of a group of decision makers involved in a multi-criteria classification problem to identify a company's crucial knowledge to be capitalized. Knowledge Management Research & Practice (2012) 10, 380-391. doi:10.1057/kmrp.2012.35", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "Performance and costs of advanced sustainable central power plants with CCS and H-2 co-production. With increasing concerns over global climate change caused by GHG emissions, carbon capture and storage (CCS) has become imperative for coal based power plants. Meanwhile, with the development and deployment of hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and alternative fuel vehicles, GHG reduction efforts in the power industry can also benefit the transportation sector. Power plants with H-2 co-production capability can contribute significantly in such development trends because H-2 powered fuel cell hybrid vehicles are very promising for future \\\\'zero emissions vehicles\\\\'. This work investigates the thermodynamic performance and cost advantage of employing advanced technologies currently under development for central power plants that (1) employ coal and biomass as feed stock; (2) co-produce power and high purity H-2; (3) capture most of the CO2 evolved within the plants. Two system designs are developed: the first \\\\'base\\\\' case is an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) system consisting of commercially ready technologies; the second \\\\'advanced\\\\' case is an integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) system. The feedstock employed consists of Utah bituminous coal along with two typical biomass resources, corn stover and cereal straw. The IGFC plant produces significantly higher amount of electricity for the same amounts of feedstock and H-2 export while the cost of producing the H-2 using a cost of electricity of $135/MW h is $1178/tonne for the IGFC case versus $2620/tonne for the IGCC case. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Method Selection of Graphic-Analytical Justification of Effective Innovative Projects in the Industrial Safety Field. Despite a significant number of scientific developments on innovative topics, most studies suggest selecting the most effective innovative project only for the group of economic investment indicators. In this regard, the purpose of the research in the article is the formation of meta evaluation of the effectiveness of innovative projects on the basis of the system of economic, innovative, socio-economic, ecological and other indicators. For this purpose, tools for forming a set of multidimensional integral indicators for their reduction to a comparable form are offered. Also, the graphical method is developed. Projects based on the application of the Pareto principle, developed a three-dimensional method for evaluating the effectiveness of projects. Based on the principle of \\\\'prospects/cost/innovation\\\\', complementing the Pareto's risk assessment of innovative projects, which can be carried out using a real put option for abandoning the project in the future.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 40, 29, 52]}
{"token": "Comparative Genome-Wide Characterization of Microsatellites in Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis Leading to the Development of Species-Specific Marker. Background: Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSR) are related to genomic structure, function, and certain diseases of taxonomically different organisms. Objective: To characterize microsatellites in two closely related Candida species by searching and comparing 1-6 bp nucleotide motifs and utilizing them to develop species-specific markers. Methods: Whole-genome sequence was downloaded from the public domain, microsatellites were mined and analyzed, and primers were synthesized. Results: A total of 15,821 and 7,868 microsatellites, with mono-nucleotides (8,679) and trinucleotides (3,156) as most frequent microsatellites, were mined in Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans, respectively. Chromosome size was found positively correlated with microsatellite number in both the species, whereas it was negatively correlated with the relative abundance and density of microsatellites. A number of unique motifs were also found in both the species. Overall, microsatellite frequencies of each chromosome in C. dubliniensis were higher than in C. albicans. Conclusion: The features of microsatellite distribution in the two species' genomes revealed that it is probably not conserved in the genus Candida. Data generated in this article could be used for comparative genome mapping and understanding the distribution of microsatellites and genome structure between these closely related and phenotypically misidentified species and may provide a foundation for the development of a new set of species-specific microsatellite markers. Here, we also report a novel microsatellite-based marker for C. dubliniensis-specific identification.", "label": [2, 20, 24]}
{"token": "The genome of the hydatid tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease), caused by the tapeworm E. granulosus, is responsible for considerable human morbidity and mortality. This cosmopolitan disease is difficult to diagnose, treat and control. We present a draft genomic sequence for the worm comprising 151.6 Mb encoding 11,325 genes. Comparisons with the genome sequences from other taxa show that E. granulosus has acquired a spectrum of genes, including the EgAgB family, whose products are secreted by the parasite to interact and redirect host immune responses. We also find that genes in bile salt pathways may control the bidirectional development of E. granulosus, and sequence differences in the calcium channel subunit EgCa(v)beta(1) may be associated with praziquantel sensitivity. Our study offers insights into host interaction, nutrient acquisition, strobilization, reproduction, immune evasion and maturation in the parasite and provides a platform to facilitate the development of new, effective treatments and interventions for echinococcosis control.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Health Literacy: Readability of ACC/AHA Online Patient Education Material. Objectives: To determine whether the online patient education material offered by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) is written at a higher level than the 6th-7th grade level recommended by the National Institute of Health (NIH). Methods: Online patient education material from each website was subjected to reading grade level (RGL) analysis using the Readability Studio Professional Edition. One-sample t testing was used to compare the mean RGLs obtained from 8 formulas to the NIH-recommended 6.5 grade level and 8th grade national mean. Results: In total, 372 articles from the ACC website and 82 from the AHA were studied. Mean (+/- SD) RGLs for the 454 articles were 9.6 +/- 2.1, 11.2 +/- 2.1, 11.9 +/- 1.6, 10.8 +/- 1.6, 9.7 +/- 2.1, 10.8 +/- 0.8, 10.5 +/- 2.6, and 11.7 +/- 3.5 according to the Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FKGL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG Index), Coleman-Liau Index (CLI), Gunning-Fog Index (GFI), New Dale-Chall reading level formula (NDC), FORCAST, Raygor Readability Estimate (RRE), and Fry Graph (Fry), respectively. All analyzed articles had significantly higher RGLs than both the NIH-recommended grade level of 6.5 and the national mean grade level of 8 (p < 0.00625). Conclusions: Patient education material provided on the ACC and AHA websites is written above the NIH- recommended 6.5 grade level and 8th grade national mean reading level. Additional studies are required to demonstrate whether lowering the RGL of this material improves outcomes among patients with cardiovascular disease. (C) 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Effects of American Ginseng Cultivation on Bacterial Community Structure and Responses of Soil Nutrients in Different Ecological Niches. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is a perennial herbaceous plant widely cultivated in China, Korea, the United States, and Japan due to its multifunctional properties. In northwest China, transplanting after 2-3 years has become the main mode of artificial cultivation of American ginseng. However, the effects of the cultivation process on the chemical properties of the soil and bacterial community remain poorly understood. Hence, in the present study, high-throughput sequencing and soil chemical analyses were applied to investigate the differences between bacterial communities and nutrition driver factors in the soil during the cultivation of American ginseng. The responses of soil nutrition in different ecological niches were also determined with the results indicating that the cultivation of American ginseng significantly increased the soluble nutrients in the soil. Moreover, the bacterial diversity fluctuated with cultivation years, and 4-year-old ginseng roots had low bacterial diversity and evenness. In the first two years of cultivation, the bacterial community was more sensitive to soil nutrition compared to the last two years. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes dominated the bacterial community regardless of the cultivation year and ecological niche. With the increase of cultivation years, the assembly of bacterial communities changed from stochastic to deterministic processes. The high abundance of Sphingobium, Novosphingobium, and Rhizorhabdus enriched in 4years-old ginseng roots was mainly associated with variations in the available potassium (AK), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), and organic matter (OM).", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
{"token": "How siblings adjust sib-sib communication and begging signals to each other. Parents allocate food resources to their offspring in proportion to the intensity of begging behaviour. Begging encompasses several activities including vocalizations that should honestly signal need and jostling for the position in the nest where parents predictably deliver food items. Although siblings are known to adjust begging level to each other, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We examined this issue in experimental two-chick broods of the barn owl, Tyto alba, a species in which siblings communicate vocally with each other in the prolonged absence of parents. The function of sib-sib vocal communication, so-called sibling negotiation, is to resolve conflicts over which individual will have priority of access to the next delivered indivisible food item. We found that when a nestling produced longer negotiation calls and stood closer to the nestbox entrance in the absence of parents, its sibling vocally negotiated at a lower rate. Additionally, when an individual produced more negotiation calls in the absence of parents, its sibling begged less intensely at the parent's return, with begging being the key factor that determined which nestling obtained a food item. We conclude that position in the nest and the duration of negotiation calls produced in the absence of parents influence the rate of producing negotiation calls, which in turn influences the rate at which siblings beg for food from their parents. Adjusting begging behaviour could therefore depend on complex sib-sib interactions taking place in the prolonged absence of parents. (C) 2010 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
{"token": "Analysis of childhood epileptic encephalopathies with regard to etiological and prognostic factors. To analyse the clinical characteristics of patients with childhood epileptic encephalopathies, a retrospective study was carried out on paediatric neurology clinic records of a tertiary hospital. Forty-five children with childhood epileptic encephalopathies were identified. Patients were classified according to the international classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes, data were collected regarding age at onset, perinatal problems, presence of psychomotor retardation, radiological findings, etiology and response to therapy, Characteristics of responders versus non-responders were compared. The majority had West syndrome (29/45 or 64.4%). Of the total, 37/45 or 82.2% were symptomatic. The etiologic factors identified included perinatal problems in 24/45 or 53.3%, one patient with tuberous sclerosis and one with Aicardi's syndrome. Psychomotor retardation was seen in 95.5%. Cranial CT scan was normal in 11/26 or 42.3%. Abnormalities included infarcts (4/26), generalised atrophy and hydrocephalus (3/26), porencephalic cysts (2/26) and agenesis of corpus callosum, tuberous sclerosis, gliosis and subdural effusion (one each). Mean follow-up was 18 months and 71.4% responded to ACTH. There was no significant difference between responders and non-responders. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Manufacturing of Carbon Nanotube Preform with High Porosity and Its Application in Metal Matrix Composites. A new process is proposed to manufacture carbon nanotube preform and carbon nanotube (vapor grown carbon fiber, VGCF)-reinforced aluminum matrix composite. Carbon nanotube preform is fabricated using a mixtures of mesophase pitch (MP) and VGCF. The VGCF-MP-preform-reinforced aluminum composite was manufactured by a low-pressure casting method, with a pressure of 0.8 MPa. The effect of the addition ratio of MP powder and VGCF on VGCF-MP-preform was observed. Therefore, microstructure of VGCF-MP-preform-reinforced aluminum composites with and without nickel plating was observed.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Interwar Europeanism: A step towards integration? The Briand Memorandum and the Commission for the Study of a European Union. Aristide Briand in 1929 before the Assembly of the League of Nations in Geneva, called for a union of Europe through reconciliation and peace, institutionally initiating a very ambitious process in its scope, its objectives and its possibilities. However, numerous difficulties bogged down the development of this project. This research focuses, thanks to the recently digital archives of the League of Nations, on Aristide Briand's proposal on the United States of Europe. The project was not properly European, nor federal, it count with the opposition from Great Britain and did not include in its design any integration between Member States. These events, in addition to the economic crisis and the political situation in Europe, destroyed the early European dream and the idea of continental peace that later triumphed with the European Communities.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Shifting ontologies, changing classifications: plant materials from 1700 to 1830. This paper studies European chemists' shifting ontologies of materials by comparing the ways in which they classified materials. The focus is on plant materials, their different identities, and the changing ways chemists sorted out and ordered plant materials in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The main goals of the paper are to follow the development of plant materials from ordinary, everyday materials and commodities in the early eighteenth century to purified carbon compounds and organic substances familiar only to experts in the 1830s, and to reconstruct chemists' ways of classifying these objects in different practical and intellectual contexts.The study of changes in European chemists' ways of classifying plant materials over more than a century brings to the foreground a trajectory of ontological shifts that is 'punctuated' in the 1750s, the 1790s, and the 1830s. Early eighteenth-century plant materials, which were commodities of the apothecary trade and other arts and crafts, were elevated epistemically as compound components or 'proximate principles' of plants in the 1750s, reduced to organic compounds in the 1790s, and replaced by carbon compounds in the 1830s. The last, third transformation of the epistemic constitution of materials and the mode of their classification was accompanied by a deep transformation of the material culture of plant chemistry. After the late 1830s, many of the eighteenth-century vegetable commodities disappeared from chemists' agenda or were split into different substances individuated and identified in new ways. Coal tar products, and new organic artefacts containing chlorine or bromine, entered the chemical laboratory in the 1820s and became fused with the purified rest of the previous plant and animal substances. The material objects of the new culture of organic chemistry became detached from the materials applied in the extant arts and crafts. It was only in the late 1850s, with the rise of the synthetic dye industry, that a great number of these laboratory substances became involved in industrial production. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The intracerebral hemorrhage blood transcriptome in humans differs from the ischemic stroke and vascular risk factor control blood transcriptomes. Understanding how the blood transcriptome of human intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) differs from ischemic stroke (IS) and matched controls (CTRL) will improve understanding of immune and coagulation pathways in both disorders. This study examined RNA from 99 human whole-blood samples using GeneChip (R) HTA 2.0 arrays to assess differentially expressed transcripts of alternatively spliced genes between ICH, IS and CTRL. We used a mixed regression model with FDR-corrected p(Dx) < 0.2 and p < 0.005 and |FC| > 1.2 for individual comparisons. For time-dependent analyses, subjects were divided into four time-points: 0(CTRL), <24 h, 24-48 h, >48 h; 489 transcripts were differentially expressed between ICH and CTRL, and 63 between IS and CTRL. ICH had differentially expressed T-cell receptor and CD36 genes, and iNOS, TLR, macrophage, and T-helper pathways. IS had more non-coding RNA. ICH and IS both had angiogenesis, CTLA4 in T lymphocytes, CD28 in T helper cells, NFAT regulation of immune response, and glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathways. Self-organizing maps revealed 4357 transcripts changing expression over time in ICH, and 1136 in IS. Understanding ICH and IS transcriptomes will be useful for biomarker development, treatment and prevention strategies, and for evaluating how well animal models recapitulate human ICH and IS.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "On Simulating the Proton-irradiation of O-2 and H2O Ices Using Astrochemical-type Models, with Implications for Bulk Reactivity. Many current astrochemical models explicitly consider the species that comprise the bulk of interstellar dust grain ice mantles separately from those in the top few monolayers. Bombardment of these ices by ionizing radiation-whether in the form of cosmic rays, stellar winds, or radionuclide emission-represents an astrochemically viable means of driving a rich chemistry even in the bulk of the ice mantle, now supported by a large body of work in laboratory astrophysics. In this study, using an existing rate-equation-based astrochemical code modified to include a method of considering radiation chemistry recently developed by us, we attempted to simulate two such studies in which (a) pure O-2 ice at 5 K and (b) pure H2O ice at 16 K and 77 K, were bombarded by keV H+ ions. Our aims were twofold: (1) to test the capability of our newly developed method to replicate the results of ice-irradiation experiments, and (2) to determine how bulk chemistry in such a well-constrained system is best handled using the same gas-grain codes that are used to model the interstellar medium. We found that our modified astrochemical model was able to reproduce both the abundance of O-3 in the 5 K pure O-2 ice, as well as both the abundance of H2O2 in the 16 K water ice and the previously noted decrease of hydrogen peroxide at higher temperatures. However, these results require the assumption that radicals and other reactive species produced via radiolysis react quickly and non-diffusively with neighbors in the ice.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Persistent argumentative discourse markers: The case of Hebrew rectification-marker be-(sic)ecem ('actually'). This paper argues that argumentative discourse markers pragmaticalize and become 'polysemous' via a single core function. The focus of the paper is on discourse markers of rectification, where an accessible assumption or claim is replaced with another, rectifying claim (in the form of an explanation, clarification, definition, justification etc.). Specifically, I discuss Hebrew be-(sic)ecem, originally a prepositional phrase meaning 'in a bone' and its evolution into a polysemous discourse marker whose meaning is versatile: 'on second thought'/'actually'/'essentially'/'basically'. I claim that it is its persistent core function of argumentative rectification not only serves as the motivation behind its linguistic evolution, but also serves as the link connecting all of its meanings/uses. Pragmaticalization is therefore given a new light, highlighting the discourse marker's core function which governs the course of its history. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Smoking patterns among ninth-grade adolescents in the Pitkaranta district (Russia) and in eastern Finland. This study describes how ninth-grade adolescents' smoking behavior in the Pitkaranta district (Russia) differs from their eastern Finland counterparts. Cross-sectional data from the second North Karelia Youth Study and the Pitkaranta Youth Study were used. Subjects were all (n = 385) ninth-grade students in 10 comprehensive schools in Pitkaranta and all (n = 2098) students of the same age in 24 comprehensive schools in eastern Finland. Students were asked about their smoking status, intentions to smoke, smoking situations, acquisition of tobacco products, and opportunity to smoke in the school area. The results showed very large differences in the smoking prevalence between Pitkaranta and eastern Finland. For boys, the prevalence of daily smoking was 29% and 19% in Pitkaranta and eastern Finland, respectively. The differences in girls were adverse: 7% and 21% of girls in Pitkaranta and eastern Finland, respectively, were daily smokers. However. as many as one third of the nonsmoking girls in Pitkaranta stated that they may experiment or start smoking later. Boys in Pitkaranta had vaguer attitudes about remaining nonsmokers than boys in eastern Finland. This situation anticipates worsening of the smoking epidemic in Pitkaranta and requires an effective prevention policy and cooperation between different groups in society.", "label": [2, 26, 24]}
{"token": "The 2001 and 2003 Tax Rate Reductions: An Overview and Estimate of the Taxable Income Response. The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) and the jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA) incorporated the main elements of the Bush Administration's tax proposals. The principal feature of this legislation was the reduction in individual income tax rates. Reducing marginal tax rates was intended to improve the economic incentives to work and invest, reduce the other economic distortions associated with high tax rates, lower overall tax burdens and improve the prospects for economic growth. The paper examines the effects of the lower marginal tax rates by estimating the response of reported taxable income to the lower rates. Using a panel of tax returns spanning the enactment of EGTRRA and JGTRRA, the paper estimates a taxable income elasticity in the base model of about 0.4, with estimates for other specifications and samples ranging from about 0.2 to 0.7.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
{"token": "Does enterprise social media use promote employee creativity and well-being?. Despite the increased use of Enterprise Social Media (ESM) worldwide, its adverse impact on firms' employees, such as exhaustion, has not been researched sufficiently. This is a critical gap in the literature since employees' well-being is crucial to maintaining their productivity. The current study addresses this gap by examining whether interruption overload and psychological transition affect the relationship of employees' socio-instrumental use of ESM with ESM-related exhaustion and employee creativity, respectively. We utilized the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory to conceptualize the mediation effect of interruption overload and psychological transition on the hypothesized associations. We also used the Regulatory Focus Theory (RFT) to propose the moderation effect of promotion and prevention-focus of employees on these associations. Cross-sectional data collected from 323 employees of firms in China were analyzed to test the proposed associations. Our findings suggest that both interruption overload and psychological transition mediate the association of ESM usage with exhaustion and creativity, respectively. Furthermore, the results revealed that promotion-focus strengthens the positive relationship between ESM usage and psychological transition, whereas prevention-focus of weakens the positive relationship between ESM usage and interruption overload. The study contributes key theoretical and practical insights to set an agenda for further research and aid managerial decisions.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "US Weather Bureau Chief Willis Moore and the Reimagination of Uncertainty in Long-Range Forecasting. This article examines competing modes of knowledge production in the context of long-range weather forecasting in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. The US Weather Bureau, a newly constituted civilian organisation in 1891, sought to build its institutional reputation based on authoritative short-term 24-hour forecasts by discrediting the popular and ubiquitous 'weather prophets' who made long-range predictions. Chief Willis L. Moore, at the helm of the Weather Bureau from 1895 to 1913, initially condemned long-range forecasting as superstition and quackery inherently inferior to professional meteorological expertise. But the Weather Bureau, which began issuing its own weekly forecasts in 1908, reimagined long-range forecasting to accept the very indeterminacy it had formerly denounced, thereby rationalising the uncertainty of weather prediction into its weekly forecasts and into its vision of modern scientific meteorology.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Description of Vachoniochactas humboldti sp nov from Colombia, with complementary notes on the genus (Scorpiones, Chactidae). The scorpion genus Vachoniochactas Gonzalez-Sponga, 1978 is herein recorded for the first time from Colombia, and Vachoniochactas humboldti sp. nov. is described based on three females and 16 males collected at three localities in the Guyanese region of Colombia. The new species is characterized, among other features, by the presence of a ventromedian row of setae flanked by submedian setae in the telotarsus of legs III-IV. The hemispermatophore and several features of the external morphology of the new species are illustrated. With this description, the number of known species of Vachoniochactas is raised to four. A revised diagnosis for the genus based upon specimens of both sexes is given. A map showing the known distribution of the different species, and a key for their identification are included.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "A Bayesian spatio-temporal framework to identify outbreaks and examine environmental and social risk factors for infectious diseases monitored by routine surveillance. Spatio-temporal disease patterns can provide clues to etiological pathways, but can be complex to model. Using a flexible Bayesian hierarchical framework, we identify previously undetected space-time clusters and environmental and socio-demographic risk factors for reported giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis at the New Zealand small area level. For giardiasis, there was no seasonal pattern in outbreak probability and an inverse association with density of dairy cattle ((beta)over-cap(1) = -0.09, Incidence Risk Ratio (IRR) 0.90 (95% CI 0.84, 0.97) per 1 log increase in cattle/km(2)). In dairy farming areas, cryptosporidiosis outbreaks were observed in spring. Reported cryptosporidiosis was positively associated with dairy cattle density: (beta)over-cap(1) = 0.12, IRR 1.13 (95% CI 1.05, 1.21) per 1 log increase in cattle/km(2) and inversely associated with weekly average temperature: (beta)over-cap(1) = -0.07, IRR 0.92 (95% CI 0.87, 0.98) per 4 degrees C increase. This framework can be generalized to determine the potential drivers of sporadic cases and latent outbreaks of infectious diseases of public health importance. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Is Death the Enemy? Reconsidering the Significance of Metaphor in End of Life. Metaphors are important ways to language meaning and illustrate imaginative thinking for the healthcare disciplines. Normative ethics focus on metaphors of war, torture, and art that guide thinking in end-of-life decision-making. This article begins a discussion of novel, imaginative thinking for consideration of metaphors such as holding on-letting go as paradoxical ways of being and quality during end of life. The discussion will be viewed through a case study utilizing the philosophical, theoretical lens of humanbecoming.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. Substantia nigra (SN) was assessed by transcranial sonography (TCS) in 47 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and in 39 healthy volunteers. A semiquantitative echogenicity scale was created with arbitrary values ranging from 1 to 5, zones with grade >= 3 and larger than 0.19 cm(2) were recorded as hyperechogenic SN. TCS examination of SN as a diagnostic test for PD in our study showed 87.2% sensitivity and 94.9% specificity.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Algorithms and codes for the Macdonald function: recent progress and comparisons. The modified Bessel function K-iv(x), also known as the Macdonald function, finds application in the Kontorovich-Lebedev integral transform when x and v are real and positive. In this paper, a comparison of three codes for computing this function is made. These codes differ in algorithmic approach, timing, and regions of validity. One of them can be tested independent of the other two through Wronskian checks, and therefore is used as a standard against which the others are compared.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Indications, results, and clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling in gastroenterology: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Clinical Guideline - Updated January 2017. For pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs), ESGE recommends EUS-guided sampling for biochemical analyses plus cytopathological examination if a precise diagnosis may change patient management, except for lesions <= 10mm in diameter with no high risk stigmata. If the volume of PCL aspirate is small, it is recommended that carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level determination be done as the first analysis. Strong recommendation, low quality evidence. For esophageal cancer, ESGE suggests performing EUS-guided sampling for the assessment of regional lymph nodes (LNs) in T1 (and, depending on local treatment policy, T2) adenocarcinoma and of lesions suspicious for metastasis such as distant LNs, left liver lobe lesions, and suspected peritoneal carcinomatosis. Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.For lymphadenopathy of unknown origin, ESGE recommends performing EUS-guided (or alternatively endobronchial ultrasound [EBUS]-guided) sampling if the pathological result is likely to affect patient management and no superficial lymphadenopathy is easily accessible. Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.In the case of solid liver masses suspicious for metastasis, ESGE suggests performing EUS-guided sampling if the pathological result is likely to affect patient management, and (i) the lesion is poorly accessible/not detected at percutaneous imaging, or (ii) a sample obtained via the percutaneous route repeatedly yielded an inconclusive result. Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS For pancreatic solid lesions, ESGE recommends performing endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling as first-line procedure when a pathological diagnosis is required. Alternatively, percutaneous sampling may be considered in metastatic disease.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence. In the case of negative or inconclusive results and a high degree of suspicion of malignant disease, ESGE suggests re-evaluating the pathology slides, repeating EUS-guided sampling, or surgery. Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.In patients with chronic pancreatitis associated with a pancreatic mass, EUS-guided sampling results that do not confirm cancer should be interpreted with caution. Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Helicobacter pyloril-asparaginase: a study of immunogenicity from an in silico approach. Helicobacter pylori has become the causal agent of multiple forms of gastric disease worldwide, including gastric cancer. The enzyme l-asparaginase (ASNase) has been studied as a virulence factor. In this work, we performed an in silico investigation to characterize the immunological profile of H. pylori ASNase (HpASNase) to ascertain the possible implication of HpASNase immunogenicity in the H. pylori virulence mechanism. We applied a workflow based on bioinformatics tools, which, by calculating the relative frequency of immunogenic T-cell and B-cell epitopes, allowed us to predict the immunogenicity and allergenicity of HpASNase in silico. We also visualized the epitopes by mapping them into the native structure of the enzyme. We report for the first time the T-cell and B-cell epitope composition that contributes to the immunogenicity of this HpASNase, as well as the regions that could generate a hypersensitivity response in humans. ASNase from H. pylori resulted in highly immunogenic and allergenic. The high immunogenicity of HpASNase could imply the pathogenic mechanisms of H. pylori. This knowledge could be important for the development of new drugs against H. pylori infections.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Exercising with blocked muscle glycogenolysis: Adaptation in the McArdle mouse. Conclusion: The main finding of the study is that McArdle mouse muscles appear to adapt to the energy crisis by increasing expression and activation of proteins involved in blood glucose metabolism in response to exercise in the same directional way across the investigated muscles.Results: Investigation of expression and activation of proteins involved in glycolytic flux revealed that in glycolytic, but not oxidative muscle from exercised McArdle mice, the glycolytic flux had changed compared to that in wild-type mice. Specifically, exercise triggered in glycolytic muscle a differentiated activation of insulin receptor, 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, Akt and hexokinase II expression, while inhibiting glycogen synthase, suggesting that the need and adapted ability to take up blood glucose and use it for metabolism or glycogen storage is different among the investigated muscles.Methods: In this study, 8-week old McArdle and wild-type mice were exercised on a treadmill until exhausted. Dissected muscles were compared with non-exercised, age-matched McArdle and wild-type mice for histology and activation and expression of proteins involved in glucose uptake and glycogenolysis.Background: McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V) is an inborn error of skeletal muscle metabolism, which affects glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase) activity leading to an inability to break down glycogen. Patients with McArdle disease are exercise intolerant, as muscle glycogen-derived glucose is unavailable during exercise. Metabolic adaptation to blocked muscle glycogenolysis occurs at rest in the McArdle mouse model, but only in highly glycolytic muscle. However, it is unknown what compensatory metabolic adaptations occur during exercise in McArdle disease.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Recent advancements and challenges of Internet of Things in smart agriculture: A survey. The Internet of Things (IoT) is an evolving paradigm that seeks to connect different smart physical components for multi-domain modernization. To automatically manage and track agricultural lands with minimal human intervention, numerous IoT-based frameworks have been introduced. This paper presents a rigorous discussion on the major components, new technologies, security issues, challenges and future trends involved in the agriculture domain. An in-depth report on recent advancements has been covered in this paper. The goal of this survey is to help potential researchers detect relevant IoT problems and, based on the application requirements, adopt suitable technologies. Furthermore, the significance of IoT and Data Analytics for smart agriculture has been highlighted. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "NARRATIVES OF SURVIVAL: INVISIBLE OPPRESSION AND RETALIATION IN JOYCE CAROL OATES' MARYA: A LIFE. Joyce Carol Oates, a postmodern American woman writer, has been featuring the narratives of survival in her works. In Marya: A Life, she attunes the void experienced by humans, and scrutinizes how survival is ensued from the remnants of disquietude. Marya, the protagonist, is as an archetype of the postmodern survivor, living in fragments. The novel discloses the post-traumatic phase of Marya's life. It presents the invisible oppression and the tangential thoughts that condition her to behave submissively. This article attempts to study how the fragmentation facilitates her survival and how the retention of violence reinforces the efficacy of life.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Family caregivers of young patients suffering from chronic neurological diseases during the transition from neuropediatrics to adult neurology: An observational study of the burden felt by the primary family caregiver. Methods: A questionnaire, which included a modified version of the Zarit Burden Interview, was sent to the families of young patients who had recently moved to the adult neurology department.Introduction / Context: The transition of young patients from pediatric to adult departments is a critical period with high risks of interruption of the care circuits, thus justifying the implementation of transition programs. This period is also difficult for caregivers, more particularly the main family caregiver. This study addresses the impact of this transition upon the family caregivers of young adults suffering from chronic neurological diseases.Discussion and conclusion: This limited feeling of burden may be explained by the fact that the majority of patients did not have a motor/intellectual disability. The burden scale we used was originally created for caregivers of elderly patients (often their children), and may not be suitable for assessing children's parents. More specific scales should be considered.Results: Twenty-nine of the forty families contacted replied: the main caregiver is usually the mother (86.6%), the mean age is 51.8, 65% had kept their professional occupation, and 21% had quit. The burden scale showed that 65.5% felt little or no burden.Objectives: To identify the main family caregivers, their profile, and to evaluate their implication and feelings in terms of burden at the time of the transition.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Planting and Tending Digital-Nature Hybrids in a Walled Kitchen Garden. This paper presents various digital-nature artifacts designed to support visitor engagement in a National Trust garden environment. While selected critical theory guided the initial design of interpretation artifacts, we discuss how a research through design approach (RtD) and our attendance at the Research through Design (RTD) 2015 conference informed our subsequent design practice, notably in relation to iterations of the artifacts. In particular, we reflect on how each design iteration within the RtD process revealed knowledge about materials, values, engagement and place.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Test of the Social Buffering Hypothesis in the Context of Religious Disagreements. This article examines the social buffering hypothesis of cultural humility in the context of religious offenses. In this study, participants (N = 244) rated their cultural humility in terms of differing religious values and beliefs as well as their moral foundations in determining what is right or wrong. They then recalled an offense or hurt attributed to religious disagreements and indicated their motivations for forgiving the offender. Lower endorsement of individuating moral foundations predicted greater unforgiveness; however, cultural humility softened this relationship between individuating moral foundations and unforgiveness. When cultural humility was higher, participants were less likely to report unforgiveness motivations toward the religious offender, even if their individuating moral foundation scores were lower. Results from this study support the social buffering hypothesis of humility. Namely, individuals with higher levels of cultural humility demonstrate a greater capacity to maintain relationships during stressful religious disagreements by regulating intuitive and affective moral positions, particularly those that have previously been linked to social dominance or moral disinterest. We conclude this study by discussing limitations, practical applications, and areas for future research.", "label": [3, 5, 55, 33]}
{"token": "Gender differences in the integration literature: A content analysis of JPT and TPC by gender and integration type. The current project asks the questions: Do \\\\'women's ways of knowing,\\\\' particularly women's ways of knowing God as evidenced in the literature on women's spirituality, imply that women have a unique contribution to make to the integration literature! Do feminine perspectives on integration provide a necessary 'corrective' to the largely theoretical literature! Based on a review of feminist contributions to theology, spirituality, philosophy, and psychology, it was hypothesized that female authors' contributions to the integration literature would emphasize practical, clinical, and experiential integration. A content analysis of the past ten years of integration articles in the Journal of Psychology and Theology and the Journal of Psychology and Christianity was conducted to examine the relationship between gender and type of integration. Significant variations in the frequency of male and female first authorship across types of integration were found. Gender differences in the frequency of interdisciplinary, intradisciplinary-clinical, and faith-praxis integration articles contributed most towards the variations: Female authors were more likely to author clinical and faith-praxis integration articles, and male authors were more likely to author interdisciplinary integration articles. Implications are explored regarding the benefits of including feminine thought as an integral partner in the task of integration and spiritual formation.", "label": [3, 5, 55, 33]}
{"token": "The role of Brachyufens osborni Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in the classical biological control program against Diaprepes abbreviatus Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Florida. Brachyufens osborni is an indigenous egg parasitoid of weevil species laying concealed eggs in Florida. Diaprepes abbreviatus, an exotic weevil pest of different crops in the southern USA, has been reported as a host for B. osborni. In this study we investigated the interaction between B. osborni and D. abbreviatus as well as other hosts including Pachnaeus litus and Artipus floridanus. The thermal requirements of B. osborni and the interaction between this species and three other weevil parasitoids introduced in a classical biological control program against D. abbreviatus (Aprostocetus vaquitarum, Haeckeliania sperata and Quadrastichus haitiensis) were also examined in laboratory studies. Although B. osborni attacked eggs of all weevil species tested, it could not complete development on D. abbreviatus. The three exotic parasitoids did successfully develop on both P. litus and D. abbreviatus eggs, though our results showed that P. litus should not be considered as an alternative host for the introduced parasitoids during winter in central Florida. Because B. osborni cannot complete development on D. abbreviatus, it has never been recovered from field collected hosts, and its effect on D. abbreviatus in the field remains ignored. This study demonstrates that although B. osborni could not successfully develop in D. abbreviatus, it can inflict important mortality to it and suggests that B. osborni could impact the establishment of introduced D. abbreviatus egg parasitoids. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
{"token": "Gas-phase spectra of MgO molecules: a possible connection from gas-phase molecules to planet formation. A more fine-tuned method for probing planet-forming regions, such as protoplanetary discs, could be rovibrational molecular spectroscopy observation of particular premineral molecules instead of more common but ultimately less related volatile organic compounds. Planets are created when grains aggregate, but how molecules form grains is an ongoing topic of discussion in astrophysics and planetary science. Using the spectroscopic data of molecules specifically involved in mineral formation could help to map regions where planet formation is believed to be occurring in order to examine the interplay between gas and dust. Four atoms are frequently associated with planetary formation: Fe, Si, Mg and O. Magnesium, in particular, has been shown to be in higher relative abundance in planet-hosting stars. Magnesium oxide crystals comprise the mineral periclase making it the chemically simplest magnesium-bearing mineral and a natural choice for analysis. The monomer, dimer and trimer forms of (MgO)(n) with n = 1-3 are analysed in this work using high-level quantum chemical computations known to produce accurate results. Strong vibrational transitions at 12.5, 15.0 and 16.5 mu m are indicative of magnesium oxide monomer, dimer and trimer making these wavelengths of particular interest for the observation of protoplanetary discs and even potentially planet-forming regions around stars. If such transitions are observed in emission from the accretion discs or absorptions from stellar spectra, the beginning stages of mineral and, subsequently, rocky body formation could be indicated.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Virtue, Law and Chinese Political Tradition: Can the Past Predict the Future?. This paper intends to build a case for a third alternative that can reconcile the two opposing views of democracy, i.e., the consensual vs. the adversarial, through a reexamination and reconstruction of Chinese traditional theories of political governance. The paper links the rule of virtue with consensual politics, and the rule of law with adversary politics, By focusing on the roles of virtue and law, and their importance to the acquisition and maintenance of original and utilitarian dimensions of political legitimacy, the paper proposes a hybrid version of democracy that will continue the dualist political tradition while enabling necessary political modernization.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Solenanthus strictissimus (Boraginaceae)-an overlooked mountain species from Central Asia. The Central Asian mountain species Solenanthus strictissimus has not been distinguished from similar species such as Solenanthus stamineus or less often from Solenanthus kokanicus. Its narrow leaves and particularly the character of its nutlets are sufficient to separate it from the others. To date, its distribution is known to be restricted to two localities in Afghanistan. In this contribution it is extended to the mountains running from West Pakistan and east Tajikistan in the east, through north, east and central Afghanistan into east Iran. A Lectotype was selected among four known syntypes.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Bioactive Inorganic Materials for Dental Applications: A Narrative Review. Over time, much attention has been given to the use of bioceramics for biomedical applications; however, the recent trend has been gaining traction to apply these materials for dental restorations. The bioceramics (mainly bioactive) are exceptionally biocompatible and possess excellent bioactive and biological properties due to their similar chemical composition to human hard tissues. However, concern has been noticed related to their mechanical properties. All dental materials based on bioactive materials must be biocompatible, long-lasting, mechanically strong enough to bear the masticatory and functional load, wear-resistant, easily manipulated, and implanted. This review article presents the basic structure, properties, and dental applications of different bioactive materials i.e., amorphous calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, tri-calcium phosphate, mono-calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, and bioactive glass. The advantageous properties and limitations of these materials are also discussed. In the end, future directions and proposals are given to improve the physical and mechanical properties of bioactive materials-based dental materials.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "POPE FRANCIS AND PARTICIPATIVE BODIES IN THE CHURCH: CANONICAL REFLECTIONS. In his apostolic exhortation Evangelii gaudium, Pope Francis invites all communities in the Church to be in a permanent state of mission and renewal. The sole reference to the Code of Canon Law in the apostolic exhortation identifies 26 canons which provide legislation for seven distinct \\\\'means of participation\\\\' in the particular Church. Pope Francis invites the faithful to assume the task of rethinking these seven participative bodies, in order to enliven them in their missionary purpose and to promote \\\\'an ecclesial renewal which cannot be deferred\\\\' (tit. n. 27). In response to this prophetic invitation of Pope Francis, this study (1) recalls anew the purpose of participative bodies in the Church; (2) considers the unique mission of each participative body in the particular Church; and (3) \\\\'rethinks\\\\' various aspects of these seven participative bodies, even with an eye to modifications for future praxes.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Organization and molecular cytogenetics of a satellite DNA family from Hoplias malabaricus (Pisces, Erythrinidae). The chromosomes of the primitive South American teleost fish Hoplias malabaricus have been analyzed by classical cytogenetic (C-, AgNOR-, Hoechst 33258-, and Q-banding) techniques. A highly repetitive DNA family has been cloned and sequenced. It is a tandemly repeated sequence of about 355 bp, yielding an overall base pair composition of 67% AT with long runs of >50% As and 70% Ts. Analysis of sequence variation has allowed the further categorization of Hoplias satellite DNA into two evolutionarily related subfamilies A and B, distinguishable by characteristic insertions and deletions within this 355-bp monomer. Subfamily A satellite is found (in diverged form) at the centromeres of most H. malabaricus chromosomes. Sequence variants are clustered on specific chromosomal subsets. Subfamily B satellite is highly specific for the paracentromeric heterochromatin on one particular chromosome pair by fluorescence in situ hybridization. These results indicate that the Hoplias satellite DNA family has evolved in a concerted manner predominantly via recombination events involving homologous, rather than non-homologous chromosome regions. The clones isolated here may be useful for the molecular, genetic, and cytological analysis of the genus Hoplias.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Romancing the public school: attachment, publicness and privatisation. In Anglophone countries, narratives of public schooling tend to emphasise generic hopes about schooling as central to the idea of a public good, including fostering community, delivering equality and protecting broad notions of democracy. However, as public systems become more open to privatised logics, these hopes sit alongside fears for the future of 'publicness'. Through analysis of participant interviews in four education systems in Canada, England, New Zealand and Australia, this paper shows that these fears emerge from the specific nature of privatisation evident within specific contexts. Our argument is that while hopes remain in common, parochial policies and histories inform particular fears about how public school systems are losing their 'publicness'. There is evidence of a 'cruel optimism' among participants as they try to hold onto their belief in the good of publicness, even as their institutions become hybridised by creeping privatisation.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Contextual Compliance: Situational and Subjective Cost-Benefit Decisions about Pesticides by Chinese Farmers. This article analyzes how cost-benefit calculation influences compliance with pesticide regulation by Chinese farmers. Building on a study including 150 farmers and experts, it studies how operational costs and benefits and deterrence affect compliance. Moreover, it studies what variation in cost-benefit perceptions there are with different types of rules, farms, and villages. It finds that, in this context, cost-benefit calculation matters for compliance; with operational costs and benefits being more clearly related to compliant behavior than deterrence. It highlights that perceptions about costs and benefits are situational and vary along the type of legal rule and the type of regulated actor. It also shows that such perceptions are individually subjective, as even with similar rules and similar types of actors, perceptions vary. The paper concludes by stating expectations on how the situational and subjective nature of cost-benefit calculation can inform regulators seeking to enhance compliance.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Extensive ruminant farming systems highlight animal coping processes based on robustness, flexibility and plasticity. In this paper we demonstrate that herbivores adjust their behaviour and physiological responses to cope with their environment and face constraints. Such adjustments highlight the differences between breeds in their ability to survive, produce and maintain their reproduction in a harsh unstable environment.Extensive livestock systems are characterised by limited input. In such systems animal food requirements are mainly based on grazing. Vegetation varies in terms of space and time, and is heterogeneous and sensitive to climatic changes. The low control by the breeders on the immediate environment implies that the management of extensive systems in such a context mainly depends on the adaptive ability of the animals. They have to be able to fulfill their food requirements by developing specific behaviours such as land exploration and selective intake. They also have to cope with low feed intake periods of various intensities and duration.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
{"token": "The Participation of Smallholder Farmers in High-Value Export Markets Governed by Standards: The Role of Exporter Procurement Practices. The propensity to procure from smallholders is found to be negatively associated with being a small exporter and the performance of medium- and large-scale producers. Exporters are more likely to source from smallholders if they have their own production capacity and smallholders are judged to perform well. The requirement of customers to comply with private food safety standards is found to have no significant effect on the propensity to procure from smallholders. Conversely, compliance with private standards has a strong influence on the intensity of sourcing from smallholders. Exporters judging smallholders to perform well are more likely to source intensively from smallholders, but to source less if they judge their own production to perform well. High fixed costs tend to be associated with lower intensity of sourcing from smallholders. The results suggest that compliance with private food safety standards does not drive the exclusion of smallholders from export value chains; indeed, conversely, the requirement to comply with such standards is associated with greater intensity of sourcing from smallholders. Smallholders evidently play a key role in the defrayment of risk by exporters in that many exporters combine their own production with smallholder procurement. Costs of procurement from smallholders, however, remain an issue. Evidently, the fixed costs of smallholder supply chains increase appreciably with the intensity of sourcing. The research reported here provides a new perspective on the inclusion of smallholders in export value chains for horticultural products. The incorporation of smallholders into these value chains is seen as the outcome of the procurement decisions of exporters. Contrary to much of the discourse in this area, the results suggest that smallholders can and do compete in export value chains for horticultural products even in the context of exacting food safety standards.The chapter contributes to on-going debates about the inclusion of smallholders in export value chains for high-value agricultural products. Specifically, it investigates the factors driving the procurement practices of exporter of fresh fruits and vegetables in sub-Saharan Africa, and specifically sourcing from smallholders. A survey is undertaken of exporters of fresh fruit and vegetables in sub-Saharan Africa. The resulting data are used to estimate econometrically the propensity of exporters to source from smallholders, and the intensity of sourcing among those exporters who do procure from smallholders. Explanatory variables include firm and market characteristics, supply chain costs, type of product, availability of alternative sources of supply, and judgments regarding the performance of smallholders and other sources of supply.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school physical education lessons. Methods. In March 2012, we searched electronic databases for intervention studies that were conducted in primary or secondary schools and measured the proportion of lesson time students spent in MVPA. We assessed risk of bias, extracted data, and conducted meta-analyses to determine intervention effectiveness.Objectives. Physical education (PE) that allows students to engage in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) can play an important role in health promotion. Unfortunately, MVPA levels in PE lessons are often very low. In this review, we aimed to determine the effectiveness of interventions designed to increase the proportion of PE lesson time that students spend in MVPA.Results. From an initial pool of 12,124 non-duplicate records, 14 studies met the inclusion criteria. Students in intervention conditions spent 24% more lesson time in MVPA compared with students in usual practice conditions (standardized mean difference = 0.62).Conclusions. Given the small number of studies, moderate-to-high risk of bias, and the heterogeneity of results, caution is warranted regarding the strength of available evidence. However, this review indicates that interventions can increase the proportion of time students spend in MVPA during PE lessons. As most children and adolescents participate in PE, these interventions could lead to substantial public health benefits. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Actants and Fault Lines: Janakaraliya and Theatre for Peace Building in Sri Lanka. This article provides a contextual analysis of Janakaraliya ('Theatre of the People'), a theatre company acclaimed for its excellence in theatre for social justice and peace building in Sri Lanka. It discusses the governing conditions that enable its practice and evaluates its impact, whether this be the biopower of the state and non-state actors during periods of political violence, donor funding frameworks, or the Janakaraliya archive itself as an actant shaped by donor rationalities. Drawing on a recent research project entitled The Theatre of Reconciliation, the article builds an argument for changing the terms on which the arts in peace building are evaluated, and for a shift in the dominant narrative on Janakaraliya which collapses its sophisticated aesthetics to a binary of Sinhala-Tamil ethnic relations. The logic of this revision would be fuller acknowledgement of the troupe's aesthetic forms and styles as a more robust signifier of the pluralities that constitute Sri Lankan society today and therefore of post-war reconciliation itself.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Current Sheets, Plasmoids and Flux Ropes in the Heliosphere Part I. 2-D or not 2-D? General and Observational Aspects. Recent accumulation of a critical mass of observational material from different spacecraft complete with the enhanced abilities of numerical methods have led to a boom of studies revealing the high complexity of processes occurring in the heliosphere. Views on the solar wind filling the interplanetary medium have dramatically developed from the beginning of the space era. A 2-D picture of the freely expanding solar corona and non-interacting solar wind structures described as planar or spherically-symmetric objects has dominated for decades. Meanwhile, the scientific community gradually moved to a modern understanding of the importance of the 3-D nature of heliospheric processes and their studies via MHD/kinetic simulations, as well as observations of large-scale flows and streams both in situ and remotely, in white light and/or via interplanetary scintillations. The new 3-D approach has provided an opportunity to understand the dynamics of heliospheric structures and processes that could not even be imagined before within the 2-D paradigm. In this review, we highlight a piece of the puzzle, showing the evolution of views on processes related to current sheets, plasmoids, blobs and flux ropes of various scales and origins in the heliosphere. The first part of the review focuses on introducing these plasma structures, discussing their key properties, and paying special attention to their observations in different space plasmas.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Study of flow patterns and impingement heat transfer for an annular array of eight co-rotating dual-swirling flames. Performance of gas burners can be optimized by improvements in their design and proper selection of operating parameters associated with combustion and heat transfer mechanisms. Array of multiple swirl burners is one such configuration where uniformity in heat transfer can be increased significantly. The current study presents experimental and numerical investigations conducted for flow patterns and impingement heat transfer developed in an annular arrangement of eight co-rotating dual swirling impinging flames. Impingement heat flux distribution has been studied experimentally using analytical inverse heat conduction procedure (IHCP). Effect of change in separation distance and inter-jet spacing has been studied for interactions and subsequent impingement heat transfer characteristics. Turbulent co-swirling flames portray intense mixing developed at the interaction regions due to strong interactions. Presence of impingement plate causes large scale changes in the flow-field. Numerical simulation conducted under reacting conditions predicted formation of asymmetric and distorted recirculation zones. Inner flames have been observed to deflect from their straight upright positions. Adjacent co-swirling flows merge together and develop circulation of flow at the inner periphery of the annulus. High heat fluxes observed at the target surface are corresponding to interaction regions and tend to cluster around the geometric centre of the array. Reversed downward flow developed at the geometric centre represents region devoid of heating. Averaged heat fluxes registered at the impingement plate decreased with increasing inter-jet spacing and separation distance. Maximum uniformity in the heat transfer has been observed at inter-jet spacing, S/D-h of 4 and separation distance, H/D-h of 6. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "The influence of digital entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial orientation on intention of family businesses to adopt artificial intelligence: examining the mediating role of business innovativeness. Purpose This study aims to investigate the adoption intention of artificial intelligence (AI) in family businesses through the perspectives of digital entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship orientation. Design/methodology/approach The study examines contributing factors explaining the adoption intention of AI in the context of family businesses. The developed research model is examined and validated using structural equation modelling based on 631 respondents' data. Purposeful sampling is used to collect the respondents' data. Findings The proposed model included two endogenous (i.e. business innovativeness and adoption intention) and six exogenous variables (i.e. affordances, culture and flexible design, entrepreneurial orientation, generativity, openness and technology orientation) through ten direct paths and three indirect paths. The results depicted the significant influence of all the exogenous variables on the endogenous variable reflecting support of all the hypotheses. The business innovativeness partially mediates the relationships of culture and flexible design, entrepreneurial orientation and technology orientation with adoption intention. Further, the results demonstrated a model variance of 24.6% for business innovativeness and 64.2% for adoption intention of artificial intelligence in the family business. Research limitations/implications The study contributes to theoretical developments in entrepreneurship and family business research and AI's theoretical progress, especially to digital entrepreneurship. Originality/value Theoretically, it contributes to the literature of entrepreneurship, particularly digital entrepreneurship. Additionally, the research model adds to the role of entrepreneurial orientation and digital entrepreneurship in the emerging family entrepreneurship literature. Considering the scarcity of research in this field, the empirically validated model explaining critical antecedents of AI adoption intention in the family business is a foundation for discussion, critique and future research.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Malaria Modifies Neonatal and Early-Life Toll-Like Receptor Cytokine Responses. Protection from infections in early life relies extensively on innate immunity, but it is unknown whether and how maternal infections modulate infants' innate immune responses, thereby altering susceptibility to infections. Plasmodium falciparum causes pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM), and epidemiological studies have shown that PAM enhances infants' susceptibility to infection with P. falciparum. We investigated how PAM-mediated exposures in utero affect innate immune responses and their relationship with infection in infancy. In a prospective study of mothers and their babies in Benin, we investigated changes in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated cytokine responses related to P. falciparum infections. Whole-blood samples from 134 infants at birth and at 3, 6, and 12 months of age were stimulated with agonists specific for TLR3, TLR4, TLR7/8, and TLR9. TLR-mediated interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-10 production was robust at birth and then stabilized, whereas tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) responses were weak at birth and then increased. In multivariate analyses, maternal P. falciparum infections at delivery were associated with significantly higher TLR3-mediated IL-6 and IL-10 responses in the first 3 months of life (P<0.05) and with significantly higher TLR3-, TLR7/8-, and TLR9-mediated TNF-alpha responses between 6 and 12 months of age (P<0.05). Prospective analyses showed that higher TLR3- and TLR7/8-mediated IL-10 responses at birth were associated with a significantly higher risk of P. falciparum infection in infancy (P<0.05). Neonatal and infant intracellular TLR-mediated cytokine responses are conditioned by in utero exposure through PAM late in pregnancy. Enhanced TLR-mediated IL-10 responses at birth are associated with an increased risk of P. falciparum infection, suggesting a compromised ability to combat infection in early life.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Effects of modification of the HIV-1 Env cytoplasmic tail on immunogenicity of VLP vaccines. We investigated the effects on assembly and antigenic properties of specific modifications of the transmembrane spanning (TMS) and cytoplasmic tail (CT) domains of HIV-1 Env from a transmitted/ founder (T/F) ZM53 Env glycoprotein. A construct containing a short version of the TMS domain derived from the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) Env with or without a GCN4 trimerization sequence in the CT exhibited the highest levels of incorporation into VLPs and induced the highest titers of anti-Env IgG immune responses in a VLP context. Sera from guinea pigs immunized by VLPs with high Env content, and containing the CT trimerization sequence, had increased neutralization activity and antibody avidity. A cross-Glade prime-boost regimen with Glade B SF162 or Glade C ZM53 Env DNA priming and boosting with VLPs containing modified ZM53 Env further enhanced these immune responses. The modified VLPs demonstrate improved potential as HIV-1 vaccine antigens. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Evaluating efficacy of preemergence soybean herbicides using field treated soil in greenhouse bioassays. Amid widespread occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds in the United States, the use of PRE herbicides and cover crops have resurged once again as important strategies for weed management in cropping systems. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the length of soil residual weed control from PRE soybean herbicides and the detrimental impact of these herbicides on cover crop species using field treated soil in greenhouse bioassays. Greenhouse bioassays were conducted using soil from field experiments conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Arlington and Lancaster, WI. PRE herbicides consisted of imazethapyr, chlorimuron-ethyl, and cloransulam-methyl (acetolactate synthase [ALS] inhibitors); metribuzin (photosystem II [PS II] inhibitor); sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, and saflufenacil (protoporphyrinogen oxidase [PPO] inhibitors); acetochlor, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P, and pyroxasulfone (very long-chain fatty acid [VLCFA] inhibitors); and a nontreated control. Greenhouse bioassays were conducted using soil (depth, 0 to 10 cm) sampled at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 d after treatment (DAT). Palmer amaranth and giant foxtail (weeds), and radish and cereal rye (cover crops) were used as bioindicators of herbicide levels in the soil. Bioassay results showed extended soil residual control of Palmer amaranth with sulfentrazone and pyroxasulfone; extended residual control of giant foxtail was observed with pyroxasulfone and S-metolachlor. Chlorimuron-ethyl and metribuzin were the most injurious herbicides to radish and cereal rye shortly after application, respectively, but minimal injury was observed from soil samples collected 50 DAT, indicating the use of PRE and fall-seeded cover crops in southern Wisconsin can be compatible. These results can support growers and practitioners with selection of effective PRE herbicides for Palmer amaranth and giant foxtail control and reduced impact on fall-seeded radish and cereal rye cover crops, altogether leading to more effective, diverse, and sustainable weed management programs.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Complete Genome Analysis of a PVYN-Wi Recombinant Isolate from Solanum tuberosum in China. The complete sequence of CF_YL21, a Potato virus Y (PVY) isolate from Solanum tuberosum in China, was determined to be 9718 nucleotides in length, excluding the 3'-terminal poly(A) tail. The viral genome had a single open reading frame of 9186 nucleotides encoding a polyprotein of 3061 amino acids. The polyprotein was predicted to be cleaved into ten functional proteins by three viral proteases. Sequence analyses indicated that CF_YL21 shared 97% nucleotide identity with Wilga5 (PVYN-Wi), and two putative recombination signals were detected in the P1 and HC-Pro/P3 regions. Phylogenetic analyses, Bayesian Tip-association Significance (BaTS) test, and multiplex RT-PCR assay confirmed that the isolate had the similar molecular and genomic structure with PVYN-Wi, a PVY strain formed by recombination between PVYN and PVYO. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the complete sequence structure of PVYN-Wi strain from potato in China.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Attributing John Marston's Marginal Plays. John Marston (c. 1576-1634) was a dramatist of the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods, known for his satirical wit and literary feuds with Ben Jonson. His dramatic corpus consists of nine plays of uncontested authorship. This article investigates four additional plays of uncertain authorship which have been associated with Marston: Lust's Dominion; Histriomastix; The Family of Love; and The Insatiate Countess. The internal evidence for Marston's hand in these four texts is examined and an analysis made of the potential divisions of authorship. The essay provides a survey of Marston's individual style by testing vocabulary; prosody; collocations of thought and language; and versification habits within both his acknowledged plays and the contested texts, in comparison to plays written by other authorship candidates.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Curing monitoring of phenolic resol resins via atomic force microscope and contact angle. An atomic force microscope was used to investigate Si3N4 tip interactions with various curing conditions in three different molar ratios. Also the surface free energy and acid base character of resol resin were investigated using contact angle analysis. The adhesion force between tip and surface can be calculated from the deflection distance of cantilever and the cantilever spring constant. The acid-base property of surface was characterized by calculating the work of acid-base interaction according to Fowkes' and Good's theory. And then, the adhesion force was compared to surface free energy. The result was that the hydrophobic effect also plays a significant role in adhesion force. At the same curing temperature the adhesion force for the more hydrophobic F/P = 2.5 resol resin was comparatively lower than hydrophilic F/P = 1.3 and 1.9 resin. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 11]}
{"token": "The tailored traits of reclaimed asphalt pavement incorporating maltene: performance analyses. Environmental issues and fluctuations in the price of asphalt binders have increased the demand in usage of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material for asphalt mixtures. The RAP binder, nevertheless, is often highly aged and has several drawbacks, for instance, low cracking resistance, low workability, and low fatigue in the resulting mixtures. These issues can be resolved by using rejuvenators. As such, this research work assessed the engineering properties of reclaimed hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture rejuvenated by maltene-derived asphalt. The tests examined Marshall properties, moisture damage, resilient modulus (M-R), dynamic creep, Cantabro loss, and rutting resistance, including the stripping and coating tests. The results showed that maltene had been effective in mitigating the aging effect of RAP asphalt, while the rejuvenated mixture exhibited considerable enhancement, especially when compared to the virgin and RAP mixtures without maltene. A simple cost analysis revealed that maltene was cost-effective as it compensated for the adverse effects of RAP, hence can be used to raise the content of RAP in asphalt mixture.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Diversity analysis of protistan microplankton in Sagami Bay by 18S rRNA gene clone analysis using newly designed PCR primers. The diversity of protistan microplankton in Sagami Bay was revealed by 18S rRNA gene clone analysis using newly designed PCR primers. PCR amplification consisted of a first reaction targeting the V3-V5 region of the 18S rRNA gene, followed by a nested reaction targeting the V3-V4 region. In total, 629 clones consisting of 108 phylotypes were affiliated with a variety of protistan groups including dinoflagellates, diatoms, prymnesiomonada, chlorophyta, ciliophora, cercozoa, and heterokonta. The dinoflagellate group was detected most frequently and shared approximately 74 % of the total clones. Within this group, approximately half of the clones belonged to the parasitic dinoflagellate Syndiniales group I, which was first reported from Sagami Bay. The genera Woloszynskia, Gonyaulax, Neoceratium, and Karlodinium have not been reported from this bay until now. The second most frequent group was diatoms, which shared approximately 22 % of the total clones. Within this group, highly diverse Thalassiosira phylotypes were detected, and they shared approximately 70 % of the diatom clones. Therefore, highly diverse protists including some candidate groups were successfully detected, indicating that the designed primers and PCR protocol will be useful for molecular diversity analyses of protistan microplankton communities in aquatic environments.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Point mutations induced by foscarnet (PFA) in the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase. Background: In vitro selection of viruses with decreased drug susceptibility is a useful tool for mapping drug resistance-associated alterations, evaluating cross-resistance profiles, and elucidating molecular mechanisms of antiviral activity. Objectives: To provide data on mechanisms of selective drug action and features of drug resistance that may be clinically important. Study design: Foscarnet (PFA) and ganciclovir (GCV) were used to induce mutants of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Towne strain. Results: Three new mutations, selected in the presence of PFA, were identified with single base substitutions resulting in T419M, Q578H, and L773V in conserved regions of the HCMV DNA polymerase. None of these mutations have been reported previously. These mutations conferred resistance to PFA but did not change the susceptibility to GCV. A mutant was selected in the presence of GCV. This GCV-selected mutant had no mutation in the UL54 but had an amino acid alteration at codon M460V of UL97, which conferred resistance to GCV. All the mutants had the same growth phenotype as the parental laboratory strain Towne. Conclusions: We have determined three novel alterations in HCMV DNA polymerase inducing reduced susceptibility to PFA. None of these alterations changed the growth phenotype of the parental virus. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Strategy-proof division with single-peaked preferences and individual endowments. We consider the problem of(re)allocating the total endowment of an infinitely divisible commodity among agents with single-peaked preferences and individual endowments. We propose an extension of the so-called uniform rule and show that it is the unique rule satisfying Pareto optimality, strategy-proofness, reversibility, and an equal-treatment condition. The resulting rule turns out to be peaks-only and individually rational: the allocation assigned by the rule depends only on the peaks of the preferences, and no agent is worse off than at his individual endowment.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Evaluating foresight in transnational research programming. Global societal challenges require global efforts to address them. Research and innovation are increasingly expected to support such efforts, with limited resources. In this context of high expectations towards R&I, collaboration across borders, both in performing and in programming, is commonly seen as a way to get more results with the same or even less resources. Such collaboration across borders at a European or even global scale faces many challenges. The role of foresight as a supporting tool for transnational research programming has been analysed in a number of cases, but evaluation of its added value has to date largely been unexplored. Building on earlier work how to embed foresight in transnational research programming (TRP), this paper therefore aims to look at how the use of foresight in TRP can be evaluated, and what lessons can be drawn for its future use in support of TRP. Starting from the existing knowledge base on foresight evaluation, an evaluation framework for foresight in TRP is proposed, and tested against the foresight exercise that supported EU Russia S&T collaboration under the FP7 project ERA.Net RUS. The findings have implications for the role foresight can play in tackling societal challenges and increasing competitiveness at European and global level. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
{"token": "Estimating auditory neuronal dynamic range using a fitted function. To obtain the dynamic range of an auditory afferent, the neuron's firing rate is plotted versus stimulus level, and the dynamic range is taken as the difference between the threshold for evoked firing, and the level at which firing rate saturates. Those dynamic range endpoints are typically defined in terms of the neuron's spontaneous firing rate and its maximum firing rate, according to a plurality of schemes, each of which depends on user-chosen sets of numerical criteria. The dynamic ranges predicted by some of these schemes are compared for the first time, and the resulting estimates can differ by a factor of 2. A step can be taken towards standardizing the measurement of neuronal dynamic range, if dynamic range is incorporated into a rate-level function as a parameter. To build this function, it is first assumed that the neuron's rate-level response reaches half its maximum at a level halfway between the threshold and the level at saturation, i.e. at threshold plus half the dynamic range. Then the firing rates at threshold and at threshold plus dynamic range are defined according to the most popular of the endpoint schemes. The resulting equation produces credible estimates of neuronal properties when fitted, and correctly predicts the behavior of the slope of the empirical rate-level plot [McGee, 1983. M.S. thesis, Creighton University; Ohlemiller et al., 1991. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90, 274-287]. Thus, despite not being deterministic, the new equation has remarkable predictive power. When two of the rate-level functions are added and weighted, the resulting equation fits sloping-saturating data better than any functions presently employed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Wild type ApoA-II gene does not rescue senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP1) from short life span and accelerated mortality. Biochemical and genetic data suggest that the Apoa2(c) allele of the apolipoprotein A-II gene causes severe senile amyloidosis (AApoAII) in SAMP1, a mouse model for accelerated senescence. We analyzed the effects of replacement of Apoa2(c) in SAMP1 mice with non-amyloidogenic Apoa2(b) on amyloidosis, lipoprotein metabolism, and progression of senescence using a congenic strain, P1.R1-Apoa2(b), which has the Apoa2(b) chromosome region of SAMR1 in the genome of SAMP1. Age-associated amyloid deposition was not observed, but plasma concentrations of apoA-II protein and HDL-cholesterol decreased with age in P1.R1-Apoa2(b). P1.R1-Apoa2(b) showed lower scores of senescence than did SAMP1. However, the life span and mortality rate doubling time were similar in P1.R1-Apoa2(b) and SAMP1. These results suggest that replacement of Apoa2(c) with non-amyloidogenic Apoa2(b) does not rescue SAMP1 mice from a short life span and accelerated mortality.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
{"token": "Do triploid Salmo trutta stocked into a chalk stream in the spring prey on wild Salmo salar smolts?. The predation impact of recently stocked triploid brown trout, Salmo trutta L., on migrating wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts was investigated in two field-based experiments. The first experiment employed a unique experimental facility to monitor 57 wild S. salar smolts through an enclosure containing a known density of stocked S. trutta to determine a predation rate. None of these smolts were preyed upon by the stocked S. trutta. The second experiment investigated the diet of free-ranging stocked triploid S. trutta in a chalk stream during the spring. Although at least 6% of the free-ranging stocked triploid S. trutta became piscivorous on Phoxinus phoxinus (L.), the results suggest that large, recently stocked, triploid S. trutta with a high condition factor do not represent a predation threat to wild S. salar smolts. However, it is recommended that a precautionary approach is maintained and the findings are not generalised until further investigation permits explicit management advice to be developed, and that the stocking of large triploid S. trutta is avoided before May/ June (regional variations to apply) each calendar year, where this can reasonably be achieved.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "An Artificial Spiking Nociceptor Integrating Pressure Sensors and Memristors. Artificial nociceptors based on emerging devices show intriguing potential for constructing humanoid sensory systems. However, current artificial nociceptors either produce analog output that limits their interaction with spiking systems or use discrete sensors. In this letter, we report an artificial spiking nociceptor integrating a pressure sensor and a NbOx-based memristor. The pressure sensor perceives mechanical stimuli, together with which the memristor enables a neuron that converts the pressure information into spike signals. Our spiking nociceptor emulates four key features of biological nociceptors: threshold, relaxation, no adaptation, and sensitization. Furthermore, the magnitude of the nociceptor's output spike is comparable to the action potential (similar to 100 mV) with the help of a readout resistor, making our nociceptor suitable for constructing efficient sensory systems and neural interfaces.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Cp(2)TiCl(2)-catalyzed pinacol-type coupling of aliphatic aldehydes by use of zinc and chlorosilane. Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride (Cp(2)TiCl(2)) exhibits excellent catalytic activity toward the pinacol-type coupling reaction of aliphatic aldehydes with the assistance of zinc powder and chlorosilane. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Understanding American cultural policy: the multi-level governance of the arts and humanities. This article uses multi-level governance theory to investigate American cultural policy towards the arts and humanities. The National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities Act of 1965 articulates the value of the arts and humanities for the American people, providing the foundation for the development of a complex bureaucracy at state and federal levels. The resulting multi-level governance model highlights the interplay among public agencies at federal and state levels, the links with nonprofit organizations, the varied organizational structures that imply different mechanisms for involving citizens, and the diverse sources of funding. These findings show how American cultural policy is based on a fragmented but coordinated bureaucracy that supports a pluralistic society.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "A baseline summary of framing research in public relations from 1990 to 2009. The present study examines the conceptualization of a frame, theoretical origins, analytical foci, and methods in framing research in public relations from 1990 to 2009. The most dominant type of a frame is construction of reality in communication found in 95% of 40 studies. Researchers compare public relations messages with news coverage, and also analyze public relations messages. Qualitative content analysis is more popular than quantitative content analysis or experiment. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
{"token": "The correlation between lipoprotein associated phospholipase A(2) and central overweight status. Objective: Being overweight is associated with an increased risk of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) can independently predict the risk of cardiovascular disease. This study is aimed to investigate whether Lp-PLA(2) was associated with an overweight status. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 3760 Chinese adults (age, 18-50 years) who underwent medical examination department of Xiamen Chang-Gung Hospital (XCGH) from 2018 to 2020. To explore the distribution of overweight classifications in the Chinese population, we evaluated the correlation of the overweight status with Lp-PLA(2), after correcting for possible influencing factors. Results: The Lp-PLA(2) level was greater in male than in female subjects (p < 0.001). Subjects with a central overweight status had a greater Lp-PLA(2) level than those with normal weight and a peripheral overweight status, in both male and female cohorts. The Lp-PLA(2) level was significantly greater in those with additional comorbidities (namely diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), overweight, and metabolic syndrome (MetS)). The age-adjusted and LDL-adjusted Lp-PLA(2) level also was significantly higher in the DM (+) and HTN (-) subgroups than in the DM (-), HTN (-), DM (-), and HTN (+) subgroups. Conclusion: Lp-PLA(2) is associated with sex, central overweight status, diabetes, hypertension, and MetS in adults aged < 50 years and the age-adjusted and LDL-adjusted Lp-PLA(2) was significantly higher in the DM (+) and HTN (-) subgroups than in the DM (-) and HTN (-) and DM (-) and HTN (+) subgroups.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Voter turnout: How much can we explain?. This paper evaluates the ability of common explanatory variables to predict who votes. Legit voting regressions are estimated with more than three dozen explanatory variables using survey and aggregate data for the 1979, 1980, 1984, and 1988 Canadian national elections. We find that the usual demographic variables such as age and education, and contextual variables such as campaign spending have significant effects on the probability of voting, but the models have low R-2's and cannot predict who votes more accurately than random guessing. We also estimate regressions using past voting behavior as a predictor of current behavior, and find that although the explanatory power rises it remains low. This suggests that the difficulty in explaining turnout arises primarily from omitted time-varying variables. In some sense, then, it appears that whether or not a person votes is to a large degree random. The evidence provides support for the rational voter theory, and is problematic for psyche/sociological approaches.", "label": [5, 49, 54]}
{"token": "Pseudomonas putida F1 has multiple chemoreceptors with overlapping specificity for organic acids. Previous studies have demonstrated that Pseudomonas putida strains are not only capable of growth on a wide range of organic substrates, but also chemotactic towards many of these compounds. However, in most cases the specific chemoreceptors that are involved have not been identified. The complete genome sequences of P. putida strains F1 and KT2440 revealed that each strain is predicted to encode 27 methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) or MCP-like proteins, 25 of which are shared by both strains. It was expected that orthologous MCPs in closely related strains of the same species would be functionally equivalent. However, deletion of the gene encoding the P. putida F1 orthologue (locus tag Pput_4520, designated mcfS) of McpS, a known receptor for organic acids in P. putida KT2440, did not result in an obvious chemotaxis phenotype. Therefore, we constructed individual markerless MCP gene deletion mutants in P. putida F1 and screened for defective sensory responses to succinate, malate, fumarate and citrate. This screen resulted in the identification of a receptor, McfQ (locus tag Pput_4894), which responds to citrate and fumarate. An additional receptor, McfR (locus tag Pput_0339), which detects succinate, malate and fumarate, was found by individually expressing each of the 18 genes encoding canonical MCPs from strain F1 in a KT2440 mcpS-deletion mutant. Expression of mcfS in the same mcpS deletion mutant demonstrated that, like McfR, McfS responds to succinate, malate, citrate and fumarate. Therefore, at least three receptors, McfR, McfS, and McfQ, work in concert to detect organic acids in P. putida F1.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "The Impact of Executives' IT Expertise on Reported Data Security Breaches. Data security breaches (DSBs) are increasing investor and regulator pressure on firms to improve their IT governance (ITG) in an effort to mitigate the related risk. Drawing on upper echelon theory, we argue that DSB risk cannot be mitigated by one executive alone, but, rather, is a shared leadership responsibility of the top management team (TMT; i.e., Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Chief Financial Officer (CFO), and Chief Information Officer (CIO)). By examining a sample of DSBs from 2005 to 2017, our study finds that CEOs with IT expertise are associated with fewer DSBs, with some evidence of a focus on DSBs containing consumer information. Our evidence also suggests that CFOs with IT expertise are less likely to report a DSB in general, as well as DSBs involving employee information or instigated by a person outside of the firm and, to a weaker extent, DSBs containing consumer information. Further, the presence of a CIO as part of the TMT is significantly associated with reduced DSBs of all types examined. Our results are robust to endogeneity concerns and an alternative propensity score matched sample. This study contributes a granular investigation of DSB risk involving executives with IT expertise that extends the upper echelon and ITG literatures.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "The effect of oxidation pressure on the equilibrium nanostructure of soot particles. The notion of equilibrium soot nanostructure was introduced by Hurt et al., who argued that the peculiar turbostratic carbon structure is an equilibrium arrangement of lamellar, graphene-like molecules. It was proposed that the typical, onion-like internal structure of primary soot particles can be satisfactorily described by thermodynamic principles. There are two main objectives of this paper. First, the effects of oxidation pressures above atmospheric pressure on soot nanostructure are investigated experimentally. The analyzed soot was generated in premixed flames of liquid fuels: n-dodecane, m-xylene and n-butanol and further oxidized in a thermogravimetric analyzer under atmospheric, 10 atm and 40 atm pressures. Nanostructure is described by utilizing high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and recently developed image analysis techniques. Second, empirical observations are compared against behavior that is semi-quantitatively predicted by the thermodynamic model. The utilization of the novel analysis technique made direct comparison between observed and computed properties possible. Reasonable consistency was found between experimental and computational results. The results suggest that the known thermodynamic model can be used to predict equilibrium structure even when soot is oxidized under pressurized conditions. Since diesel and jet engines operate at elevated pressures, the conclusions drawn in this paper may find their use in predicting soot nanostructure in the limiting case of equilibrium conditions. (C) 2015 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved,", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Characteristics and severity of motorcycle crashes resulting in hospitalization in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Objective: This study aims to describe the crash characteristics, injury outcomes, and risk factors associated with injury severity for motorcycle crashes resulting in hospitalization in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken of motorcyclists who were injured as the result of a crash and were admitted to hospital for more than 24 h. Information was collected using a researcher-administered questionnaire and a medical record review. Descriptive statistics and a multiple logistic regression model were undertaken. The outcome of interest was severity of the injury, measured using the Injury Severity Score (ISS). Results: A total of 352 hospitalized motorcyclists were included in the study, of which 6.8% (n = 24) were classified as severe injuries (ISS > 15). At the time of the crash, 41% of participants were not licensed to drive a motorcycle, 26% were speeding, 13% were not wearing a helmet, and 9% were using their mobile phone. The results of the multiple logistic regression model found that not being licensed to drive a motorcycle (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-9.34) and crashing at nighttime (AOR = 4.28; 95% CI, 1.33-13.78) were significantly associated with increased injury severity among hospitalized motorcyclists. Conclusions: This study highlighted several high-risk behaviors among hospitalized motorcyclists in Vietnam. In addition, the study found that being unlicensed and crashing at night were associated with higher injury severity among hospitalized motorcyclists. The findings suggest that prevention and enforcement interventions targeting high-risk behaviors may reduce the significant morbidity and mortality associated with motorcycle crashes in Vietnam.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Positioning patients for robotic-assisted surgery: A qualitative study of operating room nurses' experiences. Design: A descriptive qualitative design.Methods: Seven operating room nurses with experience in robotic-assisted surgery were included at a university hospital. Data were obtained through individual interviews and analysed using qualitative content analysis. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative research COREQ checklist was used.Results: We identified three categories, (a) patient positioning is challenging during robotic-assisted surgery, (b) operating room nurses take responsibility for patient positioning during robotic-assisted surgery, but teamwork is important and (c) operating room nurses aim to achieve safe patient positioning during robotic-assisted surgery.Aim: One of the challenges of robotic-assisted surgery is related to positioning of the patient on the operating table. Technological developments place increased demands on operating room nurses' competence to prevent positioning injuries and ensuring care quality. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to describe operating room nurses' experiences when positioning the patients for robotic-assisted surgery.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Inequalities in long term health-related quality of life between partnered and not partnered breast cancer survivors through the mediation effect of social support. ObjectiveTo compare long-term quality of life outcomes by marital status among women living with breast cancer, and to test the mediation effects of social support as an underlying factor.ConclusionsWomen recovering from breast cancer who do not have partners have poorer physical and mental HRQOL, than those with partners, with a lack of social support as an underlying inequality. Partners of breast cancer survivors are importance sources in the provision of social support to help them maintain well-being and quality of life. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.ResultsBreast cancer survivors who did not have a partner, compared to those who had a partner, had significantly lower levels of social support, which was associated with poorer HRQOL. Social support mediated the relationship between not having a partner and poorer HRQOL. Results were consistent after taken into consideration socio-demographic characteristics, which included age, highest level of education, country of birth, and area of residence.MethodsData are drawn from 1996 to 2010 of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. The sample included 505 women with breast cancer with six years of follow-up data. Social support was measured by the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS). Physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was measured using the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 55]}
{"token": "A Halpern Type Iterative Scheme for a Finite Number of Mappings in Complete Geodesic Spaces with Curvature Bounded above. In this paper, we show a convergence theorem to a common fixed point for finitely many mappings by the Halpern's iterative scheme using balanced mappings on an admissible complete CAT(1) space.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Emissaries of the Modern: The Foreign Teacher in Urban China. Some of the most recognizable urban figures in China today are not even Chinese, but \\\\'foreigners.\\\\' Foreigners stand out from the crowd, not simply because of their perceived racial distinctiveness, but because they are seen to possess and successfully manipulate symbols of a globalized world that many Chinese desire but feel disconnected from. Based on fieldwork in the northeastern city of Shenyang, this article will focus specifically on foreign teachers, itinerant native speakers of English who come to China for adventure and a paycheck in return for teaching their language to others. They are encountered in foreign language classrooms, the media, and in public, acting as indexes of modernity in a rapidly changing urban landscape. While Chinese urban residents bemoan a sense of isolation and backwardness within globalized structures of power and capital, they identify the interloping foreign teacher-stereotypically seen as white, English-speaking, mobile, wealthy, and brand-conscious-as an exemplar of the possibilities of modern selfhood. Foreigners are objects of desire, curiosity, envy, and resentment; each emotion is linked to their status as representatives of a world perceived to be beyond the boundaries of the local, but which in reality permeates it at every level. While foreign teachers themselves are often oblivious to this wider context, they are implicated in everyday practices of Chinese self-fashioning, from education in global languages to marketing international brands. I argue that the image of the foreigner provokes reflections on the nature of Chinese ethnicity, culture, and national identity. Contemplating the foreign as a potential subject position, sometimes critically, is one way that urban Chinese articulate creative possibilities for their own futures.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Investigating the Next Generation of Design Researchers. This paper explores the opportunities, challenges and needs of the next generation of design researchers (NGDRs) in the United Kingdom. As part of the first author's ongoing Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) Design Leadership Fellowship, the paper reports on a series of ten NGDR workshops held across the UK, which explored the processes involved in developing, writing, and applying for an AHRC grant. The paper presents feedback from the NGDR workshop participants, who contributed to furthering our understanding of what research areas they are interested in investigating, what research-related issues they need support with, and what research opportunities they envisage for the future. Over 800 next generation design researchers attended the NGDR workshops across the UK. This paper reports on feedback from almost 200 NGDR workshop participants who articulate the highly collaborative, innovative and impactful design research they wish to undertake in the future.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Allelopathic effects of ginseng root exudates on the seeds germination and growth of ginseng and American ginseng. We investigated the allelopathic effects of ginseng root exudates on seed germination and biomass of ginseng and American ginseng. Ginseng was cultivated in a sterilized composite substrate. Root exudates were collected in-situ and then successively extracted with water and methanol. The two eluates were combined and partitioned with ethyl acetate. The water and ethyl acetate extract were recovered and assayed. Root exudates exhibited a stronger allelopathic effect on ginseng than on American ginseng. Water-extract was more inhibitory to seed germination and alpha-amylase activity of both ginseng and American ginseng. Root exudates inhibited the radical elongation of ginseng and American ginseng. The ethyl acetate extract proved more allelopathic. The inhibitory effects were concentration dependent. Ginseng root exudates had variable effects on the hypocotyl growth of ginseng and American ginseng. All extracts from roots of ginseng inhibited the fresh and dry weight of ginseng and American ginseng.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS: HOW TO OBTAIN, EVALUATE, CRITICIZE AND IMPROVE. Quantifying is inherent to human beings, and it is undeniable that bringing this practice into the construction of knowledge was a decisive factor for the great success of the (hard) sciences and engineering in the nineteenth century. Thus, the transformation of information into numbers to understand and control processes was transferred to the Humanities and Social Sciences ... but success was not as great as expected, leading many researchers of these areas to reject quantification at all. Although this attitude is understandable, we argue that it does not result from quantification itself, but that, along with the latter, subliminally came two very questionable and insufficiently discussed assumptions: that, as in Physics, in the Humanities and Social Sciences, (i) the phenomena are predominantly deterministic, and (ii) there is the expectation of a clear and well defined \\\\'true value\\\\' for the quantified information. Actually, quantification in these no-exact areas becomes much more useful and effective if one recognizes that: (i) the phenomena are better understood if approached as stochastic, (ii) there is no expectation of a \\\\'true value\\\\' for the quantified information; variables and parameters are predominantely distributions (numerical intervals), and (iii) the ways to quantify, although undoubtely fully valid, are less objective. In this article, we characterize each of these contexts, in order to discriminate them clearly and definitely. We differentiate between measurements and indicators, and focus on the latter, classifying them according to various features, functions, and applications, and concluding with a list of quality requirements that they must obey to maximize their effectiveness, usefulness and accuracy.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Loss of a freshwater copepod species from El Junco Lake, Galapagos following the introduction and eradication of the Nile tilapia. An undescribed diaptomid copepod probably belonging to a new Mastigodiaptomus species has been discovered and was very abundant in El Junco Lake (San Cristobal Island, Ecuador) from 1966 until 2004. The species was not found in samples from 2007, 2008 or 2018. The loss of this key species from the lake coincides with the illegal introduction of Nile tilapia to El Junco Lake in 2005 and its subsequent eradication in 2008. The disappearance of this biogeographically and ecologically important copepod population may be explained by direct mechanisms of predation and competition, by a combination of both processes, and by indirect mechanisms linked to alterations in the lake ecosystem. The effects of fish eradication using rotenone may have contributed to the loss of the diaptomid population and to preventing its recovery. This article discusses the search for sources of propagules for recolonization and possible reintroduction scenarios and procedures.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Bandgap bowing in a zero-dimensional hybrid halide perovskite derivative: spin-orbit coupling versus lattice strain. We have considered a zero-dimensional hybrid halide perovskite derivative system, namely MA(3)(Sb1-xBix)(2)I-9, to study the bandgap dependence on metal substitution. Similar to tin-lead mixed halide perovskites (MASn(1-x)Pb(x)I(3)), the composition dependence of the optical bandgap in the MA(3)(Sb1-xBix)(2)I-9 solid-state alloys showed evidence of a quadratic (bow-like) behavior where an intermediate compound containing an equimolar contribution of antimony and bismuth, MA(3)(Sb0.5Bi0.5)(2)I-9 offered the narrowest bandgap of around 1.90 eV; this is markedly lower than the bandgap of the end members MA(3)Sb(2)I(9) (2.36 eV) and MA(3)Bi(2)I(9) (2.16 eV). In addition, we have observed the bowing in the transport gap of MA(3)(Sb1-xBix)(2)I-9 that has been derived from scanning tunneling spectroscopy and density of states spectra thereof. To explain the underlying mechanism, we speculate that an antagonism between spin orbit coupling and its competing component, namely lattice strain, may have led to this bow-like nature in both optical and transport gaps. The band-diagram of heterojunctions based on MA(3)(Sb1-xBix)(2)I-9 accordingly depended on the metal-composition; solar cell characteristics of the heterojunctions followed the change in the bandgap, morphology, and also the exciton binding energy.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Molecular variants of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 preferentially associated with cervical neoplasia. In order to determine geographically related intratypic variation in human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and 18 isolates that could be associated with lesion development, data were analysed from an ongoing cohort study of the natural course of infection of HPVs and cervical neoplasia. Testing for HPVs was carried out by PCR and molecular variants of these HPVs were characterized by sequence analysis of the long control region and by dot blot hybridization of the E6 and L1 genes. Tests for HPV were done in multiple first-year specimens from 1690 women enrolled in a cancer screening program from 1993 to 1997. Subjects were followed-up by cytology and cervicography for detection of cervical lesions. Seven variants of HPV-16 and four of HPV-18 were detected in one or more specimens from 65 subjects. The same variant was found in specimens taken on different visits from each case of persistent infection. Overall, non-European Variants tended to persist more frequently [odds ratio (OR) = 4.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6-12.4] than European (E) variants (OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.9), relative to the risk of persistence for non-oncogenic HPVs. In addition, non-E variants were more strongly associated with risk of both prevalent (age- and race-adjusted OR = 172.2; 95% CI, 47.1-630.1) and incident [relative risk (RR) = 22.5; 95% CI, 6.0-83.9] high-grade lesions than E variants (prevalent lesions OR = 46.3; 95% CI, 15.5-138.0 and incident lesons RR = 6.1; 95% CI, 1.3-27.4), relative to the risk for HPV-negative women. Although consistent, the latter differences were not statistically significant. If confirmed in other populations, measurement of intratypic variation of HPV-16 and -18 has the potential to serve as an ancillary tool in cervical cancer screening.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
{"token": "Surface-anchoring properties related to the distribution of polyimide chains in a twisted nematic liquid-crystal cell. On the basis of a general Rapini and Papoular equation and the unified surface-anchoring energy; surface-anchoring strength is newly defined theoretically as a function of the azimuthal deviation angle of the surface liquid-crystal directors and the statistical distribution of polyimide chains in a typical twisted nematic liquid-crystal cell. Then these are determined experimentally by the surface second-harmonic generation method, which is nonlinear optics, and the optical phase retardation method. We assume that the anisotropy distribution of polyimide chains induced by the rubbing strength is dominated by a Gaussian distribution around the rubbing direction. (c) 2005 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Late-onset Huntington disease with intermediate CAG repeats: true or false?. Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat length in the huntingtin gene. 'Intermediate alleles' with 27 to 35 CAG repeats generally do not cause HD but are unstable upon germ-line transmission. Insights in CAG repeat mosaicism and enhanced trinucleotide expansion in postmitotic neurons indicate that in the intermediate range, other factors than the CAG repeat length in diagnostic tests have to be considered. Here, we report two patients with mild, late onset HD and an intermediate repeat allele. The authors anticipate that intermediate repeats can cause late-onset HD due to disease modifiers and may be more common than previously stated.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "A survey on FANET routing from a cross-layer design perspective. With the introduction of UAVs to networking, ad hoc communications have evolved past confinement to the terrestrial grid and have moved towards aerial meshes. Until now, Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) have been relying on strictly layered communication protocols for their function and routing, a tradition set by conventional networks. With layers of said protocols functioning as \\\\'black boxes\\\\', any form of interaction between non-adjacent layers constitutes a direct violation of the protocols' architecture. The work presented in this survey intends to examine existing protocols of both legacy and cross-layer architectures in terms of their potential in accommodating routing in FANET deployments. Special attention is given to multi-altitude (3D) deployments, where a substantially greater amount of processing and packet route complexity is observed, and a greater amount of node location precision is required. The potential of cross-layer designs is expressed as a function of power budgeting, mobility (and awareness thereof), security, and resource allocation, given their importance for efficient control of flying ad hoc networks.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Extraterrestrial spinels and the astronomical perspective on Earth's geological record and evolution of life. The spinel approach has so far been primarily applied to the middle Ordovician Period. In sediments of this age the breakup of the L chondrite parent body at similar to 466 Myr ago manifests itself by a two orders of magnitude increase in L chondrite material. A total of 99 fossil meteorites (1-21 cm in diameter), of which allot almost all are L chondrites, have been found in a small quarry in marine limestone of mid-Ordovician age in southern Sweden. The identification of the meteorites as L chondrites relies primarily on chemical and isotopic analyses of relict spinel (chromite). In addition, coeval slowly formed marine limestone from Sweden, China, and Russia is extremely rich in chromite grains (>63 mu m) with L chondrite composition. Based on a high content of solar wind Ne these spinels are interpreted as originating primarily from micrometeorites. Typically 1-10 grains are found per kg of rock, compared to background concentrations of 1-3 grains per 100 kg of similarly slowly deposited rock from other time periods. The elevated flux of L chondrite material to Earth in the mid-Ordovician coincides with important biotic changes, known as the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, as well as global volcanism and tectonic reorganizations. This indicates a possible primary or secondary connection between astronomical and terrestrial perturbations. Further evidence for a relation between perturbations of the asteroid belt and the Earth comes from a more general, long-term correlation of common breakup events in the asteroid belt, and repeated major ice ages as well as environmentally driven biotic change on Earth. In essence, with the spinel approach described here it will be possible to systematically, in great detail and on a strictly empirical basis, relate major events in the larger astronomical realm to the sequence of biotic, tectonic and climatic events on Earth. A pioneer astrostratigraphy can be established for Earth's geological record, complementing existing bio-, chemo-, and magnetostratigraphies. (c) 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Relict spinel grains (similar to 25-250 mu m in diameter) from decomposed extraterrestrial material in Archean to Recent sediments can be used to reconstruct variations in the flux of different types of meteorites to Earth through the ages. Meteorite falls are rare and meteorites weather and decay rapidly on the Earth surface, making it a challenge to reconstruct ancient fluxes. Almost all meteorite types, however, contain a small fraction of spinel minerals that survive weathering and can be recovered by acid-dissolution of large samples (100-1000 kg) of slowly deposited sediments of any age. The spinel grains originate from either micrometeorites, meteorites or asteroids, and can give detailed information on the types of extraterrestrial matter that fell on Earth at specific times in the geological past. Inside the spinels, synchrotron-light X-ray tomography can identify 1-30 mu m inclusions of most of the other minerals that made up the original meteorite. With advanced microanalyses of the spinels, such as Ne isotopes (from solar wind, and produced by cosmic rays), oxygen isotopes (meteorite class and group) and cosmic ray tracks, it may be possible to unravel from the geological record fundamental new information about the solar system at specific times through the past similar to 3.5 Gyr. Variations in flux and types of meteorites may reflect large-scale perturbations of the orbits of planets and other bodies in the solar system, as well as the sequence of disruptions of the parent bodies for the meteorite types known and not yet known. Orbital perturbations may be triggered by near-by passing stars, giant molecular clouds, the galactic gravitational field, supernova shock waves or unusual planetary alignments.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Cefepime plasma concentrations and clinical toxicity: a retrospective cohort study. Objectives: Cefepime remains an important antibiotic for severe bacterial infections, yet some meta-analyses have shown elevated mortality among patients randomized to it. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of beta-lactam antibiotics is increasing, but optimal plasma concentrations remain unknown. We examined clinical outcomes of patients undergoing cefepime TDM in an initial effort to define the drug's toxicity threshold.Conclusions: Neurotoxicity potentially related to cefepime occurred at plasma concentrations >35 mg/L. For those receiving intermittent infusions, trough concentrations >20 mg/L should be avoided until further information is available from prospective studies. (C) 2017 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: A total of 161 cefepime concentrations were drawn from 93 patients. Roughly half (82/161, 51%) and one-third (49/161, 30%) were trough and steady-state levels from patients receiving intermittent and continuous infusions, respectively; median concentrations were 17.6 mg/L (IQR 9.7-35.2) and 29.2 mg/L (IQR 18.9-45.9). Ten patients (11%) experienced a neurologic event considered at least possibly related to cefepime; neurotoxicity was associated with poorer renal function (median creatinine clearance 54 (IQR 39-97) vs. 75 mL/min/1.73(2) (IQR 44-104)) and longer cefepime durations (mean 8.3 (SD +/- 6.7) vs. 13.3 days (+/- 14.2), p = 0.071). Patients with trough levels >20 mg/L had a fivefold higher risk for neurologic events (OR 5.05, 95% CI 1.3-19.8).Methods: In this single-centre retrospective cohort study, we enrolled all adult hospitalized patients receiving cefepime and undergoing TDM from January 2013 through July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of clinical toxicity; a secondary outcome was clinical failure. Plasma samples were analysed via high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.", "label": [2, 4, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Fructan Metabolism in Developing Barley Grains. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain development follows a series of defined morphological and physiological stages and depends on the supply of assimilates (mainly sucrose) from the mother plant. Here, spatio-temporal patterns of sugar distributions were investigated by mass spectrometric imaging, targeted metabolite analyses, and transcript profiling of microdissected grain tissues. Distinct spatio-temporal sugar balances were observed, which may relate to differentiation and grain filling processes. Notably, various types of oligofructans showed specific distribution patterns. Levan- and graminan-type oligofructans were synthesized in the cellularized endosperm prior to the commencement of starch biosynthesis, while during the storage phase, inulin-type oligofructans accumulated to a high concentration in and around the nascent endosperm cavity. In the shrunken endosperm mutant seg8, with a decreased sucrose flux toward the endosperm, fructan accumulation was impaired. The tight partitioning of oligofructan biosynthesis hints at distinct functions of the various fructan types in the young endosperm prior to starch accumulation and in the endosperm transfer cells that accomplish the assimilate supply toward the endosperm at the storage phase.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Formation of secondary mineral coatings and the persistence of reduced metal-bearing phases in soils developing on historic coal mine spoil. Acid mine drainage (AMD) from historic and abandoned coal mine spoil represents a potential long-term source of contaminants to surface and groundwater. Determining the risk associated within AMD generation and metal (Mid) transport from coal mine spoil is complicated by the heterogeneous natural of spoil heaps and mineralogical and hydro(bio)geochemical factors that may limit or promote metal(loid) transport. The current work aims to determine if primary, reduced phases such as pyrite continue to persist in abandoned and historic coal mine spoil. This objective was accomplished through characterization soils undergoing active weathering while developing on coal mine spoil in Appalachian Ohio to determine the factors that might limit oxidative dissolution. Soils in the Huff Run Watershed (Ohio, USA) were sampled at 0-10 cm, 30-40 cm, 70-80 cm, and 110-120 cm depth. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and synchrotron-based X-ray Microprobe (XMP) analyses were used to determine the speciation and distribution of metal(loid)s and the minerals they are associated with. The XMP analyses included micro-focused XRD (mu-XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (mu-XRF) element and redox state mapping, and X-ray absorption Near Edge Structure (mu-XANES) Spectroscopy. Soil mineralogy was dominated by quartz, muscovite, kaolinite, and feldspar, with minor amounts of chlorite and other phases including pyrite, arsenopyrite, realgar, orpiment, hematite, and goethite. Soils from all depths contained metal(loid)-sulfide particles with secondary mineral surface coatings, often in physically complex and heterogeneous aggregates that were composed of clay minerals and secondary Fe (III)-(oxy)hydroxides. These assemblages were typically 10-20 um in diameter, with an individual pyrite particle core grain size ranging from 0.5 to 10 um, and secondary mineral surface coatings ranging in thickness from undetectable to 1 mu m. Within these aggregates, S and As were present as: (1) small (<20 mu m) phases that were spatially correlated with Fe and other trace metal(loids) (Cu, Se, and Zn) and identified as metal(loid)-sulfide minerals; and (2) As(III), As(VI), and S(VI) associated with secondary Fe(III)-(oxy)hydroxides. Intermediate S oxidation state was also observed to be associated with remnant coal and organic matter. These results indicate that pyrite and other metal(loid) sulfides are present in soils developing on historic coal mine spoil after several decades since waste emplacement. The persistence of the um-scale pyrite grains is likely the result of the formation of the secondary mineral surface coatings which can limit complete oxidative dissolution. These phases also play a role in re-sequestration of metal(loid)s release from sulfide mineral weathering. This work highlights the importance for considering AMD generation from non-point sources, and the potential for long-term ecosystem impairment.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Autonomy, Experience, and Reflection. On a Neglected Aspect of Personal Autonomy. The aim of this paper is to suggest that a necessary condition of autonomy has not been sufficiently recognized in the literature: the capacity to critically reflect on one's practical attitudes (desires, preferences, values, etc.) in the light of new experiences. It will be argued that most prominent accounts of autonomy-ahistorical as well as history-sensitive-have either altogether failed to recognize this condition or at least failed to give an explicit account of it.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Depictions of war, five-hundred years apart: Leonardo da Vinci's Battle of Anghiari and paintings of the destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The evocation of the destructive forces of nature, humans and animals in various of Leonardo da Vinci's depictions characterises his unique oeuvre as an artist and designer. As a self-confessed pacifist Leonardo described a pitched battle as \\\\'beastly madness\\\\', in view of the fact that he was well acquainted with the violence of close combat, as depicted in his lost Battle of Anghiari mural with its vortex-like composition. As a military engineer he designed machines capable of slaughtering the enemy, but he also designed defences for towns to protect soldiers and civilians from assault. These designs may be considered to be the thought experiments of an inventor who explored the limits of human ingenuity in relation to war. Since the middle of the twentieth century, however, the calamitous forces of nature can actually be equalled or even surpassed by nuclear explosions. A case parallel to Leonardo's pacifism is found in J. Robert Oppenheimer's ethical misgivings about war, even though as a scientist Oppenheimer was involved in the Manhattan nuclear project which resulted in the development of the bombs dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki seventy years ago. Selected paintings by observer-artists who survived the destruction of those nuclear blasts are reproduced and discussed to evoke the horror of the destruction of the cities and the suffering of the victims.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Trans-humanist/Post-humanist Sexuality: between Fatigue, Fetishes and Prosthetics. Trans-humanist/post-humanist sexuality is interpreted in two ways: as an expression of sexual fatigue and as shifts marked by marginal sexualities and fetish prostheses. This paper shows, from a bioethical approach and bio-politics, that a triangular structure can be distinguished: the sexually tired subject, in which operate different strains expressed as sexual dysfunction, depression and monotony. The sexual hybrid in which the machine-organism integration is produced under which operate all techno-scientific interventions, which by way of prosthesis are inserted in a sexual functionality. Finally, sexual assembly is referred to as the modification of the environment based on their use for erotic purposes.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Are reproductive and somatic senescence coupled in humans? Late, but not early, reproduction correlated with longevity in historical Sami women. Evolutionary theory of senescence emphasizes the importance of intense selection on early reproduction owing to the declining force of natural selection with age that constrains lifespan. In humans, recent studies have, however, suggested that late-life mortality might be more closely related to late rather than early reproduction, although the role of late reproduction on fitness remains unclear. We examined the association between early and late reproduction with longevity in historical post-reproductive Sami women. We also estimated the strength of natural selection on early and late reproduction using path analysis, and the effect of reproductive timing on offspring survival to adulthood and maternal risk of dying at childbirth. We found that natural selection favoured both earlier start and later cessation of reproduction, and higher total fecundity. Maternal age at childbirth was not related to offspring or maternal survival. Interestingly, females who produced their last offspring at advanced age also lived longest, while age at first reproduction and total fecundity were unrelated to female longevity. Our results thus suggest that reproductive and somatic senescence may have been coupled in these human populations, and that selection could have favoured late reproduction. We discuss alternative hypotheses for the mechanisms which might have promoted the association between late reproduction and longevity.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Larval morphology and biology of a North American and an Israeli Altica species (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae : Alticinae). The mature larvae of Altica bicarinata (Kutschera) and A. marevagans Horn, collected in Israel and North America, respectively, are described and illustrated in detail for the first time. Some remarks on their taxonomy and biology are also given along with some discussion of the state of knowledge of alticine larvae.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Beyond behavioral skills to human-involved processes: Relational nursing practice and interpretive pedagogy. This article argues that the teaching of behavioral communication skills may interfere with the learning of humanistic nursing practice. By inviting readers to consider moving beyond a method approach, the author discusses the pedagogical value of interpretive inquiry for the teaching-learning of relational practice. The author asserts that, as a \\\\'nonmethod,\\\\' a pedagogy of interpretive inquiry can create opportunities for nursing students to learn and experience the transformative power of relationship, gain confidence in their capacity for relational being and a sense of trust in their ability to be with people in ways that are authentic and meaningful, and develop their overall ability to enact humanistic, relational nursing.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "ON THE omega(1) LIMITS OF SUBSETS OF THE REAL LINE. We point out that it is consistent with ZFC that 2(omega) > N-1 and every subset of R is the omega(1) limit of a sequence of G(delta) sets in R. We prove also that assuming cov (N) > N-1, not every set in R is the omega(1) limit of a sequence of measurable sets. This solves two problems of T. Natkaniec and J. Wesolowska.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Ascertainment correction for a population tree via a pruning algorithm for likelihood computation. We present a method for correcting ascertainment-bias in a coalescent-based likelihood for population trees. Our method is computationally simple and fast. To correct for the bias we compute the probability of allele-counts conditioned on the locus being included. This conditional probability is simply the uncorrected likelihood divided by the inclusion probability. A modification of a pruning algorithm is introduced so that the inclusion probability can be computed with a single run of the algorithm. Our computation is exact and avoids Monte-Carlo based methods. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Particle creation and decay in nonminimally coupled models of gravity. In extended models of gravity, a nonminimal coupling to matter has been assumed to lead to irreversible particle creation. In this paper, we challenge this assumption. We argue that a nonminimal coupling of the matter and gravitational sectors results in a change in particle momentum on a cosmological time scale, irrespective of particle creation or decay. We further argue that particle creation or decay associated with a nonminimal coupling to gravity could only happen as a result of significant deviations from a homogeneous Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker geometry on microscopic scales and provide a phenomenological description of the impact of particle creation or decay on the cosmological evolution of the density of the matter fields.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "New insights into the systematics of Lumbricillus and Marionina (Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) inferred from Southern Hemisphere samples, including three new species. Enchytraeid worms collected in South Africa and on the Marion, South Orkney, South Georgia and South Shetland Islands during 2008-2015 were studied using morphology and seven genetic markers. Nine species were recognized: one terrestrial (Christensenidrilus blocki) and all the others marine littoral (five Lumbricillus and three Marionina s.s.). An estimated phylogeny including other enchytraeids from the Northern Hemisphere, many of which are members of Lumbricillus and some representing Marionina s.l., confirmed a non-monophyletic Lumbricillus, with some of its current species closely related to Grania or Marionina s.s. The phylogeny also corroborated a non-monophyletic Marionina s.l., with Marionina s.s. closely related to Grania and Lumbricillus s.l., but not to the remaining sequenced 'Marionina' or to Ch. blocki. These results provide a long-needed starting point for a revision of both Marionina and Lumbricillus. We provide morphological descriptions of all nine species, three of which are new to science: Lumbricillus finisafricae sp. nov., Lumbricillus nivalis sp. nov., and Marionina fusca sp. nov. Comments on three related species of Marionina s.s. based on re-examined type material are also provided.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Dealing with Relatives of the Victims of the 'Aktion T4' by the National Socialist Institutions as well as by Wuerttemberg Asylums. The role of the relatives in the context of the, euthanasia\\\\' \\\\'Aktion T4\\\\' (\\\\'T4\\\\' campaign) has been controversially discussed in recent years. Based on documents of the National Socialist bureaucracy, statements of asylum psychiatrists in the year 1945 to the French occupation force as well as letters from relatives to Weissenau asylum in Wuerttemberg, these sources are analysed here in the light of the reactions of family members in respect to \\\\'Aktion T4\\\\'. The results testify to a broad spectrum of responses of relatives, which are mainly characterised by fear, helplessness and protest.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Time-frequency signal analysis of earthquake records using Mexican hat wavelets. A method is presented for time-frequency signal analysis of earthquake records using Mexican hat wavelets. Ground motions in earthquakes are postulated as a sequence of simple penny-shaped ruptures at different locations along a fault line and occurring at different times. The single point source displacement of ground motion is idealized by a Gaussian function. For the purpose of signal analysis of accelerograms, the ground motion record generated by a simple penny-shaped rupture is used to form the basis wavelet function. After a careful study of the characteristics of various wavelet functions, the Mexican hat wavelet was found to be the most appropriate wavelet basis function to represent the acceleration of a single point source rupture. The result of the signal processing of an accelerogram is presented in the form of a scalogram using the coefficients of the continuous Mexican hat wavelet transform to describe the signal energy in the time-scale domain. The proposed signal processing methodology can be used to investigate the characteristics of accelerograms recorded on various types of sites and their effects on different types of structures.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Assessing modified risk tobacco and nicotine products: Description of the scientific framework and assessment of a closed modular electronic cigarette. Health related claims on novel products such as 'reduced exposure' and 'reduced risk' should be substantiated using a weight of evidence approach based on a comprehensive scientific assessment. The US FDA, has provided draft guidance outlining a framework to assess novel products as Modified Risk Tobacco Products (MRTP). Based on this, we now propose a framework comprising pre-clinical, clinical, and population studies to assess the risk profile of novel tobacco products.Cigarette smoking causes many human diseases including cardiovascular disease, lung disease and cancer. Novel tobacco products with reduced yields of toxicants compared to cigarettes, such as tobacco heating products, snus and electronic cigarettes, hold great potential for reducing the harms associated with tobacco use. In the UK several public health agencies have advocated a potential role for novel products in tobacco harm reduction. Public Health England has stated that \\\\'The current best estimate is that e-cigarettes are around 95% less harmful than smoking\\\\' and the Royal College of Physicians has urged public health to \\\\'Promote e-cigarettes widely as substitute for smoking\\\\'.Additionally, the utility of this framework is assessed through the pre-clinical and part of the clinical comparison of a commercial e-cigarette (Vype ePen) with a scientific reference cigarette (3R4F) and the results of these studies suggest that ePen has the potential to be a reduced risk product. (C) 2017 British American Tobacco Ltd. Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
{"token": "A revision of Cenchrus incl. Pennisetum (Gramineae) in Malesia with some general nomenclatural notes. Recent molecular research has confirmed that Cenchrus and Pennisetum (Gramineae) should be united. For nomenclatural, not practical, reasons, Cenchrus is accepted as the correct name. In Malesia there are 16 species. A key, descriptions, and notes are provided. Observations on the nomenclature are given. Some typifications are discussed, e.g. of Cenchrus frutescens. Three new combinations, one neotype and three lectotypes are designated.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Caring For Kids Where They Live: Interprofessional collaboration in teaching and learning in school settings. Across North America, educators are challenged with finding learning opportunities for students in the health professions. Faculty members with a pediatric specialization in nursing recognized that schools were an ideal setting to provide children with care from the health continuum including health promotion, assessment and treatment, and chronic disease management. The faculty of nursing at a Western Canadian University established a unique educational approach by creating an interprofessional pediatric clinical learning experience titled, Caring For Kids Where They Live. This practicum brings together students in the health professions (nurses, dentists, and kinesiologists) and students and their families from three urban schools; one elementary school and two high schools. The primary goals of this partnership were to create an interprofessional clinical learning experience and to promote health and wellness of children and youth. This initiative far exceeded the initial goals. This descriptive article with the use of reflective elements from student journals, identifies learning that occurred in an environment whereby students from the health professions had the opportunity to meet and interact, to collaborate, and to gain experience in caring for children and youth. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Critical analysis of racist post-9/11 Web animations. This study employs a critical historical approach to situate a corpus of 706 post-9/11 anti-Arab Web cartoons as populist wartime narrative that remediates U.S. racist animation and racist wartime cartoons produced during World War II. Analysis of the productionl distribution, and exhibition circumstances, as well as general narrative strategies deployed in the animations, demonstrates that these amateur texts resurrect and reproduce racist narrative strategies employed historically in professionally produced government-sanctioned animation. These cartoons illustrate how animators can use the Web as a folk venue for racist wartime animations that are currently unrepresentable by dominant mass media.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Effect of First Intron on Ovalbumin Promoter Activity. The present study was designed to investigate effect of first intron on ovalbumin promoter activity using immortalization of oviduct epithelial cells. The oviduct epithelial cells were cultured and then immortalized using pL-CTAgNeo virus. The pL-CTAgNeo virus maintained the structural integrity and growth of oviduct epithelial cells for 18 days whereas growth rate declined continuously with aging and cellular death after 7-10 days in controlled culture. The immortalized oviduct epithelial cells were transfected with pL-OV1345tPAGFP and pL-OV2964tPAGFP virus, respectively. The DNA and mRNA abundance of OV1345 virus was 46 and 14 times higher than OV2964 virus. The transcript effect of OV2964 virus was 3-fold higher than OV1345. The result showed that first intron in OV gene has a cis-regulation function for transcription.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Bilateral radial nerve compression neuropathy in the newborn. This study aims to discuss the diagnosis and management of radial nerve compression neuropathy in the newborn.A personal case is presented, followed by a review and analysis of clinically similar cases identified via a PubMed search of published medical literature.We report a case of a term newborn with bilateral radial neuropathy at the humerus level. Despite severe axonal involvement in the electrophysiological evaluation, the patient showed complete bilateral recovery after 3 months of follow-up.Isolated radial nerve palsy is a rare event in the newborn. The condition does not require surgical treatment and usually proceeds to full and rapid spontaneous recovery.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Multiple drivers of contrasting diversity-invasibility relationships at fine spatial grains. The diversity-invasibility hypothesis and ecological theory predict that high-diversity communities should be less easily invaded than species-poor communities, but empirical evidence does not consistently support this prediction. While fine-scale experiments tend to yield the predicted negative association between diversity and invasibility, broad-scale observational surveys generally report a positive correlation. This conflicting pattern between experiments and observational studies is referred to as the invasion paradox and is thought to arise because different processes control species composition at different spatial scales. Here, we test empirically the extent to which the strength and direction of published diversity-invasibility relationships depend on spatial scale and on the metrics used to measure invasibility. Using a meta-analytic framework, we explicitly separate the two components of spatial scale: grain and extent, by focusing on fine-grain studies that vary in extent. We find evidence of multiple drivers of the paradox. When we consider only fine-grain studies, we still observe conflicting patterns between experiments and observational studies. In contrast, when we examine studies that are conducted at both a fine grain and fine extent, there is broad overlap in effect sizes between experiments and observation, suggesting that comparing studies with similar extents resolves the paradox at local scales. However, we uncover systematic differences in the metrics used to measure invasibility between experiments, which use predominantly invader performance, and observational studies, which use mainly invader richness. When we consider studies with the same metric (i.e., invader performance), the contrasting associations between study types also disappear. It is not possible, at present, to fully disentangle the effect of spatial extent and metric on the paradox because both variables are systematically associated in different directions with study type. There is therefore an urgent need to conduct experiments and observational studies that incorporate the full range of variability in spatial extent and invasibility metric.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Use of supportive context by younger and older adult listeners: Balancing bottom-up and top-down information processing. Older adults often have more difficulty listening in challenging environments than their younger adult counterparts. On the one hand, auditory aging can exacerbate and/or masquerade as cognitive difficulties when auditory processing is stressed in challenging listening situations. On the other hand, an older listener can overcome some auditory processing difficulties by deploying compensatory cognitive processing, especially when there is supportive context. Supportive context may be provided by redundant cues in the external signal(s) and/or by internally stored knowledge about structures that are functionally significant in communication. It seems that listeners may achieve correct word identification in various ways depending on the challenges and supports available in complex auditory scenes. We will review evidence suggesting that older adults benefit as much or more than younger adults from supportive context at multiple levels where expectations or constraints may be related to redundancies in semantic, syntactic, lexical, phonological, or other sub-phonemic cues in the signal, and/or to expert knowledge of structures at these levels.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Dinoroseobacter shibae gen. nov., sp nov., a new aerobic phototrophic bacterium isolated from dinoflagellates. A novel group of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria was isolated from marine dinoflagellates, and two strains were characterized in detail. Cells were Gram-negative cocci or ovoid rods and were motile by means of a single, polarly inserted flagellum. They were obligate aerobes requiring 1-7% salinity. The optimal pH range for growth was 6(.)5-9(.)0 and the temperature optimum was 33 degrees C. The bacteria contained bacteriochlorophyll a and spheroidenone as the only carotenoid. The in vivo absorption spectrum displayed two maxima in the infrared region at 804 and 868 nm. The distinct 804 nm band indicates the presence of light-harvesting system 2. Various organic carbon sources were assimilated, including many carboxylic acids, glucose and glycerol, but not butyrate, ethanol or methanol. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction was found for both strains. The physiological characteristics of the new strains resembled those of Roseobacter denitrificans, but there were differences in the lipid composition. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis the new strains are relatively distant from other recognized species, with the closest relatives Jannaschia helgolandensis, Ruegeria atlantica and Rhodobacter veldkampii showing 94(.)1-93(.)4 % similarity. Similarity to Roseobacter denitrificans was only 92(.)2 %, in line with numerous other species of the Roseobacter group. Therefore, it is proposed to classify the strains in a new genus and species within the Roseobacter clade, Dinoroseobacter shibae gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is DFL 12(T) (= DSM 16493(T) =NCIMB 14021(T)).", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Falling Prey to Online Romantic Alternatives: Evaluating Social Media Alternative Partners in Committed Versus Dating Relationships. Social media represents an integral platform that is currently used to maintain and develop new social connections including alternative romantic partners. Over engagement with online friends and pursuing alternative partners can potentially threaten the primary romantic relationship. In the present study, the author examined if the partners' relationship status is a predictor of relationship satisfaction, quality of online romantic alternatives, online infidelity-related behaviors, social media addiction, and the total number of social networking sites (SNSs) accounts. In a cross-sectional study, romantic partners (N = 578, 378 females and 200 males) completed a battery of self-report scales. The partners were divided into two groups based on their relationship status: Those who reported to be in a committed relationship (n = 330) and those who reported to be in a casual dating relationship (n = 248). Results revealed that there is a significant between-group difference in the way both groups evaluated the quality of potential alternative partners and level of SNSs addiction. However, there was no between-group difference in relationship satisfaction, SNSs infidelity behaviors, or the total number of SNSs accounts. The dating group reported significantly more sexual alternatives than the committed group. However, the number of potential committed alternatives was not significantly different between the two groups. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 52]}
{"token": "Simplicimonas-like DNA in vaginal swabs of cows and heifers cross-reacting in the real-time PCR for T-foetus. Cows on an alpine pasture were presented with severe signs of vaginitis. To rule out infection with Tritrichomonas foetus, vaginal swabs were taken and real-time PCR based on detection via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes and targeting the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was performed. PCR was positive in 25 of totally 34 assessed cows. However, the melting profiles of the probes targeting the diagnostic PCR products differed from the T. foetus positive control. Subsequent sequencing of the amplicons revealed 91% identity to Simplicimonas sp. sequences deposited in GenBank (TM). Furthermore, there was no clear association between positive PCR result and presence of vaginitis. To investigate the distribution of this Simplicimonas-like organism in cows, more herds grazing on the same alpine pastures as well as unrelated cows were tested. In total, 133 cows and 16 heifers were sampled, 53 cows and 6 heifers even twice. Vaginitis was evident in 43 cows and 4 heifers. All-over-positivity of PCR was 44%, including nine tests performed on heifers. Melting peak analysis indicated Simplicimonas-like organisms in all positive samples. Culture attempts in bovine InPouch (TM) TF failed. No association between a positive PCR result and the presence of vaginitis was found. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report on Simplicimonas-like DNA in vaginal swabs of female cattle. Our data suggest that when testing vaginal swabs of cattle by means of T. foetus PCR, false positive reactions due to Simplicimonas-like organisms may occur. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Season Ticketing as a Risk Management Tool in Professional Team Sports: A Pricing Analysis of German Soccer and Basketball. Ticket sales remain a significant source of revenue in professional team sports. However, season ticket revenue, as an effective risk-reducing instrument, is rarely analyzed in the literature. This study aims to determine, from a price and product perspective, the extent to which different factors affect season ticket prices. Using three different professional German sports leagues, a ticket-pricing model was developed as the empirical model. Consistent with other pricing studies, an ordinary least-squares (OLS) model and a Tobit model were fit. The results indicate that different season ticket rights, type of season ticket, club league membership, fan club membership, club stadium utilization rate, club sporting performance, and club market size have significant negative or positive impacts on season ticket price. Whereas, for example, a reserved seat in the stadium has a positive impact, the population of the club's city has a negative impact. Based on the results, club managers should consider all traditional season ticket rights and season ticket discounts when calculating season ticket pricing. These and further implications are discussed with respect to the risk management issues of season ticket pricing in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and differences in local market constellations of professional team sports clubs.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Application of computer algebra for construction of quasi-periodic solutions for restricted circular planar three body problem. The algorithm is realized (with the help of computer algebra methods) for construction of numeric-analytical quasi-periodic solutions of precise(!) equations of restricted planar circular three-body problem (Sun-Jupiter-small planet) for an arbitrary sufficiently wide variety of initial data. This algorithm and corresponding exe-code allows us to obtain solutions in automatic mode (certainly, approximate but satisfying the motion equations with user-specified high precision) represented by twofold Fourier polynomials. Besides, the development of so-called perturbation function is not required (essential fact). These solutions are valid in principle for infinite time interval unlike known classical solutions of such problem. Such solutions are obtained for the first time.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "Group norms, intra-group position and children's aggressive intentions. This study aimed to explore the peer group's role in childhood aggression. Participants (N=356), aged 8.92 to 13.67 years (M=11.22, SD=.96), were asked to pretend that they had been placed in a team and were then provided with information regarding their team's norms (aggression vs. helping) and their position within the team (prototypical vs. peripheral). Subsequently, participants were asked to rate the likelihood that they would directly or indirectly aggress towards another team. When compared to children in the helping norm condition, those in the aggression norm condition reported a significantly higher likelihood of engaging in direct and indirect aggression. For indirect aggression, prototypical members of aggressive groups also reported being more likely to engage in such behaviour than peripheral members of these groups did. Further, peripheral members of aggressive groups reported a greater likelihood of engaging in indirect aggression than either peripheral or prototypical members of helping groups. The contribution of these results to our understanding of the group mechanisms underlying childhood aggression is discussed.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "A novel stress-freezing technique for studying the compressional behavior of woven fabrics. This paper describes a novel experimental approach to assessing fabric structural geometry under compression, and presents a study of some typical technical fabrics. The method employs a \\\\'stress-freezing\\\\' technique, where a fabric sample, impregnated with a clear resin, is subjected to compressive stress and held under load while the resin cures (at room temperature). Image analysis of the cured specimens enables various fabric geometric parameters to be derived, which cannot be determined from existing mechanical test methods such as KES-F. The new technique is, however, validated by comparing the fabric thickness versus pressure relationships with compression data obtained on equivalent fabrics with KES-F. The variation with applied pressure of the identified geometric parameters is determined using a series of woven fabrics of differing structures and yarn specifications. The results are interpreted in terms of a simple compression model.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Application of in vitro skin penetration measurements to confirm and refine the quantitative skin sensitization risk assessment of methylisothiazolinone. Use of quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for assessing the skin sensitization potential of chemicals present in consumer products requires an understanding of hazard and product exposure. In the absence of data, consumer exposure is based on relevant habits and practices and assumes 100% skin uptake of the applied dose. To confirm and refine the exposure, a novel design for in vitro skin exposure measurements was conducted with the preservative, methylisothiazolinone (MI), in beauty care (BC) and household care (HHC) products using realistic consumer exposure conditions. A difference between measured exposure levels (MELs) for MI in leave -on versus rinse -off BC products, and lower MELs for MI in HHC rinse -off compared to BC products was demonstrated. For repeated product applications, the measured exposure was lower than estimations based on summation of applied amounts. Compared to rinse -off products, leave -on applications resulted in higher MELs, correlating, with the higher incidences of allergic contact dermatitis associated with those product types. Lower MELs for MI in rinse -off products indicate a lower likelihood to induce skin sensitization, also after multiple daily applications. These in vitro skin exposure measurements indicate conservatism of default exposure estimates applied in skin sensitization QRA and might be helpful in future risk assessments.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
{"token": "Preparation of highly selective stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of enantiomers by direct copolymerization of monomers with single or twin chiral ligands. Uniformly sized macroporous polymer beads, which can be used as chiral stationary phase (CSP), have been prepared by the staged templated suspension polymerization process using chiral monomer as one of the copolymerization components. This approach enables the preparation of CSPs for which properties such as pore size, pore volume, surface area, chemistry, and chiral ligands can be tuned over a broad range. Several types of well-defined chiral monomers were prepared and allowed to assess synergistic effect of multiple selectors attached to a branched linker as well as the effect of the length and chemistry of the linker. Microscale batch screening was used for simple and rapid evaluation of selectivity, The most promising candidate CSF's were prepared on a larger scale and packed into HPLC columns. Their performance was demonstrated on the separation of racemic N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-alpha -amino acid alkylamides. The highest separation factors a of up to 27 were observed for CSPs prepared from monomers containing the branched spacer. These highly selective CSF's also enabled the separation of larger amounts of the target racemates upon column overload conditions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "The Use of Agile Project Management and Related Tools for Book Moves. In this article Beth Flerlage and Renae Satterley reflect on the library staffs' experience of using Agile project management techniques and cloud-based tools to restructure resources at Middle Temple Library.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Building Social Capital Through Rhetoric and Public Relations. When the focus is on meaning making, language, rhetorical argument, and persuasion, there is enormous potential to see how public relations theory and practice in external organizational rhetoric can serve community interests-or not. Rhetoric (as the discourse) and public relations (as the enactment of that discourse) are essential to building and sustaining a society as a good place to live because they create various types of social capital. This article describes the various relationships among international and indigenous NGOs, business organizations, and community activists in facilitating (and, at times, frustrating) dialogue in Jordan. It offers an example of how social capital may be created when rhetors using public relations advocate in ways that enhance the capacity of local governance and make their community a better place to live.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "'Creation out of nothing' - A problematic assumption: biblical, metaphysical and scientific perspectives. Contribution: The dynamic nature of the biblical tradition demands constant re-contextualisations of its central message. 'Creation out of nothing' is part of the contextualisation of the message into the ancient Hellenistic worldview, which does not fit into the modern scientific worldview and must be replaced with a contemporarily more appropriate alternative.Science, technology, commerce and consumerism have set humankind on a trajectory towards a catastrophe of inestimable proportions. To respond appropriately to this danger, theology must replace obsolete contextualisations of its message with currently relevant ones. 'Creation out of nothing' is a case in point. Will God create a new and perfect world 'out of nothing' after we have messed up the one we have? Probably not! In Part I, I show that 'creation out of nothing' is not a relevant issue in the biblical tradition. In Part II, I argue that the concept is based on the unsupported metaphysical postulate of 'divine perfection'. In Part III, I try to find an equivalent for the concept in science that theology could link up with. 'Creation' can be equated with a cosmic evolution proceeding in levels of emergence. But 'out of nothing' cannot be supported by science. Even at the most fundamental level, energy and the way it operates, are presupposed. At lower levels, the process is guided by causality and (embedded) contingency. Intentionality and agency only appear at the personal and social levels. Dealing with existential needs, faith (appropriately) intuits a personal transcendent Source and Destiny of reality, but (inappropriately) absolutizes the personal at the expense of the impersonal aspects of reality. The laws of nature are also of God; they are essential; they are valid. They leave sufficient space for novelty and agency, but God works as much through regularity as through contingency.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "NEOTRADITIONALIST RULE TO THE RESCUE OF THE EMPIRE? VICEROY I. VORONTSOV-DASHKOV AMID CRISES IN THE CAUCASUS, 1905-1915. This article suggests that the penultimate viceroy of the Caucasus, Ilarion Vorontsov-Dashkov (1905-1915), belongs in the small club of tsarist administrators of the Caucasus who reoriented the region's sociopolitical climate and preserved the state's control. His most important accomplishments included the rapprochement between the Russian authorities and the Armenian Church, and the in-troduction of agrarian reforms that had long been demanded. These significant achievements remain blurred in the familiar narratives of administrative deterioration, national agitation, and coerced ac-culturation in the late imperial Caucasus. However, as long as unconventional statesmen contributed to policymaking, workable governance was a reality.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Muscular architecture of Milnesium tardigradum and Hypsibius sp (Eutardigrada, Tardigrada) with some data on Ramazottius oberhaeuseri. The architecture of the musculature of the eutardigrade species Milnesium tardigradum Doyere, 1840, Hypsibius sp. and Ramazzottius oberhaeuseri (Doyere in Ann Sci Nat Zool Ser 2(14):269-369, 1840) is investigated by phalloidin staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. There are methodological problems in staining eutar-digrades due to physiological alterations under stress (anhydrobiosis) and due to penetration problems of the cuticle. It is helpful to fix specimens in the state of asphyxy, where animals are stretched following an oxygen shortage in their environment. The musculatures of all three species correspond in their general architecture, but differ in detail, such as in the number of muscles. All muscles are isolated muscle strands. There are on each body side two dorsal and one ventral muscle strands, in addition to a system of dorsoventral, lateral and lateroventral muscles. Seven median ventral attachment points give rise to dorsoventral, ventrolateral and appendage muscles. The appendages receive several muscles originating dorsally and ventrally. The number of muscles and the arrangement differ in each appendage. The fourth appendage shows the greatest differences with a far smaller number of muscles compared to other species. The musculature shows comparably few strict segmental patterns, for example, the musculature of each appendage differs from the other ones. By comparison with literature data on the same species and data of MacroNow hufelandi it can be shown that eutardigrades have a roughly comparable muscular architecture, but that there are several differences in detail.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
{"token": "Fertility Dynamics and Life History Tactics Vary by Socioeconomic Position in a Transitioning Cohort of Postreproductive Chilean Women. Globally, mortality and fertility rates generally fall as resource abundance increases. This pattern represents an evolutionary paradox insofar as resource-rich ecological contexts can support higher numbers of offspring, a component of biological fitness. This paradox has not been resolved, in part because the relationships between fertility, life history strategies, reproductive behavior, and socioeconomic conditions are complex and cultural-historically contingent. We aim to understand how we might make sense of this paradox in the specific context of late-twentieth-century, mid-demographic transition Chile. We use distribution-specific generalized linear models to analyze associations between fertility-related life-history traits-number of offspring, ages at first and last reproduction, average interbirth interval, and average number of live births per reproductive span year-and socioeconomic position (SEP) using data from a cohort of 6,802 Chilean women born between 1961 and 1970. We show that Chilean women of higher SEP have shorter average interbirth intervals, more births per reproductive span year, later age at first reproduction, earlier ages at last reproduction, and, ultimately, fewer children than women of lower SEP. Chilean women of higher SEP consolidate childbearing over a relatively short time span in the middle of their reproductive careers, whereas women of lower SEP tend to reproduce over the entirety of their reproductive lifespans. These patterns may indicate that different SEP groups follow different pathways toward declining fertility during the demographic transition, reflecting different life-history trade-offs in the process.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
{"token": "Epidemiological survey of brucellosis in sheep and goats in selected pastoral and agro-pastoral lowlands of Ethiopia. An epidemiological survey was conducted in pastoral regions of Ethiopia to investigate the distribution of brucellosis in sheep and goats. Between November 2004 and December 2007, a total of 6,201 serum samples were collected from 67 randomly selected peasant associations, 25 districts and eight pastoral zones of Ethiopia. The Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and complement fixation test were used in series. Samples for bacteriology were collected from three export abattoirs, where 285 goats were randomly selected and tested by RBPT three days before slaughter. Tissue samples were collected from 14 strongly positive goats and cultured in dextrose agar and Brucella agar base. To confirm and subtype the isolates, staining, biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction were used.Male goats and sheep were twice as likely to test positive as females (relative risk [RR]: 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.7-3.4; chi(2) = 21.05, p < 0.05). Adults (older than 1.5 years) were three times more likely to test positive than younger animals (RR: 2.76; 95% CI: 1.14-6.73; chi(2) = 5.18, p < 0.05). Goats were around four times more likely to be infected than sheep (RR: 3.8; 95% CI: 2.4-6.1; chi(2) = 36.99, p < 0.05).The overall standardised seroprevalence of brucellosis was 1.9%, ranging from 0.07% in Jijiga zone to 3.3% in Borena zone. There was statistically significant variation among the studied regions, zones, districts and peasant associations (p < 0.05).Brucella melitensis was isolated from 2 of the 14 samples analysed. The widespread distribution of brucellosis in goats and sheep in these areas justifies the use of control measures to minimise the economic losses and public health hazards.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Inclusiveness and effectiveness of agricultural cooperatives: recent evidence from Ethiopia. Research limitations/implications The study has important implications regarding the ways to improve the effectiveness and/or inclusiveness of agricultural cooperatives.Originality/value While accounting for the collective behavior of cooperatives, this study uses multiple outcome variables in examining the effectiveness of cooperatives in Ethiopia. Furthermore, this paper employs the ESR model and accounts for potential problems in estimating impact using non-experimental data.Design/methodology/approach The study employs a logit model to examine inclusiveness and an endogenous switching regression (ESR) model to evaluate the effectiveness of agricultural cooperatives.Findings The results show that agricultural cooperatives are less inclusive of land-poor and illiterate households. On the other hand, the estimated results indicate that cooperatives effectively improved agricultural performance and welfare of its member households - i.e. membership in cooperatives increases yield and income by 1.37 quintal/hectare and 1,804 birr, respectively. Moreover, the result shows that marketing cooperatives effectively increased marketed surplus of their members by 34 percent.Purpose Using a recent rural farm household survey, the purpose of this paper is to investigate inclusiveness and effectiveness of agricultural cooperatives in Ethiopia.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Forecasting the number of species of asexually reproducing fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota). Asexually reproducing fungi play a significant role in essential processes in managed and wild ecosystems such as nutrients cycling and multitrophic interactions. A large number of such taxa are among the most notorious plant and animal pathogens. In addition, they have a key role in food production, biotechnology and medicine. Taxa without or rare sexual reproduction are distinguished based on their sporulating structures and conidiomata in traditional morphology-based taxonomy. The number, variation and diversity of asexually reproducing taxa are insufficiently known, even though fungi capable of asexual reproduction may provide an untapped, rich biological resource for future exploitation. Currently, ca. 30,000 asexual species belonging to ca. 3800 genera have been reported (including 1388 coelomycetous and 2265 hyphomycetous genera). Recent reports (2017-2020) reiterate that the number of asexually producing fungi is higher than the number of frequently sexually-reproducing fungi. With the advent of molecular tools and the abandonment of the dual nomenclature system for pleomorphic fungi, priority criteria were established and revisited in the latest outline of fungi and fungus-like taxa. However, species numbers and taxonomic boundaries of pleomorphic taxa and their synanamorphs or synasexual morphs have yet to be addressed. The number of species of speciose genera (e.g. Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cercospora, Fusarium, Phoma and Pseudocercospora), cryptic species, species of pleomorphic genera, less studied life modes (such as lichenicolous taxa, taxa from extreme environments) and species from biodiversity-rich areas still need evaluation to achieve more reliable estimates of their diversity. This paper discusses the current knowledge on the matter, with diversity estimates, and potential obstacles in several chapters on (1) speciose genera; (2) pleomorphic genera; (3) cryptic species; (4) well-studied but insufficiently resolved taxa, e.g. leaf inhabiting species, marine fungi, (5) less studied life modes, e.g. lichenicolous, rock-inhabiting fungi, insect-associated and yeast-forming taxa and (6) species from biodiversity-rich areas.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Gauge invariant effective action for the Polyakov line in the SU(N) Yang-Mills theory at high temperatures. We integrate out fast varying quantum fluctuations around static A(4) and A(i) fields for the SU(N) gauge group. By assuming that the gluon fields are slowly varying but allowing for an arbitrary amplitude of A(4) we obtain two variants of the effective high-temperature theory for the Polyakov line. One is the effective action for the gauge-invariant eigenvalues of the Polyakov line, and it is explicitly Z(N) symmetric. The other is the effective action for the Polyakov line itself as an element of the SU(N). In this case the theory necessarily includes the spatial components A(i) to ensure its gauge invariance under spatial gauge transformations. We derive the 1-loop effective action in the electric and magnetic sectors, summing up all powers of A(4).", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Plant community flood resilience in intensively managed grasslands and the role of the plant economic spectrum. Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that in flooded conditions, resource-conservative plant communities are more resilient to flooding than resource-acquisitive communities in an intensively managed grassland. This suggests that plant community position on the leaf economic spectrum, as well as species' flood-induced intraspecific variation, should be considered when designing grasslands to withstand increasing flood frequency and severity.The plant community's position on the leaf economic spectrum in flooded conditions was related to its resistance to and recovery from flooding. Resistance to and recovery from a severe flood were related to flood-induced intraspecific trait variation, causing a shift in the community's position on the leaf resource economic spectrum. In flooded conditions, resource-conservative communities (characterized by low specific leaf area, low leaf nitrogen content and high leaf dry matter content) better resisted and recovered from flooding. The community's position on the root resource economic spectrum was less connected to the community's resistance and recovery.We found that plant community composition, not whether the community was a mixture or monoculture, influenced the community's resistance to flooding, although most communities were able to resist and recover from both floods.Using intact soil cores from an 18-month-old field experiment, we tested how 11 plant communities (Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Poa trivialis and Trifolium repens in monoculture, two- and four-species mixtures) resist and recover from repeated flooding in a 4-month greenhouse experiment.The increasing frequency of extreme weather events, such as floods, requires management strategies that promote resilience of grassland productivity. Mixtures of plant species may better resist and recover from flooding than monocultures, as they could combine species with stress-coping and resource acquisition traits. This has not yet been tested in intensively managed grasslands despite its relevance for enhancing agroecosystem resilience.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Decentralization and Citizens' Participation in Local Governance: Does Trust and Transparency Matter? - An Empirical Study. The wind of change that swept across the African continent and other developing countries ensuingly engendered the need to institute measures that would bring government to the people's doorstep. This led to the prioritization and touting of decentralization. Against the backdrop of the proximate reason to accelerate public access to government, the express expectation was that a germane space would be created to enhance participation. However, the validity of this postulation is yet to be realized. The study, therefore, set out to examine the relationship between decentralization and people's participation, with the mediating role of trust and transparency. Results of data analysis (561 respondents), using the structural equation modelling technique, established not only the appropriateness of the proposed study model, but also, the imperativeness of the trust and transparency to decentralization and participation. The implications of the study are delineated for effective policy and practice.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Pharmacological Studies in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Belgium: We Could Do Better. Belgium has actively participated in clinical research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) since the beginning of the pandemic to help identify effective and safe treatments for COVID-19. The objective of this review is to provide a picture of the clinical studies carried out in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Belgium. We collected data on all randomized, interventional trials in patients with COVID-19 that were registered on two recognized clinical trial registers, started enrollment before 31 December 2021, and included at least one patient in a Belgian center. Data were collected concerning the therapies investigated and the nature of the trials performed. Thirty-three hospitals (32% of all Belgian hospitals) participated in at least one of 28 trials (13 sponsored by the industry and 15 by academic centers) on therapeutics for COVID-19 in hospitalized patients: 7 (25%) evaluated antivirals, 17 (61%) immunomodulators, 2 (7%) anti-coagulants, and 1 (3%) nitric oxide to improve respiratory function. Nineteen (68%) were phase II trials. Only three (11%) of the trials were international platform trials. Despite numerous trials, less than 3% of all Belgian patients hospitalized with COVID-19 participated in a clinical trial on therapeutics. As in many other countries, more efforts could have been made to avoid running small, under-powered, mono- or bicenter trials, to create better collaboration between the different Belgian hospitals, and to participate in more international clinical trials, and more specifically in adaptive, platform trials.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Mobility management scheme for reducing location traffic cost in mobile networks. Even when users are moving, a major problem in such a mobile networks is how to locate Mobile Hosts (MHs). In this paper we propose mobility strategy that minimizes the costs of both operations, the location registration and the call tracking, simultaneously. In numerical results, the proposed method proves that it has more improved performance than the previous methods.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Lack of Improvement in Scientific Integrity: An Analysis of WoS Retractions by Chinese Researchers (1997-2016). This study investigated the status quo of article retractions by Chinese researchers. The bibliometric information of 834 retractions from the Web of Science SCI-expanded database were downloaded and analysed. The results showed that the number of retractions increased in the past two decades, and misconduct such as plagiarism, fraud, and faked peer review explained approximately three quarters of the retractions. Meanwhile, a large proportion of the retractions seemed typical of deliberate fraud, which might be evidenced by retractions authored by repeat offenders of data fraud and those due to faked peer review. In addition, a majority of Chinese fraudulent authors seemed to aim their articles which contained a possible misconduct at low-impact journals, regardless of the types of misconduct. The system of scientific evaluation, the publish or perish pressure Chinese researchers are facing, and the relatively low costs of scientific integrity may be responsible for the scientific integrity. We suggested more integrity education and severe sanctions for the policy-makers, as well as change in the peer review system and transparent retraction notices for journal administrators.", "label": [1, 3, 15, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Effects of oxycodone and diazepam alone and in combination on operant nociception. Developing effective analgesics with fewer unwanted side effects is a pressing concern. Due to a lack of effective nonopioid options currently available, an alternative approach termed opioid-sparing evaluates the ability of a coadministered drug to reduce the amount of opioid needed to produce an antinociceptive effect. Opioids and benzodiazepines are often coprescribed. Although this approach is theoretically rational given the prevalent comorbidity of chronic pain and anxiety, it also has inherent risks of respiratory depression, which is likely responsible for the substantial percentage of fatal opioid overdoses that have involved benzodiazepines. Moreover, there have been no clinical trials to support the effectiveness of this drug combination nor has there been corroborative preclinical evidence using traditional animal models of nociception. The present studies examined the prescription mu-opioid analgesic oxycodone (0.003-0.1 mg/kg) and the prototypical benzodiazepine anxiolytic diazepam (0.03-1.0 mg/kg), alone and in combination, using an animal model of pain that examines the restoration of conflict-related operant behavior as evidence of analgesia. Results documented significant dose-related increases in thermal threshold following oxycodone treatment. Diazepam treatment alone did not produce significant antinociception. In combination, diazepam pretreatment shifted oxycodone functions upward in a dose-dependent manner, but the additive effects were limited to a narrow dose range. In addition, combinations of diazepam and oxycodone at higher doses abolished responding. Taken together, though intriguing, these findings do not provide sufficient evidence that coadministration of an anxiolytic will result in clinically relevant opioid-sparing for pain management, especially when considering the inherent risks of this drug class combination.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 22, 55]}
{"token": "The force-free magnetosphere around an oblique rotator. The force-free magnetosphere around an obliquely rotating pulsar is studied. The basic equations reduce to two equations for two Euler potentials. One of the Euler potentials is regarded as a generalization of the stream function of the poloidal magnetic field lines in an axisymmetric rotator. Two divergence-free vectors become tangential to the surface on which this Euler potential is constant. (C) 1998 RAS.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "The 'Crossfire Approach': Attracting Political Science Majors in Large-Lecture Sections of Introductory Courses. In this article, we chronicle our experience in team-teaching large-lecture sections of \\\\'Introduction to American Government.\\\\' A dual-instructor approach allows us to accommodate 250 students, which obviates the need for five separate sections (and instructors) of the course. In addition, our \\\\'Crossfire Approach,\\\\' in which we engage one another in frequent and unstructured political debate, generates student interest in the course and in the political science major. Students who were enrolled in this course from 2007 through 2011 were significantly more likely to declare political science as their major than those who took it from any other instructor or either of us teaching it individually. This approach conserves departmental resources while simultaneously growing the program-a clear win-win situation.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Developing Social Marketing Plan for Health Promotion. This article aims to introduce and explain a guideline to plan and perform health campaigns through social marketing. The model is based on the social marketing principles and its objective is to help professionals develop an action plan setting step-by-step the processes to produce health campaigns to achieve the ultimate goal behavior change. Three levels of action 10 have been set: (i) diagnosing the social problem; (ii) designing the benefits of changing behavior; and (iii) setting the marketing mix. This social marketing plan is an option to introduce customer orientation backed by integrated marketing aimed at generating consumer satisfaction as the key to behavior change in the public health policies.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Should Cities Control Immigration Policy?. Avner de-Shalit wants cities to have their own immigration policies. On a radical reading, this would transfer control over immigrant admissions from states to cities. But can cities choose the immigrants they prefer on economic or cultural grounds, or does this discriminate unfairly against those judged to be less desirable? I argue that de-Shalit fails to apply the luck egalitarian principle consistently when discussing immigrant admissions. I also claim that there is a tension between seeing cities as the bearers of distinct cultural ethoses, and therefore as bulwarks against the homogenising effects of globalization, and disbarring them from carrying out culturally selective immigration policies. De-Shalit's own preferred model of the immigrant-friendly city - Amsterdam - appears to lack any distinct ethos, other than an ethos of welcome and cultural blending. Moreover, democratic states also have a legitimate interest in controlling immigration. They must be concerned about the consequences for social justice of admitting migrants and the political effects that follow when the migrants become citizens themselves. They must also consider the environmental impacts of population growth. Cities should play a major role in integrating immigrants, but not in admitting them.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Exploring three-year-old children in a primary child health care situation. In the Swedish Primary Child Health Care (PCHC) children participate in regular health visits. In these visits children as actors demonstrate their subjective maturity through bodily and verbal expressions. The aim of this study was to explore three-year-old children's expressions when they take part as actors in a PCHC situation. An explorative design with a hermeneutic approach and video observations was used. Twenty-nine children participated. The findings exhibit a variation of expressions in the situation conceptualized as actions in a progression of states: from a state of getting ready to a state of being ready and further to a state where the child strengthens their own self. This progression is dynamic and coloured with the states of not being ready or of being adverse. The conceptualization of children's expressions can contribute towards encouraging nurses' sensitivity when inviting and guiding children in PCHC situations.", "label": [2, 26, 27]}
{"token": "Optimal simple rules for the conduct of monetary and fiscal policy. Stabilization policy involves joint monetary and fiscal rules. We develop a model enabling us to characterize systematic simple monetary and fiscal policy over the business cycle. We principally focus on the following question. What are the key properties of the joint simple rule governing the conduct of systematic stabilization policy? We find that conducting stabilization policy incorporates not only a set of monetary policy choices governed by the so-called 'Taylor principle' but also fiscal policy that gives considerable force to automatic stabilizers. Recent US and UK monetary and fiscal choices seem broadly consistent with this model. This result is found to be robust to a number of alternate modeling strategies. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Providing intergenerational goods: Implementation of National Park system plans in Canada and the United States. The provision of intergenerational goods is a challenging task for democratic governments in that benefits arrive in the future but costs are borne in the present. Public agencies usually are assigned responsibility for providing such goods, but implementation of their long-term plans often is constrained by the short-term focus of other political actors. This argument is illustrated through a comparison of Canadian and American efforts to expand national park systems according to scientific criteria. Efforts in both nations have been constrained, albeit by different sets of institutional actors. The strong federal structure in Canada has enabled subnational actors to slow and compromise agency expansion plans. American agency efforts have been constrained by the acts of individual politicians at the federal level, particularly members of Congress.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Governing Heterosexuality through Specific Consent: Interrogating the Governmental Effects of R. v J. A.. R. v J. A. involved a complainant who recanted her allegations of having been subjected to anal penetration with an object after she had been choked unconscious. In 2011, a majority of the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that there is no defence of advance consent to sex that is expected to take place while asleep or unconscious. This article interrogates the meaning of this ruling, placing it in the context of the evolution of Canada's consent standard. Some critics have focused on the repressive implications of J. A., arguing that the decision effectively transforms \\\\'yes\\\\' into \\\\'no\\\\' and stigmatizes non-normative sexual practices such as erotic asphyxiation. By contrast, this article contends that J. A. is most centrally about the legal regulation of normal, everyday heterosexuality. The decision extends the requirements of affirmative consent into spousal relationships while simultaneously demonstrating the limitations of a consent framework that so often fetishizes agency and extracts the moment of consent from contexts that limit sexual choices. J. A. can be seen as a post-feminist decision, marked by the embrace of an individualized conception of sexual autonomy that is sanitized of critical feminist claims about the connections between sexual violence, gender inequality, and sexism.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Fostering Scholarly Discussion and Critical Thinking in the Political Science Classroom. This article suggests strategies for promoting scholarly discussion and critical thinking in political science classes. When scholars study politics they are engaged in an investigation into the dynamics of governance, not a debate over personal political beliefs. The problem with a politicized classroom is that it gives students a false impression of what constitutes the study of politics and the discipline of political science. Discussion in political science classes should not be drearily dull affairs centered on dry topics that put students to sleep and dampen their interest in politics. However, neither does classroom discussion have to rely on appeals to personally held political convictions to spark students' interest. Exciting and lively classroom discussion can be had by emphasizing the dynamic theoretical debates and empirical investigations that are a part of the discipline of political science.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Multiscale modeling of the anisotropic transient creep response of heterogeneous single crystal SnAgCu solder. In Tier I, creep deformation is governed by dislocation impediment and recovery at nanoscale Ag3Sn particles, with recovery being the rate controlling mechanism. Dislocation climb and dislocation detachment at the Ag3Sn particles are proposed to be the competing rate controlling recovery mechanisms. Line tension and mobility of dislocations in dominant slip systems of single crystal Sn are estimated based on the elastic crystal anisotropy of body centered tetragonal (BCT) Sn. The anisotropic transient creep rate of the eutectic Sn-Ag phase of Tier I is then modeled using above inputs and the evolving dislocation density calculated for dominant glide systems during the transient stage of creep. The dominant slip systems are determined based on the dislocation mobility and on the orientation angle between the crystal principal axes and the loading direction. The creep response of the eutectic phase (from Tier 1) is combined with the creep response of Sn lobes at Tier 2, using the anisotropic Mod-Tanaka homogenization theory, to obtain the transient creep response of a SAC305 single crystal along global specimen directions. This model has been calibrated using experimentally obtained transient creep response of a SAC305 single crystal specimen. The above multiscale calibrated model is then used to predict (i) the transient creep response of another SAC305 single crystal specimen and (ii) the effect of orientation (by changing one of the Euler angles) on the transient creep response of SAC305 single crystal. The grain orientation of above two SAC single crystal specimens (with respect to loading direction) were identified with orientation image mapping and then utilized in the model to estimate the resolved shear stress along the dominant slip directions. Parametric studies have also been conducted to predict the effects of the volume fraction, aspect ratio, and orientation of ellipsoidal Sn inclusions on the anisotropic transient creep response of SAC single crystals. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The lack of statistical homogeneity in functional SnAgCu (SAC) solder joints due to their coarse grained microstructure, in conjunction with the severe anisotropy exhibited by single crystal Sn, renders each joint unique in terms of mechanical behavior. A mechanistic multi-scale modeling framework is proposed in this study to predict the influence of composition and microstructure on the anisotropic transient creep response of single crystal SnAgCu (SAC) solder. Tier I consist of single-crystal eutectic Sn-Ag alloy, with nanoscale Ag3Sn particles embedded in a single-crystal Sn matrix. Tier II consists of single crystal SAC solder which is composed of Sn dendrites surrounded by the eutectic Sn-Ag phase of Tier I. The Tier I anisotropic transient creep model is based on dislocation mechanics. The Tier II model uses the results of Tier I as an input and is based on anisotropic composite micro-mechanics.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 12]}
{"token": "Weed control and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) response to formulations of imazapic. Field studies were conducted from 2006 to 2008 in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) growing regions of Georgia, North Carolina, and Texas to ascertain two formulations of imazapic marketed as formulation-1 (Cadre (R)) and formulation-2 (Impose (R)). Both formulations controlled Acanthospermum hispidum, Eclipta prostrate, Richardia scabra, Verbesina encelioides, Amaranthus palmeri, ipomoea lacunosa, Sida spinosa, Cucumis melo, Urochloa texana, Cyperus rotundus, and Cyperus esculentus at least 70% in most instances. Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Trianthema portulacastrum control was poor (>70%). Neither formulation of imazapic alone injured peanut in south Texas: however, in Georgia peanut injury ranged from 3 to 8% and in North Carolina injury was 8-20% when rated up to 27 d after herbicide application. Imazapic, regardless of formulation, applied with bentazon injured peanut 5-20% in Georgia and North Carolina but not in Texas. Either formulation of imazapic plus paraquat injured peanut 15-30% in Georgia, 8-17% in Texas, and 28-48% in North Carolina. Imazapic, regardless of formulation, in combination with paraquat reduced yield compared with imazapic alone at one of four locations. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Immobilization as a feasible method to simplify the separation of microalgae from water for biodiesel production. In the present study, the use of immobilization technology to cultivate microalgae in entrapped matrix gel beads was demonstrated. Since the gel beads are denser in water, the beads can be easily collected through simple filtration method and hence, simplifying the overall separation process. Various parameters were investigated to optimize the growth rate of immobilized microalgae and the optimum conditions were obtained as: alginate to microalgae volume ratio of 0.3, Ca2+ concentration of 2%, organic nutrients concentration of 50 mL (equivalent to 13.09 mg/L nitrate), initial culture pH of 4 and photoperiod of 24 h. Using this optimum culture condition, 0.50 mg biomass/bead was attained on the 10th clay of cultivation. Apart from that, this study also attempted to co-immobilize nutrients into microalgae beads in order to minimize free cell culture (microalgae cells that are released into the culture medium due to rupturing of beads) and to reduce water consumption. Through this approach, it was found that microalgae biomass yield increased to 0.67 mg/bead within a shorter culturing time (5 days) with insignificant amount of free cell culture detected. Furthermore, lipid extracted from immobilized microalgae biomass has high potential for biodiesel production clue to the similarity of fatty acid profile with other oil bearing crops. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Bioaugmentation assisted mycoremediation of heavy metal and/metalloid landfill contaminated soil using consortia of filamentous fungi. This research aimed to demonstrate the significance of bioaugmentation in the mycoremediation of metals and metalloid (Cr, Cu, As, Fe, Mn) polluted landfill soil using consortia of autochthonous filamentous fungi. The fungal consortia used were Ascomycota, all isolated fungi, and Basidiomycota. Bioremediation was monitored for pH, redox potential, electrical conductivity, residual heavy metal/metalloid content, fungal population and enzyme activity at day 0 (initial day), day 20, day 60 and day 100. Results have shown a decreasing trend for all the monitored physicochemical parameters. Fungal organisms have a maximum tolerance index of 1.0 on Fe, Cu and Cr supplemented Agar medium. Highest colony count of 1.17 x 10(10) CFU/g soil was recorded in Basidiomycota treated soil. On the other hand, a consortium of all isolated fungi proved efficient in the removal of As(77 %), Mn(71 %), Cr(60 %), and Cu(52 %). Meanwhile, Fe removal of 56 % was prioritized by the Ascomycota consortium. Acid phosphatase had the weakest activity (0.03 - 0.72 mu mol PNPg(-1) dry soil h(-1)) for all the treatments. FTIR results have shown the appearance of absorption peaks at 1485 - 1445 cm(-1) only in soil amended with fungal consortia. Fungi bioaugmented soil had the maximum metal bio removal efficiency than the untreated control soil (P < 0.05).", "label": [1, 2, 19, 16]}
{"token": "Statistical analysis of radial interface growth. Recent studies have questioned the application of standard scaling analysis to study radially growing interfaces (Escudero 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 116101; 2009 Ann. Phys. 324 1796). We show that the radial Edwards-Wilkinson (EW) equation belongs to the same universality as that obtained in the planar geometry. In addition, we use numerical simulations to calculate the interface width for both random deposition with surface relaxation (RDSR) and restricted solid on solid (RSOS) models, assuming that the system size increases linearly with time (due to radial geometry). By applying appropriate rules for each model, we show that the interface width increases with time as t(beta), where the exponent beta is the same as those obtained from the corresponding planar geometries.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "MANGANESE DISTRIBUTIONS IN ACID SOILS OF THE NORTH-CAROLINA PIEDMONT. Manganese is a dynamic component of soils that can be present in a variety of forms. This study was initiated to examine the distribution of Mn in Ultisols and Alfisols formed in gneisses of the North Carolina Piedmont. Secondary Mn (Mn(d)) and Fe (Fe(d)) depth distributions were evaluated using a citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite extract; the distribution of Mn among organic and various inorganic soil fractions was determined usiing a sequential-extraction procedure. Results indicate that accumulation of Mn(d) is related to interactions between landscape position and associated redox potential (Eh)-pH environments rather than mineralogy of soil parent material. Spatial relationships between Mn(d) and Fe(d) within soils reflect Eh-pH-potential gradients in these acid systems. Accumulations of secondary Mn occur in well-drained surface horizons of soils occupying lower lying landscape positions. These accumulations occur in weathered hillslope sediments and are not related to mineralogy of the underlying residuum. As much as 50% of this Mn is associated with the organic-matter fraction and the inorganic exchange complex. Secondary accumulations of Mn also occur in B/C horizons and saprolite residuum in soils of actively down-wearing geomorphic positions. Most of this Mn is in the crystalline Mn oxide fraction. Data indicate a significant correlation (P < 0.01) exists between quantities of Mn found in the amorphous, exchangeable, and crystalline Mn oxide fractions.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "The effect of speed bumps and humps on the concentrations of CO, NO and NO2 in ambient air. Traffic-calming measures act as the instruments to reduce the speed of vehicles. They make a major contribution to road safety; however, on the other hand, air pollution is more likely to occur due to the fact that motor vehicles use brakes and accelerate more frequently. The study reviewed two types of traffic-calming devices, that is, trapezoid-shaped speed humps made of asphalt and plastic circular speed bumps. The obtained results showed an increase in the concentrations of NO, NO2 and CO found in the pollutants emitted from the vehicles approaching speed bumps/humps compared to the concentrations of the same types of pollutants at the check points. As for trapezoidal speed humps, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide increased on average by 1.8 times, that of nitrogen monoxide by 4.3 times and that of carbon monoxide by 2.2 times. Meanwhile, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide at circular plastic speed bumps rose on average by 2.5 times, that of nitric monoxide by 5.0 times and that of carbon monoxide by 3.2 times.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Tranquebar-the tsunami, heritage tourism, power, and memory in a South Indian fisher village. Place-makingstrategies in the neoliberal era center on exploiting the relative advantagesof particular sites in terms of investment, production of value, consumption,and accumulation. In the aftermath of disaster events, this can take the formof \\\\'disaster capitalism\\\\' as states and powerful assemblages of domestic andglobal capitalist interests seek to transform space in the name ofreconstruction and recovery, taking advantage of the fact that constraints thatmay have tempered such goals before the disaster are temporarily put on holddue to the urgency of demands imposed by the disaster event. In this paper, Icritically examine the development of heritage tourism as an economicdevelopment strategy designed to help a place \\\\'recover\\\\' while enforcing therelocation of most of its residents. In the aftermath of the devastatingtsunami of 2004 in India's Tamil Nadu state, the fisher village ofTharangambadi became the site of a reconstruction project involving on the onehand the relocation of artisanal fishers to new houses built inland by NGOs,and on the other, the rapid promotion of heritage tourism in parts that hadbeen previously occupied by fisher households. Called Tranquebar by Europeans,Tharangambadi was once the key colonial outpost of the Danish East IndiaCompany, and in recent years began drawing the attention of Danish heritageenthusiasts. The tsunami and the reconstruction projects that emerged in itsaftermath provided a powerful impetus to the goal of transforming portions ofthe village into a site for heritage tourism. I focus on two facets of thisrebuilding process, one devoted to producing a specific set of spatialar-rangements designed for what scholars of tourism refer to as the regulatedconsumption of difference, and two, the more complex and less visible thoughvital set of aligned processes involved in the production of this difference.If the former manifested in the remaking of physical space, the latter informedthe rationale behind how that remaking was an unequal and elitist projectlinking the exclusion of fishers from the present to their systemic erasurefrom the past.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "State of the Practice: A Review of the Application of OR/MS in Freight Transportation. Freight transportation is an important part of the global supply chain. As distances shipped grow and supply chains become more complex and fragile, operations research (OR) can play an important role in improving the efficiency and robustness of supply networks. This article describes the state of the practice in OR and freight transportation, highlighting recent successful and widely used analytical techniques in oceanic transportation and port operations, and barge, freight rail, intermodal, truckload, less than truckload, and air freight transportation, as well as the use of OR techniques in third-party logistics.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Asparagus racemosus - Ethnopharmacological evaluation and conservation needs. There are also several cyaps in the existing literature with regard to the pharmacological actions of Asparagus racemosus. These include an incomplete understanding about the interaction/synergy between Asparagus racentosus and other plant constituents in polyherbal formulations; lack of information regarding the mode of action of the various constituents of Asparagus racemosus, etc. Consequently, we have suggested a C, t 'systems biology' approach that includes metabolite profiling, metabolic fingerprinting, metabolite target analysis and metabonomics to enable further research. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Asparagus racemosus is mainly known for its phytoestrogenic properties. With an increasing realization that hormone replacement therapy with synthetic oestrogens is neither as safe nor as effective as previously envisaged, the interest in plant-derived oestrogens has increased tremendously making Asparagus raceniosus particularly important. The plant has been shown to aid in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and in alcohol abstinence-induced withdrawal symptoms. In Ayurveda, Asparagus raceinosus has been described as a rasayana herb and has been used extensively as an adaptogen to increase the non-specific resistance of organisms against a variety of stresses. Besides use in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery, the plant also has potent antioxidant, immunostimulant, anti-dyspepsia and antitussive effects.Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Asparagaceae) is an important medicinal plant of tropical and subtropical India. Its medicinal usage has been reported in the Indian and British Pharmacopoeias and in traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha.Due to its multiple uses, the demand for Asparagus racemosus is constantly on the rise; however, the supply is rather erratic and inadequate. Destructive harvesting, combined with habitat destruction in the form of deforestation has aggravated the problem. The plant is now considered endangered' in its natural habitat. Therefore, the need for conservation of this plant is crucial.This article aims to evaluate the biological activities, pharmacological applications and clinical studies of Asparagus racemosus in an attempt to provide a direction for further research.Keeping in mind the fact that it is the active principle that imparts medicinal value to a plant; consistency in quality and quantity needs to be maintained to ensure uniform drug efficacy. Also, deliberate or inadvertent adulteration needs to be dealt with at an early stage. To overcome these prevalent problems, the availability of genetically superior and uniform planting material is essential. This can be obtained by a combination of various biotechnological tools involving chemoprofiling, tissue culture and use of molecular markers. Along with the application of these methods, proper agro-techniques and adequate marketing opportunities would encourage cultivation of Asparagus racemosus and thereby contribute to its conservation.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "DO STOCK BUYBACKS SUPPRESS CORPORATE INNOVATION?. In 2021, the United States (U.S.) publicly traded firms repurchased nearly $850 billion of their own shares, setting an all-time record. Given the enormous scale of this resource allocation away from investment in innovation and growth and toward shareholders, it is reasonable to consider if these buybacks create opportunity costs. Stock buybacks increase earnings per share, even in the wake of no earnings growth, driving up share price and benefitting the top executives who make these capital allocation decisions by increasing the value of their stock options. Pundits disagree on the impact that high levels of buybacks have on the economy, some arguing that stock buybacks come at the expense of strategic investment in innovation while others point to diminishing returns to research and development (RnD) investment as the reason for decreases in innovative activity. This paper empirically tests whether share buybacks are suppressing corporate innovation in ways that control for widely observed declines in returns to R&D investment, and the endogenous relationship between stock buybacks and innovation. Statistical analysis provides strong evidence that share buybacks are suppressing corporate innovation. This has enormous ramifications to the long-term viability of U.S. industries and to social justice.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Removal of a Sulfur Impurity from Complex Nickel Melts in Vacuum. Various methods of removing sulfur from a complex nickel melt are considered. They are based on the use of slags based on CaO or metallic calcium and the introduction of a rare-earth metal (La, Y) during melting in a vacuum induction furnace. Some properties of alloys (high-temperature strength, long-term strength, ductility) are improved after decreasing the sulfur content.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Team-Based Learning for Scientific Computing and Automated Experimentation: Visualization of Colored Reactions. The increasing integration of software and automation in modern chemical laboratories prompts special emphasis on two important skills in the chemistry classroom. First, students need to learn the technical skills involved in modern scientific computing and automation. Second, applying these techniques in practice requires effective collaboration in teams. This work aims at developing a teaching module to help students gain both skills. In particular, we describe a modular and collaborative approach for introducing undergraduate students to scientific computing in the context of automated and autonomous chemical laboratories. Using online collaboration tools, students work in parallel teams to develop central components of an automated computer vision system that monitors color changes in ongoing chemical reactions. These components include three different aspects: image capture, communication, and data visualization. The image capture team collects and stores the images of the chemical reaction, the communication team processes the images, and the visualization team develops the tools for analyzing the processed image data. Using this educational framework, students built an open-source Python tool called AutoVis that enables the automated tracking of color and intensity changes in a liquid. The software is tested by simulating chemical reactions with dilute solutions of food coloring in water. It is shown that the system reliably tracks color and intensity, providing feedback to the experimentalist and enabling further computational analysis. Over the course of the project, students gain proficiency in scientific computing using Python and collaborate on software development using GitHub. In this way, they learn the role of software in chemical laboratories of the future.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 53]}
{"token": "High power ultrasound standard. A sensitive radiation force balance for laboratory measurement of ultrasonic power is presented. The principle of the system is based on measuring the ultrasonic radiation force exerted on a conical float suspended in water. Technical details of the implementation of the economically attractive system are described. The operation of the system is automated with the aid of the IEEE-488 bus and a desktop computer. Design aspects that affect measurement uncertainty are investigated. A theoretical model for the measurement of ultrasonic power with a conical reflector target is discussed. The expanded uncertainty (95% confidence level) of the above radiation force conical float system is estimated to be between 5% to 10%.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
{"token": "What isn't in the files, isn't in the world': Understanding state ignorance of irregular migration in Germany and the United Kingdom. While there is extensive literature on states and knowledge, there has been little focus on state ignorance: instances where states are identified as lacking knowledge relevant to addressing social problems. We present the first systematic analysis of how states perceive and respond to ignorance, developing a typology of responses (denial, resignation, and elucidation). We test and refine the typology through analyzing state ignorance of unauthorized migration in Germany and the UK, 1990-2006. Public authorities in both countries responded to ignorance through both denial and resignation. However, variations in control infrastructures and bureaucratic cultures meant that \\\\'resignation\\\\' took distinct forms. In the UK, pragmatism about the limitations of state capacity implied that officials were sanguine about their \\\\'ignorance,\\\\' with pressure emanating from external political scrutiny. In Germany, by contrast, officials faced an acute conflict between bureaucratic and legal norms of the rule of law, and constraints to enforcement. Both cases reveal profound state ambivalence about elucidating social problems over which they have limited control.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Agroforestry and grassland mapping in two districts of Uttarakhand through geospatial technology. An assessment of agroforestry and grassland resources was done in two districts (Rudraprayag and Uttarkashi) of Uttarakhand state using medium resolution remote sensing LISS-3 data. Both pixel and sub-pixel classifiers were applied and area under agroforestry and grassland were estimated. Estimated area under agroforestry in Rudraprayag and Uttarkashi districts was 2286.31 ha (1.15%) and 5147.45 ha (0.64%), respectively. Grassland was estimated to be 18.87 and 10.88% in Rudraprayag and Uttarkashi districts, respectively. Classification accuracy of 84.4% with kappa of 0.829 was found in Rudraprayag district, whereas it was 83.8% with kappa of 0.822 in Uttarkashi district. Thus geospatial technologies can successfully be used for accurate assessment of natural resources like grassland and agroforestry, which will facilitate in better planning towards their sustainable management.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Assessing directionality in context. The directionality debate in interpreting revolves around the question of whether and how (simultaneous) interpreters' performance differs when working from a second and into a first language compared to interpreting from a first and into a second language. Interpreting into a second language remains a controversial practice that has been dubbed \\\\'retour interpreting\\\\', \\\\'active interpreting\\\\', \\\\'service translation\\\\', or \\\\'inverse translation\\\\' (Pavlovic 2007), terms that reflect the traditionally critical attitudes towards the practice. While many scholars argue in favour of either one of the two interpreting directions, often rejecting the opposite direction as producing interpreting of inferior quality, more recent research suggests that other, extralinguistic factors may have interpreting direction-specific effects on an interpreter's performance (Gile 2005), which may explain contradictory findings in the literature. The pilot study reported on in this article examines the interaction between one such extralinguistic factor, namely interpreters' familiarity with the context of the speech to be interpreted, and interpreting direction by analysing the examination performances of eight interpreters following a postgraduate simultaneous interpreting course. The course participants were recorded interpreting speeches into both their first and second languages on familiar as well as unfamiliar topics; their individual performances were then compared on the basis of examiners' assessments of the individual renditions. The results provide support for the notion that interpreters' familiarity with the context of a speech does indeed have a direction-specific effect on interpreting quality and provides more consistent benefits for second-language interpreting than for first-language interpreting.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Effect of the bioturbation derived from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) farming on the different occurrence forms of sedimentary inorganic carbon. A 70-day experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus bioturbation on the contents of different forms of inorganic carbon (IC) in the sediment. Sea cucumbers were cultured in fiberglass tanks (50 L) with 5 cm-thick sediment on the tank bottom. The tanks were divided to 4 groups according to the culture densities, i. e., 0 ind/tank, 3 ind/tank, 5 ind/tank and 7 ind/tank. For each of the 4 densities, 4 replicates of sea cucumbers were cultured. The IC forms in sediment were separated into five forms using the sequential extraction method according to IC characters: NaCl form, NH3 center dot H2O form, NaOH form, NH2OH center dot HCl form and HCl form. The results showed that the contents of IC (ANOVA, F-3,F-32 = 3.466, P < 0.05) and NH2OH center dot HCl form (ANOVA, F-3,F-32 = 34.132, P < 0.05) in sediment decreased significantly with the increasing culture densities of sea cucumber. The sea cucumbers bioturbation resulted in the dissolution of IC in sediment and the participation of the NH2OH center dot HCl form inorganic carbon in the carbon cycle. As such, reasonable stocking densities of sea cucumber were important for the sustainability of sea cucumber farming in the aquaculture ponds.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "How Consumer Behavior in Daily Food Provisioning Affects Food Waste at Household Level in The Netherlands. Food production and consumption have remarkable negative environmental effects, in particular food waste. Food waste occurs throughout the entire food system, but households make the largest contribution. Reducing unnecessary waste of food represents a crucial step toward overcoming global issues of food waste, hunger, and climate change. Identifying barriers in reducing food waste is important not only to government and policymakers, but also to food producers, retailers, and marketers. Therefore, the objective of this research was to find out how consumer behavior in daily food provisioning affects food waste. An online survey was set up to question Dutch consumers (partly) in charge of the household's food management. A total of 211 consumers participated in answering questions on household composition, food management behavior (e.g., food purchase planning) and food waste awareness (i.e., concern about wasting food and intention not to waste food). Results show that purchase behavior in-store was the main driver of food waste. Specifically, participants indicated that buying more food than needed often had led to food waste. In addition, intention not to waste food acted as a moderator in the relationship between planning behavior and food waste. Age appears to have a diminishing impact on wasting food.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Improved delay-line based digital PWM for DC-DC converters. An improved delay-line based digital pulse-width modulator (DPWM) architecture for DC-DC converters is presented to significantly enhance the area and power efficiency. In order to reuse the delay elements, the proposed scheme utilises the rising delay and falling delay to achieve the coarse and fine resolution of the DPWM, respectively. An 8-bit DPWM employing the improved architecture was implemented in SMIC standard 0.13 mu m CMOS process. Simulation results indicate that a 90% of size saving is achieved for 8-bit resolution compared to the conventional method. Owing to the decrease in the number of delay elements, power consumption is also reduced.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Assessment of the microcyclic rust Puccinia lantanae as a classical biological control agent of the pantropical weed Lantana camara. Lantana camara is a flowering shrub of the family Verbenaceae, native to the Americas which has become a major invasive weed in the Palaeotropics; affecting both natural and agricultural ecosystems. It has been the focus of classical biological control for over a century but has proven to be a problematic target because of its high genetic diversity. Here, we report on an aggressive pathotype of the microcyclic rust Puccinia lantanae collected in the Amazonian rainforest, which - based on greenhouse screening - is damaging to a wide range of biotypes of the L. camara complex. Host-range testing within the Verbenaceae and related plant families, involving leaf clearing and staining, showed the pathotype to be highly specific to L. camara sensu lato but with detectable symptoms in several other verbenaceous species. These results, together with a taxonomic re-appraisal of Puccinia lantanae, are discussed in relation to the potential of the rust as a classical biological control agent of L. camara. We conclude that this pathotype of P. lantanae is a valuable addition to the biological control armoury and posit that it should be especially successful in humid forest situations.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
{"token": "The Bogota Futuro Plan: The First Urban Modernization Attempt. Bogota's rapid growth at the beginning of the 20th century led Ricardo Olano, promoter of the Medellin Futuro plan, to propose the Bogota Futuro plan to the Society for the beautification of in 1917. The Bogota Futuro plan (1923-1925) incorporated the urban modernization ideals of City Planning, after discussion with participants in National Improvements congresses, public works authorities at department and municipal levels, beautification and engineer associations. The plan, partially supported in the modernization of the municipal administration (1915-1924) and considered as an expansion plan, contains proposals for interventions of the main streets, which were reinterpreted by Karl Brunner in his 1934 and 1935 projects. Although the city's institutions were actually modernized, it was impossible to constitute a project for a modern society. Thus, while the plan proposed a beautiful, monumental and compact city with French, English, and Spanish influences, Bogota was actually a city characterized by small plots of land and shacks.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Development and application of a modularized geometry optimizer for future supercritical CO2 turbomachinery optimization. During the operation of supercritical CO2 (sCO(2)) turbomachineries, large pressure ratios, supersonic conditions and non-ideal gas fluid dynamic phenomenon may happen, which will decrease the whole cycle efficiencies. Hence non-standard designs for the turbomachineries geometry are needed. Successfully simulations in capturing non-ideal gas fluid dynamics and coupled with optimization algorithm are hard and currently not available in any commercial CFD software. Therefore, the problem of optimizing sCO(2) turbomachinery is difficult to solve, which has become a major obstacle to obtain compact and high-efficiency sCO(2) turbomachineries. In this study, a modularized geometry optimizer is developed to obtain the non-standard geometric designs for sCO(2) turbomachineries. Multiple techniques are applied to this optimizer, include the Nelder-Mead algorithm, Mahalanobis distance and stochastic algorithm. The newly developed optimizer can successfully find the optimum satisfying the objective function under given weighting factors. The computational cost can be reduced through a stochastic algorithm. To validate the optimizer, a convergent-divergent nozzle for air with a target Mach number equal to 2.4 is optimized. Different starting points and combinations of weighting factors are used to create a Pareto front. Adjust the weighting factors for different terms of the objective function leading the optimizer to go to different directions in n-dimensional spaces. Three optimized cases, one is Mach number optimized, one is outlet flow uniformity optimized and the other is compromised case, are picked out and analyzed. The results show that the optimizer can successfully find optimized geometry than the reference case and potentially save computational cost. Due to the modularized characteristics, the components of this optimizer can be replaced with any available techniques, which mean the optimizer can be applied to solve different types of optimization problems.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Analysis and design of complex-valued linear systems. This paper studies a class of complex-valued linear systems whose state evolution dependents on both the state vector and its conjugate. The complex-valued linear system comes from linear dynamical quantum control theory and is also encountered when a normal linear system is controlled by feedback containing both the state vector and its conjugate that can provide more design freedom. By introducing the concept of bimatrix and its properties, the considered system is transformed into an equivalent real-representation system and a non-equivalent complex-lifting system, which are normal linear systems. Some analysis and design problems including solutions, controllability, observability, stability, eigenvalue assignment, stabilisation, linear quadratic regulation, and state observer design are then investigated. Criterion, conditions, and algorithms are provided in terms of the coefficient bimatrices of the original system. The developed approaches are also utilised to investigate the so-called antilinear system which is a special case of the considered complex-valued linear system. The existing results on this system have been improved and some new results are established.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "CITIZENSHIP REGIMES IN THE EU COUNTRIES AND THE INCLUSION OF THE IMMIGRANT POPULATION IN THE POLITICAL COMMUNITY. Having considered the evolution of the legal systems of the EU states, the authors reveal important differences in the approaches to the naturalization of migrants along the axis between the \\\\'old\\\\' countries of the European Union, on the one hand, and new members of the United Europe from the former socialist countries, on the other. While the \\\\'old\\\\' EU members tend to gradually liberalize citizenship regimes, the new ones are leaning towards a restrictive model, which manifests itself both in the difficult conditions of naturalization and rejection of the birthright citizenship law. The convergence of the positions of these two groups of countries on this issue is not visible.The article is devoted to the analysis of differences in the approaches of European Union member states to the inclusion of migrants into the political community by granting them citizenship. These differences are operationalized through the category of \\\\'citizenship regimes\\\\'. The article distinguishes three types of citizenship regimes - liberal, restrictive, and mixed. Whether a particular regime can be categorized into one of these citizenship regime types is determined on the basis of three indicators: (1) application/non-application of birthright citizenship (jus soli), (2) the presence of the institution of dual (multiple) citizenship, and (3) the relative simplicity/complexity of the naturalization procedure. At the same time, due to the lack of the comprehensive statistical data, which would allow assessing all possible components of this procedure, in order to evaluate the degree of the simplicity/complexity of the procedure, the authors focus on such a parameter as the minimum time period of residence in the country required to apply for citizenship.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Treatment of Progressive Ethmoidal Haematoma whit Formalin 10% Using a Stiff Intranasal Pipette Guided Through an Endoscopy: Report of Four Cases. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the administration of 10% formalin using a stiff intranasal pipette of artisanal fabrication guided through an endoscopy. The experiment was realized as a descriptive research. Four cases were treated with 10% formalin applying amounts from two to eighty milliliters, with intervals between eight days and thirty-five days. To the four cases, one of them responded to treatment successfully, diminished almost entirely the mass of Progressive Ethmoidal (PHE). Haematoma allowing favorably to the mare continue its tracking campaign. The second and the third of cases corresponding to two mares treated, which could end their lactation, treatment was able to reduce significantly the size of the PEH in one, while the other could only slightly reduce PEH and slow their growth. The mare of the second case was withdrawn of the treatment after weaning and was performed euthanasia due to the large size of the PEH and little improvement; the mare of the third also was withdrawn of the treatment after weaning. As regards the equine of the fourth case, the treatment could not be to apply it, although three times attempted to introduce the pipette intranasal way in the horse. In general, none of the treated animals had complications after treatment. During the research two animals were under five years old, in all of them, observed the presence of the unilaterally lesion. Three of the treated animals showed bloody purulent nasal secretions at rest, two with facial deformity and one showed exophthalmos. In one case, the lesion occupied the entire cavity of the sinuses and nasal cavity. The conclusion is that pipette may be made to treat large size animals with very large hematomas, where the distortion produced by the hematoma enables access by pipette. Administer treatment was achieved three of the four animals with PEH.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Rethinking the Call for a US National Data Center in the 1960s: Privacy, Social Science Research, and Data Fragmentation Viewed from the Perspective of Contemporary Archival Theory. This article reconsiders from current archival perspectives the debate surrounding the failed proposal for a national data center in the 1960s. Whereas most accounts of the 1960s effort to construct a national data center in the United States focus on privacy issues, this account focuses more broadly on contextualizing the concerns of the social science community regarding the fragmented state of data archives and on explaining why that moment in particular was a crucial culminating point of sociohistorical and technological pressures in the wider histories of digital computing, archives, data storage, and social science scholarship.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "EXPERIENCE AND RESEARCH METHODS OF E-GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT. Three main problems were singled out: \\\\'the unattainable deadline (date) is fixed for the targets (tasks)\\\\'; \\\\' lack of coordination in amending the normative legal basis\\\\'; \\\\' practice of e-government realization does not conform with the development standards of large information systems\\\\'. The thesis that the main problems, associated with the lack of apparent success of e-government programs and plans implementation in Russia lie in the legislative and management areas rather than in the technological plane, has been confirmed.The article gives analysis of the current methods to monitor development of e-government technologies development in Russia. The authors provide their own methods of detecting complex problems of e-government development with the expert survey, and its results as well. In the course of the study on a specialized questionnaire 66 experts from administration bodies who deal with the e-government development; experts of IT companies, collaborating with the public sector; representatives of scientific and educational organizations; representatives of non-profit organizations were polled.Recommendations: 1) a special system of training and improving professional qualification of people dealing with the realization of the tasks for e-government development must be made up: creation of compulsory regular courses of qualification improvement of the professional training type with using psychological methods for team work in providing government services (analogous to the training of sales services); 2) creation of federal, regional and municipal expert communities to work on documents, to hold regular forums, to make and publish their recommendations.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Simultaneous analysis to multiple-comparison in quantitative sociology: Logit models for educational attainment research. Quantitative sociological researches in Japan have not tried to apply the simultaneous analysis employing interaction variables but have used the comparison of separated analyses among sub-samples by a model with the same independent variables, when the research task accompanies multiple-comparison. However, the comparison of separated analyses tends to be influenced by subjective eyeballing judgment about differences among sub-samples. How to carry out multiple-comparison by the simultaneous analysis using logit models on educational achievement was examined and illustrated. As the simultaneous analysis model concerning educational attainment, ordered logit model which is more parsimonious than transitional model and multinominal logit model in terms of the number of parameters is advantageous to multiple-comparison. Efforts to explore the possibility of simultaneous analysis should be required for not only logit models but other kinds of models.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Co-production: A resource to guide co-producing research in the sport, exercise, and health sciences. There is growing interest in co-production in the sport, exercise, and health sciences. That includes from researchers in sport and exercise physiology, public health, sports medicine, sport sociology, sport and exercise psychology, sport management, physical education, sport coaching, leisure studies, geography, and occupational therapy. Despite the disciplinary spanning interest, academic resources in our field dedicated to the complex problem of comprehensively detailing the co-production of research and taking it forward are lacking. This paper is a modest attempt to do this. Rationales outlining the need for a resource are first presented. What is meant by co-production is then attended to. An original typology is developed to illuminate different ways co-production is defined and put to use. In the typology three differing types of co-production are described: Citizens' Contributions to Public Services; Integrated Knowledge Translation; and Equitable and Experientially-informed Research. Why researchers co-produce research, along with various challenges involved with doing it, are then offered. It is suggested that generally university structures and academic norms tend not to facilitate co-production processes. Next, working principles to promote co-production as a means to advance a participatory turn in sport, exercise, and health research are introduced. We also highlight practical options for how to co-produce research and advance various criteria for judging the quality of it. Throughout it is highlighted why qualitative researchers are well prepared to do high quality co-produced research and should be considered important collaborators for researchers without qualitative expertise intending to co-produce research. The paper closes with future directions.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "In situ crystallization of 0D perovskite derivative Cs3Bi2I9 thin films via ultrasonic spray. Cs3Bi2I9 has been proposed to be an alternate candidate for various optoelectronic applications to meet the stability and toxicity issues associated with the highly performing organic lead halide perovskites. In the present work, we report the in situ formation of cesium bismuth iodide thin films by ultrasonically assisted sequential spray deposition of BiI3 and CsI in ethanol-based precursor solutions. The films formed by varying the layer configurations and relative molarity were investigated to identify the optimum conditions to obtain pure Cs3Bi2I9 films. Further, we probe their structure, morphology, optical and electronic properties in combination with computational studies. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the crystallinity and chemical structure of the spray cast perovskite films. Scanning electron microscopy images present the surface morphology composed of uniformly distributed hexagonal grains of similar to 280 nm in average size. The absorption coefficient of the films was evaluated in the order of similar to 10(6) cm(-1) using UV-Vis-NIR spectral analysis. The calculated direct band gap value of 1.99 eV was in accordance with the theoretical calculations. Furthermore, the optimized Cs3Bi2I9 film was photoconductive. The I-V char-acteristics of FTO/ZnO/Cs3Bi2I9/C-Ag heterojunction revealed a significant rectification behavior with a diode factor of 1.75. FTO/CdS/Cs3Bi2I9/C-Ag heterojunction showed a Voc of 300 mV and Jsc of 0.003 mA cm(-2). Our results imply that the spray deposited Cs3Bi2I9 films have a profound potential for applications in photodetectors and solar cells upon detailed investigations. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Costs by Industry and Diagnosis Among Musculoskeletal Claims in a State Workers Compensation System: 1999-2004. Methods Claim data from 1999 to 2004 from the Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation were analyzed as a function of industry sector (NAICS industry-sector categories) and anatomical region (ICD-9 codes).Conclusion This study provides insight into the severity (i.e., medical and indemnity costs) of MSDs across multiple industries, providing data for prioritizing of resources for research and interventions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:276-284, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Results Almost 50% of the claims were lumbar spine (26.9%) or hand/wrist (21.7%). The majority of claims were from manufacturing (25.1%) and service (32.8%) industries. The industries with the highest average costs per claim were transportation, warehouse, and utilities and construction. Across industries, the highest costs per claim were consistently for the lumbar spine, shoulder, and cervical spine body regions.Background Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a tremendous burden on industry in the United States. However, there is limited understanding of the unique issues relating to specific industry sectors, specifically the frequency and costs of different MSDs.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Effects of exposure to gradient magnetic fields emitted by nuclear magnetic resonance devices on clonogenic potential and proliferation of human hematopoietic stem cells. This study investigates effects of gradient magnetic fields (GMFs) emitted by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) devices on hematopoietic stem cells. Field measurements were performed to assess exposure to GMFs of staff working at 1.5 T and 3 T MRI units. Then an exposure system reproducing measured signals was realized to expose in vitro CD34+ cells to GMFs (1.5 T-protocol and 3 T-protocol). CD34+ cells were obtained by Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting from six blood donors and three MRI-exposed workers. Blood donor CD34+ cells were exposed in vitro for 72h to 1.5 T or 3 T-protocol and to sham procedure. Cells were then cultured and evaluated in colony forming unit (CFU)-assay up to 4 weeks after exposure. Results showed that in vitro GMF exposure did not affect cell proliferation but instead induced expansion of erythroid and monocytes progenitors soon after exposure and for the subsequent 3 weeks. No decrease of other clonogenic cell output (i.e., CFU-granulocyte/erythroid/macrophage/megakaryocyte and CFU-granulocyte/macrophage) was noticed, nor exposed CD34+ cells underwent the premature exhaustion of their clonogenic potential compared to sham-exposed controls. On the other hand, pilot experiments showed that CD34+ cells exposed in vivo to GMFs (i.e., samples from MRI workers) behaved in culture similarly to sham-exposed CD34+ cells, suggesting that other cells and/or microenvironment factors might prevent GMF effects on hematopoietic stem cells in vivo. Accordingly, GMFs did not affect the clonogenic potential of umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells exposed in vitro together with the whole mononuclear cell fraction. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:201-211, 2016. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Resources of Education - Empirical reconstructions with regard to the biographically anchored background of transformative learning processes. In qualitative educational research, the differentiation between continuous learning processes and discontinuous educational processes has been convincingly described both theoretically and empirically. This contribution, in contrast, examines which resources education - conceived of as subjectivization through the transformation of life orientations - draws upon. On the basis of a documentary interpretation of several narrative-biographical interviews, the author shows, in delimitation from models of provision and linearity, how divergent complexes of experience may link up with one another in life histories, occasioned by an inspiring situation, and may thus become a resource for educational processes.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Electron transfer dissociation of synthetic and natural peptides containing lanthionine/methyllanthionine bridges. RationaleThe modes of cleavage of lanthionine/methyllanthionine bridges under electron transfer dissociation (ETD) were investigated using synthetic and natural lantipeptides. Knowledge of the mass spectrometric fragmentation of lanthionine/methyllanthionine bridges may assist in the development of analytical methods for the rapid discovery of new lantibiotics. The present study strengthens the advantage of ETD in the characterization of posttranslational modifications of peptides and proteins.MethodsSynthetic and natural lantipeptides were obtained by desulfurization of peptide disulfides and cyanogen bromide digestion of the lantibiotic nisin, respectively. These peptides were subjected to electrospray ionization collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS/MS) and ETD-MS/MS using an HCT ultra ETDII ion trap mass spectrometer. MS3 CID was performed on the desired product ions to prove cleavage of the lanthionine/methyllanthionine bridge during ETD-MS/MS.ConclusionsETD successfully cleaves the lanthionine/methyllanthionine bridges of synthetic and natural lantipeptides. Diagnostic fragment ions of ETD cleavage of lanthionine/methyllanthionine bridges are the N-terminal cysteine/methylcysteine thiyl radical and C-terminal dehydroalanine. Detection of the cysteine/methylcysteine thiyl radical and dehydroalanine in combined ETD-CID-MS may be used for the rapid identification of lantipeptide natural products.ResultsETD has advantages over CID in the cleavage of the side chain of lanthionine/methyllanthionine bridges. The cleavage of the N-C backbone peptide bond followed by C-terminal side chain of the lanthionine bridge results in formation of c(center dot+) and z(+) ions. Cleavage at the preceding peptide bond to the C-terminal side chain of lanthionine/methyllanthionine bridges yields specific fragments with the cysteine/methylcysteine thiyl radical and dehydroalanine.", "label": [4, 36, 35, 42]}
{"token": "Effect of oestradiol and progesterone on the instant and directional velocity of microsphere movements in the rat oviduct: gap junctions mediate the kinetic effect of oestradiol. The oviducal transport of eggs to the uterus normally takes 72 - 96 h in the rat, but this is reduced to less than 20 h after a single injection of oestradiol ( E2). This accelerated transport is associated with an increased frequency of pendular movements in the isthmic segment of the oviduct, with increased levels of the gap junction ( GJ) component Connexin ( Cx) 43, and is antagonised by progesterone ( P). In the present study, we investigated the effect of these hormones on the instant and directional velocity of pendular movements and the role of the GJ and its Cx43 component in the kinetic response of the oviduct to E2 and P. Using microspheres as egg surrogates, microsphere instant velocity ( MIV) was measured following treatment with E2, P or P+ E2, which accelerate or delay egg transport. Microspheres were delivered into the oviduct of rats on Day 1 of pregnancy and their movement within the isthmic segment was recorded. Oestrogen increased MIV with faster movement towards the uterus. After P or P+ E2, MIV was similar to that in the control group. Two GJ uncouplers, namely 18 alpha- and 18 beta- glycyrrhetinic acid, blocked the effect of E2 on MIV. Connexin 43 mRNA levels increased over that seen in control with all treatments. In conclusion, the effects of E2 on MIV resulted in faster movements that produced accelerated egg transport towards the uterus. Gap junctions are probably involved as smooth muscle synchronisers in this kinetic effect of E2, but the opposing effects of E2 and P are not exerted at the level of Cx43 transcription.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
{"token": "Expected Seismicity and the Seismic Noise Environment of Europa. Plain Language Summary In this study, we are looking at sources that vibrate the outer ice shell of Europa and produce energy recorded by a seismometer. We are interested in this because seismology has been the best tool for determining the interior structure of the Earth; therefore, we want to consider how much energy we expect to go into seismic activity on Europa. In this study, we simulate long seismic recordings assuming that icequakes behave statistically similar to earthquakes. This predicts how frequently we expect events of different sizes. By scaling the total energy released observed on the Earth's moon by the much higher tidal energy available to Europa, we predict a range of simulated event catalogs. With those catalogs, we simulate the seismic waves recorded at a seismometer. This lets us determine how large events are likely to be, and also what the more or less continuous background noise from many small events will look like. We also examine a technique that can use an approach called autocorrelation to pull signals out of the noise, which in our simulated records show a clear energy arrival representing energy reflected from the ocean bottom. We conclude that a simple instrument does not have enough sensitivity to reliably record either the large signals or the background noise on Europa's surface, but a more sensitive instrument may record the background noise for periods shorter than 10s, as well as very likely recording signals from larger events expected to occur a few times per week of observation.Seismic data will be a vital geophysical constraint on internal structure of Europa if we land instruments on the surface. Quantifying expected seismic activity on Europa both in terms of large, recognizable signals and ambient background noise is important for understanding dynamics of the moon, as well as interpretation of potential future data. Seismic energy sources will likely include cracking in the ice shell and turbulent motion in the oceans. We define a range of models of seismic activity in Europa's ice shell by assuming each model follows a Gutenberg-Richter relationship with varying parameters. A range of cumulative seismic moment release between 10(16) and 10(18)Nm/yr is defined by scaling tidal dissipation energy to tectonic events on the Earth's moon. Random catalogs are generated and used to create synthetic continuous noise records through numerical wave propagation in thermodynamically self-consistent models of the interior structure of Europa. Spectral characteristics of the noise are calculated by determining probabilistic power spectral densities of the synthetic records. While the range of seismicity models predicts noise levels that vary by 80dB, we show that most noise estimates are below the self-noise floor of high-frequency geophones but may be recorded by more sensitive instruments. The largest expected signals exceed background noise by approximate to 50dB. Noise records may allow for constraints on interior structure through autocorrelation. Models of seismic noise generated by pressure variations at the base of the ice shell due to turbulent motions in the subsurface ocean may also generate observable seismic noise.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "The Impact of Regional and Institutional Factors on Labor Productive Performance-Evidence from the Township and Village Enterprise Sector in China. This paper investigates the impact of regional and institutional factors on labor productivity in China's Township and Village Enterprise (TVE) sector, one of the pillar industries of the economy. Employing a balanced provincial panel dataset, we find a significant variation in the factors determining regional labor productivity between the three macro-regions. The factors of capital investment intensity, foreign intensity, and export intensity behave differently with a significant regional diversity. Only human capital, the real wage, and firm size are identified as the common determinants across regions. A strong self-reinforcing effect has been found with a high degree of persistence in the behavior of, and hence slow or negligible convergence in labor productivity between regions. We find that the labor efficiency gains have been generated more from internal rather than external economies of scale across regions as well as the country as a whole. We also find that the government privatization reforms have had both a short run and increasingly long-term positive impact on the TVE labor productivity across the regions. This finding may indicate that institutional privatization can be an effective tool in promoting industrialization and labor productive performance in China as well as in other transitional economies. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
{"token": "The effectiveness of psychological debriefing with vicarious trauma: A meta-analysis. Post-traumatic psychiatric reactions to physical trauma are readily acknowledged and accepted. However, there is a relatively new phenomenon of developing similar reactions after providing emergency care to such patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a crisis intervention technique known as group psychological debriefing, which is designed to mitigate the impact of post-traumatic morbidity in individuals exposed to vicarious traumatization. Using adequately controlled, peer-reviewed journal articles and clinical proceedings as the database, 698 subjects from 10 investigations were submitted to a meta-analysis. The results support the effectiveness of group psychological debriefings in alleviating the effects of vicarious psychological distress in emergency care providers. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Mitigation of Expression of Virulence Genes in Legionella pneumophila Internalized in the Free-Living Amoeba Willaertia magna C2c Maky. Legionella pneumophila is a human pathogen responsible for a severe form of pneumonia named Legionnaire disease. Its natural habitat is aquatic environments, being in a free state or intracellular parasites of free-living amoebae, such as Acanthamoeba castellanii. This pathogen is able to replicate within some amoebae. Willaertia magna C2c Maky, a non-pathogenic amoeba, was previously demonstrated to resist to L. pneumophila and even to be able to eliminate the L. pneumophila strains Philadelphia, Lens, and Paris. Here, we studied the induction of seven virulence genes of three L. pneumophila strains (Paris, Philadelphia, and Lens) within W. magna C2c Maky in comparison within A. castellanii and with the gene expression level of L. pneumophila strains alone used as controls. We defined a gene expression-based virulence index to compare easily and without bias the transcript levels in different conditions and demonstrated that W. magna C2c Maky did not increase the virulence of L. pneumophila strains in contrast to A. castellanii. These results confirmed the non-permissiveness of W. magna C2c Maky toward L. pneumophila strains.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Sexuality and Gender Diversity in the Liberal Catholic Discourse in Poland in the Pastoral Perspective. One of the most important questions in the Roman Catholic Church is the question of sexual and gender diversity. Therefore, the article presents the results of qualitative and quantitative content analysis of the Catholic sociocultural periodical Wiltz (Bond) from 2007 to 2020, which is the leading forum for liberal Catholic debates in Poland. The goal was to analyze the period's narration toward current Church's instruc-tions on sexuality and gender diversity. Five dominant postulates were identified in Wiltz: (1) a discussion about people with the need to revise their or the Church's narration on and experience of sex and gender; (2) a reevaluation of the significance and consequence of sexual revolution in Poland; (3) an organization of the understanding of body, sex, sexuality, and gender; (4) a promotion of the idea of encounter; and (5) a settlement of cases of sexual abuse in the Church. The article concludes that the presence of social dialogue on sexuality and gender diversity in the current pastoral approach of the Church in Poland requires a suspension of moral judgment and an openness from Church with a strong traditional, and rigid viewpoint to better understand the difficult spiritual and social situation of people who live contrary to the moral teachings of the Church or whose views go against these teachings.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Multi-field Coupling Simulation and Experimental Study on Transformer Vibration Caused by DC Bias. DC bias will cause abnormal vibration of transformers. Aiming at such a problem, transformer vibration affected by DC bias has been studied combined with transformer core and winding vibration mechanism use multi-physical field simulation software COMSOL in this paper. Furthermore the coupling model of electromagnetic-structural force field has been established, and the variation pattern of inner flux density, distribution of mechanical stress, tension and displacement were analyzed based on the coupling model. Finally, an experiment platform has been built up which was employed to verify the correctness of model.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Pressure ulcer risk profiles of hospitalized patients based on the Braden Scale: A cluster analysis. Aim The aim of this work is to identify the pressure ulcer risk profiles of hospitalized patients with reference to Braden Scale subscales. Methods A total of 2996 hospitalized Portuguese participants were screened using the Braden Scale. A hierarchical and nonhierarchical cluster analysis was conducted, with ethical approval. Results Five risk profiles (clusters) based on the first risk assessments were identified. Regarding the Braden Scale total score, two profiles with high risk and three profiles with low risk of pressure ulcer development were identified. All clusters were statistically significantly different in terms of sociodemographic and clinical variables. When the first and the last risk assessments were compared, all the clusters improved the Braden Scale total score on the last risk assessment, except Cluster 4 (low-risk category). Clusters 3, 4 and 5, which were classified as low risk, decreased in several Braden subscales at the last risk assessment. Conclusions The classification of low risk may misguide the early identification of patients with individual risk factors. Increasing the awareness of health care professionals for the importance of risk assessment of each Braden subscale is necessary for pressure ulcer prevention. We recommend the implementation of strategies for early identification of patients at risk at local and national levels.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Striving to improve investment efficiency among Chinese firms: does the role of venture capital matter?. Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of venture capital (VC) involvement on investment efficiency (IE) and its potential action mechanisms from the perspective of financial resource allocation. Design/methodology/approach Using data of Chinese firms between 2008 and 2020, and the propensity score matching-difference in differences method, the authors investigate the relationship between VC and IE. Findings The results show that VC involvement significantly promotes IE, and the effect exhibits an inverted U-shape dynamic over time. The authors find two mechanisms through which VC promotes IE: alleviating financing constraints and improving corporate governance. Supplementary tests indicate that VC institutions with high reputations play a significant role in enhancing IE; the promotion effect is more pronounced for firms in non-high-tech industries, firms facing higher industrial competition and firms located in areas with better property rights protection systems. Originality/value This study provides several original contributions. First, based on principal-agent and financing constraint theories, this study enhances the literature by revealing how VC drives the IE of newly public firms in China. Second, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt to identify the mechanisms between VC and IE; Third, from an empirical perspective, besides discussing the average and dynamic effect of VC on IE, this study also explores the impact of the interaction between VC and market competition and property rights protection on IE.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "The database of epoxide hydrolases and haloalkane dehalogenases: one structure, many functions. The epoxide hydrolases and haloalkane dehalogenases database (EH/HD) integrates sequence and structure of a highly diverse protein family, including mainly the Asp-hydrolases of EHs and HDs but also proteins, such as Ser-hydrolases non-heme peroxidases, prolyl iminopetidases and 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolases. These proteins have a highly conserved structure, but display a remarkable diversity in sequence and function. A total of 305 protein entries were assigned to 14 homologous families, forming two superfamilies. Annotated multisequence alignments and phylogenetic trees are provided for each homologous family and superfamily. Experimentally derived structures of 19 proteins are superposed and consistently annotated. Sequence and structure of all 305 proteins were systematically analysed. Thus, deeper insight is gained into the role of a highly conserved sequence motifs and structural elements.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 40, 41, 42]}
{"token": "Holistic design of pre-tensioned concrete beams based on Artificial Intelligence. This research demonstrates how pre-tensioned concrete beams (PT beams) are designed holistically using artificial neural networks (ANNs). To establish reverse design scenarios, large input and output data are generated using the mechanics-based software AutoPTbeam. ANN-trained reverse-forward networks are proposed to solve reverse designs with 1 5 input and 18 output parameters for engineers. ANNs for reverse designs pre-tensioned concrete beams are formulated based on 15 input structural parameters to investigate the performances of PT beams with pin-pin boundaries. Useful reverse designs based on neural networks can be established by relocating preferable control parameters on an input-side, such as when four output parameters (q(L/250), q(0)(.2mm),q(str),mu(Delta)) (reverse scenario) are reversely preassigned on an input-side, all associated design parameters, including crack width, rebar strains at transfer load stage, rebar strains, and displacement ductility ratio at ultimate load stage are computed on an output-side. Deep neural networks trained by chained training scheme with revised sequence (CRS) for the reverse network of Step 1 show the better design accuracies when compared to those obtained based on ANNs trained by parallel training method (PTM) and based on shallow neural networks trained by CRS when the deflection ductility ratios (mu(Delta)) within generated big datasets are reversely pre-assigned on an input-side.[GRAPHICS].", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Unfree Labour, Migration and Racism: Towards an Analytical Framework. When it comes to analysing exploitative and unfree labour, most research refers to \\\\'othering\\\\' or \\\\'race\\\\'. Race is often treated as a given category rather than a social phenomenon that needs explanation. In this article, I draw attention to the question of how racism is preserved, reproduced and changed within and through unfree labour relations. 1 do this by discussing the conceptual interlinkages between unfree labour, migration and racism. While the role of migration policies should not be underestimated, this should be accompanied by an analytical account of their racist background and outcomes. Based on this I present a framework for the analysis of racism as it relates to unfree labour and migration. I draw attention to three different levels of analysis (historico-structural, discursive-symbolic and everyday practices) and the interrelations between them. For empirical illustrations, I draw on my research on modern slave labour in two production sectors in Brazil: charcoal and clothing. I discuss the empirical findings with regard to three analytical problems in the analysis of unfree labour and racism: the impact of generalising knowledge on (future) migrant workers; the role and responsibility of global production networks; and the need to critically reflect on initiatives and policies aimed at the eradication of unfree labour.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "On the use of HCM to develop a resource allocation algorithm for heterogeneous clusters. This work presents a resource allocation algorithm that considers the characteristics of regular applications to choose the subset of processors, accelerators, and networks that minimize their parallel execution time in a small heterogeneous cluster environment. The resource allocation algorithm uses Heterogeneous Cluster Model (HCM) to estimate the execution time of the parallel applications. The experimental results have shown that, for applications with distinct behaviors, the resource allocation algorithm has successfully chosen the set of resources that minimizes their execution time.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "GLISSE: A GPU-optimized planetary system integrator with application to orbital stability calculations.. We present a GPU-accelerated numerical integrator specifically optimized for stability calculations of small bodies in planetary systems. Specifically, the integrator is designed for cases when large numbers of test particles (tens or hundreds of thousands) need to be followed for long durations (millions of orbits) to assess the orbital stability of their initially \\\\'close-encounter free\\\\' orbits. The GLISSE (Gpu Long-term Integrator for Solar System Evolution) code implements several optimizations to achieve a roughly factor of 100 speed increase over running the same code on a CPU. We explain how various hardware speed bottlenecks can be avoided by the careful code design, although some of the choices restrict the usage to specific types of application. As a first application, we study the long-term stability of small bodies initially on orbits between Uranus and Neptune. We map out in detail the small portion of the phase space in which small bodies can survive for 4.5 billion years of evolution; the ability to integrate large numbers of particles allow us to identify for the first time how instability-inducing mean-motion resonance overlaps sharply define the stable regions. As a second application, we map the boundaries of 4 Gyr stability for transneptunian objects in the 5:2 and 3:1 mean-motion resonances, demonstrating that long-term perturbations remove the initially stable Neptune-crossing members.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "GRACETOOLSGRACE Gravity Field Recovery Tools. This paper introduces GRACETOOLS, the first open source gravity field recovery tool using GRACE type satellite observations. Our aim is to initiate an open source GRACE data analysis platform, where the existing algorithms and codes for working with GRACE data are shared and improved. We describe the first release of GRACETOOLS that includes solving variational equations for gravity field recovery using GRACE range rate observations. All mathematical models are presented in a matrix format, with emphasis on state transition matrix, followed by details of the batch least squares algorithm. At the end, we demonstrate how GRACETOOLS works with simulated GRACE type observations. The first release of GRACETOOLS consist of all MATLAB M-files and is publicly available at Supplementary Materials.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Congenital Dyserythropetic Anemia Type II: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Currently, there is no guideline for the treatment of patients with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) type II. One approach is to follow-up patients with transfusions, on the basis of individually determined target hemoglobin levels, and iron chelation according to the thalassemia guidelines. In some transfusion-dependent CDA II patients, splenectomy reduces the number of transfusions; however, the only known curative option for CDA II patients is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Only a few published case reports of allogeneic HSCT in CDA II patients are available. Here, we review the literature and add our data of a CDA II patient who developed transfusion dependence and was cured with HSCT.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "DETERMINING CHARACTERISTIC SAND SHEAR PARAMETERS OF STRENGTH VIA A DIRECT SHEAR TEST. The article considers the peculiarities of determining quartz sand shear strength according to the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion, via a direct shear test and that of factors influencing the characteristic angle of internal friction and cohesion values of the obtained strength parameters. The air-dry sand of the Baltic Sea region from Lithuanian coastal area near Klaipeda city has been analyzed. The solid density of the investigated sand grains was (s)=2.65g/cm(3). The initial density of the tested samples made approximate to 1.48-1.50g/cm(3). Processing data on the shear test yielded that the quantity of 18 tests was sufficient for the relevant accuracy of determining characteristic sand shear parameters of strength. This quantity of tests allow avoiding the influence of statistical coefficient t that depends on a degree of freedom (K=n - 2). The paper presents additionally analyzed three different approaches to determining the characteristic shear parameters of strength and that of a comparative analysis of the applied approaches.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "THE CITY, THAT COLLECTIVE WORK OF ART. Tools for graphic expression and participatory creation in urban spaces. Sustainable, democratic, resilient, inclusive urban regeneration means working with inhabitants when cities are transformed, giving them the opportunity to collaborate in the city's creation. This research studies the relationship between graphic creativity and citizen participation for architectural and university applications in urban processes to build the city, and in the strategies and means to operate it In schools, this relationship reveals glimpses of new ways of alternative learning. As a research method, we analyze-examples that have influenced various graphic disciplines and technological implementations, and urban art practices that have emerged from citizen struggles. The results illustrate that the urban project can be taught by incorporating collaborative design, with strategies such as street art, collective maps or tactical urbanism, and urban sketching and virtual reality, taken together as means of enriching the creative, artistic and educational processes.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Three-dimensional Vlasov-code simulations of magnetopause-like current sheets. The dynamics of thin magnetopause-like current sheets is investigated by means of three-dimensional Vlasov-code simulations. A tangential-discontinuity type kinetic magnetopause current sheet model is developed, aimed to reflect in situ spacecraft observations: the plasma density and temperature change across the magnetopause and the magnetic field has only a tangential component parallel to the magnetopause plane, which rotates through the magnetopause. Such configurations do not allow, per se, plasma diffusion or convection across the magnetopause. The aim of the present work is to understand whether and how such magnetopause configurations can become \\\\'open\\\\'. Cases are considered with different angles between the ambient magnetic fields in the magnetosphere and the magnetosheath ranging from pi/2 to pi radians. The magnetic field and plasma velocity shear do not permit the nonlinear modulational lower-hybrid drift instability and prevent small-scale reconnection due to resonant wave-particle interactions. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Effective online learning strategies for leadership and policy undergraduate courses for nursing students: a rapid review. Objectives: Due to the importance of developing leadership competencies during nursing education, it is critical to make evidence-based decisions regarding the transformation from face-to-face to online delivery of leadership and policy courses for nursing students in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This rapid review aims to identify effective learning strategies for creating online leadership and policy courses for undergraduate nursing students. Data sources and review methods: A rapid review methodology was used. Searches in CINAHL and ERIC yielded 4112 records. After screening, seven articles were included. The Criteria for Describing and Evaluating Training Interventions in Healthcare Professions (CRe-DEPTH) tool was used for quality appraisal and data extraction. A narrative synthesis approach was used to summarize the data. Results: The learning activities were heterogeneous in terms of content and format. Articles described the use of discussion forums, case studies, virtual clinical learning experiences, microblogging, and video clips. The methods of evaluation for these learning activities also varied greatly. Conclusion: The findings will act as a steppingstone to help develop an online undergraduate leadership and policy nursing course. This review also demonstrated the need for rigorous evaluation of learning activities. The use of a tool such as the CRe-DEPTH can help instructors plan and report on their learning interventions or courses.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "An experimental study on the upgrade of sulfoaluminate-belite cement systems by blending with Portland cement. Blends consisting of sulfoaluminate-belite ((S) over bar AB) cements and Portland cement (PC) (CEM I 42.5) were tested The initial set of PC was 3 h 10 min, of (S) over bar AB-1 cement Ia min and of (S) over bar AB-2 cement 20 min, whereas those of blends 85 wt% (S) over bar AB-1 and 85 wt% (S) over bar AB-2 were Ih 10 min and 30 min, respectively. If is suggested that differences in the mineralogical composition of (S) over bar AB cements influence markedly the setting characteristics qi. blended cements with very similar fineness. Properties of cement mortars (cement:sand = 1:3 by weight, water/cement ratio = 0.5) containing PC/(S) over bar AB cement in weight ratios of 100/0, 85/15, 70/30, 55/45, 15/85 and 0/100 were tested in more detail Flexural and compressive strength of mortars made from PC/(S) over bar AB-1 cement blends are lower than in PC-mortar kept for 90 days at 20 degrees C/100% relative humidity (wet cure) and 20 degrees C/60% relative humidity, (dry cure). (S) over bar AB-1 cement and the 85 wt% (S) over bar AB-1/15 wt% PC blend have shrinkage-compensating properties opposite to PC in tested mortars. PC-mortar shows excellent protective properties against corrosion of steel reinforcement. Steel in the (S) over bar AB cement mortar is not passivated but occurs in the nonstable state. The related pH values of the mortar extracts were 12.41 and 11.32, respectively. In the 85 wt% (S) over bar AB-1/15 wt% PC-mortar the steel is protected against corrosion. This statement is confirmed by the pH value of the mortar extract of 11.88. A 15 wt% replacement of (S) over bar AB-1 cement by PC is still sufficient for steel passivation.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
{"token": "A new species of Tormopsolus (Digenea: Acanthocolpidae) parasite of Genypterus brasiliensis (Teleostei: Ophidiidae) from the Brazilian coast. Tormopsolus brasiliensis sp. nov. is described from the intestine of Genypterus brasiliensis Regan, 1903, from Brazil. The new species is characterized mainly by having an almost square terminal oral sucker, a pharynx of the same size or larger than the oral sucker, and testes very close to each other and without vitelline follicles between them. Tormopsolus brasiliensis sp. nov. is most closely related to T. lintoni Caballero, 1952, sharing with the latter the space between the gonads and the distribution of the vitelline fields. It differs from that species by the lack of a space between the gonads and the absence of vitelline follicles between the testes; by the smaller distance between the oral and ventral suckers; by the presence of a wide ejaculatory duct armed with spines; a wide metraterm, almost the same size of the cirrus-sac; and by the shape and terminal position of the oral sucker. Specimens recovered already dead showed distinct differences to the well-fixed, freshly-collected material and are these differences are enumerated. Acanthocolpus brasiliensis of ALVES et al. (2002a,b) is considered synonym of T. brasiliensis sp. nov.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Regional differences in diving behavior of harbor seals in the Gulf of Alaska. Adult and subadult harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii (Gray, 1864); n = 108) from Southeast Alaska (SE), Kodiak Island (KO), and Prince William Sound (PWS) were instrumented with satellite data recorders to examine dive parameters for harbor seals in the Gulf of Alaska at regional and annual scales. Most dives (40%-80%) were <20 in in depth and <4 min in duration; however, dives from 50 to 150 in depth were not uncommon and dives to 508 in were recorded. PWS seals spent less time in the water during the prebreeding and breeding seasons than SE and KO seals. SE seals used a greater diversity of depths than KO and PWS seals. Only seals in PWS and SE (i) dived deeper and longer and spent more time diving in winter than during spring and summer and (ii) dived deepest during the day only in winter. Seals in all regions and seasons dived most frequently and spent the most time diving at night. Subadult seals spent more time diving, dived more often, displayed a stronger diurnal pattern with deepest dives during the day in the winter, and dived deeper than adults.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Pigments - Mercury-based red (cinnabar-vermilion) and white (calomel) and their degradation products. This article summarises the history of cinnabar, from its first uses in burials to modern oils on canvas. After a brief introduction on mercury and contamination issues, the article gets to the heart of the topic. First, mercury-based minerals significant for studying pigments, i.e. cinnabar, metacinnabar, hypercinnabar and calomel, are presented. Structural information and properties precede an overview of the geographic distribution of cinnabar deposits. The following section addresses the multiple uses of cinnabar, divided into funerary use, decorative use, lustre and Chinese lacquer production. The use of cinnabar for writing (ink), medicine and cosmetics is briefly described, and a shortlist of uncommon finds is further provided. The following section approaches inherent but less known topics such as cinnabar procurement, trade, production technology, application and alteration. An entire section is dedicated to calomel before concluding with an overview of the analytical methods for the characterisation and provenance investigation of cinnabar.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "CD34+Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Subsets Exhibit Differential Ability To Maintain Human Cytomegalovirus Latency and Persistence. In human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-seropositive patients, CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) provide an important source of latent virus that reactivates following cellular differentiation into tissue macrophages. Multiple groups have used primary CD34(+) HPCs to investigate mechanisms of viral latency. However, analyses of mechanisms of HCMV latency have been hampered by the genetic variability of CD34(+ )HPCs from different donors, availability of cells, and low frequency of reactivation. In addition, multiple progenitor cell types express surface CD34, and the frequencies of these populations differ depending on the tissue source of the cells and culture conditions in vitro. In this study, we generated CD34(+) progenitor cells from two different embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines, WA01 and WA09, to circumvent limitations associated with primary CD34(+) HPCs. HCMV infection of CD34(+) HPCs derived from either WA01 or WA09 ESCs supported HCMV latency and induced myelosuppression similar to infection of primary CD34(+) HPCs. Analysis of HCMV-infected primary or ESC-derived CD34(+) HPC subpopulations indicated that HCMV was able to establish latency and reactivate in CD38(+) CD90(+) and CD38(+/low) CD90(-) HPCs but persistently infected CD38(-) CD90(+) cells to produce infectious virus. These results indicate that ESC-derived CD34(+) HPCs can be used as a model for HCMV latency and that the virus either latently or persistently infects specific subpopulations of CD34(+) cells.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus infection is associated with severe disease in transplant patients and understanding how latency and reactivation occur in stem cell populations is essential to understand disease. CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) are a critical viral reservoir; however, these cells are a heterogeneous pool with donor-to-donor variation in functional, genetic, and phenotypic characteristics. We generated a novel system using embryonic stem cell lines to model HCMV latency and reactivation in HPCs with a consistent cellular background. Our study defined three key stem cell subsets with differentially regulated latent and replicative states, which provide cellular candidates for isolation and treatment of transplant-mediated disease. This work provides a direction toward developing strategies to control the switch between latency and reactivation.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Improving the flotation separation of chalcopyrite from galena through high-temperature air oxidation pretreatment. A method of air oxidation pretreatment at 170 degrees C was developed for the selective separation of chalcopyrite and galena. Single mineral and artificially mixed mineral flotation experiments indicated that the hydrophobicity of chalcopyrite was greatly reduced, and galena maintained outstanding floatability after pretreatment by hightemperature air oxidation. Hence, the efficient flotation separation of chalcopyrite and galena was achieved. Zeta potential and FTIR analysis illustrated that the chemisorption strength of collector sodium butyl xanthate (SBX) on the surface of galena was higher than that on chalcopyrite based on the oxidation pretreatment method. XPS analysis proved that oxidation could occur on the surfaces of chalcopyrite and galena with pretreatment by high-temperature air oxidation, but the oxidation extent of chalcopyrite was greater than that of galena. Moreover, the FeOOH and CuO hydrophilic species formed on the chalcopyrite surface greatly increased the hydrophilicity of chalcopyrite and impeded the adsorption of SBX on the chalcopyrite surface. By contrast, the galena surface was extremely difficult to oxidize to PbO during air oxidation at 170 degrees C due to the high stability, and the chemical reaction of SBX on the galena surface was still violent. Therefore, the flotation separation of chalcopyrite and galena can be efficiently realized using high-temperature air oxidation method to treat minerals.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 13, 39]}
{"token": "Has the last decade of challenges to the multiple realization argument provided aid and comfort to psychoneural reductionists?. The previous decade has seen renewed critical interest in the multiple realization argument. These criticisms constitute a \\\\'second wave\\\\' of challenges to this central argument in late-20th century philosophy of mind. Unlike the first wave, which challenged the premise that multiple realization is inconsistent with reduction or type identity, this second wave challenges the truth of the multiple realization premise itself. Since psychoneural reductionism was prominent among the explicit targets of the multiple realization argument, one might think that this second wave of challenges provides important aid and comfort to reductionists. In this paper, however, I provide reasons for thinking it does not. This is not to the detriment of psychoneural reductionism because, as I also argue here, and unrecognized by the current non-reductive orthodoxy in philosophy of mind, one key argument among the first wave of criticisms of the multiple realization argument has never been adequately rejoined.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Effects of environmental factors on size-related growth efficiency of perch, Perca fluviatilis. Two aspects of size-dependent growth were addressed using perch, Perca fluviatilis L, from 22 Swedish lakes. Firstly, maximum annual growth decreased linearly with length after the previous year. Secondly, median or realized growth showed a non-linear pattern, with minimum growth efficiency at intermediate length, probably related to the shift from invertebrate to fish diet. Between-lake variation in size-related growth efficiency was better explained by fish community characteristics than by abiotic factors. The growth of most size classes was negatively related to fish biomass, especially to biomass of 100 to 199-mm perch. Growth efficiency of perch >200 mm was positively related to the proportion of large perch in the community. These size- and density-dependent growth responses suggest that effects of competitive and predatory interactions will often mask the controlling or limiting effects of abiotic factors, such that realized growth of individuals and populations are poorly described by deterministic asymptotic growth models.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "Innovative bed temperature-oriented modeling and robust control of a circulating fluidized bed combustor. Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion systems are increasingly used as superior coal burning systems in power generation due to their higher efficiency and lower emissions. However, because of their non-linearity and complex behavior, it is difficult to build a comprehensive model that incorporates all the system dynamics. In this paper, a mathematical model of the circulating fluidized bed combustion system based on mass and energy conservation equations was successfully extracted. Using these correlations, a state space dynamical model oriented to bed temperature has been obtained based on subspace method. Bed temperature, which influences boiler overall efficiency and the rate of pollutants emission, is one of the most significant parameters in the operation of these types of systems. Having dynamic and parametric uncertainties in the model, a robust control algorithm based on linear matrix inequalities (LMI) have been applied to control the bed temperature by input parameters, i.e. coal feed rate and fluidization velocity. The controller proposed properly sets the temperature to our desired range with a minimum tracking error and minimizes the sensitivity of the closed-loop system to disturbances caused by uncertainties such as change in feeding coal, while the settling time of the system is significantly decreased. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Implications of organic matter on arsenic mobilization into groundwater: Evidence from northwestern (Chapai-Nawabganj), central (Manikganj) and southeastern (Chandpur) Bangladesh. This leads to the release of arseic and iron to groundwater of these three plains in considerable amounts, but their concentrations are distributed in spatial variations. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Boreholes (50 m depth) and piezometers (50 m depth) were drilled and installed for collecting As-rich sediments and groundwater in the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna flood plains for geochemical analyses. Forty-one groundwater samples were collected from the three areas for the analyses of cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+), anions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-), total organic carbon (TOC), and trace elements (As, Mn, Fe, Sr, Se, Ni, Co, Cu, Mo, Sb, Pb). X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were performed to characterize the major mineral and chemical contents of aquifer sediments. In all three study areas, results of XRF analysis clearly show that fine-grained sediments contain higher amounts of trace element because of their high surface area for adsorption. Relative fluorescent intensity of humic substances in groundwater samples ranges from 30 to 102 (mean 58 +/- 20, n = 20), 54-195 (mean 105 +/- 48, n = 10), and 27-243 (mean 79 +/- 71, n = 11) in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna flood plains, respectively. Arsenic concentration in groundwater (20-50 m of depth) ranges from 3 to 315 mu g/L (mean 62.4 +/- 93.1 mu g/L, n = 20), 16.4-73.7 mu g/L (mean 28.5 +/- 22.4 mu g/L, n = 10) and 4.6-215.4 mu g/L (mean 30.7 +/- 62.1 mu g/L, n = 11) in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna flood plains, respectively. Specific ultra violet adsorption (SUVA) values (less than 3 m(-1) mg(-1) L) indicate that the groundwater in the Ganges flood plain has relatively low percentage of aromatic organic carbon compared to those in the Brahmaputra and Meghna flood plains. Arsenic content in sediments ranges from 1 to 11 mg/kg (mean 3.5 +/- 2.7 mg/kg, n = 17) in the three flood plains. Total organic carbon content is 0.5-3.7 g/kg (mean 1.9 +/- 1.1 g/kg) in the Ganges flood plain, 0.5-2.1 g/kg (mean: 1.1 +/- 0.7 g/kg) in the Brahmaputra flood plain and 0.3-4.4 g/kg (mean 1.9 +/- 1.9 g/kg) in the Meghna flood plain. Arsenic is positively correlated with TOC (R-2 = 0.50, 0.87, and 0.85) in sediments from the three areas. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis of the sediments revealed that the functional groups of humic substances in three areas include amines, phenol, alkanes, and aromatic carbon. Arsenic and Fe speciation in sediments were determined using XANES and the results imply that As(V) and Fe(III) are the dominant species in most sediments. The results also imply that As (V) and Fe (III) in most of the sediment samples of the three areas are the dominant species. X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis shows that FeOOH is the main carrier of As in the sediments of three areas. In sediments, As is well correlated with Fe and Mn. However, there is no such correlation observed between As and Fe as well as As and Mn in groundwater, implying that mobilizations of Fe, Mn, and As are decoupled or their concentrations in groundwater have been affected by other geochemical processes following reductive dissolution of Fe or Mn-hydroxides. For example, dissolved Fe and Mn levels may be affected by precipitation of Fe- and Mn-carbonate minerals such as siderite, while liberated As remains in groundwater. The groundwaters of the Brahmaputra and Meghna flood plains contain higher humic substances in relative fluorescence intensity (or fluorescence index) and lower redox potential compared to the groundwater of Ganges flood plain.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "A note on Purcell's basic explanation of magnetic forces. In the 1960s, E M.Purcell presented a basic explanation of the magnetic force experienced by a test charge moving parallel to a stationary current-carrying wire. According to Purcell's derivation, this force results from the difference between the relativistic length contraction of the distance among the stationary positive charges of the wire and the relativistic length contraction of the distance among the negative charges moving in the wire, when the charges are observed in the rest frame of the test charge. The contraction difference generates a charge density unbalance that in the rest frame of the test charge is experienced as an electrostatic force, while in the lab frame is perceived as the magnetic force. In the present paper, we show that Purcell's approach is problematic since it generates inconsistencies and paradoxes. We maintain that Purcell's derivation has only an illustrative and expository value and should not be taken literally as describing something that really and physically happens in the wire. Furthermore, we believe that the difficulties pointed out here should be explicitly presented and discussed when introducing Purcell's approach in physics courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
{"token": "Mind your step! A falls prevention programme designed to reduce falls in those over 75 years. Falls among older people cause significant mortality and morbidity, thus presenting a serious issue for older people and health and social care professionals alike. The simple occurrence of a fall conceals the range of physical, psychological, social and environmental factors, which can contribute to this event. Research advocates that professionals should engage with health promotion and develop individualised preventions in order to minimise risk of falling. In this study, a multi-disciplinary, falls prevention initiative was developed with older people who had recently fallen. The initiative started with a common assessment but was followed by a variable, individualised programme of different interventions. The older people involved were assessed pre-and post-intervention, using a questionnaire checklist, on several different dimensions associated with falling. Outcomes were assessed in terms of reduction in risk and the incidence of falls, both of which were found to be statistically significant in several of the identified dimensions post-intervention. Consequently, it could be estimated that approximately 44 falls were prevented through this nine-month initiative. This study would support the integration of this falls prevention initiative into routine community care practice through the existing over-75 health check and the development of a specialised falls team. Further research would be beneficial to follow up whether the reduction in the incidence of falling is sustained over time. Enhanced participation of user, carer, voluntary and community partners is recommended as this would allow older people themselves to play an active role in improving their own well-being and that of others.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Measurement of the pp -> ZZ production cross section and constraints on anomalous triple gauge couplings in four-lepton final states at root s=8 TeV. A measurement of the inclusive ZZ production cross section and constraints on anomalous triple gauge couplings in proton-proton collisions at root s = 8 TeV are presented. The analysis is based on a data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.6 fb(-1), collected with the CMS experiment at the LHC. The measurements are performed in the leptonic decay modes ZZ -> lll'l', where = e, mu and l' = e, mu, tau. The measured total cross section sigma(pp -> ZZ) = 7.7 +/- 0.5 (stat) (0)(-0.4)(+0.5) (syst) +/- 0.4 (theo) +/- 0.2 (lumi) pb, for both Z bosons produced in the mass range 60 < m(z) < 120 GeV, is consistent with standard model predictions. Differential cross sections are measured and well described by the theoretical predictions. The invariant mass distribution of the four-lepton system is used to set limits on anomalous ZZZ and ZZ gamma couplings at the 95% confidence level: -0.004 < f(4)(Z), < 0.004, -0.004 < f(5)(Z) < 0.004, -0.005 < f(5)(Z) < 0.005, and -0.005 < f(5)(Y) < 0.005. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "THE INNOVATION DISCOURSE ON TRIAL: TECHNOLOGY, MARKET AND WELLBEING. The main trend in sociological studies of innovation has a positive outlook on innovation, bearing no distinction from the political and economic discourses that conceive it as an end in itself or as means at the service economic and commercial production. This article questions such vision and attempts to map out the main assumptions and factors that explain the dynamics of innovation as framed by the ongoing transformations of the current world. It suggests a focus on social studies in which innovation is interpreted as a social action, with its own ends, articulated with other activities of human life and, therefore, susceptible to ethical and moral valorization. Such focus would allow the clarification of the social and historical meaning of innovation processes as well as to extend them in the vast plan of unforeseen consequences, risks and uncertainties for society, human existence and the global eco-system.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Effect of intercrops on thrips species composition and population abundance on French beans in Kenya. The study aimed at determining thrips species composition and thrips population density on French bean planted as a sole crop and as an intercrop with either sunflower, Irish potato, or baby corn, in various combinations. Field experiments were conducted in two seasons to examine: (1) thrips population development and thrips species composition over time, (2) effect of intercrops on thrips population density and natural enemies, and (3) effect of intercrops on French bean yield. The experiments were conducted at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Embu, Kenya in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The thrips population on French beans increased with time. It showed a peak at the flowering stage then started declining when the crops were nearing senescence. French beans hosted four thrips species, Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom), Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and Hydatothrips aldolfifriderici (Karny) (all Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in order of decreasing abundance. The main thrips species on Irish potato and sunflower was F. schultzei. Baby corn hosted only Frankliniella williamsi (Hood) and Thrips pusillus (Bagnall). A monocrop of French bean hosted more thrips than a French bean intercrop mix. Thrips natural enemies such as Orius spp. and Ceranisus spp. were recorded in all crop plants but in especially high numbers on French bean and baby corn, respectively. Plots with French bean alone had about 1.4 times higher yields compared to intercropped plots of French bean with sunflower and French bean with baby corn. However, the percentage of pods that could get rejected on the market due to thrips damage was highest on plots with French bean alone (68 and 63%) and lowest on plots with French bean and baby corn (35 and 37%) in the first and second seasons, respectively. This study showed that a complex of thrips is found in the field and its composition varies with crop stage and species. Intercropping French bean with other crops compromises on French bean yield but reduces damage to the French bean pods, thereby enhancing marketable yield.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Glow discharge plasma nitriding of Al 6063 samples and study of their surface hardness. Plasma nitriding also known as ion nitriding or glow discharge plasma nitriding is a method of surface hardening. It is a process by which nitrogen is introduced in the material, thus changing the surface properties of the material. Usually plasma nitriding is carried under low pressure (i.e. in mbar range), which is called low-pressure plasma nitriding. High voltage de discharge is used to form plasma through which the nitrogen ions are then accelerated to deposit on the work piece. Depending on the processing conditions i.e. the processing time, discharge current, bias voltage, gas mixture percentage and pressure, the nitriding layer can be changed and accordingly the surface properties can be modified. Cases such as argon, hydrogen, etc. can be used as a catalyst along with nitrogen, which helps in formation of nitride layer. The nitride layer so formed can be of the order of 0.01 to 0.1 mum. As thickness of the nitride layer is increased, surface of the material can be made harder. The hardness of the material surface can be measured using different methods. Here we have measured the hardness using durometer.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "A novel and computationally efficient algorithm for stability analysis of multi input-multi output process control systems. An efficient method based on the Faddeev-Leverrier algorithm combined with the Adomian decomposition method is devised to facilitate the stability analysis of multi-input multi-output control systems. In contrast to prior eigenvalue algorithms, our method affords all eigenvalues of the state matrix, either real or complex. Specifically, the calculation of the complex eigenvalues is made possible through special canonical forms, mainly involving square root operators, of the characteristic equation of the state matrix. Moreover, the proposed method does not require an initial guess, which is often a matter of concern since an inappropriate guess can cause failure in such available schemes. For the sake of illustration, a number of numerical examples, including chemical reaction processes, are also provided that demonstrate the efficiency of our new technique.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Stress distinction in German: simulating kinematic parameters of tongue-tip gestures. Levels of stress are not only distinguished by varying fundamental frequency contours but also by changes of supralaryngeal parameters, e.g., unstressed syllables exhibit reduced movement amplitudes and durations compared with stressed syllables. To investigate the effect of deaccentuation on apical gestures in /tVt/ sequences with all vowels of German, we recorded lingual movements of five speakers by means of EMMA. Movement paths of recorded stressed items were manipulated to simulate kinematic parameters of recorded unstressed items in three different ways: truncation, rescaling and combined truncation and resealing. We assumed that the simulation type that generated parameters most similar to recorded unstressed items can be interpreted in terms of a generalized motor program for deaccentuation. The following parameters of simulated movements were compared with measured unstressed items: movement durations, peak velocities, distances, interval between velocity peaks in percent of syllable duration, symmetry of velocity profiles and number of acceleration peaks between velocity peaks. Combined simulations resembled most closely the kinematic parameters of unstressed items but could not generate the smaller amplitudes of unstressed syllables with lax vowels, since durational reduction of lax vowels due to deaccentuation was very small, i.e., the spatial reduction was not proportional to the temporal reduction for lax items. Therefore, it can be concluded that with the method used here no single parameter or pattern could be found whose manipulation results in the kinematic characteristics of unstressed syllables, which speaks against the concept of a generalized motor program for deaccentuation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Oestradiol decreases colonic permeability through oestrogen receptor beta-mediated up-regulation of occludin and junctional adhesion molecule-A in epithelial cells. Oestradiol modulates paracellular permeability and tight junction (TJ) function in endothelia and reproductive tissues, but whether the ovarian hormones and cycle affect the paracellular pathway in the intestinal epithelium remains unclear. Oestrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, and oestradiol regulates epithelium formation. We examined the effects of oestrous cycle stage, oestradiol benzoate (EB), and progesterone (P) on colonic paracellular permeability (CPP) in the female rat, and whether EB affects expression of the TJ proteins in the rat colon and the human colon cell line Caco-2. In cyclic rats, CPP was determined through lumen-to-blood Cr-51-labelled EDTA clearance, and in Ussing chambers for dextran permeability. CPP was also examined in ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with P or EB, with and without the ER antagonist ICI 182,780, or with the selective agonists for ER alpha (propyl pyrazole triol; PPT) or ER beta (diarylpropionitrile; DPN). In oestrus rats, CPP was reduced (P < 0.01) relative to dioestrus. In OVX rats, EB dose-dependently decreased CPP, an effect mimicked by DPN and blocked by ICI 182,780, whereas P had no effect. Oestradiol increased occludin mRNA and protein in the colon (P < 0.05), but not zona occludens (ZO)-1. Further, EB and DPN enhanced occludin and junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-A expression in Caco-2 cells without change in ZO-1, an effect blocked by ICI 182,780. These data show that oestrogen reinforces intestinal epithelial barrier through ER beta-mediated up-regulation of the transmembrane proteins occludin and JAM-A determining paracellular spaces. These findings highlight the importance of the ER beta pathway in the control of colonic paracellular transport and mucosal homeostasis.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Patrimonial spaces of multiple intervention: territorial disputes around The Medulas tourism dynamization Plan. Tourism dinamization plans are considered essential in tourism andf land planning. They demanded inter-administrative cooperation and coordination among signatories plus the active intervention of many people and entities ito work towards integral projects. The implementation of the plan for The Medulas triggered off underlying existing conflicts with respect to how tourism is organised in an archaeological zone, and caused deep rifts between local entities in relation to the management plan in that many protective figures overlap in the area and correspond to a multiplicity of actors, both public and private. The area thus requires a comprehensive management plan with clear definition of responsibilities in an overall enhancement of the resource for the good of the community.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Computer Reminders for Chlamydia Screening in General Practice: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Background: Chlamydia notifications are increasing in Australia, and the use of a computer alert prompting general practitioners to test young women is a potential way to increase opportunistic chlamydia testing. The aim of this trial was to determine the effectiveness of a computer alert in general practice on chlamydia testing in young women.Results: Testing increased from 8.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.8, 9.8) to 12.2% (95% CI: 9.1, 15.3) (P < 0.01) in the intervention group, and from 8.8% (95% CI: 6.8, 10.7) to 10.6% (95% CI: 8.5, 12.7) (P < 0.01) in the control group. Overall, the intervention group had a 27% (OR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.4) greater increase in testing.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that alerts alone may not be sufficient to get chlamydia testing levels up sufficiently high enough to have an impact on the burden of chlamydia in the population but that they could be included as part of a more complex intervention.Methods: In 2006, clinics (n = 68) in Melbourne, Australia were cluster randomized into 2 groups: the intervention group received a computerized alert advising the general practitioner to discuss chlamydia testing with their patient which popped up when the medical record of a 16- to 24-year-old woman was opened; the control group received no alert. The outcome was whether or not that patient received a chlamydia test at the level of a single consultation with an eligible patient. A mixed effects logistic regression model adjusting for clustering was used to assess the impact of the alert on the proportion of women tested for chlamydia during the trial period.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Diffusive shock acceleration with magnetic amplification by nonresonant streaming instability in supernova remnants. We investigate the diffusive shock acceleration in the presence of the nonresonant streaming instability introduced by Bell. The numerical MHD simulations of the magnetic field amplification combined with the analytical treatment of cosmic-ray acceleration permit us to calculate the maximum energy of particles accelerated by high-velocity supernova shocks. The estimates for the Cas A, Kepler, SN 1006, and Tycho historical supernova remnants are given. We also found that the amplified magnetic field is preferentially oriented perpendicular to the shock front downstream of the fast shock. This explains the origin of the radial magnetic fields observed in young supernova remnants.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Parthenolide attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via Akt/GSK-3 beta pathway in PC12 cells. Parthenolide (PN), a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the herbal medicine feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium), was reported to possess neuroprotective activity. However, the neuroprotective effect of PN against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the neuroprotective effects of PN against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)induced apoptosis in PC12 cells and the underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that PN ameliorated OGD/R-evoked neuronal injury and oxidative stress in PC12 cells. In addition, PN notably decreased HIF-1 alpha expression, as well as inhibited apoptosis in PC12 cells after OGD/R. Furthermore, PN pretreatment significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3b in PC12 cells exposed to OGD/R. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that PN exhibits a neuroprotective effect against OGD/R through activation of the Akt/GSK-3b signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that PN has the potential to serve as a novel therapeutic agent for cerebral I/R injury. (C) 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Mathematical Modelling of Rod-Type Piezo-Electric Transducers for Acoustoelectronic Devices. The work is devoted to the peculiarities of the construction and study of mathematical models of rod-type piezoelectric transducers, which are widely used in various acoustoelectronic devices (hydroacoustic means of target detection, ultrasonic non-destructive testing, medical diagnostics, etc.). In contrast to the existing mathematical models of piezoelectric transducers (based on amplitude-phase dependences, resonant piezoelectric transducers, equivalent circuits, etc.), the proposed mathematical model makes it possible to establish a dependence, which is a mathematical description of the acoustic coupling that exists in a solid piezoceramic rod between wave fields on its various areas. An algorithm for calculating a mathematical model of rod-type piezoelectric transducers is presented and based on the determination of the transformation ratio in the case of the inverse piezoelectric effect. Analytical dependencies, which make it possible to determine the electrical impedance and the amplitude value of the potential in the electrical circuit of the piezoelectric transducer, are obtained. It is shown that these dependencies underlie the expression for determining the transformation ratio, which is a mathematical model of a rod piezoelectric transducer. At the same time, the principle of operation of such a transducer provides for the use of longitudinal vibrations in a prismatic rod. The results of the mathematical modelling are presented on the example of a rod transducer with a square cross-section made of piezoelectric ceramics of the PZT type (plumbum zirconate titanate). The performed comparisons of the calculated and experimentally obtained values of the frequency dependence of the modulus of the transformation ratio of the piezoceramic transducer showed a high convergence between them (the discrepancy between the results of mathematical modelling and the experimentally obtained data for the same value of the operating frequency does not exceed 8.5%).", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Suppression of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) by a bioherbicidal fungus and plant competition. The possibility of using the fungus Bipolaris sacchari as a bioherbicide to suppress cogongrass and to allow the establishment of bahiagrass in cogongrass-bahiagrass mixed plantings was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The bioherbicide was prepared by mixing B. sacchari spore suspension containing 10(5) spores ml(-1) with an oil emulsion composed of 16% horticultural oil plus 10% light mineral oil and 74% sterile water. The bioherbicide caused severe foliar blight in cogongrass and slight phytotoxic damage on bahiagrass. In the first experiment, the bioherbicide reduced cogongrass biomass without affecting bahiagrass biomass. In the second experiment, the bioherbicide caused a 64% reduction in fresh weight, a 74% reduction in the number of rhizomes, and a 47% reduction in the height of cogongrass. The latter experiment also showed an increase in bahiagrass fresh weight in the presence of cogongrass when the bioherbicide was applied. This study indicates the potential of combining bioherbicide application with competition from a desirable grass species as a strategy for the integrated management of cogongrass.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "The war over the Babenberg Heritage and Stephen V.. The paper focuses in a wider context on the foreign politics of the Kingdom of Hungary during the reign of Stephen V with an emphasis on his visit to Krakow. It elucidates the situation in Central Europe from the 1250s to 1270s, when Stephen ascended to the throne, as well as the circumstances, which led to the events of his reign. It recounts the causes, aims, course and diplomatic methods of the Hungarian delegation during their visit to Krakow, the role of St Stanislaw in the Polish environment, the reasons for their achievements, and the results of them succeeding in making the Duke of Krakow an ally.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Recent Progress on Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites for Photodetection Applications. Recently, metal halide perovskites have attracted tremendous attention because of the unprecedented development in the research field of optoelectronic applications. Among the perovskites, all-inorganic halide perovskites (IHPs), especially the cesium lead halide type, show great potential for light-emitting devices because of their excellent optoelectronic properties, such as an ultrahigh photoluminescence quantum yield, high absorption coefficient, and large carrier mobility. Moreover, recent advancements have demonstrated that the extraordinary optical and electrical properties combined with a high chemical stability and facile synthesis make IHPs promising candidates for next-generation high-performance photodetectors (PDs) beyond light-emitting technologies. In this Review, the syntheses of IHPs with different forms, as well as their fundamental optical and electronic properties, are first summarized and compared. Thereafter, we focus on the recent progress of IHP-based PDs working with different wavelengths, covering the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, and gamma regions. Then, the challenges and opportunities facing the field of PDs based on IHPs are discussed. Finally, a brief outlook is given for the future development of IHP-based PDs.", "label": [1, 14, 11]}
{"token": "Water mites from West Africa (Acari: Hydrachnidia). Ten new species of water mites are described from Ghana, i.e. Limnesia (Limnesia) stagnalis n. sp. (Limnesiidae), Hygrobatopsis (?) convexipalpis n. sp., Hygrobatopsis (Hygrobatopsis) pauciglandulosa n. sp., Hygrobates (Hygrobates) dentipalpis n. sp., Hygrobates (Hygrobates) pseudoniloticus n. sp. (Hygrobatidae), Neumania (Soarella) fusiformis n. sp., Neumania (Soarella) ghanaensis n. sp., Unionicola heversi n. sp. (Unionicolidae), Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) chutteri ankasa n. sp. and Arrenurus (Micru-racarus) circulodorsalis n. sp. (Arrenuridae). Three subspecies are raised to full species, i.e. Mamersa expansa Cook, 1979 nov. stat. (Hydryphantidae), H. coriaceus (Lundblad, 1952) nov. stat. (Hygrobatidae) and Nyangalla (Ecpolopella) acuticaudata K. Viets, 1916 nov. stat. (Unionicolidae). Ecpolus dorsofenestratus Lundblad, 1949 is synonymized with Neumania (Alloneumania) marginata (K. Viets, 1916). The adults of Hygrobatopsis (Hygrobatopsella) inflatus (K. Viets, 1925), a species know thus far as deutonymph only, the females of Tubophora limnesioides Walter, 1935, Hygrobates niloticus Walter, 1922, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) geniculatus Koenike 1898 and Momonides ghanaensis Smit, 2012, and the male of Piona damasiella Cook, 1966 are described for the first time. Many new records are presented for Ghana and the Gambia.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Synthesis and herbicidal activity of 3-(substituted benzyloxy)-6-(substituted amino)pyridazines. A series of new 3-(substituted benzyloxy)-6-(substituted amino)pyridazines were synthesized through the reaction of 3-(substituted benzyloxy)-6-fluoropyridazines with the solution of dimethylamine in absolute ethanol in a sealed tube in 75 similar to 80 degrees C or with morpholine or piperidine under reflux, respectively. The title compounds were identified by IR, H-1 NMR spectra and elemental analyses. Preliminary bioassay showed that some of them had certain extent herbicidal activities, and the structure-activity relationship was also discussed.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Ehrlichia infection in Italy. Immunoglobulin M seroconversion to Ehrlichia chaffeensis was documented in U.S. citizens bitten by ticks in Sardinia. Seven cases of suspected ehrlichiosis in local residents were not confirmed by laboratory tests. In Alpine areas antibodies to E. phagocytophila were detected in persons at high risk, i.e., foresters (8.6%) and hunters (5.5%), and in controls (1.5%). Of 153 persons bitten by ticks, only one was Ehrlichia antibody-positive after 6 months.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Response to Thornburgh and Hill: The federal role in economic development. This article responds to earlier discussions of federal economic development policy by Dick Thornburgh and Edward Hill, based on the authors' experience at the U.S. Economic Development Administration (EDA). Both authors generally support continuing federal involvement in economic development. The authors of this article disagree with Thornburgh's argument that fragmentation and redundancy among federal programs demand significant program consolidation. The authors agree with Hill's argument that it is important to distinguish between community development and economic development. The authors also make art effort to summarize those areas where both Thornburg and Hill agree that further improvement in federal policy is needed and to discuss how the EDA is responding to these criticisms.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Who Is Who in the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes: A Formal Analysis of Jovan Cvijie's Treatise on South Slav Unity. The the paper explores the causes and effects of the ideological background of Jovan Cvijie's anthropogeographical and ethnopsychological research in the former Yugoslav region of the Balkan Peninsula. The paper shows that Cvijie's intellectual endeavors to forge a new Yugoslav identity, which he believed to be indispensable for the successful implementation of the South Slav state unification project, were based on ethnocentric premises that resulted in implicit \\\\'scientific\\\\' evidence about kinship among the South Slays recognized through Serbian ethnic attributes. For Cvijie, therefore, the Yugoslav idea did not in essence have a supraethnic character; on the contrary, it was the Serbian identity that provided the basis of the Yugoslav \\\\'nation\\\\'.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Self-esteem, mental health and the sexualization of repression: The United States at the turn of the century. For over a decade the sexual-political discourse in the United States has been increasingly influenced by the Religious Right. The campaigns against abortion and homosexuality and for sexual abstinence before marriage have been effective in determining policy and funding with regard to public health, sex education, and scientific research. The restrictive moral teaching of the Religious Right is also being exported to the Third World in the redirection of HIV prevention programs away from condoms and toward abstinence messages. However, the Christian conservatives today seldom use religious arguments in public debates, but rather advance their cause on secular grounds. Repression is packaged as promotion of self-esteem and mental health, but it is also highly sexualised. Those who conform are promised a more intensive, blissful and satisfying sexual life, while the misery besetting many marriages is also described in graphic and sexually explicit detail. The public success of the Christian conservatives in the US demonstrates that the concept of sexual rights as human rights has far less support in American society than in many European countries.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "Periodic seepage face formation and water pressure distribution along a vertical boundary of an aquifer. Detailed measurements of the piezometric head from sand flume experiments of an idealised coastal aquifer forced by a simple harmonic boundary condition across a vertical boundary are presented. The measurements focus on the pore pressures very close to the interface (x = 0.01 m) and throw light on the details of the boundary condition, particularly with respect to meniscus suction and seepage face formation during the falling tide. Between the low and the mean water level, the response is consistent with meniscus suction free models in terms of both the vertical mean head and oscillation amplitude profiles and is consistent with the observation that this area of the interface was generally within the seepage face. Above the mean water level, the influence of meniscus formation is significant with the mean pressure head being less than that predicted by capillary free theory and oscillation amplitudes decaying faster than predicted by suction free models. The reduced hydraulic conductivity in this area due to partial drainage of pores on the falling tide also causes a delay in the response to the rising tide. The combined influence of seepage face formation, meniscus suction and reduced hydraulic conductivity generate higher harmonics with amplitudes of up to 26% of the local main harmonic. To model the influence of seepage face formation and meniscus suction a numerical solution of the Richards' equation was developed and evaluated against the data. The model-data comparison shows a good agreement with the behaviour high above the water table sensitive to the choice of moisture retention parameters. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Parallelotopia: Ottoman transcultural memory assemblages in contemporary art practices from the Middle East. This article engages with the conversations taking place in the photographic space between then and now, memory and photography, and with the symbiosis and ethnic violence between different ethnic communities in the ex-Ottoman Empire. It questions the role of photography and contemporary art in creating possibilities for coexistence within the mosaic formed by the various groups that made up the Ottoman Empire. The essay aims to create parallelotopia, spaces in the present that work in parallel with the past and which enable the dynamic exchange of transcultural memories. Drawing on memory theory, the article shifts these debates forward by adopting the concept of 'assemblage'. The article concentrates on the aesthetics of photographs produced by Armenian photographic studios in Istanbul during the late nineteenth century and their relationship to the present through the work of contemporary artists Klitsa Antoniou, Joanna Hadjithomas, Khalil Joreige and Etel Adnan as well as photographic exhibitions organised by the Centre for Asia Minor Studies, Athens, Greece.", "label": [3, 31, 30]}
{"token": "On the reliability of Ponar grab samples for the quantitative study of benthic invertebrates in ponds. We present observations on the variability of sediment penetration depth by the Ponar grab sampler, which lead us to question the reliability of grab samples in the quantitative study of freshwater benthos. Penetration depth of the Petite Ponar grab depends on substrate type, and correlates with the amount of organic carbon, the water content and the granulometry of the sediment. Since these factors can also influence faunal composition and vertical distribution in the sediment, it is important to study the performance of the sampler before a biological explanation for the observed pattern is given. At the site studied, a case study was performed, in which variable grab penetration did not influence biological interpretation because the penetration depth of the grab followed that of the organisms under study.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Modeling the atmospheric limb emission of CO2 at 4.3 mu m in the terrestrial planets. The MIPAS instrument on board Envisat, in Earth orbit, the PFS and OMEGA instruments on Mars Express, and VIRTIS on board Venus Express are currently providing a dataset of limb measurements of the CO2 atmospheric fluorescence emission at 4.3-mu m from the upper atmosphere of the three planets. These measurements represent an excellent dataset to perform comparative studies between the terrestrial planets' upper atmospheres, and also to test our theoretical understanding of these emissions. In order to exploit these datasets, we apply a set of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LIE) models developed at the IAA/CSIC, in Granada, Spain, to a selection of data. In general, the models can explain the main spectral features of the measurements, and also the altitude and solar zenith angle variations. However, the simulations for Mars and Venus give an incorrect ratio of the emissions at two wavelengths, 4.4 and 4.32 mu m. In order to explain this deficiency, a revision of the most uncertain non-LIE energy transfer parameters has been performed. The quenching rate of nu(3) quanta of high-energy CO2 states by CO2 itself could reduce the model-data discrepancy if increased by a factor 2-4, still within its current uncertainty range. This factor, however, is subject to the uncertainty in the thermal structure. A number of simulations with the non-LIE models were also used to study and compare the role of radiative transfer in this spectral region in the three terrestrial planets. Sensitivity studies of density and temperature are also presented, and they permit an analysis of how the differences between the planets and between the three instruments affect their sounding capabilities. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Egg fatty acid profiles and potential health risk from defatted insect meal in laying hens' diets. Insects, a staple feed for wild birds and free ranging poultry, have a relatively high protein quality and are a promising feed for commercial poultry. Replacing soybean meal with insect derived feeds potentially reduces dependency on feed imports, increasing the sustainability of egg production - but only if maintaining or enhancing their nutritional quality. This study investigated egg fatty acid (FA) profiles from replacing soyabean meal with Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) meal (HIM) for laying hens. A three-week trial with 30 organic Lohman Selected Leghorn hens between 64-74 weeks old was repeated with four flocks at the end of their first laying cycle. In all replicate trials, ten birds were randomly allocated to each of three diets: (1) control with 360 g soybean/kg and no HIM; (2) H12 with 120 g HIM and 156 g soybean/kg; and (3) H24 with 240 g HIM/kg and no soybean. Complete replacement of soya (H24) increased saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and decreased total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) PUFA concentrations in eggs. The intermediate H12 diet (replacing 33% soya) gave similar n-3 and MUFA concentrations to control eggs but significantly increased SFA and reduced total PUFA. However, birds moderated the transfer of high intakes of potentially damaging C12:0 and C14:0 into eggs and although differences in eggs were highly significant and great (relative to very low levels in control eggs) concentrations were substantially lower than in insect meal itself and some commonly consumed foods.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 44, 8]}
{"token": "On the elimination of extraneous DNA in fossil human teeth with hypochlorite. Elimination of extraneous DNA in fossil specimens is of paramount importance for the successful isolation and analysis of authentic DNA; this is especially true when the specimens are of human origin. Bones and teeth are commonly decontaminated with bleach containing the powerful oxidising hypochlorite ion. The procedures involve either submersion in or wiping with the chlorine agent. Using the radioactive isotope Cl-36 We showed that submersion of fossil teeth in solutions of small ions such as Cl- or hypochlorite, CIO-, cause that they migrate right into the pulp. This may lead to the unwanted destruction of authentic DNA. However, using pairs of teeth from the remains of four ancient Europeans (1000-2000 YBP) as well as tooth and hair from an Inuit skull (>300 YBP) we provide evidence that at least some endogenous human fossil DNA survives in powdered pulp/dentin that has been submersed in 2% hypochlorite. Further, we show that powdered pulp/dentin deliberately contaminated with huge amounts of a 414 bp PCR product is effectively decontaminated by. suspension in 2% hypochlorite for 5 min. Decontamination of fossil material from teeth may therefore be accomplished by a short direct action of hypochlorite on the powdered specimen rather than less controllable and less efficient external treatments of the whole specimen. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. We document the abundance, composition and distribution of microplastics in sub-surface seawaters of the northeastern Pacific Ocean and coastal British Columbia. Samples were acid-digested and plastics were characterized using light microscopy by type (fibres or fragments) and size (<100, 100-500, 500-100 and >1000 mu m). Microplastics concentrations ranged from 8 to 9200 particles/m(3); lowest concentrations were in offshore Pacific waters, and increased 6, 12 and 27-fold in west coast Vancouver Island, Strait of Georgia, and Queen Charlotte Sound, respectively. Fibres accounted for similar to 75% of particles on average, although nearshore samples had more fibre content than offshore (p < 0.05). While elevated microplastic concentrations near urban areas are consistent with land-based sources, the high levels in Queen Charlotte Sound appeared to be the result of oceanographic conditions that trap and concentrate debris. This assessment of microplastics in the NE Pacific is of interest in light of the on-coming debris from the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Marker-assisted selection to introgress rice QTLs controlling root traits into an Indian upland rice variety. A marker-assisted back-crossing (MABC) breeding programme was conducted to improve the root morphological traits, and thereby drought tolerance, of the Indian upland rice variety, Kalinga III. This variety, the recurrent parent in the MABC, had not previously been used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. The donor parent was Azucena, an upland japonica variety from Philippines. Five segments on different chromosomes were targeted for introgression; four segments carried QTLs for improved root morphological traits (root length and thickness) and the fifth carried a recessive QTL for aroma. Some selection was made at non-target regions for recurrent parent alleles. We describe the selection made in three backcross (BC) generations and two further crosses between BC3 lines to pyramid (stack) all five target segments. Pyramids with four root QTLs were obtained in eight generations, completed in 6 years using 3,000 marker assays in a total of 323 lines. Twenty-two near-isogenic lines (NILs) were evaluated for root traits in five field experiments in Bangalore, India. The target segment on chromosome 9 (RM242-RM201) significantly increased root length under both irrigated and drought stress treatments, confirming that this root length QTL from Azucena functions in a novel genetic background. No significant effects on root length were found at the other four targets. Azucena alleles at the locus RM248 (below the target root QTL on chromosome 7) delayed flowering. Selection for the recurrent parent allele at this locus produced early-flowering NILs that were suited for upland environments in eastern India.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 7, 20, 9]}
{"token": "Students and the e-book dilemma: a case study. Similar to other academic libraries, the University of Ottawa Library makes e-books available on many different platforms - aggregators such as ebrary or Project Muse, or major academic publishers. own platforms such as Science Direct or Cambridge Books Online. The diversity of e-book platforms can users, as they can't take the time to familiarize themselves with the dozen or more platforms available in their field of study. This impacts and limits the use of these platforms. In November 2014, the Library surveyed its students about their behaviour, preferences and satisfaction with e-books used for research and learning purposes. This paper presents the results of the survey and examines how the findings relate to the Library's usage statistics for e-books for 2011-2014.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Prevalence of dental retention in adult patients of the University Clinic of the Portuguese Catholic University. Results: Among the various results shown, we note that 16.6% of the population studied had retained teeth; the third molars were the group of teeth that were found more often retained; the most common positions of retained third molars were vertical and class IIA of Pell and Gregory; the inferior alveolar nerve is presented in close relation with the roots of the third molars in about 45% of the cases; the palatal retention of the canine is much more common than the vestibular one and the cases of transmigration are rare.Methods: To accomplish this we conducted a, retrospective, observational analysis of 2977 panoramic radiographs, corresponding to the adult patients who were referred to the University Clinic of the Catholic University of Portugal in Viseu from 2011 to 2013. The cases that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed according to variables such as gender, age, Winter's classification, Pell and Gregory's classification, anatomical characteristics of roots and their relationship with the mandibular canal, three-dimensional location and orientation, location and orientation in the sagittal plane and comorbidities associated with retention.Conclusions: Despite the limitations of panoramic radiography, it is an important exam for early diagnosis and evaluation of retained teeth, allowing us to determine prevalences with reliable results (C) 2016 Sociedade Portuguesa de Estomatologia e Medicina Dentaria. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of teeth eruption anomalies in a population of the University's Dental Clinic, as well as its characterization.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Smoking and cessation treatment among persons with and without HIV in a US integrated health system. Results: The study included 11,235 PWH and 227,320 persons without HIV. Smoking prevalence was higher among PWH across all years but declined for both groups (from 16.6% to 14.6% in PWH and 11.6% to 10.5% in persons without HIV). Among smokers, PWH were more likely to initiate cessation treatment compared to persons without HIV (17.9% vs. 13.3%, covariate-adjusted prevalence ratio of 1.31, 95% CI = 1.15-1.50), with few differences in cessation treatment across subgroups of PWH. In 2017, smoking prevalence remained higher in PWH, especially among those who were younger or who had diagnoses of depression or substance use disorder.Background: Persons with HIV (PWH) are more likely to smoke and are more susceptible to the harmful effects of smoking than persons without HIV. We examined smoking patterns and use of cessation treatment among PWH and persons without HIV in a U.S. integrated health system.Methods: We identified adults (>= 18 years) with HIV and demographically-matched persons without HIV between July 2013 and December 2017. Smoking status and cessation treatment were ascertained from health records. We calculated age-standardized annual prevalence of smoking and evaluated trends using Cochran-Armitage tests and Poisson regression. Factors associated with cessation treatment during the study period, and smoking in the last year of the study, were evaluated by HIV status using multivariable Poisson models.Conclusion: In a setting with access to cessation resources, smoking prevalence decreased both in PWH and persons without HIV. PWH had greater uptake of cessation treatment, which is encouraging for smoking reduction and improved health.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Looking forward in geriatric anxiety and depression - Implications of basic science for the future. Major depression and anxiety are common psychiatric illnesses whose etiology remains incompletely understood. This review highlights progress in understanding the etiology of these illnesses through genetic strategies and looks forward to their impact on geriatric psychiatry. We briefly address three broad domains of progress, namely 1) genetic approaches to etiology, including linkage and association studies, pharmacogenetics (\\\\'personalized medicine\\\\'), and gene x environment interactions; 2) mechanisms of thyroid and testosterone action via nuclear receptors, given these hormones' status as possible augmenters of antidepressants; and 3) the role of the neuroimmune system as a contributor to the stress response. Genetic strategies offer one path for converting correlational findings into causal pathways while complementing studies of a gene's function at the molecular, cellular, network, and whole-organismal levels. Neuroendocrine supplementation ( thyroid and testosterone) has a long history and tradition. A molecular understanding of nuclear receptor pathways and their coactivators, the mediator complex proteins, provides a rationale for improved targeting of hormonal action in a tissue-selective manner, yielding drugs with improved safety and efficacy. Neural-immune interactions in psychiatric illness remain tantalizing topics. Research suggests that cytokine pathways may contribute to the maintenance or susceptibility to stress, anxiety, and depressive disorders. The reciprocal and recursive interactions among basic science, drug discovery, and clinical science will continue to provide hopeful themes for improving the lives of patients with treatment-refractive psychiatric illness.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 57]}
{"token": "Optical and Chemi-Resistive Sensing in Extreme Environments: La-Doped SrTiO3 Films for Hydrogen Sensing at High Temperatures. For efficient operation of next-generation fossil fuel technologies, development of sensors capable of withstanding harsh environments is required. Optical waveguide based sensing platforms have become increasingly important, but a need exists for materials that exhibit useful changes in optical properties in response to changing gas atmospheres at high temperatures. In this manuscript, the onset of a near-IR absorption associated with an increase in free carrier density in doped metal oxide films to form so-called conducting metal oxides is discussed in the context of results obtained for undoped and La-doped SrTiO3 films. Film characterization results are presented along with measured changes in optical absorption resulting from various high temperature treatments in a range of gas atmospheres. Optical property changes are also discussed in the context of a simple model for optical absorption in conducting metal oxide thin films. The combination of experimental results and theoretical modeling presented here suggests that such materials have potential for high temperature optical gas sensing applications. Simulated sensing experiments were performed at 600-800 degrees C, and a useful, rapid, and reproducible near-IR optical sensing response to H-2 confirms that this class of materials shows great promise for optical gas sensing.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Host and virus effects on reversion in cassava affected by cassava brown streak disease. The phenomenon of virus-infected plants naturally recovering health is known as reversion', and is a type of resistance mechanism exploited in some crop plants for disease control. Various parameters were investigated that affect reversion from cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) in three cassava varieties (Albert, Kaleso and Kiroba) that differ in levels of resistance to the disease. Cassava plants were inoculated by grafting with two virus species (Ugandan cassava brown streak virus, UCBSV and Cassava brown streak virus, CBSV) that cause CBSD, and the plants grown from them were subsequently assessed for reversion. The rate of reversion depended on the cassava variety, virus species, and the length and position of the stem cuttings used. A significantly high proportion of progenies were virus-free (reverted) for the resistant variety Kaleso (641% for UCBSV and 549% of CBSV), compared to the tolerant variety Kiroba (567 and 455%) and the susceptible control Albert (389 and 351%). The highest number of virus-free plants was generated from short 10cm long cuttings (e.g. 601% for Kaleso for CBSV) compared to 20cm long stem cuttings (e.g. 214% for Albert). Cuttings taken from upper stems of diseased plants produced most virus-free progenies compared to middle and lower parts. More than 50% virus-free plants were obtained in the resistant and tolerant varieties. This is a highly valuable finding and could be exploited for developing strategies to control the current CBSD epidemic in eastern and central Africa.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "A Systematic Review of Music-Based Interventions to Improve Treatment Engagement and Mental Health Outcomes for Adolescents and Young Adults. Mental health disorders and suicidality are rising among adolescents and young adults (A-YA) while rates of treatment engagement remain notoriously low. Emerging research supports the potential of music-based interventions to improve mental health, but their efficacy remains unclear for A-YA. This systematic review evaluates the evidence on music-based psychosocial interventions to improve engagement in treatment and/or mental health outcomes among A-YA. This review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Twenty-six studies were extracted. There was heterogeneity of designs, populations, measures, and outcomes. A typology of music-based interventions emerged, which is characterized by combinations of three broad categories: 1) Somatosensory, 2) Social-Emotional, and 3) Cognitive-Reflective. Most interventions are Socio-Cognitive and Holistically Integrated (combines all three) followed by Socio-Somatic. All interventions involved Social-Emotional processes. Results indicate that most studies report significant effects for mental health outcomes related to social and emotional improvements and reductions of internalizing symptoms for adolescents. Few studies targeted young adults and effects on engagement were rarely measured. There is a need for more studies that use rigorous methods. This review illuminated a need for interventions that are developmentally and culturally tailored to subgroups. Finally, the field is ripe from more studies that apply experimental therapeutics to conceptualize, operationalize, and test mechanisms of change to improve the understanding of how and for whom music-based interventions work. Recommendations for embedding these innovative strategies into research and practice for A-YA are discussed.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Radical Target Setting and China's Great Famine. This article empirically examines the role of radical targets for grain yields in triggering China's Great Famine (1959-61), one of the largest man-made catastrophes in human history. Beginning in 1958, the Chinese central government assigned different targets for grain yields in most counties, based on their geographic location. All targets seemed unrealistically high. Using novel county-level data, combined with a spatial regression discontinuity strategy, we find evidence that these radical grain targets prompted excessive procurement and subsequent famine. Our estimates show that a one-standard deviation increase in grain yield targets led to an 18 parts per thousand higher death rate in 1960. This article sheds new light on the consequences of target-setting in an authoritarian regime without considering local contexts.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 29]}
{"token": "Water baptism as church membership identity in Nigeria. In the New Testament (NT), water baptism symbolises forgiveness of sins for the baptised, and their identification with Jesus Christ and the church as a body, but not the means of salvation. Most Nigerian churches involve baptism in certain practices, which apparently treat baptism as proof of salvation. This article examined such practices and assessed the extent to which they conform to the NT purpose of baptism. Employing the historical and descriptive methods, this research found that in the NT baptism was the means of public confession of Jesus as one's Lord. Although several passages in the gospels and Acts give the impression that salvation is tied to baptism, there are many NT passages which make salvation absolutely God's grace. This article discovered some church practices in Nigeria that suggest that water baptism is necessary for salvation. This attitude is seen in individual denominations making baptism their membership identity. Some other practices treat baptism as proof of salvation and holiness, which include denial of baptism and full membership to polygamists and making baptism a prerequisite for certain privileges. This article concluded that these practices contradict the NT purpose of baptism in that it was intended for identification with Christ and the universal church, not as membership identity of local church groups, or evidence of holiness.Contribution: This research is a contribution in New Testament theology. It argues that the adoption of water baptism as church membership identity in Nigeria, contradicts the original purpose of the sacrament.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Indicators of risk to the wellbeing of Australian Indigenous children. This paper uses a range of indicators established in the literature to examine the risk of exclusion from mainstream Australian society for Indigenous Australian children. Most of the indicators have been taken from the Population Census of 2001, enabling us to break down our results according to the Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA) developed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). The results show that Indigenous children continue to be among the most socially disadvantaged in Australia, and this is particularly the case for those living in remote and very remote areas. The conclusion raises the possibility that this exclusion may also have a negative effect on the ability of these children to participate in Indigenous culture in the long run.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "On Public Representation of Trauma. This is a review article of a collection of essays entitled Trauma and Public Memory, edited by Jane Goodall and Christopher Lee.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Religious Affiliation and Successful Aging Among Transgender Older Adults: Findings From the Trans MetLife Survey. Religion may enhance successful aging by reducing stress, improving well-being, and augmenting social engagement. However, there is a paucity of research specific to religious affiliation in the elusive transgender-identified population. This exploratory study describes the demographic profile and religious affiliation of 289 transgender adults age 51 and older. Results indicate that the majority of transgender older adults (73.4%) are aging successfully, even though many are disabled or chronically ill. Transgender older adults affiliate with a wide range of religious and spiritual practices with a greater participation in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender-affirming religions than the normative sex and gender population.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Effects of Rhizophagus intraradices and Rhizobium trifolii on growth and N assimilation of white clover. The inoculation response of single arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) or rhizobia (Rh) in relation to nitrogen (N) acquisition of plants is well established, while the combined effect of both AMF and Rh is poorly known with regard to N assimilation for changes in amino acids of white clover (Trifolium repens). A pot study was carried out to evaluate the effect of single versus dual inoculation of AMF (Rhizophagus intraradices) and rhizobium (Rhizobium trifolii) on plant growth, leaf and root N contents, root amino acid contents, and root N-related enzyme activities in white clover. One hundred days after inoculations, Rh inoculation significantly stimulated the root colonization by R. intraradices. A single inoculation of AMF or Rh improved the plant growth (biomass production, root projected area, and root volume), root N acquisition, and dual inoculation of AMF and Rh further expanded some of these positive effects on root projected area and root N contents than single inoculation. All the inoculations notably increased activities of root asparagines synthase, nitrate reductase, and glutamate synthase, whilst dual inoculation displayed a much stronger effect in asparagine synthase activity than single inoculation. Single Rh treatment increased root glutamate and proline content, single AMF inoculation induced an increase in glutamate, aspartate, arginine, and ornithine content, while dual inoculation stimulated the accumulation of aspartate and proline. These results suggested the cooperation between the AMF and Rh inoculations, which magnified the positive effect on partly N metabolites and N-assimilation relevant enzymes of white clover.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Organisational Archetypes in Public Procurement. The paper analyses a situation where the efficient public procurement legislative framework formally exists, but in practice, the process does not work as planned. The data were gathered from one hundred contracting authorities in the Republic of Serbia, based on a nationwide survey conducted on public procurement officers (PPOs) and end-users (ENUs) in all contracting authorities. We propose a model for measuring organisational discrepancies and classifying public procurement processes (PPP) into one of four organisational patterns, based on organisational decision-making authority and focused on goals and principles. The Mann-Whitney U (MWU) test was used to test the independent responses from two hundred PPOs and ENUs on the items - who works, who is accountable, and who has benefits, for seven key public procurement activities. The statistical analysis shows that the public procurement process in Serbia can be classified as a process with centralised organisational decision-making authority, focused on form, with demotivated public procurement officers. The efforts for further improvement of the legislation are not expected to reach their full potential until solving organisational structure, reward system, environment, and culture issues.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Effect of dietary probiotics supplementation on intake and production performance of ewes fed Atriplex hay-based diet. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of probiotics on intake, performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of Barki ewes fed Atriplex hay based diet. Thirty pregnant Barki ewes with an average initial body weight (BW) of 45.5 +/- 0.98 kg, were blocked according to lambing date and BW into three experimental groups. The treatments were: (1) control diet, (2) control diet + 2 g Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2 x 10(10) CFU) per day and (3) control diet + 2 g Bacillus subtilis (1.0 x 10(11) CFU/kg) and Lactobacillus casei (1 x 10(10) CFU/kg) per day. Probiotics inclusion increased dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber intakes (P < 0.05) but did not affect body weight, milk yield, milk composition or efficiency (milk/dry matter intake). The bacteria diet increased average daily weight gain of lambs (P < 0.05) compared to the yeast and control diets. Compared with the control, the probiotic diets increased (P < 0.05) ruminal ammonia-N concentration. The pH and total volatile fatty acids concentration were not influenced by probiotic supplementation. Blood urea nitrogen was increased (P < 0.05) and total lipids and triglycerides were decreased (P < 0.05) with probiotics supplementation. All the other blood parameters were not affected. The present study demonstrated that supplementing ewes fed Atriplex hay based diets with probiotic bacteria resulted in higher weaning weight, average daily weight gain and improved health status in lambs.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "The information systems academic discipline in Queensland. [GRAPHICS]Relative to its population, Queensland has a large number of universities, each of which is engaged in information systems (IS) teaching and research. As elsewhere, powerful external forces have wrought substantive change to the IS discipline in Queensland in recent years. The highly decentralised nature of Queensland has also had an enduring impact on the IS discipline in the state. Nonetheless, beyond several instances of adaptation to distance and decentralisation, the study reveals little evidence of a distinctive Queensland flavour of IS. Rather, there exists a diversity of curriculum approaches and an equally broad range of research foci and approaches to research. Two of the state's regional universities are notable for the relative strength of their IS presence, in terms of the number of IS staff, the number of IS students and the range of campuses across which IS is taught. The breadth of topics and approaches to IS in Queensland is evidenced by the existence of separate, competing IS groups in two of the largest universities; in each case, one of the IS groups is highly technical in orientation while the other is business oriented. Across the nine Queensland universities there is wide variability in terms of the administrative location of IS academic staff in the university structure. The study assesses the state of IS in Queensland universities in relation to criteria indicative of the maturity of a discipline. Measured against these criteria, IS in Queensland universities cannot yet be considered a mature, distinct academic discipline. Profiles are presented of three people prominent in the development of the IS discipline in Queensland..", "label": [4, 5, 53, 40, 52]}
{"token": "Edible caterpillars of Imbrasia truncata and Imbrasia epimethea contain lipids and proteins of high potential for nutrition. Imbrasia truncata and L epimethea caterpillars were evaluated as dietary protein and lipid sources. They contained approximately 7.0 g/100 g fresh weight (FW) of lipids and 20.0 g/100 g FW of proteins calculed with determined nitrogen to protein conversion factors: 6.01 +/- 0.21 and 6.27 +/- 0.15 for L truncata and I. epimethea, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids represented about 2.63 +/- 0.21 g/100 g FW for L truncata and 3.24 +/- 0.21 g/100 g FW for L epimethea, with alpha-linolenic acid as major fatty acid (around 1.88 +/- 0.15 g/100 g FW for I. truncata 2.17 +/- 0.13 g/100 g FW for I. epimethea) and very low n-6/n-3 ratios: 0.15 (I. truncata) and 0.27 (I epimethea). Polar lipids (phospholipids and glycolipids + sulfolipids), representing between 4 and 6% of lipids, contained little amounts of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6). The major tocopherol isomer was alpha-tocopherol in L truncata (0.52 +/- 0.08 g/100 g FW) and gamma-tocopherol in L epimethea (1.00 +/- 0.08 g/100 g FW). The proteins of both insect included all indispensable amino acids at amounts (mg/g protein) higher than the indispensable amino acid requirement patterns recommended by WHO/FAO/UNU (2007). In conclusion, Imbrasia caterpillars exhibit a great nutritional potential due to the presence of good quality proteins and healthy fat", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Singularity and Uncertainty Counter-Ethics of Gender and Sexuality in an Indian Dream Analysis. On the cusp of India's Independence, a young woman in Punjab met with a psychiatrist for a conceptual experiment - the development of a 'more objective' and 'Oriental' theory of dream analysis. Known to us only as Mrs A., not only did she offer a 'daydream' to analyst Dev Satya Nand, she presented an intimate account of mid-twentieth-century upper-class Indian marriage, sexuality and womanhood. In her portrayal of the stakes of kinship, she posed an alternate vision - an ethic of singularity and uncertainty formed out of, but departing from, concepts of security and emplacement. This article explores Mrs A.'s account, using the work of twenty-first-century artist Shahzia Sikander to theorize her vision of possibility, and developing the concept of a counter-ethic - a formulation that presses against the parameters of an overarching ethic, occupying its conceptual and social infrastructure, but nurturing a new vision at the points it cannot be sustained.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Are cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations in mosses across Europe primarily determined by atmospheric deposition of these metals?. Moderate to high correlations were found between cadmium and lead concentrations in mosses and modelled atmospheric deposition of these metals: Spearman rank correlation coefficients were between 0.62 and 0.67, and 0.67 and 0.73 for cadmium and lead, respectively (p < 0.001). Multivariate decision tree analyses showed that cadmium and lead concentrations in mosses were primarily determined by the atmospheric deposition of these metals, followed by emissions of the metals. Low to very low correlations were observed between mercury concentrations in mosses and modelled atmospheric deposition of mercury. According to the multivariate analyses, spatial variations of the mercury concentration in mosses was primarily associated with the sampled moss species and not with the modelled deposition, but regional differences in the atmospheric chemistry of mercury and corresponding interactions with the moss may also be involved.This study aimed at investigating correlations between heavy metal concentrations in mosses and modelled deposition values as well as other site-specific and regional characteristics to determine which factors primarily affect cadmium, lead and mercury concentrations in mosses. The resulting relationships could potentially be used to enhance the spatial resolution of heavy metal deposition maps across Europe.Modelled heavy metal deposition data and data on the concentration of heavy metals in naturally growing mosses were integrated into a geographic information system and analysed by means of bivariate rank correlation analysis and multivariate decision trees. Modelled deposition data were validated annually with deposition measurements at up to 63 EMEP measurement stations within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), and mosses were collected at up to 7,000 sites at 5-year intervals between 1990 and 2005.At least for cadmium and lead, concentrations in mosses are a valuable tool in determining and mapping the spatial variation in atmospheric deposition across Europe at a high spatial resolution. For mercury, more studies are needed to elucidate interactions of different chemical species with the moss.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 52]}
{"token": "JUDGING A BOOK BY ITS COVER The Deployment (and) Unsettling of Familial Images on Family Law Textbook Covers. An individual s legal identity can be constituted by a multitude of often-complex notions, and is not necessarily of their own construction. Legal discourse has a significant role to play in the construction of an individual s legal identity and can apply to gender identity as much as any other. This construction can occur not just through what is written or said, but also by and through the image( s) of law. The image presented to the viewer is prescriptive in both its nature and operation. This paper deliberately chooses a medium which is often omitted from analysis - the front cover of an undergraduate textbook - and offers a reading of some of the images that are selected to adorn certain family law textbooks. It argues that the cover can be read as visual rhetoric as powerful and as constitutive of legal identity as the written words within the book. If left unchallenged, law s cultural prejudices are often shielded from critical examination, leaving the operation of power and truth within discourse to continue uncritiqued and unquestioned.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Pediatric Drug Formulations: A Review of Challenges and Progress. Children differ from adults in many aspects of pharmacotherapy, including capabilities for drug administration, medicine-related toxicity, and taste preferences. It is essential that pediatric medicines are formulated to best suit a child's age, size, physiologic condition, and treatment requirements. To ensure adequate treatment of all children, different routes of administration, dosage forms, and strengths may be required. Many existing formulations are not suitable for children, which often leads to off-label and unlicensed use of adult medicines. New regulations, additional funding opportunities, and innovative collaborative research initiatives have resulted in some recent progress in the development of pediatric formulations. These advances include a paradigm shift toward oral solid formulations and a focus on novel preparations, including flexible, dispersible, and multiparticulate oral solid dosage forms. Such developments have enabled greater dose flexibility, easier administration, and better acceptance of drug formulations in children. However, new pediatric formulations address only a small part of all therapeutic needs in children; moreover, they are not always available. Five key issues need to be addressed to stimulate the further development of better medicines for children: (1) the continued prioritization of unmet formulation needs, particularly drug delivery in neonates and treatment gaps in pediatric cancers and childhood diseases in developing countries; (2) a better use of existing data to facilitate pediatric formulation development; (3) innovative technologies in adults that can be used to develop new pediatric formulations; (4) clinical feedback and practice-based evidence on the impact of novel formulations; and (5) improved access to new pediatric formulations.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT IN NEPHROPATHIA-EPIDEMICA AS DEMONSTRATED BY COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY. In a prospective study 19 adult patients with nephropathia epidemica were examined in the acute phase of disease with computed tomography (CT) of the lungs and conventional chest radiography. Infiltrates and/or pleural effusions were seen in ten of 19 patients. In two of the patients, abnormalities were disclosed only by CT. Patients with pathologic radiography findings had a more pronounced inflammatory response, as measured by C-reactive protein and leukocyte count, than did those with normal radiography findings. It is concluded that radiological evidence of pulmonary involvement is a common finding early in the course of nephropathia epidemica. The possibility that the lung may be a site of viral replication merits further investigation.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "TRANS CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS: Discourses on Women's Rights and Feminist Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, Greece, and Turkey from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the Interwar Period. In this article, I attempt to examine the discourses on women's rights and feminist interventions that appear amongst various ethno-religious groups in the Ottoman Empire, Greece, and later Turkey from the mid-nineteenth century to the interwar period. These discourses and initiatives are approached as effects of communication between ethnoreligiously disparate people across the entire Balkans. This interaction created a common canvas of challenges and imperatives with significant differentiations. The latter are linked to the different political agendas prevailing in each community. Such an approach enables us to revisit such dominant historiographical concepts as nationality or the millet and their role in people's everyday lives during this period. This article also attempts to correlate feminism to nationalism, namely to the stance vis-a-vis the empire.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Design and Optimization of Underground Logistics Transportation Networks. With the burden of city transportation system becoming bigger and bigger, it is imperative to develop reliable and efficient underground logistics. The appropriate location of cargo transshipment centers in underground logistics system is selected using the Set Covering Problem Model, Weighted Set Covering Problem Model, and the reasonable prediction of the freight volume data of major cities to ensure the maximum numbers of service nodes are covered by the least transshipment centers within a reasonable range. The timing of the construction of facilities in the system is proposed, considering the construction cost and cost recovery period of the underground logistics system. The design and optimization plan of the urban underground logistics system, based on the above, is given to achieve the purpose of relieving urban traffic congestion and increasing freight volume.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Reduced cardio-respiratory coupling in acute alcohol withdrawal. Background: Chronic alcoholism represents a risk factor for cardiac arrhythmias. One underlying mechanism is a sympathetically dominated autonomic imbalance. This is especially apparent during acute withdrawal from alcohol. Since linear analysis of heart rate variability may not be entirely adequate to detect such autonomic dysfunction in acute alcohol withdrawal, we applied novel non-linear parameters and measures for cardio-respiratory coupling.Methods: 20 patients suffering from acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome and 20 controls were included. For patients, heart rate and respiration were recorded on admission, after medication and at discharge. From these data, complexity measures (symbolic dynamics, approximate entropy) of heart rate modulation and respiration as well as parameters for cardio-respiratory coupling (coherence, cross-approximate entropy) which relate to vagal function were calculated.Results: Heart rate modulation was significantly less complex in patients acutely admitted for alcohol withdrawal. Furthermore, coupling between beat-to-beat (RR) intervals and respiration time series was significantly diminished. Of the parameters assessed, cross-approximate entropy showed a trend for correlation with symptom severity.Conclusion: These data indicate diminished vagal function in acute alcohol withdrawal. Applying the methods described thus allows a sensitive detection of vagal neuropathy in this disease. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Responding to Incorrect Decision-Making in Investor-State Dispute Settlement: Policy Options. Criticism of the quality of investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) decision-making often focuses on inconsistency (comparing ISDS decisions), and less frequently, incorrectness (evaluating individual ISDS decisions on a standalone basis). This article situates incorrect ISDS decision-making within the broader context of public international law and develops potential policy responses, guided by three considerations. First, criticism of ISDS decision-making has been significant. Second, criticism of particular ISDS decisions, even when widespread and intense, does not necessarily establish their incorrectness. Finally, development of policy options should be informed by a broad understanding of 'incorrectness', to include instances of questionable legal analysis that cast doubt on the reliability of ISDS legal conclusions and outcomes; that approach can support not only the avoidance of incorrect ISDS decision-making in a strict sense, but also, more expansively, the achievement of correct ISDS decision-making, consisting of two core elements: correct identification and precise application of applicable law.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Revisiting the type area VMS deposit of Besshi, SW Japan: In-situ trace element chemistry, isotopes and Re-Os age of sulfides. The Besshi Cu-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit occurring in the type area of Besshi, central Shikoku, Southwest Japan comprises tabular orebodies closely associated with mafic schist in the Cretaceous Sambagawa high P/T metamorphic belt. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite are the dominant sulfide minerals, together with minor amounts of pyrrhotite and bornite. The associated greenstone samples show geochemical features between N-MORB and E-MORB. The delta 34S values of sulfides from the greenstones and Cu ores are in the range of 2.10 to 7.11 parts per thousand, indicating deposition from hydrothermal fluids with a heterogeneous metal source. Re Os analysis of sulfides show initial (Os-187/Os-188)i ratio of 1.14 +/- 0.86 and yield an isochron age of 147.9 +/- 4.2 Ma, considered as the timing of sulfide deposition on the paleo-seafloor. The lithological association, geochemical features of the host greenstones and isotopic data from the sulfides indicate that the Besshi-type ores formed in a pelagic setting, and are possibly associated with hydrothermal activity related to mid ocean ridge volcanism and can be correlated to a major oceanic anoxic event.", "label": [1, 4, 38, 13, 39]}
{"token": "Differences in the effects of fibrous and particulate titanium dioxide on alveolar macrophages of Fischer 344 rats. Alveolar macrophages are considered to play a major role in the pathophysiology of lung diseases caused by exposure to various kinds of pathogens and particles. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of different shapes of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was evaluated on macrophages using a unique magnetometry method and was compared with conventional methods of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, apoptosis measurement, and morphological observations. Alveolar macrophages obtained from Fischer rats (F344) by bronchoalveolar lavage were incubated in vitro for 18 h with Fe3O4 as a magnetometric indicator and fibrous and particulate forms of TiO2 as test materials. In the control and particulate-exposed group, rapid attenuation of the residual magnetic field, so-called \\\\'relaxation,\\\\' was observed immediately after cessation of the external magnetic field. In comparison, a delay of relaxation was observed in alveolar macrophages exposed to fibrous TiO2. LDH released into serum-free medium induced by exposure to TiO2 increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner in macrophages exposed to fibrous TiO2, while negligible LDH release was observed in macrophages exposed to particulate TiO2. The DNA ladder detection method and morphological examination detected no apoptosis in macrophages exposed to 60 mug/ml of fibrous or particulate TiO2. Election microscopic examination revealed vacuolar changes and cell surface damage in macrophages exposed to fibrous TiO2, but no significant changes in macrophages exposed to particulate TiO2. The results of magnetometry, LDH release, and electron microscopy suggest that cytotoxicity of TiO2. depends on the shape of the material.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 24]}
{"token": "LONG-RANGE DEPENDENCE IN EXCHANGE RATES: THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM. In this work we measure the evolution of the long-range dependence phenomenon of returns and volatilities of nominal British exchange rates ( British pound against US dollar) futures contracts negotiated on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange from 1986 to 2004. The measurement employs the R/S classic analysis, Detrended Fluctuation Analysis and Generalized Hurst exponents, upon a 1008-observation window, which moves along the data. We obtain as a result, the effects of the 1992 European financial crisis on the measurements of the long-range dependency phenomenon. After the crisis the returns of this futures contract showed no signs of the long-range memory, which existed before the crisis. The volatility presented moderate long-range memory the whole time. We also test for long-memory in European currencies inside the European Monetary System and find evidence of moderate long memory, which suggests that being inside the EMS increases predictability.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Victimhood in Swedish political discourse. In contemporary politics, the category of victimhood confers rights and recognition. An inclusive discussion about the construction and conferral of victimhood, which includes individuals from different social backgrounds, need be informed by the possible uses of victimhood in political discourse. The present study investigates how individuals and groups are positioned as victims by mainstream Swedish politicians. A constructionist discourse analysis inspired by positioning theory was performed of eight longer political speeches and fifty-six addresses to the Swedish parliament, held over the course of a year. The results suggest that individuals in the 'normal' majority, comprising the most numerous and normatively dominant group of society, were positioned as victims. Heterodox minorities, which had fundamentally different morals and political ambitions compared to the 'normal' majority, were positioned as offenders. The study argues that a more inclusive construction of victimhood could be accomplished by engaging with heterodox minorities through dialogue.", "label": [5, 52, 55, 57]}
{"token": "Religion, identity and community relations among adults and young adults in Northern Ireland. While much has been written on national identity in Northern Ireland, the identity preferences of adults and the young have rarely been compared directly. This paper addresses this omission by examining the relationship between national identity and community relations within both the adult (aged 18 years and above) and the young adult (aged 16 years) population. This study used the 2006 Life and Times Survey, and the results show that the adoption of a Northern Irish identity and a positive view of community relations is increasingly common among Protestants. Nevertheless, this change does not herald a new era in community relations; rather, irrespective of whether differences both within and between the two religious communities are considered, among those who adopt a Northern Irish identity, it is young Protestants who are least positive in their views. One tentative explanation for this finding is the much lower levels of cross-community contact among the young Protestant population.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Hydrotreatment of vegetable oil for green diesel over activated carbon supported molybdenum carbide catalyst. Catalysts were prepared and utilized in the hydrotreatment of vegetable oil and FAME to produce diesel-like hydrocarbons. Mo2C/AC catalyst displayed the higher catalytic activity with 100.00% conversion and 21.01% cracking ratio, compared to MoO/Al2O3 (85.64%, 25.79%), MoS2/Al2O3 (83.46%, 11.88%), Mo/Al2O3 (67.99%, 33.19%), NiP/Al2O3 (48.72%, 3.49%), Ni/Al2O3 (18.12%, 0.00%), and MoO/AC (56.05%, 18.55%). The reaction condition was also optimized, and the bio-diesel achieved 100.00% conversion, 9.67% cracking ratio and 0.73 HDO/DC ratio over Mo2C/AC under the optimal condition. The conversion over Mo2C/AC dropped from 100.00% to 87.08% and 71.06% with cycles. The results of XRD, XPS and N-2 adsorption-desorption demonstrated that the coke deposited on the surface of catalyst and the formation of MoO2 and MoO3 led to the deactivation. After regeneration, the catalyst recovered and achieved 99.36% conversion.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Competitiveness and survival of two strains of Glossina palpalis gambiensis in an urban area of Senegal. Methodology/principal findingsBased on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the BKF strain will remain the main strain to be used in the elimination programme. Despite the slightly longer survival of the SEN males in the Parc de Hann, the superior competitiveness of the BKF males is deemed more important for the SIT component, as their shorter survival rates can be easily compensated for by more frequent fly releases.In the Niayes area, located in the west of Senegal, only one tsetse species, Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank (Diptera: Glossinidae) was present. The Government of Senegal initiated and implemented an elimination programme in this area that included a sterile insect technique (SIT) component. The G. p. gambiensis strain (BKF) mass-reared at the Centre International de Recherche-De A veloppement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIR-DES) in Burkina Faso was used for the SIT component.BackgroundConclusions/significanceStudies conducted in 2011 in four localities in the Niayes area (Pout, Se A bikotane, Diacksao Peul and the Parc de Hann) showed that the BKF strain demonstrated inferior survival in the ecosystem of the Parc de Hann, a forested area in the city centre of the capital Dakar. Therefore, G. p. gambiensis flies from the Niayes area (SEN strain) were colonized. Here we compared the competitiveness and survival of the two strains (BKF and SEN) in the Parc de Hann. Released sterile males of the SEN colony showed a daily mortality rate of 0.08 (SD 0.08) as compared with 0.14 (SD 0.08) for the BKF flies but the difference was not significant (p-value = 0.14). However, the competitiveness of the SEN males was lower (0.14 (SD 0.10)) as compared with that of the BKF males (0.76 (SD 0.11)) (p-value < 10(-3)).", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "The Byzantine wall paintings from the protaton church on Mount Athos, Greece: tradition and science. The present work is a study of the wall painting complex in the Protaton Church (1295) on Mount Athos, Greece. These paintings, high in artistic value, are themselves a monument-representative of the Macedonian iconographic style. What follows is historic data set against the results of analytical investigations: the fruit of extensive research aimed at determining precise details about the applied painting techniques for the wall paintings. Hitherto it has been held that what was traditionally defined as \\\\'Byzantine fresco\\\\' was executed only on wet plaster with limewater as the sole binding medium. Now, however, through the application of instrumental analytical investigations, it is possible to demonstrate that a mixed technique involving both alfresco and al secco was employed. Furthermore, it was determined, on the basis of results from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), that egg together with a modest amount of animal glue were the organic binding media used for the Protaton art work. It is certain that the scenes were initially begun on wet plaster. During or even after drying the painting was completed using the aforementioned protein binding media, thanks to which a more resistant cohesion to the painted layers was secured. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "TEACHING ABOUT NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCES: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING THE DAY I DIED. In this article, we reviewed results of research on near-death experiences (NDEs) over the past 3 decades and examined the effect of viewing the hour-long 2002 BBC documentary The Day I Died: The Mind, the Brain, and Near-Death Experiences on accurate knowledge about near-death experiences among advanced undergraduates at a southwestern university. In a quasi-experimental research design, the experimental group completed a 20-item questionnaire before and after viewing the documentary (n = 66; 45 females, 21 males), and the waitlist control group completed the questionnaire as pre- and posttest before viewing the documentary (n = 39; 36 female, 3 male). The two groups' scores at pretest were not significantly different (p > .05). Group by occasion repeated measures ANOVA revealed the experimental group's posttest scores moved significantly in the direction of correctness with a large effect size (p < .001; eta(2) = .56), whereas waitlist control group posttest scores remained similar to pretest scores. We discuss two exceptions to the effectiveness of the documentary and recommendations for educators using it as well as for future research.In a recent analysis of publications on near-death experiences (NDEs) from the time the field of near-death studies formally began in 1975 through 2005, analysts found that \\\\'at least 55 researchers or research teams in North America, Europe, Australia, and Asia published at least 65 research studies involving nearly 3,500 [near-death experiencers (NDErs)] addressing the experience, its aftereffects, or both\\\\' (Holden, Greyson, & James, 2009a, p. 7; see, for example, Fenwick & Fenwick, 1995; Ring, 1980, 1984; Ring & Cooper, 1999; Rommer, 2000; Sabom, 1982; Sartori, Badham, & Fenwick, 2006; van Lommel, van Wees, Meyers, & Elfferich, 2001). In the source book of that analysis (Holden, Greyson, & James, 2009b), leading figures in the field of near-death studies provided comprehensive, critical reviews of those research studies with regard to a variety of subtopics pertaining to NDEs. For readers not familiar with the current state of research findings on NDEs, the following section provides a summary of conclusions from Holden et al. (2009b).", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "Cell Cultures from Marine Invertebrates: New Insights for Capturing Endless Stemness. Despite several decades of extensive research efforts, there is yet no single permanent cell line available from marine invertebrates as these cells stop dividing in vitro within 24-72 h after their isolation, starting cellular quiescence. This ubiquitous quiescent state should be modified in a way that at least some of the quiescent cells will become pluripotent, so they will have the ability to divide and become immortal. Following the above need, this essay introduces the rationale that the discipline of marine invertebrates' cell culture should gain from applying of two research routes, relevant to mammalian systems but less explored in the marine arena. The first is the use of adult stem cells (ASC) from marine organisms. Many marine invertebrate taxa maintain large pools of ASC in adulthood. Ample evidence attests that these cells from sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms, and ascidians play important roles in maintenance, regeneration, and asexual cloning, actively proliferating in vivo, resembling the vertebrates' cancer stem cells features. The second route is to target resting somatic cell constituents, manipulating them in the same way as has recently been performed on mammalian induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. While \\\\'iPS cells\\\\' are the outcome of an experimental manipulation, ASC are natural and rather frequent in a number of marine invertebrates. Above two cell categories reveal that there are more than a few types of seeds (cells) waiting to be sowed in the right soil (in vitro environmental conditions) for acquiring stemness and immortality. This rationale carries the potential to revolutionize the discipline of marine invertebrate cell cultures. When cultured \\\\'correctly,\\\\' ASC and \\\\'iPS cells\\\\' from marine invertebrates may stay in their primitive stage and proliferate without differentiating into cells lineages, harnessing the stem cell's inherent abilities of self-replication versus differentiated progenies, toward the development of immortal cell lines.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
{"token": "States' obligations to mitigate the direct and indirect health consequences of non-international armed conflicts: complementarity of IHL and the right to health. Armed conflicts have numerous adverse health consequences for the affected populations, many of which occur in the long-term. This article analyses in detail how international humanitarian law (IHL) and the right to health complement each other in obliging states to mitigate the direct and indirect health consequences of non-international armed conflicts. With its historical origin and purpose of protecting wounded and sick combatants of standing governmental armies, IHL focuses on the protection of the wounded and sick suffering from the direct health consequences of armed conflicts, such as injuries resulting from ongoing hostilities. The right to health is more expansive: it obliges states to prioritise the provision of primary health care through creating and maintaining an accessible basic health system. This focus enables it to highlight and address the indirect health consequences of armed conflicts, such as the spreading of epidemic and endemic diseases and rising child and maternal mortality and morbidity.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Photodynamic Therapy for Pododermatitis in Penguins. Pododermatitis is currently one of most frequent and important clinical complications in seabirds kept in captivity or in rehabilitation centers. In this study, five Magellanic penguins with previous pododermatitis lesions on their footpad were treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT). All PDT treated lesions successfully regressed and no recurrence was observed during the 6-month follow-up period. PDT seems to be an inexpensive and effective alternative treatment for pododermatitis in Magellanic penguins encouraging further research on this topic. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
{"token": "The Y137H mutation in the cytochrome P450 FgCYP51B protein confers reduced sensitivity to tebuconazole in Fusarium graminearum. BACKGROUNDFusarium graminearum is the main pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a worldwide plant disease and one of the most significant wheat diseases in China. Demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, such as tebuconazole (TEC), are widely used to control FHB, but long-term use leads to low efficacy against FHB. Earlier studies showed that DMI resistance is associated with the fungal sterol 14-demethylase (cytochrome P450 CYP51) gene, and that point mutations in the CYP51 gene are the primary mechanism of resistance to DMI fungicides. The aims of this study were to clarify the molecular mechanisms of resistance to TEC and identify the binding sites on the FgCYP51B protein.RESULTSSite-directed mutagenesis was used to change the FgCYP51B gene of wild-type strain PH-1 from tyrosine to histidine at residue 137 (Y137H) to generate a mutant transformant, which was confirmed to be resistant to TEC compared with the parental strains. A three-dimensional FgCYP51B model was constructed, and molecular docking simulation studies were conducted to identify the optimum binding mode with TEC. The wild-type FgCYP51B protein displayed stronger affinity to TEC than that of the mutated FgCYP51B in the molecular docking analysis.CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that a Tyr137 amino acid mutation in the cytochrome P450 FgCYP51B could lead to resistance to TEC and that Y137 forms part of the tebuconazole-binding pocket. (c) 2017 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "Fertility rate, inter-generation wealth transfer and housing price in China: A theoretical and empirical study based on the overlapping generation model. The objective of this paper is to investigate how fertility rates impact on housing price in the mechanism of inter-generation wealth transfer in China. With a new framework consisting of the altruistic behaviors in China, an enhanced overlapping generation model is established in the paper. It attempts to figure out the yet-to-explore mechanism of the inter-generation wealth transfer and the effect of the fertility rates of different generations on housing price. The theoretical model indicates for the first time that inter generation wealth transfer has a positive effect on housing price, and such transfer is affected by both fertility rate and housing consumption of the previous generations. An empirical study is further conducted for verifying the theoretical thinking. The results provide solid evidence that a decrease in fertility rate of the middle age generation by 1%, which in turn fuels the inter-generation wealth transfer to the younger generation, drives up housing price by 0.391%. Likewise, the fertility rate of the older generation has a similar impact, a 1% increase resulting in an increase in housing price by 0.072%. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Evaluation of prospective, routine application of Ki-67 immunoquantitation in early CIN for assessment of short-term progression risk. STUDY DESIGN: Two hundred sixty-six consecutive cervical biopsies taken for an abnormal cytologic smear were routinely diagnosed by experienced pathologists as CIN. Ki-67 immunoquantitation was performed routinely by 3 technicians blinded to clinical and pathologic information. Progression of CIN 1-2 to CIN 3 in histologic follow-up biopsies was used as the intermediate end point.RESULTS: In 58 (22%) biopsies, technical shortcomings prevented Ki-67 immunoquantitation, and in 22 biopsies no follow-up was available. The routine diagnosis in the 186 remaining biopsies was CIN 1 = 24, CIN 2 = 56 and CIN 3 = 106. In 52 marker biopsies with expert review diagnosis of CIN 1-2 and adequate follow-up, histologic biopsies revealed CIN 3 in 9 (17%) cases: 9 of 34 (26%) of Ki-67 high-risk and 0 of 18 (0%) of Ki-67 low-risk lesions (log rank = 5.0, P =.03). Routine CIN grade (1 or 2) was not prognostic (P =.65). Eleven (55%) of 20 CIN 1 and 7 of 32 (22%) CIN 2 cases were Ki-67 low risk and none progressed, contrasting with 4 of 9 (44%) progressions of Ki-67 high risk CIN 1s and 5 of 25 (20%) high risk CIN 2s. Expert CIN grades were stronger prognostically than routine, CIN grade, but Ki-67 was still stronger.CONCLUSION: Routine Ki-67 immunoquantitative progression prediction in CIN 1-2 is more predictive of CIN 3 in follow-up than arc routine and review CIN grades.OBJECTIVE: To prospectively validate, in early cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), routine assessment of a previously developed prognostic Ki-67 immunoquantitative progression-risk model.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Teaching Memristors to EE Undergraduate Students. Generations of electrical engineers have learned that there are three fundamental passive two-terminal circuit elements: resistor, capacitor, and inductor. Nevertheless, this apparently immovable situation changed in 2008 when Nature published an article on the memristor, which was proved to be the fourth fundamental circuit element. Since then, researchers have devoted time and effort to find how this device may possibly change the future of electronics. It is time then to introduce the memristor in EE undergraduate courses, but how? The great majority of works on memristor published so far have been aimed at experienced researchers and not at young students. The goal of this paper is providing an original point of view on this issue and describing a simple approach to memristor which is suitable to be used in EE undergraduate courses.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Orphan geographies in Malawi. There are about one million orphans in Malawi. The global response has been a mix of alarm and inaction, with well-intended efforts often stymied by misunderstandings about childhoods, family dynamics, and poverty in Malawi. This paper uses children's geographies and interviews with 25 orphans in Malawi to bring forward the everyday lives and circumstances of orphans at the micro-scale, while addressing the impact of macro-scale processes such as the Millennium Development Goals and transnational charities. The results point to specific problems with contemporary understandings of orphanhood in southern Africa and underscore the need for reflection on the effectiveness of interventions targeted at orphans as a discrete group.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Bioavailability of glycitein relatively to other soy isoflavones in Caucasian men. Glycitein is a Selective Estradiol Receptor Modulator (SERM) from soy. The study reports plasma bioavailability and urine excretion of glycitein compared to other soy isoflavones after a unique intake of food supplement based on soy germ containing 55.24 mg isoflavones. Eighteen plasma and urinary sampling profiles collected over 48 h from healthy young Caucasian men were analysed using specific ELISAs. Eight profiles contained equol. Glycitein T-max,T- C-max, AUC(0 -> 24h) and T-1/2 in plasma were calculated. Urine T-max,T- % of excretion at 24 h and clearance were assessed. Glycitein is one of the best absorbed flavonoids. Plasma steady-state level can be achieved by several intakes a day. Glycitein bioavailability is similar to that of daidzein and its urinary excretion is significantly higher than that of genistein. Equol does not affect glycitein bioavailability. Knowing glycitein bioavailability in man is essential for the development of soy-germ-based food supplements for health applications. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
{"token": "IL-10 promotes malignant pleural effusion by regulating T(H)1 response via an miR-7116-5p/GPR55/ERK pathway in mice. IL-10, produced by a wide variety of cells, is a highly pleiotropic cytokine that plays a critical role in the control of immune responses. However, its regulatory activity in tumor immunity remains poorly understood. In this study, we report that IL-10 deficiency robustly suppressed the formation of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) and significantly enhanced miR-7116-5p expression in pleural CD4(+)T cells. We demonstrated that miR-7116-5p suppressed IL-10-mediated MPE formation by inhibiting pleural vascular permeability as well as tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. IL-10 promoted MPE formation by suppressing miR-7116-5p that enhances T(H)1 response. We identified G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) as a potential target of miR-7116-5p, and miR-7116-5p promoted T(H)1 cell function by downregulating GPR55. Moreover, GPR55 promoted MPE formation by inhibiting T(H)1 cell expansion through the ERK phosphorylation pathway. These results uncover an IL-10-mediated pathway controlling T(H)1 cells and demonstrate a central role for miR-7116-5p/GPR55/ERK signaling in the physiological regulation of IL-10-driven pro-malignant responses.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Effects of rosmarinic acid on an experimental model of painful diabetic neuropathy in rats. Objectives: We investigated the efficacy of RA administration (10 and 30 mg/kg) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced neuropathy in rats.Material and methods: The animals received saline or RA (10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.; once daily) for 8 weeks. DN was evaluated by the tail flick (TF) method, formalin test, and tactile allodynia. At the end, all rats were weighed and underwent plasma glucose measurement.Context: Diabetic neuropathic (DN) pain is one of the diabetes complications. Rosmarinic acid (RA), a natural phenol antioxidant, shows some biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-diabetic effects.Conclusion: RA showed efficacy in amelioration of some aspects of DN. Therefore, RA makes a good candidate for DN treatment in clinical studies.Results: There was an increase in licking time during both formalin test phases in diabetic animals (138.5 +/- 10.7 and 448.7 +/- 2.6 s) that was decreased by RA10 mg/kg (103.5 +/- 7.5 and 284.4 +/- 19 s) and RA 30 mg/kg (81.8 +/- 11 and 192.7 +/- 14 s). RA 30 mg/kg caused anti-nociception during the early phase in treated controls (52.1 +/- 6 s) than untreated controls (99.4 +/- 5.9 s). The TF latency in diabetics (2.9 +/- 0.1 s) was increased in RA10 and 30 mg/kg treated diabetics (5.3 +/- 0.4 and 6 +/- 0.86 s). The paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) of the diabetics (3.6 +/- 0.7 g) was increased after RA 10 and 30 mg/kg (13.8 +/- 0.3 and 14 +/- 0.4 g) treatment. RA did not induce a significant change in body weight and plasma glucose of rats.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 9]}
{"token": "An insight on the contributions of microbial communities and process parameters in enhancing biogas production. Biogas production from organic waste is a sustainable means of meeting household energy needs as well as a good waste management technique. Notably, the key players in the transformation of organic wastes into useful form of energy are microbes (bacteria, fungi and archaea). The activities of these microorganisms are influenced by a number of factors which could be biotic or abiotic. Consequently, this impacts on the efficiency of the anaerobic digestion process as well as the biogas yield. Hence, an adequate monitoring and control of biotic and abiotic factors are needed for optimum performance of the microbes. This review study, therefore, focuses on the dynamics of microbes in an anaerobic digester and their in-depth metabolic activities, while highlighting the key factors militating against optimum microbial bioconversion of substrates into biogas. The current findings in the field of biogas production are duly analysed. Proper understanding of the variations in the microbial communities and the conditions that shape them will facilitate an advancement in the establishment of stable biogas production plants to meet the global household energy needs.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Estimating sign-dependent societal preferences for quality of life. This paper is the first to apply prospect theory to societal health-related decision making. In particular, we allow for utility curvature, equity weighting, sign-dependence, and loss aversion in choices concerning quality of life of other people. We find substantial inequity aversion, both for gains and losses, which can be attributed to both diminishing marginal utility and differential weighting of better-off and worse-off. There are also clear framing effects, which violate expected utility. Moreover, we observe loss aversion, indicating that subjects give more weight to one group's loss than another group's gain of the same absolute magnitude. We also elicited some information on the effect of the age of the studied group. The amount of inequity aversion is to some extent influenced by the age of the considered patients. In particular, more inequity aversion is observed for gains of older people than gains of younger people. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 49]}
{"token": "Cannibals in Paradise The Exotic, the Familiar, and the Strange in Ritual and Performance in Vanuatu. Within a framework of politicized revitalization of culture, conceptions of \\\\'the rear\\\\' of authenticity, are omnipresent in Vanuatu. Ancient ritual is reenacted in cultural festivals that take place in several locations throughout the archipelago in a context of cultural revival as well as tourism. Based on fieldwork in Vanuatu in 2008-2009, in this paper I discuss the encounter between the self-declared primitive and the tourist. In a bricolage of ritual that is put on, both the strange and the familiar intervene, in the form of cannibal-as well as paradise-imaginaries. In most islands, this results in different ways of knowing and different discourses, which in turn generate discussions among local people about what it means to revive culture. People negotiate notions of \\\\'the real,\\\\' of the authenticity of their actions, and disagree about whether their culture is familiar or strange to themselves while at the same time offering it to outsiders.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Association Analysis of SLC6A20 Polymorphisms With Hirschsprung Disease. Purpose:Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital and heterogeneous disorder, which is caused by no neuronal ganglion cells in part or all of distal gastrointestinal tract. Recently, our genome-wide association study has identified solute carrier family 6, proline IMINO transporter, member 20 (SLC6A20) as one of the potential risk factors for HSCR development. This study performed a replication study for the association of SLC6A20 polymorphisms with HSCR and an extended analysis to investigate further associations for subgroups and haplotypes.Methods:For the replication study, a total of 40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SLC6A20 were genotyped in 187 HSCR subjects composed of 121 short-segment HSCR, 45 long-segment HSCR (L-HSCR), 21 total colonic aganglionosis, and 283 unaffected controls. Imputation was performed using genotype data from our genome-wide association study and this replication study.Results:Imputed meta-analysis revealed that 13 SLC6A20 SNPs (minimum P=0.0002 at rs6770261) were significantly associated with HSCR even after correction for multiple comparisons using false discovery rate (FDR) (minimum P-FDR=0.005). In further subgroup analysis, SLC6A20 polymorphisms appeared to have increased associations with L-HSCR. Moreover, haplotype analysis also showed significant associations between 2 haplotypes (BL3_ht2 and BL4_ht2) and HSCR susceptibility (P-FDR<0.05).Conclusions:Although further replications and functional evaluations are required, our results suggest that SLC6A20 may have roles in HSCR development and in the extent of aganglionic segment during enteric nervous system development.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Stable isotope patterns of benthic organisms from the Great Lakes region indicate variable dietary overlap of Diporeia spp. and dreissenid mussels. Competition between native and invasive species may bring about a suite of ecological and evolutionary outcomes, including local extirpations. In the Laurentian Great Lakes, competition for food may explain the dramatic decline of Diporeia spp. amphipods following the introduction of dreissenid mussels. This hypothesis has not been confirmed, in part because dreissenids and Diporeia appear to co-exist and flourish in other systems, including the Finger Lakes of New York. We used carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen stable isotope ratios to examine resource use by Diporeia from three spatially distinct populations (Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, and Cayuga Lake), dreissenids from areas where they co-occur with Diporeia (Lake Michigan and Cayuga Lake), and Diporeia from Lake Michigan collected before and after dreissenid invasion (1986-2009). Our results suggest that dreissenids may affect resource use by Diporeia in areas of co-occurrence, but the extent to which those effects are positive or negative is unclear. Terrestrial inputs may provide an important subsidy for Diporeia populations in small systems but may not be substantial enough in the Great Lakes to ensure that both taxa thrive.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "Interaction of clethodim with pyrithiobac and bromoxynil applied in low volume. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the interaction of clethodim sprayed in low volume with pyrithiobac or bromoxynil and to determine the influence of these mixtures on large crabgrass control. A low-volume, air-assisted spraying system was calibrated to deliver 26 L/ha and was compared to a conventional hydraulic fan spraying system calibrated to deliver 140 L/ha. Greenhouse data indicated that carrier volume had no effect on large crabgrass control with clethodim. The addition of pyrithiobac to clethodim in mixture was antagonistic compared to control with clethodim applied alone. The addition of bromoxynil to clethodim in mixture was synergistic. Field studies showed similar results.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Evaluation of the possible non-thermal effect of microwave radiation on the inactivation of wheat germ lipase. Practical ApplicationsMicrowave has been widely used in food thawing, drying, sterilization, enzyme inactivation and et al. In cereal industry, microwave is usually used to inactivate wheat germ lipase (WGL), which plays an important role in the storage of wheat products. However, because the effects of microwave was strongly interferes by the possible non-thermal effect and cannot be separated easily, the potential inactivation mechanism of microwave on enzyme was not clear enough to guide the inactivation process of lipase by microwave. In this study, the effects of microwave and conventional heating on the stability of WGL were investigated to detect the possibility of non-thermal effects during the inactivation process of lipase by microwave. The results make sure that, the microwave inactivated WGL based on thermal effect, rather than non-thermal effect. Thus, we can focus on the factors that influence the heating efficiency to improve the effect of inactivation of WGL or other lipase by microwave.To determine whether non-thermal effect exist during the process of enzyme inactivation by microwave radiation, the conformation and activity of wheat germ lipase (WGL) treated by microwaves and conventional heating were investigated, respectively. The results indicated that, when the WGL was maintained at 20 degrees C, its Tyr, Trp residues, the secondary and tertiary structures did not changed, even though the microwave was sustained for 1,800 s with power of higher than 80 W. While, when the temperatures were up to 45 and 60 degrees C, the activity of WGL decreased 60% and 100%, respectively, and the tertiary structure of WGL was totally changed by microwave at 60 degrees C. Moreover, the inactivation efficient of microwave radiation was about 10% more than that of conventional heating based on the thermal effects. In conclusion, microwave inactive WGL based on thermal effects rather than non-thermal effect, and was more effective than conventional heating.", "label": [0, 1, 16, 8]}
{"token": "In vitro activities of BMS-284756 against Chlamydia trachomatis and recent clinical isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae. The in vitro activities of BMS-284756 (a novel des-fluoroquinolone), levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and clarithromycin were tested against 5 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis and 20 isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae. The MIC at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited and the minimal bactericidal concentration at which 90% of the isolates were killed by BMS-284756 for all isolates of C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis was 0.015 mug/ml (range, 0.015 to 0.03 mug/ml). BMS-284756 was the most active quinolone tested.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 43]}
{"token": "So They'll Have Somewhere to Go': Establishing Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) for Children with Autism in the People's Republic of China. Despite policy calling for compulsory education in China, many children with autism are not in school. This article examines the establishment of autism-related non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in China to meet needs not being met by the state. We focus on the background and motivation in founding and running these NGOs, after first considering the broader context of state decentralization and NGOs roles in supplementing welfare needs in reforming societies, and the educational policy context of China. This study used mixed methods, including questionnaires with open-ended and limited choice questions, and follow-up discussion email. The goals of NGO leadersmore than 50% of whom are parents of children with autismare to make up for where government implementation of educational policy is insufficient; help others and advocate for inclusion in society; and do meaningful work. Implications from these findings are discussed.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Period integrals of CY and general type complete intersections. We develop a global Poincar, residue formula to study period integrals of families of complex manifolds. For any compact complex manifold X equipped with a linear system V (au) of generically smooth CY hypersurfaces, the formula expresses period integrals in terms of a canonical global meromorphic top form on X. Two important ingredients of this construction are the notion of a CY principal bundle, and a classification of such rank one bundles. We also generalize the construction to CY and general type complete intersections. When X is an algebraic manifold having a sufficiently large automorphism group G and V (au) is a linear representation of G, we construct a holonomic D-module that governs the period integrals. The construction is based in part on the theory of tautological systems we have developed in the paper Lian, Song and Yau (arXiv:1105.2984v1, 2011). The approach allows us to explicitly describe a Picard-Fuchs type system for complete intersection varieties of general types, as well as CY, in any Fano variety, and in a homogeneous space in particular. In addition, the approach provides a new perspective of old examples such as CY complete intersections in a toric variety or partial flag variety.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Interval to treatment of sexually transmitted infections in adolescent females. Design and Participants: Charts of sexually active females from an urban teen health center who participated in a larger study and were positive for CT, GC or TV (N = 58) were retrospectively reviewed for dates of treatment, and compared to demographic and symptom data. The treatment interval was defined as days from visit to treatment. CT and/or GC were analyzed together (CT/GC) because presumptive treatment covered both infections, and the diagnostic test (nucleic acid amplification) differed from that of TV (wet mount or culture).Conclusions: Where presumptive treatment was uncommon, providers were more likely to prescribe same-day therapy to symptomatic patients or those with TV on wet mount. Additional strategies are needed to improve the proportion of adolescent females treated in <= 7 days.Results: The median treatment interval was 0 days for TV, 5 days for CT/GC, and 3 days for any STL Overall, 39 (69%) were treated within 7 days of their visit. Those with TV were more likely than those with CT/GC to receive treatment at their initial visit (58% vs. 6%). Genitourinary symptoms increased the odds of treatment in <= 7 days. The treatment interval was significantly shorter for subjects who had their prescriptions phoned to a pharmacy than for those who returned to clinic for treatment (median 2.5 vs. 8 days).Study Objective: To describe (1) the treatment interval for adolescent females with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC), or Trichomonas vaginalis (TV); (2) the proportion treated in <= 7 days; and (3) factors influencing the treatment interval.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Full of noises: when 'World Shakespeare' met the 'Arab Spring. In summer 2012, to coincide with the Olympic Games, the United Kingdom celebrated a summer of Shakespeare. Troupes from around the world were invited to produce their own versions of plays from the playwright's corpus. 2012 was also a very eventful year, politically, in the Arab world, as people reacted to what had been dubbed the Arab Spring. This article looks at three plays produced by Arabic companies for the World Shakespeare Festival: the Palestinian Ashtar Theatre's Richard II, the Iraqi Theatre Company's Romeo and Juliet in Baghdad, and the Tunisian Artistes Producteurs Associes' Macbeth: Leila and Ben - A Bloody History. Using these performances, this article examines how different Arabic theatre troupes negotiate expectations of different audiences as well as their own artistic aims using the playable surface of Shakespeare's plays.", "label": [3, 28, 30]}
{"token": "A Review of Biomass Resources and Thermochemical Conversion Technologies. Waste biomass has the potential to produce renewable fuels and fine chemicals. Biofuels derived from agricultural, forestry, and energy crop systems are promising resources to address climate change and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. The recent advances in various thermochemical technologies for the conversion of waste biomass to value-added biofuel products are discussed. A summarized outline of thermochemical technologies such as torrefaction, liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification is provided. An overview of different types and sources of biomass as well as their physicochemical properties is presented. The thermochemical conversion products and their environmental benefits are considered as well.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Probing parentage in parasitic birds: an evaluation of methods to detect conspecific brood parasitism using goldeneyes Bucephala islandica and Bl. clangula as a test case. Conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) occurs in over 200 species of birds. Efforts to detect CBP have relied on either observational criteria, or more recently, on molecular methods. While molecular approaches are powerful, they are expensive, time consuming and may prove prohibitive for studies requiring estimates of CBP over large spatial and temporal scales involving hundreds of nests. We evaluated a series of observational methods that have been applied in previous studies to detect CBP, using two species of cavity-nesting ducks, the Barrow's goldeneye Bucephala islandica and common goldeneye B. clangula, as test species. We first describe a method based on differences in egg morphology and find it to be a reliable method to detect CBP in both species in British Columbia, Canada. The application of recursive partitioning analysis was especially effective in classifying parasitized and non-parasitized nests using differences in egg morphology. We then evaluated five additional observational criteria that have been used previously in several studies to detect CBP in birds. We show that considerable redundancy exists among all criteria, as expected, but no single method is effective at detecting all suspected cases of CBP. Subsets of criteria (2 or more eggs/d, eggs laid 2 or more days after incubation, and clutch sizes exceeding 12 eggs) were successful, in combination, in detecting 75% of parasitized nests for goldeneyes. Finally, we suggest that ecological and evolutionary analyses of the dynamics of CBP will require estimates of the frequency of the parasitic tactic in the population (rather than just the proportion of parasitized nests) and we provide a simple method to obtain such an estimate. Although our data are specific to goldeneyes, the techniques we used should have broad application to other studies of CBP.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Spatial patterns of climatic changes in the Eurasian north reflected in Siberian larch tree-ring parameters and stable isotopes. A spatial description of climatic changes along circumpolar regions is presented based on larch tree-ring width (TRW) index, latewood density (MXD), delta 13C, delta 18O of whole wood and cellulose chronologies from eastern Taimyr (TAY) and north-eastern Yakutia (YAK), Russia, for the period 1900-2006, in comparison with a delta 13C cellulose chronology from Finland (FIN) and a delta 18O ice core record from Greenland (GISP2). Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationships between TRW, MXD, stable isotope chronologies and June, July air temperatures for TAY and YAK, while the precipitation signal was reflected differently in tree-ring parameters and stable isotope data for the studied sites. Negative correlations were found between July, August precipitation from TAY and stable isotopes and MXD, while May, July precipitations are reflected in MXD and stable isotopes for the YAK. No significant relationships were found between TRW and precipitation for TAY and YAK. The areas of significant correlations between July gridded temperatures and TRW, MXD and stable isotopes show widespread dimension from east to west for YAK and from north to south for TAY. The climate signal is stronger expressed in whole wood than in cellulose for both Siberian regions. The comparison analysis between delta 13C cellulose chronologies from FIN and TAY revealed a similar declining trend over recent decades, which could be explained by the physiological effect of the increasing atmospheric CO2. TRW, MXD and delta 13C chronologies from TAY and YAK show a negative correlation with North Atlantic Oscillation index, while the delta 18O chronologies show positive correlations, confirming recent warming trend at high latitudes. The strong correlation between GISP2 and delta 18O of cellulose from YAK chronologies reflects the large-scale climatic signal connected by atmospheric circulation patterns expressed by precipitation.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Detection of somatic variants in peripheral blood lymphocytes using a next generation sequencing multigene pan cancer panel. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) multigene panels, which are routinely used to assess hereditary cancer risk, can detect both inherited germline variants and somatic variants in cancer risk genes. We evaluated the frequency and distribution of likely somatic Pathogenic and Likely Pathogenic variants (PVs) detected in >220,000 individuals who underwent clinical testing with a 25-gene panel between September 2013 and March 2016. Likely somatic PVs are defined as variants with NGS read frequencies from 10% to 30%. Overall, 137 (0.06%) individuals were identified as carrying likely somatic PVs, most commonly in TP53 (73), CHEK2 (27), and ATM (20). Among this group, a second PV with a NGS read frequency consistent with a germline variant within the same gene or a different gene on the panel was detected in 21 individuals (15.3%), which is similar to the detection rate in our general testing population. Likely somatic PVs accounted for 38.8% of all PVs in TP53. In comparison, likely somatic PVs accounted for <1% of PVs in most other genes. Likely somatic PVs were more frequently identified in older individuals (p < 0.001). Additional studies are ongoing to further investigate the incidence and clinical implications of somatic variants, enabling the appropriate medical management for these patients.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Interaction of mantle dynamics, crustal tectonics, and surface processes in the topography of the Romanian Carpathians: A geomorphological approach. Tectonic processes and dynamic mantle flow impart a unique imprint on topography and geomorphic responses over time scales of 10(4) to 10(6) yr. First-order topographic features in a tectonically active landscape represent ways to quantitatively characterise the interaction between crustal tectonics, mantle dynamics, and geomorphology, providing a basis for modelling landscape evolution. We analysed the topographic features of the Romanian Carpathians, a mountain range characterised by two straight segments connected by a narrow curvature zone. The deformation started in the Late Jurassic and includes two collisional phases during the Cretaceous and Miocene. We examined the tectonic geomorphology of the Romanian Carpathians focusing on regional and local topographic setting, drainage pattern, and river long profiles. Our main database is composed of DEM-based topographic analysis, supplemented with field investigations in the Slanic River basin, located in the Carpathian curvature zone. The longitudinal profiles of rivers draining the southern Carpathians are close to the equilibrium shape, in agreement with the older emersion of the chain. The longitudinal profiles of the rivers draining the eastern and southeastern Carpathians are in a transient state of disequilibrium as a consequence of a more recent emersion of the chain and of the Pliocene-Pleistocene tectonic activity in the Bend Zone. Filtering the topography at different wavelengths, we observe a relative depression in correspondence with the Carpathian Bend, where mantle seismicity and a high-velocity zone in tomography data are located and commonly interpreted as related to an almost inactive and dying subduction zone. Contrastingly, the filtered topography presents a high in the Transylvanian basin, where tomography data show a low-velocity area, interpreted as upwelling of hot asthenospheric materials. We hypothesise that local mantle convection generates positive and negative dynamic topographies. In the Slanic River basin, the foredeep deposits (Middle Miocene-Upper Pliocene) are folded and tilted, suggesting active compression beginning in the Lower Pleistocene. During the Middle-Late Pleistocene and Holocene, four terrace orders developed by the interaction between regional uplift and climate changes. The Carpathian topography results from a diachronous uplift superimposed on crustal tectonics. This diachronous uplift influenced the chain topography, the shape of river longitudinal profiles, and the formation of strath terraces. Crustal tectonics dominated the hydrographic net organisation. In correspondence with the Carpathian Bend and the Transylvanian basin, mantle flow driven by slab pull produced negative and positive dynamic topographies. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Mapping of the groundwater vulnerability to saline intrusion using the modified GALDIT model (Case: the Ain Temouchent coastal aquifer, (North-Western Algeria)). Maps of the vulnerability of groundwater to seawater intrusion were developed for the multi-layered coastal aquifer of Ouled Taoui-Ouled Boujemaa in Algeria. Groundwater in this area is threatened by the risk of salinization due to excessive groundwater use. To protect this aquifer, mapping the vulnerability to potential saline intrusion was carried out using a modified GALDIT index mapping model that takes into account six parameters, namely: (G) groundwater occurrence, (A) aquifer hydraulic conductivity or network development and persistence index (IDPR), (L) depth to groundwater level above sea, (D) distance from shore, (I) impact on the existing status of seawater intrusion in the area, and (T) It's the thickness of the aquifer. A system for rating, weighting and classifying the GALDIT model according to the relative importance of these parameters was developed under a GIS environment. The compilation results illustrate that the underlying confined aquifer with clay levels characterizing a low hydraulic potential. It will be more vulnerable during excessive pumping and in the presence of karst conducts, which produces an impact of salinity decay as soon as one moves away from the shore. The assessment indicated that the vulnerability of the uppermost unconfined aquifer was particularly sensitive to changes in the weights of parameters (A), (L) and (D). Areas with a \\\\'high\\\\' vulnerability to seawater intrusion are located especially in the coastal fringe. The results of the vulnerability assessment were validated based on: the density and distribution of existing groundwater production wells, the land cover map, and the hydrochemical quality of groundwater. Finally, the identification of areas of \\\\'high\\\\' vulnerability to saline intrusion will serve as a tool for the management, control, and protection of coastal groundwater resources.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Self-assembled graphene and copper nanoparticles composite sensor for nitrate determination. A new sensor based on decorated copper nanoparticles and self-assembled graphene was fabricated and exemplified with the determination of nitrate solutions. Traditionally, graphene is coated on the sensor by drop-casting, leading to poor adhesion between graphene and the sensor. The self-assembled graphene proposed in this paper not only have a firm connection with the substrate, but also provide a three-dimensional network structure for copper nanoparticles. Copper was found as an effective catalyst for nitrate reduction. The combination of copper nanoparticles and self-assembled graphene can greatly enhance the sensitivity. Thus, low detection limit of 7.89 mu M is obtained for nitrate, which to our knowledge, is among the lowest reported in the literatures. This method was employed for the determination of nitrate in lake water and the results were in good agreement with those obtained from a standard analytical procedure.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Preliminary assessment of galaxolide bioaccessibility in raw and cooked FISH. Generally, dietary intake assessment and risk characterization are evaluated using contaminant concentration in raw fish while it is usually ingested cooked, which can cause an overestimation because one of the essential issues for risk-benefit analysis is to determine the maximum amount of a contaminant that can be released from the food matrix and be absorbed by the human body, called bioaccessibility. Moreover, despite most seafood products are cooked before consumption, risk assessment is still evaluated in raw products, strongly affecting public health guidelines. In the present study, an in vitro bioaccessibility assay was performed for Galaxolide (HHCB) in fish samples. Raw spiked hake samples were in vitro digested and aliquots of each fraction of the digestion process were analysed. HHCB was quantitatively present in the bioaccessibility fraction. The effect of fish cooking on HHCB was also evaluated in cod and mackerel samples. Results demonstrate that steaming and grilling processes lead to a loss of 50-70% HHCB in fish.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "ECOLOGICAL FITNESS OF TRIBENURON METHYL (ALS-INHIBITOR HERBICIDE) SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT BIOTYPES OF WILD MUSTARD IN COMPETITION WITH WHEAT. The occurrence of ALS-herbicide-resistant Sinapis arvensis in wheat crops causes crop yield losses, which makes it necessary to understand the factors that influence the interference of this weed to develop safer management strategies. This study was aimed to evaluate the ecological fitness of wild mustard that is susceptible (S biotypes) and resistant (R biotypes) to Tribenuron Methyl herbicide in competition with wheat in 2014-2017. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments were placed in pots and arranged in replacement series for three experiments: 1) wheat with the R biotype; 2) wheat with the S biotype; and 3) the R biotype with the S biotype) at the following ratios: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. The results showed that S biotype of wild mustard was more competitive than R biotype. There was no significant difference between S biotype and R biotype with accordance of the aggressivity index. The difference between the relative yield of wheat and biotypes of S. arvensis was significant, and regarding relative yield total, the S biotype was superior. Relative seed production index as the resultant index of competition at similar densities was not significant.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
{"token": "Long embankment failure accounting for longitudinal spatial variation - A probabilistic study. For long earth embankments or levees, it is of interest to investigate the slope failure mode in the longitudinal direction. However, this is less commonly discussed in comparison to the plane-strain failure mode. In this paper, the longitudinal failure mode of a long embankment consisting of homogeneous soils is examined. A probabilistic approach using the first-order reliability method (FORM) is adopted to consider the uncertainty of soil properties. In particular, the spatial variability of the undrained shear strength of the soil is modelled in the probabilistic analysis. Parametric studies are subsequently conducted to examine the influence of this soil characteristic on the failure mode of the long embankment. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38, 40]}
{"token": "Pleistocene-Holocene human palaeoecology in southern Mexico: Stable isotopic evidence from the Santa Marta Cave, Chiapas. The ecological context of human societies living in tropical North America between the terminal Pleistocene and Holocene is of significant interest to scholars studying the last Pleistocene continental colonization of our species and, eventually, the emergence of agriculture in the Americas. However, there are currently few records of direct relevance to human behaviour with which to study environmental change across this crucial period. Here, we present stable carbon and oxygen isotope data from the tooth enamel of small- and medium-sized game from the archaeological site of Santa Marta Cave (Chiapas, Mexico) which spans the terminal Pleistocene/Holocene boundary (similar to 11,340-11,280 cal. years BP) until the Mesoamerican Classic period. The results demonstrate that there was a persistent mixture of tropical environments in the vicinity of the site, from canopy forest to grassland, throughout this period. We argue that the presence of such tropical ecotones in southern Mexico, further supported by existing palaeoenvironmental datasets and palaeoclimatic modelling, enabled long-term resilient foraging, and highlights the increasingly-recognised importance of such habitats for forager-farmer transitions in the tropics.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Exercise Training and Natural Killer Cells in Cancer Survivors: Current Evidence and Research Gaps Based on a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Methods: Relevant articles were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (until January 11, 2022). Randomized controlled trials (RCT) of exercise training (i.e., non-acute) interventions vs usual care conducted in cancer survivors and assessing NK number and/or cytotoxic activity (NKCA) before and upon completion of the intervention were included. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed with the PEDro scale, and results were meta-analyzed using a random effects (Dersimoian and Laird) model.Conclusions: Current evidence does not support a significant effect of exercise training intervention on NK cells in blood or on their `static response' (as assessed in vitro) in cancer survivors. Several methodological issues and research gaps are highlighted in this review, which should be considered in future studies to draw definite conclusions on this topic.Results: Thirteen RCT including 459 participants (mean age ranging 11-63 years) met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality of the studies was overall fair (median PEDro score = 5 out of 10). There was heterogeneity across studies regarding cancer types (breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and other solid tumors), treatment (e.g., receiving vs having received chemotherapy), exercise modes (aerobic or resistance exercise, Tai Chi, Yoga) and duration (2-24 weeks). No consistent effects were observed for NK number in blood (mean difference [MD]: 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.35 to 3.29, p = 0.113) or NKCA as assessed in vitro (MD: - 0.02, 95%CI - 0.17 to 0.14, p = 0.834). However, mixed results existed across studies, and some could not be meta-analyzed due to lack of information or methodological heterogeneity.Background: Exercise training can positively impact the immune system and particularly natural killer (NK) cells, at least in healthy people. This effect would be of relevance in the context of cancer given the prominent role of these cells in antitumor immunity. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to summarize current evidence on the effects of exercise training on the levels and function of NK cells in cancer survivors (i.e., from the time of diagnosis until the end of life).", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Preliminary assessment of bone histology in the extinct elephant bird Aepyornis (Ayes, Palaeognathae) from Madagascar. Aepyornis, a giant subfossil ratite from Madagascar, shows a well-preserved bone histology. Hindlimb bones exhibit an extensive histodiversity; the cortex is initially made of fibrolamellar, well-vascularized primary bone that modulates locally into plexiform or laminar patterns. Lines of arrested growth are generally weakly expressed. Haversian reconstruction can be complete. Perimedullar endosteal deposition is variable but can be extensive. The complex causality (phylogenetic, systematic, ontogenetic and functional... factors) involved in the production of the observed data is discussed. (C) 2015 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "BILATERAL INFANTILE CATARACTOGENESIS IN A PATIENT WITH DEFICIENCY OF COMPLEX-I, A MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON-TRANSPORT CHAIN ENZYME. Progressive bilateral cataracts developed in infancy in a 5-month-old girl with deficiency of complex I, a mitochondrial electron transport chain enzyme. In the newborn period, she had severe lactic acidosis and the diagnosis of complex I deficiency was confirmed by mitochondrial respiratory chain assay on muscle biopsy. By 5 months, she had completely opaque nuclear sclerotic cataracts, with loss of fixation and the red reflex. She underwent bilateral, sequential cataract extraction. The lens aspirate was submitted for cytologic analysis and electron microscopy, which revealed increased intracellular glycogen and swollen mitochondria. To our knowledge the association of complex I deficiency with cataracts in infancy has not been reported previously. The diagnosis of a respiratory chain enzyme defect in infancy is an indication for early ophthalmic evaluation to identify cataracts that may result in visual loss. Conversely the recognition of cataracts in infants with unexplained neurologic disease or metabolic acidosis may necessitate further evaluation for metabolic etiologies, including mitochondrial disorders.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Granite desalination using electromigration. Influence of type of granite and saline contaminant. We describe the results of electromigration desalination of two soluble salt-contaminated Galician granites. The efficacy of electromigration, which had not been previously applied to granite, was assessed for two types of granite contaminated with a 20% NaCl solution and seawater. Desalination effectiveness was evaluated as follows: (1) analysis of anode and cathode ion content during testing; (2) analysis of ions at different distances from the electrodes after testing; (3) pH assessment of the stone surfaces; and (4) evaluation of colour changes. Results were very satisfactory; by the end of testing, chloride was reduced by almost 100% in both the NaCl and seawater contaminated samples. Sulfate reduction was also significant, despite this ion's lower mobility. The granite pH values remained close to neutral and colour changes were minimal. The difference in effectiveness of the process for the two types of stone was associated with their dissimilar pore structure. (c) 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 3, 4, 36, 35, 38, 11, 30]}
{"token": "Heterostyly promotes compatible pollination in buckwheats: Comparisons of intraflower, intraplant, and interplant pollen flow in distylous and homostylous Fagopyrum. RESULTS: Only 2.4% of F. tataricum pollen and 1.5% of F. esculentum pollen arrived successfully on compatible stigmas of other plants. In the former (homostylous) species, 71.3% of the pollen load on stigmas was autogamous, 10.8% was geitonogamous, and 17.9% was interplant. In the latter (distylous) species, 37.45% of the pollen on stigmas was autogamous, 13.8% was geitonogamous, 17.0% was intramorph, and 31.75% was intermorph. The amount of incompatible pollen arriving on stigmas was greatly decreased by both one-flower and whole-plant emasculations, and thus, the proportion of compatible pollen deposited increased with one-flower emasculation and increased even more with whole-plant emasculation.CONCLUSIONS: Our quantification of pollen-donor sources in these two species indicated that heterostyly in Fagopyrum esculentum provided a nearly 2-fold fitness advantage (in terms of compatible pollination) over expected (random) pollen transfers between morphs. Because of reduced herkogamy, the homostylous F. tataricum was highly autogamous.METHODS: To identify the sources of stigmatic pollen (autogamous [intraflower], geitonog-amous [intraplant], vs. interplant), we emasculated either one flower or entire plants in experimental populations of the two closely related buckwheat species, distylous Fagopyrum esculentum and homostylous F. tataricum. Differences in pollen size allowed unambiguous identification of pollen on stigmas.PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Heterostyly, the reciprocal positioning of stigmas and anthers in different floral morphs, has long been thought to promote intermorph pollination. However, extensive intramorph pollination occurs commonly in heterostylous species, leading to recurrent questions about the functional and evolutionary significance of heterostyly.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene polymorphisms in celiac disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in the first line of immune defense through antigen pattern recognition, and ligands include exogenous and host-derived molecules. Coding variants in TLR4 have been associated with autoimmune diseases like ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Our aim was to determine whether these polymorphisms are associated with celiac disease (CD). Two coding single nucleotide polymorphisms of TLR4 (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) were genotyped in 95 family trios with CD as well as in 186 patients and 186 unrelated controls. There were no differences in allele, genotype or haplotype distribution, or transmission between patient and control groups. Our results do not support association of these TLR4 variants with CD.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
{"token": "THE EFFECTS OF MEDICATION EDUCATION ON ADHERENCE TO MEDICATION REGIMENS IN AN ELDERLY POPULATION. The purpose of this intervention study was to evaluate educational protocols to see which would be more effective in increasing medication compliance rates within an elderly population. Forty-two patients were randomized into four groups. Group 1 received a standard education protocol; group 2 received the standard education and 30 minutes of verbal instruction; group 3 received the standard education and a medication schedule; and group 4 received the standard education, a medication schedule, and 30 minutes of verbal instruction The intervention was given on the day of hospital discharge. Home visits were made 2 weeks, 1 and 2 months post-hospital discharge. Results of the visits revealed that groups 1 and 2 had higher rates of errors with medications than groups 3 and 4. In conclusion, the groups with a medication schedule had higher compliance rates. Considering the sample size of 42, this study can act as a pilot study to justify further research in the effects of a medication schedule on compliance.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Survey on Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts: Technical Aspects and Future Research. The industrial and computing research context revolutionized in various directions during the last decades. The blockchain-based smart contract embraced as a significant research interest due to its distinguishing features such as decentralized storage of transactions, autonomous execution of contract codes, and decentralized establishment of the trust. Blockchain-based smart contracts can transform the working architecture of almost all industries towards elevated service standards. The use cases of blockchain based smart contracts range from industrial applications such as cryptocurrency systems towards logistics, agriculture, real estate, energy trading and so forth. The decentralization concept of blockchain is one of the biggest leaps in technology research since future computing got a super momentum towards the Internet of Things (IoT) and edge computing. A plethora of research is in progress to investigate the opportunities for the applicability of smart contracts and blockchain technologies to various industries. It is important to identify the technical aspects of blockchain-based smart contracts to further improve and sharpen the capabilities which they already owed. This survey is conducted to identify the significant technical aspects of blockchain-based smart contracts with the associated future research directions.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
{"token": "The new riddle of induction and the extension of natural kind terms. This paper intends to show the tight link between the question of fixation of extension of natural kind terms and the problem of projectibility pointed out by Goodman's new riddle of induction. I will argue that on the one han, the new riddle of induction enabled us to show that Putnam's theory of reference has a Fregean element. On the other, I will point out that a realist answer to the new riddle must be articulated with an epistemological thesis about our knowledge pretended intrinsic properties of objects.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Stochastic Period and Cohort Effect State-Space Mortality Models Incorporating Demographic Factors via Probabilistic Robust Principal Components. In this study we develop a multi-factor extension of the family of Lee-Carter stochastic mortality models. We build upon the time, period and cohort stochastic model structure to extend it to include exogenous observable demographic features that can be used as additional factors to improve model fit and forecasting accuracy. We develop a dimension reduction feature extraction framework which (a) employs projection based techniques of dimensionality reduction; in doing this we also develop (b) a robust feature extraction framework that is amenable to different structures of demographic data; (c) we analyse demographic data sets from the patterns of missingness and the impact of such missingness on the feature extraction, and (d) introduce a class of multi-factor stochastic mortality models incorporating time, period, cohort and demographic features, which we develop within a Bayesian state-space estimation framework; finally (e) we develop an efficient combined Markov chain and filtering framework for sampling the posterior and forecasting. We undertake a detailed case study on the Human Mortality Database demographic data from European countries and we use the extracted features to better explain the term structure of mortality in the UK over time for male and female populations when compared to a pure Lee-Carter stochastic mortality model, demonstrating our feature extraction framework and consequent multi-factor mortality model improves both in sample fit and importantly out-off sample mortality forecasts by a non-trivial gain in performance.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Behavioral monitoring, of Blue-and-yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna) reintroduced to the Nariva Swamp, Trinidad. The Blue-and-yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna), once native to the island of Trinidad, was extirpated in the early 1960's, primarily due to nest poaching for the pet trade. Between 1999 and 2004, the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Trinidad's Ministry of Environment and the Centre for the Rescue of Endangered Species of Trinidad and Tobago (CRESTT) translocated wild-caught birds from Guyana to Trinidad. During acclimation in a pre-release flight cage, the flight-readiness of the first 14 birds was monitored as the main criterion for release. Nine of the 14 birds released (64%) survived and produced 12 chicks in three nesting seasons. Three years later 20 additional wild-caught birds were imported and the criterion for their release was expanded. Trained villagers spent time each day carefully detailing the behavior of the macaws using an ethogram. In addition to flight-readiness, they noted which birds were aggressive or formed bonded pairs, which other birds stayed together and what native foods they ate. There was 100% survival of the first 12 flight-ready birds released from the second flock. Bonded pairs and social groups that were released stayed together, and exhibited behaviors indicating healthy social structure. When five additional birds were released, they integrated with members of the original flock, and also had 100% survival. Fourteen additional chicks were produced in three more nesting seasons. This study suggests that releasing birds in pairs and socially compatible groups might enhance their chances of survival in the wild.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "African Mexicans in Spanish Slave Societies in America A Critical Location of Sources. This article examines the sources of the discourse on African Mexicans, often referred to as Afromexicans, in an effort to structure a more extensive foundation for cultural work. Taking an Afrocentric approach to the study of Africans who were enslaved by the Spanish in Mexico, the author, who speaks Spanish, traveled to Mexico on many occasions to study the retention of African cultural forms, concepts, practices, and values. As a result of this work, the author wrote her doctoral dissertation at Temple University on African Mexicans. Thus, this article provides the reader with a critical literature brief on the issues surrounding the current discourse.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Development of an eco-friendly fluorescence nanosensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer on silica-carbon quantum dot for the rapid indoxacarb detection. Rapid and efficient detection of indoxacarb (IXC), a common chemical contaminant, in environmental and biological samples is necessary. In this work, a modern optical sensor was developed for IXC, based on environmentally friendly molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) coated on silica-carbon quantum dots (SiCQDs). A hydrothermal method was used to prepare highly fluorescence SiCQDs and, subsequently, MIP formed on surface (MIP@SiCQDs) using a sol-gel method. A linear relationship between the fluorescence quenching effect and increased IXC concentration was found for the range of 4-102 nM, under the optimal conditions, with a 1 nM detection limit. Precisions was of 4.5 and 2.3% for five replicate detections at 21 and 60 nM IXC, respectively. Applicability of the sensor for IXC quantification in environmental and biological samples was verified with recoveries in the range 95-106% with a relative standard deviation of < 6.0%.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Existence regions of longitudinal and transverse intrinsic localized modes in Fermi-Pasta-Ulam chain in two-dimensional plane. We model the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice, in which masses move in a two-dimensional plane, and identify different types of intrinsic localized modes (ILMs): longitudinal and transverse. The stability of the ILMs is evaluated by using characteristic multipliers. Longitudinal ILMs tend to be unstable because of the buckling effect of the chain. In contrast, transverse ILMs become stable if the chain is initially stretched. This difference between the longitudinal and the transverse ILMs is revealed by computing existence regions with respect to the angular frequency and the initial extension of the chain. The results show that the longitudinal ILMs tend to be stable in low-frequency and low-extension areas whereas the transverse ILMs become stable upon strongly stretching the chain.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Caffeinated Drinks and Physical Performance in Sport: A Systematic Review. Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is one of the most common substances used by athletes to enhance their performance during competition. Evidence suggests that the performance-enhancing properties of caffeine can be obtained by employing several forms of administration, namely, capsules/tablets, caffeinated drinks (energy drinks and sports drinks), beverages (coffee), and chewing gum. However, caffeinated drinks have become the main form of caffeine administration in sport due to the wide presence of these products in the market. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the different effects of caffeinated drinks on physical performance in various sports categories such as endurance, power-based sports, team sports, and skill-based sports. A systematic review of published studies was performed on scientific databases for studies published from 2000 to 2020. All studies included had blinded and cross-over experimental designs, in which the ingestion of a caffeinated drink was compared to a placebo/control trial. The total number of studies included in this review was 37. The analysis of the included studies revealed that both sports drinks with caffeine and energy drinks were effective in increasing several aspects of sports performance when the amount of drink provides at least 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass. Due to their composition, caffeinated sports drinks seem to be more beneficial to consume during long-duration exercise, when the drinks are used for both rehydration and caffeine supplementation. Energy drinks may be more appropriate for providing caffeine before exercise. Lastly, the magnitude of the ergogenic benefits obtained with caffeinated drinks seems similar in women and men athletes. Overall, the current systematic review provides evidence of the efficacy of caffeinated drinks as a valid form for caffeine supplementation in sport.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Cytoplasmic Localization of HTLV-1 HBZ Protein: A Biomarker of HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-1 is the causative agent of a severe form of adult T cell leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL), and of a chronic progressive neuromyelopathy designated HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Two important HTLV-1-encoded proteins, Tax-1 and HBZ, play crucial roles in the generation and maintenance of the oncogenic process. Less information is instead available on the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to HAM/TSP. More importantly, no single specific biomarker has been described that unambiguously define the status of HAM/TSP. Here we report for the first time the finding that HBZ, described until now as an exclusive nuclear protein both in chronically infected and in ATL cells, is instead exclusively localized in the cytoplasm of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients suffering of HAM/TSP. Interestingly, at the single cell level, HBZ and Tax-1 proteins are never found co-expressed in the same cell, suggesting the existence of mechanisms of expression uncoupling of these two important HTLV-1 viral products in HAM/TSP patients. Cells expressing cytoplasmic HBZ were almost exclusively found in the CD4+ T cell compartment that was not, at least in a representative HAM/TSP patient, expressing the CD25 marker. Less than 1 percent CD8+ T cells were fond positive for HBZ, while B cells and NK cells were found negative for HBZ in HAM/TSP patients. Our results identify the cytoplasmic localization of HBZ in HAM/TSP patient as a possible biomarker of this rather neglected tropical disease, and raise important hypotheses on the role of HBZ in the pathogenesis of the neuromyelopathy associated to HTLV-1 infection.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROCHEMICAL SEQUELAE IN YOUNG-RATS OF ANTENAL HYPOXIA. To test the hypothesis that perinatal hypoxia may have postnatal consequences via a vis learning memory, and neurochemical sequelae, we exposed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to 10.5% O2 for 4 h per day (0800-1200 h) or continuously from gestional day E15 to E20. On E20 we quantified ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine concentrations in fetal brain. We also conducted behavioral tests from postnatal day P3 to P110. Relatively mild antenatal hypoxia resulted in altered learning, memory, and delayed maturation of early developmental sensorimotor function. These behavioral changes disappeared at various postnatal ages, depending on the function. Perinatal hypoxia also altered the pharmacological response to dopaminergic drugs. In addition, antenatal hypoxia feminized a male nonreproductive sexual behavior, that of saccharin preference. Acute hypoxia also resulted in an increase in the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase and polyamines, which may affect brain development.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "On Control and Communication: Self-regulation and Coordination of Actions. The term control is a loaded one and the term communication needs much clarification. In 1948 Wiener encapsulated the outcome of discussions about feedback loops and circular causality in self-regulating systems in his book Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine and this was formally the beginning of cybernetics as a discipline. The name comes from the Greek for steersman (the equivalent in Latin is gubernatur), a term that Plato used to describe the art of steering ships: much later, in the nineteenth century, the French scientist Ampere, used it in reference to the science of government. In the second edition of his book. Wiener added a few chapters showing the relevance of cybernetics to learning, artificial intelligence, adaptation and language. Today feedback mechanisms are ubiquitous; they happen whenever part of the output of a system returns as its input, which is thereby changed. This is the case of a normal heating system and any servo-mechanism ranging from missiles to robots. It is also the case of complex systems, which depend on memory to learn: feedback is happening when input information is affected by the output of the previous observation. As for communication we understand it as coordination of actions, going beyond making sure that the message has been received: only when we manage to produce coordinated actions we can claim that communication has been achieved.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 50]}
{"token": "Systematic review of mycotoxins in food and feeds in Turkey. Mycotoxins are toxic natural contaminants of food and feeds and are produced by various fungi from Aspergillus, Altemaria, Fusarium, and Penicilliwn genera. Molds and their toxins have attracted much attention worldwide due to the important economic losses related to their effects on human health and domestic and international trade. Although more than 400 mycotoxins have been identified, most studies have focused on aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fusarium toxins, zearalenone, patulin, and trichothecenes owing to their relationships with food safety and economic losses. In Turkey, the dramatic variations in climatic conditions among regions have facilitated the spread of various foodbome mycotoxins. Accordingly, in this systematic review, a summary of the occurrence and contamination levels of foodbome mycotoxins in Turkey was provided. Based on the literature review, mycotoxin levels were shown to exceed the limits designated by the European Union in apple juice (35%), milk (21%), dairy products (12%), dried fruits and vegetables (11%), herbs (10%), cereal and cereal products (2%), nuts (1%), and feeds (1%). Thus, there is a need for additional studies on the mycotoxin prevalence in all types of foods and feeds throughout Turkey, and education programs on mycotoxin management are important for reducing the prevalence of mycotoxin contamination.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Clinical spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus disease in children in a West African city. Methods. Consecutive children hospitalized in Abidjan's three university hospitals were examined, tested for HIV infection and followed to discharge. Admission or discharge diagnoses and outcome (survived or died) were compared in HIV-positive and HIV-negative children.Results, The prevalence of HIV infection in the 4480 children hospitalized for the first time was 8.2%; the highest age-specific rate (11.2%) was In children ages 15 to 23 months. Six clinical syndromes accounted for more than 80% of admissions in HIV-positive and -negative children (all ages combined): respiratory infection; malnutrition; malaria; anemia; diarrhea; and meningitis. The dominant syndromic diagnoses in HIV-positive children were respiratory infection (26.1%) and malnutrition (25.8%); in HIV-negative children they were malaria (30.4%) and respiratory infection (19.1%). The overall mortality rate in HIV-positive children was 20.8%, compared with 8.7% in HIV-negative children (relative risk, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.9 to 3.1); the highest death rate (28.1%) was in children younger than 15 months.Conclusions. Clinical syndromes associated with HIV infection in African children are difficult to recognize without access to HIV serology. Respiratory infection and malnutrition were the dominant clinical syndromes in HIV-positive children in Abidjan. Greater overlap exists between the clinical presentations of HIV-associated disease and other common health problems in African children than in adults.Objectives. To determine the prevalence of HIV infection in children and to compare diagnostic syndromes and outcomes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative children.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 27]}
{"token": "Report of the first workshop on the genetic map of bovine chromosome 1. A report of the first workshop on the genetic map of bovine chromosome 1 (BTA1) is presented. Five laboratories contributed 31 962 informative meioses from 70 loci. Thirty-two loci which had been typed by at least two laboratories were used to construct a framework genetic map with a likelihood ratio support of at least 1000:1 for locus order. The resulting sex averaged framework map contained 26 loci and spanned 163.6 cm. The lengths of the female and male maps were 159.5 cm and 165.3 cm, respectively, and there was evidence for an expansion in the telomeric one-third of the male map. Of the four cases where order for closely linked loci differed among the maps produced for each of the contributing laboratories, a consensus order was obtained for three in the framework map. The average genetic distance between framework loci on the sex-averaged map was 6.3 cm.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 20]}
{"token": "Effect of permeability variations on solute transport in highly heterogeneous porous media. The effect of aquifer heterogeneity on flow and solute transport in two-dimensional isotropic porous media was analyzed using the Monte Carlo method. The two-dimensional logarithmic permeability (In K) was assumed to be a non-stationary random field with its increments being a truncated fractional Levy motion (fLm). The permeability fields were generated using the modified successive random additions (SRA) algorithm code SRA3DC [http://www.iamg.org/CGEditor/index.htm]. The velocity and concentration fields were computed respectively for two-dimensional flow and transport with a pulse input using the finite difference codes of MODFLOW 2000 and MT3DMS. Two fLm control parameters, namely the width parameter (C) and the Levy index (alpha), were varied systematically to examine their effect on the resulting permeability, flow velocity and concentration fields. We also computed the first- and second-spatial moments, the dilution index, as well as the breakthrough curves at different control planes with the corresponding concentration fields. In addition, the derived breakthrough curves were fitted using the continuous time random walk (CTRW) and the traditional advection-dispersion equation (ADE). Results indicated that larger C and smaller alpha both led to more heterogeneous permeability and velocity fields. The Levy-stable distribution of increments in In K resulted in a Levy-stable distribution of increments in logarithm of the velocity (In v). Both larger C and smaller alpha created sharper leading edges and wider tailing edges of solute plumes. Furthermore, a relatively larger amount of solute still remained in the domain after a relatively longer time transport for smaller a values. The dilution indices were smaller than unity and increased as C increased and alpha decreased. The solute plume and its second-spatial moments increased as C increased and alpha decreased, while the first-spatial moments of the solute plume were independent of C and alpha values. The longitudinal macrodispersivity was scale-dependent and increased as a power law function of time. Increasing C and decreasing alpha both resulted in an increase in longitudinal macrodispersivity. The transport in such highly heterogeneous media was slightly non-Gaussian with its derived breakthrough curves being slightly better fitted by the CTRW than the ADE, especially in the early arrivals and late-time tails. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Patient assessment of postoperative pain management - Orthopaedic patients compared to other surgical patients. We used a 14-item patient questionnaire, Strategic and Clinical Quality Indicators in Postoperative Pain Management, to describe how orthopaedic patients assessed the quality of care they received. The patients highest and lowest assessments were compared to assessments by other groups of surgical patients as reported in studies being published. Our study included 300 inpatients from four different orthopaedic wards in two county councils in Sweden. Patients answered a questionnaire on the day of discharge. The response rate was 74%, and 44% of the respondents were male. Elective surgery was the main reason for admission, and the mean length of stay was 7.3 days. One of the items rated highest was that pain relief was given quickly when requested. A literature review showed that this item also received a high rating in other studies using the same patient questionnaire. The item rated lowest concerned the regular use of a pain assessment instrument, which also received a low rating from patient groups other than the orthopaedics in this study. In conclusion, we found that orthopaedic patients and other groups of surgical patients gave similar assessments concerning the highest and lowest assessments of postoperative pain management. Nevertheless, further improvement is needed. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Micromechanics of precipitated near-equiatomic Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloys. The specific thermo-mechanical behavior of precipitated, near-equiatomic Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloys, i.e., thermal actuation under stress and pseudoelasticity, are investigated via the finite element method. The deformation response of the material-at-large is simulated using a representative volume element, taking into account the structural effect of the precipitates, as well as the effect of the Ni-concentration gradient in the matrix. An existing rate-independent constitutive model, similar to the one employed to describe the matrix behavior, is calibrated based on the deformation response of the representative volume elements. The actuation and pseudoelastic response of the homogenized material are found to be very close to those of the representative volume elements. The obtained results reproduce and provide important insight into several of the experimentally observed precipitation-induced changes on the transformation characteristics of these materials.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Assessing the efficacy of employee training and internal control system on financial management of small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. Purpose The study assesses the efficacy of employee training and internal control system on financial management of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in Abuja. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted a quantitative approach using a structured questionnaire to sample respondents selected through stratified proportionate sampling, data were collected from managers/owners of SMEs in Abuja. Findings The result shows that employee training, control environment, information and communication and risk assessment have a significant and positive effect on financial management of SMEs. Control activities have a positive and insignificant effect on financial management of SMEs while monitoring activities has a negative and significant effect on financial management of SMEs. Practical implications The findings of this study will assist government and owner/managers to identify strategies relevant to SMEs financial management. More importantly, the empirical shreds of evidence revealed that employee training needs to be employed by SMEs' owners/managers to integrate, build, modify and reconfigure their internal control system towards achieving effective financial management. Originality/value Currently, no study has been found in the literature, which had been conducted on the relationships between these predictors (employee training and internal control system) on SMEs financial management. Similarly, no study has been conducted on the effects of an internal control system using the five dimensions of committee of sponsoring organization (COSO) altogether on financial management based on the currently available literature. Precisely, the study is designed to fill the aforementioned gaps.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Process development of eicosapentaenoic acid production. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a well-known member of omega-3 fatty acids, is considered to have a significant health promoting role in the human body. It is an essential fatty acid as the human body lacks the ability to produce it in vivo and must be supplemented through diet. Microbial EPA represents a potential commercial source. GC/MS analyses confirmed that bacterial isolate 717, similar to Shewanella pacifica on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing, is a potential high EPA producer. Two types of bioreactors, a Stirred Tank Reactor (STR) and an Oscillatory Baffled Reactor (OBR), were investigated in order to choose the optimum system for EPA production. The EPA production media was optimised through the selection of media components in a Plackett-Burman (PB) design of experiment followed by a Central Composite Design (CCD) to optimise the concentration of medium components identified as significant in the Plackett-Burman experiment. The growth conditions for the bioreactor, using artificial sea water (ASW) medium, were optimised by applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM). This optimisation strategy resulted in an increase in EPA from 33 mg/l (10 mg/g biomass), representing 8% of the total fatty acids at shake flask level, to 350 mg/l (46 mg/g biomass) representing 25% of the total fatty acids at bioreactor level. During this study the main effects and the interactions between the bioreactor growth conditions were revealed and a polynomial model of EPA production was generated. Chemostat experiments were performed to test the effect of growth rate and temperature on EPA production. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 19, 16]}
{"token": "The Dilemmas of Frontline Staff Working With the Homeless: Housing First, Discretion, and the Task Environment. This article examines staff discretion in permanent supportive housing facilities run by a nonprofit agency claiming to use a Housing First approach. Field observation, archival data, and individual and group interviews with staff and clients were examined to better understand agency processes involved in intake, sanctions, and disposal of clients to evaluate Housing First fidelity. In their day-to-day interactions with clients, frontline workers' discretion is affected by working conditions such as lack of resources and heavy workloads, as well as by demands placed on the agency by members of its task environment. Implications for Housing First programs and homeless clients are discussed.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Phosphonium-based hydrophobic ionic liquids with fluorous anions for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. In this work, ionic liquids (ILs) containing the phosphonium cation and four different types of fluorous anions were synthesized and characterized with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyser (CHNS) and thermogravimetric techniques. The catalytic transesterification properties of the prepared ILs were investigated through the synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). The biodiesel synthesis was performed in two-step processes. Initially, the WCO was esterified with sulphuric acid to reduce its acid value (0.7mg KOH/g). Later the transesterification reaction was carried out with the prepared ILs, and the process was optimized with respect to IL types, catalyst loading, methanol-oil ratios, temperature, agitation speed and time. Tetrabutylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([TBP][NTf2]) was identified as a promising catalyst with the highest yield of biodiesel up to 81% at 4.5 wt% of IL loading, 18:1 ratio of methanol:WCO, 10h of treatment time, 60 degrees C heating temperature and 600rpm of agitation speed. The obtained product of biodiesel was characterized and analysed by different techniques, and its physicochemical properties were further determined using the known standard methods of American Society for Testing and Materials and European standards (ASTM and EN).", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Going Green: A Systematic Review of Proenvironmental Empirical Research in Behavior Analysis. The world is now believed to be operating in a no-analogue state, exceeding the norms of any point in documented history. Substantial disturbance of our natural environmental systems threatens life on Earth. Innovation and change are critical. Social science has historically played a vital role in amassing a body of knowledge implicating potential avenues for change. As a field, behavior analysis must keep pace with this ongoing sustainability agenda. The goal of the present review is to provide a summary of empirical works published by behavior analytic outlets to date focused on target variables of interest regarding environmental sustainability. We examined 50 experiments in their historical context and with respect to various methodological qualities. Results reveal a renewed interest in this area by behavior analysis within the most recent 5 years. We then address gaps in the literature and the means by which new efforts might be maximally contributive toward the advancement of global sustainability.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Insomnia and the Risk of Breast Cancer: The HUNT Study. Objective The association of insomnia with subsequent breast cancer risk is largely unknown. Therefore, we assessed whether different symptoms of insomnia and their combination are associated with incident breast cancer in a large population-based study.Methods In a prospective cohort study, 33,332 women were followed to monitor the occurrence of their first invasive breast cancer identified by the Cancer Registry of Norway. Insomnia symptoms including (1) nonrestorative sleep and (2) difficulty initiating and (3) maintaining sleep were self-reported using a study specific measure reflecting the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using multiadjusted Cox proportional hazards models.Conclusion Our results suggest that having only some aspects of insomnia may not predispose someone to breast cancer. In contrast, experiencing all insomnia symptoms simultaneously might confer considerable excess risk.Results A total of 862 incident breast cancer cases occurred during a mean follow-up of 14.7 years. No consistent association was observed between the individual insomnia symptoms and breast cancer risk. However, compared to women reporting no insomnia complaints, those who reported having all three aspects of insomnia simultaneously were at increased risk (hazard ratio, 2.38; 95% confidence interval = 1.11-5.09).", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Clinicians' attitudes to spirituality in old age psychiatry. Results: The response rate was 46%. The majority of respondents (92%) recognize the importance of spiritual dimensions of care for older people with mental health needs and about a quarter of respondents appear to consider referring patients to the chaplaincy service. In contrast, integration of spiritual advisors within the assessment and management of individual cases is rare.Method: All registered members of the Faculty of the Psychiatry of Old Age in the United Kingdom were asked to complete a 21-question semi-structured questionnaire. The first mail shot took place in 2002 and the second mail shot to non-respondents in 2003. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out on the answers received.Background: The aim of this survey is to investigate professional attitudes to the presence and value of spiritual care from Old Age Psychiatrists.Conclusions: Opinions vary as to whether provision of spiritual care should become widely available to older people with mental health needs who are admitted to hospital. Old age psychiatrists recognize that awareness of spiritual dimensions may be important for their patients. They seem less clear about the role of spiritual advisors and how NHS multidisciplinary clinical teams and spiritual and pastoral care services can be best integrated. Much work needs to be done on developing effective training and operational policies in this area.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55, 57]}
{"token": "GOD AS FATHER: THE REPRESENTATION OF THE TENTH PLAGUE IN CHILDREN'S BIBLES. The Book of Exodus' account of the ten plagues as moment of Israelite liberation from Egyptian servitude is particularly poignant. The troublesome nature of the story's climax - the slaying of the firstborn - proves difficult to relate to a contemporary child audience in light of the nature and seeming injustice of the punishment meted out to their innocent peers. Along with the death of all Egyptian firstborn, Israelite deliverance is ultimately attained by the inclusion of even the pharaoh's own son in this final act of devastation. The latter's death through the direct agency of God presents a problematic perspective on the portrayal of the deity as loving father in light of the anti-hero, Pharaoh's, loss. This article investigates children's Bibles' multiple approaches to this narrative. It is considered in light of current societal emphasis on non-violent behaviour and as commentary on the manner in which contemporary society negotiates moral-ethical quandaries in the transfer of religious meaning to children.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Why AI still doesn't have consciousness?. Consciousness is one of the unique features of creatures, and is also the root of biological intelligence. Up to now, all machines and robots haven't had consciousness. Then, will the artificial intelligence (AI) be conscious? Will robots have real intelligence without consciousness? The most primitive consciousness is the perception and expression of self-existence. In order to perceive the existence of the concept of 'I', a creature must first have a perceivable boundary such as skin to separate 'I' from 'non-I'. For robots, to have the self-awareness, they also need to be wrapped by a similar sensory membrane. Nowadays, as intelligent tools, AI systems should also be regarded as the external extension of human intelligence. These tools are unconscious. The development of AI shows that intelligence can exist without consciousness. When human beings enter into the era of life intelligence from AI, it is not the AI became conscious, but that conscious lives will have strong AI. Therefore, it becomes more necessary to be careful on applying AI to living creatures, even to those lower-level animals with only consciousness. The subversive revolution of such application may produce more careful thinking.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Getting a poor return - Courts, justice and governing coalitions and the audits of low-income taxpayers. Many years ago Robert Dahl (1957) argued that the courts are rarely out of alignment with the dominant national political coalition and more recent scholarship has built on this argument. However, despite this, it is still a prevalent belief that courts protect the minority against the power of the majority. This article analyzes these views by examining the influence of the national coalition and courts on tax policy. The article shows that from 1994 through 2000 a shift to more low-income audits results from political and judicial influence on the agency. The dominant national political coalition, the Tax Court, and to a lesser extent the District Courts, are major players in setting and determining agency policy. This confirms what Dahl noted years ago, namely that the courts are rarely out of alignment with the dominant national political coalition, and actually enforce the policy preferences of the dominant political coalition.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Integrated first- and second-trimester Down syndrome screening test among unaffected IVF pregnancies. Results The mean maternal age of the study and the control group was 32.2 +/- 4 and 30.4 4 years respectively (t-test <0.005). The marker levels were expressed as multiples of the gestation-specific normal medians. The IVF group had lower PAPP-A (0.78 vs 1.03, t-test P < 0.05) and higher NT (1.14 vs 1.01, t-test P < 0.05) values, respectively. All the other markers were similar for both groups. On the basis of the integrated test, a higher rate of lVF pregnancies were defined as being screen-positive (6.1% vs 3.7%), although the values did not reach a level of statistical significance.Conclusions Since NT alone yielded the same FPR as the integrated test, the option of various sonographic screening combinations in this group warrants further investigation. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.Objective The aim of the current study was to assess the profile of markers that constitute the integrated test and to measure its false-positive rates (FPR) among a preselected group of unaffected IVF pregnancies. These results were compared with the reference laboratory values that reflect the general obstetric population, which underwent the same investigative protocol.Methods Ninety-nine unaffected singletons from IVF-pregnant women and 1781 controls, all evaluated by the same laboratory, underwent a nondisclosure integrated Down syndrome screening test. This test comprised first-trimester nuchal translucency (NT) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) assessment, followed by a midgestation quadruple test. Only upon completion of the integrated screening test, the parturient women were informed of its results.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Three Issues Concerning Dyzenhaus's Parallel between Hobbes and Hart. This papers critically examines two theses defended by David Dyzenhaus: first, that Hobbes should be enlisted among the defenders of a \\\\'modern\\\\' version of natural law theory; second, that Hart shares with Hobbes the thesis according to which law has to be legitimate. Against the first thesis, this paper revives a Bobbian understanding of Hobbes, according to which natural law is, in Hobbes's conception, confined to providing legal systems with bindingness, and does not affect its content. Against the second thesis, the paper argues that Hart cannot be read as holding an interpretive nexus between law and morality.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "LPE growth of textured single crystal silicon thin film for PV applications. The fabrication of solar cells based on thin silicon film on foreign substrates is an attractive way to realise cheap and efficient photovoltaic devices on a large scale. In this work, we propose an innovative technique to obtain textured monocrystalline Si on mullite owing to the transfer of a nucleation layer and subsequent LPE growth. The nucleation layer (with the shape of a grid) is elaborated by photoelectrochemical etching. The grid pattern parameters will determine the shape of the LPE layer surface, flat or pyramidal textured for efficient light trapping. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "THE EFFECT OF HOUSE PRICE ON FERTILITY: EVIDENCE FROM HONG KONG. This article extends a standard Beckerian model of fertility behavior to formulate the effect of house price (HP) on fertility. The simple model predicts a negative effect of HP on the number of children for a representative household not only through the income effect but also through the compensated substitution effect. The prediction is confirmed by a cointegration analysis applied to the annual data at the aggregate level covering the period from 1971 to 2005 in Hong Kong. It is found that a 1% increase in HP is significantly related to a 0.45% decrease in total fertility rates (TFRs), which is robust in sensitivity tests with an alternative model specification and alternative measures of TFRs. This implies that high HP inflation can account for about 65% of the fertility decrease in Hong Kong in the past four decades. (JEL J13, J11, C32).", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "The role of transvestism in the political thought of Judith Butler. The goal of this article is to examine the role of transvestism in Judith Butler's early work. In order to do this, we will show the importance of her analysis of drag queens performances in Gender Trouble in relation to her study of gender performativity and political subversion. Furthermore, we will evaluate some objections to her political thought, in general, and to her treatment of trans issues, in particular, and we will demonstrate how both issues have evolved through out her later book.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Linear determinantal equations for all projective schemes. We prove that every projective embedding of a connected scheme determined by the complete linear series of a sufficiently ample line bundle is defined by the 2 x 2 minors of a 1-generic matrix of linear forms. Extending the work of Eisenbud, Koh and Stillman for integral curves, we also provide effective descriptions for such determinantally presented ample line bundles on products of projective spaces, Gorenstein toric varieties, and smooth varieties.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Habitat-specific behavioural thermoregulation by black rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta). Thermoregulation is thought to be the most important factor influencing habitat selection by terrestrial ectotherms, at least in temperate climates. The cost-benefit model of thermoregulation predicts that ectotherms should invest more in thermoregulation when the costs of doing so are low (when the thermal quality of the habitat is high). However, the extent to which ectotherms vary their thermoregulatory behaviour according to the thermal quality of habitats is currently unknown. We studied the relationship between habitat use and thermoregulation in 53 black rat snakes using temperature-sensitive radio-transmitters. Among the habitats available to black rat snakes, edges had the highest thermal quality, retreat sites and forest were intermediate, and open habitats had the lowest thermal quality. Black rat snakes experienced more favourable body temperatures while in barns (retreat sites) than in edges, and in edges than in forest. During the day, the effectiveness and the extent of thermoregulation by the snakes were equal in barns and forest, but much lower in edges. In fact, black rat snakes selected thermally favourable microhabitats less than their availability while in edges. Therefore, more favourable body temperatures were not necessarily achieved in thermally superior habitats by increased thermoregulation, but simply because favourable temperatures were encountered more often in those habitats. This result is contrary to the central prediction of the cost-benefit model of thermoregulation and we suggest that this model should be modified to put more emphasis on other costs of thermoregulation, such as increased predation risk or lost foraging opportunities.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "The power of policy networks in authoritarian regimes: Changing environmental policy in China. In this article, I examine how civil society organizations (CSOs) in China created policy networks among government officials to change environmental policies. I contend that these networks work in similar ways to those in democracies, despite the focus in the literature on how policymaking in authoritarian regimes lacks societal participation. China adopted strict regulations to control CSOs by requiring registration with a supervisory agency. However, CSOs exploit the regulations to use the supervisory agency as an access point to policymakers whom they otherwise could not reach. I use case studies to demonstrate how the strategies used to construct policy networks determined their success in changing policy. This finding represents an initial step in theorizing bottom-up sources of policymaking in authoritarian regimes given that these regimes all create mechanisms for government control over CSOs, have difficulty accessing good information for policymaking from society, and a policy process formally closed to citizen participation.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Is the corrected-creatinine Model for End-stage Liver Disease a feasible strategy to adjust gender difference in organ allocation for liver transplantation?. Background. The Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) scoring system is used for organ allocation in liver transplantation. Female cirrhotic patients have lower glomerular filtration rates (GFR) than males for the same creatinine (Cr) level. Correcting the Cr in females for the same GFR as in males shows that females have lower MELD scores and therefore a lower priority for liver transplantation; however, there has been no outcome data that justifies this modification.Results. Compared to females, male patients had a higher MELD (14.5 +/- 5.5 vs. 13.8 +/- 5.7) and significantly higher GFR (61.7 +/- 21.4 vs. 54.7 +/- 25.6 mlLmin/ 1.73 m(2), p= 0.0002) because their Cr value was higher (1.4 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.5 mg/dL, P= 0.0002). The corrected-Cr MELD score in females was higher (15.7 +/- 6.3) compared to the MELD in their original counterpart (P<0.0001) and the males (P=0.060). Female and male patients had a similar 3-month mortality rate (6.7% vs. 6.3%) and MELD (21.9 +/- 8.6 vs. 21.7 +/- 8.9) among deceased patients. At 6 months, female patients tended to have a lower mortality (12.5% vs. 14.7%) and a lower MELD (18.9 +/- 7.7 vs. 19.4 +/- 8.5) in deceased patients. However, at 9 and 12 months, females had a consistently higher mortality (25% vs. 21.2% and 37.5% vs. 31.3%, respectively) but lower MELD scores than males by 0.3-1 point.Conclusions. Using corrected-Cr MELD, which would prioritize female patients for liver transplantation, may only be justified in predicting intermediate-term (9- and 12-month), but not short-term (3- and 6-month) mortality.Methods. We investigated 472 cirrhotic patients, comparing the mortality rate between males and females in relation to MELD and corrected-Cr MELD.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Dynamic translocation of stilbene synthase VpSTS29 from a Chinese wild Vitis species upon UV irradiation. Stilbene phytoalexins derived from grapevine can be rapidly accumulated when exposed to an artificial UV-C treatment. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in this accumulation and translocation are unclear. Here, we describe an investigation of the influence of UV-C treatment on the dynamic subcellular distribution of a member of a stilbene synthase family VpSTS29 derived from Chinese wild Vitis pseudoreticulata W.T. Wang when over-expressed in V. vinifera L. cv. Thompson Seedless. Our results show that VpSTS29-GFP was accumulated at a relatively high level in roots and mature leaves of transgenic grape lines, and was predominantly distributed in the cytoplasm. When exposed to UV-C irradiation, VpSTS29 displayed UV-induced feature coupled with the accumulation of stilbene compounds. Notably, VpSTS29-GFP can be translocated from the cytoplasm into chloroplasts upon UV-irradiation. Leaves from the two VpSTS29-GFP-expressing lines displayed more serious UV damage, showing withering and marginal scorching phenotype, and decreased content of H2O2, compared to the untransformed plant. Also, overexpression of VpSTS29 altered the expression of genes related to redox regulation, stilbene biosynthesis and light stimulus. Co-expression of VpSTS29-GFP with Glycolate oxidase 1 (myc-VpGLO1) confirmed the ability of stilbenes to decrease the content of H2O2 in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. These results provide new insight into the biological functions and properties of stilbene synthase and its product in response to environmental stimulus.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Coexistence of two effective parasitoids of the white peach scale Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Hemiptera : Diaspididae): the role of host stage and temperature. Encarsia berlesei (Howard) and Pteroptrix orientalis (Silvestri) are endoparasitoids of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti), that are sympatric in Campania (Italy). The influence of host stages on several components of E. berlesei fitness and the effect of mating status on the production of Pteroptrix orientalis progeny were evaluated at 25 degreesC. Parasitization of earlier host stages resulted in an increase in the development time and a decrease in progeny number of E. berlesei. Adult parasitoids were largest when young female stages were parasitized. Pupal mortality did not differ among host stages. Mated female P. orientalis produced a greater number of progeny and proportionally fewer sons (13.6% of the total progeny) than did virgin females (21.7%). The reproductive potential of both parasitoids was also evaluated at four regimes of constant temperature (20, 24, 26 and 30 degreesC). Encarsia berlesei attained r(m) values nearly double those of P. orientalis at 20, 24 and 26 degreesC, whilst at 30 degreesC the two parasitoids achieved the same r(m) value, since at this temperature E. berlesei suffered a high pupal mortality. Sex ratio of P. orientalis, expressed as proportion of males, varied significantly between 20 and 24 degreesC only.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Methodological principles and major subjects of research at the Psychological Institute. The article discusses the major scientific schools that formed themselves at the Psychological Institute (led by G.I. Chelpanov and A.A. Smirnov), methodological principles that determined their development. The author also looks into the main areas of psychological research analyzing new developments brought to life by new methodological approaches.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Understanding insulation failure of nanodielectrics: tailoring carrier energy. Owing to the formation of interface and new feature of which, the properties of nanodielectrics can be improved. 'Hard/soft interface' and its trap distribution can be tailored by functionalised groups. Molecular simulation results show that the interaction energy and electrostatic potential are larger for the soft interface, which indicates the greater bonding strength with the polymer matrix and electrostatic force on charge carriers. Charge transport simulation indicates that the accumulation of homo-charges would form a reverse electric field and distort electric field distribution. The injection depth would be restricted at the vicinity of sample/electrodes due to the greater trapping effect of deep traps, thus weakening the distortion in the sample bulk, thereby decreasing carrier energy and delaying the formation of impact ionisation. Based on the accumulation of carrier energy phi = Ee lambda, the idea of suppressing electron free path and carrier energy to enhance the insulation breakdown is confirmed. The classified effects of nanofillers during dc breakdown and corona-resistant are further understood from carrier energy. The introduced interfacial trap is effective in trapping carriers due to the low carrier energy under dc voltage, while ineffective in blocking the energetic charges during corona-discharge, but nanoparticles exert blocking and scattering effect against the energetic charges.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "In vivo biodistribution and oxygenation potential of a new generation of oxygen carrier. Natural giant extracellular hemoglobins (Hbs) from polychaete annelids are currently actively investigated as promising oxygen carriers. Their powerful oxygenating ability and their safety have been demonstrated in preclinical studies, motivating their development for therapeutic and industrial applications. HEMARINA-M101 (M101) is derived from the marine invertebrate Arenicola marina. It is formulated as a manufactured product designated HEMOXYCarrier(R) (HEMARINA SA, France). The aim of the present study was to unveil the fate of M101 after single intravenous (i.v.) injection in mice. For this purpose, M101 was tagged with a far-red fluorescent dye. Repeated non-invasive fluorescent imaging revealed a rapid diffusion of M101 in the whole body of animals, reaching all the examined organs such as brain, liver, lungs and ovaries. Functional M101 was circulating in bloodstream for several hours, without inducing any obvious side-effects. Last, a single i.v. injection of M101 in mice bearing human-derived subcutaneous tumors demonstrated the ability of this Hb to reduce hypoxia in poorly vascularized tissues, thus supporting the biological relevance of M101 oxygen release to vertebrate tissues. Altogether, these results further encourage the development of M101 as an oxygen carrying therapeutic. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Patient Preferences for Community Pharmacy Asthma Services A Discrete Choice Experiment. Objective: The aim of this study was to elicit patient preferences for pharmacy-based specialized asthma services using a discrete choice experiment and to explore the value/importance that patients place on the different attributes of the asthma service. The existence of preference heterogeneity in the population was also investigated.Methods: The study was conducted with asthma patients who had recently experienced a specialized asthma management service at their pharmacy in New South Wales, Australia. Pharmacists delivering the asthma service mailed out the discrete choice questionnaires to participating patients at the end of 6 months of service provision. A latent class (LC) model was used to investigate each patient's strength of preference and preference heterogeneity for several key attributes related to asthma service provision: frequency of visits, access to pharmacist, interaction with pharmacy staff, availability of a private area for consultation, provision of lung function testing, type and depth of advice provision, number of days with asthma symptoms and cost of service.Conclusion: The study identified various key attributes that are important to patients with respect to community pharmacy-based asthma services. The results also demonstrate the existence of preference heterogeneity in the population. Asthma service providers need to take these findings into consideration in the design and development of future service models so as to increase their uptake and ensure their long-term sustainability.Background: Specialized community pharmacy services, involving the provision of disease state management and care by pharmacists, have been developed and trialled and have demonstrated very good health outcomes. Most of these services have been developed from a healthcare professional perspective. However, for the future uptake and long-term sustainability of these services as well as for better and sustained health outcomes for patients, it is vital to gain an understanding of patients' preferences. We can then structure healthcare services to match these preferences and needs rather than around clinical viewpoints alone.Results: Eighty useable questionnaires (of 170 questionnaires sent out) were received (response rate 47.1%). The study identified various key elements of asthma services important to patients. Further, the LC analysis revealed three classes with differing patient preferences for levels of asthma service provision. Patients in the Minimalistic Model class valued provision of lung function testing and preferred more frequent service visits. Cost of service had a negative effect on service preference for patients in this class. Patients in the Partial Model class mainly derived utility from the provision of lung function testing and comprehensive advice at the pharmacy and also wanted more frequent service visits. The Holistic Model class patients considered all attributes of the service to be important when making a choice. While the majority of the service attributes had a positive effect on preference for patients in this class, cost of service and days with symptoms of asthma had a negative effect on service preference. These patients also preferred fewer service visits.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 49]}
{"token": "The Stein Rokkan Lecture 2016 Mission impossible? Reconciling economic and social Europe after the euro crisis and Brexit. During the crisis, the European Union's social deficit' has triggered an increasing politicisation of redistributive issues within supranational, transnational and national arenas. Various lines of conflict have taken shape, revolving around who questions (who are we'? - i.e., issues of identity and inclusion/exclusion); what questions (how much redistribution within and across the we' collectivities) and who decides questions (the locus of authority that can produce and guarantee organised solidarity). The key challenge facing today's political leaders is how to glue' the Union together as a recogniseable and functioning polity. This requires a double rebalancing: between the logic of opening' and the logic of closure', on the one hand, and between the logic of economic stability' and social solidarity', on the other. Building on the work of Stein Rokkan and Max Weber, this article argues that reconciliation is possible, but only if carefully crafted through an extraordinary mobilisation of political and intellectual resources. A key ingredient should be the establishment of a European Social Union, capable of combining domestic and pan-European solidarities. In this way, the EU could visibly and tangibly extend its policy menu from regulation to (limited, but effective) distribution, reaping the latter's benefits in terms of legitimacy. The journey on this road is difficult but, pace Rokkan, not entirely impervious.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Characterization of the antiviral effect of 2 ',3 '-dideoxy-2 ', 3 '-didehydro-beta-L-5-fluorocytidine in the duck hepatitis B virus infection model. A novel L-nucleoside analog of deoxycytidine, 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydro-beta-L-5-fluorocytidine (beta-L-Fd4C), was recently shown to strongly inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in the 2.2.15 cell line. Therefore, its antiviral activity was evaluated in the duck HBV (DHBV) infection model. Using a cell-free system for the expression of the DHBV polymerase, beta-L-Fd4C-TP exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of dCTP incorporation into viral minus-strand DNA with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 0.2 mu M which was lower than that of other tested deoxycytidine analogs, i.e., lamivudine-TP, ddC-TP, and beta-L-FddC-TP. Further analysis showed that beta-L-Fd4C-TP is likely to be a competitive inhibitor of dCTP incorporation and to cause premature DNA chain termination. In primary duck hepatocyte cultures infected in vitro, beta-L-Fd4C administration exhibited a long-lasting inhibitory effect on viral DNA synthesis but could not clear viral covalently closed circular DNA (CCC DNA). Results of short-term antiviral treatment in experimentally infected ducklings showed that beta-L-Fd4C exhibited the most potent antiviral effect, followed by beta-L-FddC, lamivudine, and ddC. Longer administration of beta-L-Fd4C induced a sustained suppression of viremia (>95% of controls) and of viral DNA synthesis within the liver. However, the persistence of trace amounts of viral CCC DNA detected only by PCR was associated with a recurrence of viral replication after drug withdrawal. In parallel, beta-L-Fd4C treatment suppressed viral antigen expression within the liver and decreased intrahepatic inflammation and was not associated with any sign of toxicity. Our data, therefore, demonstrate that in the duck model of HBV infection, beta-L-Fd4C is a potent inhibitor of DHBV reverse transcriptase activity in vitro and suppresses viral replication in the liver in vivo.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 43]}
{"token": "DOES hemopressin bind metal ions in vivo?. Hemopressin is a neuropeptide, derived from the degradation of the alpha(1)-chain of hemoglobin, and possesses several pharmacologic properties, such as the ability to block cannabinoid CB1 receptor activity, to cause dose-dependent hypotension and to inhibit food intake. Actually, human hemopressin (PVNFKLLSH) is only the precursor of a class of longer peptides, called \\\\'Pepcans\\\\', which bear additional residues at their amino-terminus and possess slightly different chemical and biological properties with respect to hemopressin. The presence of a histidyl residue and the free terminal amine imparts to hemopressin and its derivatives good binding properties towards transition metal ions. In this paper, we present a wide investigation on the complex-formation equilibria of human hemopressin and three analogues towards the Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions. The study showed that the main coordination site is always the amino terminus (if not protected), while the C-terminal histidine acts only as an anchoring site for the metal ions at acidic pH, with the formation of a macrochelate complex. The presence of additional residues in N-terminal position produces significant differences in the protonation and complex-formation behaviors of these peptides, which can be explained in terms of charge of the ligand and coordination environment. Although the participation of metal ions in the biological activity of hemopressin and Pepcans has not yet been demonstrated, the data reported here can help to shed light on the mechanisms governing the action of these neuropeptides in vivo.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Development of a real-time RT-PCR and Reverse Line probe Hybridisation assay for the routine detection and genotyping of Noroviruses in Ireland. Conclusion: The combination of the Real-time assay and the reverse line blot hybridisation assay provided a fast and accurate method to investigate a NoV associated outbreak. It was concluded that the predominant genotype circulating in these Irish hospitals was GII/4 which has been associated with the majority of NoV outbreaks worldwide. The assays developed in this study are useful tools for investigating NoV infection.Background: Noroviruses are the most common cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis. Improved detection methods have seen a large increase in the number of human NoV genotypes in the last ten years. The objective of this study was to develop a fast method to detect, quantify and genotype positive NoV samples from Irish hospitals.Results: A real-time RT-PCR assay and a Reverse Line Blot Hybridisation assay were developed based on the ORF1-ORF2 region. The sensitivity and reactivity of the two assays used was validated using a reference stool panel containing 14 NoV genotypes. The assays were then used to investigate two outbreaks of gastroenteritis in two Irish hospitals. 56 samples were screened for NoV using a real-time RT-PCR assay and 26 samples were found to be positive. Genotyping of these positive samples found that all positives belonged to the GII/4 variant of NoV.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Literate culture, orality and gender in Portuguese convents (Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries). This article is concerned with formats and uses of writing in female and male monasteries, in seventeenth and eighteenth-century Portugal. It explores the particular meanings of literacy. In order to do this, it attempts to adapt methodological suggestions from studies on the implications of the introduction of literacy, and its links with the universe of orality in different societies, to the specificities of the historical setting that it analyzes.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Extensions of time and liquidated damages in construction contracts in England and Wales. Originality/value - This paper is of value to researchers and practitioners in establishing the legal position in an area that is often complex and obscure.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between extensions of time and payment of liquidated damages under construction contracts in English law.Findings - This paper examines the effect of delaying events in particular circumstances, including where time is \\\\'at large\\\\', sectional completion, partial possession, set-off of liquidated damages and liquidated damages after termination of the contract. Particular attention is paid to concurrent and sequential delays; where both parties are at fault, it may be appropriate to deny the employer any entitlement to liquidated damages and deny the contractor any entitlement to loss and expense.Design/methodology/approach - This paper sets out the law relating to granting extensions of time and liquidated damages and examines the effect of one upon the other. The JCT form of contract is used as an example, although it is submitted that the position is the same under other forms of contract. Case law is examined to illuminate the judicial approach and highlight inconsistencies, and consideration is given to the position in other jurisdictions.Practical implications - An understanding of the effect that delaying events have upon the contractor's right to an extension of time and the employer's entitlement to liquidated damages is critical for successful project completion. This relationship is not always straightforward and judicial approach is not always consistent. Clarification is required as to the effect of sequential delays.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR WASTE-WATER TREATMENT - THE NEW-ZEALAND EXPERIENCE. The majority of constructed wetlands in New Zealand are used for the treatment of domestic wastewaters from small communities for secondary treatment and pathogen removal.  There are over 20 constructed wetlands in New Zealand receiving wastewater flow rates ranging from 7.5m3/day to around 4500m3/day.  Both surface-flow and subsurface-flow wetlands are used.  The performance data from three wetland systems treating septic tank effluents are presented and their treatment efficiences are discussed.The use of constructed wetlands which mimic natural marshlands, represents an innovative approach to wastewater treatment.  They make use of diverse ecological mechanisms to renovate wastewater.  They are inexpensive to construct and operate with minimal energy requirements.  Unlike the conventional technologies, wetlands provide low volumetric reaction rates and therefore are suitable for small-scale applications.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Reactions to caregiving during an intervention targeting frailty in community living older people. Method: A study of carers (n=119) embedded in a 12 month randomised controlled intervention targeting frailty in people 70 years or older, compared to usual care. Reactions to caregiving were measured in the domains of health, finance, self-esteem, family support and daily schedule. Anxiety and depression levels were also evaluated. Carer outcomes were measured at baseline, 6 months and 12 months and at 3 months post frailty intervention.Conclusion: The inclusion of carers in trials targeting frail older people may assist in the identification of at-risk carers and facilitate the provision of information and support that will assist them to continue providing care. Further research that explores the features of frailty interventions that impact on the caregiving experience is recommended.Results: Carers of frail older people in the intervention group showed a sustained improvement in health scores during the intervention targeting frailty, while health scores for carers of the frail older people in the control group, decreased and therefore their health worsened (F=2.956, p=0.034). The carers of the frail older people in the intervention group reported overall better health (F=5.303, p=0.023) and self-esteem (F=4.158, p=0.044), and co-resident carers reported higher self-esteem (F=4.088, p=0.046). Anxiety levels increased for carers in both intervention and control groups (F=2.819, p=0.04).Background: The demands and consequences of caregiving are considerable. However, such outcomes are not commonly investigated in the evaluation of interventions targeting frailty. This study aims to explore family carers' reactions to caregiving during an intervention targeting frailty in community living older people.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
{"token": "Legislative Language and Style. Access to the law is an important feature in democratic societies. In this sense, the language used to express the law is a key factor because it is the tool utilised to express the will of the legislator. These are the reasons why plain language should be used as far as possible. Clarity and precision are the predominant principles to be respected when rules are drafted, and definitions are a useful tool discharging a text of the repetition of detailed and lengthy concepts or situations. The respective requirements of legal documentation must be taken into account during the drafting process. In addition, specific problems arise from the coexistence of national and EU legislation and from multilingual legislation.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Transmission Electron Microscopy of the Retina: A Method for Sample Preparation and Evaluation. Ultrastructural pathology is critical in the morphologic evaluation and characterization of subcellular structures in nonclinical toxicity and efficacy studies. In murine models of ophthalmologic disease, clinical examination is typically paired with other techniques like electroretinography (ERG) and/or optical coherence tomography (OCT) to more fully characterize a finding. High-quality transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can provide a critical, image-based link between these approaches, providing greater confidence in interpretation of ERG or OCT results. In addition to characterization of disease models, TEM can provide detailed visualization of retinal changes identified by clinical examination or light microscopy in nonclinical toxicity studies. The spherical shape of the eye presents unique challenges for trimming, orientation, imaging, and evaluation by TEM. The varied components of the eye require specialized approaches for embedding to facilitate successful sectioning. Controlling for the orientation of the retina is critical to consistent evaluation, driving the need for an improved method of embedding this unique and complex organ. The authors describe a method of sample preparation resulting in optimal orientation of the posterior aspect of murine eyes (rat and mouse) for TEM of the neural retina, Bruch's membrane and/or choroid, with examples from mouse ophthalmic disease models.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "DETERMINING THE PHYSICAL LENS PARAMETERS OF THE BINARY GRAVITATIONAL MICROLENSING EVENT MOA-2009-BLG-016. We report the result of the analysis of the light curve of the microlensing event MOA-2009-BLG-016. The light curve is characterized by a short-duration anomaly near the peak and an overall asymmetry. We find that the peak anomaly is due to a binary companion to the primary lens and the asymmetry of the light curve is explained by the parallax effect caused by the acceleration of the observer over the course of the event due to the orbital motion of the Earth around the Sun. In addition, we detect evidence for the effect of the finite size of the source near the peak of the event, which allows us to measure the angular Einstein radius of the lens system. The Einstein radius combined with the microlens parallax allows us to determine the total mass of the lens and the distance to the lens. We identify three distinct classes of degenerate solutions for the binary lens parameters, where two are manifestations of the previously identified degeneracies of close/wide binaries and positive/negative impact parameters, while the third class is caused by the symmetric cycloid shape of the caustic. We find that, for the best-fit solution, the estimated mass of the lower-mass component of the binary is (0.04 +/- 0.01) M-circle dot, implying a brown-dwarf companion. However, there exists a solution that is worse only by Delta chi(2) similar to 3 for which the mass of the secondary is above the hydrogen-burning limit. Unfortunately, resolving these two degenerate solutions will be difficult as the relative lens-source proper motions for both are similar and small (similar to 1 mas yr(-1)) and thus the lens will remain blended with the source for the next several decades.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "This Is How We Travel': Sex, Love, Intimacy and the Border. \\\\'Movements back and forth [ horizontal ellipsis ] between cities, between continents, and across oceans and rivers have made travellers of us all,\\\\' posits Ruth Behar, \\\\'even Cubans who only dream of going places.\\\\' In Cuba since the dawn of the twenty-first century, socio-economic change is rapid, continuous, and uncertain, but one constant is the near-absolute spectre of the border. The idea of intimate liaisons with foreigners as a kind of \\\\'travel\\\\' serves as a jumping-off point in this article, where the stories of locals and foreigners who pursue romance, love, and sex across borders of all kinds serve to make visible the connections between the intimate and the international. The Cuban setting makes everyday emotional, affective, and sexual practices - and the body itself - a particularly fertile ground for resistance, as well as a lightning rod for disciplinary action, with the potential to enact or disrupt structures of the border through the mechanisms of sex and body - and of pleasure. Through an exploration of pleasure as powerful and political, the intimate - often sidelined as a \\\\'feminine\\\\' and apolitical sphere - can be revealed as a productive and radically relational mode, a vector of international and transnational relations, and a fertile ground for resistance. As bordering practices assert themselves in multiple and evolving ways both externally (travel restrictions) and internally (social and economic divisions between Cubans and foreigners), this article explores how bodies become a means of circumventing and reinscribing those same geopolitical, ideological, and sexual borders policed by states.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Bridging Levels of Public Administration: How Macro Shapes Meso and Micro. Scholars in public administration now recognize three levels of analysis: macro, meso, and micro. But there is uncertainty about the relationship between levels and concern about a \\\\'schism\\\\' in research. However, linkages between levels can be demonstrated easily. At the macro-level, leaders develop an overall strategy for pursuing national priorities, which determines the broad architecture of the state. Institutions must be built, renovated, or managed to give effect to these strategies: This is the meso-level of public administration. Overall, strategies also shape the micro-level relationship between people who rule and people who are ruled. This is done by categorizing people-as subjects or citizens, for example-and by redefining categories. Macro-level strategies evolve, with consequences for the agenda at the meso- and micro-levels. Experience at lower levels also shapes strategy at the macro-level. The interaction among levels is illustrated by comparison of three eras in modern American history.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Occupational exposure to airborne mercury during gold mining operations near El Callao, Venezuela. Objective: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recently conducted a cross-sectional study during gold mining operations near El Callao, Venezuela. The purpose of the study was to assess mercury exposures and mercury-related microdamage to the kidneys. The study consisted of concurrent occupational hygiene and biological monitoring, and an examination of the processing techniques employed at the different mining facilities. Mercury was used in these facilities to remove gold by forming a mercury-gold amalgam. The gold was purified either by heating the amalgam in the open with a propane torch or by using a small retort. Methods: Thirty-eight workers participated in this study. Some participants were employed by a large mining company, while others were considered \\\\'informal miners\\\\' (self-employed). Mercury exposure was monitored by sampling air from the workers ' breathing zones. These full-shift air samples were used to calculate time-weighted average (TWA) mercury exposure concentrations. A questionnaire was administered and a spot urine sample was collected. Each urine sample was analyzed for mercury, creatinine, and N-acetyl-beta -D-glucosaminidase (NAG). Results: The range for the 8-h TWA airborne mercury exposure concentrations was 0.1 to 6,315 mug/m(3) with a mean of 183 mug/m(3) Twenty percent of the TWA airborne mercury exposure measurements were above the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) of 50 mug/m(3), and 26% exceeded the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV) of 25 mug/m(3). The mean urine mercury concentration was 101 mug/g creatinine (mug/g-Cr), and the data ranged from 2.5 to 912 mug/g-Cr. Forty-two percent of the study participants had urine mercury concentrations that exceeded the ACGIH biological exposure index (BEI) of 35 mug/g-Cr. Urinary NAG excretion is considered a biological marker of preclinical, nonspecific microdamage to the kidney 's proximal tubule cells. The mean urine NAG concentration was 3.6 International Units/g-Cr (IU/g-Cr) with a range of 0.5 to 11.5 IU/g-Cr. Three workers had urine NAG levels in excess of the reference values. Correlation analyses found statistically significant correlations between airborne mercury exposure and urine mercury level (P = 0.01), and between urine mercury level and urine NAG excretion (P = 0.01). In addition, the airborne mercury exposure data and urine mercury data were segregated by job tasks. A Wilcoxon rank sum test revealed significant correlations between tasks and mercury exposure (P = 0.03), and between tasks and urine mercury level (P = 0.02). Conclusions: The tasks with the highest mean airborne mercury exposures were \\\\'burning the mercury-gold amalgam\\\\' and \\\\'gold refining/smelting\\\\'. Recommendations were provided for improving the retort design to better contain mercury, for ventilation in the gold shops, and for medical surveillance and educational programs.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Screening of patients with Turner Syndrome for 'hidden' Y-mosaicism. Six patients (3%) without cytogenetic evidence of Y-chromosome were found to be Y-positive. Among 12 cases with marker chromosomes two more Y-chromosomal fragments were identified.The presence of Y-chromosomal sequences in the cells of patients with Turner-Syndrome (TS) is a risk factor for the development of gonadal tumors. Therefore and since demonstration of Y-material usually results in prophylactic gonadectomy optimal sensitivity and specifity of the diagnosis have to be attempted.We wanted to evaluate the diagnostic potential of cytogenetic investigations as routinely employed in TS, In the most comprehensive study published so far we screened 208 TS patients for the presence of Y-chromosomal sequences by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for eight different loci along the Y-chromosome.Thus, PCR-screening for Y-specific sequences was shown to be a valuable tool in the clinical management of Turner patients.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Gender differences in activity of daily living of the elderly in rural China: Evidence from Chaohu. Using data from a sample Survey, \\\\'Well-being of the elderly in Anhui province, China,\\\\' this paper studies the effects of health, economic and family factors on the activities of daily living (ADLs) as measures of disability for elderly men and women. The objective is to explore reasons for gender differences in ADLs in rural China. Our results suggest that higher incidence rates of chronic diseases, lower cognitive ability, as well as heavier household and daily care burdens of females, are the main factors leading to a higher prevalence of ADL disability for the female elderly.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Travelling Identities, Bodies and the Poetics of Difference: Travel Writing in Assamese Literature. The purpose of this article shall be to trace a historical trajectory of the development of travel writing as a distinct genre in Assamese literature. In Assam, the germ of travel writing dates back to the nineteenth century in which European travellers wrote extensively on their visits to North East India, which were exotic accounts of their encounters with an alien culture. The first Assamese travelogue was Jnanadabhiram Barua's BilatarSithi which was serialized in the Assamese monthly Banhi in 1909 which, for the first time, narrativized a non-westerners account of his travels to the United Kingdom in a series of letters. However, the genre of travel writing in Assam seemed to attain its growth and maturity in the days following Independence. In the late 198os, the travel writer, as a move away from merely offering descriptive sketches eulogizing their travels, started looking back into the nuances of the self as a site of imaginative and critical reflections. The onus of this article shall be to trace the growth and development of travel writing in Assamese literature and shall then move on to reviewing some of the important travel narratives of Assamese literature which seem to problematize our understandings of the nation, identity, body and the gaze. Additionally, it shall also examine whether these travel narratives attempt to expand the discursive and generic boundaries of the form of postcolonial travel writing. Through close readings of select travel narratives, I argue that they posit a poetics of difference by attempting to engage in a dialogue between their encounters with foreign cultures vis-a-vis, the nuances of everyday material realities of the life of the traveller.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Reduced smoking and rising obesity: Does smoking ban in the workplace matter?. Using worksite smoking ban as an instrumental variable for smoking, we examine the relationship between smoking and body weight in a two-stage least square estimation. We find evidence that reduced smoking may lead to the rising of obesity. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "The risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cirrhosis A systematic review and meta-analysis. Some studies suggest that patients with cirrhosis have an increased risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Unfortunately, available data on this association are contrasting. It was the objective of this study to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature to evaluate the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with cirrhosis. Studies reporting on VTE risk associated with cirrhosis were systematically searched in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and EMBASE databases. Eleven studies (15 data-sets) showed a significantly increased VTE risk in 695,012 cirrhotic patients as compared with 1,494,660 non-cirrhotic controls (OR: 1.703; 95 %CI: 1.333, 2.175; P<0.0001). These results were confirmed when specifically considering the risk of DVT (7 studies, OR: 2.038; 95 %CI: 1.817, 2.285; P<0.0001) and the risk of PE (5 studies, OR: 1.655; 95%CI: 1.042, 2.630; p=0.033). The increased VTE risk associated with cirrhosis was consistently confirmed when analysing nine studies reporting adjusted risk estimates (OR: 1.493; 95 %CI: 1.266, 1.762; p<0.0001), and after excluding studies specifically enrolling populations exposed to transient risk factors for VTE (OR: 1.689; 95 %CI: 1.321, 2.160; p<0.0001). Meta-regression models suggested that male gender may significantly impact on the risk of VTE associated with cirrhosis. Results of our meta-analysis suggest that cirrhotic subjects may exhibit an increased risk of VTE. This should be considered to plan specific prevention strategies in this clinical setting.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Looking back and moving forward: 50 years of soil and soil fertility management research in sub-Saharan Africa. Low and declining soil fertility has been recognized for a long time as a major impediment to intensifying agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Consequently, from the inception of international agricultural research, centres operating in SSA have had a research programme focusing on soil and soil fertility management, including the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). The scope, content, and approaches of soil and soil fertility management research have changed over the past decades in response to lessons learnt and internal and external drivers and this paper uses IITA as a case study to document and analyse the consequences of strategic decisions taken on technology development, validation, and ultimately uptake by smallholder farmers in SSA. After an initial section describing the external environment within which soil and soil fertility management research is operating, various dimensions of this research area are covered: (i) strategic research', Research for Development', partnerships, and balancing acts, (ii) changing role of characterization due to the expansion in geographical scope and shift from soils to farms and livelihoods, (iii) technology development: changes in vision, content, and scale of intervention, (iv) technology validation and delivery to farming communities, and (v) impact and feedback to the technology development and validation process. Each of the above sections follows a chronological approach, covering the last five decades (from the late 1960s till today). The paper ends with a number of lessons learnt which could be considered for future initiatives aiming at developing and delivering improved soil and soil fertility management practices to smallholder farming communities in SSA.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 39]}
{"token": "Physiological differences between the nutrient uptakes of Kjellmaniella crassifolia and Laminaria japonica (Phaeophyceae). The nutrient uptake kinetics of Kjellmaniella crassifolia and Laminaria japonica were determined under a variety of conditions. The nitrate and phosphate uptake rates followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics toward ambient nutrient concentrations, showing no difference between the maximum uptake rates of the two species. However, half-saturations of nitrate and phosphate uptake kinetics in K. crassifolia were higher than those in L. japonica. Low water temperature (5 degreesC) greatly restrained the nitrate and phosphate uptakes of both algae. Low irradiance (< 100 muE/m(2) per s) restrained nitrate and phosphate uptakes only in L. japonica, although high irradiance (> 100 muE/m(2) per s) caused no difference between the two species. The nitrate and phosphate uptake rates at low irradiance in K. crassifolia were 2-7 times higher than those in L. japonica. Light compensation and saturation irradiances in K. crassifolia were significantly lower than in L. japonica. These results indicate that K. crassifolia is able to take up carbon and nutrients at low irradiance, which suggests that the nutrient uptake characteristic of K. crassifolia could allow it to adapt to deeper habitats and even to high water turbidity.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Process and structure: The end of slavery and the persistence of physical punishment in 19th Century Rio Grande do Sul. It is well known that the end of slavery in Brazil was a long process that began in the mid-nineteenth century, with the definitive end of the African slave trade (in 1850), through the Lei do Ventre Livre (in 1871), that liberated the womb of slaves, until the definitive abolition of the institution in 1888. During that time, the struggle of the slaves was decisive for the weakening of the institution. However, from the point of view of customs, or rather, with respect to the social relations produced and bequeathed by slavery, the persistence of the institution was much longer. We refer more specifically to the physical punishments inflicted, in the midst of the labor relations, on free people (but free people who came from slavery), before and after the 13 of May of 1888. In this sense, this article aims to analyze, through criminal proceedings, the use of justice by freed persons with the purpose of accusing their ex-masters of attempting, in an illegal manner, to continue using practices common in the slaves relations (like physiscal punishment) to submit the labor force. Indeed, it was possible to observe that, in the context of the end of slavery, the freed persons resisted the practice of seigniorial domination that had physical punishment at its center, even bringing their masters before the courts.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Relational autonomy and the clinical relationship in dementia care. The clinical relationship (or doctor-patient relationship) has been underexplored in dementia care. This is in part due to the way that the clinical relationship has been articulated and understood in bioethics. Robert Veatch's social contract model is representative of a standard view of the clinical relationship in bioethics. But dementia presents formidable challenges to the standard clinical relationship, including ambiguity about when the clinical relationship begins, how it weathers changes in narrative identity of patients with dementia, and how the intimate involvement of family fits alongside a paradigmatically dyadic relationship. Drawing on work in recent feminist theory, a critique is offered of the standard clinical relationship in bioethics as underwritten by an individualistic conception of autonomy. An alternative view of the clinical relationship in dementia, one that embraces a relational account of autonomy, is put forward.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Inappropriate/d Animals. On the relationships between Transfeminisms and Antispeciesisms. This article seeks to address the relations between feminisms and anti-speciesisms, in the context of the question of the sacrificial and normative character of the human. In the first place, the problematization of speciesism will be inscribed in the framework of the deconstruction of the order of power that Donna Haraway called the \\\\'white capitalist patriarchy\\\\'. In the second place, will be delimited some limits of certain anti-speciesist feminist discourse, particularly that of Carol Adams, concerning both her binary view of gender and her stance on sex work. Finally, it will be reflect on the potential of thinking anti-speciesism and vegan politics in an intersectional key, in order to bet on \\\\'alliances\\\\' that displace the cis-heteropatriarchal, racist, capacitist and specist production of the human norm, and that they also resist the capitalist mode of production.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Performance characterization of a power generation unit-organic Rankine cycle system based on the efficiencies of the system components. This paper analyzes the potential of using the waste heat from a power generation unit to generate additional electricity using an organic Rankine cycle to reduce operational cost, primary energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions in different locations in the U.S. The power generation unit-organic Rankine cycle system is compared with a conventional system in terms of operational cost, primary energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions reduction. A parameter (R-min), which is based on system efficiencies, is established to determine when the proposed power generation unit-organic Rankine cycle system would potentially provide savings versus the conventional system in which electricity is purchased from the utility grid. The effect on the R-min parameter with variation of each system efficiency is also analyzed in this paper. Results indicated that savings in one parameter, such as primary energy consumption, did not imply savings in the other two parameters. Savings in the three parameters (operational cost, primary energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions) varied widely based on location due to prices of natural gas and electricity, source-to-site conversion factors, and carbon dioxide emissions conversion factors for electricity and natural gas. Variations in each system efficiency affected 16, but varying the power generation unit efficiency had the most dramatic effect in the overall savings potential from the proposed system. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "AcuD Gene Knockout Attenuates the Virulence of Talaromyces marneffei in a Zebrafish Model. Talaromyces marneffei is the only dimorphic species in its genus and causes a fatal systemic mycosis named talaromycosis. Our previous study indicated that knockdown of AcuD gene (encodes isocitrate lyase of glyoxylate bypass) of T. marneffei by RNA interference approach attenuated the virulence of T. marneffei, while the virulence of the AcuD knockout strains was not studied. In this study, T. marneffei-zebrafish infection model was successfully established through hindbrain microinjection with different amounts of T. marneffei yeast cells. After co-incubated at 28 degrees C, the increasing T. marneffei inoculum doses result in greater larval mortality; and hyphae generation might be one virulence factor involved in T. marneffei-zebrafish infection. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the virulence of the Delta AcuD was significantly attenuated in this Zebrafish infection model.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 42]}
{"token": "Human Papilloma Virus Associated with Genital Infection. Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are among the most common sexually transmitted diseases. HPV is associated with a spectrum of diseases ranging from benign vulgar verrucae and condylomata accuminata to malignant cancers of the cervix, vulva, anus and penis. Genital HPV is in most cases transmitted sexually, but non-sexual routes of transmission, such as perinatal and autoinoculation, are possible. Men can be a reservoir of the virus that lives in latent or subclinical form on genital mucosa. Such an asymptomatic infection may be an oncogenic factor in the development of cervical cancer. Colposcopic examination of the genitalia after the application of 3-5% acetic acid is a reliable method for the identification of subclinical HPV infection. Successful therapy of anogenital warts is characterized by their complete clearance, as well as by the lack of recurrence. Current treatments do not reliably eradicate HPV infections. The diagnosis and therapy of HPV infection in men is potentially beneficial because the eradication of penile HPV infection may decrease the reservoir of the virus.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Taxonomic and functional implications of mandibular scaling in early hominins. Body mass estimates for fossil hominin taxa can be obtained from suitable postcranial and cranial variables. However, the nature of the taphonomic processes that winnow the mammalian fossil record are such that these data are usually only available for the minority of the specimens that comprise the hypodigm of a species.These results are related to comparable information about relative tooth size. Their relevance for attempts to interpret the dietary adaptations of early hominins are explored. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.The first, which includes A. afarensis and A. africanus, has mandibles which follow a \\\\'generalized simian\\\\' scaling relationship. The second group, which comprises the two \\\\'robust\\\\' australopithecine species, P. boisei and P. robustus, has mandibles which scale with body mass as if they are \\\\'supersimians,\\\\' for they have substantially larger mandibles than a simian with the same body mass. The two \\\\'early Homo\\\\' species, H. habilis sensu stricto and H. rudolfensis, make up the third group. It has mandibular scaling relationships that are intermediate between that of the comparative simian sample and that of the hominoid subsample. The last of the four groups comprises H. ergaster and H. erectus; their mandibles scale with body mass as if they were hominoids, so that of the four groups they have the smallest mandibles per unit body mass.This study has investigated the link between species mean body mass and the height and width of the mandibular corpus in a core sample of 23 species of extant simians, The slopes of the least-squares regressions for the whole sample and for the hominoid subset are similar. However, the intercepts differ so that for a given body mass, a hominoid will generally have a smaller mandible than a generalized simian.The same mandibular measurements were taken on 75 early hominin mandibles assigned to eight species groups. When mandibular corpus height- and width-derived estimates of body mass for the fossil taxa were compared with available postcranial and cranial-derived body mass estimates, the eight early hominin species sort into four groups.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
{"token": "Failure to detect Plasmodium vivax in West and Central Africa by PCR species typing. Results: Most infections (98.5%) were Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae was identified in 8.5% of all infections, and Plasmodium ovale in 3.9%. The prevalence of both parasites varied greatly by country. Only one case of P. vivax was detected from Sao Tome, an island off the west coast of Africa, confirming the scarcity of this parasite in Africa.Conclusion: The prevalence of P. vivax in local populations in sub-Saharan Africa is very low, despite the frequent identification of this parasite in non-African travellers.Background: Plasmodium vivax is estimated to affect 75 million people annually. It is reportedly absent, however, from west and central Africa due to the high prevalence of the Duffy negative phenotype in the indigenous populations. Despite this, non-African travellers consistently return to their own countries with P. vivax malaria after visiting this region. An attempt was made, therefore, to detect the presence of P. vivax parasites in blood samples collected from the indigenous populations of west and central Africa.Methods: Parasite species typing (for all four human malaria parasites) was carried out by PCR on 2,588 blood samples collected from individuals from nine African malaria-endemic countries.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Media optimization for the production of beta-carotene by Blakeslea trispora: A statistical approach. Blakeslea trispora (+) MTCC, Blakeslea trispora NRRL 2895 (+), Blakeslea trispora NRRL 2896 (-) as well as intraspecific mating of both the strain types have been studied for optimum production of P-carotene. Intraspecific mating of both the strain types increased the yield of P-carotene to a considerable level (98 2 mg/l) as compared to wild strains. Effect of different media components such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulphates, and that of process variables such as pH and inoculum size on P-carotene production by Blakeslea trispora in shake flask culture was investigated. One factor at-a-time method was employed for the optimization of media components. Response surface methodology (RSM) was further used to determine the optimum values of process variables for maximum P-carotene production. The fit of the quadratic model was found to be significant. A significant increase in P-carotene production (139 +/- 1 mg/l) was achieved using RSM. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
{"token": "AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF LAW IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: GAETANO FILANGIERI AND LA SCIENZA DELLA LEGISLAZIONE. This work presents the elements of economic analysis of law that occur in the thought of Gaetano Filangieri. In the pages of La Scienza della Legislazione the Neapolitan writer develops a utilitarian and economic investigation that pays attention to the judgments individuals make over social phenomena at the margin point. A proof of this development can be found in the explanation of the principle of decreasing marginal utility, argued in Head XXXI of Book III, which represents one of the most effective demonstrations that can be found before the end of nineteenth-century literature. The most remarkable fact is that, of all the five parts that compose the Filangierian work, the most rich in economic arguments is dedicated to \\\\'Criminal Laws.\\\\'This article will point out this and other innovative results of the Filangerian analysis, and will also offer a reconstruction of the economic theory on crime and punishment presented in La Scienza della Legislazione. Filangieri's criminal doctrine represents a significant example of the Enlightenment antecedents of \\\\'law and economics,\\\\' as well as the better known contributions made by Beccaria and Bentham.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Sami language teachers' professional identities explained through narratives about language acquisition. Conducted in northern Finland, this study examines Sami language teachers' professional identities through their narratives of language acquisition. We focus on how teachers' professional identities are shaped by their language acquisition process. The results are based on the narratives of nine North, Inari and Skolt Sami language teachers. Two aspects of teachers' narratives were significantly linked to their identities as Sami language teachers: (1) their backgrounds (indigenous/non-indigenous) and (2) their language acquisition experiences (acquired Sami language in childhood/adulthood). Indigenous teachers appeared to express their professional identities strongly despite their challenging acquisition experiences and were inclined to work towards the future of Sami languages. In addition, non-indigenous teachers were willing to further the development of Sami languages although they are not indigenous, which perhaps contributes towards the future of Sami languages. Teachers narrated complex thoughts about language acquisition and their professional identity and helped develop indigenous language education in their respective indigenous communities. We recommend that teachers' in pre-service and service education should prepare and support indigenous language teachers by sharing knowledge about multilingual education practices and coping skills, particularly to help the latter manage varied tasks and heterogeneous contexts. Thus, this research study shows that both teachers' language acquisition experiences and their current work situations shape their professional identity.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Development of an Analytical Model for the Extraction of Manganese from Marine Nodules. Multivariable analytical models provide a descriptive (albeit approximate) mathematical relationship between a set of independent variables and one or more dependent variables. The current work develops an analytical model that extends a design of experiments for the leaching of manganese from marine nodules, using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the presence of iron-containing tailings, which are both by-products of conventional copper extraction. The experiments are configured to address the effect of time, particle size, acid concentration, Fe2O3/MnO2 ratio, stirring speed and temperature, under typical industrial conditions. The recovery of manganese has been modeled using a first order differential equation that accurately fits experimental results, noting that Fe2O3/MnO2 and temperature are the most critical independent variables, while the particle size is the least influential (under typical conditions). This study obtains representative fitting parameters, that can be used to explore the incorporation of Mn recovery from marine nodules, as part of the extended value chain of copper sulfide processing.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Higher moments, extreme returns, and cross-section of cryptocurrency returns *. This study examines the cross-sectional return predictability of the higher moments of 84 cryptocurrencies computed using intraday data. We document strong evidence that volatility and kurtosis are positively related to future returns while the return predictability of skewness is negative. Further analysis indicates that the extreme positive returns but not the extreme negative returns significantly impact the return predictability of higher moments. The evidence implies that cryptocurrency investors have lottery-type preferences and are not concerned much about crash risk.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Other Community Respiratory Viruses. Polymerase chain reaction based diagnosis has become the standard for viral pneumonia and other respiratory tract infections. Expansion of respiratory viral panels (RVPs) outside of influenza and, possibly, respiratory syncytial virus has led to the ability to diagnose viral infections for which no approved specific antiviral treatment exists. Careful clinical evaluation of the patient with a positive RVP is, therefore, critical given the limited repertoire of treatments. Generic treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, ribavirin, and interferons may benefit select severe viral pneumonia patients, whereas cidofovir has activity for severe adenoviral pneumonia.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "A Smoking Cessation Website for Childbearing Adolescents. Smoking during pregnancy or near an infant has potential health risks. Therefore, quality smoking cessation strategies for childbearing adolescents are essential in preventing and ending smoking habits. The S. M. A. S. H Out Cigarettes Website (http://www.smashoutcigarettes.org) combines evidence-based practices from traditional and Web-based smoking cessation programs in an easily accessible tool that offers an alternative approach to smoking cessation specifically designed for childbearing adolescents. JOGNN, 39, 695-702; 2010. DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2010.01179.x", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Ozone tolerance in lichens: A possible explanation from biochemical to physiological level using Flavoparmelia caperata as test organism. Lichens are among the best biomonitors of airborne pollutants, but surprisingly they reveal high tolerance to ozone (O-3). It was recently suggested that this might be due to the high levels of natural defences against oxidative stress, related to their poikilohydric life strategy. The objective of this work is to give a thorough description of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms that are at the basis of the O-3-tolerance of lichens. Chlorophyll a fluorescence (Chl(a)F) emission, histochemical ROS localization in the lichen thallus, and biochemical markers [enzymes and antioxidants involved in the ascorbate/glutathione (AsA/GSH) cycle; hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O-2(center dot-)] were used to characterize the response of the epiphytic lichen Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale exposed to O-3 (250 ppb, 5 h d(-1), 2 weeks) at different watering regimes and air relative humidity (RH) in a fumigation chamber. After two-week exposure Chl(a)F was affected by the watering regime but not by O-3. The watering regime influenced also the superoxide dismutase activity and the production of ROS. By contrast O-3 strongly influenced the AsA/GSH biochemical pathway, decreasing the reduced ascorbate (AsA) content and increasing the enzymatic activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) independently from the watering regime and the relative humidity applied. This study highlights that F. caperata can face the O-3-induced oxidative stress thanks to high levels of constitutive enzymatic and non-enzymatic defences against ROS formed naturally during the dehydration-rehydration cycles to which lichens are frequently exposed. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "LUKE'S VIEW ON POVERTY IN ITS ANCIENT (ROMAN) ECONOMIC CONTEXT: A CHALLENGE FOR TODAY. After a brief sketch of the diversity of perspectives on poverty in literary corpuses of the Bible, attention is paid to the Roman economic context as backdrop for Luke's view on poverty. This is followed by focusing on Luke's view on poverty within this context, scrutinising the term 'ptochos' (poor), his attitude towards the rich (or relatively) wealthy and his view on renunciation of possessions and charity. After a brief look at some receptions or appropriations of Luke's view throughout history (e.g. individual charity, monastic life, Marxism and liberation theology) some (preliminary) hermeneutical conclusions regarding the need for present-day poverty eradication are drawn.\\\\\\\\", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Point-of-Care Testing for G6PD Deficiency: Opportunities for Screening. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, an X-linked genetic disorder, is associated with increased risk of jaundice and kernicterus at birth. G6PD deficiency can manifest later in life as severe hemolysis, when the individual is exposed to oxidative agents that range from foods such as fava beans, to diseases such as typhoid, to medications such as dapsone, to the curative drugs for Plasmodium (P.) vivax malaria, primaquine and tafenoquine. While routine testing at birth for G6PD deficiency is recommended by the World Health Organization for populations with greater than 5% prevalence of G6PD deficiency and to inform P. vivax case management using primaquine, testing coverage is extremely low. Test coverage is low due to the need to prioritize newborn interventions and the complexity of currently available G6PD tests, especially those used to inform malaria case management. More affordable, accurate, point-of-care (POC) tests for G6PD deficiency are emerging that create an opportunity to extend testing to populations that do not have access to high throughput screening services. Some of these tests are quantitative, which provides an opportunity to address the gender disparity created by the currently available POC qualitative tests that misclassify females with intermediate G6PD activity as normal. In populations where the epidemiology for G6PD deficiency and P. vivax overlap, screening for G6PD deficiency at birth to inform care of the newborn can also be used to inform malaria case management over their lifetime.", "label": [2, 20, 27]}
{"token": "A Prelude to Total War? The Abyssinian War (1935-36) in the Eyes of Foreign Military Observers. The conflict between Italy and Ethiopia in 1935-36 has been framed as a prelude to the Second World War and as a watershed towards 'Total War'. One perspective has so far been neglected: the assessments of foreign military observers. This article examines American, British, German, and Austrian views on the operations and thereby also analyses the mindset of European officers at the time. The core argument emerging from these reports is that the war was perceived as a rather 'normal' colonial conflict. Neither the use of gas, nor the employment of aircraft against civilians was seen as a taboo or created significant outrage among the military observers. Instead, they lauded the Italians' steady logistical efforts and employment of artillery and airpower to overcome nature and the enemy's resistance.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The power of bodies: the development of sexuality and the practice of abortion in Del rojo de su sombra by Mayra Montero, Wide sargasso by Jean Rhys and Moi, Tituba, sorciere. Noire de Salem by Maryse Conde. A comparative study. This work analyzes the manifestations of sexuality and the practice of abortion as elements of subversion linked to the oppressive colonial and patriarchal system that constrains the freedom of the characters in three literary works produced by female Caribbean writers: Del rojo de su sombra (1992) by Mayra Montero, Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) by Jean Rhys and Moi, Tituba sorciere... Noire de Salem (1986) by Maryse Conde. The rewriting processes that originated these literatures reveal voices overlooked through history and literature, From the distancing of the prevailing female models and the (re)valorisation of body discoverment, sexual experiences and their practices.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Economic Growth, Motorization, and Road Traffic Injuries in the Sultanate of Oman, 1985-2009. Background: Recent affluence, assisted by exploitation of hydrocarbon, has sparked unprecedented economic growth and influx of all facades of modernity in Oman. Different statistical models have examined the relationship between economic growth, motorization rates, and road traffic fatalities. However, such a relationship in Oman has never been described. Objective: To describe and analyze the trend of road traffic injuries (RTIs) in relation to motorization rates and economic growth during the period from 1985 to 2009 using Smeed's (1949) model and Koren and Borsos's (2010) model. Methods: The study is based on national data reported between 1985 and 2009. Data on the population and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in U.S. dollars were gathered from the Ministry of National Economy reports. Data on the number of vehicles and road traffic crashes, fatalities, and injuries were gathered from the Royal Oman Police (ROP) reports. Crash, fatality, and injury rates per 1000 vehicles and per 100,000 population were computed. Linear regression analysis was carried out to estimate the average annual changes in the rates. Smeed's (1949) and Koren and Borsos's (2010) models were used to predict the relations between motorization and road traffic fatalities in Oman. In addition, a cross-sectional analysis of year 2007 data for a number of Arab countries was carried out. Results: The GDP per capita increased from US$6551 in 1985 to US$25,110 in 2009 with an annual increase of UR$547 per capita. The motorization rates increased by 36 percent from 1745 per 10,000 population in 1985 to 2382 per 10,000 population in 2009. Both Smeed's (1949) and Koren and Borsos's (2010) models had a high goodness of fit, with R2 greater than 0.70. This indicated that road traffic fatalities in Oman may have a direct relationship with increased motorization. The cross-sectional analysis showed that the relation between crash fatalities and motorization rates in Oman and the United Arab Emirates can be better explained by Koren and Borsos's (2010) model than other countries. Conclusion: Recent economic growth in Oman was associated with an increase in motorization rates, which in turn has resulted in an increased burden of road traffic fatalities and injuries.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Rural schools as effective hubs for agricultural technology dissemination: experimental evidence from Tanzania and Uganda. Increasing agricultural productivity by promoting high-yielding and micronutrient-rich crop varieties has the potential to reduce poverty and malnutrition. However, getting these technologies into the hands of smallholders remains a challenge. This paper presents results from a randomised field experiment that uses rural primary schools as dissemination hubs for improved orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) vines and nutrition information in rural Tanzania and Uganda. Two years after the initial vine distribution, we find that households in treatment villages are 21 percentage points more likely to report growing OFSP and 27 percentage points more likely to correctly state the nutritional benefits of OFSP compared to those in control villages. We also find up to 16 percentage point increase in the likelihood of OFSP consumption by children under 5 years of age in treatment villages compared to that in control villages. Furthermore, we find suggestive evidence that increased knowledge on the nutritional benefits of OFSP mediated up to a third of the total treatment effect on OFSP adoption and consumption. Our findings suggest that rural primary schools can be effective channels for promoting and accelerating the diffusion of micronutrient-rich crop varieties in rural areas.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
{"token": "Host-associated genetic differentiation in pecan leaf phylloxera. Host-associated differentiation (HAD) is the formation of genetically distinct host-associated populations. One of the genotypic signatures of HAD is that populations exhibit stronger differentiation by host-plant species than by geographic isolation. HAD, as a mechanism promoting ecological speciation, has been invoked to explain phytophagous insect diversity. Two traits proposed to promote HAD are endophagy and parthenogenesis. Using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), we tested for the presence of HAD in pecan leaf phylloxera, Phylloxera notabilis Pergande (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae), an endophagous, gall inducing, and cyclically parthenogenetic insect on sympatric pecan and water hickory at a geographic mesoscale. This species shows strong HAD. Whereas the effect of collecting site was significant, accounting for 7.3% of molecular variation, host-plant species identity accounted for 63.5%. In addition, a choice test indicated that pecan leaf phylloxera originating from water hickory showed weak but significant preference for leaflets of the natal host, whereas pecan leaf phylloxera originating from pecan did not. This is the first such study of a species of arboreal Phylloxeridae, a poorly known insect group. This is also the first endophage and the second parthenogen shared by these two hickory species to show evidence of HAD. This hickory system could be a good parthenogen-rich counterpoint to the goldenrod system in the study of HAD in insect communities.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Coxofemoral luxation as a complication of localised tetanus in a cat. Relevance and novel information To our knowledge, there have been no previously published reports of spontaneous coxofemoral joint luxation as a complication of hindlimb localised tetanus infection in cats. This report suggests that coxofemoral luxation should be considered as a possible complication in young cats with hindlimb localised tetanus.Case summary A 9-month-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat presented 2 weeks after castration with a 48 h history of acute-onset lateral recumbency and severe hindlimb rigidity. Physical examination findings included hyperthermia, tachypnoea, hindlimb rigidity and a healed orchidectomy site. Neurological examination of the head and forelimbs was normal; however, there was a spastic, non-ambulatory paraparesis of the hindlimbs, which was more severe on the left. Abnormal findings included mildly elevated serum creatine kinase levels and on electromyography there was bilateral pathological spontaneous activity of the biceps femoris muscles. A tentative diagnosis of tetanus was made based on clinical presentation. Treatment was initiated with tetanus antitoxin, diazepam, metronidazole, buprenorphine and physiotherapy of the hindlimbs. There was an improvement over the following 20 days. Twenty-five days later the cat presented with acute, painful, non-weightbearing lameness of the left hindlimb. Physical examination was suggestive of craniodorsal coxofemoral joint luxation, which was confirmed radiographically. This was treated with analgesia and rest. A marked clinical improvement was observed at the 3-month follow-up.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Development of a rapid assessment method for detecting insecticide resistance in spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii Matsumura). BACKGROUND Spotted wing Drosophila is an invasive pest of fruit crops in most production regions globally, and insecticides are commonly used for its control. The biology of this pest combined with repeated pesticide exposure increases the risk of resistance to insecticides. We tested malathion, methomyl, spinetoram, spinosad, and zeta-cypermethrin against multiple colonies from each state using a contact bioassay method to determine diagnostic doses for assessment of insecticide susceptibility in this species. These were used to test populations collected in Michigan and Georgia, USA. RESULTS Concentrations required to reach 50% (LC50) and 90% mortality (LC90) were calculated for the tested populations, and male mortality consistently occurred at lower concentrations than female mortality. Fly mortality did not vary significantly among populations collected from unmanaged, organic, and conventional fields. Similar results were found using the diagnostic concentrations applied to glass jars. CONCLUSIONS Using this method, samples of D. suzukii that are freshly caught or reared from fruit can be tested within 1 day for their mortality in response to discriminating doses of five key insecticides. This method can be used to inform proactive resistance management strategies within integrated pest management programs. (c) 2019 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "Preliminary development of a responder index for chronic low back pain. Methods. Patient data from 5 clinical trials of celecoxib and valdecoxib use in CLBP were used to assess the reliability and validity of multiple items in the outcome domains of pain, functioning, and overall impression of health. Candidate preliminary responder indices were selected on the basis of effect size, high chi-square test values, and a placebo response rate <= 25%.Objective. One of the greatest obstacles to identifying the most effective therapy for chronic low back pain (CLBP) is the lack of standardized outcome measures for assessing treatment effect in clinical trials. The aim of the OMERACT Special Interest Group was to discuss the development and validation of a preliminary responder index in CLBP.Results. Candidate indices comprised improvements in single outcome measures and combinations of improvements and/or avoidance of worsening in multiple measures. The preliminary choice for the responder index was at least 30% improvement in pain, with an improvement of at least 30% in patient global assessment and no worsening in function.Conclusion. Further studies are needed to refine a responder index for CLBP trials that is clinically relevant, reliable, and easy to administer for standardizing assessments across clinical trials.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "The Role of Early Fungal Colonizers in Leaf-Litter Decomposition in Portuguese Streams Impacted by Agricultural Runoff. We conducted a transplant experiment between two streams in NW Portugal impacted by agricultural runoff, mainly differing in phosphate concentration, to determine whether fungi on decomposing leaves would adapt to the new environment or would be replaced by fungi of the recipient stream. The most nutrient enriched stream had lower fungal diversity but faster leaf decomposition. Leaf transplantation did not alter fungal activity or species dominance. Multidimensional scaling ordination of fungal communities, from DNA fingerprint or conidial production, revealed that transplanted communities resembled more those of the original stream than the recipient stream. Results suggest that early fungal colonizers will determine the development and activity of fungal communities on decomposing leaves in streams impacted by agricultural practices.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Economic evaluation of fuel cell-powered OFF-ROAD machinery using stochastic analysis. This study proposes a business model to obtain a successful off-road machinery retrofit using fuel cell technology by the means of evaluating scenarios using the net present value NPV of the project as a figure of merit. Given the uncertainty of some parameters, such as the price of diesel, cost of hydrogen, and cost of technology. It is proposed to carry out a Monte Carlo simulation to sensitize the business model. The results of the simulation declare that the possibility of achieving a positive NPV is increased from 54% considering present conditions to 99% considering projections for the year 2030. The prices of diesel and hydrogen condition the results in a more relevant manner and a price relationship is obtained between these two variables. Taxes could play a key role in the future, according to the results obtained in this study. (c) 2021 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15]}
{"token": "Failure criterion of an asphalt mixture under three-dimensional stress state. A self-developed triaxial test method was adopted to characterize mechanical behavior of the asphalt mixture under three-dimensional stress states in this study. The conventional uniaxial tests and triaxial tests were conducted in the laboratory to verify the triaxial test results obtained using the technique developed. It is shown that the three dimensional stress states affect significantly the ultimate failure strength of AC-13 asphalt mixture and the failure modes are mainly represented both for the tensile failure and shear failure. The nonlinear strength criterions, as well as a linear engineering model of asphalt mixture under three-dimensional stress states in sigma(oct) - tau(oct) space, were established based on the triaxial compressive/tensile tests, the plane tensile and compressive/axial tensile tests. In addition, a new method to carry out the strength design of asphalt pavement under the three-dimensional stress state was given to consider the failure effect of each stress component to the asphalt pavements. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "The implications of ionospheric disturbances for precise GNSS positioning in Greenland. Ionospheric irregularities impair Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals and, in turn, affect the performance of GNSS positioning. Such effects are especially evident at low and high latitudes, which are currently gaining the attention of research and industry sectors. This study evaluates the impact of ionospheric irregularities on GNSS positioning in Greenland. We assess the performance of positioning methods that meet the demands of a wide range of users. In particular, we address the needs of the users of mass-market single-frequency receivers and those who require a solution of high precision provided by geodetic dual-frequency receivers. We take advantage of the datasets collected during three ionospheric storms: the St. Patrick's Day storm of March 17, 2015, the storm on June 22, 2015, and another on August 25-26, 2018. We discover a significant impact of the ionospheric disturbances on the ambiguity resolution performance and the accuracy of the float solution in Real Time Kinematics (RTK) positioning. Next, assessing the single-frequency ionosphere-free Precise Point Positioning (PPP), we demonstrate that the model is generally unaffected by ionospheric disturbances. Hence, the model is predestined for the application by the users of single-frequency receivers in the areas of frequent ionospheric disturbances. Finally, based on the observation analyses, we reveal that phase signals on the L2 frequency band are more prone to cycle slips induced by ionospheric irregularities than those transmitted on the L1. Such signal properties explain a noticeable decline in the dual-frequency RTK performance during the ionospherically disturbed period and merely no effect for the single-frequency ionosphere-free PPP model.", "label": [4, 34, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Investigation of the diverse plant uses at the South Aisikexiaer Cemetery (similar to 2700-2400 years BP) in the Hami Basin of Xinjiang, Northwest China. The South Aisikexiaer Cemetery, located in the Hami Basin of Xinjiang, northwest China, has been dated to around 2700 to 2400 bp. The arid conditions of the Hami region allow for the preservation through desiccation of a large amount of botanical materials, with 14 different taxa identified by systematic archaeobotanical study. Naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste) was the only cereal type identified. Barley may be cultivated in the oases around the cemetery and threshed to obtain grains for foodstuff. Broken stems of barley were by-products of threshing and possibly consumed as binder for wall construction. Woody plants mainly include Populus euphratica, Tamarix sp. and Salix sp. Timbers of P. euphratica were the most important wooden materials for local inhabitants, used in the construction of tombs and fabrication of wooden articles. The remaining wild herbaceous plants are dominated by Aristida grandiglumis. Culms of A. grandiglumis may have been specially collected for livestock fodder and used as filling material of roof thatch on tomb. Stems of Phragmites australis were used in mat weaving. The diversity of plant remains, and their uses give insight into the adaptive strategies of the South Aisikexiaer population to arid environment in the Hami Basin during the early Iron Age.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "The Effect of Reducing Conditions and Temperature on Mercury Release from Coal. Coals contain small quantities of mercury that have the potential to be emitted to the atmosphere during thermal processing. While significant research effort has improved knowledge of mercury emissions from direct combustion of coal in power stations to produce electricity, much less effort has been devoted to mercury behavior from coal under reducing conditions, typical for smelting and metal processing. This article discusses laboratory investigations of mercury release from coal during heating under reducing conditions. Two coals, one of Australian and one of United States origin, were subjected to thermal treatment to temperatures ranging between 100 and 800 degrees C. The level of mercury was monitored using cold-vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The largest fraction of mercury was released at temperatures of up to 500 degrees C, however some strongly bonded mercury was retained in coal samples even at temperatures of 600 degrees C. Reducing atmospheric conditions revealed a likely delay to higher temperatures in the release of mercury from coal. Speciation of mercury in coal was further determined with a six-stage sequential selective extraction method. Mercury reaction mechanisms occurring during the heating of coal under both reducing and oxidizing conditions relevant to direct ironmaking processes are discussed.", "label": [1, 5, 16, 15, 52]}
{"token": "3T polytype of an iron-rich oxyphlogopite from the Bartoy volcanic field, Transbaikalia: Mossbauer, infrared, Raman spectroscopy, and crystal structure. The Mossbauer, infrared and Raman spectra of iron-rich oxyphlogopite from a new locality, the Bartoy occurrence, Transbaikalia, Russia were obtained and its crystal structure was solved. The mineral is characterized by the absence of OH groups and ordered distribution of Fe2+ and Fe3+ between sites having octahedral coordination. Unlike oxyphlogopite holotype sample which is monoclinic (1M polytype), iron-rich oxyphlogopite belongs to the 3T polytype (space group P3(1)12) with the unit-cell parameters a = 5.3248(2) angstrom, c = 29.788(3) angstrom, V = 731.44(8) angstrom(3). Its refined crystal-chemical formula is (Z = 3): (A)(K0.9Na0.1) [(M1)(Fe0.62+Mg0.4) (M2)(Fe0.43+Ti0.4Mg0.2) (M3)(Mg0.4Fe0.33+Ti0.2Al0.1)] [(T1,2)(Si0.7Al0.3)(2)O-5](2)(X)(O0.9F0.1)(2).", "label": [1, 4, 11, 39]}
{"token": "Chemisorption of acrylonitrile on the Cu(100) surface: A local density functional study. The possibility of chemically grafting polyacrylonitrile onto transition metal electrodes via electropolymerization leads to promising applications in the fields of corrosion protection or metal surface functionalization. The initial step of the electrografting mechanism is the adsorption of the acrylonitrile monomer on the metal surface from solution. Here, we investigate theoretically this adsorption process on the copper (100) surface; Density Functional Theory is used in the Local Spin Density approximation to describe the electronic and structural properties of acrylonitrile adsorbed on copper clusters. The chemisorption of acrylonitrile on the copper surface is confirmed experimentally via X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The thermodynamic characteristics of the adsorption process are also studied via statistical mechanics. Finally, determining the influence of the copper cluster size on the adsorption of acrylonitrile allows to extrapolate the properties of the acrylonitrile/Cu(100) surface from those of acrylonitrile/copper clusters. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)70231-X].", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Culture within and culture about crime: The case of the 'Rodney King Riots. Does cultural criminology have a distinct intellectual mission? How might it be defined? I suggest analyzing three levels of social interaction. At the first level, the culture of crime used by those committing crimes and the process of creating representations of crime in the news, entertainment products, and political position statements proceed independently. At the second level, there is asymmetrical interaction between those creating images of crime and those committing crime: offenders use media images to create crime, but cultural representations of crime in the news, official statistics, and entertainment are developed without drawing on what offenders do when they commit crime, or vice versa. At a third level, we can find symmetrical, recursive interactions between the cultures used to do crime and cultures created by media, popular culture, and political expressions about crime. Using the Rodney King Riots as an example, I illustrate the looping interactions through which actors on the streets, law enforcement officials, and politicians and news media workers, by taking into account each other's past and likely responses, develop an episode of anarchy through multiple identifiable stages and transformational contingencies.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Error correction of a predictive ocean wave model using local model approximation. Constructing models from time series with nontrivial dynamics is a difficult problem. The classical approach is to build a model from first principles and use it to forecast on the basis of the initial conditions. Unfortunately, this is not always possible. For example, in fluid dynamics, a perfect model in the form of the Navier-Stokes equations exists, but initial conditions and accurate forcing terms are difficult to obtain. In other cases, a good model may not exist. In either case, alternative approaches should be examined. This paper describes an alternative approach of combining observations and numerical model results in order to produce an accurate forecast. The approach is based on application of a method inspired by chaos theory for building nonlinear models from data called Local Models. Embedding theorem based on the time lagged embedded vectors is the basis for the local model. This technique is used for analysis and updating of numerical model output variables to forecast and correct the errors created by numerical model. The local model approximation is a powerful tool in the forecasting of chaotic time series and has been employed for wave prediction in a forecasting horizon from a few hours to 24 h. The efficacy of the local model as an error correction tool (by combining the model predictions with the observations) compared with the predictions of linear auto regressive models has been brought up. In the present study, the parameters driving the local model are optimized using evolutionary algorithms. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Proto-cooperation: group hunting sailfish improve hunting success by alternating attacks on grouping prey. We present evidence of a novel form of group hunting. Individual sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) alternate attacks with other group members on their schooling prey (Sardinella aurita). While only 24% of attacks result in prey capture, multiple prey are injured in 95% of attacks, resulting in an increase of injured fish in the school with the number of attacks. How quickly prey are captured is positively correlated with the level of injury of the school, suggesting that hunters can benefit from other conspecifics' attacks on the prey. To explore this, we built a mathematical model capturing the dynamics of the hunt. We show that group hunting provides major efficiency gains (prey caught per unit time) for individuals in groups of up to 70 members. We also demonstrate that a free riding strategy, where some individuals wait until the prey are sufficiently injured before attacking, is only beneficial if the cost of attacking is high, and only then when waiting times are short. Our findings provide evidence that cooperative benefits can be realized through the facilitative effects of individuals' hunting actions without spatial coordination of attacks. Such 'proto-cooperation' may be the pre-cursor to more complex group-hunting strategies.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Vibro-acoustic analysis of composite plate-cavity systems via CUF finite elements. The vibro-acoustic problem of a plate made of an advanced material, like a composite one, backed to a fluid filled cavity represents an important issue for the automotive and the aerospace sector. In fact, the noise and the vibrations prediction and then mitigation leads to an essential increase in the structural safety of the system and in the passenger comfort. Over the last thirty years, a large amount of studies has been published about the vibratory characteristics of the structure-cavity systems and, thanks to these researches, the physical phenomena linked to the reduction of noise at low frequencies is well known. Although, there is a lack of accurate numerical models, valid for innovative materials, able to describe the complex kinematic behavior of new materials and so the structural response in the low frequency range. The aim of the this work is to develop reliable finite element models for vibro-acoustic analysis of structures made of advanced materials, coupled with fluid filled cavities. The structure is described according to the Carrera's Unified Formulation (CUF), in order to enhance a wide class of powerful refined 2D plate theories with a unique formulation. The fluid cavity is described with a standard pressure-based finite element formulation of the acoustic field. The numerical results are presented for the case of a plate backed to a fluid filled cavity. Different plate layouts, in terms of materials, are considered, and also different fluids for the cavity, in order to consider both the weak and the strong coupling interaction. The results are compared with the solutions obtained by Actran (R), a commercial software based on finite element method.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
{"token": "Secure Group Ownership Transfer Protocol for Tags in RFID System. It was proposed a secure group ownership transfer protocol for tags in RFID system to transfer the ownership of multiple tags simultaneously. Old owner executes authentication and updates secrets of a group of tags. Afterwards, it sends the secrets updated to new owner in a secure way. New owner also implements authentication and update procedure with tags. The protocol was analyzed by using GNY logic. It provides mutual authentication between tags and owners. It resists replay attack, man-in-the-middle attack and desynchronization attack. It also protects forward security, backward security and user's location privacy. Our protocol was implemented and simulated. We obtained experimental data including time cost by tag in the procedure of ownership transfer. It infers that our protocol has much less time cost by tag compared with other protocols.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Culture, technologies and bodies: the technological Utopia of living forever. There are two parts to my discussion of the sociology of the body. I first examine, via an account of the development of anthropology and sociology, how technology and culture have historically been analysed as mediations between the scarcity of natural resources and the vulnerable human body. Technology has been crucial in providing societies with some control or dominion over nature, including therefore control over the human body, yet is often thought to involve hubris against the gods and a threat to human life. Culture, in contrast, has more usually been seen as nurturing nature, providing humans with a symbolic means of mediating and domesticating their external physical environment. Whereas culture nurtures nature, technology can so easily destroy it. In the second part of my article, I demonstrate how these conceptual distinctions have assumed new dimensions in the contemporary era and analyse these by focusing on the implications of medical technologies for longevity (for example, therapeutic stem-cell research, regenerative medicine, and new reproductive technologies). Medical technology holds out the promise of prolongevity as a new mirage of health, offering life-enhancement or the secular promise of eternal life.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Evaluation of microstructural, mechanical, and tribological characteristics of Ni-B-W-SiC electroless composite coatings involving multi-pass scratch test. A comprehensive study on the fabrication and characteristics of electroless Ni-B-W-SiC composite coating is presented. The role of tungsten in Ni-B matrix in improving mechanical and tribological performances is wellknown. Here, the composite is formed with the incorporation of silicon carbide in Ni-B-W alloy matrix and is systematically investigated in reference to two electroless binary (Ni-B) and ternary (Ni-B-W) alloy coatings and Ni-B-SiC composite deposited in similar route. All coated specimens are characterized with SEM, EDS, XRD, ICPAES, and HRTEM analyses in order to draw conclusions in comparative studies concerning morphological features, compositions, and phase structures. These coatings are also subjected to heat treatment at 450 degrees C for further observations. Raman spectroscopy is used to confirm the presence of SiC particles in coatings' matrix. Tribological evaluations based on results obtained from multi-pass scratch tests provided insights into characteristics evolved in the developed electroless coatings. Silicon carbide reinforcements in electroless alloy matrices (Ni-B, and Ni-B-W) show noticeable enhancements in microhardness, fracture toughness, and scratch resistance and those further improve on heat treatment due to the formation of harder nickel boride (Ni3B, and Ni2B) phases within crystalline coatings' matrices. Heat-treated Ni-B-W-SiC coating evolved as characteristically superior in terms of average microhardness (1141 HV0.1) and is closely followed by heat-treated Ni-B-SiC, Ni-B-W, and Ni-B coatings. Under different load values, heat-treated Ni-B-W-SiC composite coating exhibits higher values of scratch hardness and fracture toughness lying within a range of 10.59-10.92GPa and 4.60-4.99 MPam0.5, respectively. These values are significantly higher than all as-plated alloy and composite coatings studied here. Frictional characteristics of all developed coatings are evaluated through both progressive and multi-pass scratch tests by observing failure mechanisms observed on scratch tracks. In this study, heat-treated Ni-B-W-SiC composite coating evolved as superior in terms of mechanical and tribological characteristics.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Rhetoric in teaching and e-learning in university education. E-learning is a special rhetorical environment that requires teachers to use communicational skills and strategies that take advantage of its possibilities and compensate for the limitations of the virtual classroom in the interest of educational effectiveness and their ability to persuade. This study is the result of a review of literature that focusses on the characteristics of teachers' discourse and its distinctive features in online teaching environments, as well as reflection and analysis drawing on the author's experience of systematic observation of his own rhetorical practice and that of teachers from his own field in the online university sphere. The main results focus on: testing the validity of the qualitative principles of puritas, perspicuitas, ornatus, and aptum in teachers' online discourse, with particular attention to the case of perspicuitas; the need for special mastery of certain elements of strategic importance in verbal and non-verbal (oral and non-oral) composition; controlling certain rhetorical vices; and properly management of the time aspects of its execution and the resources that guarantee and strengthen feedback. This study considers several theses: the need to increase the auctoritas of online teachers in relation to their responsibility as a model of public communication in their professional practice, the advantages and disadvantages of using certain resources and supports, questions deriving from students' \\\\'criterion of presence,\\\\' and the asymmetric manifestations of the relationship of communication online.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Survival of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157 : H7 on fresh and frozen strawberries. For maximum shelf life, fresh strawberries are harvested directly without washing into retail containers. Frozen berries are usually hulled in the field and washed prior to freezing, sometimes with the addition of sucrose. To determine survival of potential bacterial contaminants, cut or intact surfaces of fresh strawberries were spot inoculated with five- or six-strain cocktails of Salmonella or Escherichia coli O157:H7 (log 7.0 CFU/sample). Inoculated strawberries were dried for 1 h at 24 degreesC and were stored in closed containers at 5 or 24 degreesC. Sliced strawberries with or without added 20% sucrose were inoculated with one of two strains of E. coli O157:H7 and frozen at -20 degreesC. An initial population reduction of approximately 0.5-log cycles was observed on intact but not cut berries after the 1-h drying period. During storage at 24 degreesC for up to 48 h, populations of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 did not decline further. When strawberries were stored at 5 degreesC for up to 7 days, populations of both pathogens remained constant on cut surfaces but decreased by 1- to 2-log cycles on intact surfaces. After 30 days of frozen storage, the population of E. coli O157:H7 had declined by 0.7- to 2.2-log cycles (with and without sucrose, respectively). Results of this study indicate that E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella are capable of survival but not growth on the surface of fresh strawberries throughout the expected shelf life of the fruit and can survive in frozen strawberries for periods of greater than 1 month.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
{"token": "AFRICAN, YOU ARE ON YOUR OWN! THE NEED FOR AFRICAN REFORMED CHRISTIANS TO SERIOUSLY ENGAGE THEIR AFRICANITY IN THEIR REFORMED THEOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS. The rebirth of Africa lays a number of challenges at the doorstep of the Reformed church in Africa and specifically the Reformed church in South Africa. Given the history of the arrival of this faith in South Africa, African Reformed Christians are challenged to reflect on the essence of their Africanity and its relationship to this faith. By heeding this call, it is hoped that such a reflection will enable this tradition to be more at home in this continent without being seen as merely an extension of a plethora of European cultures in Africa. Among other things, those involved in this exercise are challenged to set a space where African cultures and Reformed faith can earnestly debate the terms for integrating these two fundamental issues. The Reformed faith in South Africa has a rich history. It is for this very reason that those involved in the subject suggested are reminded of the role that this very same tradition played in rebuffing the fallacies that characterized the Reformed faith in this country. It will therefore be argued that although black theology was iconoclastic in exposing the deliberate flawed hermeneutics engineered by some Reformed Christians which resulted in the consequent subjugation of African people to the politized theology of a minority group, it nonetheless dealt with the socio-economic and political context of African people in a myopic fashion because it failed to look beyond the political situation and thus failed to integrate African cultures with the Reformed faith.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Analysis of groundwater levels and Lake Vrana water levels on the Cres Island. The paper analyses the behaviour of groundwater levels recorded in three deep piezometers located in the Like Vrana basin on the Cres Island in the period from 10 September 1997 to 31 December 2000, i.e. a total of 1209 days. The behaviour of groundwater levels in all three piezometers was nearly identical, with the values of square coefficients of linear correlation among the piezometer pairs ranging from R-2=0.955 and R-2=0.998. The daily inflows and lake water losses were calculated as well. The maximum mean daily inflow into the lake in the analysed period equalled Q=8,9 m(3)/s, whereas the maximum mean daily loss from the lake was Q=-1,9 m(3)/s. The differences between simultaneously measured groundwater levels in each individual piezometer and the lake water level were analysed. It was determined that in the piezometer B1, 335 m away from the lake shore, the groundwater level was higher or equal to the lake water level for a period of only 56 dana (4.6 % of the analysed time period). In the piezometer B2, 540 m away from the lake shore, the groundwater level was higher or equal to the lake water level for a period of 262 dana (21.7 % of the analysed time period), whereas in the farthest piezometer B3, drilled 790 m away from the lake shore, the groundwater level was higher or equal to the lake water level 89.1 % of the analysed time period. This relation was unexpected and difficult to explain or correct without further measurements, which is necessary due to doubts as to the veracity of the measured groundwater levels. Lake Vrana on the Cress island, a unique water formed on a karst island mass in the world, deserves that the processes occurring in the lake itself and its environment should be reliably clarified, which is the primary objective of this paper.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Mancala players at Palmyra. Playing mancala-type games was an addictive pastime of antiquity and leaves its archaeological imprint on steps and ledges in the form of rows of little scoops. Here the author examines the traces of the game at Palmyra and shows that the Roman game of the third century (with five holes a side) was superseded when Palmyra's Temple of Baal was refashioned as a fort in the seventh century or later. The new Syrian game, with seven holes a side, was played obsessively by the soldiers of an Arab or Ottoman garrison on the steps and precinct wall of the old temple.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Bilateral amplification for the elderly: are two aids better than one?. This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of bilateral amplification as opposed to unilateral hearing use for older persons with bilateral symmetric hearing loss. Binaural advantages, such as improved localization and speech recognition in noise, are presented as they pertain to the older population. In addition, contraindications, such as binaural interference, increased costs, cosmetic concerns, decreased manipulation skills, and additional hearing aid management issues, are discussed. A case study is provided in which unilateral hearing aid fitting was more beneficial to a patient than two hearing aids. It is concluded that bilateral amplification should be attempted for all elderly patients with symmetric hearing loss, unless a contraindication is suspected.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Under-Vine Vegetation Mitigates the Impacts of Excessive Precipitation in Vineyards. Excessive precipitation events have greatly increased in several grape growing regions due to human-caused climate change. These heavy downpours result in a myriad of problems in the vineyard including soil aggregate breakdown, soil runoff, nutrient leaching, excessive vine vegetative growth, and diseased fruit. The negative impacts of excessive precipitation events on vineyards are exacerbated by the maintenance of bare soil under the vines. Exposure of bare soil results in soil erosion and runoff which pollutes nearby watersheds; raindrops weaken and break apart soil aggregates, leading to increased soil erosivity and contributing to the formation of surface crusts. In addition to excessive precipitation events, some grape growing regions can be characterized by fertile soils. The availability of ample water and nutrients can lead to highly vigorous vines with shoot growth continuing through harvest. Long shoots and large leaves result in shaded fruit, a humid vine microclimate, and excessive cluster rot. In this review, we examined how either natural (i.e., resident) or seeded under-vine vegetation (UVV) can help mitigate many of the problems associated with excessive precipitation. Through providing vegetative coverage to reduce the force of raindrops, increasing soil organic matter and enhancing soil microbial diversity, UVV can reduce the soil degradation and off-site impacts caused by excessive precipitation events. Through competition for soil resources, UVV can reduce excessive vegetative growth of vines and decrease cluster rot incidence and severity, although grapevine response to UVV can be highly variable. We discussed recent advances in understanding below and aboveground vine response and acclimation to UVV and presented current evidence of factors influencing the impact of UVV on vine growth and productivity to assist practitioners in making informed decisions and maximize the ecosystem services provided by UVV.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Medical education should teach heuristics rather than train them away. Context Ample research suggests that most decisions are based on heuristics-simple rules of thumb-that violate prescriptions of logic and probability theory and should therefore be avoided. Yet findings on decision making in everyday work contexts support the idea that heuristics are in fact the very basis of good decision making if adapted to the challenges and performance criteria of the specific work domain. Because traditional pedagogies aim at circumventing heuristics in (clinical) decision making, ways in which to improve the use of heuristics via (medical) education have rarely been explored. Objective To describe the rationale for teaching and learning proper use of heuristics, rather than stigmatising them, and to identify principles and potential implications for the design and improvement of pedagogies for training in clinical decision making. Results Based on theory and evidence concerning heuristic decision making in everyday work domains, we suggest that heuristics should not be avoided as irrational or a mere source of errors, in particular in domains where errors are unavoidable. Instead, we should teach and learn how to use heuristics to make fewer and 'smarter' mistakes rather than 'dumb' ones. Based on concepts borrowed from signal detection and control theory, we demonstrate that, to improve heuristic decision making, teaching should focus on differential diagnoses and learning from feedback and mistakes, in teams and in contextually rich settings where the frequencies, costs and trade-offs between different types of errors (misses versus false alarms) can be experienced. We discuss three possible teaching formats and how to best implement them based on our findings. Conclusions The most promising way to train (future) physicians and other health professionals in clinical decision making is not to circumvent heuristics or correct deviations from logic and probability theory but to enhance the use of heuristics by improving perspicacity, that is, by tuning the (recognition) processes that underlie the domain-specific adaptive selection of heuristics and management of ensuing errors.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
{"token": "Aroma characterization of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) oil samples. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds from eight regions of India, labelled as S1 to S8 were examined for their volatile constitutents by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). GC-olfactometry (GC-O) was carried out for major compounds and odour profiling was done by trained panelists. Essential oil content of coriander samples ranged from 0.18 to 0.39%. The GC - MS analysis revealed presence of 30 compounds in coriander oil and around 98% of the compounds were identified in all the samples. Linalool which has floral and pleasant odour notes was the major compound (56.71-75.14%) in the essential oil, but the variation in the linalool content did not significantly affect the pleasantness of samples as perceived by the panelists. Higher alpha-pinene content of S7 and S8 could be related to the higher turpentine note. Sweet and rose- like odour notes of S1 could be due to occurrence of higher levels of geranyl acetate and lemonol. The odour profiling depicted the overall odour perceived, while the GC-O represented the odour notes of specific volatile compounds of coriander. Principal component analysis showed that samples S7 and S8 loaded with alpha-pinene, myrcene and undecanal. The results of GCO, sensory and PCA indicated possible association of major compounds with the intensity of characteristic odour notes perceived by the trained panel. Electronic nose pattern matching further complimented sensory and GC-MS results by showing segregation of samples. The study provides description of a few aroma notes in the coriander essential oil and the possibility of discriminating the aroma by sensory and instrumental methods.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "The Erratic Behavior of Lesions in Burnt Bone. This study analyses depressed fractures (by blunt force trauma) and circular full-thickness injuries (drill injuries and gunshot wounds) in charred bones. Fifty bovine ribs (total 104 lesions) were divided into three groups. The first group consisted in 20 depressed hammer-produced fractures; in the second one, 60 round drill-holes were produced (30 circular, 30 semicircular); in the third group, 12 fleshed and 12 skeletonized ribs were hit by 9-mm bullets. Each specimen was carbonized in an electric oven up to 800 degrees C. Morphological and metric analyses were performed before and after: morphological features were preserved, but depressed fractures showed an increase in their dimensions (p-value<0.05); the drilled holes shrunk (p-value<0.01); the charring cycle increased the number of fractures in samples with gunshot wounds differently in fleshed and defleshed ribs. This study showed the complex behavior of charred bone, for what concerns the interpretation of trauma and how caution should be applied.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "New records of the milliped order Polyzoniida from Korean Peninsula, with a redescription of Kiusiozonium okai (Takakuwa & Miyosi, 1949) (Diplopoda). Both the genus Kiusiozonium Verhoeff, 1941 and the species Kiusiozonium okai ( Takakuwa & Miyosi, 1949) are recorded in the fauna of Korea for the first time. Angarozonium munsunum Mikhaljova, Golovatch, Wytwer, 2000 is new to the fauna of South Korea. Kiusiozonium okai is redescribed based upon fresh material from South Korea and Japan. Remarks are provided for the two species encountered, including notes on the variation of latter species as well as on the position of the penes in Nearctic and Palaearctic representatives of the family Polyzoniidae.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Some physical and mechanical properties of roasted Zerun wheat. Some physical and mechanical properties of roasted Zerun wheat were investigated in the moisture range from 8.80 % to 23.40 % wet basis. Mechanical properties were evaluated by examining the effect of moisture content upon the grain rupture force, energy and Weibull parameters. Length, width, thickness, porosity and angle of repose increased nonlinearly from 6.09 to 6.36 mm; 4.17 to 4.18 mm; 2.66 to 2.78 mm; 37.71 % to 39.09 % and 33.02A degrees to 37.90A degrees, respectively when moisture content increased. The Weibull distribution fits the data for rupture force and energy. The Weibull modulus and scale parameter for rupture force varied between 3.88 and 6.20; 26.61 and 44.24N, respectively. The Weibull modulus for energy increased from 2.15 to 3.24 with increased in moisture content. Measured mechanical properties of grains showed that the brittleness and fragile structure of the roasted grain gradually lost its characteristic crispiness and become soft and ductile above 13.78 % moisture content.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Museum Communication, Exhibition Policy and Plan: The Field Museum as a Case Study. Museums are moving forward in redressing the injustices of history by influencing policies through communication. As a case study museum, the Field Museum situated in Chicago, Illinois, USA, is examined to address how it is at the forefront of administration, preservation, research, and communication efforts that promote diversity, disclosing historical events, art, and anthropological objects in juxtaposition with current events and contemporary objects. To understand the role of advocacy through museum functions, the paper examines two current exhibitions, Drawing on Tradition: Kanza Artist Chris Pappan, and Looking at Ourselves, which are bi-functional ongoing processes of conservation and exhibition. The paper explores museum exhibition plans and policies, namely recontextualization of collections, which reflect the transition into a new political environment.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "A solution to a problem about the Erd?s space. For the Erd??s space, ( , Tau), let us define a new topology, Tau clopen, generated by all clopen subsets of .A. V. Arhangel'skii and J. van Mill asked whether the topology Tau clopen is compatible with the group structure on .In this paper, we give a negative answer to this question by showing that there exists a clopen subset O of such that 0 is an element of O and K + U * O for every unbounded set K of and every set U is an element of Tau containing 0.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Knowledge of the three French underground laboratory sites. From March 1994 to August 1996. ANDRA conducted a large reconnaissance work on three sites for possible underground research laboratories. These surveys highlighted for each site the presence of a geological formation, the properties of which meet the requirements of the French Fundamental Safety Rules. On the East site, the selected formation is a 130 m thick argillite layer. On the Gard site the layer is composed of close-packed siltites which are 208-400 m thick. On the Vienne site a hercynian granodiorite batholith was found under a 160 m thick jurassic overdurden. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "Enhancing the production of galacto-oligosaccharides by mutagenesis of Sulfolobus solfataricus beta-galactosidase. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), an important class of functional food, are commonly produced from lactose using beta-galactosidase. In the present study, beta-galactosidase (LacS) from Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 was cloned and site-directed mutagenesis was performed to obtain two mutants, F359Q and F441Y. All of the wild-type enzyme and mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified to homogeneity. The enzymatic properties and optimal condition for transglycosylation reaction of the enzymes were investigated in detail. Under their individual optimal conditions, yields of GOS could reach 50.9% for wild-type enzyme, 58.3% for F359Q and 61.7% for F441Y. In addition, the potential mechanism for this enhancement was analysed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Factors associated with unintended pregnancy in Brazil: cross-sectional results from the Birth in Brazil National Survey, 2011/2012. Background: Unintended pregnancy, a pregnancy that have been either unwanted or mistimed, is a serious public health issue in Brazil. It is reported for more than half of women who gave birth in the country, but the characteristics of women who conceive unintentionally are rarely documented. The aim of this study is to analyse the prevalence and the association between unintended pregnancy and a set of sociodemographic characteristics, individual-level variables and history of obstetric outcomes.Methods: Birth in Brazil is a cross-sectional study with countrywide representation that interviewed 23,894 women after birth. The information about intendedness of pregnancy was obtained after birth at the hospital and classified into three categories: intended, mistimed or unwanted. Multinomial regression analysis was used to estimate the associations between intendedness of a pregnancy, and sociodemographic and obstetric variables, calculating odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals. All significant variables in the bivariate analysis were included in the multinomial multivariate model and the final model retaining variables that remained significant at the 5 % level.Results: Unintended pregnancy was reported by 55.4 % of postpartum women. The following variables maintained positive and significant statistical associations with mistimed pregnancy: maternal age < 20 years (OR = 1.89, 95 % CI: 1.68-2.14); brown (OR = 1.15, 95 % CI: 1.04-1.27) or yellow skin color (OR = 1.56, 95 % CI: 1.05-2.32); having no partner (OR = 2.32, 95 % CI: 1.99-2.71); having no paid job (OR = 1.15, 95 % CI: 1.04-1.27); alcohol abuse with risk of alcoholism (OR = 1.25, 95 % CI: 1.04-1.50) and having had three or more births (OR = 2.01, 95 % CI: 1.63-2.47). The same factors were associated with unwanted pregnancy, though the strength of the associations was generally stronger. Women with three or more births were 14 times more likely to have an unwanted pregnancy, and complication in the previous pregnancies and preterm birth were 40 % and 19 % higher, respectively. Previous neonatal death was a protective factor for both mistimed (OR = 0.61, 95 % CI: 0.44-0.85) and unwanted pregnancy (OR = 0.44, 95 % CI: 0.34-0.57).Conclusions: This study confirms findings from previous research about the influence of socioeconomic and individual risk factors on unintended pregnancy. It takes a new approach to the problem by showing the importance of previous neonatal death, preterm birth and complication during pregnancy as risk factors for unintended pregnancy.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "When Friends Become Foes: Collaboration as a Catalyst for Conflict. Social embeddedness research has suggested that a history of collaboration between rivals should facilitate cooperation and prevent conflict. In contrast, the present study explores how a history of collaboration between people who subsequently become rivals can exacerbate conflict rather than facilitate future collaboration when salient others may expect them to be antagonistic. We develop this argument for a general set of relationships in which agents who previously collaborated become rivals while representing contesting principals. These agents may be perceived by the principals they represent as having compromised loyalties. This is especially likely when the principals whom the agents represent compete intensely or have previously been in conflict. To mitigate principals' loyalty concerns, agents engage in compensatory behaviors meant to demonstrate social and psychological distance from former collaborators and now-rivals. Paradoxically, these behaviors transform a history of collaboration into a catalyst for conflict. Our empirical analyses are based on the professional histories of more than 20,000 external legal counsel representing corporate clients in intellectual property lawsuits filed from 2000 to 2015. Results reveal that lawyers engage in uncooperative behaviors in court to distance themselves from opposing lawyers who are former collaborators. These dynamics are associated with longer, more contentious litigation and lost economic value for clients, as evidenced by an analysis of companies' abnormal stock market returns upon the termination of a lawsuit. Our research thus sheds lights on a mechanism by which past collaboration can undermine future collaboration and carries potential implications for research on social structures and for work on the interplay of structure and evaluative dynamics.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Transient Calculation of Electromagnetic Field for Grounding System Based on Consideration of Displacement Current. This paper shows the use of FEM for a second order time dependent electromagnetic field problem, around grounding systems (GS). Twenty-node isoparametric quadratic 3D finite element, three-node quadratic 1D finite element and a spatial transformation of the \\\\'infinite space\\\\' into the finite space are all applied to achieve better accuracy. Time integration is conducted with the Newmark algorithm. The applied program solution is suitable for any GS and isotropic/anisotropic soil properties as well as time-varying fault current.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "Designing Procedure Execution Tools with Emerging Technologies for Future Astronauts. NASA's human spaceflight efforts are moving towards long-duration exploration missions requiring asynchronous communication between onboard crew and an increasingly remote ground support. In current missions aboard the International Space Station, there is a near real-time communication loop between Mission Control Center and astronauts. This communication is essential today to support operations, maintenance, and science requirements onboard, without which many tasks would no longer be feasible. As NASA takes the next leap into a new era of human space exploration, new methods and tools compensating for the lack of continuous, real-time communication must be explored. The Human-Computer Interaction Group at NASA Ames Research Center has been investigating emerging technologies and their applicability to increase crew autonomy in missions beyond low Earth orbit. Interactions using augmented reality and the Internet of Things have been researched as possibilities to facilitate usability within procedure execution operations. This paper outlines four research efforts that included technology demonstrations and usability studies with prototype procedure tools implementing emerging technologies. The studies address habitat feedback integration, analogous procedure testing, task completion management, and crew training. Through these technology demonstrations and usability studies, we find that low- to medium-fidelity prototypes, evaluated early in the design process, are both effective for garnering stakeholder buy-in and developing requirements for future systems. In this paper, we present the findings of the usability studies for each project and discuss ways in which these emerging technologies can be integrated into future human spaceflight operations.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Measuring Gender Dysphoria: A Multicenter Examination and Comparison of the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale and the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults. This study examined two instruments measuring gender dysphoria within the multicenter study of the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence (ENIGI). The Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale (UGDS) and the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults (GIDYQ-AA) were examined for their definitions of gender dysphoria and their psychometric properties, and evaluated for their congruence in assessing the construct. The sample of 318 participants consisted of 178 male-to-females (MtF) and 140 female-to-males (FtM) who were recruited from the four ENIGI gender clinics. Both instruments were significantly correlated in the group of MtFs. For the FtM group, there was a trend in the same direction but smaller. Gender dysphoria was found to be defined differently in the two instruments, which led to slightly different findings regarding the subgroups. The UGDS detected a difference between the subgroups of early and late onset of gender identity disorder in the group of MtFs, whereas the GIDYQ-AA did not. For the FtM group, no significant effect of age of onset was found. Therefore, both instruments seem to capture not only similar but also different aspects of gender dysphoria. The UGDS focusses on bodily aspects, gender identity, and gender role, while the GIDYQ-AA addresses subjective, somatic, social, and sociolegal aspects. For future research, consistency in theory and definition of gender dysphoria is needed and should be in line with the DSM-5 diagnosis of gender dysphoria in adolescents and adults.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "Corporate social responsibility performance in family and non-family firms: The perspective of socio-emotional wealth. What are the impacts of socio-emotional wealth on the corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance of family firms? Using panel data (2007-2012) of publicly listed firms in Taiwan, this research adopts the perspective of socio-emotional wealth to compare the CSR performance of family and non-family firms. We found that overall socio-emotional wealth (measured by majority ownership and the ratio of independent directors on the board) is positively associated with CSR performance, and family ventures out-perform non-family firms. Theoretical, managerial and policy-making implications are provided.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Characteristics and outcomes of overlap myositis: a comparative multigroup cohort study in adults from the MyoCite cohort. Overlap myositis (OM), an important subset of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), is being increasingly recognized with wider myositis-specific autoantibody (MSA) testing. We studied the differences in clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of OM with Dermatomyositis (DM), Polymyositis (PM), anti-synthetase syndrome (ASSD), and Cancer-associated IIM (CAM). Data from the MyoCite registry (Dec2017-May2020), a prospective dataset of IIM was extracted for the clinical profile, and MSAs, immunosuppressants received, disease activity (relapses and incomplete response), and treatment-related (drugs ADRs and infections) adverse events (DRAE and TRAE) were collected and analyzed between groups. Of 214 adults (58-OM,89-DM,27-ASSD,33-PM,7-CAM), OM had a greater female preponderance (13.5:1). Raynaud's and sclerodactyly were the prime distinguishing features of OM. OM could be distinguished from PM by frequent arthritis (OR-3.2) and infrequent dysphagia (OR-0.17); DM with greater nephritis (OR-20), infrequent dysphagia (OR-0.24) and rashes (OR-0.02); and ASSD by infrequent ILD (OR-0.07), and mechanic's hand (OR-0.05). 50% fulfilled the classification criteria for ASSD in the absence of MSA testing. ANA was positive more often (PM/DM: OR-6.7) and anti-Ro52 (OR-4.5) frequent in OM. Baseline serum creatinine and acute phase reactants were higher. OM received lower glucocorticoids (0 mg/kg, p < 0.001). Overall, 90% and 84% of OM at 12 and 24 months, respectively, achieved remission, with similar DRAE and TRAE as other IIM subsets. OM can be misdiagnosed as ASSD in the absence of MSA testing. Raynaud's, sclerodactyly, and a positive ANA may identify OM and prevent overtreatment.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Distinct subspecies or phenotypic plasticity? Genetic and morphological differentiation of mountain honey bees in East Africa. Identifying the forces shaping intraspecific phenotypic and genotypic divergence are of key importance in evolutionary biology. Phenotypic divergence may result from local adaptation or, especially in species with strong gene flow, from pronounced phenotypic plasticity. Here, we examine morphological and genetic divergence among populations of the western honey bee Apis mellifera in the topographically heterogeneous East African region. The currently accepted mountain refugia hypothesis states that populations living in disjunct montane forests belong to a different lineage than those in savanna habitats surrounding these forests. We obtained microsatellite data, mitochondrial sequences, and morphometric data from worker honey bees collected from feral colonies in three montane forests and corresponding neighboring savanna regions in Kenya. Honey bee colonies from montane forests showed distinct worker morphology compared with colonies in savanna areas. Mitochondrial sequence data did not support the existence of the two currently accepted subspecies. Furthermore, analyses of the microsatellite data with a Bayesian clustering method did not support the existence of two source populations as it would be expected under the mountain refugia scenario. Our findings suggest that phenotypic plasticity rather than distinct ancestry is the leading cause behind the phenotypic divergence observed between montane forest and savanna honey bees. Our study thus corroborates the idea that high gene flow may select for increased plasticity.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Modeling Real-Time Cycle-Level Crash Risk at Signalized Intersections Based on High-Resolution Event-Based Data. In the context of pro-active traffic management, real-time crash risk evaluation is one of the most critical components. Signalized intersections are well-known high-risk locations because of the variety of traffic movements, modes, and their interactions. Unlike access-controlled freeways, the traffic flow at signalized intersections presents cyclical characteristics, which are temporally separated by traffic signals. Therefore, the data preparation for real-time crash risk prediction at signalized intersections should be based on the signal cycle rather than a predefined fixed time interval (e.g., 5 minutes). In this research, the corresponding signal cycles where crashes occurred were verified based on high-resolution event-based data (i.e., Automated Traffic Signal Performance Measures (ATSPM)). Six types of real-time cycle-level factors were considered, including traffic volume, signal timing, headway and occupancy, traffic variation between upstream and downstream detectors, shockwave characteristics, and weather. Two undersampling strategies, matched case-control and random undersampling, were utilized to develop conditional logistic and binary logistic models, respectively. Model results indicate that the random undersampling performs better than the matched case-control method. It was found that higher cycle volume, overall average flow ratio across lanes, arrivals on yellow ratio, traffic volatility across approach sections, as well as longer cycle length and lower green ratio could significantly increase the odds of crash occurrence at signalized intersections. Moreover, longer maximum queue length, bigger shockwave, and higher absolute queuing shockwave speed tend to increase the odds of crash occurrence.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Influence of Resistance Training Variables on Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption: a Systematic Review. Resistance training (RT) may influence resting metabolic rate (RMR) increase. There is a consensus that the volume of the RT session may produce higher caloric expenditure and that the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) may vary according to the characteristics of the exercise program. However, it is not possible yet to define which prescription variables have greater impact on the EPOC. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the studies that investigated the relationship between EPOC and training variables. A total of 17 studies were selected, being organized according to treatment similarity (number of sets, intensity, rest interval, speed of muscle contraction and exercise order). Descriptive statistical techniques were used to establish possible tendency in dose-response relationships. Subsequently, data were qualitatively analyzed. The available evidence suggested that a short rest interval and the circuit training prescription mode had the greatest impact on the EPOC magnitude. As for the other variables, it was not possible to establish any tendency due to methodological limitations, especially concerning EPOC duration. In addition, it seems to be necessary to standardize important aspects of the EPOC assessing, such as the period of observation after exercise and criteria for measuring RMR.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 52]}
{"token": "Eating local in a US city: Reconstructing 'community'-a third place-in a global neoliberal economy. In this article, I explore a particular form of exchange in which food-selling farmers and food-buying urban consumers interact beyond simple economic terms at a U. S. urban farmers' market. By actively distinguishing their \\\\'alternative\\\\' exchange from the dominant capitalist exchange, participants objectify processes of production and consumption as well as their own \\\\'idealized form of being\\\\' (\\\\'liberal open-mindedness\\\\') while undermining the dominant ideology of the neoliberal economy. By co-constructing this market as a \\\\'third place\\\\' where basic distinctions between commodity and gift are blurred and transgressed, customers and farmers produce a \\\\'conceptual shift\\\\' from Marxian alienated exchange to Maussian inalienating exchange by infusing market transactions with new meanings and new spatial fixes.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Synthesis and chemical composition of mucus gland secretions in Apis cerana indica. The columnar epithelial cells of the mucus gland begin to synthesize secretory material in the late pupal stage, and this material gradually accumulates in the lumen, beginning soon after emergence of the adult drones. Histochemical tests demonstrated secretory activity in the epithelial cells and revealed the biochemical nature of the secretions as a mixture of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Total proteins, lipids and carbohydrates were detected in concentrations of 333.2 +/- 13.883, 208.60 +/- 11.69 and 44.82 +/- 2.94 mu g/mg, respectively, showing that proteins form the major constituents of the mucus gland secretory material. SDS-PAGE of mucus gland secretory material revealed about 15 proteins of molecular weight ranging from 2.5 to 151.2 kDa. Three proteins of 45, 43 and 37 kDa were stained intensely and can be considered as the major class of mucus proteins.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "BYZANTINE GARRISONS IN ITALY IN THE 6TH CENTURY: THE PROBLEM OF LOYALTY TO THE EMPEROR. The article examines the relations between Byzantine garrisons on the Apennine Peninsula and the emperors in the 6th century. Already during the (re)conquest of Italy, measures were taken to integrate these territories into the Byzantine structures of the civil and military administration. However, the remoteness of the region periodically led to the interruptions of material supply of the Italian troops. These difficulties negatively affected the authority of the emperors among the military men. Another major problem was the scarcity of forces stationed in Italy. In addition, among them, there were many soldiers and commanders of barbarian origin, whose loyalty to Byzantium was largely situational. For these reasons, when faced with a numerous and successful enemy, they could defect to its side. Such was the situation on the Apennine Peninsula in 541, when the Ostrogoths, led by King Totila, went over to a counter-offensive. In all likelihood, the situation was similar during the Lombard conquest of Northern Italy in 568. The remoteness from the capital of the empire also led to the fact that the soldiers were more focused on loyalty not to the Byzantine rulers, but to local military leaders. These factors caused the weakness of imperial positions on the Apennine Peninsula.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Paul Ricoeur's 'Penser la Bible': Philosophical hermeneutics from the school of biblical exegesis - Complementarity and tension in Old-Testament readings. A review-article of \\\\'Penser la Bible\\\\', by Paul Ricoeur and Andre LaCocque. The book tries to show under which conditions historico-critical exegesis and philosophical hermeneutic can meet fruitfully. They meet at the intersection between the history of reception and a poetic of reading. This is illustrated by six readings devoted to key portions of the Old Testament: Genesis II-III, Exodus XX,13, Ezekiel XXXVII, Psalm XXII, Exodus III,14. For each of those texts, the study endeavors to show the complementarity of, and also the tensions between exegetical and philosophical readings of the Bible.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Revision of the neotropical genus Hemibidessus Zimmermann (Coleoptera : Dytiscidae : Hydroporinae : Bidessini). The genus Hemibidessus Zimmermann, 1921 is revised. Six species are recognized in the genus. Two new species are described, H. spirodiscus sp. n. from Bolivia and H. spangleri sp. n. from Argentina. A key for identifying the species is presented. The female genitalia are thoroughly illustrated and described for the first time for any species of Bidessini. Other important diagnostic structures are also illustrated including the male genitalia. A cladistic analysis is presented for 8 species (6 ingroup and 2 outgroup species) and 13 characters. A single most parsimonious cladogram was found.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Endophytes: the novel sources for plant terpenoid biosynthesis. Terpenoids are natural compounds predominantly present in plants. They have many pharmaceutical and/or nutritional functions, and have been widely applied in medical, food, and cosmetics industries. Recently, terpenoids have been used in the clinical treatment of COVID-19 due to the good antiviral activities. The increasing demand for terpenoids in international markets poses a serious threat to many plant species. For environmentally sustainable development, microbial cell factories have been utilized as the promising platform to produce terpenoids. Nevertheless, the bioproduction of most terpenoids cannot meet commercial requirements due to the low cost-benefit ratio until now. The biosynthetic potential of endophytes has gained attention in recent decades owing to the continual discovery of endophytes capable of synthesizing plant bioactive compounds. Accordingly, endophytes could be alternative sources of terpenoid-producing strains or terpenoid synthetic genes. In this review, we summarized the research progress describing the main and supporting roles of endophytes in terpenoid biosynthesis and biotransformation, and discussed the current problems and challenges which may prevent the further exploitation. This review will improve our understanding of endophyte resources for terpenoid production in industry in the future.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Money, Death, and Agency in Catholic Ireland, 1850-1921. Between the end of the Great Famine and the end of the union with Britain, the Irish Catholic Church was almost exclusively funded by ordinary lay people. This article examines the financial relationship between clergy and laity, focusing on payments related to death. In doing so, it argues three main points. First, it suggests that previous conceptions of lay people coerced into giving their money to the church are too simplistic and deny the complex agency of the people of many social classes who gave the money. Second, it argues that using the financial transactions of ordinary people gives historians a much-needed methodology for recovering lives about which the archives are otherwise silent. Third, it posits that the mediation of faith through money, specifically, must be added to the growing body of work on \\\\'material religion.\\\\'", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Role and significance of political incentives: understanding institutional collective action in local inter-governmental arrangements in China. Forms, opportunities and challenges of institutional collective action (ICA) have become important issues in local government and governance. Studies have focused on the self-organising mechanisms of an ICA framework by seeking to make sense of inter-local collaborative behaviour through the lens of transaction costs. Such studies need to be complemented by country and comparative perspectives which, in particular, test the applicability of the framework to various contexts embodying differing incentive structures for local governments. Accordingly, the present study considers the role and significance of political incentives in addressing ICA issues as manifest in cases of local inter-governmental arrangements in the Pearl River Delta in China. It shows that the type of political incentive (rank-ordered or non-rank-ordered) attached to a specific policy area strongly affects the collaborative behaviour of local governments when coping with ICA dilemmas. This suggests that political incentives play a significant role in influencing the collaborative behaviour of local governments.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Designated Verifier Proxy Blind Signature Scheme for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Network Based on Mobile Edge Computing. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has enormous potential in many domains. According to the characteristics of UAV, it is important for UAV network to assure low latency and integrity and authentication of commands sent by command center or command stations to UAV. In this paper, we proposed a UAV network architecture based on mobile edge computing (MEC) which helps guarantee low latency in the UAV network. Afterwards, we proposed a designated verifier proxy blind signature (DVPBS) scheme for UAV network and proved that it is existentially unforgeable under an adaptive chosen message attack in the random oracle model. We compared the efficiency of our DVPBS scheme with other signature schemes by implementing them in jPBC and theoretically analyzing their signature length. The experiment results indicate that our DVPBS scheme is efficient. The signature length of our DVPBS is longer, but it is still short enough compared with the transmission capacity of UAV.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "The Ethiopian developmental state. Ethiopia provides one of the clearest examples of a developmental state' in Africa. Drawing on a deeply entrenched experience of statehood, the present Ethiopian regime has embarked on an ambitious programme, depending on the central capture of rents', to fund a massive expansion especially in communications, education, and hydroelectricity. High initial rates of growth have been achieved. However, the political setting is tightly constrained and the state has not allowed the private sector freedom of action to generate the required levels of production. Ultimate success will depend on the capacity to transform a state that has itself been central to the development process.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Characterization of defective nucleotide excision repair in XPC mutant mice. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a fundamental process required for maintaining the integrity of the genome in cells exposed to environmental DNA damage. Humans defective in NER suffer from the hereditary cancer-prone disease xeroderma pigmentosum. In order to model this disease in mice a mutation in the mouse XPC gene was generated and used to replace a wild-type XPC allele in mouse embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination. These cells were used to derive XPC mutant mice. Fibroblasts from mutant embryos were more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of ultraviolet light than wild-type and heterozygous cells. Repair synthesis of DNA following irradiation with ultraviolet light was reduced in these cells, indicating a defect in NER. Additionally, XPC mutant embryo fibroblasts were specifically defective in the removal of pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts from the non-transcribed strand of the transcriptionally active p53 gene. Mice defective in the XPC gene appear to be an excellent model for studying the role of NER and its interaction with other proteins in the molecular pathogenesis of cancer in mammals following exposure to environmental carcinogens.", "label": [2, 19, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Synodality and the Sacramental Mission of the Church: The Struggle for Communion in a World Divided by Colonialism and Neoliberal Globalization. This article examines an aspect of synodality that remains under-theorized: the expansion of listening and discernment beyond the church to the entire human community, facilitating attention to the \\\\'cries of the poor and the earth\\\\' that has the potential to engender forms of communication that current global structures neither facilitate nor allow. Synodality entails a struggle not only against ad intra obstacles such as clericalism and centralization but also against the relationship-constructing power of colonialism and neoliberalism. In this way, Pope Francis's call for a \\\\'synodal Church\\\\' can be understood as developing the sacramental character of the church articulated in Lumen Gentium.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Learning dynamics with social comparisons and limited memory. We study models of learning in games where agents with limited memory use social information to decide when and how to change their play. When agents observe only the aggregate distribution of payoffs and recall only information from the last period, aggregate play comes close to Nash equilibrium for generic games, and pure equilibria are generally more stable than mixed equilibria. When agents observe both the payoff distribution of other agents and the actions that led to those payoffs, and can remember this for some time, the length of their memory plays a key role: With short memories, aggregate play may not come close to Nash equilibrium unless the game satisfies an acyclicity condition. When agents have sufficiently long memory, generically aggregate play comes close to Nash equilibrium. However, unlike in the model where social information is solely about how well other agents are doing, mixed equilibria can be favored over pure ones.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Product Variety and Endogenous Pricing with Evaluation Costs. One important decision firms must make is to select the product line ( characteristics and number of products) to offer consumers. This paper explores the effect of the interaction between consumer evaluation costs and pricing on the optimal product line length to offer consumers. Before deciding to buy a product among all products offered, a consumer learns the product line length. Given the product line length, a consumer decides whether to evaluate the products available and their prices. This decision to evaluate depends on the expected consumer surplus after the evaluation being greater than the evaluation costs. When the firm offers few products, the firm may not attract many consumers because of lack of product fit and may be forced to offer low prices. When the firm offers many products, all consumers will find a great product fit; that is, the variance of consumer valuations per product chosen is lower. This allows the firm to charge high prices to extract ex post consumer surplus, resulting in lower ex ante expected consumer surplus, which may lead consumers not to evaluate the products in the first place. That is, by offering fewer products a firm can commit not to extract all possible consumer surplus. These two forces may then lead to the existence of an interior optimal number of products to offer. The optimal number of products offered is decreasing in the evaluation costs.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Rescue of neurodegeneration in Niemann-Pick C mice by a prion-promoter-driven Npc1 cDNA transgene. Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a neurodegenerative disorder with major visceral complications, including liver disease that can be fatal before onset of neurodegeneration. We have sought to determine the extent to which visceral disease contributes to neurodegeneration by making transgenic mice in which the wild-type NPC1 protein is expressed primarily in the CNS using the prion promoter. When the transgene was introduced into the npc1(-/-) animals neurodegeneration was prevented, a 'normal' lifespan occurred and the sterility of npc1(-/-) mice was corrected. The rescue did not provide complete neurological correction in the CNS as GM2 and GM3 gangliosides were observed to accumulate in some neurons and glia of transgenic animals. Two of three transgenic lines demonstrated some low-level ectopic expression resulting in correction of visceral phenotypes in liver and spleen. Interestingly, the third transgenic line continued to have moderate histocytosis in liver and spleen, yet had no detectable neurodegeneration. Thus, it is primarily the lack of NPC1 in the CNS and not the secondary effects of the visceral involvement that causes the neurological decline in NPC disease. In addition, the expression levels of NPC1 found in the CNS of transgenic animals were much greater than in normal littermates, demonstrating that overexpression of NPC1 is not harmful and allowing possibilities for genetic therapy interventions that utilize overexpression.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Evaluation of total phenolic fraction derived from extra virgin olive oil for its antileishmanial activity. Results: Our data showed that TPF exhibits inhibitory effect against cell free promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of both L. infantum and L. major parasite strains. TPF demonstrated to be selectively active against Leishmania amastigotes and its antileishmanial activity was possibly mediated by reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates generated from the infected J774A. 1 macrophages. Furthermore, administration of TPF in BALB/c mice infected with L. major caused significant reduction of footpad swelling demonstrating in vivo its antileishmanial effect. Based on HPLC-DAD analysis the major components of TPF are tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, oleacein and oleocanthal.Methods: Separation and analytical methodologies were applied in order to extract the olive oil phenols (TPF) and determine the concentration of the major ones, respectively. The in vitro antileishmanial activity of TPF against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes was determined by the resazurin cell viability assay. The TPF-induced nitric oxide synthesis by L. infantum and L. major -infected J774A.1 macrophages was determined using the Griess reaction, while the respective generation of reactive oxygen species was assessed by flow cytometry. Moreover, L. major-infected BALB/c mice were treated with TPF and its in vivo therapeutic effect was determined as reduction of the footpad swelling.Study design: We investigated the in vitro antileishmanial activity of TPF against two Leishmania species: a viscerotropic (L. infantum) and a dermotropic (L. major) strain. The antileishmanial effect was also tested in vivo in a murine cutaneous leishmaniasis model using L. major-infected BALB/c mice.Background: Leishmaniasis is a neglected and emerging disease with varying clinical manifestations. The current treatment options rely on limited chemotherapy with serious drawbacks. Thus, there is an increasing interest in the identification of new candidates for designing potent, less toxic and low-cost drugs.Conclusion: This study brings a new low-cost candidate to the leishmaniasis drug discovery pipeline, upon further pharmacological investigation.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential antileishmanial activity of the total phenolic fraction (TPF) derived from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) when added in in vitro and in vivo experimental models of Leishmania infection.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "The molecular characterization of a novel GH38 alpha-mannosidase from the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus revealed its ability in de-mannosylating glycoproteins. alpha-Mannosidases, important enzymes in the N-glycan processing and degradation in Eukaryotes, are frequently found in the genome of Bacteria and Archaea in which their function is still largely unknown. The a-mannosidase from the hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus has been identified and purified from cellular extracts and its gene has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene, belonging to retaining GH38 mannosidases of the carbohydrate active enzyme classification, is abundantly expressed in this Archaeon. The purified alpha-mannosidase activity depends on a single Zn2+ ion per subunit is inhibited by swainsonine with an IC50 of 0.2 mM. The molecular characterization of the native and recombinant enzyme, named Ss alpha-man, showed that it is highly specific for alpha-mannosides and alpha(1,2), alpha(1,3), and alpha(1,6)-D-mannobioses. In addition, the enzyme is able to demannosylate Man(3)GlcNAc(2) and Man(7)GlcNAc(2) oligosaccharides commonly found in N-glycosylated proteins. More interestingly, Ss alpha-man removes removes mannose residues from the glycosidic moiety of the bovine pancreatic ribonuclease B, suggesting that it could process mannosylated proteins also in vivo. This is the first evidence that archaeal glycosidases are involved in the direct modification of glycoproteins. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Neoliberal developmentalism, authoritarian populism, and extractivism in the countryside: the Soma mining disaster in Turkey. While state-society relations in Turkey have historically been top-down and coups d'etat periodically interrupted democratic politics, the recent authoritarian turn under Erdoan is remarkable. Two dynamics are especially salient. First, Erdoan and his AKP have been particularly effective in deepening the neoliberalisation of economy and society. Their policies have created a new form of neoliberal developmentalism, where solutions to all social ills have come to be seen as possible through rapid economic growth. Second, they have intensified the transformation of the countryside, where new forms of dispossession and deagrarianisation open the way to an unprecedented extractivist drive. Together, neoliberal developmentalism and extractivism have resulted in growing social dissent. The eruption of anger after the Soma coal mining disaster that killed 301 miners is one such case. The paper shows how Erdoan and the AKP use populist tactics (ranging from an uptick in nationalist discourse to the provision of coal aid' in winter) to assuage their critics. Where these prove inadequate, an increasingly violent crackdown on social dissent is being deployed in the name of peace and order as the country remains in a state of emergency since the attempted coup of July 2016.", "label": [5, 56, 57]}
{"token": "De terrae odore: a Latin epistle by Celio Calcagnini on a controversial passage of textual criticism in Pliny the Elder and Cicero. Analysis of a point of textual criticism pertaining to a passage on perfumes and the scent of land found in Cic. de Orat. 3, 99 and mentioned by Pliny in Nat. 13, 21 and Nat. 17, 38. In order to reassess the matter in question, we re-examine the opinions expressed by the humanists and later scholars and we make use of the first study, critical edition and translation of a letter from Celio Calcagnini to Camilo Vistarini, sent from Buda in 1518, where the passage is discussed taking into consideration its transmission and reception in Pliny's Naturalis Historia.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Application of the Controlled Source Radiomagnetotellurics (CSRMT) in the Study of Rocks Overlying Kimberlite Pipes in Yakutia/Siberia. The task of searching for kimberlite pipes in covered areas of the Yakutia kimberlite province is very difficult due to the significant heterogeneity of the rocks overlying kimberlite pipes. The overlying strata of terrigenous sediments contain rocks of the trap complex (dolerite sills, tuff bodies). We consider the results of the controlled source radiomagnetotelluric (CSRMT) soundings in Yakutia/Siberia. Due to the great thickness of the overlying rocks (near 100 m) and the relatively small horizontal sizes of kimberlite pipes (80-200 m), they cannot confidently be detected directly. An additional difficulty in identifying pipe anomalies is the presence of a layer of conductive carbonaceous siltstones in the overlying strata. Therefore, the main aim of the CSRMT surveys was the study of overlying rocks and the search for indirect indications of the presence of pipes. Possibilities to study the structure of dolerite sills located within overlying sediments and to map the top edge of hosting carbonate rocks are demonstrated using the CSRMT data. The pinching out of dolerite sills above pipes (<< windows in traps >>) and the lowering of the top edge of hosting rocks at pipes can be considered as indirect indications of the presence of pipes.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "How to optimize storage classes in a unit-load warehouse. We study a problem of optimizing storage classes in a unit-load warehouse such that the total travel cost is minimized. This is crucial to the operational efficiency of unit-load warehouses, which constitute a critical part of a supply chain. We propose a novel approach called the FB method to solve the problem. The FB method is suitable for general receiving-dock and shipping-dock locations that may not coincide. The FB method first ranks the locations according to the frequencies that they are visited, which are estimated by a linear program based on the warehouse's layout as well as the products' arrivals and demands. The method then sequentially groups the locations into a number of classes that is implementable in practice. After forming the classes, we use a policy based on robust optimization to determine the storage and retrieval decisions. We compare the robust policy with the traditional storage-retrieval policies on their respective optimized classes. Our results suggest that if the warehouse utilization is low, different class-formation methods may lead to very different total travel costs, with our approach being the most efficient. We observe the robustness of this result across various parameter settings. A case study based on data from a third-party logistics provider suggests that the robust policy under the FB method outperforms the other storage-retrieval policies by at least 8% on average, which indicates the potential savings by our approach in practice. One of our findings is that the importance of optimizing classes depends on the warehouse utilization. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassays for the Quantification of Caffeine in Beverages. Homogeneous fluorescence polarization immunoassays (FPIAs) were developed and compared for the determination of caffeine in beverages and cosmetics. FPIAs were performed in cuvettes in a spectrometer for kinetic FP measurements as well as in microtiter plates (MTPs) on a multimode reader. Both FPIAs showed measurement ranges in the mu g/L range and were performed within 2 and 20 min, respectively. For the application on real samples, high coefficients of variations (CVs) were observed for the performance in MTPs; the CVs for FPIAs in cuvettes were below 4%. The correlations between this method and reference methods were satisfying. The sensitivity was sufficient for all tested samples including decaffeinated coffee without preconcentration steps. The FPIA in cuvettes allows a fast, precise, and automated quantitative analysis of caffeine in consumer products, whereas FPIAs in MTPs are suitable for semiquantitative high-throughput screenings. Moreover, specific quality criteria for heterogeneous assays were applied to homogeneous immunoassays.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Existence and there exists xistence. This note is about the relationship between mind and metaphysics, examined through the lens of a recent paradox due to Williamson (2002). An apparent consequence of two popular doctrines - the Russellian account of structured propositions and the modal logic S5 - is that everything, of necessity, exists. If this paradoxical conclusion is at all acceptable, then there must be some notion of existence that makes it so. Call this minimal form of existence, the bare logical notion, there exists xistence. We show that, if applied to the original arguments for the paradox, there exists xistence is too weak to make the argument valid to begin with. Reading the argument in terms of there exists xistence highlights the limitations of both the ontological import of propositions and how quantifiers are interpreted in first-order modal logics. The there exists xistential status of propositions is identified as a distinctive marker of the boundary between mind and metaphysics.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Puranic Masculinities and Transgender Adventures in the Garden of the Goddess. The male body has a particularly close connection to culture and to discourse and is one of the main avenues through which culture attempts to construct masculinity.aEuro broken vertical bar The male body functions as a kind of tabula rasa or inscriptive surface for masculinity and for culture, and discourse is inscribed on that matter, asserting its power through inscription and reinscription (Reeser 2010: 91).", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Simulation of porous claddings using LES and URANS : A 5:1 rectangular cylinder. While the aerodynamics of solid bluff bodies is reasonably well-understood and methodologies for their reliable numerical simulation are available, the aerodynamics of porous bluff bodies formed by assembling perforated plates has received less attention. The topic is nevertheless of great technical interest, due to their ubiquitous presence in applications (fences, windbreaks and double skin facades to name a few). This work follows previous investigations by the authors, aimed at verifying the consistency of numerical simulations based on the explicit modelling of the perforated plates geometry and their representation by means of pressure-jumps. In this work we further expand such investigations and, contextually, we provide insight into the flow arrangement and its sensitivity to important modelling and setup configurations. To this purpose, Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) and Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) are performed for a 5:1 rectangular cylinder at null angle of attack. Then, using URANS, porosity and attack angle are simultaneously varied. To the authors' knowledge this is the first time in which LES are used to model a porous bluff body and compare results obtained using the explicit modelling approach to those obtained relying on pressure-jumps. Despite the flow organization often shows noticeable differences, good agreement is found between the two modelling strategies in terms of drag force.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Emotional Processing and Its Association to Somatic Symptom Change in Emotional Awareness and Expression Therapy for Somatic Symptom Disorder: A Preliminary Mediation Investigation. Results: Mediation analyses using linear mixed models showed that two EPS-25 subscales-Signs of Unprocessed Emotions and Impoverished Emotional Experience-were uniquely associated with somatic symptom reduction. The proportion of the mediated effect was 0.49, indicating that about half of the total association of the PHQ-15 with symptoms was accounted for by the two EPS-25 subscales.</p>Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate emotional processing as a potential mediator in therapist-guided, internet-based Emotional Awareness and Expression Therapy (I-EAET) for somatic symptom disorder, using data from a previously published pilot study.</p>Methods: Participants (N = 52) engaged in a 9-week I-EAET treatment. Before treatment and each week during treatment (i.e., 10 weekly measurements), emotional processing was assessed with the Emotional Processing Scale-25 (EPS-25), which contains five subscales, and somatic symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15).</p>Conclusion: This preliminary mediation analysis suggests that improved emotional processing is associated with change in somatic symptoms in I-EAET. However, randomized controlled and comparison trials are needed to establish that I-EAET creates the change in emotional processing and that such changes are specific to I-EAET.</p>", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Titan's Methane Weather. Conditions in Titan's troposphere are near the triple point of methane, the second most abundant component of its atmosphere. Our understanding of Titan's lower atmosphere has shifted considerably in the past decade. Ground-based observations, Hubble Space Telescope images, and data returned from the Cassini and Huygens spacecraft show that Titan's troposphere hosts a methane-based meteorology in direct analogy to the water-based meteorology of Earth. What once was thought to be a quiescent place, lacking in clouds or localized weather and changing only subtly on long seasonal timescales, is now understood to be a dynamic system with significant weather events regularly occurring against the backdrop of dramatic seasonal changes. Although the observational record of Titan's weather covers only a third of its 30-year seasonal cycle, Titan's atmospheric processes appear to be more closely analogous to those of Earth than to those of any other object in our solar system.", "label": [4, 34, 38]}
{"token": "Plasmon-polariton distributed-feedback laser pumped by a fast drift current in graphene. We propose a model of a slow surface plasmon-polariton distributed-feedback laser with pump by drift current. The amplification in the dielectric-semiconducting film-dielectric waveguide structure is created by fast drift current in the graphene layer, placed at the semiconductor/dielectric interface. The feedback is provided due to a periodic change in the thickness of the semiconducting film. We have shown that in such a system it is possible to achieve surface plasmon-polariton generation in the terahertz region.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Increasing concentration of major crops in China from 1980 to 2011. The concentration of crop cultivation can be measured in terms of spatial clustering and of inequality in the distribution of the cropland area. We used official agricultural statistics at the county level (N = 2,354) for each year from 1980 to 2011 for all of China to analyse the changes in spatial clustering and inequality of overall cropland and of the harvested areas of the five major crops (rice, maize, wheat, soybean, and potato). We quantified the spatial clustering with global and local Moran's I and assessed the inequality in the distribution of crop cultivation with the generalized entropy index. The results showed that the cropland area and harvested areas of the major crops indeed became more homogeneous over time, and the major crops concentrated in fewer areas and in the major historic breadbaskets. Increasing concentration may offer opportunities in specialization and positive agglomeration effects but can reduce the resilience of food systems and agricultural sustainability.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37]}
{"token": "Beyond the strain recoverability of martensitic transformation in NiTi. Tensile deformation of a medical grade NiTi wire was investigated in a wide temperature range from -100 degrees C to 450 degrees C. Supplemental in-situ electrical resistance, synchrotron x-ray diffraction, digital image correlation and ex-situ TEM methods were employed to characterize deformation/transformation processes acting at high temperatures and stresses. Conventional superelastic deformation due to stress induced martensitic transformation taking place around room temperature becomes gradually accompanied by dislocation slip in the temperature range 30-80 degrees C. With further increasing temperature, stress induced martensitic transformation still proceeds in localized manner but the length of the forward stress plateau increases, volume fraction of the martensite phase at the end of forward stress plateau decreases, unrecovered strain increases and {114} austenite twins appeared in the microstructure of deformed wires. These observations were explained by the activity of a new deformation mechanism - stress induced B2 = > B19' = > B2(T) martensitic transformation into twinned austenite coupled with dislocation slip. Thermodynamic and crystallographic aspects of this B2 = > B19' = > B2(T) martensitic transformation breaking the strain recoverability limit of cubic to monoclinic martensitic transformation were outlined. To rationalize the observed thermomechanical responses of the wire at elevated temperatures, a TRIP like deformation mechanism based on this transformation was incorporated into an existing constitutive model of thermomechanical behaviors of NiTi. The model was numerically implemented into finite element code, simulations were performed and compared with the experimentally observed behaviors. It was found that the B2 = > B19' = > B2(T) martensitic transformation destroys the shape memory functionality of NiTi but renders it excellent ductility in thermomechanical loads, introduces nanoscale heterogeneity into its austenitic microstructure and allows for its low temperature processing and shape setting.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 12]}
{"token": "CDIO Project Approach to Design Polynesian Canoes by First-Year Engineering Students. A design of a nautical project using the active learning method based on projects, was developed and implemented in two universities in Chile. The main objective of this research is the search of learning methodologies stimulators of the cooperative work of students in complex projects. The educational project uses the concurrent engineering supported by an informatics platform and the following design technics: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAM), Finite Element Method (FEM) and Computer-aided Design (CAD). The teams are grouped by capabilities and technical interests, working in the different stages of development of the project of a nautical team for an international competition. The programming of the activities carried out by the students include are the 3D digital design, the ergonomic studies, the computational simulations of fluids, the resistance analysis of materials, the 3D prototype and the computer-aided manufacturing. Finally, this research compares the conceive-design-implement-operate (CDIO) methodology with the methodology of lecture classes and presents the learning results and the challenges of the experience.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 15]}
{"token": "Pervaporation dehydration of ethanol-water mixtures with chitosan/hydroxyethylcellulose (CS/HEC) composite membranes II. Analysis of mass transport. Transport resistances for the top membrane layer were much higher than other resistances which implied that transport in the dense membrane layer was the controlling step. Resistance for transport of water in the top layer was relatively low compared with that of ethanol.Plasticizing coefficients for water-membrane (k(ii)) were positive and those of ethanol-membrane (k(jj)) were negative indicating that water plasticized CS/HEC membrane but ethanol did not. The coupling coefficients obtained confirmed that ethanol reduced diffusivity of water in the membrane and the presence of water enhanced ethanol diffusion. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.This work investigates mass transport in pervaporation dehydration of ethanol-water mixture with CS/HEC composite membrane. The analysis employed the pervaporation data obtained over a wide range of experimental conditions together with the resistance-in-series model, and the concentration dependent diffusion equations. The results reported are transport resistances for components, plasticizing and coupling coefficients.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Light-expanded clay aggregate (LECA) as a substrate in constructed wetlands ? A review. Light expanded clay aggregates (LECA) have been increasingly used as substrate material for constructed wetlands given their phosphate removal capacity, mechanical strength, hydraulic conductivity and their plant rooting and biofilm growth supporting structure. This review summarizes the current literature on LECA-based constructed wetlands. Removal performances for main wastewater parameters phosphate, nitrogen species, suspended solids and oxygen demand are tabulated. Both, physical and biological water purification processes in LECA wetlands are discussed. Additional emphasis is on design and layout of LECA wetlands for different types of wastewater, under different climatic conditions and to improve treatment performance in general. LECA life cycle considerations include sourcing, production energy demand, reuse and recycling options for spent wetland substrates, for example as soil amendment. Research and development opportunities were identified for structural and compositional LECA modification to obtain tailored substrates for the use in water treatment and specific treatment tasks. Beyond traditional wastewater contaminants the fate of a wider range of contaminants, including organic trace contaminants, needs to be investigated as high Fe, Al and Ca oxides content of LECA substrates provide adsorptive sites that may facilitate further biological interactions of compounds that are otherwise hard to degrade.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 37, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Hume, Rousseau and the Fragility of Friendship. Hume's short and unlucky relation with Rousseau is a famous episode in the biography of these two towering figures of the Enlightenment. Undoubtedly, Hume's fierce reaction towards the betrayal of Rousseau mirrors his high esteem of friendship as such. Though Hume never elaborated a systematic account of friendship, his writings contain numerous references to the pivotal role of this 'calm passion' and 'virtue' as a source of personal happiness and social harmony. This article reconstructs the encounter and quarrel with Rousseau in order to better understand Hume's views on the value and fragility of friendship. Hume appears to defend a rather classical account of friendship that is deeply influenced by Aristotle and Cicero, but at the same time bears witness to the particularity of 18th century Enlightenment culture.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Stable isotope evidence for different regional source areas of common crossbill Loxia curvirostra irruptions into Britain. We used the stable isotope composition of body feathers to show the extraordinarily varying regional provenance of an irruptive conifer seed specialist, the common crossbill Loxia curvirostra. In the boreal region of the western Palearctic, this species specialises on the seeds of Norway spruce Picea abies. The patterns of deuterium in the feathers of migrant common crossbills collected in Britain suggested that irruptions in different years originated in widely separated regions of the Palearctic boreal forest. The birds from some irruptions were relatively narrow-billed compared with those from others, but bill width was not correlated with deuterium values. However, deuterium values did co-vary with the dates that the irruptions reached Britain, with the lowest deuterium levels in years with the latest arrivals. This finding was consistent with the idea that birds with low values came further, from regions far to the northeast. This pattern was very different from that found in irruptive northern bullfinches Pyrrhula p.pyrrhula which had larger variation in deuterium values within an irruption, suggestive of a much more widespread provenance. It is argued that the difference between species is the result of their differing foraging ecology. Bullfinches have a varied summer diet and, unlike common crossbills, do not concentrate regionally to breed where a single type of food is available that year.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Evolution of collisionally merged massive stars. We investigate the evolution of collisionally merged stars with masses of similar to 100M circle dot which might be formed in dense star clusters. We assumed that massive stars with several tens of M circle dot collide typically after similar to 1 Myr of the formation of the cluster and performed hydrodynamical simulations of several collision events. Our simulations show that after the collisions merged stars have extended envelopes and their radii are larger than those in the thermal equilibrium states and that their interiors are He-rich because of the stellar evolution of the progenitor stars. We also found that if the mass ratio of merging stars is far from unity, the interior of the merger product is not well mixed, and the elemental abundance is not homogeneous. We then followed the evolution of these collision products with a one-dimensional stellar evolution code. After an initial contraction on the Kelvin-Helmholtz (thermal adjustment) timescale (similar to 10(3)- 10(4) yr), the evolution of the merged stars traces that of single homogeneous stars with corresponding masses and abundances, while the initial contraction phase shows variations which depend on the mass ratio of the merged stars. We infer that once runaway collisions have set in, subsequent collisions of the merged stars taking place before mass loss by stellar winds become significant. Hence, stellar mass loss does not inhibit the formation of massive stars with masses of similar to 1000 M circle dot.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Antibody-Mediated Resistance to Rhizomania Disease in Sugar Beet Hairy Roots. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of sugar beet hairy roots expressing single-chain variable fragment (scFv) was exploited to evaluate the efficacy of four antibody-based constructs for interfering with the Beet necrotic yellow vein virus infection. The scFv specific to a major coat protein of virus, p21, was targeted to various cellular compartments including the cytosol (pIC and pICC constructs), apoplast (pIA), and mitochondrion (pIM). After mechanical virus inoculation, most of the hairy root clones expressing scFv in the cytosol displayed low virus titers while the majority of transgenic hairy root clones accumulated antibody in outer membrane of mitochondria or apoplast were infected. This hairy root system provided an efficient and rapid approach to initially investigating root disease resistance like rhizomania prior to transform whole recalcitrant plants such as sugar beet.", "label": [0, 6, 9]}
{"token": "Novel paper sizing agents from renewables. Part 1: Preparation of a paper sizing agent derived from natural plant oils. Natural oils derived from linseed, rapeseed, soybean, and a special breed of sunflower were tested for the production of maleated fatty oils for paper sizing in the ene-reaction with maleic anhydride. All these maleated oils were subjected to a conventional sizing test proving their ability to hydrophobize handsheets. Natural oils having only monounsaturated fatty acid residues (oleic acid) in the triglycerides worked best by having lower product viscosity and higher yields. The optimized production procedure employs antioxidant addition, an increased maleic anhydride: triglyceride ratio of 4:1, as well as increased pressure to reduce undesired polymeric byproducts and to increase yield.", "label": [0, 1, 6, 11]}
{"token": "Vertical building collapse triggered by loss of all columns in the ground story-Last line of defense. In multi-story buildings, one of the worst collapse types in terms of structural damage and loss of life is the pancake-type collapse, where some or all floors end up lying on top of each other like the layers of a pancake, with the floor contents crushed between them. Mostly observed after strong earthquakes, such collapses are triggered by loss of some or all vertical load bearing elements in some story-often the ground story. Once this occurs, the building part above the lost vertical elements-still intact-starts gaining downward velocity until it meets resistance from below. The ensuing impact forces often lead to collapse progression ending in total collapse. However, there are some examples of buildings in which the columns of an entire story failed and the collapse remained arrested after the subsequent impact. Such cases were observed in the 1995 Kobe earthquake and in the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. There have also been some failed controlled demolition attempts in which the intended total vertical collapse did not occur after letting a building collide with the ground by explosive removal of the vertical load bearing elements in the lowest stories. In an attempt to determine the factors which play the main role in arresting vertical collapse once initiated at the ground level, this paper studies the behavior of vertically falling multi-story building structures impacting a rigid surface representing the ground. A simplified analytical model of the problem is presented. Depending on the structural properties, several possible energy dissipation mechanisms, and-in case the collapse cannot be arrested at impact-collapse modes, are identified.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "USE OF GAEUMANNOMYCES-GRAMINIS VAR GRAMINIS ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONAS SPP TO SUPPRESS TAKE-ALL OF WHEAT. Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis, originally isolated from rice, suppressed take-all of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in growth chamber studies when applied to the soil. Furthermore, combination treatments consisting of G. g. var. graminis applied to the soil and fluorescent Pseudomonas strains applied to the seed, either 30-84, Q29z-80, Q69c-80, or a mixture of strains (Q2-87 plus Q1c-80 plus Q8d-80 plus Q69c-80), were significantly more suppressive of take-all than either treatment used alone. In a winter wheat field trial at Pullman, Wash., G. g. var. graminis applied to the seed furrow significantly reduced crown root infection by G. g. var. tritici and the strain mixture reduced seminal root infection suggesting differential protection at various stages of disease development. However, in contrast to growth chamber studies the combination of G. g. var. graminis and the strain mixture did not enhance take-all suppression in the field compared with the same treatments used alone.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Shear strength characterization of geosynthetic interfaces on inclined planes. Tests to characterize the shear strength of geosynthetic interfaces under low confinement pressure were carried out on an instrumented inclined plane apparatus designed at Lirigm. The apparatus was validated through repeatability and reproducibility tests carried out as part of the European project to standardize geosynthetic interface tests. Typical results obtained for geosynthetics of different textures are presented and discussed. Finally, interface test results obtained using the direct shear box under normal confinement pressure and on an inclined plane under low confinement pressure were compared and assessed.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "Effects of Biochar and Compost on Mung Bean Growth and Soil Properties in a Semi-arid Area of Northeast China. Five treatments were performed to examine the effects of biochar and compost, applied separately or in combination, on plant growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata) and soil properties in a semi-arid area of northeast China. The results showed that biochar and compost produced positive impacts on both the plants and the soil, with these effects dependent upon the biochar to compost ratios. In addition, the changes in biomass and growth indices vary according to the growing phases: with the medium to late growing phases showing more prominent responses than the early phase. The total organic carbon and electric conductivity were increased by the soil amendments, especially in the biochar-compost combination treatments (P<0.05). Addition of biochar-compost lowered the soil bulk density relative to the control (P<0.05). Also notably, the biochar-compost treatment enhanced the water holding capacity, which is highly desirable for sandy soils. In short, synergic effects of biochar and compost were documented in promoting plant growth, biomass accumulation, yield and in improving soil properties. (C) 2016 Friends Science Publishers", "label": [0, 4, 6, 42]}
{"token": "Tasting the Kingdom: Wine-Drinking and Audience Inference in Mark 15.36. This article explores ancient and modern reflection on inference generation and its implications for potential audience inferences concerning the Markan Jesus and whether he drinks the wine the bystander offers him while crucified (15.36). By examining this logical possibility from the perspective of hearing, rather than silent reading, this article sets forth previously underappreciated evidence that Mark's narrative is intentionally vague at this point, prompting listeners to decide the matter for themselves. Moreover, I argue that the flow and rhetoric of the narrative both suggest that hearers were meant to infer that Jesus does indeed drink - and in so doing enjoy an ironic foretaste of Mark's vision for the kingdom of God.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Prejudicial issues: an epistemological perspective on the relationship between neurosciences and law. In the last few years the problem of the influence of neuroscientific research on the juridical world has enjoyed a huge amount of interest, though the \\\\'neuroscience vs law\\\\' approach is sometimes unfold without a previous clarification of the conditions and the limits that permit a legitimate comparison between speeches and social practices (those under the general lables \\\\'science\\\\' and, respectively, \\\\'law\\\\') originated and conducted within theoretical paradigms so distant. In other words, very often the juxtaposition between \\\\'neuroscience\\\\' and \\\\'law\\\\', as well as the speculations built on it, are led leaving unexpressed definitions and theoretical presuppositions about the concepts of \\\\'law\\\\' and \\\\'science\\\\' employed, trusting on a share of intuitive common places about something which has been considered \\\\'essentially contested\\\\' instead. Thus, the aim of this paper is twofold: first, I will critically espose some epistemological issues emerged at the turn of the XX century, focusing on some reactions to the relativistic turn based on the (re-)discovery of the importance of the experimental side of every scientific enterprise. In my opinion, those proposals have given important insights that can help the clarification of a legitimate \\\\'scientific riductionism\\\\'; then, on those epistemological grounds, I will try to set the stage for a profitable discussion about the extra-theoretical use of scientific propositions, in particular of those generated within current neuroscience researches to deal with specific juridical problems.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Reserve Identities: What Are They? And Do They Matter? An Empirical Examination. Identities of reservists, primarily those of the U.S. military, are examined in the context of identity theory. In the current study, previously acknowledged identities of reservists are reliably measured and are shown to have construct validity. Scales were constructed from items on a previous survey of National Guard members (N = 1,256). Survey data were then used to establish scale reliability, both exploratory factor analysis and internal reliability. Scales had construct validity: Scale scores supported hypotheses derived from identity theory concerning relationships among identities, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. The importance of reserve identities to recruitment, retention, and readiness, including adaptability to deployment stressors is discussed. Identities also have implications for the broader issue of civilian-military relations.", "label": [5, 54, 57]}
{"token": "Models for investment in electronic commerce - Financial perspectives with empirical evidence. This paper will develop conditions for profitable investments in eCommerce with a special focus on outlays for information technology systems and sales management. If the services are made more standardized, if they do not change that often, or if they are well known to the customers so that there is little need for supplementary information, then the less costly will the information technology system become. The investment in marketing depends on how well known the brand name is to the customer. eCommerce firms \\\\'Born on the Net\\\\' have to spend substantially more resources on marketing than firms that \\\\'Move to the Net\\\\'.These investments may be seen as parts of a process, which aims to generate larger revenues to the firm, better services to the customers, a more efficient logistic system, and lower payment costs. A financial perspective is taken, where investment outlays for web services and marketing are balanced to cost savings when serving existing customers and net revenues from the generation of new customers. This financial approach is applied to five case studies from the sectors of capital goods, financial services, food, ornamental horticulture, and books and stationeries, where the given background from practice and conditions for success are developed in terms of a customer-base, margins, and sales growth. It is demonstrated that an existing customer base offline reduces the need for a marketing that is costly. It is also shown that a combination of services online and offline improves customer services and increases the extension of repeat purchases. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Electronic Commerce (\\\\'eCommerce\\\\') is a concept for trade based upon products and services that are being marketed, contracted, and paid for over the Internet. Consequently, electronic commerce demands for the investment in computer systems, marketing, logistics and payments.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "THE HAND'S COLLAPSE: INDUSTRIAL INJURIES OF WRITING AND THE INSTRUMENTAL METAPHOR OF METHOD. The first part of the article discusses industrial gestures and traumas of writing, always having to do with the shortcomings of the medium and some corresponding manual effort (and, consequently, hand injury and maladies). The article analyses the cases of Robert Walser's expansive writing and \\\\'writing cramps,\\\\' along with Stephane Mallarme's \\\\'axiomatic\\\\' gesture of throwing dice. The second part of the article analyses the largely reading-related post-industrial gestures of writing (thus focusing on movements of eyes, not hands). The latter emerges through the information overload experienced by writers and researchers from the beginning of the 20th century: the article analyses the \\\\'continuous partial attention\\\\' and \\\\'reading at\\\\' texts developed in Gertrude Stein's writings, as well as the latest plastics and optics of the humanities in Franco Moretti's distant reading method.The article discusses the gestural nature of the act of writing: how this act occurs and is experienced, which materials are involved in or provoke the gesture, and finally the (oftentimes traumatic) consequences caused by these media-anthropological assemblages. At the intersection of the individual gestural phantasm and some exact materiality of writing of a particular historical epoch, some heterogeneous and always unstable writing tool or device would emerge. Along with briefly outlining the theoretical foundation for this model of equating writing tools with different instruments (and corresponding actions), the article analyses a number of concrete examples of such instrumental assemblages and the types of negotiations, concessions and conflicts (breakdowns and injuries) that occurred between the materiality and anthropology of writing.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "NGF-dependent neurons and neurobiology of emotions and feelings: Lessons from congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. NGF is a well-studied neurotrophic factor, and TrkA is a receptor tyrosine kinase for NGF. The NGF-TrkA system supports the survival and maintenance of NGF-dependent neurons during development. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder due to loss-of-function mutations in the NTRK1 gene encoding TrkA. Individuals with CIPA lack NGF-dependent neurons, including NGF-dependent primary afferents and sympathetic postganglionic neurons, in otherwise intact systems. Thus, the pathophysiology of CIPA can provide intriguing findings to elucidate the unique functions that NGF-dependent neurons serve in humans, which might be difficult to evaluate in animal studies. Preceding studies have shown that the NGF-TrkA system plays critical roles in pain, itching and inflammation. This review focuses on the clinical and neurobiological aspects of CIPA and explains that NGF-dependent neurons in the peripheral nervous system play pivotal roles in interoception and homeostasis of our body, as well as in the stress response. Furthermore, these NGF-dependent neurons are likely requisite for neurobiological processes of 'emotions and feelings' in our species.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
{"token": "Dual Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals a Delayed Antiviral Response of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta against Haliotid Herpesvirus-1. Haliotid herpesvirus-1 (HaHV-1) is the first identified gastropod herpesvirus, causing a highly lethal neurologic disease of abalone species. The genome of HaHV-1 has been sequenced, but the functions of the putative genes and their roles during infection are still poorly understood. In the present study, transcriptomic profiles of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at 0, 24 and 60 h post injection (hpi) with HaHV-1 were characterized through high-throughput RNA sequencing. A total of 448 M raw reads were obtained and assembled into 2.08 x 10(5) unigenes with a mean length of 1486 bp and an N50 of 2455 bp. Although we detected increased HaHV-1 DNA loads and active viral expression at 24 hpi, this evidence was not linked to significant changes of host transcriptomic profiles between 0 and 24 hpi, whereas a rich immune-related gene set was over-expressed at 60 hpi. These results indicate that, at least at the beginning of HaHV-1 infection, the virus can replicate with no activation of the host immune response. We propose that HaHV-1 may evolve more effective strategies to modulate the host immune response and hide during replication, so that it could evade the immune surveillance at the early stage of infection.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Global impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on rotavirus hospitalisations among children under 5 years of age, 2008-16: findings from the Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network. Background Rotavirus vaccine use in national immunisation programmes has led to declines in hospital admissions for rotavirus gastroenteritis among children; however, the global impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction has not been described using primary data. We describe the impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction on admissions for acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in primarily low-income and middle-income countries, using 9 years of data from the WHO-coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network (GRSN).Methods Between Jan 1, 2008, and Dec 31, 2016, children younger than 5 years of age who were admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis were prospectively enrolled in GRSN sites. We included sites that enrolled children and collected stool specimens monthly and tested at least 100 specimens annually in the impact analysis, with a separate analysis taking into account site continuity. We compared proportions of acute gastroenteritis cases positive for rotavirus in the pre-vaccine and post-vaccine periods and calculated mean proportion changes for WHO regions, with 95% CIs; these findings were then compared with interrupted time series analyses. We did further sensitivity analyses to account for rotavirus vaccination coverage levels and sites that collected specimens for at least 11 months per year and tested at least 80 specimens per year. We also analysed the age distribution of rotavirus-positive cases before and after vaccine introduction.Interpretation A significant and sustained reduction in the proportion of hospital admissions for acute gastroenteritis due to rotavirus was seen among children younger than 5 years in GRSN sites following rotavirus vaccine introduction. These findings highlight the need to incorporate rotavirus vaccines into immunisation programmes in countries that have not yet introduced them and underline the importance of high-quality surveillance. Copyright (C) 2019 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier.Findings 403 140 children younger than 5 years of age admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis from 349 sites in 82 countries were enrolled over the study period, of whom 132 736 (32.9%) were positive for rotavirus. We included 305 789 children from 198 sites in 69 countries in the impact analysis. In countries that had not introduced rotavirus vaccine in their national immunisation programmes, rotavirus was detected in 38.0% (95% CI 4. 8-73 .4) of admissions for acute gastroenteritis annually whereas in those that have introduced the vaccine, rotavirus was detected in 23.0% (0. 7-57. 7) of admissions for acute gastroenteritis, showing a 39.6% (35.4-43.8) relative decline following introduction. Interrupted time series analyses confirmed these findings. Reductions by WHO regions ranged from 26.4% (15.0-37.8) in the Eastern Mediterranean Region to 55.2% (43.0-67.4) in the European Region and were sustained in nine countries (contributing up to 31 sites) for 6-10 years. The age distribution of children with rotavirus gastroenteritis shifted towards older children after rotavirus vaccine introduction.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Cultural and Religious Variation in Attitudes to Young People Consenting to Health Interventions. There is a limited amount of empirical data available regarding the cultural and religious variation in perceptions about the age when young people should be regarded as competent to make decisions in health settings. A public survey of 400 adults from diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds was conducted in the UK and Spain. Attitudes were assessed using case vignettes. It was found that high religious practice was associated with recommending a higher age of consent for medical interventions. White British adults were more likely than Spanish adults to agree that younger adolescents should be allowed to consent to medical interventions. The study suggests that there is social, cultural and religious variation in adults' attitudes regarding the age when youngsters should consent to health interventions.", "label": [2, 3, 24, 33]}
{"token": "Two-Stage Experimental Design for Dose-Response Modeling in Toxicology Studies. The efficient design of experiments (i.e., selection of experimental doses and allocation of animals) is important to establishing dose response relationships in toxicology studies. The proposed procedure for design of experiments is distinct from those in the literature because it is able to adequately accommodate the special features of the dose response data, which include non-normality, variance heterogeneity, possibly nonlinearity of the dose response curve, and data scarcity. The design procedure is built in a sequential two-stage paradigm that allows for a learning process. In the first stage, preliminary experiments are performed to gain information regarding the underlying dose response curve and variance structure. In the second stage, the prior information obtained from the previous stage is utilized to guide the second-stage experiments. An optimization algorithm is developed to search for the design of experiments that will lead to dose response models of the highest quality. To evaluate model quality (or uncertainty), which is the basis of design optimization, a bootstrapping method is employed; unlike standard statistical methods, bootstrapping is not subject to restrictive assumptions such as normality or large sample sizes. The design procedure in this paper will help to reduce the experimental cost/time in toxicology studies and alleviate the sustainability concerns regarding the tremendous new materials and chemicals.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 39]}
{"token": "Analysis of accidents involving petroleum tankers and their consequences in India. Transport of petroleum products by road is recording a high rate of fatality in India. According to the report of the Oil Industry Safety Directorate, the rate of transport accidents is decreasing from the last 2 years. Petroleum companies in India recorded 1635 transport accidents in the previous 5 years. The authorities' reports do not have a record of the real damage caused by these accidents. To assess the root causes behind the accidents and identify the actual damage caused by these accidents, detailed analysis of accidents using primary and secondary data is done. The analysis of accidents data revealed that Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited records the highest number of transportation accidents in India. States of Karnataka and Maharashtra record the highest number of transportation accidents. Fuel releases, spillage, fire, and explosions are the major types of accidents that are occurring. Driver negligence, road conditions, and equipment failure are the main reasons behind these accidents. Interviews with field experts were conducted to analyze the factors underlying driver's carelessness. The analysis of accident reports and inputs from experts is summarized to make suggestions to prevent accidents in the industry. This study is the first study to cover the analysis of petroleum transporting vehicle accidents and their consequences in India.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Crayfish shell biochar modified with magnesium chloride and its effect on lead removal in aqueous solution. In this study, crayfish shell was pyrolyzed at 600 degrees C to obtain an unmodified biochar (CS600). MgCl2 was used as a modifier to pretreat crayfish shell to produce a modified biochar (CS600-MgCl2) under the same pyrolysis conditions. The two biochars were characterized for physicochemical properties and evaluated for lead (Pb2+) sorption ability to determine the modification mechanism. Mono-element batch adsorption experiments were conducted to compare the sorption performances of CS600 and CS600-MgCl2 to Pb2+ in aqueous solutions. All the experiments were carried out at pH of 7. According to the Freundlich-Langmuir model, CS600-MgCl2 had a higher adsorption capacity (152.3 mg/g) than CS600 (134.3 mg/g). FTIR, SEM, XRD, BET, and ICP analyses were applied to inform the interpretation of the mechanism. CS600 was calcium-rich and mainly removed Pb2+ through the ion exchange mechanism by replacing Ca2+ in the biochar. The increased Pb2+ adsorption capacity of CS600-MgCl2 was mainly due to the enlarged specific surface area and the formation of Mg-3(OH)(5)Cl center dot 4H(2)O on the modified biochar. Findings of this study suggest that both CS600 and CS600-MgCl2 can be used to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater and MgCl2 can improve the sorption performance of biochar.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Bearing witness: An existential position in caring. A basic assumption for the study is that perceiving a person's deepest needs and desires to be on hand for another person, and their attempt to do so, have, in an ontological sense, the power to bear witness of goodness and eternity. The study was based on a theoretical basis Of a caring science view of suffering, as well as the ethics of the philosopher Levinas. The aim was to explore and clinically validate nuances of witnessing as a caring act. A Socratic dialogue was performed and an interpretive (hermeneutic) method was employed in this study. The Socratic dialogue with four nurses in Palliative care focused on and analysed one clinical example of witnessing in palliative care. As basis for the findings are the participating nurses jointly formulated assumptions on the subject: To be a witness you have to be with the patient and refer back to him or her what you have seen; but also to act in accordance with what you have perceived. In the moment you witness, a window is opened onto the unknown;you become vulnerable as a caregiver and require courage. Being a witness encompasses existential and spiritual aspects; being a fellow human being, having a heart to heart relationship is a wilful act on the part of the nurse. Our theoretical discussion focuses on the language of the body, courage as a bridge to an existential encounter and the alleviation of patients' suffering through caregivers' witnessing. A conclusive aspect is that being a witness may bring a new understanding of life in the face of death and suffering. The existential position of being a witness requires the caregiver to be courageous because,of its transformative prospect, but may utterly enrich both parties' inner life of shared meaning.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Evolution of the low-temperature Fermi surface of superconducting FeSe1-xSx across a nematic phase transition. The existence of a nematic phase transition in iron-chalcogenide superconductors poses an intriguing question about its impact on superconductivity. To understand the nature of this unique quantum phase transition, it is essential to study how the electronic structure changes across this transition at low temperatures. Here, we investigate the evolution of the Fermi surfaces and electronic interactions across the nematic phase transition of FeSe1-xSx using Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in high magnetic fields up to 45 T in the low temperature regime down to 0.4 K. Most of the Fermi surfaces of FeSe1-xSx monotonically increase in size except for a prominent low frequency oscillation associated with a small, but highly mobile band, which disappears at the nematic phase boundary near x similar to 0.17, indicative of a topological Lifshitz transition. The quasiparticle masses are larger inside the nematic phase, indicative of a strongly correlated state, but they become suppressed outside it. The experimentally observed changes in the Fermi surface topology, together with the varying degree of electronic correlations, will change the balance of electronic interactions in the multi-band system FeSe1-xSx and promote different k(z)-dependent superconducting pairing channels inside and outside the nematic phase.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Novel self-nanoemulsifying drug-delivery system enhances antileukemic properties of all-transretinoic acid. Aim:All-transretinoic acid (ATRA) shows erratic oral bioavailability when administered orally against leukemia, which can be solved through its incorporation in self-nanoemulsifying drug-delivery systems (SEDDS). The SEDDS developed contained a hydrophobic ion pair between benzathine (BZT) and ATRA and was enriched with tocotrienols by the input of a palm oil tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) in its composition.Results:SEDDS-TRF-ATRA-BZT allowed the formation of emulsions with nanometric size that retained ATRA within their core after dispersion. Pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of SEDDS-TRF-ATRA-BZT in mice were improved compared with what was seen for an ATRA solution. Moreover, SEDDS-TRF-ATRA-BZT had improved activity against HL-60 cells compared with SEDDS without TRF.Conclusion:SEDDS-TRF-ATRA-BZT is a promising therapeutic choice over ATRA conventional medicine.", "label": [1, 2, 19, 15]}
{"token": "Ant foraging path use responds to different types of risk and their encounter probabilities. Ant colonies are likely able to access food locations by multiple paths that can vary predictably in length or mortality risk. To favor one path over another requires ants to perceive, communicate and act upon important differences in length and risk between paths. Here, we present replicate Linepithema humile colonies with four equal-length paths to a sugar source. The paths vary in probabilities of encountering a risk cue that range from 0 to 100%. The risk cues were either live workers of an aggressive competitor (Liometopum occidentale: LO) or only formic acid (FA), a defensive chemical common in many formicine species. Both the probabilities of encounter and type of cue affected path preferences. Although across both cues the zero-risk path was most used, the use was not exclusive and patterns of response to the cues differed significantly. More ants were on all the paths when the cue was LO rather than FA, leading to a higher success rate at finding food. Worker numbers on paths with LO did decline over time as consistent with recognizing neighbors to be 'dear enemies' that are a reduced threat to the colony. Similarly, changes in path usage suggested that the FA cue also became viewed as less threatening over time when competitors were never simultaneously present. The results are consistent with L. humile exhibiting the behavioral plasticity and communicative ability needed to categorize and predict risk to efficiently collect food while defending against other ant species.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Biological diversity of nitrite-metabolizing bacteria in soils of the perm region affected by human activities. The diversity of bacteria metabolizing nitriles of carbonic acids was studied in soils of the Perm region affected by human activities. Effective methods for selective isolation of cultures possessing the nitrile hydratase and nitrilase activities were developed. Most microorganisms capable of utilizing nitriles were Grampositive Nocardia-like bacteria of the genus Rhodococcus. Isolates with a detectable nitrilase activity were also represented by Gram-negative forms (Gram-negative aerobic/microaerophilic bacilli and cocci of the genera Pseudomonas, Azomonas, Azotobacter, and Acidovorax). Two enzyme systems for nitrile hydrolysis were found in 27% of cultures. The nitrile hydratase and nitrilase activities of the studied strains exceeded these enzymatic activities in bacteria isolated from native soils, which indicates that natural selection of saprophytic microflora occurs in chemically altered soils.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Evaluation of genitofemoral nerve motor conduction in inguinoscrotal pathologies. Conclusion: Prolonged latencies in inguinal hernia may be a result of nerve trap caused by hernia sac. GFN motor functions showed no causative role in other inguinoscrotal pathologies. It can be also suggested that clinical features of other inguinoscrotal pathologies were not affected by GFN motor functions. Electrophysiological studies in Younger age groups with large number of patients are needed to support our suggestions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Results: Seventy-three electrophysiologic evaluations were investigated in inguinal hernia (n:18), hydrocele (n:9). undescended testicle (n: 14), retractile testicle (n: 12) and control (n:20) groups. There was no age difference between groups and controls. Latency was significantly prolonged in inguinal hernia group when compared with control group (P = .028). Although the latencies were shortened in Undescended testicle group, no significant difference detected (P > .05).Aim: Inguinoscrotal pathologies are commonly seen in childhood. The genitofemoral nerve (GFN) is responsible for sensitive innervations of scrotal region and the motor innervations of cremasteric muscle. GFN also innervates the afferent and efferent pathways of cremasteric reflex. A prospective study was performed to evaluate the possible relation between inguinoscrotal pathologies and GFN motor functions.Methods: Patients with inguinal hernia, hydrocele, undescended or retractile testicles, aged between 2-12 years were enrolled in the study. Bilateral latency and duration of GFN motor conductions (GFNMC) were obtained electrophysiologically by Surface electrodes. GFNMC recordings of non-pathological sides were assessed as control group. Latency and duration of each group were compared with control group (Mann-Whitney U test). P values lower than .05 were considered significant.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Gamblified digital product offerings: an experimental study of loot box menu designs. To augment traditional monetization strategies, digital platform providers increasingly draw on gamblification (i.e., the use of gambling design elements). By means of gambling design elements (e.g., lottery tickets, scratch cards, loot boxes), platform providers do not only entertain users but also incentivize them to purchase digital products. Yet, despite the increasing prevalence of gamblified digital platforms, little is known about how gamblification influences user purchase behaviors. Drawing on prospect theory, we investigate gamblification in the form of loot box menu designs and the associated effects of uncertainty, loss experience and behavioral control on user purchase behavior. Specifically, we conducted a contest-based online experiment with 159 participants, finding that platform providers can profit from offering loot boxes with certain (vs. uncertain) rewards in loot box menus. Furthermore, this effect intensifies when participants previously experienced a loss and decreases when they perceive to have more control over the result. Thus, our findings provide theoretical and practical insights for a better understanding of gamblification in general and of loot box menu designs for enhancing digital business models in particular.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Effect of sound stimulation on cell cycle of chrysanthemum (Gerbera jamesonii). Plant growth can be considered as the sum of cell proliferation in the meristems and the subsequent elongation of cells. The continuous proliferative capacity of plant cells is crucial for the production of new organs and thus has a significant impact on plant architecture. Now it had been found that the relationship between environmental factors and growth of plant was very close. And in this paper, the effect of sound stimulation on the cell cycle of chrysanthemum was studied to further explore the mechanism of biological effect of sound stimulation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 42]}
{"token": "Impact of platform heterogeneity on the design of parallel algorithms for morphological processing of high-dimensional image data. The main objective of this paper is to describe a realistic framework to understand parallel performance of high-dimensional image processing algorithms in the context of heterogeneous networks of workstations (NOWs). As a case study, this paper explores techniques for mapping hyperspectral image analysis techniques onto fully heterogeneous NOWs. Hyperspectral imaging is a new technique in remote sensing that has gained tremendous popularity in many research areas, including satellite imaging and aerial reconnaissance. The automation of techniques able to transform massive amounts of hyperspectral data into scientific understanding in valid response times is critical for space-based Earth science and planetary exploration. Using an evaluation strategy which is based on comparing the efficiency achieved by an heterogeneous algorithm on a fully heterogeneous NOW with that evidenced by its homogeneous version on a homogeneous NOW with the same aggregate performance as the heterogeneous one, we develop a detailed analysis of parallel algorithms that integrate the spatial and spectral information in the image data through mathematical morphology concepts. For comparative purposes, performance data for the tested algorithms on Thunderhead (a large-scale Beowulf cluster at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center) are also provided. Our detailed investigation of the parallel properties of the proposed morphological algorithms provides several intriguing findings that may help image analysts in selection of parallel techniques and strategies for specific applications.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "LEGO (R) Serious Play (R) in multi-method tourism research. FindingsPurposeThis study contributes to making the current body of knowledge on qualitative multi-method methodologies and creative visual methodologies in the field of tourism and hospitality. As such, the paper provides an overview of the LEGO (R) Serious Play (R) method. Specifically, this exploratory paper brings attention to how and to what end existing LEGO (R) Serious Play (R) has been modified and adopted in this multi-method study. Furthermore, the paper highlights the future use to benefit the tourism and hospitality academics and industry professionals.Originality/valueIn the past decade, scholars across social sciences shifted their attention towards creative and dynamic research methods. Despite the growing popularity of LEGO (R) Serious Play (R) method across social sciences, few studies applied the method in tourism and hospitality research. This method represents a powerful tool which uses a toy to solve problems, explore ideas and achieve objectives in business, research and community work. This paper aims to provide insights into qualitative multi-method approach incorporating LEGO (R) Serious Play (R) to gain a deeper understanding of hosts-guest experiences in volunteer tourism exchange programme.The paper highlights the benefits and limitations of the qualitative multi-method study, specifically focusing on LEGO (R) Serious Play (R) as a novel approach for tourism and hospitality research.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical material mentioned in the paper is based on an interpretive study investigating hosts-guest experiences on organic farms. The study used a multi-method approach, and the data were collected through unstructured interviews, observation, reflexive notes and LEGO (R) Serious Play (R) workshops with 32 participants in total.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "Animal and translational models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. COVID-19 is causing a major once-in-a-century global pandemic. The scientific and clinical community is in a race to define and develop effective preventions and treatments. The major features of disease are described but clinical trials have been hampered by competing interests, small scale, lack of defined patient cohorts and defined readouts. What is needed now is head-to-head comparison of existing drugs, testing of safety including in the background of predisposing chronic diseases, and the development of new and targeted preventions and treatments. This is most efficiently achieved using representative animal models of primary infection including in the background of chronic disease with validation of findings in primary human cells and tissues. We explore and discuss the diverse animal, cell and tissue models that are being used and developed and collectively recapitulate many critical aspects of disease manifestation in humans to develop and test new preventions and treatments.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Influence of dry soil on the ability of Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus, to locate food sources. The effect of barriers of dry soil on the ability of Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), to construct tunnels and find food was evaluated. Termite movement and wood consumption in a three-chambered apparatus were compared between treatments with dry soil in the center container and treatments where the soil in the center container was moist. When a wood block was located in the release container, termites fed significantly more on that block, regardless of treatment or soil type. In the treatment with dry clay, none of the termites tunneled through the dry clay barrier to reach the distal container. When termites had to tunnel through a barrier of dry sand, topsoil, or clay to reach the sole wood block, there was no effect on wood consumption for the sand treatment, but there was significantly less feeding on wood in the treatments with dry topsoil or clay. When foraging arenas had a section of dry sand in the center, the dry sand significantly reduced tunneling in the distal section after 3 days, but not after 10 days. There was a highly significant effect on the ability of termites to colonize food located in dry sand. Only one feeding station located in dry sand was colonized by termites, compared with 11 feeding stations located in moist sand.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "University and Disability: An Italian Experience of Inclusion. The University education is a very important step in the process of growth of each person. During this period we acquire a specific professional preparation and also have many opportunities to develop skills that are essential for adult life. In recent years the access opportunities for disabled persons to academic education in Italy have greatly increased, thanks to some legislative initiatives that supported the implementation of important measures to protect the right to study. The article sets out some reflections on the services and opportunities offered by the Italian University system. The Centre for Inclusion of Students with Disability and Dyslexia of Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan is presented as an example case. Further areas for research and policy development arc discussed.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "'World literature': The value of an unstable category. The article pursues a question which, in the globalizing times of the new millennium, has gained currency particularly in United States academies and journals: What is world literature? If no definitive answer is possible, the pursuit raises subsidiary questions (Whose world? Whose literature?) that suggest both differences and similarities between 'transnational' and 'postcolonial' considerations of literary culture. Finally, the 'world window' is turned to a South African perspective.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Bioinoculants and Vermicompost Improve Ocimum basilicum Yield and Soil Health in a Sustainable Production System. With respect to the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers on the environment and their higher cost, an alternative method of improving soil fertility has been tested. Application of vermicompost (VC) (produced from de-oiled waste) along with efficient bioinoculants (nitrogen fixer: Bacillus sp., JN700924; phosphate solubilizer: Bacillus megaterium, ATCC 14581; plant growth promoter: Pseudomonas monteilii, HQ 995498; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF): Glomus intraradices) in different combinations were evaluated on Ocimum basilicum. VC along with bioinoculants-treated plots showed a significant improvement in biomass (15.1-56%), essential oil content (26.7-48.2%), and essential oil yield (44.7-108.4%) over control. The major constituent of essential oil (i.e., methyl chavicol) was significantly improved in T-3 (VC + Bacillus sp.), T-5 (VC + P. monteilii), and T-6 (VC + G. intraradices) treated plants as compared to control (T-1). Significant improvement in microbial counts, percent root colonization of AMF, and alkaline phosphatase activity were recorded; maximum in bioinoculants along with VC-treated plots. Improvement in soil organic carbon (4.2-51.16%), NH4+-N (27.0-55.3%), NO3--N (-8 to 60.33%], available P (15.2-43.5%), and available K (0.4-20.8%) were found in VC along with bioinoculants-treated plots. The diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid extractable Fe (109-154 mg kg(-1) soil) was more influenced by VC along with bioinoculants than other micronutrients (Cu, Mn, and Zn). The results suggest that an integrated use of VC with bioinoculants improves soil health and essential oil yield of O. basilicum.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Ammotheidae (Arthropoda : Pycnogonidae) collected during the Victoria Land Transect cruise 2004 (Ross Sea, Antarctica), with a description of a new species of Ammothea. Specimens belonging to the pycnogonid family Ammotheidae collected during the Victoria Land Transect 2004 cruise (Ross Sea, Antarctica) were studied. Five species are recognized in this collection, three species of Ammothea, one of Achelia and one of Austroraptus. Some information about the variability of the propodal armature of Ammothea glacialis is discussed. The rare species Ammothea meridionalis is reported for the fifth time, enlarging its known bathymetric range. A new species in the genus Ammothea is described, Ammothea victoriae. The new taxon is compared with its closest congeners, especially with A. armentis, A. gordonae and A. carolinensis. Both morphotypes of Achelia spicata are reported, some additional morphological differences having been detected between them. Austroraptus calcaratus is reported for the third time, and with our specimens 14 individuals are now known. Present and previous data show a restricted geographical and bathymetric distribution.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
{"token": "Laccase catalyzed covalent coupling of fluorophenols increases lignocellulose surface hydrophobicity. This work presents for the first time the mechanistic evidence of a laccase-catalyzed method of covalently grafting hydrophobicity enhancing fluorophenols onto Fagus sylvatica veneers. Coupling of fluorophenols onto complex lignin model compounds guaiacylglycerol beta-guaiacyl ether and syringylglycerol beta-guaiacyl ether was demonstrated by LC-MS and NMR. Laccase-mediated coupling increased binding of 4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]phenol (4,4-F3MPP) and 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenol (4-F3MP) to veneers by 77.1% and 39.2%, respectively. XPS studies showed that laccase-catalyzed grafting of fluorophenols resulted in a fluorine content of 6.39% for 4,4-F3MPP, 3.01% for 4-F3MP and 0.26% for 4-fluoro-2-methylphenol (4,2-FMP). Grafting of the fluorophenols 4,2-FMP, 4-F3MP and 4,4-F3MPP led to a 9.6%, 28.6% and 65.5% increase in hydrophobicity, respectively, when compared to treatments with the respective fluorophenols in the absence of laccase, in good agreement with XPS data. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
{"token": "A new method to test the photometric characteristics of lamps for motor vehicles. In this paper, a new method is proposed to test whether the automotive lamp's light pattern or shape satisfies the ECE or SAE regulation at about 3-5 m distance instead of the 25 m distances. From the simulation results, we can draw functions that can describe the correlation between the light source flux and the distance from the receiver plane to the light source. By this method, we can easily test the satisfaction of the light pattern or shape with the regulation of ECE or SAE or National Standard of China in Automobile Lamp test. By this method, an economically efficient method may be provided for our test before the lamps' formal test in the specified testing field. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Postnatal variations of growth hormone bioactivity and of growth hormone-dependent factors. Materials aad Methods: Serum samples were collected from 60 normal full-term neonates on day 5 and at 1 and 4 months of age to evaluate the GH concentrations by using both an immunofluorometric assay and Nb2 cell bioassay as well as the GH-binding protein, IGF-II and IGF-binding protein 3 values by radioimmunoassay.Results: Five-day-old neonates showed significantly higher (P<.001) mean+/-SEM GH levels that were measured by using the immunofluorometric assay (27.22+/-1.62 mu g/L) and Nb2 cell bioassay (3.56+/-0.14 U/mL) compared with those levels in 11 prepubertal children who were studied as control subjects (1.26+/-0.28 mu g/L and 0.74+/-0.08 U/mL, respectively). At 1 and 4 months of age, GH values that were measured by using both the immunofluorometric assay (9.15+/-0.89 and 2.58+/-0.32 mu g/L, respectively) and Nb2 cell bioassay (2.52+/-0.11 and 1.71+/-0.15 U/mL, respectively) were decreased significantly (P<.001). In 5-day-old neonates, we observed significantly lower (P<.001) serum GH-binding protein (9.73%+/-0.42%), IGF-I (67.63+/-5.20 ng/mL), and IGF-binding protein 3 (1.46+/-0.17 mg/L) concentrations compared with those in the prepubertal children (30.74%+/-2.01%, 210+/-25 ng/mL, and 3.08+/-0.22 mg/L, respectively). At 1 month of age, serum GH-binding protein (16.00%+/-0.70%) and IGF-binding protein 3 (2.96+/-0.30 mg/L) values were increased significantly (P<.001), while IGF-I levels (72.55+/-7.6 ng/mL, P=.09) were not increased. Serum IGF-I values were increased significantly (P<.005) at 4 months of age (97.94+/-9.68 ng/mL).Conclusion: The interaction of bioactive molecular forms of GH with the increased hepatic GPI receptors induces the rise in postnatal IGF-I levels in early infancy.Objective: To evaluate whether the low insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) levels that are observed in the neonate depend on the biological inactivity of the molecular forms of growth hormone (GH) or on the immaturity of the hepatic GH receptors during the early postnatal period.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Acute Sarcomeric M-Line Disease Associated With ATP Synthase Subunit alpha Autoantibodies in Ankylosing Spondylitis. M-line is the narrow transverse band located in the center of the sarcomeric A-band that is mainly responsible for the stabilization of myosin thick filaments. A 27-year-old male patient with a positive medical history for ankylosing spondylitis presented with one month of proximal upper limb muscle weakness associated with pain on both acromioclavicular joints. A biopsy of deltoid muscle documented the disappearance of M-line, the misalignment of myofilaments, and the loss of the distinction between the A and I bands. Complete resolution of muscle weakness occurred after one year of treatment with anti-TNF alpha agent Etanercept. Because of the acute onset of symptoms and the recovery after immunosuppressive treatment we hypothesized that an immune-mediated mechanism was responsible for the muscle disorder. The serum IgG-mediated autoreactivity to skeletal muscle antigens resolved by bidimensional electrophoresis was assessed in the described patient and compared with that of control subjects. The comparative analysis of the immunoreactive spots revealed that ATP synthase subunit alpha is specifically recognized by patient's serum, suggesting that the protein might represent a putative antigenic target in the disease. This study reports an acute reversible myopathy pathologically characterized by M-line involvement and associated with serological antibodies to the subunit alpha of ATP synthase.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Variation in Italian Sign Language (LIS): The case of wh-signs. The position of wh-items is one of the most striking features of the syntax of sign languages (SLs). In contrast to spoken languages, where wh-words are generally found either clause-initially or in situ, SLs allow wh-signs in situ, in clause-final position (preferred for many SLs), or repeated in two different positions of the clause. Moreover, in many cases all these options coexist in the same language (and even within a single signer). Several proposals in the theoretical literature showed how grammars are able to generate such constructions; however, none of the proposals addresses the issue of what factors determine the choice of these options. We present corpus evidence showing that both linguistic and social factors constrain the distribution of wh-signs in LIS (Lingua dei Segni Italiana, Italian Sign Language). The result of multivariate analysis suggests that LIS is undergoing a grammatical change and becoming less like spoken Italian with respect to the position of wh-signs.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "The clinical significance of blood lactate levels in evaluation of adult patients with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Results: The study included 106 patients with a mean age of 40.2 +/- 14.4 years, a mean BMI of 26.5 +/- 7 and mostly males (69.8%). The in-hospital mortality occurred in 56.6% and acute cerebral strokes occurred in 25.5% of the enrolled patients. The non-survivors and the patients with acute cerebral strokes had significantly higher arterial lactate levels at pre-ECMO initiation, post-ECMO peak and after 24 h of ECMO support compared to the survivors and those without strokes, respectively. The peak arterial lactate >= 14.65 mmol/L measured after ECMO support had 81.7% sensitivity and 89.1% specificity for predicting hospital mortality [AUROC 0.889, p < 0.001], while the arterial lactate level >= 3.25 mmol/L after 24 h of ECMO support had 88.3% sensitivity and 97.8% specificity for predicting hospital mortality [AUROC 0.93, p < 0.001]. The peak lactate >= 15.15 mmol/L measured after ECMO support had 70.8% sensitivity and 69% specificity for predicting cerebral strokes [AUROC 0.717, p < 0.001], while the lactate level >= 3.25 mmol/L after 24 h of ECMO support had 79.2% sensitivity and 72.4% specificity for predicting cerebral strokes [AUROC 0.779, p < 0.001]. Progressive hyperlactatemia (OR = 1.427, 95% CI 1.048-1.944, p = 0.024) and increasing SOFA score after 48 h (OR = 1.819, 95% CI 1.374-2.409, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality after VA-ECMO support. Post hoc analysis detected a significantly high frequency of hypoalbuminemia in the non-survivors and in the patients who developed acute cerebral strokes during VA-ECMO support.Background: Veno-arterial ECMO is a life-supporting procedure that can be done to the patients with cardiogenic shock which is associated with hyperlactatemia. The objective of this study was to detect the validity of serial measurements of arterial lactate level in differentiating hospital mortality and neurological outcome after VA-ECMO support for adult patients with cardiogenic shock. All consecutive patients >= 18 years admitted with cardiogenic shock and supported with VA-ECMO between 2015 and 2019 in our tertiary care hospital were retrospectively studied.Conclusion: Progressive hyperlactatemia after VA-ECMO initiation for adult patients with cardiogenic shock is a sensitive and specific predictor of hospital mortality and acute cerebrovascular strokes. According to our results, we could recommend early VA-ECMO initiation to achieve adequate circulatory support and better outcome.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Rotavirus diarrhea in hospitalized children under 5 years of age in Vientiane, Lao PDR, 2009-2015. Results: We enrolled 1853 children <5 years with acute gastroenteritis during the surveillance period and collected 1772 fecal specimens, 982 (55%) of which tested positive for rotavirus. A higher proportion of rotavirus acute gastroenteritis was observed among children 12-23 months of age as compared to rota virus negative children in the same age group, 41% vs 36%. Eighty-six percent of rotavirus positive children experienced vomiting, as compared to 65% of rotavirus negative children. Eighty-five percent (n = 830/982) of rotavirus positive specimens occurred during the dry season (January-April). The most common genotypes identified were G1, G2, G3 and P8 and P4. The most prevalent combined genotype differed annually during the surveillance period.Methods: Children <5 years in a central tertiary hospital in the capital city were prospectively enrolled into the surveillance platform during January 2009-December 2015. We collected information regarding clinical characteristics of enrolled children. Stool samples were obtained within 24 h of hospital admission and tested for rotavirus using rotavirus antigen detection enzyme immunoassay. Samples were sent to the regional reference laboratories in Australia and South Korea for genotyping. Bivariate analyses compared demographic and clinical characteristics between rotavirus positive and negative children using Chi-square statistical testing. Seasonality of rotavirus and annual genotype distribution are also described.Background: Diarrhea is a leading cause of death in children <5 years worldwide, causing an estimated 215,000 deaths in 2013. This evaluation tracks the epidemiologic patterns and most common rotavirus genotypes among hospitalized children in this age group with acute gastroenteritis in Lao PDRConclusion: Surveillance continues to be important in documenting the burden of rotavirus in children <5 years in Lao PDR as well as providing a baseline for determining the impact of rotavirus vaccine once it is introduced into Lao PDR's national immunization schedule. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Absorption of Sulfur Dioxide in Water with High Salinity. Understanding the absorption behaviour of sulphur dioxide in aqueous electrolyte solutions is of major interest for the design of flue gas desulphurization processes, as for example wet flue gas desulphurization of coal fired power plants or municipal solid waste incineration plants. In the present paper the influence of the water salinity on SO2 absorption is studied. The SO2 absortion was performed in equilibrium condition. The variation of marine solubility from 10 g/L to 40 g/L determines the variation of SO concentration in water from 2.6 mol/L to about 3.2 mol/L. In consequence, the variation of water salinity in these limits can detemine a quite big difference of water pollution.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Transfer of L1 Cohesive Devices and Transition Words into L2 Academic Texts: The Case of Arab Students. This study claims that Arab ESL students writing in English transfer L1 rhetorical modes of text organization into their English compositions. Fifty academic research papers were analysed in terms of the transition words and cohesive devices used, on the assumption that differences at the level of these language forms reflect differences at the higher level of rhetorical text organization. The hypothesis is stated in two sub-parts. In the first, it is claimed that, as in L1 native texts, the students' English compositions use a predominantly additive mode of propositional development. In the second part, it is claimed that, as in L1 native texts, propositional connectivity is established in the students' compositions largely through repetition of the same noun, as opposed to the use of grammatical cohesion. The results of the analysis provide strong statistical support for both sub- parts of the hypothesis. Overall, additive transition words are more commonly used in the compositions than other types of transition words. Further, the repetition of the same noun is statistically more frequent as a cohesive device than grammatical cohesion. An attempt is made to explain the rhetorical modes used in the students' compositions as well as in native Arabic texts with reference to Arab culture.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Nonoptimal Vaginal Microbiota After Azithromycin Treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. We characterized the composition and structure of the vaginal microbiota in a cohort of 149 women with genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection at baseline who were followed quarterly for 9 months after antibiotic treatment. At time of diagnosis, the vaginal microbiota was dominated by Lactobacillus iners or a diverse array of bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria including Gardnerella vaginalis. Interestingly, L. iners-dominated communities were most common after azithromycin treatment (1 g monodose), consistent with the observed relative resistance of L. iners to azithromycin. Lactobacillus iners-dominated communities have been associated with increased risk of C. trachomatis infection, suggesting that the impact of antibiotic treatment on the vaginal microbiota could favor reinfections. These results provide support for the dual need to account for the potential perturbing effect(s) of antibiotic treatment on the vaginal microbiota, and to develop strategies to protect and restore optimal vaginal microbiota.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Remembering specific episodes of a scripted event. Children's memory for a specific episode of a repeated event was investigated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, eighty 4- and 7-year-olds experienced a standard novel event 1, 2, or 4 times, followed by an episodic event for those children who had multiple standard event experiences. The episodic event involved the addition of both schema-typical and schema-atypical activities to the standard event. Following a I-week delay, children were asked to recall both event types. Four-year-olds were more confused than older children regarding when the new activities had been experienced, although experience improved memory for the schema-atypical activities. In contrast, 7-year-olds were able to establish more accurate memories for both the schema-typical and the schema-atypical changes. Experiment 2 demonstrated that 4-year-olds could, however, establish distinct memories for both types of changes when the standard event was simplified. The results are discussed in terms of the development of the relation between script memory and memory for a specific instance of an event. (C) 1999 Academic Press.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Embedded Diagnostics of Conveyor Belts Actuated by Induction Motors. Frequently, companies with conveyor belts face problems to keep them working as expected. Currently, there are many automatic conveyor failure diagnostic techniques but most of them require complex instrumentation schemes or algorithms. This paper presents a fault diagnostic scheme for conveyor belts actuated by an induction motor. The system retrieves information from a current sensor and a voltage sensor located in the input line of the motor to detect irregular behaviors with an algorithm based on statistic indices. The main features of the solution are: non-invasive for a pre-existing conveyor, embedded implementation, simple and effective algorithm, and low cost instrumentation. This proposal is the starting point for a more complex solution that detects irregularities more accurately using more variables of the system in future work.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Improved Support Vector Machine and Image Processing Enabled Methodology for Detection and Classification of Grape Leaf Disease. In recent years, agricultural image processing research has been a key emphasis. Image processing techniques are used by computers to analyze images. New advancements in image capture and data processing have simplified the resolution of a wide range of agricultural concerns. Crop disease classification and identification are crucial for the agricultural industry's technical and commercial well-being. In agriculture, image processing begins with a digital color picture of a diseased leaf. Plant health and disease detection must be monitored on a regular basis in property agriculture. Plant diseases have had a tremendous impact on civilization and the Earth as a whole. Extensions of detection strategies and classification methods try to identify and categorize each ailment that affects the plant rather than focusing on a single disease among several illnesses and symptoms. This article describes a new support vector machine and image processing-enabled approach for detecting and classifying grape leaf disease. The given architecture includes steps for image capture, denoising, enhancement, segmentation, feature extraction, classification, and detection. Image denoising is conducted using the mean function, image enhancement is performed using the CLAHE method, pictures are segmented using the fuzzy C Means algorithm, features are retrieved using PCA, and images are eventually classed using the PSO SVM, BPNN, and random forest algorithms. The accuracy of PSO SVM is higher in performing classification and detection of grape leaf diseases.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "A Case of Guillain-Barre Syndrome Following Plasmodium vivax infection. A 28-year-old male was admitted to our medical center with general myalgia and fever. After a series of tests, he was diagnosed with P. vivax malaria. On the 5th hospital day, the patient complained of tingling sensation on both hands and feet, which acutely progressed to ascending symmetric motor paralysis. Nerve conduction velocity test and cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed albumino-cytologic dissociation, suggesting polyradiculopathy, and thus he was diagnosed with Guillain-Barre syndrome. After 5-day treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, and antificial ventilator therapy the patient fully recovered. In the literature, only 22 cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Plasmodium have been reported; 19 cases were caused by Plasmodium falciparum and 3 were by P. vivax. Herein, we report the first case of Guillain-Barre Syndrome associated with P. vivax malaria in Korea.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Augustine of Hippo's Critique of Philosophy in De civitate Dei. This article reconstructs panoramically the position of Agustine of Hippo towards philosophy in his work De civitate Dei. It holds that the judgement and criticism made by Augustine to the platonici rest ultimately on a concept of philosophy taken from Platonism itself and re-interpreted according to biblical texts which emphasize the centrality of mediation and cult to achieve the beata vita.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Cigarette price level and variation in five Southeast Asian countries. Methods Prices of cigarette sold by sticks and packs were collected through an in-person survey of retailers during 2011. Mean cigarette prices and price variation were calculated in each study country for single cigarettes, whole packs and brand groups.Conclusions Tobacco industry strategy and excise tax structure drove the price level and variation of cigarettes sold in packs, while currency denominations influence the selling price of single sticks. To maximise the effectiveness of tobacco tax policies, countries should adopt specific excise tax structures to decrease cigarette price variation, which would minimise opportunities for smokers to 'trade down' to a cheaper brand to avoid a tax-driven price increase.Objectives To monitor and analyse impacts of the interaction between tobacco excise tax policy and industry price strategy, on the price level and variation of cigarettes sold in five Southeast Asian countries (Indonesia, Cambodia, Lao PDR, the Philippines and Vietnam).Results Price variation of whole packs was greater in countries with ad-valorem excise tax structures (Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam) than in countries with multitiered specific excise taxes (Indonesia and the Philippines). The price variation for single sticks appeared to be driven by local currency denomination. Cigarettes sold individually cost more per stick than cigarettes sold in whole packs in every brand group except for Indonesia's domestic brands.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "The teaching of telecommunications management: Expectations and delivery. The contribution of this research to the MIS field is that it provides a detailed methodology for identifying the micro and macro skills and for measuring the level of knowledge students gain during a course.Proper understanding of information technology needs is critical to IS undergraduate curricula design. Gaps between the industry requirements and academic curricula are prevalent. This research focuses on the telecommunications component of IS and identifies these gaps.Skills were classified as either micro or macro, where micro relates to technical competencies and macro to the understanding associated with higher level cognitive thinking. A questionnaire was created and administered to students in telecommunication management courses. The major findings are: (a) the students perceived that the telecommunication course adequately covered five micro (technical) and five macro (management) skills, and (b) the students perceived that the course did not adequately cover the macro skill of legislation skill.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Medieval Tuscan glasses from Miranduolo, Italy: A multi-disciplinary study. Twenty transparent glass fragments from Miranduolo were analysed by Variable Pressure - Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive System (VP-SEM-EDS), Particle Induced X-Ray Emission and Particle Induced Gamma-Ray Emission (PIXE/PIGE) and Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LAICP-MS). The fragments are dated from mid-13th to mid-14th century CE, when the first Tuscan glass-making workshops emerged. Miranduolo did not have an in situ glass-making workshop. Hence, the aim was to determine the glass production technology and raw material provenance. All the glasses are of plant ash (PA) sodalime-silica (Na-Ca-Si) composition, with eighteen being made with Levantine plant ash (LPA), one with Barilla plant ash (BPA), and one Na-Ca-Si glass with high magnesium and low potassium (HMg-LK). The production of LPA glasses can be distinguished according to the use of different sand typologies as former. It seems probable that glasses were produced regionally from multiple Tuscan glass factories.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The Fight against HIV-Associated Disseminated Histoplasmosis in the Americas: Unfolding the Different Stories of Four Centers. Disseminated histoplasmosis is a major opportunistic infection of HIV-infected patients, killing thousands in Latin America each year. Yet, it remains a neglected disease that is often confused with tuberculosis, for lack of simple, affordable, and rapid diagnostic tools. There is great heterogeneity in the level of histoplasmosis awareness. The purpose of this report was to describe how the historical \\\\'awakening\\\\' to the threat of histoplasmosis came to be in four different centers that have actively described this disease: In Brazil, the Sao Jose hospital in Fortaleza; in Colombia, the Corporacion para Investigaciones Biologicas in Medellin; in French Guiana, Cayenne Hospital; and in Guatemala, the Association de Salud Integral in Guatemala city. In Brazil and French Guiana, the search for leishmaniasis on the buffy coat or skin smears, respectively, led to the rapid realization that HIV patients were suffering from disseminated histoplasmosis. With time and progress in fungal culture, the magnitude of this problem turned it into a local priority. In Colombia and Guatemala, the story is different because for these mycology centers, it was no surprise to find histoplasmosis in HIV patients. In addition, collaborations with the CDC to evaluate antigen-detection tests resulted in researchers and clinicians developing the capacity to rapidly screen most patients and to demonstrate the very high burden of disease in these countries. While the lack of awareness is still a major problem, it is instructive to review the ways through which different centers became histoplasmosis-aware. Nevertheless, as new rapid diagnostic tools are becoming available, their implementation throughout Latin America should rapidly raise the level of awareness in order to reduce the burden of histoplasmosis deaths.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "Efficient staining of actinomycetoma and eumycetoma grains using henna extract. The use of natural, nontoxic, convenient and eco-friendly dyes for histopathological diagnosis avoids some of the synthetic dyes' hazards. I used an aqueous extract of henna at a concentration of 20 g/ml and acidified with acetic acid to stain mycetoma grains. Henna stained mycetoma grains orange-red to brown. The engulfed mycetoma grains within inflammatory cells stained well with henna extract compared to hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and hexamine silver.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
{"token": "Determination of plant traits that affect genotype x location (GxL) interaction in peanut using the CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model. Genotype x environment (GxE) interaction complicates the identification of superior genotypes. An understanding its causes is needed for a more effective breeding strategy. The objective of this study was to determine the plant traits that cause genotype x location (GxL) interaction for pod yield in peanut using a modeling approach. The CSM-CROPGRO-Peanut model was used to simulate pod yield for 17 peanut genotypes for 14 locations representative of all peanut production areas in Thailand using 30 years of historical weather data. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the effects of individual and combinations of plant traits on pod yield and yield response to environments by varying the value of one or more cultivar coefficients and then evaluating their effects. The results showed that the cultivar coefficients that showed major effects were the duration from first seed to physiological maturity (SDPM), maximum leaf photosynthesis rate (LFMAX), the maximum fraction of daily growth that is partitioned to seed and shell (XFRT), single seed filling duration (SFDUR) and the duration of pod addition (PODUR). Those having minor effects were the duration from emergence to first flower (EMFL), maximum leaf size (SIZLF) and maximum seed weight (WTPSD). The cultivar coefficients that caused the differences in both mean yield and yield response to locations between peanut genotypes in different pairs included LFMAX, XFRT, SDPM, SFDUR and PODUR, but the causal characters differed among pairs of genotypes. It was concluded that changing the degree of genotypic response to environments is possible through selection for a combination of some of these traits, and that model simulation could be used to identify those traits.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Piezo displacement sensors for a compact high-speed x-y nanopositioner in differential actuation mode. An emerging actuation technique in piezo driven nanopositioners is differential actuation, where each axis has two opposing actuators that operate differentially and provide bilateral motion. It has simultaneous benefits of improving linearity and range of displacement. However, few methods for displacement sensing employing in-situ transducers have been considered for this kind of nanopositioners. We address a novel application of PZT piezoelectric chips for direct displacement sensing in differentially driven nanopositioners. First, an electromechanical force analysis is performed in order to increase the PZT sensor sensitivity through the structural design of the nanopositioner. Secondly, the sensing performances of the proposed in-situ PZT sensor are compared with those from an alternative built-in piezoresistive (PZR) strain gauge sensor under equal circumstances, in different sensing and actuation configurations. While the PZR sensor has a larger sensing bandwidth than the PZT one and performs better if the actuation frequency is smaller than 30 Hz, the PZT sensors provides better accuracy when the actuation is well within its sensing bandwidth. The accuracy of the differential sensors and the input-displacement linearity are improved when the mechanical preload force magnitudes on the opposing actuators are balanced. The differential PZT sensor can provide accurate measurements even in a non-differential mode after recalibration.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Numerical Study of Factors Affecting Particle Suction Efficiency of Pick-Up Head of a Regenerative Air Vacuum Sweeper. The influence of variable operational conditions affects the performance of particle collection and separation of a regenerative air vacuum sweeper. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to numerically investigate the factors affecting the particle suction efficiency of the pick-up head. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a model of an integrated pick-up head was developed based on the particle suction process to evaluate the particle removal performance. The realizable k-epsilon and discrete particle models were utilized to study the gas flow field and solid particle trajectories. The particle structure, sweeping speed, secondary airflow, pressure drop, and distance between the particle suction port and the road surface, as factors that affect the particle removal efficiency, were investigated. The results indicate that the particle suction efficiency increases with decreasing sweeper speed. Furthermore, the particle overall removal efficiency increased with a reduction in the distance between the suction port and the road surface as well as the control of the secondary airflow in the system. By increasing the airflow rate at the suction port, high efficiencies were achieved at a high sweeper speed and high particle densities. At a sweeper speed of 6-10 km/h, the results showed that the secondary airflow recirculation varied between 60 to 80 %, while the high-pressure drop ranged from 2200 to 2400 Pa, and the particle suction efficiency recorded was 95%. The numerical analysis results provide a better understanding of the particle suction process and hence could lead to an improvement in the design of the pick-up head.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Towards Integrated Management of Dengue in Mumbai. With increasing urbanisation, the dengue disease burden is on the rise in India, especially in large cities such as Mumbai. Current dengue surveillance in Mumbai includes municipal corporation carrying out specific activities to reduce mosquito breeding sites and the use of insecticides to suppress the adult mosquito populations. Clinical cases remain either underreported or misreported due to the restriction to government clinics, missing the large private health care sector. There is a need for an integrated approach to manage dengue outbreaks in Mumbai. There are various novel strategies available for use that can be utilised to improve disease detection, mosquito surveillance, and control of mosquito-borne diseases. These novel technologies are discussed in this manuscript. Given the complex ecosystem of mosquito-borne diseases in Mumbai, integrating data obtained from these technologies would support the ongoing mosquito control measures in Mumbai.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "A note on the Shapley value for airport cost pooling game. The main goal of this paper is two-fold. First, we introduce the so-called airport cost pooling game, which is a generalization of the well-known class of airport game (Littlechild and Thompson, 1977). We determine the Shapley value of this class of game through a decomposition method for this game into unanimity cost games, exploiting the linearity of the Shapley value. Second, we characterize the Shapley value for airport cost pooling game by applying the so-called collective balanced contributions property, meaning that for any two airplanes from two different airlines, the withdrawal of one airline leads to the same loss to the airplane in the other. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Public health leadership in the times of COVID-19: a comparative case study of three countries. Purpose The purpose is to understand the role of public leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic and advocate for a more active role of public health professionals in helping manage the crisis. Design/methodology/approach The authors use the framework developed by Boin et al. (2005) on crisis leadership. The authors focus on three of the core tasks - sense-making, decision-making and meaning-making - that are relevant to explain the role of public leaders during the ongoing crisis. The authors draw from the experience of three countries - Chile, France and the United States - to illustrate how these tasks were exercised with concrete examples. Findings Several examples of the way in which public leaders reacted to the crisis are found in the selected countries. Countries show different responses to the way they assessed and reacted to the COVID-19 as a crisis, the decisions taken to prevent infections and mitigate consequences, and the way they communicate information to the population. Practical implications A better understanding public leadership as a key for better crisis management, particularly for designing policy responses to public health crises. Public health leaders need to assume a more active role in the crisis management process, which also implies the emergence of a new class of public health leaders and a more prominent role for public health in the public eye. Originality/value The use of examples from three different countries, as well as the focus on the core leadership tasks during an ongoing crisis help not only assessing the crisis management but also extracting lessons for the coming months, as well as future public health emergencies. The three authors have a first-hand experience on the evolution of the crisis in their countries and the environment, since they are currently living and working in public health in Chile, France and the United States.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "COMPARISON OF THE CAPSID PROTEIN CISTRON FROM SEROLOGICALLY DISTINCT STRAINS OF SWEET-POTATO FEATHERY MOTTLE VIRUS (SPFMV). Complementary DNA clones corresponding to the 3' terminus of sweetpotato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) strains RC and C were synthesized and sequenced. An open reading frame followed by a 3' terminal non-coding region of 222 nucleotides and a terminal polyadenylation track was present in clones from both strains. Putative N-terminal capsid protein cleavage sites were identified for both strains 945 nucleotides 5' of the first stop codon. Sequence comparisons of these strains show 98% nucleic acid identity in the last 351 nucleotides of the capsid protein cistron and 100% in the corresponding amino acids. This relatively short homologous sequence element near the C terminus is responsible for the wide spectrum hybridization among SPFMV strains using in vitro transcribed antiviral RNA probes (riboprobes). The sequence similarity in the remaining N terminal 645 nucleotides is only 62% and 65% for their predicted amino acids. A tendency of decreasing nucleotide mismatches in the alignment from 5' to 3' end of both capsid protein cistrons was detected. Although the alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the SPFMV-RC capsid protein with those of other potyviruses showed significant homology, hybridization with riboprobes from both the 5' and 3' regions of the capsid protein cistron of SPFMV was virus-specific.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Structural changes in supercritical fluids at high pressures. The structure of an archetypal model simple fluid system as argon has been investigated by x-ray diffraction at high pressures and room and high temperatures. Despite the markedly supercritical conditions (T=2-4T(c), P > 10(2)P(c)), the structure factor S(Q) is very similar, close to the melting line, to that observed in the liquid phase, thereby assessing a liquidlike structure with high atomic correlation, as proposed in a recent inelastic experiment. On the other hand, the S(Q) continuously changes upon approaching the extrapolation of the liquid-gas coexistence line in the (P/P(c), T/T(c)) plane, ultimately exhibiting low atomic correlation, which reasonably indicates intermediate character between liquid and gas. The analysis of the S(Q)s based on the hard-sphere model shows that the changes are driven by the decrease in the packing fraction and the increase in the nearest-neighbor distance with decreasing pressure.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Genetic Neuropathology of Schizophrenia: New Approaches to an Old Question and New Uses for Postmortem Human Brains. Human postmortem brain studies are critical for elucidating the pathophysiology and etiology of schizophrenia and other major mental illnesses. The traditional approach compares patients and control subjects but is potentially confounded by a number of artifacts, including medication, substance misuse, and other secondary effects of illness. Genetic advances now make possible a novel approach that focuses on how allelic variation in risk-associated genes affects expression and function of transcripts and proteins. These questions can be addressed in normal brain, overcoming to some extent the confounding effects of studying brains from subjects with schizophrenia; equally, extension of the studies to include cases also has advantages. Conceptually, the approach may be seen as the neuropathologic counterpart of genetic neuroimaging, representing a potentially powerful intermediate phenotype. For several schizophrenia susceptibility genes, the data show that risk-associated polymorphisms do affect gene expression or the function of the encoded protein; in some instances, expression of downstream or interacting partners of the gene are also altered. A further striking finding is that the implicated transcripts often appear to be enriched in, or specific to, human brain. Some also show enhanced expression in fetal brain. These considerations give unique importance to postmortem human brain tissue in elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying schizophrenia and probably other neurodevelopmental disorders as well. Studies of this kind can provide clues as to the biological mechanisms of genetic association, especially when carried out in conjunction with experimental studies. Moreover, the data, interpreted judiciously, can strengthen the plausibility of the association itself.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
{"token": "Thiazotropsin aggregation and its relationship to molecular recognition in the DNA minor groove. Aggregated states have been alluded to for many DNA minor groove binders but details of the molecule-on-molecule relationship have either been under-reported or ignored. Here we report our findings from ITC and NMR measurements carried out with AIK-18/51, a compound representative of the thiazotropsin class of DNA minor groove binders. The free aqueous form of AIK-18/51 is compared with that found in its complex with cognate DNA duplex d(CGACTAGTCG)(2). Molecular self-association of AIK-18/51 is consistent with anti-parallel, face-to-face dimer formation, the building block on which the molecule aggregates. This underlying structure is closely allied to the form found in the ligand's DNA complex. NMR chemical shift and diffusion measurements yield a self-association constant K-ass = (61 +/- 19) x 10(3) M-1 for AIK-18/51 that fits with a stepwise self-assembly model and is consistent with ITC data. The deconstructed energetics of this assembly process are reported with respect to a design strategy for ligand/DNA recognition. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "Coffee and tea consumption in the Scottish Heart Health Study follow up: conflicting relations with coronary risk factors, coronary disease, and all cause mortality. Participants-Over 11 000 men and women aged 40-59 who took part in the Scottish Heart Health Study lifestyle and risk factor survey in 1984-87. Participants were followed up to the end of 1993, an average of 7.7 years, for all cause mortality, coronary death, or any major coronary event (death, non-fatal infarction or coronary artery surgery). Cox's proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard in consumers of tea and coffee relative to the zero consumption group, both before and after correction for other factors.Main results-Coffee and tea consumption showed a strong inverse relation. For many conventional risk factors, coffee showed a weak, but beneficial, gradient with increasing consumption, whereas increasing tea consumption showed the reverse. Increasing coffee consumption was associated with beneficial effects fbr mortality and coronary morbidity, whereas tea showed the opposite. Adjusting for age and social class had some effect in reducing associations. Multiple adjustment for other risk factors removed the associations for tea and most of those for coffee although there was a residual benefit of coffee consumption in avoiding heart disease among men.Conclusions-The epidemiological differences shown in this study occurred despite the pharmacological similarities between tea and coffee. Either they differ more than is realised, or they identify contrasting associated lifestyle and health risks, for which this multiple adjustment was inadequate.Setting-Nationwide random population study.Design-Cohort study.Study objective-To relate habitual (cups per day) tea and coffee consumption to conventional coronary risk factors and subsequent risk of coronary heart disease and death.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Relationships of mass properties and body proportions to locomotor habit in terrestrial Archosauria. Throughout their 250 Myr history, archosaurian reptiles have exhibited a wide array of body sizes, shapes, and locomotor habits, especially in regard to terrestriality. These features make Archosauria a useful clade with which to study the interplay between body size, shape, and locomotor behavior, and how this interplay may have influenced locomotor evolution. Here, digital volumetric models of 80 taxa are used to explore how mass properties and body proportions relate to each other and locomotor posture in archosaurs. One-way, nonparametric, multivariate analysis of variance, based on the results of principal components analysis, shows that bipedal and quadrupedal archosaurs are largely distinguished from each other on the basis of just four anatomical parameters (p < 0.001): mass, center of mass position, and relative forelimb and hindlimb lengths. This facilitates the development of a quantitative predictive framework that can help assess gross locomotor posture in understudied or controversial taxa, such as the crocodile-line Batrachotomus (predicted quadruped) and Postosuchus (predicted biped). Compared with quadrupedal archosaurs, bipedal species tend to have relatively longer hindlimbs and a more caudally positioned whole-body center of mass, and collectively exhibit greater variance in forelimb lengths. These patterns are interpreted to reflect differing biomechanical constraints acting on the archosaurian Bauplan in bipedal versus quadrupedal groups, which may have shaped the evolutionary histories of their respective members.", "label": [4, 37, 42, 39]}
{"token": "SOVIET MIGRATION AND ITS APPEARANCE IN AUTOBIOGRAPHIES. Due to the historical background of Estonia, two important aspects come to the fore in these stories. Firstly, the processal nature of migration. The narrator might not understand spatial movement (in the geographical dimension) as migration such understanding may have come much later, most recently after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Partly the new political situation, partly the new generation and changes in the family have made the writers discuss the renewal of their own status this stage of the migration process seems to have been painful for most of the biography writers at the time of writing. Secondly, the interpretational aspect of migration: something that a part of the population has always understood as migration is just movement in search of a place of living and a job for the other part. The latter viewpoint was supported by the general compulsion to move (from forced appointment of graduates to jobs, evacuation etc., to deportation) with movement possibilities continuously simplified, and the prominence of Soviet ideology and the Russian language.The article observes the appearance of the topic of Soviet migration in the autobiographical narratives of inhabitants of Estonia, written in the Russian language in the years 1989-1990 and 2006-2007. In the stories of people who were born outside Estonia, their movement all over the territory of the Soviet Union is not dealt with as migration. The topic of migration becomes an issue only after the restitution of independence in Estonia, from applying for citizenship to reinterpretation of their identity in the new political situation.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Does officer self-legitimacy mediate the linkage between internal and external procedural justice? Evidence from Taiwanese police officers. Purpose This paper aims to assess whether internal procedural justice is directly and indirectly through self-legitimacy connected to external procedural justice among Taiwanese police officers. Design/methodology/approach Survey data used in this study were collected from 316 Taiwanese police officers in 2019. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine the direct and indirect relationships between internal and external procedural justice. Findings Supervisors' internal procedural justice is directly related to the external procedural justice rendered to the public by police officers. Internal procedural justice also directly enhances officers' perceptions of internal legitimacy and external legitimacy. Greater senses of internal legitimacy are then accompanied by higher external procedural justice. Research limitations/implications Survey data collected from a non-random sample of officers limit the study findings' generalizability. Organizational justice in the form of supervisory justice is instrumental in promoting officers' perception of self-legitimacy and their delivery of fair treatment to the public. Originality/value The present study represents a first attempt to link two important veins of studies in recent policing literature, organizational justice and officer self-legitimacy. This study provides needed evidence to support the value of supervisory justice in policing in a non-Western democracy.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Florida Scrub-jays eject foreign eggs added to their nests. Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater), and to a lesser extent Shiny Cowbirds (M bonariensis), have expanded their breeding ranges to include that of the Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens). We added the eggs of seven bird species to Florida Scrub-Jay nests to determine if scrub-jays eject foreign eggs. Most eggs were ejected within 1 d of addition, probably by grasp-ejection. Ejection of foreign eggs by Florida Scrub-jays suggests that cowbirds, should they begin to parasitize scrub-jays, would waste their reproductive effort. Fossil evidence suggests that Florida Scrub-jays may be former cowbird hosts that have sustained the ability to eject.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "The effectiveness of a territory's spatial development as an indicator of regional authorities performance: The case of Chelyabinsk oblast. The need for effective development and use of space is a key task posed in the strategic planning documents of the Russian Federation. The \\\\'periphery-center\\\\' migration of resources and a declining ability of regions to reproduce high-quality human potential question the possibility of achieving the goals of effective spatial development. The added complication is that regions are extremely rigid when it comes to decision-making, since the policy of the \\\\'center\\\\' dictates every move of regional authorities. The article systematizes research and regulatory materials in the field of spatial development. It aims to formulate a methodology for assessing the performance of regional authorities, which should meet the following requirements: (i) be transparent and do not include indicators that governors are practically unable to change, and (ii) be integrated and focused on not only the socio-economic, but also spatial development of the region. The methodological basis of the research includes the theories of spatial development, including cumulative growth theories. The methods of statistical comparison, dynamics analysis and correlation analysis are applied. The information base covers legal acts; strategic planning documents; Rosstat statistical data; socio-economic rankings of regions, and management effectiveness rankings of the RF constituent entities. The study reveals the development trends in Chelyabinsk oblast's economic space. It positions the region in the \\\\'center - periphery\\\\' system and shows its underperformance in comparison with Sverdlovsk oblast in the sphere of economic development (the level of GRP per capita is lagging behind the indicators of Sverdlovsk oblast and the national average), financial well-being (despite a high margin of financial strength, the income of Chelyabinsk region's population is 1.5 times lower than in Sverdlovsk oblast), human capital (both in statics as of the end of 2019 and in dynamics since 2010, Chelyabinsk oblast demonstrates more negative results in relation to the number of students, postgraduate students, doctoral students, researchers with scientific degrees, etc.). The author raises the question about the gradual inclusion of spatial development indicators in the list of the existing indicators for assessing regional authorities performance.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Induction of vitamin B12 to purify biogas slurry and upgrade biogas using co-culture of microalgae and fungi. Vitamin B12 had positive effects on algal-fungal pellets growth.Different gradient concentrations of vitamin B12 (0, 10, 100, 1,000 ng L-1) were used in the symbiosis system (Chlorella vulgaris-Ganoderma lucidum or Chlorella vulgaris-Pleurotus ostreatus) to assess their effect on simultaneous purification of biogas and removal of nutrients in biogas slurry using co-culture of microalgae and fungi. When B12 was added to the symbiosis system, biomass growth, intracellular carbonic anhydrase activity (CA), chlorophyll a content (CHL-a), photosynthetic characteristics of the two cultivation system, and removal efficiency of nutrients in biogas slurry and CO2 in biogas were significantly higher than those in the control group. The optimal concentration of B12 was determined to be 100 ng L-1 considering the removal efficiency of nutrients and CO2. Maximum mean chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and CO2 removal efficiencies were 75.98 +/- 6.26%, 78.46 +/- 6.21%, 80.21 +/- 6.83% and 61.08 +/- 5.21% in Chlorella vulgaris-Ganoderma lucidum, respectively. This study showed the potential of microalgae and fungi symbiosis system with B12 addition for nutrient removal and biogas upgrading. (C) 2020 Water Environment FederationThe optimal vitamin B12 concentration was 100 ng L-1.Practitioner pointsThe highest CO2 remove rate was 61.08% by G. lucidum/C. vulgaris pellets.Vitamin B12 significantly improved photosynthetic performance of pellets.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "My Home is Not My Castle: Follow-Up of Residents of Shelters for Homeless Youth. The paper presents a follow-up evaluation of Israel's first two shelters for homeless youth. The main research questions were: (a) Did the youngsters achieve the shelters' main goal of reaching a normative and suitable post-shelter residence? (b) How do the youngsters evaluate their stay at the shelter and its impact on them? (c) Is there a relationship between youngsters' post-shelter residence and their evaluation of the shelter stay? Data on 345 youngsters were collected through follow-up telephone interviews with the youngsters, their parents, and community social workers. The findings indicate that the majority of these youngsters left the shelter to living arrangements that were normative but not necessarily fitting with their wishes and needs. Most of the youngsters were satisfied with the shelter, but no relationship was found between general satisfaction and achievement of the shelters' declared goal. The discussion focuses on the significance of the findings with regard to the declared and operative goals of shelters.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Synthesis and herbicidal activity of pyrimidinyl salicylic and thiosalicylic acids. A series of the O-pyrimidinylsalicylic acids were synthesized and their herbicidal activity was evaluated. Investigation of substituents on the benzene ring revealed that the 6-halogeno derivatives exhibited high herbicidal activity, but with severe phytotoxicity to some crops, The replacement of a bridge atom between two rings with other atoms or groups was performed. The S-pyrimidinylthiosalicylic acids replaced by sulfur improved the safety to cotton plants dramatically reducing herbicidal activity against broadleaf weeds to some extent. Out of the S-pyrimidinylthiosalicylic acids, 6-chloro-2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)thiosalicylic acid was selected as a quite promising compound for the development of a possible cotton field herbicide.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Neural network modelling for damage behaviour of composites using full-field strain measurements. This paper presents a neural network modelling method for damage behaviour of composite materials in conjunction with full-field strain measurements The proposed method utilises the overall structural response of a laminate composite specimen to develop the constitutive model of a single ply unidirectional laminate Based on an energy principle a performance function for training the neural networks is derived in terms of the applied external work and the induced strain energy This allows the proposed method to develop the neural networks without the presence of stress information that IS not necessarily obtainable in experiments with non-uniform deformation The use of neural networks also enables the proposed method to model the damage behaviour without the constraints on the parameter space such that a more representative model is developed for the actual material behaviour An example of tailoring the proposed method to model the In-plane shear damage behaviour of a carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate is demonstrated as well as its numerical validation The practical application of the proposed method to multi-axial damage-related nonlinear behaviour of composite is presented using the experimental data obtained from a tensile test with an open-hole specimen (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
{"token": "Land Rights, Industrialization, and Urbanization: China in Comparative Context. What do studies of land rights in China contribute to the broader discipline of political science? First, the Chinese case challenges orthodox theories of secure, private property rights as a prerequisite for growth and sheds light on the distinctly fiscal roots of urban bias, a phenomenon pervasive in countries making the transition from agriculture to industry. Second, studies of land grabbing in the Chinese case provide a basis for comparisons of state-society relations in authoritarian vs. democratic regimes. While democratic institutions create more openings for aggrieved actors to organize and shape policy, ordinary citizens in both authoritarian and democratic regimes use protest in order to capture a greater share of rents from land. Third, land grabbing exacerbates inequalities; research on the Chinese case in comparative context shows that exclusionary modes of land ownership and limits on full social and political citizenship are mutually reinforcing across all types of regimes.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Effects of germination inhibition on the dynamics of Quercus ilex stands. Inhibition of Q. ilex seed germination could be a major reason for the poor seed regeneration and suggested a possible comeback of Q. pubascens.Germination of Quercus ilex L. in coppice stands of this species in the western Mediterranean Basin was examined and a germination inhibitory process is proposed to explain some germination traits. Germination rate and seedling biomass of Q. ilex were greatly modified by watering acorns with various concentrations of aqueous soil extracts from a Q. ilex coppice stand but also when the acorns were sown in soil from Q. ilex coppice stands. In the aqueous extract experiment, Q. ilex germination and seedling weight both decreased as the aqueous extract concentration increased. In the soil type experiment, Q. ilex soil decreased the Q. ilex: germination rate. Comparative studies with Q. pubescens germination (this species, replaced by Q. ilex around 5000 B.P., is assumed to form the climax Vegetation of the region) revealed that Q. pubescens was less sensitive to the aqueous extracts and soils of Q. ilex coppice stands.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37, 9]}
{"token": "Aqueous two-phase countercurrent distribution for the separation of c-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin from Spirulina platensis. C-phycocyanin (C-PC) and allophycocyanin (APC) with similar molecular structures were separated, respectively from Spirulina platensis cell homogenate by single extraction and multi-stage countercurrent distribution (CCD) using an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and potassium phosphate (KPi). The partition coefficients of C-PC and APC were 10.64 and 0.57, respectively, and the extraction selectivity of C-PC was 18.67 from 0.5% (w/w) S. platensis crude extract by single extraction using PEG6000/KPi ATPS (pH 7.0) with 34% (w/w) tie line length (TLL). In ten-stage CCD under the same ATPS extraction condition with 2% (w/w) S. platensis crude extract, the purity of C-PC increased nearly twice and the recovery of APC increased more than nine-fold compared with single extractior. The results displayed that most C-PC (82.1%) followed the mobile phase was enriched in the top phases of the last three tubes, while more APC (41%) remained in the stationary phase was enriched in the bottom phases of the first three tubes in the ten-stage CCD. Hence, aqueous two-phase CCD technology provided an effective and low cost method for C-PC and APC separation from S. platensis cell homogenate directly. (C) 2011 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 19, 16, 8]}
{"token": "I ' m the one who has written this': reciprocity in writing courses for older adults in Norway. Purpose: The aim of this article is to explore, theoretically and empirically, the reciprocity of care afforded by writing courses as community interventions for older adults. Methods: We narratively analyzed 209 excerpts of the anthology \\\\'I ' m the one who has written this\\\\' written by teachers and participants of courses organized by the Church City Mission in Norway. Results: The reciprocity that appeared in the writing courses is grounded in the sense of vulnerability that both teachers and participants embraced, and that is experienced in three main relational movements that these writing courses convey: self-exploration, otherness and togetherness. In addition, the data suggests that these courses promote affective processing and existential meaning-making, motivation, as well as improvements of memory and attention. However, more research is needed to confirm these preliminary findings, and their possible effects in older adults with and without symptoms of dementia. Conclusion: Even though these writing courses for older adults are not explicitly therapeutic, they can have therapeutic effects, given the reciprocity afforded in these cultural community interventions. A theoretical exploration upon reciprocity in eldercare is hereby provided. These findings could shape improvements in aging and health care policies that are person-centered and focus on reciprocity.", "label": [2, 5, 26, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Increasing the active sites and intrinsic activity of transition metal chalcogenide electrocatalysts for enhanced water splitting. Electrochemical water splitting has been regarded as a promising technique for facilitating the conversion of sustainable energy. To realize the large-scale application of water electrolysis, it is urgent and imperative to develop low-cost, earth-abundant, high-efficient, and stable electrocatalysts to substitute noble-metal-based catalysts. Among the various nonnoble-metal-based electrocatalysts, transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years in the field of electrochemical water splitting because of their unique structural and electronic properties. Nevertheless, the limited number of active sites as well as sluggish electrochemical kinetics severely impede their electrochemical performances. Some valid strategies, such as increasing the number of active sites and enhancing the intrinsic activity of each active site via extrinsic and intrinsic modifications, have been consequently adopted to enhance electrochemical activities. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the developed strategies in optimizing the electrocatalytic activities of TMCs is reviewed. A unique emphasis is placed on the promising strategies to regulate the electronic structures of TMCs by surface vacancy/defect, heteroatom doping, strain regulation, phase transition, and heterostructure engineering. Moreover, the intrinsic mechanistic analyses of the electronic structure, intermediate adsorption, and coordination environment are also presented via theoretical simulation and advanced characterization techniques. Remaining challenges and future perspectives for the further development of promising water-splitting systems are discussed, too.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Electropherotypes of rotavirus strains causing gastroenteritis in infants and young children in Tirana, Albania, from 1988 to 1991. During 1988-1991, an epidemiological survey was conducted in Tirana (Albania) on group A rotavirus strains which cause gastroenteritis in infants and young children. Rotaviruses were detected in 312 of 1,241 (25.1%) examined specimens from children with acute diarrhoea. Viruses were detected throughout the study period. Among the 72 rotavirus strains tested for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) electrophoretic migration pattern, 9 different electropherotypes were recognized, 1 of those being more frequent than the others. At the beginning and at the end of the examined period (1988 and 1990-1991) two different long electropherotypes were predominant, whereas in 1989 (middle period) short electropherotypes were common indicating an involvement of virus strains with short electropherotypes in hospitalization-requiring diarrhoeas occuring in the area surveyed in that year.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Deep genome-wide phylogeographic structure indicates cryptic diversity in the Middle Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocoptes medius). Deep phylogeographic structure in mitochondrial DNA not reflected in morphological variation has been uncovered in a number of species over the past few decades. However, inferred phylogeographic structure based solely on mitochondrial DNA can be misleading and might not reflect the true history of evolutionary lineages. Consequently, such cases should be further investigated based on genome-wide data. One of these examples is provided by the Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocoptes medius, a non-migratory habitat specialist associated with old deciduous forests of the Western Palaearctic. It displays strong genetic divergence in mitochondrial DNA between Asian and European populations despite there being only slight variation in morphology between them. Here, we found a clear genomic divergence between Asian and European populations that is consistent with mitochondrial divergence patterns. As revealed by isolation by distance analyses, this differentiation in two lineages was not merely an effect of geography. Genomic population structure indicates that both the Asian and European lineages might each have been separated in more than one refugium during the last glacial maximum. The Middle Spotted Woodpecker might represent a case of cryptic diversity throughout its distribution range, as has been previously found for other taxa across the tree of life. However, we also found footprints of gene flow from the Asian into the European populations, suggesting at least limited introgression upon secondary contact. The processes and mechanisms that might prevent lineage fusion between the morphologically cryptic but genetically divergent lineages of the Middle Spotted Woodpecker need to be further investigated especially in the area of potential secondary contact.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS DIGITAL INNOVATIONS. This paper considers the issue of investment management of digital innovations in modern business. The main purpose of the research is the development of approaches to the investment management of the innovative digitalisation processes of the enterprises and justification of the economic efficiency of investment projects on innovative information technologies use in the context of their relationship with existing information solutions for enterprise management. The relevance of the research is the necessity to change the methods of doing and managing the modern business, taking into account the achievements of the Third and Fourth Industrial Revolutions, which form innovative business philosophy based on informatisation and digitalisation of manufacturing and delivery processes. The implementation of innovative digital technology in business processes requires significant costs and it raises the issue on their minimization. Systematization of literary sources and approaches for the investment management of industrial digitalisation indicates the absence of complex solutions for this problem. In this regard, based on a comparative analysis, the authors have revealed the features of business development in the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and justified the need for modern information systems integration for enterprise management on the platform of business processes digitalisation. In order to create the road map of business digital innovations, it is suggested that the Theory of Constraints should be used to determine which of the operating information systems of the enterprise (Business intelligence - BI; Enterprise Resource Planning - ERP; Manufacturing Execution System MES; Industrial Internet of Things - IIoT) is to begin the digital transformation with. The stages of the project development for the digital transformation of an enterprise are designed based on the structural approach. The economic justification for the selection of alternative digitalisation projects is based on an assessment of the labour costs for implementing two variants of digital innovation of a business entity: a complex automation project with up-front modelling and an integration automation project with the gradual implementation of a new information system. The assessment results have shown the economic benefits of implementing the integration project as it provides 1.58 times fewer labour costs and can be realized by use of universal package solutions such as Business Automaton Software (BAS). The analysis of the results of the implemented business digitalisation projects in Ukraine and the world as well as the potential of planned ones has allowed generalising the effects of their implementation and confirmed the need for further development of the mechanisms for the investment management of business digital innovations.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Validating a human model for anxiety using startle potentiated by cue and context: the effects of alprazolam, pregabalin, and diphenhydramine. The negative findings from this study are discussed in terms of methodological differences between designs and in variability of startle both between and within study participants.Fear-potentiated startle has been suggested as a translational model for evaluating efficacy of anxiolytic compounds in humans. Several known anxiolytic compounds have been tested as well as several putative anxiolytics. Because results of these studies have been equivocal, the aim of the present study was to examine another pharmacological permutation of the human potentiated startle model by comparing two anxiolytic agents to a non-anxiolytic sedative and placebo.Twenty healthy volunteers participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study with four sessions in which they received single doses of the anxiolytics alprazolam (1 mg) and pregabalin (200 mg), as well as diphenhydramine (50 mg) as a non-anxiolytic sedative control and placebo. The design included a cued shock condition that presumably evokes fear and an unpredictable shock context condition presumably evoking anxiety.None of the treatments reliably reduced either fear- or anxiety-potentiated startle. Alprazolam and diphenhydramine reduced overall baseline startle. Alprazolam was found to only affect contextual anxiety in a statistical significant way after two subjects who failed to show a contextual anxiety effect in the placebo condition were excluded from the analysis. Pregabalin did not significantly affect any of the physiological measures.Even though fear-potentiated startle may be used to translate preclinical evidence to human populations, methodological issues still hamper the application of this model to early screening of putative anxiolytic drugs.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Dynamic Coded Caching in Wireless Networks. We consider distributed and dynamic caching of coded content at small base stations (SBSs) in an area served by a macro base station (MBS). Specifically, content is encoded using a maximum distance separable code and cached according to a time-to-live (TTL) cache eviction policy, which allows coded packets to be removed from the caches at periodic times. Mobile users requesting a particular content download coded packets from SBSs within communication range. If additional packets are required to decode the file, these are downloaded from the MBS. We formulate an optimization problem that is efficiently solved numerically, providing TTL caching policies minimizing the overall network load. We demonstrate that distributed coded caching using TTL caching policies can offer significant reductions in terms of network load when request arrivals are bursty. We show how the distributed coded caching problem utilizing TTL caching policies can be analyzed as a specific single cache, convex optimization problem. Our problem encompasses static caching and the single cache as special cases. We prove that, interestingly, static caching is optimal under a Poisson request process, and that for a single cache the optimization problem has a surprisingly simple solution.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Quitting Middlemarch. In Middlemarch, the plot relentlessly moves four main characters toward a single narrative end: they all quit Middlemarch. The essay asks why this mass exodus occurs. The name of the town contains one answer: there are barriers or marches in the middle of the town society. Characters also leave because the town's cultural practices prevent their adaptation to provincial life. Three rural practices that cause this disruption for these characters are gossip, money, and resistance to progressive change the characters are seeking. Alternatively the characters' projects of Bildung are inward, self-centered, and unsuccessful. Both town and characters are at fault. This essay focuses on surface reading of the text through digital searching, the purpose of which is to discover how often keywords and phrases are used, indicating their significance.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Methodological considerations for the quantification of self-reported caffeine use. The estimates of caffeine use (mg/day) from the interview- and diary-based methods correlated with one another (r = 0.77) and with salivary caffeine concentrations (r = 0.61 and 0.68, respectively). However, almost half of the subjects who reported more than 600 mg/day in the interview reported significantly less caffeine use in the diary.Self-report measures of caffeine use are a valid method of predicting actual caffeine levels. Estimates of high caffeine use levels may need to be corroborated by more than one method.Self-reported caffeine use was estimated from two methods (a retrospective interview of weekly caffeine use and a 7-day prospective diary; n = 79). These estimates were then tested against salivary caffeine concentrations in a subset of participants (n = 55).The field of research regarding the effects of habitual caffeine use is immense and frequently utilizes self-report measures of caffeine use. However, various self-report measures have different methodologies, and the accuracy of these different methods has not been compared.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Development of a Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) method for molecular typing of clinical isolates of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. We developed a two-block PFGE method to study molecular variation among clinical isolates of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, an often overlooked human pathogen. Three main macrorestriction profiles were defined among 15 isolates. PFGE was an objective method for characterizing A. haemolyticum and may be useful in molecular epidemiological studies of this organism. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "Sandwich-type electrochemical biosensor for glycoproteins detection based on dual-amplification of boronic acid-gold nanoparticles and dopamine-gold nanoparticles. Glycoproteins play important roles in a wide variety of biological processes. The change in the concentration levels has been associated with many cancers, as well as other diseases. Thus, rapid, sensitive and selective determination of glycoproteins is much preferred. In this work, we reported a sandwich-type electrochemical biosensor based on dual-amplification of 4-mercaptophenylboronic acid (MBA)-capped gold nanoparticles (MBA-AuNPs) and dopamine (DA)-capped AuNPs (DA-AuNPs). Biological recognition elements such as synthetic receptor and aptamer immobilized onto gold electrodes were used to capture glycoproteins. The captured glycoproteins were then derivatized with MBA-AuNPs through the formation of tight covalent bonds between the boronic acids of MBA-AuNPs and diols of glycoproteins. Electroactive DA-AuNPs were attached by the anchored MBA-AuNPs via the interaction of boronic acids with DA tags, which facilities the amplified voltammetric detection of glycoproteins. With avidin and prostate specific antigen (PSA) as model analytes, we demonstrated the feasibility and sensitivity of the proposed method. The results indicated that sub-picomolar avidin/PSA can be readily measured. We believe that this strategy will be valuable for the electrochemical detection of other glycoproteins. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 36, 15, 42]}
{"token": "Ethnic diversity and well-being. This paper investigates how ethnic diversity, measured by immigrants' nationalities, influences the well-being of the host country. Using panel data from Germany from 1998 to 2012, we find a positive effect of ethnic diversity on the well-being of German natives. Our finding is robust to alternative definitions of ethnic diversity and to the non-random selection of natives and immigrants into regions. The positive effect of ethnic diversity is stronger for immigrant groups that are culturally and economically closer to Germany. Consistent with this result, we document the existence of two mechanisms explaining the influence of ethnic diversity on well-being: productivity-as captured by immigrants' skills and assimilation-and social capital-particularly in relation to the creation of a multicultural environment.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
{"token": "Resolution of primary severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection requires Stat1. Intranasal inhalation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV) in the immunocompetent mouse strain 129SvEv resulted in infection of conducting airway epithelial cells followed by rapid clearance of virus from the lungs and the development of self-limited bronchiolitis. Animals resistant to the effects of interferons by virtue of a deficiency in Stat1 demonstrated a markedly different course following intranasal inhalation of SARS CoV, one characterized by replication of virus in lungs and progressively worsening pulmonary disease with inflammation of small airways and alveoli and systemic spread of the virus to livers and spleens.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "The Need for Personalisation. Mass customization finds its roots in the basic human needs. As soon as mankind, or at least a part of it, has found a way to satisfy the basic physical needs, the attention has been redirected towards personalizing products in order to improve the personal utility of a product and to show personal status and power. However, only with the use of mass production and assembly line technology for personalisation purposes made personalised products available to a growing number of customers for a reasonable price. It is possible to offer customization at different stages of the manufacturing process: distribution, assembly, fabrication or design. According to the stage where it is introduced, the result and the difficulties faced for the effective implementation vary. Therefore, companies adopt different business models with different scopes when starting to insert a mass customization strategy in their production and products' offer.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Find Out the Truth about Your Literacy!' The Total Dictation as a Form of Flash Mob. The main features of the Total Dictation as a form of a flash mob are considered in the article. The main characteristics of a flash mob are illustrated, especially its ephemerity, the simultaneous and public action that is based on strict rules and scenario, and its organization through the Internet and contemporary communication networks, or social media. The main factors of the development of flash mobs are a dissatisfaction with existing forms of social participation, and the improvement of new electronic forms of social communication. Flash mobs come under the two headings of classic and modernized. A classical flash mob does not have any goals. The modernized flash mob has some ideology defining it and can be organized during a specific time. The Total Dictation is the mass action for people who want to evaluate his or her literacy through writing dictation in different places in Russia, around the world, and online. It is organized in Russia and fulfilled by the experts from the Novosibirsk State University, and also serves the rising interest in the Russian language. During the process of the analysis, it is discovered that the Total Dictation is the one of the forms of the modernized flash mobs. It is a mass event because its popularity has grown to a global level. It also has its own ideology, and it is carried out at the same time in different places. It is also a public action, has a clear scenario, and rules for its manifestation. The main function of organization belongs to the website, and to the groups in social media. The Total Dictation also has leaders, clear goals, and a differentiation of the participants, what means that it can be defined as the modernized form of flash mobs. The results of the interviews with participants confirmed the existence of the flash mobs' features, especially special emotional situations (\\\\'like before an exam\\\\'), and the identification with the group of patriotic intellectuals who are fond of the Russian language.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Deaf children learning to spell. This longitudinal study investigated the spelling development of young deaf children in the context of an integrated process writing classroom. Through the avenue of the writing conference and the examination of writing samples from cumulative writing folders, it was possible to identify and categorize the spelling strategies employed by the deaf writers as print-based, speech-based, and sign-based. The evidence from these data also provided insights into the nature of cognitive processes in the deaf child. I argue that, in the process of learning to spell, deaf children are creatively manipulating the cognitive artifacts society has put at their disposal to reanalyze and redefine their own linguistic systems, ro bring them in line with the system that spawned these tools. I further argue that deaf children accomplish this manipulation through a reliance on an inner eye that, while proving efficient for learning to spell, appears ro be less effective for learning to read and write.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Hydrological evaluation of hourly merged satellite-station precipitation product in the mountainous basin of China using a distributed hydrological model. Over the past two decades, various satellite-based precipitation products have been released to provide uninterrupted time-series precipitation with quasi-global coverage. The latest Chinese merged satellite-gauge (CMS) rainfall product developed by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) may reduce the errors in near real time by combining the Climate Prediction Centre's (CPC) morphing algorithm (CMORPH) rainfall estimates with over 30,000 weather station measurements, which therefore offer a potential alternative or supplement to ground-based rainfall estimates for hydrometeorological applications in sparsely gauged or ungauged basins. In the present study, the characteristics of the CMS precipitation product were comprehensively evaluated for the period 2008-2012 over Danjiangkou basin, central China, and used to drive the Liuxihe (LXH)-distributed hydrological model for detailed streamflow simulations. The results show that most of the small-median rainfall with an intensity < 25 mm center dot day(-1) can be well captured by the CMS, and the simulated streamflow had relatively better agreement with observations for peak flow in the lower part of the basin. However, the total water amount was 15.7% less than the streamflow driven by rain gauges, on average. In addition, the depths of surface flow and groundwater forced by the CMS rainfall were 22.05% and 21.10% less than rain gauge, respectively. Overall, the study provides new insight into and experience of the hydrological applicability of the high spatiotemporal-resolution satellite-gauge rainfall product for driving a distributed hydrological model at a daily resolution. This product has the potential to be an alternative data source for data-sparse or ungauged basins for water resource management and hydrological simulation/prediction purposes.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Loss of control eating in African-American and Caucasian youth. Loss of control (LOC) eating, a disinhibited eating behavior shown to predict excessive weight gain in youth, has been reported by African-American children and adolescents. Yet, little is known about how LOC-eating manifests in this population. To investigate potential racial differences in LOC-eating, the Eating Disorder Examination was administered to 185 non-Hispanic African-American and Caucasian youth ages 8-17 y. Objective eating was assessed at two test meals during which youth ate ad libitum from a multi-item lunchtime food array. African-American and Caucasian youth reported a similar prevalence of LOC episodes (24.2% vs. 28.9%, p=.75). Yet, accounting for sex, age, fat-free mass, percent fat mass, height, and socioeconomic status, African-Americans consumed more total energy at both laboratory meals (1608 +/- 57 kcal vs. 1362 +/- 44 kcal; p<.001). Furthermore, African-American youth reporting LOC consumed the most total energy across both meals (1855 +/- 104 kcal) compared to African-Americans without LOC (1524 +/- 60 kcal), Caucasians with LOC (1278 +/- 68 kcal), and Caucasians without LOC (1399 +/- 46 kcal; p<.001). Future research is required to examine whether LOC-eating contributes to the high rates of obesity in African-American youth. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "The mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between Big five personality and depressive symptoms among Chinese unemployed population: a cross-sectional study. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 67.7% among Chinese unemployed individuals. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness were all negatively associated with depressive symptoms whereas neuroticism was positively associated with depressive symptoms. The proportion of mediating effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between extraversion/agreeableness/conscientiousness/neuroticism and depressive symptoms was 25.42%, 10.91%, 32.21% and 36.44%, respectively. Self-efficacy is a mediator in the relationship between extraversion/agreeableness/conscientiousness/neuroticism and depressive symptoms.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed during the period of July to September 2011. Questionnaires consisting of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Big Five Inventory (BFI) and the General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE), as well as demographic factors, were used to collect information of unemployed population. A total of 1,832 individuals (effective response rate: 73.28%) became our subjects. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to explore the mediating role of self-efficacy.Conclusion: Self-efficacy partially mediated the relationship between Big five personality and depressive symptoms among Chinese unemployed individuals. Interventions that focus on both individuals' personality and self-efficacy may be most successful to reduce depressive symptoms of unemployed individuals.Background: Besides the rapid growth of economy, unemployment becomes a severe socio-economic problem in China. The huge population base in China makes the unemployed population a tremendously huge number. However, health status of unemployed population was ignored and few studies were conducted to describe the depressive symptoms of unemployed individuals in China. This study aims to examine the relationship between Big five personality and depressive symptoms and the mediating role of self-efficacy in this relationship.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Cohesin: Functions beyond sister chromatid cohesion. Faithful segregation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis is the cornerstone process of life. Cohesin, a multi-protein complex conserved from yeast to human, plays a crucial role in this process by keeping the sister chromatids together from S-phase to anaphase onset during mitosis and meiosis. Technological advancements have discovered myriad functions of cohesin beyond its role in sister chromatid cohesion (SCC), such as transcription regulation, DNA repair, chromosome condensation, homolog pairing, monoorientation of sister kinetochore, etc. Here, we have focused on such functions of cohesin that are either independent of or dependent on its canonical role of sister chromatid cohesion. At the end, human diseases associated with malfunctioning of cohesin, albeit with mostly unperturbed sister chromatid cohesion, have been discussed. (C) 2013 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "A partial molecular phylogeny of Rhadinaea and related genera (Squamata, Dipsadidae) with comments on the generic assignment of Rhadinaea eduardoi. The genus Rhadinaea is a diverse Bade of New World dipsadid snakes, with 22 species arranged in six recognized species groups. The most recently described species, Rhadinaea eduardoi, was described based on a unique specimen collected in the Santa Catarina Juquila municipality in the Sierra Madre del Sur of southern Oaxaca, Mexico. Here, based on a reexamination of the holotype and the results of a phylogenetic analysis of the holotype of Rhadinaea eduardoi and representatives of several genera closely related to Rhadinaea, we reassessed the generic assignment of Rhadinaea eduardoi. In our phylogenetic hypothesis, R. eduardoi was nested within a strongly supported Glade of Coniophanes fissidens samples, thus making Rhadinaea paraphyletic with respect to Coniophanes. Additionally, our reexamination of the holotype of Rhadinaea eduardoi revealed that the alleged presence of a subpreocular scale is only true on the right side of the head, and that this scale appears to be a malformed preocular scale; also, a reduction in dorsal scale rows is present; and posterior enlarged maxillary teeth are grooved. Herein we consider that Rhadinaea eduardoi should be placed in the synonymy of Coniophanes fissidens. Consequently, we recognized only five species groups within the genus Rhadinaea.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Generation of attosecond pulses in electron-ion recombination processes. Laser-assisted electron-ion recombination is considered. For a very short radiation pulse we analyse the generated x-ray spectrum. The development in time of the x-ray spectrum within the laser pulse duration is of particular interest. Comparison is made of our results with the spectra presented in our earlier work on this process, where the laser pulse was described by a plane wave. Moreover, we compare our results with the predictions of our classical theory of this process, addressing Bohr's correspondence principle. This shows to what extent the classical model of recombination in a laser field is still successfully applicable, if the laser pulse is composed of a few cycles only. In addition, the influence of 'windowing' on the x-ray spectrum is discussed and finally, we shall comment on the macroscopic efficiency of this process for the x- ray generation in a plasma.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "LOCALIZATION OF THE HUMAN-COMPLEMENT COMPONENT-C3 BINDING-SITE ON THE IGG HEAVY-CHAIN. The location of the covalent binding site of the third component of complement (C3) on the IgG heavy chain was determined by sequence analysis of peptides generated by cyanogen bromide digestion of C3-IgG adducts.  Activation of the alternative pathway by incubation of heat-aggregated human IgG1 with fresh normal human plasma formed covalent adducts of C3b-IgG.  CNBr peptides of these adducts were transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and amino-terminal sequences were determined.  A 40-kDa dipeptide containing the covalent bond was identified by labeling the free thiol group (generated during activation of the internal thioester of C3b) with iodo[1-C-14]acetamide and analyzed by amino acid sequencing.  The resulting double sequence suggested an adduct with NH2 termini at residue 938 (pro-C3 numbering) of C3 (75 residues NH2-terminal to the thioester) and residue 84 in the variable region of the IgG heavy chain.  These results combined with results from hydroxylamine treatment (splits ester linkage between C3b and IgG) imply that this adduct peptide consists of a 22-kDa C3 fragment and an 18-kDa IgG fragment.  Therefore, C3 binds covalently within the region extending from the last 20 residues of the variable region through the first 20 residues of CH2.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Deliberation at the Founding: Deliberative Democracy as an Original Constitutional Value. This article examines whether Australia's constitutional founders intended that a deliberative form of democratic government should govern federally in Australia. Deliberative democratic ideals have long occupied a prominent place in democratic theory. However, they have seldom been brought to bear in a sustained way on historical questions about Australia's constitutional design. For constitutional scholars, democratic deliberation is now generally a forgotten element of the Australian constitutional system. We show here how the framers concerned themselves with democratic deliberation, including how precisely they envisaged deliberative democratic practices during the federation Conventions and within the new federation. Our focus is on the framers' understandings of deliberation within the institution of Parliament, and the subsidiary issues bearing on that question such as the relationship between Parliament and the executive and the role of political parties. Our research suggests that deliberative democracy should assume a prominent place alongside more widely acknowledged original constitutional values.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Problem recognition: integrating help-seeking theory in social marketing. Purpose - Online gaming is a global phenomenon that can lead to behavioural addiction and affect players' mental and physical health. This paper aims to integrate the concepts of help-seeking and stages of change to investigate triggers for problem recognition for problematic online gaming that lead to help-seeking behaviour.Design/methodology/approach - Critical Incident Technique method was used to collect a total of 78 critical incidents from a sample of 12 male online gamers who self-identified as having experienced problematic online gaming behaviour.Findings - Six classifications of problem recognition triggers for young male problematic online gamers were identified: self-realisation, negative consequences, negative emotions, social influence, competing priorities and impact on social skills. Results indicate that both positive and negative triggers are important for problem recognition.Originality/value - Valuable contributions were made to the social marketing literature by presenting an integrated model of help-seeking and stages of change theories, providing new insights into SOC and expanding the understanding of the processes involved in the transition between pre-contemplation and contemplation.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Tracheal Gas Insufflation With Partial Liquid Ventilation to Treat LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Juvenile Piglets. Objectives: Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) with perfluorocarbons (PFC) seems not superior to conventional ventilation clinically. We hypothesized that a combination of continuous tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) with protective strategy of PLV (low dose of PFC, low inflation pressure, moderate inhalation of oxygen and moderate anesthesia) would improve cardiopulmonary function in acute lung injury. Methods: Twenty-four healthy juvenile piglets were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated at PEEP of 2 cmH(2)O with a peak inspiratory pressure of 10 cmH(2)O and FlO(2) of 0.4. The piglets were challenged with lipopolysaccharide and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 6 each): (1) mechanical ventilation alone (MV); (2) PLV with perfluorodecalin (10 ml/kg); (3) TGI with continuous airway flow 2 L/min; and (4) combination of PLV and TGI. The outcome was assessed functionally and histologically. Results: All treatments except MV improved pH, PaO(2)/FlO(2), PaCO(2), ventilation efficacy index (VEI) and tidal volume. Both PLV-associated treatments also improved heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse contour cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, dynamic lung compliance, mean airway resistance and mean airway pressure. The combination group resulted in higher PaO(2)/FlO(2), VEI and a better lung histology score than any other treatments. Conclusions: The new protective strategy may provide a better treatment for sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:700-707. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Full modeling of the mooring non-linearity in a two-dimensional floating structure. The dynamic behavior of a two-dimensional model of a small floating structure anchored by chains is analyzed. The structure is first modeled as a two-degrees-of-freedom oscillator with a strongly non-linear stiffness and subjected to a harmonic wave force. This type of structure is sometimes named Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring (CALM) system. The prescription of the vertical displacement leads to a simplified SDOF equation. An algebraic recurrence algorithm is employed to obtain a non-truncated differential equation that may be solved with the desired accuracy. Other authors have solved similar problems with approximate formulations of the geometric non-linearities. A numerical example is presented as an illustration. The time integration is carried out with a standard integration scheme and I power series approach. It is found that the response obtained after considering the strong non-linearity without previous truncations is qualitative different from the one found with a few terms of the expansions. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Seeing Salvation: Authority and Apocalypse in Saint Paul and the Nizari Ismaili Qiyama. This article develops Marshall Hodgson's initial observations concerning the affinities between the theologies of Paul of Tarsus and the Nizari Ismaili declaration of the qiyama, or resurrection, of 1164. In both theologies we find potent expressions of apocalypticism. I examine various features of this apocalypticism, including how divine disclosures reorganized sacred history, temporality and soteriology. I also pay particular attention to the hermeneutical mechanisms involved in the reconstruction of religious authority. In both situations, we see how apocalypticism accorded a new and lasting genealogy to followers of these divine disclosures while locating the salvific figure as the epicenter of an existence that exclusively spans this world and the next.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Salinity effects on the activity of plasma membrane H+ and Ca2+ transporters in bean leaf mesophyll: Masking role of the cell wall. Net fluxes of H+ and Ca2+ were measured in the mesophyll tissue of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) leaves and in protoplasts derived from these cells. NaCl at 90 mM enhanced H+ extrusion in both protoplasts and tissue, but in different ways. Proton extrusion was inhibited by vanadate, suggesting the involvement of the plasma membrane H+ ATPase in cell responses to salinity. There was virtually no effect of NaCl on the net Ca2+ Aux in protoplasts, while in the tissue a large transient Ca2+ efflux followed the salt treatment. Salt-induced Ca2+ efflux was essentially independent of external Ca2+ concentrations in the range 0.1 to 10 mM. Also, Ca2+ flux responses were 'saturated' above 50 mM NaCl. It is suggested that almost all the measured Ca2+ Aux originates from Na+/Ca2+ and H+/Ca2+ ion exchange in the cell wall. This conclusion was supported by the results of modelling cation exchange iii the cell (C) 2000 Annals of Botany Company.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "DO TAX-BENEFIT PACKAGES TREAT FAMILIES IN THE SAME MANNER WHEN UNEMPLOYMENT STRIKES?. Social protection against unemployment is on the European agenda because of the economic crisis. Since European family patterns have changed over the last three decades, the social protection for unemployment may be very different during this economic crisis from what it was previously. In particular the combination of more diverse families and high unemployment raises the general question of how today's systems of social protection cater for different types of families and income groups. Based on a micro-simulation analysis, this article examines how, and to what extent, packages of social security provide support for various types of unemployed families at different income levels. The comparison is between four countries representing different welfare state models and dominant family types. Using the OECD Tax-Benefit model, the article surveys the disposable income and provides a breakdown of benefits for different family types facing unemployment. It takes into account housing costs and childcare costs, and the benefits related to them. The analysis shows that unemployed families experience different levels of support depending not only on the country they live in, but also on their income level and family type. Oft en differences between families at different income levels within countries are larger than differences between families at the same income level between countries. The analysis illustrates how important it is to look beyond unemployment insurance and include family related benefits to understand the support provided to families faced with unemployment.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "MODERN LEARNING SYSTEM AND IMPROVED CURRICULA FOR EDUCATION MANAGEMENT IN LIFE SCIENCES, TO PROMOTE BUSINESS ENHANCEMENT. Due to the increasingly ageing population and the demand for improved quality of life, the life sciences sector has strong growth potential (8.3% growth in 2007), the sustainable development applications being of utmost interest. But most of the countries recently entered the European Union, with real academic base in Life Sciences, and with an important request towards business of added value, lack of competences and skills to develop innovative companies in the domain. The situation in Romania was identified by the analyses did by the Romanian Society of Bioengineering and Biotechnology and compared with other EU countries, members of the European Federation of Biotechnology. The project will develop learning curricula and contents to be delivered to target-group by blended learning in order to provide training in business enhancement in life sciences for sustainable development applications. Two products from these foreign partners will be transferred, by integrating them, but also by adapting to an economic sector of interest and by introducing modern blended learning systems, and by increasing the value with a new specific content dedicated to sustainable life sciences applications. The enterprise business in life sciences module will complementary treat the Intellectual Property issues. The impact will be on 3 levels: (1) short term: acknowledge the key competences and skills needed to develop business in sustainable development applications of life sciences and develop blended learning by testing the training on a representative selection of persons from the target group; (2) medium term: formation in the involved countries and at EU level of a general vision about the training in the field of interest as products and methodologies; (3) long term: at EU level introduction into educational and vocational systems of advanced and coherent learning tools to enhance the needed competences.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Worst Cases' Reimagined n a Post-COVID Context. We argue that the post-Fukushima nuclear safety debates in the United States and Europe fundamentally altered the definition of nuclear safety. In the United States, the industry effectively took control by strengthening technical measures as the solution to nuclear safety concerns. In France, technical solutions were part of the process, but they were less dominant than in the United States and were overshadowed by larger organizational shuffles. The European Union, in contrast, engaged in a drawn-out debate over the very definition of nuclear safety, resulting in a stress test initiative that, while cumbersome and frustrating to many, included truly deliberative elements and ultimately revealed just how precarious the definitions of control and nuclear safety were.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "The effects of rainfall on different components of seasonal fecundity in a tropical forest passerine. Seasonal fecundity is a composite metric that is determined by component parameters such as clutch size, nest survival and re-nesting probability. Many of these component parameters are known to vary with environmental conditions, in particular rainfall prior to or during the breeding season. In some species, seasonal fecundity is positively related to rainfall, but little is known about which component parameters of seasonal fecundity respond most strongly to rainfall. We used intensive nest monitoring of a multi-brooded tropical forest passerine, the Montserrat Oriole Icterus oberi, to examine the effects of rainfall during the pre-breeding season on component parameters of annual fecundity. We monitored all nests of a total of 42 pairs over 5years in which rainfall varied substantially. We then related clutch size, nest survival, onset and length of the breeding season, re-nesting probability and re-nesting interval to pre-breeding season rainfall using generalized linear mixed models that accounted for random variation across sites and individual pairs, and incorporated other variables known to affect the response. Higher pre-breeding season rainfall led to an increase in clutch size and a decrease in re-nesting interval, but nest survival, re-nesting probability and length of the breeding season were not affected by variation in rainfall. The onset of the breeding season was delayed in very dry years. We conclude that higher rainfall is likely to increase food availability and thus body condition of female Montserrat Orioles, leading to an increase in fecundity due to larger clutch sizes.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "The propagation of Ramon (Brosimum alicastrum Sw.; Moraceae) in Mayan homegardens of the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico. In the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, Maya natives have been propagating important species for centuries. However, little documentation exists of these methods, and traditional knowledge is fading as younger generations seek work in urban centers. With growing interest in using some of these species for plantation-scale production, this knowledge should be captured to aid in propagation and cultural methods of selected species. One such species, Ramon (Brosimum alicastrum Sw.), is grown in Mayan homegardens primarily as a source of dry season forage. We conducted a survey of Mayan families in several municipalities to determine basic propagation habits and procedures for cultivating Ramon, and used this information to conduct some controlled-environment studies of reproductive ecology of the species. Our survey showed that all or most Maya grow the Ramon tree in homegardens for forage and that the tree is both cultivated from wild seedlings as well as planted on a small scale. Propagation is by seed and young seedlings are irrigated until they are established. We examined the effects of temperature on seed germination and found that maximum germination occurred between 27degrees and 38 degreesC, with best germination and growth of healthy seedlings at 33 degreesC. No germination occurred below 21degrees or above 44 degreesC. Simulated Maya irrigation gave a four-fold increase in growth rate of seedlings, aiding early establishment. Watering gave seedlings of greater biomass, greater stem and root length, and greater numbers and size of leaves. This magnitude of response may provide an economic return for plantation culture of Ramon for forage production.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Rational Misbehavior? Evaluating an Integrated Dual-Process Model of Criminal Decision Making. In Study 1, negative state affect, i.e., feelings of fear and worry evoked by a criminal prospect, and perceived risk of sanction were found to mediate the relations between both dispositions and criminal choice. In Study 2, processing mode was manipulated by having participants rely on either their thinking or on their feelings prior to deciding on whether or not to make a criminal choice. Activating a cognitive mode strengthened the relation between perceived risk and criminal choice, whereas activating an affective mode strengthened the relation between negative affect and criminal choice.Structural equation modeling in two studies under separate samples of undergraduate students using scenarios describing two different types of crime, illegal downloading and insurance fraud. Both self-control and morality are operationalized through the HEXACO model of personality (Lee and Ashton in Multivariate Behav Res 39(2):329-358, 2004).Test the hypothesis that dispositional self-control and morality relate to criminal decision making via different mental processing modes, a 'hot' affective mode and a 'cool' cognitive one.In conjunction, these results extend research that links stable individual dispositions to proximal states that operate in the moment of decision making. The results also add to dispositional perspectives of crime by using a structure of personality that incorporates both self-control and morality. Contributions to the proximal, state, perspectives reside in the use of a new hot/cool perspective of criminal decision making that extends rational choice frameworks.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Translation and Literary Appropriation: on Anna Gavalda's Practice as Translator. When the American writer John Williams published Stoner in 1965, the novel went virtually unnoticed. However, at present both critics and the general public agree to value it as a classic of North American narrative. This paper will study the reasons for the initial poor reception that Stoner suffered in its country, as well as the decisive role for its recovery played by the French translation of the novel, carried out by the novelist Anna Gavalda in 2011. A comparison between Williams' novel and Gavalda's version shows that the French author profoundly modified the style of the original work and rewrote it as if it were one of her romantic bestsellers. In the light of this translation we will delve into the concept of appropriation as a modality of rewriting.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Benign intracranial hypertension and recombinant growth hormone therapy in Australia and New Zealand. Benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) is reported in three children from Australia and one from New Zealand, who were being created with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH). Three males and one female, aged between 10.5 and 14.2 y, developed intracranial hypertension within 2 weeks to 3 months of starting treatment. A national database, OZGROW, has been prospectively collecting data on all 3332 children treated with rhGH in Australia and New Zealand from January 1986 to 1996. The incidence of BIH in children treated with growth hormone (GH) is small, 1.2 per 1000 cases overall, but appears to be greater with biochemical GHD (<10 IU ml(-1)), i.e. 6.5/1000 (3 in 465 cases), relative risk 18.4, 95% confidence interval 1.9-176.1, than in all other children on the database. The incidence in patients with Turner's syndrome was 2.3/1000 (1 in 428 cases). No cases in patients with partial GHD (10-20 IU ml(-1)) or chronic renal failure were identified. Possible causative mechanisms are discussed. The authors' practice is now to start GH replacement at less than the usual recommended dose of 14 IU m(-2) week(-1) in those children considered to be at high risk of developing BIH. Ophthalmological evaluation is recommended for children before and during the first few months following commencement of rhGH therapy and is mandatory in the event of peripheral or facial oedema, persistent headaches, vomiting or visual symptoms. The absence of papilloedema does not exclude the diagnosis.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Chronic defensiveness and neuroendocrine dysfunction reflect a novel cardiac troponin T cut point: The SABPA study. Results: Blacks showed moderate depression (45% vs. 16%) and 24 h hypertension (67% vs. 42%) prevalence compared to Whites. A receiver-operating-characteristics cTnT cut-point 4.2 ng/L predicting hypertension in Blacks was used as binary outcome measure in relation to exposure measures [AUC 0.68 (95% CI 0.60-0.76); sensitivity/specificity 63/70%; P <= 0.001]. Bi-ethnic cTnT-incidence was similar (Blacks = 27%, Whites = 25%) with cTnT-recovery better in Blacks (9%) compared to Whites (5%), P = 0.001. In cross-sectional analyses, elevated cTnT was related to DefS [OR 1.08 (95% CI 0.99-1.16); P = 0.06]; 24 h BP [OR 1.03-1.04 (95% CI 1.01-1.08); P <= 0.02] and depressed HRV [OR 2.19 (95% CI 1.09-4.41); P = 0.03] in Blacks, but not in Whites. At 3 year follow-up, elevated cTnT was related to attenuated urine norepinephrine:creatinine ratio in Blacks [OR 1.46 (95% CI 1.01-2.10); P = 0.04]. In Whites, a cut point of 5.6 ng/L cTnT predicting hypertension was not associated with exposure measures.Methods: A prospective bi-ethnic cohort, excluding atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction and stroke cases, was followed for 3 years (N = 342; 45.6 +/- 9.0 years). We obtained serum high-sensitive cTnT and exposure measures [Coping-Strategy-Indicator, depression/Patient-Health-Questionnarie-9, 24 h BP, 24 h heart-rate-variability (HRV) and 24 h urinary catecholamines].Conclusion: Central neural control systems exemplified a brain-heart stress pathway. Desensitization of sympatho-adrenal responses occurred with initial neural- (HRV) followed by neuroendocrine dysfunction (norepinephrine:creatinine) in relation to elevated cTnT. Chronic defensiveness may thus drive the desensitization or physiological depression, reflecting ischemic heart disease risk at a novel 4.2 ng/L cTnT cut-point in Blacks.Background: Sympatho-adrenal responses are activated as an innate defense coping (DefS) mechanism during emotional stress. Whether these sympatho-adrenal responses drive cardiac troponin T (cTnT) increases are unknown. Therefore, associations between cTnT and sympatho-adrenal responses were assessed.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "A 'borderline case' of syntactic variation. Dialectal maps of morpho-syntactic phenomena sometimes display patterns that either differ quite drastically from the traditional dialectal boundaries (which are mostly based on phonology or the lexicon) or show otherwise unexpected patterns. This paper argues to take these deviations seriously, namely as a potential tool to detect the different types and qualities of syntactic micro-variation. As a case study, differing patterns concerning the distribution of the infinitival marker zu across various infinitival constructions within the Alemannic dialect group will be examined and it will be argued that an analysis of the infinitival marker as the lexical realization of the [+/- coin] value within a theory of temporal anchoring, as proposed in Ritter & Wiltschko (2014), provides the necessary flexibility in order to capture these differing variational patterns.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Radio Frequency Emissions Associated With Multi-Pulsed Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes. Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) with multiple pulses have been observed many times since their discovery in the 1990s. The BATSE sample of TGFs had a large fraction of multi-pulsed TGFs. It was not until later instruments, such as RHESSI, that the sample of detected TGFs consisted mostly of single-peaked, sub-millisecond events. Recent research has focused chiefly on these common single pulsed events, but several questions can be answered by analyzing multi-pulse TGFs. One is the relationship between very low frequency (VLF) radio signals and the gamma-ray pulses of TGFs. This paper discusses multi-pulsed TGFs observed by Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor and their associated radio frequency pulses. In our data set of 29 multi-pulse TGFs, 22 have a VLF association only with the last gamma-ray pulse. However, unlike previous studies, we identified several events having radio matches with the first or both gamma-ray pulses of double-pulse TGFs. The absence of a VLF signal can be due to detection efficiency. On the other hand, the lack of correlation between radio and gamma-ray intensities for some TGFs, cannot be explained by existing models. The models should be revised taking into account recent observations.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "An antimicrobial polycationic sand filter for water disinfection. A new sand filtration water disinfection technology is developed which relies on the antimicrobial properties of hydrophobic polycations (N-hexylated polyethylenimine) covalently attached to the sand's surface. The efficacy of the filter disinfection process was evaluated both with water spiked with E. coli and with real aqueous effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. For the former, over 7-log reduction in bacterial count was achieved. With real environmental wastewater secondary effluent samples, the E. coli concentration reduction declined to under 2 logs. This reduced inactivation efficiency compared to the model aqueous sample is likely due to the particulate or colloidal matter present that diminishes the contact between the immobilized polycation and the suspended bacteria. Preliminary sand washing methods were tested to assess potential 'regeneration' approaches. Potential advantages of the proposed approach over conventional disinfection in terms of eliminating harmful by-products and reducing energy consumption are discussed.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Defining the importance of landscape metrics for large branchiopod biodiversity and conservation: the case of the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. The deficiency in the distributional data of invertebrate taxa is one of the major impediments acting on the bias towards the low awareness of its conservation status. The present study sets a basic framework to understand the large branchiopods distribution in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Since the extensive surveys performed in the late 1980s, no more studies existed updating the information for the whole studied area. The present study fills the gap, gathering together all available information on large branchiopods distribution since 1995, and analysing the effect of human population density and several landscape characteristics on their distribution, taking into consideration different spatial scales (100 m, 1 km and 10 km). In overall, 28 large branchiopod taxa (17 anostracans, 7 notostracans and 4 spinicaudatans) are known to occur in the area. Approximately 30% of the sites hosted multiple species, with a maximum of 6 species. Significant positive co-occurring species pairs were found clustered together, forming 4 different associations of large branchiopod species. In general, species clustered in the same group showed similar responses to analysed landscape characteristics, usually showing a better fit at higher spatial scales.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Evaluation of mean time between accidental interruptions for accelerator klystron systems based on the reliability engineering method. Frequent beam trips as experienced in existing high-power proton accelerators may cause thermal fatigue in Accelerator-Driven System components. In order to overcome the beam-trip problem, the beam-trip frequencies were estimated based on operational data on existing accelerators. However, there are at least three methods to calculate the mean time between accidental interruptions (MTBI) for one of the accelerator components, the klystron system. In this study, the four types of MTBI for the klystron systems of an electron/positron injector linear accelerator at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization were compared based on the same operational data. In the analysis, the stop events of the klystron systems were classified, and the MTBI for the klystron systems was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimation, which is a representative non-parametric reliability method. As a result, the mean value of the MTBI found by the KM estimation was 57.3 +/- 6.5hours. On the other hand, the mean values of the MTBI found by the three traditional methods were 30.9 +/- 2.4, 32.0 +/- 2.3, and 50.4 +/- 5.9hours. The mean values for the ratios of the MTBI found by the KM estimation, to the MTBI found by the traditional estimation, were 1.67 +/- 0.07, 1.58 +/- 0.06, and 1.14 +/- 0.01, respectively. Although these results are obviously different from traditional results, it appears that the present estimation is suitable for the MTBI for accelerator components.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Complement levels at admission as a reflection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity state. Complement system hyperactivation has been proposed as a potential driver of adverse outcomes in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infected patients, given prior research of complement deposits found in tissue and blood samples, as well as evidence of clinical improvement with anticomplement therapy. Its role in augmenting thrombotic microangiopathy mediated organ damage has also been implicated in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to examine associations between complement parameters and progression to severe COVID-19 illness, as well as correlations with other systems. Blood samples of COVID-19 patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) were analyzed for a wide panel of complement and inflammatory biomarkers. The primary outcome was COVID-19 severity at index ED visit, while the secondary outcome was peak disease severity over the course of illness. Fifty-two COVID-19 patients were enrolled. C3a (p = 0.018), C3a/C3 ratio (p = 0.002), and sC5b-9/C3 ratio (p = 0.021) were significantly elevated in with severe disease at ED presentation. Over the course of illness, C3a (p = 0.028) and C3a/C3 ratio (p = 0.003) were highest in the moderate severity group. In multivariate regression controlled for confounders, complement hyperactivation failed to predict progression to severe disease. C3a, C3a/C3 ratio, and sC5b-9/C3 ratio were correlated positively with numerous inflammatory biomarkers, fibrinogen, and VWF:Ag, and negatively with plasminogen and ADAMTS13 activity. We found evidence of complement hyperactivation in COVID-19, associated with hyperinflammation and thrombotic microangiopathy. Complement inhibition should be further investigated for potential benefit in patients displaying a hyperinflammatory and microangiopathic phenotype.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "A panel of eight microRNAs is a good predictive parameter for triple-negative breast cancer relapse. Conclusion: The 8-miRNA signature predictive model may help clinicians provide a prognosis for TNBC patients with a high risk of recurrence after surgery and provide further personalized treatment to decrease the chance of relapse.Results: The miRNA signature risk model identified ten candidate miRNAs in the training set. By combining 8 of the 10 miRNAs (miR-139-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-486-5p, miR-455-3p, miR-107, miR-146b-5p, miR-324-5p and miR-20a-5p), an accurate predictive model of relapse in TNBC patients was established and was highly correlated with prognosis (AUC of 0.80). Subsequently, this 8-miRNA signature prognosticated relapse in the two validation sets with AUCs of 0.89 and 0.90.Methods: Four total cohorts of training (TCGA_TNBC and GEOD-40525) and validation (GSE40049 and GSE19783) datasets were analyzed with logistic regression and Gaussian mixture analyses. We established a miRNA signature risk model and identified an 8-miRNA signature for the prediction of TNBC relapse.Rationale: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which has the highest recurrence rate and shortest survival time of all breast cancers, is in urgent need of a risk assessment method to determine an accurate treatment course. Recently, miRNA expression patterns have been identified as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized therapy. Here, we investigate a combination of candidate miRNAs as a clinically applicable signature that can precisely predict relapse in TNBC patients after surgery.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Modeling capillary bridge dynamics and crack healing between surfaces of nanoscale roughness. Capillary bridge formation between adjacent surfaces in humid environments is a ubiquitous phenomenon. It strongly influences tribological performance with respect to adhesion, friction and wear. Only a few studies, however, assess effects due to capillary dynamics. Here we focus on how capillary bridge evolution influences crack healing rates. Experimental results indicated a logarithmic decrease in average crack healing velocity as the energy release rate increases. Our objective is to model that trend. We assume that capillary dynamics involve two mechanisms: capillary bridge growth and subsequently nucleation followed by growth. We show that by incorporating interface roughness details and the presence of an adsorbed water layer, the behavior of capillary force dynamics can be understood quantitatively. We identify three important regimes that control the healing process, namely bridge growth, combined bridge growth and nucleation, and finally bridge nucleation. To fully capture the results, however, the theoretical model for nucleation time required an empirical modification. Our model enables significant insight into capillary bridge dynamics, with a goal of attaining a predictive capability for this important microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) reliability failure mechanism.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL STRATEGY ON IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA FOR FAMILY OF CHILDREN UNDER 2 YEARS OLD. Iron deficiency anemia is recognized as a public health problem of global importance. An educational strategy through a cuasi-experimental design was applied, in six clinics at Jimmy Hirzel Polyclinic, Bayamo city, from September 2014 to February 2015 with the objective of intervene with relatives of children less than two years of age in the acquisition of knowledge aimed at the iron deficiency anemia prevention and control. A sample of 33 cases was included. The strategy was conceived by means of five topics about mother breastfeeding and diet in the prevention of anemia in children less than two-years old, prevention of parasitic diseases, utility of supplement and fortification of food. Theoretical, empirical and statistical methods were employed, such as inductive-deductive, modeling, Delphi method and the test of the signs. Significant results were obtained in the incorporation of knowledge to confront and reduce iron deficiency anemia, with a greater relevance in the control of intestinal parasitism and in actions directed at food fortification (0 < 8). The educative strategy results were effective from the validation obtained by expert criteria and the results obtained with its introduction in the community practice.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Interlaboratory collaboration to determine the performance of the Randox food diagnostics biochip array technology for the simultaneous quantitative detection of seven mycotoxins in feed. An inter-laboratory collaborative study was performed to evaluate the performance of the Biochip Array Technology (BAT) Myco 7 method. The Myco 7 Array is a method which simultaneously and quantitatively detects 20 mycotoxins including aflatoxins B-1, B-2, G(1) and G(2), ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin B-1, B-2 and B-3 and T-2 and HT-2 toxin. The BAT Myco 7 method was collaboratively evaluated by nine government and private Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) laboratories. Samples were analysed in a proficiency testing round format. Seventeen blind samples were analysed on the same equipment using Myco 7 kits. 99% of the results fell within an acceptable Z-score range of -2 vertical bar<Z<vertical bar+2. Deoxynivalenol had a 100% Z-score pass rate, while a 99% pass was recorded for aflatoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A and fumonisins. T-2 toxin had a 97% Z-score pass rate. HorRat analysis for reproducibility used a range of 0.3<vertical bar HorRat vertical bar <= 2. The target was met for deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 and HT-2 toxin, and aflatoxins B-1, B-2, G(1) and G(2) assays. Fumonisins and ochratoxin A assays had a 93% and 94% pass, respectively. The reproducibility co-efficiency of variation was between 16 and 20% meeting set criterion of <40% and is, therefore, fit-for-purpose for use in the AAFCO control programs for mycotoxins.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 22, 8, 42]}
{"token": "Overestimation of Postpartum Depression Prevalence Based on a 5-item Version of the EPDS: Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis. A total of 3,958 participants from 19 primary studies were included. Pooled prevalence of SCID major depression was 9.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0% to 13.7%), pooled percentage of participants with EPDS-5 >= 7 was 16.2% (95% CI 10.7% to 23.8%), and pooled difference was 8.0% (95% CI 2.9% to 13.2%). In the 19 included studies, mean and median ratios of EPDS-5 to SCID prevalence were 2.1 and 1.4 times.Methods:The Maternal Mental Health in Canada, 2018/2019, survey reported that 18% of 7,085 mothers who recently gave birth reported \\\\'feelings consistent with postpartum depression\\\\' based on scores >= 7 on a 5-item version of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS-5). The EPDS-5 was designed as a screening questionnaire, not to classify disorders or estimate prevalence; the extent to which EPDS-5 results reflect depression prevalence is unknown. We investigated EPDS-5 >= 7 performance relative to major depression prevalence based on a validated diagnostic interview, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID).We searched Medline, Medline In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, PsycINFO, and the Web of Science Core Collection through June 2016 for studies with data sets with item response data to calculate EPDS-5 scores and that used the SCID to ascertain depression status. We conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis to estimate pooled percentage of EPDS-5 >= 7, pooled SCID major depression prevalence, and the pooled difference in prevalence.Conclusions:Results:Objective:Prevalence estimated based on EPDS-5 >= 7 appears to be substantially higher than the prevalence of major depression. Validated diagnostic interviews should be used to establish prevalence.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Individual diving strategies in the Little Penguin. Data on the diving activity of the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) as recorded by data loggers are few. We monitored the foraging parameters of free-ranging Little Penguins, breeding at Penguin Island, Western Australia, using a small, hydrodynamically shaped time-depth recorder. Data were obtained for one, two and three consecutive foraging trips of three, one and two birds, respectively. These data showed that individual Little Penguins presented distinct diving depths that are consistent from one trip to the next. Four birds exploited shallow depths, around 1-5 in, but two other birds always chose to dive deeper, to around 8-10 in. No trends could be established between the adult mass or the chick mass and the preferred diving depths. The causes and consequences of these individual diving strategies are discussed.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Working Under Monarchy: Political Leadership and Democracy in Nepal. The purpose of this study was to discover the prospects and challenges of democracy in Nepal. Mired with corruption and escalating conflict, Nepal is in its 16th year of democratic transition, with little hope for a fully functional, consolidated, liberal democracy. In trying to study the causes, the author hypothesizes that political leaders have made decisions that have had an adverse effect on democracy in Nepal. Empirical research has been conducted on landmark decisions made by political leaders to test the hypothesis. The author concludes that charismatic leaders, depending on their vision, statesmanship, and liberalism, choose to decide differently, and these decisions determine their mode of governance and its impact on democracy.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Evaluating genetic traceability methods for captive-bred marine fish and their applications in fisheries management and wildlife forensics. Growing demands for marine fish products is leading to increased pressure on already depleted wild populations and a rise in aquaculture production. Consequently, more captive-bred fish are released into the wild through accidental escape or deliberate releases. The increased mixing of captive-bred and wild fish may affect the ecological and/or genetic integrity of wild fish populations. Unambiguous identification tools for captive-bred fish will be highly valuable to manage risks (fisheries management) and tracing of escapees and seafood products (wildlife forensics). Using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from captive-bred and wild populations of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. and sole Solea solea L., we explored the efficiency of population and parentage assignment techniques for the identification and tracing of captive-bred fish. Simulated and empirical data were used to correct for stochastic genetic effects. Overall, parentage assignment performed well when a large effective population size characterized the broodstock and escapees originated from early generations of captive breeding. Consequently, parentage assignments are particularly useful from a fisheries management perspective to monitor the effects of deliberate releases of captive-bred fish on wild populations. Population assignment proved to be more efficient after several generations of captive breeding, which makes it a useful method in forensic applications for well-established aquaculture species. We suggest the implementation of a case-by-case strategy when choosing the best method.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "Independent Innovation in the Evolution of Paddle-Shaped Tails in Viviparous Sea Snakes (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae). The viviparous sea snakes (Hydrophiinae) comprise similar to 90% of living marine reptiles and display many physical and behavioral adaptations for breathing, diving, and achieving osmotic balance in marine habitats. Among the most important innovations found in marine snakes are their paddle-shaped (dorsoventrally expanded) tails, which provide propulsive thrust in the dense aquatic medium. Here, we reconstruct the evolution of caudal paddles in viviparous sea snakes using a dated molecular phylogeny for all major lineages and computed tomography of internal osteological structures. Bayesian ancestral state reconstructions show that extremely large caudal paddles supported by elongated vertebral processes are unlikely to have been present in the most recent common ancestor of extant sea snakes. Instead, these characters appear to have been acquired independently in two highly marine lineages of relatively recent origin. Both the Aipysurus and Hydrophis lineages have elongated neural spines that support the dorsal edge of their large paddles. However, whereas in the Aipysurus lineage the ventral edge of the paddle is supported by elongated haemapophyses, this support is provided by elongated and ventrally directed pleurapophyses in the Hydrophis lineage. Three semi-marine lineages (Hydrelaps, Ephalophis, and Parahydrophis) form the sister group to the Hydrophis clade and have small paddles with poorly developed dorsal and ventral supports, consistent with their amphibious lifestyle. Overall, our results suggest that not only are the viviparous hydrophiines the only lineage of marine snakes to have acquired extremely large, skeletally supported caudal paddles but also that this innovation has occurred twice in the group in the past similar to 2-6 million years.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Electron localization and conduction mechanisms of metallic Al-Pd-Re quasicrystals. We have analysed the electrical conductivities of metallic Al-Pd-Re quasicrystals in a low temperature region, taking into account the conducting mechanism of the quasicrystal-like system. The present analysis suggests that not only the weak localization and the electron-electron interaction contributions but also the conducting effect of the quasicrystal-like system should be considered.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Crime and Deviant Behaviour Expositions in Proverbial Analysis of Yoruba Traditional Knowledge. The daily usage of proverbs in Yoruba society is gradually going into extinction especially among the younger generation. This paper, therefore, examines the uses of proverbs to discuss some selected criminal and deviant behaviours within Yoruba traditional knowledge. Twenty - four proverbs were selected using purposive sampling method under non - probability sampling technique. This involved eight proverbs on theft / stealing; nine proverbs on laziness; four proverbs on non - hygienic and five proverbs on adultery. The proverbs were presented in indigenous Yoruba language but were also translated into English language for proper understanding of the non - Yoruba readers. The proverbs were explained and the lessons they thought were elucidated for the proper understanding and possible use of the readers.The paper recommended encouragement of daily usage of Yoruba indigenous proverbs in every - day communications; especially among young adults in Yoruba society, to prevent extinction of proverbs. It also recommended the proper and constant usage of proverbs on media and other public places. Finally, proper documentations of indigenous proverbs through educational channels were also recommended.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Molecular mechanism associated with the use of magnetic fermentation in modulating the dietary lipid composition and nutritional quality of goat milk. Standard fermentation (SF) mainly affected the metabolism of glycerophospholipid and sphingolipid, and increased the total lipid content of goat milk. Content of total lipid was decreased by magnetic fermentation compared with SF, mainly due to triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol. Comprehensive characteristic of lipids dynamic changes during standard and magnetic fermentation was performed using high-throughput quantitative lipidomics. Totally, 488 lipid molecular species covering 12 subclasses were detected, and triacylglycerol was the highest levels, followed by diacylglycerol and phosphoethanolamine in the whole fermentation stage. Specifically, except for ceramide and simple Glc series, the content of all polar lipids in SF was dropped and neutral lipids subjoined. Compared with SF, the decrease of triacylglycerol (1752.47 to 784.78 mu g/mL), diacylglycerol (60.36 to 24.89 mu g/mL) and simple Glc series (4.36 to 2.40 mu g/mL) were observed, while ceramide (6.54 to 25.87 mu g/mL) increased, suggesting magnetic fermentation as effective approach to potentially improve the nutritional of goat milk.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Drop impact entrapment of bubble rings. We use ultra-high-speed video imaging to look at the initial contact of a drop impacting on a liquid layer. We observe experimentally the vortex street and the bubble-ring entrapments predicted numerically, for high impact velocities, by Thoraval et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 108, 2012, article 264506). These dynamics mainly occur within 50 mu s after the first contact, requiring imaging at 1 million f.p.s. For a water drop impacting on a thin layer of water, the entrapment of isolated bubbles starts through azimuthal instability, which forms at low impact velocities, in the neck connecting the drop and pool. For Reynolds number Re above similar to 12 000, up to 10 partial bubble rings have been observed at the base of the ejecta, starting when the contact is similar to 20% of the drop size. More regular bubble rings are observed for a pool of ethanol or methanol. The video imaging shows rotation around some of these air cylinders, which can temporarily delay their breakup into micro-bubbles. The different refractive index in the pool liquid reveals the destabilization of the vortices and the formation of streamwise vortices and intricate vortex tangles. Fine-scale axisymmetry is thereby destroyed. We show also that the shape of the drop has a strong influence on these dynamics.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Predictors of hyperlactataemia among children presenting with malaria in a low transmission area in The Gambia. Conclusions: This study identified predictors of hyperlactataemia requiring only simple bedside clinical examination and blood film examination that can be carried out in resource-limited settings to quickly identify children at risk of dangerously raised lactate. A simple spreadsheet tool implementing the final model is supplied as supplementary material.Methods: Using data from a study of Gambian children aged six months to 16 years with severe or uncomplicated malaria, logistic regression modelling with a forward stepwise model selection process was used to develop a predictive model for hyperlactataemia from routinely available demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters. Potential predictors of hyperlactataemia considered for the modelling process were patient characteristics (age, sex, prior use of anti-malarials, and weight percentile for age), respiratory symptoms (deep breathing, irregular respiration, use of accessory muscles of respiration, lung crepitations, grunting respiration, cough, and age-specific respiratory rate), other clinical parameters recorded at presentation (duration of symptoms, Blantyre coma score, number of convulsions prior to admission, axillary temperature, dehydration, severe prostration, splenomegaly) and laboratory measures from blood tests (percentage parasitaemia, white cell count, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, monocyte count, platelet count, haemoglobin level, blood glucose level).Results: 495 children were included, and 68 (14%) had laboratory-confirmed hyperlactataemia (lactate > 7 mmol/L). Four features were independently associated with increased hyperlactataemia risk in a multivariable age- and sex-adjusted model: lower Blantyre score (odds ratio (OR) compared to score 5 = 2.68 (95% CI, 1.03-6.96) for score 3-4 and 6.18 (95% CI, 2.24-17.07) for score 0-2, p = 0.001), higher percentage parasitaemia (OR = 1.07 (1.03-1.11) per 0031% increase, p < 0.001), high respiratory rate for age (OR = 3.09 (1.50-6.38) per unit increase, p = 0.002), and deep breathing (OR = 2.81 (1.20-6.60), p = 0.02). Cross-validated predictions from the final model achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.83.Background: Hyperlactataemia and metabolic acidosis are important risk factors for malaria death, but measuring lactate at the point of care is not financially viable in many resource-poor settings. This study aimed to identify combinations of routinely available parameters that could identify children at high risk of hyperlactataemia.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "'Choicest unguents': molecular evidence for the use of resinous plant exudates in late Roman mortuary rites in Britain. Resinous substances were highly prized in the ancient world for use in ritual contexts. Details gleaned from classical literature indicate that they played a significant role in Roman mortuary rites, in treatment of the body and as offerings at the tomb. Outside of Egypt, however, where research has shown that a range of plant exudates were applied as part of the mummification process, resins have rarely been identified in the burial record. This is despite considerable speculation regarding their use across the Roman Empire.These findings illuminate the multiplicity of roles played by resinous substances in Roman mortuary practices in acting to disguise the odour of decomposition, aiding temporary soft-tissue preservation and signifying the social status of the deceased. Nevertheless, it was their ritual function in facilitating the transition to the next world that necessitated transportation to the most remote outpost of the late Roman Empire, Britain. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Focusing on one region, we investigated organic residues from forty-nine late Roman inhumations from Britain. Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and the well-attested biomarker approach, terpenic compounds were characterized in fourteen of the burials analysed. These results provided direct chemical evidence for the presence of exudates from three different plant families: coniferous Pinaceae resins, Mediterranean Pistacia spp. resins (mastic/terebinth) and exotic Boswellia spp. gum-resins (frankincense/olibanum) from southern Arabia or beyond. The individuals accorded this rite had all been interred with a package of procedures more elaborate than the norm.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "On the Primal and Dual Forms of the Stewart Platform Pure Condition. The algebraic characterization of the singularities of a Stewart platform is usually presented as a 6 x 6 determinant, whose rows correspond to the line coordinates of its legs, equated to zero. This expression can be rewritten in a more amenable way, which is known as the pure condition, as sums and products of 4 x 4 determinants, whose rows correspond to the point coordinates of the leg attachments. Researchers usually rely on one of these two expressions to find the geometric conditions associated with the singularities of a particular Stewart platform. Although both are equivalent, it is advantageous to use either line or point coordinates, depending on the platform topology. In this context, an equivalent expression involving only plane coordinates, i.e., a dual expression to that using point coordinates, seems to be missing. This paper is devoted to its derivation and to show how its use is advantageous in many practical cases, mainly because of its surprising simplicity: It only involves the addition of 4 x 4 determinants whose rows are plane coordinates defined by sets of three attachments.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Genome-wide association study for agronomic and physiological traits in spring wheat evaluated in a range of heat prone environments. We undertook large-scale genetic analysis to determine marker-trait associations (MTAs) underlying agronomic and physiological performance in spring wheat using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Field trials were conducted at seven sites in three countries (Sudan, Egypt, and Syria) over 2-3 years in each country. Twenty-five agronomic and physiological traits were measured on 188 wheat genotypes. After correcting for population structure and relatedness, a total of 245 MTAs distributed over 66 loci were associated with agronomic traits in individual and mean performance across environments respectively; some of which confirmed previously reported loci. Of these, 27 loci were significantly associated with days to heading, thousand kernel weight, grain yield, spike length, and leaf rolling for mean performance across environments. Despite strong QTL by environment interactions, eight of the loci on chromosomes 1A, 1D, 5A, 5D, 6B, 7A, and 7B had pleiotropic effects on days to heading and yield components (TKW, SM-2, and SNS). The winter-type alleles at the homoeologous VRN1 loci significantly increased days to heading and grain yield in optimal environments, but decreased grain yield in heat prone environments. Top 20 high-yielding genotypes, ranked by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), had low kinship relationship and possessed 4-5 favorable alleles for GY MTAs except two genotypes, Shadi-4 and Qafzah-11/Bashiq-1-2. This indicated different yield stability mechanisms due to potentially favorable rare alleles that are uncharacterized. Our results will enable wheat breeders to effectively introgress several desirable alleles into locally adapted germplasm in developing wheat varieties with high yield stability and enhanced heat tolerance.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 7, 20, 9]}
{"token": "Values, meanings, and positionalities: the controversial valuation of water in Rio de Janeiro. Water is not only a valuable substance, but is also valued in different ways dependent on substantive social, ecological, and historical conditions. The concept of water value positionality is introduced to describe the dynamic ensemble of meanings forged from cooperation and competition in the allocation, use, and conservation of water. Positionality helps us to understand water conflicts as individuals and groups struggling to legitimise their valuation of water. The explanatory function of positionality is demonstrated with an empirical case study in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Hegemonic positionality depicts water as an economic resource required for regional development and urban growth. This has been increasingly challenged by sectors of the state apparatus who call for the monetary valuation of water. Beyond these two perspectives, there exists a vast range of water values articulated by the local communities in their struggle for survival and political affirmation. The conclusion is that, in the process of constantly revaluing water, there are temporary 'positions of value' that last and change with sociocultural and politicoecological experiences.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Food consumption behavior of socioeconomic groups for private labels and national brands. Knowledge of a high correlation between a consumer's residence and his place of grocery shopping has allowed researchers to use scanner data to assess the relationship between income and shopping behavior. This study addresses the shopping behavior of over 100,000 consumers who patronize six supermarkets weekly. Three of these supermarkets are best characterized as stores that service primarily lower-income shoppers, and three are best characterized as stores that service primarily higher-income shoppers. A key objective of this research is to determine if purchasing patterns differ for the two income groups and, if so, to determine if these differences are consistent with economic theory. The results show that the dominant income group for a given area makes purchase decisions that are so widespread and prominent that the confounding effects of other income shoppers are completely overshadowed. Simply stated, the statistical evidence is so strong that it overcomes all possible deviating effects which may result from data outliers. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Age-related change in shear elastic modulus of the thoracolumbar multifidus muscle in healthy Beagle dogs using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Methods: Twelve beagle dogs were divided into 2 groups based on the age of onset of intervertebral disk herniation: young (aged not exceeding 2 years; 1.3 +/- 0.6 years old, n = 5) and adult (4.9 +/- 1.2 years old, n = 7). The shear elastic modulus of the multifidus muscle, from the thirteenth thoracic spine to the fourth lumbar spine, was measured using ultrasound shear wave elastography. The length, cross-sectional area and muscle to fat ratio of the multifidus muscle, and the grade of intervertebral disk degeneration, were assessed using radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging examinations.Background: Multifidus muscle stiffness decreases in patients with lumbar intervertebral disk herniation; however, age-related changes in humans have not been reported.Results: The length and cross-sectional area of the multifidus muscle increased caudally. In the young group, the shear elastic modulus of the multifidus muscle of the thirteenth thoracic spine was less than that of the third lumbar spine. In the adult group, the shear elastic modulus of the multifidus muscle of first and third lumbar spine was lower than that of the same site in the young group.Objectives: The reliability of ultrasound shear wave elastography in dogs, and changes in the shear elastic modulus of the thoracolumbar multifidus muscle with aging in dogs, were investigated.Conclusions: Ultrasound can be used to measure shear wave elastography of the thoracolumbar multifidus in dogs. If the multifidus muscle stiffness decreases, we should consider age-related change.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "A Computer Vision Based Conveyor Deviation Detection System. The monitoring of conveyor belt deviation based on computer vision is the research topic of this paper. A belt conveyor system equipped with cameras and a laser generator is used as the test apparatus. Two kinds of conveyor condition monitoring algorithms are developed, applied and compared in this paper. Method 1 is to extract the edges of the conveyor belt based on the methods of edge detection and line fitting, and an analysis method is proposed to quickly determine whether the conveyor belt is off course. This method simplifies the information processing process after edge line extraction and realizes the fast and effective state detection of the conveyor belt. A conveyor belt deviation detection system was built in Method 2 with the aid of laser technology and the Labview platform. The result of deviation detection was more accurate and reliable with the addition of the laser line. It is observed that both methods can perform well for belt deviation detection, especially Method 2 that resulted in higher reliability and accuracy with faster processing speed. It provides new ideas for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of the conveyor.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Apolipoprotein E4 is only a weak predictor of dementia and cognitive decline in the general population. Results: The APOE epsilon4 allele conferred increased risk for dementia (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1 to 2.2) compared to epsilon3 in the MRC CFAS sample. Compared with APOE epsilon3/epsilon3 subjects, those with the epsilon3/epsilon4 genotypes were not at significantly higher risk for dementia (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.6 to 1.9), although epsilon4/epsilon4 subjects were (OR = 3.8, 95% CI = 1.0 to 14.0). Risk estimates were not different between men and women. Notably, our risk estimates for dementia were significantly lower than those reported for a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. MMSE scores at wave 3 and the difference in MMSE between baseline and at the third assessment wave were not different across APOE genotypes.Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms are unequivocally associated with risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is crucial to understand how this genetic factor affects dementia risk in the general population, as well as in narrowly diagnosed, selected, patient groups.Interpretation: The APOE epsilon4 allele is a weaker predictor for dementia in the general population than for AD. This may be because dementia can be caused by non-AD pathological processes and because most prevalent dementia occurs at an age when the APOE epsilon4 effect on AD risk (and therefore dementia) has started to decline.Methods: We assessed the cross sectional association between APOE genotype and dementia status in a community based sample, the MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). In addition, we tested the effects of APOE genotypes on the differences in MMSE scores between the first and third assessment waves (about six years apart), an index of cognitive decline.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "A novel Treponema pallidum antigen, TP0136, is an outer membrane protein that binds human fibronectin. The antigenicity, structural location, and function of the predicted lipoprotein TP0136 of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum were investigated based on previous screening studies indicating that anti-TP0136 antibodies are present in the sera of syphilis patients and experimentally infected rabbits. Recombinant TP0136 (rTP0136) protein was purified and shown to be strongly antigenic during human and experimental rabbit infection. The TP0136 protein was exposed on the surface of the bacterial outer membrane and bound to the host extracellular matrix glycoproteins fibronectin and laminin. In addition, the TP0136 open reading frame was shown to be highly polymorphic among T. pallidum subspecies and strains at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Finally, the ability of rTP0136 protein to act as a protective antigen to subsequent challenge with infectious T. pallidum in the rabbit model of infection was assessed. Immunization with rTP0136 delayed ulceration but did not prevent infection or the formation of lesions. These results demonstrate that TP0136 is expressed on the outer membrane of the treponeme during infection and may be involved in attachment to host extracellular matrix components.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Computing the exact distribution of a linear combination of generalized logistic random variables and its applications. We consider methods for numerical evaluation of the probability density function, cumulative distribution function and quantile function of a linear combination of n independent generalized logistic random variables. Here we derive the exact expressions for the probability density function and cumulative distribution function in terms of Fox's H-function. We also provide an algorithm for numerical calculation of Fox H- function and we compare its performance with a method based on the numerical inversion of the characteristic function. The numerical precision, efficiency and computing time of the proposed algorithm were considered. Applicability and comparison of the suggested approaches are illustrated by an application to financial returns.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "Dynamics of growth, carbon and nutrient translocation in Zizania latifolia. We studied the seasonal resource dynamics between organs of wild rice (Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf.) to obtain a better understanding of its growth dynamics, carbon and nutrient translocation. The results of observation from January 2002 to February 2004 showed the shoot density markedly increased after emergence of shoots at the end of March until May (up to 800 ind/m(2)). However the shoot mortality due to self-thinning reduced the total new shoots by more than 70% by the end of July. Thereafter, the shoot density was nearly constant with the aboveground biomass peaking at the end of August. In the late winter, the rhizome biomass declined by respiration loss to about 25% of its peak value. Meanwhile the decline in rhizome reserves from January to the end of April was about 20%. This small reduction compared with other perennial emergent species implies that there is a lower contribution of rhizome reserves to support new shoot formation. The initial heterotrophic growth of new shoots based on the rhizome resources lasted for a short period, then switched to autotrophic growth at the end of April or the beginning of May. Thus, in most periods of foliage development, nutrients were obtained mostly from soil through uptake by roots, not through resource allocation of the rhizome. In autumn, the standing dead shoots retained most of the nutrients and carbohydrates without translocating downwards. This suggests that in practice, the plant can remove nutrients from sediment more efficiently than other emergent plants. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 37, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Towards Biopolitics beyond Life and Death: The Virus, Life, and Death. By engaging with Giorgio Agamben's article on the Italian government's measures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we argue that COVID-19 points to the limits of the classical biopolitical and thanatopolitical logics of analysis and therefore requires a new conceptual framework. The outbreak of COVID-19 is an example of zoonotic globalisation in which the human species as a biological and geological actor is merely one among many other species that influence biological and geological processes on Earth, thus challenging humanist conceptualisations of politics. Here, the human role in politics is decentralised by thinking the virus as one of the actors that exert influence on how the political sphere is governed. We argue that the virus is the epitome of the ungovernable - an entity or broadly a historical challenge that cannot be subjected to existing mode(s) of governing - due to its interstitial and borderline character, resting between the ontological roots of the dominant modes of governing bios (life) and geos (nonlife), and challenging them by merely existing. We draw upon the works of Ghassan Hage, Nils Bubandt, Elizabeth Povinelli, and Donna Haraway to interrogate the limits of biopolitics and diagnose theoretical conundrums stemming from the division of nature vs. culture and life vs. nonlife entrenched in the existing social-political paradigms. Rather than providing finite answers about the role of the virus as a non-human actor in the political sphere, we raise questions as to how and why it should matter.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "The emergence of birdwatching in China: history, demographics, activities, motivations, and environmental concerns of Chinese birdwatchers. Birdwatching has become a global pastime and a driving force for conservation. Because of China's economic and environmental importance, the emergence of birdwatching as a mass participation leisure activity in China over the past three decades is of global interest. We documented this emergence by conducting an extensive literature search and two online questionnaires which we used to describe the history, geographic distribution, demographics, activities, motivations, and environmental concerns of Chinese birdwatchers. The emergence happened because of (1) the transfer of ornithological knowledge to birdwatchers, (2) the increasing political tolerance to pursue pastimes, (3) the increasing leisure time, affordability of optical equipment, and urbanisation of China's society, (4) increased internet use, and (5) interactions of birdwatchers with the media and foreign birdwatchers. Of the 576 respondents to our questionnaires, two-thirds were male, about half were younger than 35 years of age, approximately 90% were university-educated, and many also had an above-average income and originated mostly from the more urbanised coastal or near-coastal provinces. Our respondents were thus part of China's economic and educational elite who largely birdwatch for enjoyment, but also because of the knowledge gained about the birds' ecology. Many birdwatchers have become concerned about the deteriorating state of the environment and are frustrated about the lack of government action. Within the political constraints set by the government, many birdwatchers support environmental conservation through various activities, which have yielded some conservation successes. However, birdwatching societies remain constrained by the same legislative and administrative restraints which limit the actions of other environmental non-governmental organizations, thus hindering the effective discourse between China's government and its emerging but still strictly controlled and regulated civil society.", "label": [4, 46, 39]}
{"token": "THE MONOMER COVALENTLY CLOSED LINEAR REPLICATIVE FORM DNA OF ALEUTIAN DISEASE PARVOVIRUS IS INFECTIOUS AFTER TRANSFECTION INTO PERMISSIVE CELLS. The recently described monomer covalently closed linear replicative form DNA (Mccl RF DNA) of Aleutian disease parvovirus (ADV) is an infectious intermediate of the viral DNA replication cycle. Transfection of highly purified Mccl RF DNA into susceptible feline kidney cells (CCC clone 81 cells) resulted in viral DNA replication, expression of viral proteins and synthesis of infectious progeny virus. Mccl RF DNAs generated under permissive (32-degrees-C) or non-permissive (37-degrees-C) conditions were shown to be biologically indistinguishable. The accumulation of the Mccl RF DNA form at the non-permissive temperature in vitro strongly resembles that in bone marrow cells of naturally infected mink and may reflect one mechanism contributing to virus persistence of ADV in vivo.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "FALSE-NEGATIVE HISTOPLASMA ANTIGEN IN ACUTE PULMONARY HISTOPLASMOSIS THE VALUE OF URINARY CONCENTRATION BY ULTRAFILTRATION AND HEAT DENATURATION OF SERUM PROTEINS IN DETECTION OF HISTOPLASMA ANTIGEN. We report an infant with localized pulmonary histoplasmosis in whom Histoplasma antibody assays, quantitative Histoplasma urine and serum antigen concentrations, and histopathologic findings of a mediastinal mass were nondiagnostic. A provisional diagnosis of histoplasmosis was established by using laboratory methods that increase the sensitivity of the antigen assay using ultrafiltration of urine and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid/heat denaturation of serum proteins.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 27]}
{"token": "The Application of Cluster Analysis for the Selection of Key Competences of Future-Oriented Entrepreneurs. Trends and megatrends affecting the labour market are changing rapidly. Inevitable changes force a permanent need to redefine employees' competences in order to meet employers' expectations The scientific problem raised by the authors of the article is defining a methodology of identifying competences offuture-oriented entrepreneurs. The aim of the article is to present the potential of cluster analysis for the selection of key competences of future-oriented entrepreneurs in the context of foresight research. The main research methods applied for this study were literature review and cluster analysis. Literature review covered global literature review, domestic literature review, higher education offer review, commercial foresight courses review as well as case studies. Both extensive literature review and the analysis of business practices allowed to identify more than one thousand six hundred competences of a future-oriented entrepreneur. The huge amount of competences were then the subject to preliminary assessment which resulted in the list of 39 items. The application of cluster analysis enabled to further reduce the number of competences. Finally, seven competences to be mastered by future-oriented entrepreneurs could be recommended such as, but not limited to: the ability to find and interpret weak signals of change and disruptions (wild cards and abnormal phenomena); the ability to act proactively; the ability to manage change and uncertainty; the ability to run strategic foresight within organization, the ability to create organizational vision (both collective and individual); and seeing the big picture.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Vaccine protocols for enhanced immunogenicity of exogenous antigens. Vaccination protocols aim at the delivery of exogenous antigen (Ag) to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) concurrent with the activation of APCs by adjuvants. Activated APCs then cross-present the Ag, cross-prime T effector cells, and activate B cells. Classical protocols rely on a mixture of both Ag and the adjuvant. However, a disadvantage of this strategy is that simultaneous \\\\'loading\\\\' and activation of APCs is not guaranteed. As a consequence, heterogeneous APC populations will be generated, including APCs being either Ag-presenting or only activated, thus rendering the adaptive immune response suboptimal. Therefore, novel strategies are needed that provide both constituents to the same APC in order to generate a homogeneous Ag-presenting and activated cell population. Here we show that these requirements can be fulfilled via two distinct methods, either by covalently linking Ag to the adjuvant or by co-encapsulating Ag and adjuvant into biodegradable microparticles. These novel vaccine protocols allow the generation of robust T-cell and B-cell responses that match immunogenicity of live vectors. Their characteristics with regard to efficacy, flexibility, and clinical applicability are discussed. (C) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 43, 21]}
{"token": "Azuche, Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees, forage genetic resources for floodplains in tropical Mexico. Azuche Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Rudge) Nees is a C-3 grass native to tropical flooded areas in South and Central America with 2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes. During 2002 and 2003, the Graduate College for Agricultural Sciences (CP) and the Mexican Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Animal Production Research (INIFAP) organized an expedition to collect the genetic diversity of this species within tropical Mexico, in order to preserve and study it under nursery conditions. The collection was performed from Puerto Vallarta to Tapachula on the Pacific and from Palizada, Campeche to Veracruz on the Gulf of Mexico coast, and also crossing sections through the Tehuantepec isthmus and through the Sierra Madre de Chiapas. Ninety sites were sampled, on each, 25 tillers were collected, tagged and stored in a commercial soil mix until establishment of individual plants within 6 1 pots. The largest Azuche prairie observed had a 10 ha surface, with the grass limited to small surfaces of up to 0.25 ha. It was not found on places with salty water, even seasonally. The Pacific coastal side is less abundant in niches for this species. Producers' experience indicated that this grass is beneficial for milk production compared with other forage grasses, mainly C-4, growing in flooded areas. Initial studies of genetic diversity showed wide morphological variation for sprouting ability, leaf width and length among samples. Azuche diversity showed good potential production attributes for farm and wild animals, under flooding tropical savanna conditions.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Association between excessive frontal cerebrospinal fluid and illness duration in males but not in females with schizophrenia. Results. - Males, but not females, presented a trend-level significant excess of left prefrontal CSF. The prefrontal and temporal residual values were significantly associated with illness duration in males, but not in females.Objective. - Excessive cortical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been acknowledged as a possible marker of a gray matter loss. This excess in schizophrenia is found predominantly in the prefrontal and temporal regions. We hypothesized that the poorer global outcome and treatment response in males with schizophrenia are related to a greater cortical volume loss as compared to females.Conclusion. - Our data support the hypothesis of accelerated prefrontal cortical loss in males, but not in females with schizophrenia. (c) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.Discussion. - These results conform to the worse outcome and the higher severity of structural abnormalities generally found in schizophrenia in male subjects.Subjects and methods. - In order to test this hypothesis we have used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the cortical (prefrontal, temporal, and hemispheric) CSF values in a group of 85 patients with schizophrenia, of whom 56 were males and 29, females. We calculated the residual values of CSF in the patients based on the data pertaining to 45 control subjects and linear regression, from which the normal effects of age and intracranial volume were discounted. These residual scores constitute a quantitative measurement of the excess of CSF due to the disease.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Nursing genetics and genomics: The International Society of Nurses in Genetics (ISONG) survey. Background: The International Society of Nursing in Genetics (ISONG) fosters scientific and professional development in the discovery, interpretation, and application of genomic information in nursing research, education, and clinical practice.Participants: All ISONG members (n = 350 globally) were invited to partake.Methods: Descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for between-group comparisons.Results: Respondents (n = 231, 66%), were mostly Caucasian, female, with a master's degree or higher. Approximately 70% wanted to incorporate genomics in research, teaching, and practice. More than half reported high genomic competency, and over 95% reported that genomics is relevant the next 5 years.Conclusions: Findings provide a foundation for developing additional educational programs for an international nursing workforce in genomics.Design: Cross-sectional survey (21-items) assessing genomic-related training, knowledge, and practice.Settings: An email invitation included a link to the anonymous online survey.Objectives: Assess genomic-related activities of ISONG members in research, education and practice, and competencies to serve as global leaders in genomics.", "label": [2, 5, 53, 26]}
{"token": "Information-theoretic feature selection with segmentation-based folded principal component analysis (PCA) for hyperspectral image classification. Hyperspectral image (HSI) usually holds information of land cover classes as a set of many contiguous narrow spectral wavelength bands. For its efficient thematic mapping or classification, band (feature) reduction strategies through Feature Extraction (FE) and/or Feature Selection (FS) methods for finding the intrinsic bands' information are typically applied. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a frequently employed unsupervised linear FE method whereas cumulative-variance accumulation is used for selecting top features from PCA data. However, PCA can fail to extract intrinsic structure of HSI due to global variance consideration and domination by visible and near infrared bands while cumulative-variance accumulation has no capability to exploit non-linear relationships among the transformed features produced by PCA-based FE methods. Consequently, we propose an information theoretic normalized Mutual Information (nMI)-based minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR) non-linear measure to select the intrinsic features from the transformed space of our previously proposed Segmented-Folded-PCA (Seg-Fol-PCA) and Spectrally Segmented-Folded-PCA (SSeg-Fol-PCA) FE methods. We extensively analyse the effectiveness of the proposed unsupervised FE and supervised FS combinations Seg-Fol-PCA-mRMR and SSeg-Fol-PCA-mRMR with that of PCA-based existing linear and non-linear state-of-the-art methods. In addition, cumulative variance-based top features pick-up strategy is considered with all FE methods and Renyi quadratic entropy-based FS is used with Kernel Entropy Component Analysis (Ker-ECA). The experimental results illustrate that SSeg-Fol-PCA-mRMR and Seg-Fol-PCA-mRMR obtain highest classification result e.g. 95.39% and 95.03% respectively for agricultural Indian Pines HSI, and 96.58% and 95.30% respectively for urban Washington DC Mall HSI while the classification accuracies using all original features of the HSIs are 70.28% and 91.90% respectively. Moreover, the proposed SSeg-Fol-PCA-mRMR and Seg-Fol-PCA-mRMR outperform all investigated combinations of FE and FS using the real HSI datasets.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Dissolution characteristics of granulated coal ash in different saline water conditions. Granulate coal ash (GCA) has been widely used for improving both sediment and water environments in littoral regions. Dissolved ions from GCA have been pointed out to play an important role in the improvements of sediment and water environments. As the dissolution characteristics of a material in solvent depend on the solvent characteristics, this study attempts to clarify the dissolution characteristics of GCA under different saline water conditions. This may provide useful information for practical uses of GCA in different water environments. The experimental results showed that GCA dissolved more with increasing salinity of solvent. This suggests that GCA is more active in saline water environment rather than freshwater environment. Interestingly, larger releases of calcium ions were confirmed when the solvent salinity was higher than 1000mg/L. This was because the calcium ions of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) present in GCA were replaced by the sodium ions present in solvent. The solubility of C-S-H present in GCA was low comparing with that of C-S-H gels. Only 40% of the total C-S-H were influenced by the high salinity concentration (higher than 1000mg/L). Furthermore, a higher solubility of GCA was observed after combusting GCA. Our results suggest that GCA should be combusted at 200 degrees C prior to use for obtaining a higher performance in improving water and sediment environments.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Ti(III), Cr(III), Mn(III) AND Fe(III) COMPLEXES INCORPORATING TRIDENTATE ONO DONAR HYDRAZONE LIGANDS. New complexes of the Ti(III), Cr(III), Mn(III) and Fe(III) with hydrazones, derived from the condensation of 4-nitrobenzoylhydrazide with either 2-hydroxy-5-chloroacetophenone or 2-hydroxy-5-methylacetophenone, have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic moment, electronic and infrared spectra and thermogravimetric analysis. Both ligands coordinated with metal ions in a tridentate dinegative fashion through their deprotonated phenolic-O, deprotonated enolic-O and imine nitrogen atoms. The thermal decomposition of ligands and complexes has been studied using non-isothermal thermogravimetry. Kinetic parameters such as activation energy, frequency factor, free energy change and entropy change of decomposition of complexes have been determined by employing the methods of Coats-Redfern and Horowitz-Metzger. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ligands and their complexes have been assessed by screening the compounds against E. coli, S. abong, S. aureus, P. arugineosa, B. subtilis, A. niger and C. albicans respectively. The measurements of the electrical conductivity of ligands and their metal complexes were carried out in the temperature range 308 410 K in their compressed pellet form. The electrical activation energy values of the complexes were calculated from Arrhenius plots and lie in the range 0.368-0.759 eV. The complexes show a low value of conductance at room temperature; however their conductivities increase as the temperature increases above 335K, indicating their semiconducting behaviour.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "All Men Are Entitled to Justice By the Government': Black Workers, Citizenship, Letter Writing, and the World War I State. This article examines the letter writing of black railroad workers to the United States Railroad Administration during World War I. Engaging with scholarship on the African American experience during the war years, the article considers the ways in which ordinary African Americans acted on the opportunities presented by the mobilization for challenging Jim Crow and seeking racial justice. The article disagrees with interpretations that see the war period as one of promise but ultimately failure and disappointment for advocates of racial justice. Rather, attention to the epistolary undertakings of black railroaders reveals how letter writing itself figured as a form of political action through which black workers sought to bend the state to their purposes. The content of black railwaymen's letters demonstrates the importance of citizenship and the centrality of economic justice to civil rights activism. Moreover, these letters illustrate how letter writing could be empowering. Not only did black workers demand fair treatment at work but in the course of writing many of them also fashioned themselves as fully endowed citizens. In Jim Crow America, in a society and culture that publicly denied African Americans agency as well as basic rights and liberties, the capacity of letter writing to facilitate \\\\'selfnarration\\\\' against dominant exclusionary definitions of citizenship helped African Americans, in the words of historian Chad Williams, \\\\'resist white supremacy, affirm their citizenship, and assert their humanity.\\\\'", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The influence of dietary beta-glucans on the adaptive and innate immune responses of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) vaccinated against vibriosis. The effects of feeding 1,3/1,6 beta-glucans on the innate and the adaptive immune responses of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) was investigated. Two experiments were carried out during the study. In the first, a number of non-specific immune parameters were examined at 4, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 25 days of feeding fish with a semipurified diet containing Macrogard (c), a commercially available form of 1,3/1,6 beta-glucans. The respiratory burst activity of head kidney macrophages isolated from the different groups of fish fed the immunostimulant peaked and subsequently decreased at different times during the experiment. Head kidney macrophages from fish fed 250 ppm beta-glucans had a statistically higher level of respiratory burst activity at Day 21 of feeding compared with fish fed no immunostimulant. No statistical differences were observed in lyzozyme activity during this trial.In the second experiment, the effect of feeding 1,3/1,6 beta-glucans on ' the immune response of fish to an alginate-encapsulated Vibrio vaccine administered orally was examined ' Respiratory burst of head kidney macrophages and serum lysozyme activity decreased in all fish over the course of the trial, while serum lysozyme activity was considerably lower than values obtained in the first experiment. Fish vaccinated orally had significant increases in antibody response by Week 2 post-vaccination, but beta-glucans did not appear to affect these levels. Vaccination may have resulted in activating the immune system as a whole, thus masking any difference in immunostimulation by the beta-glucans. It may be that the optimal doses and timing of beta-glucans administration is different when the immunostimulant is administered alone or in combination with the vaccine.In conclusion, European sea bass can be immunomodulated with oral administration of P-glucan. Optimal doses and administration times have been established when beta-glucans are fed alone, although further studies are needed to establish ideal feeding regimes for glucans administrated in combination with vaccination.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
{"token": "Why Doomsday Arguments are Better than Simulation Arguments. Inspired by anthropic reasoning behind Doomsday arguments, Nick Bostrom's Simulation Argument says: people who think advanced civilisations would run many fully-conscious simulated minds should also think they're probably simulated minds themselves. However, Bostrom's conclusions can (and should) be resisted, especially by sympathisers with Doomsday or anthropic reasoning. This paper initially offers a posterior-probabilistic Doomsday lottery' argument against Bostrom's conclusions. Suggestions are then offered for deriving anti-simulation conclusions using weaker assumptions. Anti-simulation arguments herein use more (epistemically and metaphysically) robust reference classes than Bostrom's argument, require no Principles of Indifference, abide better by the total evidence requirement, and yet use empirically plausible priors and likelihoods. However, while Doomsday arguments are probabilistically, epistemically and metaphysically stronger than the Simulation Argument, anthropic reasoning can (and should) refrain from embracing either.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Noise suppression using optimum filtering of OCs generated by a multiport encoder/decoder. We propose a novel receiver configuration using an extreme narrow band-optical band pass filter (ENB-OBPF) to reduce the multiple access interference (MAI) and beat noises in an optical code division multiplexing (OCDM) transmission. We numerically and experimentally demonstrate an enhancement of the code detectability, that allows us to increase the number of users in a passive optical network (PON) from 4 to 8 without any forward error correction (FEC). (C) 2012 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Mechanism of rhodium-catalyzed carbene formation from diazo compounds. A large and normal nitrogen-15 kinetic isotope effect of 1.035 +/- 0.003 provides direct support for the proposed mechanism for the rhodium-catalyzed carbene formation from diazo compounds, which involves the fast formation of a metal-diazo complex followed by rate-limiting extrusion of N(2). The large magnitude of the KIE indicates extensive C-N bond fission in the transition state.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Winning the Battle but Losing the War: The Psychology of Debt Management. When consumers carry multiple debts, how do they decide which debt to repay first? Normatively, consumers should repay the debt with the highest interest rate most quickly. However, because people tend to break complicated tasks into more manageable parts, and because losses are most distressing when segregated, the authors hypothesize that people will pay off the smallest loan first to reduce the total number of outstanding loans and achieve a sense of tangible progress toward debt repayment. To experimentally examine how consumers manage multiple debts, the authors develop an incentive-compatible debt management game, in which participants are saddled with multiple debts and need to decide how to repay them over time. Consistent with the hypothesis, four experiments reveal evidence of debt account aversion: Participants consistently pay off small debts first, even though the larger debts have higher interest rates. The authors also find that restricting participants' ability to completely pay off small debts, and focusing their attention on the amount of interest each debt has accumulated, helps them reduce overall debt more quickly.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Temporal declines in tree longevity associated with faster lifetime growth rates in boreal forests. Global change has been linked to significant increases in tree mortality in the world's forests. Reduced tree longevity through increased growth rates has been suggested as one of the mechanisms responsible for the temporal increases in tree mortality, but this idea has not been directly tested. Here we explicitly defined two testable hypotheses: (i) the probability of ageing driven tree mortality increases with global change and (ii) the mortality probability associated with global change is higher for faster growing trees. To test these hypotheses, we examined the temporal changes of tree mortality probability in 539 permanent sample plots monitored from 1960-2009, with ages greater than 100 years at initial censuses, across the boreal region of Alberta, Canada. As expected, we found an overall temporal increase in tree mortality probability, indicating a loss in tree longevity with global change. We also found that trees with faster lifetime growth rates experienced higher temporal increases in mortality probability compared to slower growing trees. An analysis of the responses of tree mortality probability to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature and decreases in water availability indicated that increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and decreasing water availability were the major drivers of declining longevity. Our results suggest that tree longevity may further decline with the expected increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide and decreasing water availability in the region.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Disentangling avian diversity: South-East Asian mainland Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus constitutes two distinct lineages. We examined the mainland South-East Asian taxa formerly grouped as part of the Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus complex. We amplified three mitochondrial loci, cytochrome b, NADH dehydrogenase 2 and NADH dehydrogenase 3, and one nuclear locus, the fifth intron of the nuclear gene transcription growth factor, through PCR. Evidence from both DNA and vocalisations indicated that individuals of inland forest populations Z. p. siamensis clustered with nominate Z. p. palpebrosus. On the other hand, the mangrove-dwelling taxa, Z. [p.] williamsoni and Z. [p.] cf. erwini, were most closely related to the migratory Japanese White-eye Z. japonicus simplex (100% posterior probability support). While williamsoni and cf. erwini apparently constituted distinct lineages, there was only 50% posterior probability support for this arrangement. Because Z. j. simplex is apparently also distinct from other Z. japonicus lineages, a more detailed examination of mainland and island-inhabiting Zosterops taxa in East and South-East Asia is required.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "New lithium gas sorbents - II. A mathematical model of the evaporation process. A phenomenological theory of evaporation for a system where the vapor source is a filament made of a solid solution of a volatile metal in a nonvolatile metal has been created. Approximate solutions, which describe both the evaporation process and the kinetics of the deposit growth with sufficient accuracy, have been obtained. This theoretical analysis is part of a general program of the development of evaporable (EG) and nonevaporable (NEG) lithium getters. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Free-choice Feeding of Three Different Dietary Calcium Sources and their Influence on Egg Quality Parameters of Commercial Layers. Findings: Daily Ca intakes of birds affected significantly (P<0.05) by the Ca source. The birds fed oyster shells and limestone showed the highest (P<0.05) daily Ca intakes. Feeding bone meal significantly (P<0.05) reduced damaged shell percentage. Weekly body weight gain, weekly egg production and feed conversion ratio among treatments were similar (P>0.05). Dietary supplementation of Ca significantly (P<0.05) improved the egg weight. Shape index and shell ratios among treatments were similar (P>0.05). Feeding bone meal significantly (P<0.05) improved unit surface shell weight (USSW) and the shell thickness. Calcium supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on albumen and yolk quality parameters of eggs.Originality/value: The present study concluded that feeding bone meal to commercial layers improves USSW, shell thickness thereby reducing egg damages. Calcium source has no influence in improving internal quality parameters of chicken eggs.Research Method: Three dietary Ca sources (oyster shells, limestone and bone meal) were choice fed ad libitumly along with a commercial layer feed. The birds fed only the commercial layer diet was used as the control. The experiment was conducted as a complete randomized design. A total of 128, 55 weeks old Hy-line white layer hens (1500 +/- 21g) were assigned into 16 cages of 8 birds each. Four replicate cages were randomly assigned to each of the four dietary treatments. Bird's performances were tested weekly. Twenty eggs from each treatment were collected weekly over five weeks period and were assessed for shell and internal quality parameters.Purpose: The study reported herein was conducted to determine the effects of choice feeding three different calcium (Ca) sources on external and internal egg quality parameters of commercial layers.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Deformation processes at fast to ultra-fast oceanic spreading axes: mechanical approach. The morphology of fast to ultra-fast oceanic spreading ridges such as the East Pacific Rise (EPR) is characterized by an axial dome, 5-10 km wide, culminating at 300-500 in above the surrounding seafloor. This dome is bounded by lateral grabens that develop systematically 2 to 6 km, apart from the spreading axis. A large summit trough, 200 m to 2 km wide, locally notches the axial high, only where the dome is inflated, indicative of a time-average robust magma supply. This summit trough is thought to represent an elongated axial summit caldera (ASC) created as a result of the subsidence of the top of the axial magma chamber (AMC). Such subsidence is likely caused by a temporary decrease in melt supply into the shallow magma reservoir suffering continuous regional extension. Analog experiments using small-scale modeling have been performed in order to better constrain the tectonic evolution of the axial region. The experimental apparatus includes an elongated balloon filled with water as an analog of the magma reservoir set in a central groove in a table. It is capped with a silicone layer representing hot rocks below the brittle-ductile transition and is covered by a sand layer representing the brittle crust. The experiments integrate withdrawal of the balloon and extension at the boundary of the model by the mean of two mobile walls. Three experimental setups allowed us to study independently the mechanical parameters controlling the axial tectonic evolution: extension without withdrawal, withdrawal without extension, withdrawal and synchronous extension. We show that the morphology of the EPR axis can be considered as the result of both horizontal and vertical movements. Two symmetrical lateral grabens develop on both sides of a non-deformed axial dome when single extension is applied to a model with a thin silicone layer. Normal faults of the lateral grabens are rooted on two divergent velocity zones (DVZs) located on the edges of the groove. This situation is regarded as an analog of the natural case where the top of the AMC acts as a stress-free boundary that fails to transmit the extensional stresses to the upper brittle layer, An important deflation of the balloon without extension results in the creation of a central collapse trough limited by reverse faults, During synchronous extension and withdrawal, the initiation of the lateral grabens is favored by a balloon deflation, even if such deflation is unable to generate a superficial collapse, This last case is considered as representative of the evolution of EPR segments showing little variations in melt supply into the AMC, Higher deflation rates under continuous extension correspond to EPR segments undergoing strong variations in melt supply. In such experiments, the lateral grabens are created together with a central collapse trough developing in a way similar to that of experiments involving only balloon deflation. Finally, we show that DVZs located at the brittle-ductile boundary are the key mechanical elements which may explain the structural evolution of the axial region of fast to ultra-fast spreading ridges. The distance from axis and the width of the DVZs directly control the location and the distribution of the lateral grabens. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Effect of rescuing donated immature human oocytes derived after FSH/hCG stimulation following in vitro culture with or without Follicular Fluid Meiosis Activating Sterol (FF-MAS) - an embryo chromosomal and morphological analysis. Results: Only 15% of oocytes resulted in cleaved embryos. GV oocytes matured at significantly lower rates (14% and 7%) in the two FF-MAS groups compared to the inert control group (47%). High rates of chromosomal abnormalities were found in all groups.Purpose: Studies in mice and humans have shown that Follicular Fluid - Meiosis Activating Sterol (FF-MAS) induces meiotic maturation of immature oocytes in vitro. A multicenter, prospectively randomised study evaluated chromosomal status of embryos from FSH/hCG primed human immature oocytes, cultured with or without FF-MAS.Conclusion: Immature oocytes showed poor development with high rates of embryo chromosomal abnormalities. Exposure to FF-MAS in the concentrations, duration and/or formulation used in this study did not improve the results.Methods: Denuded immature oocytes (n = 365) were randomly allocated into inert control, FF-MAS 5 mu M or 20 mu M. Seventy +/- 2 hours after ICSI on matured oocytes, all cleaved embryos were fixed for fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Wear-out of Al-Ta2O5/SiO2-Si structures under dynamic stress. Wear-out of Al-Ta2O5/SiO2-Si stacked layers under dynamic current stresses was studied. It was found that a detrapping of negative charges occurs between the pulses, similarly to SiO2 and SiOxNy films. Additional consumption of the SiO2 interfacial layer results in a decrease of the gate voltage in some stages of the stress, depending upon the stress time and current density. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Labrang Monastery: Tibetan Buddhism on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier. Labrang Monastery was formally founded in 1709 in Amdo, today located in Xiahe County, Gansu Province. It was founded and occupied by the lineage of the Jamyang Zhepas on the central Tibetan Gelukpa model, and grew to be one of the largest Tibetan Buddhist monasteries ever built. Labrang supported the full range of Tibetan Buddhist studies, and in addition allowed other Tibetan and non-Tibetan religious practices in the community at large. The monastery was located on an ethnic borderland, near its Mongol co-sponsors, Manchu, Chinese, Muslim, and other neighbors. Its location resulted in both assertions of Tibetan identity and dynamic social, political, and economic interaction. The monastic authorities owned an enormous nomadic and agricultural estate that extended over much of southern Gansu Province and into northern Sichuan and eastern Qinghai. Though politically and economically much reduced, Labrang Monastery's influence is still important in present- day Amdo.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Studies on early stage hydration of tricalcium silicate incorporating silica nanoparticles: Part II. The beneficial role of silica nano-particles (SNPs) during the early stage hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S) has been investigated. ICP results show that SNPs significantly accelerate the hydration rate as well as the growth of hydrated products, by providing additional nucleating sites. XRD results also show a dominant nucleation effect of SNPs up to 10 h. While, at later stage i.e. from 15 to 24 h, the pozzolanic effect of SNPs was dominant. Further, TGA results reveal that, in SNPs incorporated samples, quantity of CH is higher (similar to 61% at 8 h) up to 10 h, and lower (similar to 32% at 24 h) from 15 to 24 h than the control, showing the nucleation and pozzolanic effect of SNPs respectively. FTIR and XRD results further reveal an accelerated formation of crystalline C-S-H (jennite and tobermorite) with SNPs. All these results i.e. accelerated hydration, crystalline C-S-H formation and lower C/S (similar to 1.9) lead to enhanced durability of cementitious materials. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Reversing transverse dunes: Modelling of airflow switching using 3D computational fluid dynamics. Airflow dynamics across dune surfaces are the primary agent of sediment transport and resulting dune migration movements. Using 3D computational fluid dynamic modelling, this study examined the behaviour of near surface airflow travelling over transverse (reversing) dunes on a beach system. Wind direction was modelled in two opposing directions (both perpendicular to dune crestline) to investigate surface alteration of flow on the dune topography. Surface shear stress, velocity streamlines and potential sediment flux were extracted from the modelling. The work shows that under SW winds the surface (under the configuration measured) underwent almost 10% more aeolian flux than with opposing NE winds of the same magnitude. Differences were also noted in the airflow behaviour with SW winds staying attached to the surface with less turbulence while NE winds had detached flow at dune crests with more localised turbulence. The work provides detailed insights into how 3D airflow behaviour is modified according to incident flow direction of reversing dune ridges and the resulting implications for their topographic modification. These dune types also provide interesting analogues for similarly scaled Transverse Aeolian Ridges found on Mars and the findings here provide important understanding of flow behaviour of such landforms and their potential movement. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Assessment of enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose in lactose-free milk production - A comparative study using capillary zone electrophoresis and cryoscopy. A comparison of the capillary zone electrophoresis under indirect detection at ultraviolet region (CZE-UV) method with the traditional cryoscopic method for lactose hydrolysis process monitoring is proposed. Two different lactose enzymatic hydrolysis processes (in batch and sterile) were assessed. The hydrolysis levels obtained by the CZE-UV method differed statistically from those obtained by cryoscopy, at 95% confidence, showing variations up to 20% at the same time of processing. During sterile hydrolysis, 90% of lactose reduction was detected after 1 h by CZE-UV and after 3 h by cryoscopy. For in batch hydrolysis, the CZE-UV method indicated 50% of lactose hydrolysis after 3 h of processing, while the cryoscopic method did not identify such lactose reduction during the process simulation. Our results demonstrated that CZE-UV method is precise and reliable analytical method, acting as a good alternative for lactose hydrolysis process monitoring.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Parties, Legislators, and the Origins of Proportional Representation. A prominent line of theories holds that proportional representation (PR) was introduced in many European democracies by a fragmented bloc of conservative parties seeking to preserve their legislative seat shares after franchise extension and industrialization increased the vote base of socialist parties. In contrast to this \\\\'seat-maximization\\\\' account, we focus on how PR affected party leaders' control over nominations, thereby enabling them to discipline their followers and build more cohesive parties. We explore this \\\\'party-building\\\\' account in the case of Norway, using roll call data from six reform proposals in 1919. We show that leaders were more likely to vote in favor of PR than rank-and-file members, even controlling for the parties' expected seat payoffs and the district-level socialist electoral threat facing individual legislators. Moreover, using within-legislator variation, we show that the internal cohesion of parties increased significantly after the introduction of PR.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Molecular evolution of key genes for type II secretion in Legionella pneumophila. Given the role of type II protein secretion system (T2S) in the ecology and pathogenesis of Legionella pneumophila, it is possible that this system is a target for adaptive evolution. The population genetic structure of L. pneumophila was inferred from the partial sequences of rpoB and from the complete sequence of three T2S structural components (lspD, lspE and pilD) and from two T2S effectors critical for intracellular infection of protozoa (proA and srnA) of 37 strains isolated from natural and man-made environments and disease-related from worldwide sources. A phylogenetic analysis was obtained for the concatenated alignment and for each individual locus. Seven main groups were identified containing the same L. pneumophila strains, suggesting an ancient divergence for each cluster and indicating that the operating selective pressures have equally affected the evolution of the five genes. Although linkage disequilibrium analysis indicate a clonal nature for population structure in this sample, our results indicate that recombination is a common phenomenon among T2S-related genes on this species, as 24 of the 37 L. pneumophila isolates contained at least one locus in which recombination was identified. Furthermore, neutral selection acting on the analysed T2S-related genes emerged as a clear result, namely on T2S effectors, ProA and SrnA, indicating that they are probably implicated in conserved virulence mechanisms through legionellae hosts.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Applicability of lean principles and practices in industrialized housing production. The applicability of lean principles and practices to industrialized housing in Sweden are examined, taking the production culture into consideration. The factory production of industrialized housing shows apparent similarities to manufacturing, but areas related to fully integrated lean production practices, such as error proofing and standardized work floor and equipment maintenance, are scarce. Hence, applicability of lean principles and practices to industrialized housing production is clearly influenced by a production culture that has similarities to a traditional construction culture. Setting up industrialized housing production thus requires careful implementation of lean principles if workers from traditional building are moved into factories, and managers still adhere to the prevailing site-based production mentality. However, the influence of the traditional construction project culture is not solely a constraint; flexible teams that take their own responsibility are also important in a lean culture. Hence, retaining parts of the existing construction mentality, context and way of working is also central when discussing lean applicability in industrialized housing.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Short-term root and leaf decomposition of two dominant plant species in a Siberian tundra. In tundra ecosystems, global warming is expected to accelerate litter decomposition and to lead to shifts in vegetation composition. To understand these shifts, it is important to understand the interactions between global warming, vegetation composition, litter quality and decomposition in the tundra. In addition, it is important to consider root litter since roots are the major part of plant biomass in the tundra. In order to increase our understanding of decomposition, and root decomposition in particular, we performed a litter transplant experiment in northeastern Siberia, in which we measured mass loss for leaf and root litter (live and dead material) of the two dominant plant species, graminoid Eriophorum vaginatum and shrub Betula nana, in three vegetation types (E. vaginatum or B. nana dominated and mixed vegetation) during the growing season.& para;& para;Our results show that although leaf decomposition did not differ between the two species, root decomposition showed significant differences. Mass loss of live roots was higher for E. vaginatum than for B. nana, but mass loss of E. vaginatum dead roots was lowest. In addition, we found evidence for home-field advantage in litter decomposition: litter of a plant decomposed faster in vegetation where it was dominant. Mass loss rates of the litter types were significantly correlated with phosphorus content, rather than nitrogen content. This indicates that phosphorus limits decomposition in this tundra site.& para;& para;The low decomposition rate of B. nana live roots compared to E. vaginatum live roots suggests that the acceleration of decomposition in the Arctic may be partly counteracted by the expected expansion of shrubs. However, more information on litter input rates and direct effects of climate change on decomposition rates are needed to accurately predict the effects of climate change on carbon dynamics in tundra ecosystems.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37]}
{"token": "Prescribed burning protects endangered tropical heathlands of the Arnhem Plateau, northern Australia. There are concerns that frequent intense fires are reducing biodiversity on the Arnhem Plateau within Kakadu National Park, northern Australia. Since the 1980s, prescribed burning in the early dry season has aimed to reduce the extent of late dry season wildfires. A programme of more strategic prescribed burning has been undertaken since 2007, aiming to increase intervals between fires affecting heathland and rain forest communities. We assess the effectiveness of prescribed burning in Kakadu's Stone Country using a Landsat satellite-derived fire history (1980-2011), in terms of achieving tolerable fire intervals' for dominant plant communities. Our analysis indicates that fire regimes have become substantially more favourable for biodiversity since the early 1980s. Although annual extent of burning has remained unchanged, two significant changes in fire regimes have occurred over the long term: (i) a switch from late dry season dominance to early dry season dominance and (ii) an increase in the abundance of long-unburnt vegetation, both of which are likely to benefit biodiversity. Demonstrating the statistical significance of changes associated with recent, more strategic fire management (2007-2011) is limited by the short duration of this management approach, although there is evidence of increasing abundance of long-unburnt vegetation during this time. The view that the Arnhem Plateau's fire regimes are increasingly driving biodiversity loss (due to frequent late dry season wildfires) is erroneous; they are in a more benign state now than at any time over the last three decades, most likely due to extensive use of prescribed burning.Synthesis and applications. In highly fire-prone landscapes, such as savannas, prescribed burning can be an effective means of: (i) bringing forward peak fire activity to the time of year when fire conditions are relatively mild and (ii) increasing abundance of long-unburnt vegetation. These changes are likely to favour persistence of a range of fire-sensitive communities. Our case study supports the strategic use of prescribed burning to protect fire-sensitive biota within highly fire-prone landscapes throughout the world.In highly fire-prone landscapes, such as savannas, prescribed burning can be an effective means of: (i) bringing forward peak fire activity to the time of year when fire conditions are relatively mild and (ii) increasing abundance of long-unburnt vegetation. These changes are likely to favour persistence of a range of fire-sensitive communities. Our case study supports the strategic use of prescribed burning to protect fire-sensitive biota within highly fire-prone landscapes throughout the world.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Do Differences in GPA Impact Attitudes About Group Work? A Comparison of Business and Non-Business Majors. Using survey data the authors investigate the impact of grade point average (GPA) on students' preferences for classroom group work and its structure. Topics range from general attitudes and beliefs (benefits to grades, impact on mastery of material, professors' motives) to administration (group composition, grading, peer reviews, group leadership). It was hypothesized that students act as GPA maximizers (prefer higher grades if holding all else equal) and therefore high achievers would answer many of the questions differently than low achievers. Regression results suggest that, generally, GPA better explains survey results for non-business majors than for business majors", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Process Feasibility Investigation of Freezing Free Process. Posi/Posi process that doesn't require freezing material has been investigated from the view-point of process simplification, and has been shown to be successful in printing images below 32nm hp. Furthermore contact hole imaging by employing cross-line method has also been proven to be quite successful.Double patterning technique with 193nm immersion lithography is recognized as a potential candidate for 32nm hp node, and possibly for sub-32nm hp node with recent. In this technique Litho-Process-Litho-Etch (LPLE) because of its simplicity is regarded as an attractive process. However, a workable application of this process has not yet been demonstrated.Here we present the results of our work on freezing free Posi/Posi process as applied to cross-lined contact hole, and results of the evaluation of high resolutions obtained from pitch splitting.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Combining autosomal and Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat data in paternity testing with male child: Methods and application. Paternity testing is being increasingly requested with the aim of challenging presumptive fatherhood. The ability to establish the biological father is usually based on the genotyping of autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) in alleged father, mother and child, but the use of Y-chromosomal STR has gained interest in the last few years. In this work, we propose a new probabilistic approach that combines autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR data in paternity testing with father/son pairs taking into account mutation events. We also suggest a new two-stage approach where we first type Y-STRs and possibly autosomal STR for the putative father and son, conditional on Y-STR results. We applied this approach to 22 cases. Our results show that Y-STRs can identify nonpaternity cases with high accuracy but need to be validated with autosomal STR to establish paternity. Moreover, the two-stage approach is less costly than the standard approach and is very useful in motherless cases.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Developing Near- and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis Methods for Rapid Assessment of Soil Quality in Illinois. Rapid, affordable assessment of soil quality (SQ) is needed to maintain soil health. We sought to build reusable near-(NIR) and mid-infrared- (MIR) based models using a regional library of accepted SQ indicators and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This described soil health in 228 topsoil samples from 57 grain fields in Illinois paired to compare the influence of conventional, organic or conservation-tillage practices. Predictive models for all SQ indicators were developed with Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) using: (i) whole NIR or MIR spectra, (ii) refined spectra that included features associated with organic functional groups, or (iii) refined spectra that were identified as important using Monte Carlo feature selection (MCFS). Comparison of model building methods using randomly or systematically divided calibration and validation sets suggests that the random method overestimated model Residual Prediction Deviation (RPD). Use of systematically selected validation sets produced acceptable (RPDs >= 1.4) models for soil organic C (SOC), total N (TN), and exchange-able Ca and Mg using whole NIR spectra. Use of spectral refinement techniques improved MIR-based models for SOC, TN, and exchangeable Ca to RPDs >= 1.4. Poor performance of models predicting other SQ indicators, including particulate organic matter (POM), potentially mineralizable N (PMN), and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (FDA), is attributed to the influence of mineralogy associated with different types of loess. Use of lithology-based libraries may support reusable and affordable NIR-based models to predict SOC, TN, Ca and Mg. The addition of weather or moisture co-variates may be needed to build models reliant on NDVI.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "The case for the use of multiple imputation missing data methods in stochastic frontier analysis with illustration using English local highway data. Multiple imputation (MI) methods have been widely applied in economic applications as a robust statistical way to incorporate data where some observations have missing values for some variables. However in stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), application of these techniques has been sparse and the case for such models has not received attention in the appropriate academic literature. This paper fills this gap and explores the robust properties of MI within the stochastic frontier context. From a methodological perspective, we depart from the standard MI literature by demonstrating, conceptually and through simulation, that it is not appropriate to use imputations of the dependent variable within the SFA modelling, although they can be useful to predict the values of missing explanatory variables. Fundamentally, this is because efficiency analysis involves decomposing a residual into noise and inefficiency and as a result any imputation of a dependent variable would be imputing efficiency based on some concept of average inefficiency in the sample. A further contribution that we discuss and illustrate for the first time in the SFA literature, is that using auxiliary variables (outside of those contained in the SFA model) can enhance the imputations of missing values. Our empirical example neatly articulates that often the source of missing data is only a sub-set of components comprising a part of a composite (or complex) measure and that the other parts that are observed are very useful in predicting the value. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Contribution of Wheat Diversity to Total Factor Productivity in China. The impact of wheat diversity on the productivity of wheat in China is examined using total factor productivity (TFP) and an instrumental variable approach. TFP in seven key wheat-producing provinces in China shows significant, though variable, growth for all provinces during the period 1982-1995. Analysis of the causes of TFP growth tests alternative taxonomies of wheat diversity (named varieties and morphological groups) and three measures of diversity. The analysis shows significant effects of diversity on TFP with results consistent across taxonomies and measures of diversity. Further decomposition of the estimation results confirms the relative magnitude of impact of wheat diversity on TFP growth.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
{"token": "Collapse of a reinforced concrete dome in a wastewater treatment plant digester tank. Exponent Failure Analysis Associates was retained by a municipal government to perform an independent study of a fatal collapse in a local sewer treatment plant. The reinforced concrete dome shell covering a cylindrical prestressed concrete digester tank collapsed due to sludge overfilling. The collapsed dome, similar to domes on two adjacent identical tanks, showed radial and circumferential cracking prior to the collapse. Analysis showed the dome cracks were a result of temperature and shrinkage stresses, and of internal overpressure happening at some time prior to the overpressure resulting in the collapse. Inspections of the postfailure debris and analysis of the dome cracking preceding the collapse show practically no relationship between the dome condition prior to collapse and the failure. Failure of the sludge level monitoring system and the lack of a sludge overflow system are cited as the primary reasons for the failure.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Non-jumping plant-lice in Cretaceous amber (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea). Liadopsylla apedetica sp.n. Ouvrard, Burckhardt & Azar and L. hesperia sp.n. Ouvrard & Burckhardt are described from Lebanon and New Jersey amber, respectively, constituting the first descriptions of Psylloidea preserved in Cretaceous amber. Liadopsylla hesperia is the first representative of Liadopsyllidae found in the New World. Liadopsylla apedetica is remarkably well preserved, showing conical, mobile metacoxae. This suggests that Liadopsyllidae did not jump the way extant psyllids do. It is proposed that enlarged metacoxae fused with the complex metathoracic furcae constitute a synapomorphy of extant Psylloidea. This trait was first observed in fossils from the Eocene. As such, the inability to jump in a few extant members of Psylloidea is a secondary loss that probably occurred several times independently. The families Liadopsyllidae and Malmopsyllidae are also redefined; within Liadopsyllidae, the genus Mesopsylla is synonymized with Liadopsylla. The origin and palaeobiogeography of the Liadopsyllidae are briefly discussed.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Toward a comparative anthropology of activism: activist identity formations in Germany and Uganda. There is an ongoing debate in anthropology on the kinds of subject positions activists ascribe to the marginalized actors they encounter and the political consequences this brings about. Drawing from ethnographic research on refugee activism in Germany and transitional justice activism in Uganda, we revisit the respective debates on humanitarian activism, human rights activism, and political activism and argue to reframe the analysis. Instead of looking for the \\\\'right\\\\' subject position activists should ascribe to the people they engage with, the anthropology of activism should embrace a research approach that looks at the material conditions, in which activists and their subjects find themselves in and the kind of agency they are able to develop within these conditions.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Correcting lateral chromatic aberrations in non-monochromatic X-ray microscopy. Lateral chromatic aberration in microscopy based on refractive optics may be reduced significantly by adjustments to the illumination scheme. By taking advantage of a broadened bandwidth illumination, the proposed scheme could open for x-ray microscopy with spatial resolution in the range 150-200 nm at millisecond frame rates. The scheme is readily implemented and is achievable using only standard refractive x-ray lenses, which has the advantage of high efficiency. It also maximizes the transmission and removes the spatial filtering effects associated with absorption in x-ray lenses. Published by AIP Publishing.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Reformers and revolutionaries: the battle for the working classes in Gibraltar and its hinterland, 1902-1921. This article examines labour organisation in Gibraltar and its hinterland from c.1914 to 1921. It demonstrates that the traditionally strong links which had existed between organisations in Gibraltar and neighbouring Spain, links based upon a shared belief in anarchist ideas and practices, had, by 1921, broken down due to the adoption of gradualist and constitutionalist politics and industrial relations by workers on the Rock. Two principle agents drove this change. First, in 1919, the British Workers' Union established a branch in Gibraltar which successfully worked to establish itself as principle negotiator and representative of workers on the Rock. Second, a reforming governor in Gibraltar undertook to open up political spaces in Gibraltar which offered the potential to work with, rather than against, the state in the colony. By the end of the period, anarchism, and anarchist ideas, was not extinguished in Gibraltar, but they would never again serve as the inspiration for industrial and political campaigns on the Rock, much to the delight of both Gibraltarian employers and the British colonial authorities. This case-study invites further consideration of how British style trade union activity in the empire displaced indigenous forms of organising, a subject which has heretofore received scant attention.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in health care workers (HCWs): guidelines for prevention of transmission of HBV and HCV from HCW to patients. The transmission of viral hepatitis from health care workers (HCW) to patients is of worldwide concern. Since the introduction of serologic testing in the 1970s there have been over 45 reports of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission from HCW to patients, which have resulted in more than 400 infected patients. In addition there are six published reports of transmissions of hepatitis C virus (HCV) from HCW to patients resulting in the infection of 14 patients. Additional HCV cases are known of in the US and UK, but unpublished. At present the guidelines for preventing HCW to patient transmission of viral hepatitis vary greatly between countries. It was our aim to reach a Europe-wide consensus on this issue. In order to do this, experts in blood-borne infection, from 16 countries, were questioned on their national protocols. The replies given by participating countries formed the basis of a discussion document. This paper was then discussed at a meeting with each of the participating countries in order to reach a Europe-wide consensus on the identification of infected HCWs, protection of susceptible HCWs, management and treatment options for the infected HCW. The results of that process are discussed and recommendations formed. The guidelines produced aim to reduce the risk of transmission from infected HCWs to patients. The document is designed to complement existing guidelines or form the basis for the development of new guidelines. This guidance is applicable to all HCWs who perform EPP, whether newly appointed or already in post. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "NOTES ON THE CIRCULATION OF THE ARTURIAN PROSE IN NORTHERN ITALY BETWEEN TWO AND THREE HUNDRED: ILLUSTRATIVE TRADITIONS AND LEVELS OF READING. A close look at the manuscripts of Arthurian prose novels as they circulated in northern Italy during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries enables an analysis of how these books were decorated and how this relates to their geographic movement. The elements of continuity and fracture imbedded in tradition show that the illustration cycles had a double function closely related to the reception of the material. The iconographic formulas common to all the manuscripts considered here can be explained by distinct reading modes, which, in turn, depended on the specificity and ideological values of the narrative structures of the Arthurian prose novel. At the same time, the variations these formulas underwent in each manuscript were the result of reading skills, which differed according to the category of readers and which were founded on distinct idealizations of the Arthurian imaginary.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Photosystem II Repair and Plant Immunity: Lessons Learned from Arabidopsis Mutant Lacking the THYLAKOID LUMEN PROTEIN 18.3. Chloroplasts play an important role in the cellular sensing of abiotic and biotic stress. Signals originating from photosynthetic light reactions, in the form of redox and pH changes, accumulation of reactive oxygen and electrophile species or stromal metabolites are of key importance in chloroplast retrograde signaling. These signals initiate plant acclimation responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses. To reveal the molecular responses activated by rapid fluctuations in growth light intensity, gene expression analysis was performed with Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and the tlp18.3 mutant plants, the latter showing a stunted growth phenotype under fluctuating light conditions (Biochem. J, 406, 415-425). Expression pattern of genes encoding components of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain did not differ between fluctuating and constant light conditions, neither in wild type nor in tlp18.3 plants, and the composition of the thylakoid membrane protein complexes likewise remained unchanged. Nevertheless, the fluctuating light conditions repressed in wild-type plants a broad spectrum of genes involved in immune responses, which likely resulted from shade-avoidance responses and their intermixing with hormonal signaling. On the contrary, in the tlp18.3 mutant plants there was an imperfect repression of defense-related transcripts upon growth under fluctuating light, possibly by signals originating from minor malfunction of the photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle, which directly or indirectly modulated the transcript abundances of genes related to light perception via phytochromes. Consequently, a strong allocation of resources to defense reactions in the tlp18.3 mutant plants presumably results in the stunted growth phenotype under fluctuating light.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "A short-cut DNA extraction from cod caviar. Caviars represent the most consumed form of fish roe products. Due to high demand, ingredient roes of fish are often susceptible to illegal substitution with those of related fish. This study developed a simple and inexpensive protocol enabling the rapid extraction of DNA of acceptable quality and amount to PCR amplification from both cod caviars and their ingredient pollack roes. The protocol was based on extracting total genomic DNA from eggs using urea and a Chelex 100 chelating resin, and could be completed in less than 15 min. Approximately 8 mu g of DNA were reproducibly obtained from single eggs of cod caviars and pollack roes in eight individual experiments, and the quality and amount of DNA were sufficient to serve as template for hundreds of PCR reactions of polymorphic DNA markers for phylogenetic analysis. Being applicable to various caviars, this protocol can be useful to detect illegal substitution among ingredient roes of related fishes in PCR-based food inspection. (c) 2005 Society of Chemical Industry.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Web laboratory for computer network. Current technologies give us the ability to enhance and replace developmental classes with computer-based resources, often called Web laboratories. Web laboratories have become a very useful support for practical aspects of teaching methods. This article presents a Web-based laboratory, which makes learning of base principles of computer network possible. (c) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 493502, 2012", "label": [1, 4, 5, 53, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Carnosinase, diabetes mellitus and the potential relevance of carnosinase deficiency. Carnosinase (CN1) is a dipeptidase, encoded by the CNDP1 gene, that degrades histidine-containing dipeptides, such as carnosine, anserine and homocarnosine. Loss of CN1 function (also called carnosinase deficiency or aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidase deficiency) has been reported in a small number of patients with highly elevated blood carnosine concentrations, denoted carnosinaemia; it is unclear whether the variety of clinical symptoms in these individuals is causally related to carnosinase deficiency. Reduced CN1 function should increase serum carnosine concentrations but the genetic basis of carnosinaemia has not been formally confirmed to be due to CNDP1 mutations. A CNDP1 polymorphism associated with low CN1 activity correlates with significantly reduced risk for diabetic nephropathy, especially in women with type 2 diabetes, and may slow progression of chronic kidney disease in children with glomerulonephritis. Studies in rodents demonstrate antiproteinuric and vasculoprotective effects of carnosine, the precise molecular mechanisms, however, are still incompletely understood. Thus, carnosinemia due to CN1 deficiency may be a non-disease; in contrast, carnosine may potentially protect against long-term sequelae of reactive metabolites accumulating, e.g. in diabetes and chronic renal failure.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Oil Palm and Machine Learning: Reviewing One Decade of Ideas, Innovations, Applications, and Gaps. Machine learning (ML) offers new technologies in the precision agriculture domain with its intelligent algorithms and strong computation. Oil palm is one of the rich crops that is also emerging with modern technologies to meet global sustainability standards. This article presents a comprehensive review of research dedicated to the application of ML in the oil palm agricultural industry over the last decade (2011-2020). A systematic review was structured to answer seven predefined research questions by analysing 61 papers after applying exclusion criteria. The works analysed were categorized into two main groups: (1) regression analysis used to predict fruit yield, harvest time, oil yield, and seasonal impacts and (2) classification techniques to classify trees, fruit, disease levels, canopy, and land. Based on defined research questions, investigation of the reviewed literature included yearly distribution and geographical distribution of articles, highly adopted algorithms, input data, used features, and model performance evaluation criteria. Detailed quantitative-qualitative investigations have revealed that ML is still underutilised for predictive analysis of oil palm. However, smart systems integrated with machine vision and artificial intelligence are evolving to reform oil palm agri-business. This article offers an opportunity to understand the significance of ML in the oil palm agricultural industry and provides a roadmap for future research in this domain.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Roosting behaviour and wintering of Eurasian Marsh Harriers Circus aeruginosus in south-east England. Eurasian Marsh Harriers Circus aeruginosus used roosting sites in tidal salt marshes and a reed-filled fleet for 13-15 winters, other sites in reed and crops occasionally. Most wintering birds were female, with males consistently accounting for 10% of winter totals (but doubling from 2003/04). Pre-roost gatherings, including group-circling, were typical. The increase in wintering numbers paralleled a similar trenc. in local breeding numbers, as also recorded in The Netherlands and Belgium. This indicates that local conditions are probably not the driving force behind the increase.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Macrocyclic Toolbox from Epothilone Fragment Identifies a Compound Showing Molecular Interactions with Actin and Novel Promoters of Apoptosis in Patient-derived Brain Tumor Cells. A simple, practical stereoselective synthesis of the epothilone fragment is developed to obtain a diverse set of expanded 18-membered macrocyclic compounds. These macrocycles contain the C5-C8 sub-unit of epothilone and an additional amino acid moiety incorporated in the 18-membered macrocycle, which allows the synthesis of several analogs with a variation in the chiral side chain. The epothilone fragment was obtained by using an enantiopure epoxide, which was subjected to a regioselective opening, giving the key derivative. Finally, the synthesis of the 18-membered macrocyclic ring was achieved by employing two key steps: (i)acylation with an N-allylated amino acid moiety, and (ii)a ring-closing metathesis (RCM) approach. Computational studies of the macrocyclic compounds obtained from this study with actin give rise to the proposed molecular interactions with the target protein. Further, the screening of our chemical toolbox from this program (i.e., the final products and several intermediates) identified several compounds as promoters of apoptosis in patient-derived brain tumor glioma cells.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "The genome of the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and the evolution of the cnidarian life-cycle. Jellyfish (medusae) are a distinctive life-cycle stage of medusozoan cnidarians. They are major marine predators, with integrated neurosensory, muscular and organ systems. The genetic foundations of this complex form are largely unknown. We report the draft genome of the hydrozoan jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and use multiple transcriptomes to determine gene use across life-cycle stages. Medusa, planula larva and polyp are each characterized by distinct transcriptome signatures reflecting abrupt life-cycle transitions and all deploy a mixture of phylogenetically old and new genes. Medusa-specific transcription factors, including many with bilaterian orthologues, associate with diverse neurosensory structures. Compared to Clytia, the polyp-only hydrozoan Hydra has lost many of the medusa-expressed transcription factors, despite similar overall rates of gene content evolution and sequence evolution. Absence of expression and gene loss among Clytia orthologues of genes patterning the anthozoan aboral pole, secondary axis and endomesoderm support simplification of planulae and polyps in Hydrozoa, including loss of bilateral symmetry. Consequently, although the polyp and planula are generally considered the ancestral cnidarian forms, in Clytia the medusa maximally deploys the ancestral cnidarian-bilaterian transcription factor gene complement.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Evidence-Based Management of Sepsis. Sepsis is a potential life-threatening oncologic emergency. Early recognition and prompt intervention can decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with Sepsis. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee updated its recommendations in 2012, outlining specific evidence-based interventions to manage sepsis.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "INFLUERCE OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF AGROSOL AND ENRAIZAL ON THE QUALITATIVE CHARACTERS OF THE FRUITS OF CHERRY TOMATO GROWN UNDER OPEN FIELD AND PLASTIC HOUSE CONDITIONS. A Field experiment was conducted on the vegetable field - Department of Horticulture - College of Agriculture University of Baghdad during spring season 2013 and fall season 2013-2014 to study the effect of different levels of Agrosol and Enraizal on the qualitative characters of the fruits of cherry tomato. Hybrid Jaguar,F1 used during spring season and fall season and the hybrid Summerbrix used during fall season only. Three concentrations of Agrosol (0,3,6 g/l) and Enraizal (0,2,4ml/l) were used respectively. The experiment was conducted by using (RCBD) with three replicates. The results could be summarized as follows: in first experiment, Treatment AG2EN0 increased the percentage of Lycopene content in fruits, vitamin C, fruit acidity at the rates of 289.47%, 15.16%, 91.42% respectively compard to control treatment. In second experiment, Treatment AG1EN2 and treatment AG2EN1 increased Lycopene content in fruit by 82.56% and 29.04% for both hybrids sequentially. Treatment AG1EN1 gave significant increases in beta carotene content in the fruits by 56.97% in hybrid Summerbrix. Treatment AG1EN1and AG0EN1 significantlly increased vitamin C content in the fruits by 13.58% and 34.09% for both hybrids respectively, while treatments AG1EN2 and AG0EN1 significantly increased fruit acidity by 487.20% and 59.03% for both hybrids respectively. TSS in cherry tomato fruit was increased significantlly at treatment AG2EN1 by 12.21% in hybrid Jaguar,F1. AG0EN2 treatment significantly increased total sugars content in the fruits by 21.47% in hybrid Jaguar,F1 compard to control treatment.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Polarization properties of photospheric emission from relativistic, collimated outflows. We consider the polarization properties of photospheric emission originating in jets consisting of a highly relativistic core of opening angle theta(j) and Lorentz factor Gamma(0), and a surrounding shear layer where the Lorentz factor is decreasing as a power law of index p with angle from the jet axis. We find significant degrees of linear polarization for observers located at viewing angles theta(v) greater than or similar to theta(j). In particular, the polarization degree of emission from narrow jets (theta(j) approximate to 1/Gamma(0)) with steep Lorentz factor gradients (p greater than or similar to 4) reaches similar to 40 per cent. The angle of polarization may shift by pi/2 for time-variable jets. The spectrum below the thermal peak of the polarized emission appears non-thermal due to aberration of light, without the need for additional radiative processes or energy dissipation. Furthermore, above the thermal peak a power law of photons forms due to Comptonization of photons that repeatedly scatter between regions of different Lorentz factor before escaping. We show that polarization degrees of a few tens of per cent and broken power-law spectra are natural in the context of photospheric emission from structured jets. Applying the model to gamma-ray bursts, we discuss expected correlations between the spectral shape and the polarization degree of the prompt emission.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Patterns of activity and burrow attendance in Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea as revealed by a novel logging technique. We monitored the attendance and activity of Gory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea on Berlenga Island, Portugal, during the breeding season. To achieve this, we developed a novel logging technique to record the date and time of entrances and departures from the burrows, as well as the identity of each member of a pair, The technique enabled nonintrusive assessment of the activity of burrow-nesting animals over prolonged periods and provided very reliable information. Our study showed that males attended the nests more frequently than females during the pre-laying and chick-rearing periods, We did not find such differences during the incubation period, and both members spent similar amounts of time incubating the eggs, An index of activity (defined as number of entrances plus exits from the nest) achieved higher scores during the pre-laying and incubation periods, but the activity decreased significantly during the chick-rearing period. We did not find any effect of moonlight on the levels of activity, hour of arrival at the colony or time spent inside the burrows in breeding birds.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Successful scale-up performance of a novel papaya-clay combo adsorbent: up-flow adsorption of a basic dye. A novel low-cost papaya-clay combo adsorbent, hybrid clay (HYCA), was prepared from a combination of Carica papaya seeds and Kaolinite clay. HYCA breakthrough adsorption capacity was 35.46mg/g for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye in a pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor. In ca. 20min, regeneration of MB dye-loaded HYCA reached at least 90% each cycle for five regeneration cycles. However, above 40 degrees C, the HYCA adsorbent lost more than 50% of its adsorption capacity after five regeneration cycles. The AdDesignS(TM) software was used to successfully predict the breakthrough curve and scale-up performance of MB dye adsorption onto the HYCA adsorbent. The pore and surface diffusion model (PSDM) described experimental data better than the constant pattern homogeneous surface diffusion model. From economic assessment using the PSDM, the AdDesignS(TM) software predicted that 1kg of HYCA can effectively treat 1.45m(3) (0.29m(3) each cycle) of water containing 1mg/L of MB dye (with a treatment objective of 50g/L MB dye) in effluent solution in 9h 35min with run time of ca. 15h in a day including time for five regeneration cycles It was further predicted that the presence of other organic pollutants in low concentrations reduce the breakthrough adsorption capacity of HYCA by 10%. Finally, the cost of preparing 1kg of HYCA adsorbent was calculated to approximate to$6.31 vs. approximate to$31.25/kg for medium quality commercial activated carbon.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
{"token": "Sulfur limitation boosts more starch accumulation than nitrogen or phosphorus limitation in duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza). Duckweeds contain high levels of starch and are environmentally sustainable and economically viable feedstock for biofuel production. Here, the biomass and starch yield of three duckweed species under three different nutrient-limited conditions were analyzed to investigate the possible ways of further increasing the efficiency of starch production. The results showed that sulfur limitation resulted in the highest starch yield, which was 42% and 73% higher than in nitrogen or phosphorus limitation conditions, respectively. The high yield of sulfurlimited duckweed is largely due to the combinations of little effects on biomass and high accumulations of starch. Although nitrogen limitation led to higher starch content (67.4%), it severely reduced biomass production. Besides, this work revealed the mechanism of starch accumulation induced by sulfur limitation in duckweed based on transcriptomic analysis. In summary, sulfur limitation is a practical approach to increase starch yields in duckweed without affecting growth or biomass production.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Evaluation China's Draft Animal Protection Law. The proposal to introduce a Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Law in the People's Republic of China is an important development in animal protection legislation. This article examines the motivations behind the draft anti-cruelty law and evaluates its ability to protect animals in China. In particular, the article discusses the problems with relying on anti-cruelty laws to protect animals from harm and the recent development of a statutory duty of care towards animals that is now applied in Europe, the UK, USA, Australia, New Zealand and Taiwan. In its final form, the China draft law has abandoned the inclusion of a duty of care towards animals and prohibits only overt animal cruelty. This article examines how animal cruelty has been defined by courts in the UK, Australia and Hong Kong and concludes that without the inclusion of a statutory duty of care in China's draft law, the effective protection of China's animals cannot be achieved.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Protective responses of intestinal mucous cells in a range of fish-helminth systems. Histopathological, immunofluorescence and ultrastructural studies were conducted on the intestines of four fish species infected with different taxa of enteric helminths. Brown trout (Salmo trutta trutta), eel (Anguilla anguilla) and tench (Tinca tinca) obtained from Lake Piediluco (central Italy) were examined. Brown trout and eel were infected with two species of acanthocephalans, and tench was parasitized with a tapeworm species. In addition to the above site, specimens of chub (Squalius cephalus) and brown trout infected with an acanthocephalan were examined from the River Brenta (north Italy). Moreover, eels were examined from a brackish water, Comacchio lagoons (north Italy), where one digenean species was the predominant enteric worm. All the helminths species induced a similar response, the hyperplasia of the intestinal mucous cells, particularly of those secreting acid mucins. Local endocrine signals seemed to affect the production and secretion of mucus in the parasitized fish, as worms often were surrounded by an adherent mucus layer or blanket. This is the first quantitative report of enteric worm effects on the density of various mucous cell types and on the mucus composition in intestine of infected/uninfected conspecifics. We provide a global comparison between the several fish-helminth systems examined.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 10]}
{"token": "Capability of Poultry Farmers Association for Extension Services Delivery in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study investigated the capability of Poultry Association of Nigeria (PAN) for extension service delivery to poultry farmers in Oyo state. The respondents were predominantly registered poultry farmers in Oyo state PAN. Questionnaires were administered to 118 registered poultry farmers with PAN. Data were analyzed using percentage, frequency and chi-square at P= 0.05. Results revealed that most of the respondents were male (64.4%), within the age bracket of 41-50 years, mostly married (61.9%), and had attained tertiary education. The majority accessed information on poultry management techniques and marketing during in-house training (34.7%), farm visits (44.9%) and workshop (55.1%) sponsored by PAN. It concluded that the Poultry Association of Nigeria (PAN) Oyo state, chapter has the optimum human and material resources for extension services delivery to its members. The number of trainings and farm visits organized by the association could be improved upon if PAN accesses other sources of funding.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "BRYONIA ALBA L. AND ECBALLIUM ELATERIUM (L.) A. RICH. - TWO RELATED SPECIES OF THE CUCURBITACEAE FAMILY WITH IMPORTANT PHARMACEUTICAL POTENTIAL. The importance of the Cucurbitaceae family consists not only in the species that are widely known for various economically important human uses, but also in the species that have proven an important and promising potential concerning their biological activities. Bryonia alba L. and Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. are two species belonging to this family, that are known since ancient times for their homeopathic or traditional use in the treatment of numerous disorders. There is clear evidence that links between the two species are not only related to family morphological characters, but also to a certain degree to the sexual system and, most importantly, to the active principle content or to potential medicinal uses. All these elements helped to include both species in the same tribe and may result in important reasons for heading future studies towards the elucidation of their complete phytochemical composition and mechanisms of the biological activities. The present study aims to review the existing scientific literature on the two species and to offer sufficient evidence in order to justify a most detailed study of their pharmaceutical potential.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Syndecan-1 Serves as the Major Receptor for Attachment of Hepatitis C Virus to the Surfaces of Hepatocytes. Our recent studies demonstrated that apolipoprotein E mediates cell attachment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) through interactions with the cell surface heparan sulfate (HS). HS is known to covalently attach to core proteins to form heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the cell surface. The HSPG core proteins include the membrane-spanning syndecans (SDCs), the lycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked glypicans (GPCs), the basement membrane proteoglycan perlecan (HSPG2), and agrin. In the present study, we have profiled each of the HSPG core proteins in HCV attachment. Substantial evidence derived from our studies demonstrates that SDC1 is the major receptor protein for HCV attachment. The knockdown of SDC1 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced gene silence resulted in a significant reduction of HCV attachment to Huh-7.5 cells and stem cell-differentiated human hepatocytes. The silence of SDC2 expression also caused a modest decrease of HCV attachment. In contrast, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of other SDCs, GPCs, HSPG2, and agrin had no effect on HCV attachment. More importantly, ectopic expression of SDC1 was able to completely restore HCV attachment to Huh-7.5 cells in which the endogenous SDC1 expression was silenced by specific siRNAs. Interestingly, mouse SDC1 is also fully functional in mediating HCV attachment when expressed in the SDC1-deficient cells, consistent with recent reports that mouse hepatocytes are also susceptible to HCV infection when expressing other key HCV receptors. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that SDC1 serves as the major receptor protein for HCV attachment to cells, providing another potential target for discovery and development of antiviral drugs against HCV.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Development and Implementation of an Educational Module to Increase Nurses' Comfort With Spiritual Care in an Inpatient Setting. Increasing focus is being placed on providing spiritual care for patients as a component of holistic nursing care. Studies indicate that patients whose spiritual needs are met report higher quality of and satisfaction with their care. However, nurses are not including spiritual assessment and care into their practice. One barrier cited by nurses is that they lack educational preparation. A 2-hour, face-to-face educational module about the provision of spiritual care was implemented for inpatient nursing staff at a large academic medical center. Program evaluations of the module suggested an increase in the comfort of nurses providing spiritual care. This article describes the development and implementation of this educational program, with preliminary results.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Evaluation of beta-D-Glucan Biopolymer as a Novel Mycotoxin Binder for Fumonisin and Deoxynivalenol in Soybean Feed. The walls of yeast cells, which contain beta-D-glucan biopolymers, have an active role in reducing mycotoxins in animal feed. This study aimed to evaluate the beta-D-glucan biopolymers as a mycotoxin binder for fumonisin (FUM) and deoxynivalenol (DON) toxins as well as their effect on the nutritional value of soybean, which is considered one of the important feed row materials. The evaluation was carried out using some toxigenic Fusarium isolates (Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, and F. verticillioides) in vitro and in vivo. The FUM and DON levels were determined by immune affinity column. The F. verticillioides was the most toxigenic, followed by F. oxysporum and lastly F. solani, while secretion of DON toxin was determined to be greater than FUM with all the tested fungi. The effectiveness of beta-D-glucan biopolymers on FUM and DON absorption was greater than clay and calcium propionate. In vivo, treating soybean seeds with beta-D-glucan biopolymers led to reduction in the level of FUM and DON toxins in seeds artificially inoculated by F. verticillioides. beta-D-glucan treatment also has a low effect on nutritional components of the seeds compared to untreated ones. In conclusion, this study found a new approach to reduce Fusarium mycotoxins in feed to an allowable safe limit and at the same time maintaining the nutritional value of these materials.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Reproductive success of Piping Plovers at Big Quill Lake, Saskatchewan. Big Quill Lake, Saskatchewan, is an important breeding area for Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus); the area hosts up to 8% of the continental breeding population, yet little is known about how the site contributes to the overall survival of this species. We studied the reproductive success of Piping Plovers at Big Quill Lake from 1993 to 1995. We located 208 nests and captured and banded 456 young. Nest initiation occurred from mid-May to mid-July, and median nest-initiation dates were 14, 13, and 13 May in 1993, 1994, and 1995, respectively. Mean clutch size for presumed first nests was 3.92 eggs. Nesting success was consistently high from 1993 to 1995, with Mayfield estimates of nest success ranging from 75 to 88%; nests initiated later in the season were less successful than earlier nests. The wide beach (200-1,000 m) at Big Quill Lake may have contributed to high nesting success by reducing efficiency of predators. Use of Big Quill Lake beaches by humans and cattle was also minimal. Fledging success varied dramatically, with 0.02, 1.35, and 1.78 young fledged per breeding pair in 1993, 1994, and 1995, respectively. Low productivity of Piping Plovers in 1993 was a result of low chick survival during a week of rain, cold temperatures, and high winds, rather than low nesting success. Fledging success in 1994 and 1995 was higher than the 1.24 chicks per pair required for population stability on alkaline lakes in the Northern Great Plains. This high productivity suggests that Big Quill Lake is an important Piping Plover breeding site and measures should be taken to ensure its continued protection.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Availability and use of breeding habitat by the Red-legged Cormorant (Phalacrocorax gaimardi): evidence for habitat selection. We studied the availability and use of breeding habitat by Red-legged Cormorants (Phalacrocorax gaimardi) to identify the factors involved in habitat selection. The species nests on cliff-faces. We identified cliffs suitable for nesting along 21 km of coastline of the Ria Deseado, and recorded the characteristics of each, including the distance to the nearest potential foraging area. Previous research had indicated that zones of the river with a gravel substrate and <10m deep were preferred foraging areas for this species. Of the 16 cliffs identified as potential breeding sites, eight were used by Red-legged Cormorants for nesting. The probability of occurrence of active nests increased with the height and slope of cliffs and decreased with the distance to the nearest foraging area. Significant differences were observed between characteristics of cliffs that were used for breeding and those of available habitat in the environment. Cliffs higher than 12 m, steeper than 85 degrees and within 3 km of a foraging area were the most frequently used but were not the most common in the environment. Factors that influence habitat selection by Red-legged Cormorants appear to be protection from predators and proximity to an abundant source of food. In this study, we also showed a non-random use of foraging sites. This species prefers zones with shallow water and gravel substrates.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Genetic Risk Score Is Associated With Prevalence of Advanced Neoplasms in a Colorectal Cancer Screening Population. BACKGROUND & AIMS: The presence of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used to calculate an individual's risk for colorectal cancer (CRC), called a genetic risk score (GRS). We investigated whether GRS can identify individuals with clinically relevant neoplasms in a screening colonoscopy population. METHODS: We derived a GRS based on 48 SNPs associated with CRC, identified in a comprehensive literature search. We obtained genetic data from 1043 participants (50-79 years old) in a screening colonoscopy study in Germany, recruited from 2005 through 2013 (294 with advanced neoplasms, 249 with non-advanced adenoma (NAAs), and 500 without neoplasms). Each participant was assigned a GRS by aggregating their risk alleles (0, 1, or 2). Risk of advanced neoplasms and NAA according to GRS was calculated by multiple logistic regression. Risk advancement periods were calculated. We replicated our findings using data from a subset of the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study. RESULTS: An increased GRS was associated with higher prevalence of advanced neoplasms, but not NAAs. Participants in the middle and upper tertiles of GRS had a 2.2-fold and 2.7-fold increase in risk, respectively, of advanced neoplasms compared to those in the lower tertile. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76-1.57) for NAA in the middle tertile and 1.05 (95% CI, 0.70-1.55) for NAA in the upper tertile. The ORs were largest for proximal advanced neoplasms for participants in the middle tertile (OR, 3.55; 95% CI 1.85-6.82) and the upper tertile (OR, 3.61; 95% CI 1.84-7.10). The risk advancement period for medium vs low GRS was 13.4 years (95% CI 4.8-22.0) and for high vs low GRS was 17.5 years (95% CI, 7.8-27.3). CONCLUSIONS: In a genetic analysis of participants in a CRC screening study in Germany, an increased GRS (based on CRC-associated SNPs) was associated with increased prevalence of advanced neoplasms. These findings might be used in defining risk-adapted screening ages.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Panoramic Lutheranism and apocalyptic ambivalence: an appreciative critique of N. T. Wright's Paul and the Faithfulness of God. The basic agenda and resulting architecture of N. T. Wright's reconstruction of Paul's theology in Paul and the Faithfulness of God are a dramatic and brilliant break with most previous analyses and an important step forward. But closer analysis suggests that his project also contains some serious problems. First, it is not well executed: there are basic problems of method and exegesis with Wright's manner of reading Paul's texts. Second, Lutheranism and various modern dichotomies have not been purged sufficiently thoroughly from Wright's reconstruction of Paul's thought, resulting in tensions of truly tectonic proportions. One is left with the impression of a magnificent venture foundering in its haste - haste perhaps extending back to the venture's original design, when certain contradictory tendencies needed to be confronted and solved, but were not.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Rice fortification: An emerging opportunity to contribute to the elimination of vitamin and mineral deficiency worldwide. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are ranked among the top causes of poor health and disability in the world. These deficiencies damage developing brains, impair learning ability, increase susceptibility to infections, and reduce the work productivity of nations. Food fortification is a sustainable, cost-effective approach to reducing vitamin and mineral deficiency. As the staple food for an estimated 3 billion people, rice has the potential to fill an obvious gap in current fortification programs. In recent years, new technologies have produced fortified rice kernels that are efficacious in reducing vitamin and mineral deficiency. There are opportunities to fortify a significant share of rice that comes from large mills supplying centralized markets and national welfare programs in major rice-growing countries. The rice export markets, which handle 30 million MT of rice annually, also present a key fortification opportunity. The cost of fortifying rice is only 1.5% to 3% of the current retail price of rice. Countries that mandate rice fortification have the strongest evidence for achieving wide coverage and impact. The Rice Fortification Resource Group (RiFoRG), a global network of public and private partners that offers technical and advocacy support for rice fortification, has a vision of promoting rice fortification worldwide. It has a targeted approach, engaging multisector partners in key countries where the opportunities are greatest and there is receptivity to early adoption of large-scale rice fortification. The challenges are real, the imperative to address them is powerful, and the opportunities to deliver the promise of rice fortification are clear.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Interpretation of tracheal wash samples in horses. Respiratory tract disease is among the most common diseases in horses causing poor performance and compromising health. Determining a diagnosis can be challenging due to non-specific clinical signs; therefore, due to ease and rapidity, respiratory tract endoscopy and tracheal wash (TW) are often used during initial testing. However, interpretation of tracheal wash fluid (TWF) is complicated by the fact that there is no universally accepted cytological reference range. This article discusses obtaining, processing and interpreting the results of a TW sample to provide the maximum information, so that a diagnosis can be made and an appropriate treatment selected.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "What Is Title IX? Toward a Campus-Based Pedagogy to Study Inequality. In this article, we propose a campus-based pedagogy to teach sociology. We offer the example of a project designed to critically assess university Title IX policy and situate it within existing sociological research on gender-based inequalities and violence. Students engage in sociological research regarding issues such as sexual harassment and assault, intimate partner violence, consent, and rape culture, among others, and develop a tool to create greater awareness among the student body of university policy in these areas. Drawing surveys and focus group interviews with students who completed the project, we found that students acquire a historical and sociological understanding of gender-based violence and institutional sexism and consequently adopt a critical lens toward university Title IX policy regarding these issues. By situating students as central to the process of analyzing and critiquing university policy, this exercise fosters an intellectual efficacy among students to embark on sociologically informed interventions in their university's campus culture.", "label": [5, 53, 57]}
{"token": "Validating an innovative real-time Delphi approach - A methodological comparison between real-time and conventional Delphi studies. A novel and innovative real-time Delphi technique is introduced in order to address previously identified weaknesses of the conventional Delphi method, such as complicated facilitator tasks, lack of real-time presentation of results, and difficulties in tracking progress over time. We demonstrate how the real-time (computer-based) method increases the efficiency of the process, accommodates expert availability, and reduces drop-out-rates. Modifications in the Delphi procedure (e.g. change of iteration principle) not only increase efficiency but also change the nature and process of the survey technique itself. By identifying and analysing three individual effects (initial condition effect, feedback effect, and iteration effect) we examine whether the modifications in the survey process cause deviations to the survey results. Empirical data obtained from both conventional as well as real-time Delphi studies is analysed based on multiple statistical analyses. The research findings indicate that significant differences between the two Delphi survey formats do not exist and final survey results are not affected by changes in the survey procedure. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
{"token": "Cash-for-Care Use and Union Dissolution in Finland. Conclusion CFC use, which signals a temporary gendered division of labor and losses in mothers' earnings, predicts a lower separation risk during receipt of the benefit, but not beyond.Objective This study examines how the receipt of the cash-for-care (CFC) benefit affects short- and long-term risks of union dissolution.Background Several theories predict that couples' gendered division of labor decreases their risk of separation, either due to increased partnership satisfaction or because it establishes economic dependency. Family policies such as the Finnish CFC benefit, which is paid if a young child does not attend public daycare, may encourage such a gendered division of labor, at least temporarily.Method Using Finnish register data, this study analyzes the first childbearing unions of 38,093 couples between 1987 and 2009. Discrete-time event history analyses and fixed effects models for nonrepeated events are applied.Results The results suggest a lower separation risk while the benefit is received as compared to couples who do not use it, but no effect in the long-term. Fixed effects models that control for selection into CFC indicate postponement of separation until after take-up. Higher-income mothers show a stronger postponement effect, possibly due to greater income following leave.Implications Policies that affect the division of paid and unpaid labor at best only temporarily reduce dissolution risks.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "A Familial Pericentric Inversion of Chromosome 11 Associated with a Microdeletion of 163 kb and Microduplication of 288 kb at 11p13 and 11q22.3 without Aniridia or Eye Anomalies. Interstitial deletions of 11p13 involving MPPED2, DCDC5, DCDC1, DNAJC24, IMMP1L, and ELP4 are previously reported to have downstream transcriptional effects on the expression of PAX6, due to a downstream regulatory region (DRR). Currently, no clear genotype-phenotype correlations have been established allowing for conclusive information regarding the exact location of the PAX6 DRR, though its location has been approximated in mouse models to be within the Elp4 gene. Of the clinical reports currently published examining patients with intact PAX6 genes but harboring deletions identified in genes downstream of PAX6, 100% indicate phenotypes which include aniridia, whereas approximately half report additional eye deformities, autism, or intellectual disability. In this clinical report, we present a 12-year-old male patient, his brother, and mother with pericentric inversions of chromosome 11 associated with submicroscopic interstitial deletions of 11p13 and duplications of 11q22.3. The inversions were identified by standard cytogenetic analysis; microarray and FISH detected the chromosomal imbalance. The patient's phenotype includes intellectual disability, speech abnormalities, and autistic behaviors, but interestingly neither the patient, his brother, nor mother have aniridia or other eye anomalies. To the best of our knowledge, these findings in three family members represent the only reported cases with 11p13 deletions downstream of PAX6 not demonstrating phenotypic characteristics of aniridia or abnormal eye development. Although none of the deleted genes are obvious candidates for the patient's phenotype, the absence of aniridia in the presence of this deletion in all three family members further delineates the location of the DRR for PAX6. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "A bioeconomic analysis of conserving freshwater values in an agricultural landscape. Water is a finite resource that must be shared among multiple users and economic and conservation objectives can often be seen as being in conflict. We explored this perception by conducting an integrated bioeconomic analysis of irrigated agriculture and the conservation of freshwater attributes in an agricultural landscape, the Tasmanian Midlands. We constructed a simple bioeconomic model based on current hydrology, water allocation, land use and freshwater ecosystem values, and quantified the economic returns from irrigation under a range of future climate, agricultural development and conservation scenarios. We found that projected climate conditions and conserving freshwater values in good condition had small effects on economic returns to irrigators, and that enterprise diversity and the area irrigated were major drivers of economic returns in this landscape. The availability of land suitable for irrigation rather than irrigation water itself appeared most likely to limit the economic returns from irrigation in the future. We provide a multi-criteria analysis for comparing development and conservation scenarios at a regional scale to inform planning and decision making in conservation and natural resource management. Our approach brings irrigation and conservation concerns into the same context and demonstrates that conservation need not necessarily limit agricultural development.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Negative Microscopic Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Rural Peru. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic to South America where diagnosis is most commonly conducted via microscopy. Patients with suspected leishmaniasis were referred for enrollment by the Ministry of Health (MoH) in Lima, Iquitos, Puerto Maldonado, and several rural areas of Peru. A 43-question survey requesting age, gender, occupation, characterization of the lesion(s), history of leishmaniasis, and insect-deterrent behaviors was administered. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted on lesion materials at the Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 in Lima, and the results were compared with those obtained by the MoH using microscopy. Factors associated with negative microscopy and positive PCR results were identified using chi(2) test, t-test, and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Negative microscopy with positive PCR occurred in 31% (123/403) of the 403 cases. After adjusting for confounders, binary multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that negative microscopy with positive PCR was associated with patients who were male (adjusted odds ration [OR] = 1.93 [1.06-3.53], P = 0.032), had previous leishmaniasis (adjusted OR = 2.93 [1.65-5.22], P < 0.0001), had larger lesions (adjusted OR = 1.02 [1.003-1.03], P = 0.016), and/or had a longer duration between lesion appearance and PCR testing (adjusted OR= 1.12 [1.02-1.22], P = 0.017). Future research should focus on further exploration of these underlying variables, discovery of other factors that may be associated with negative microscopy diagnosis, and the development and implementation of improved testing in endemic regions.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Structural Feature-Based Image Hashing and Similarity Metric for Tampering Detection. Structural image features are exploited to construct perceptual image hashes in this work. The image is first preprocessed and divided into overlapped blocks. Correlation between each image block and a reference pattern is calculated. The intermediate hash is obtained from the correlation coefficients. These coefficients are finally mapped to the interval [0, 100], and scrambled to generate the hash sequence. A key component of the hashing method is a specially defined similarity metric to measure the \\\\'distance\\\\' between hashes. This similarity metric is sensitive to visually unacceptable alterations in small regions of the image, enabling the detection of small area tampering in the image. The hash is robust against content-preserving processing such as JPEG compression, moderate noise contamination, watermark embedding, re-scaling, brightness and contrast adjustment, and low-pass filtering. It has very low collision probability. Experiments are conducted to show performance of the proposed method.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "More than three million years of community evolution. The temporal and geographical resolution of the Plio-Pleistocene Western Eurasia mammal faunas. In this study we collected, in a database, faunal lists for more than 800 Eurasian fossil localities yielding large mammal remains so as to produce continental-level ecologic-evolutionary units (Eurasian Paleocommunities, EA PCOMs) via bootstrapped cluster analysis. EA PCOMs are meant to represent taxonomically distinct assemblages of species. EA PCOMs allow the evolution of large mammal assemblages to be traced both in time and space. This latter attribute (spatial resolution) represents the most important innovation here and contrasts with classic biochronologic schemes, from which EA PCOMs clearly depart. The merits and limitations of this innovation are discussed in detail. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Molecular analysis reveals the diversity of Hepatozoon species naturally infecting domestic dogs in a northern region of Brazil. This study aimed to optimize molecular methods for detecting DNA of Hepatozoon spp. as well as identify the phylogenetic relationships of Hepatozoon strains naturally infecting domestic dogs in Belem, Para, northern Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 138 dogs, and screened for Hepatozoon spp. using a new nested PCR assay. Positive samples were subjected to genetic characterization based on amplification and sequencing of approximately 670 bp of the Hepatozoon spp. 18S rRNA. Of the positive dogs, four shared the haplotype Belem 01, one dog presented the haplotype Belem 02 and two dogs shared the haplotype Belem 03. A Bayesian inference indicates that haplotypes Belem 01 and Belem 02 are phylogenetically related to H. canis, while Belem 03 is related to H. americanum. Overall, based on the first molecular evidence of H. americanum in Brazilian domestic dogs, the proposed protocol may improve the epidemiological investigation of canine hepatozoonosis. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Characterization of recombinant corn glutathione S-transferase isoforms I, II, III, and IV. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in detoxification of a wide variety of electrophilic compounds including herbicides. Several corn isoforms (GSTs) have been studied for their ability to conjugate these substrates with reduced glutathione (GSH). Three cDNAs, encoding corn GST subunits of 29, 27, and 26 kDa, respectively, were cloned into expression systems in Escherichia coli. N-terminal 6xHis-tagged recombinant GST isoforms I, II, III, and IV were purified with nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) metal-affinity chromatography and were analyzed biochemically. As the corn enzymes, each recombinant GST isoform also consists of two subunits. Using three different GST-substrates, recombinant isoforms showed similar substrate specificities as natural corn GSTs. Some GST isoforms may be involved in the defense response to oxidative stress in plants. Besides standard GST activities, inactivation of endogenous, toxic alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes was measured. Furthermore two recombinant GST isoforms (GST II and GST IV) showed high glutathione peroxidase activity using three different organic hydroperoxides as substrates. Apparently, GST isoforms including the 27-kDa subunit show glutathione peroxidase activity. (C) 1999 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Evaluation of renal function in Turkish children receiving BFM-95 therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This study examined renal function in 42 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL) treated according to BFM-95 protocol. Fifteen ( group 1) were investigated longitudinally at 3 time points: before (T1), 4 weeks after (T2), and 2-6 months after (T3) consolidation therapy with high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX). The frequency of abnormalities in glomerular and tubular tests were nil at T1 and ranged from 13 to 40% at T2 and 7 to 33% at T3 in group 1. Twenty percent of the patients (n = 10) in group 2, who were examined at a single time point 7-36 months after consolidation, had glomerular and tubular abnormalities. There was only mild tubular abnormality in 5.8% of patients ( n = 17) in group 3, who were examined at a single time point a mean of 56.1 +/- 12.5 months after completion chemotherapy. These data show that consolidation therapy with HDMTX is frequently associated with acute renal toxicity in children with ALL but does not leave clinically significant late sequelae.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Government's Response to Pastoral Activities of the Catholic Church in Slovenia in 1965-1975 (Part Two). Slovenian Catholic Church has noticeably renewed and intensified its pastoral activities after 1965 due to the Second Vatican Council conclusions, more stable relations between Yugoslavia and the Holy See and the contemporary era of liberalism in the country. This situation led to a conflict with the communist government, as its monopoly over urbanism, educational system, charitableness and social organization was at risk. The article covers the government's response to pastoral work of the Catholic Church in Slovenia between 1965 and 1975, characterised by its two main activities: diakonia and koinonia. Considering diakonia, the article introduces the government's response to organised charitable work of the Catholic Church. Considering koinonia the article discusses the government's response to arising parish pastoral councils.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY. Human sexuality is a complex phenomenon involving the interaction of one's biologic sex, core gender identity, and gender role behavior. Successful completion of normal stages of sexuality development is important for children and adolescents to allow for optimal life as an adult. Controversies arise for clinicians as they work with their pediatric patients regarding health care sexuality issues. It is important that clinicians help these patients in an unbiased and neutral manner. As adults, these children and adolescents will function in a number of sexuality roles, whether heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. This chapter reviews many of these complex and critical issues that involve the fascinating development of human sexuality in pediatric patients.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Broken Bits of Color in the Dirt' The Afterlives of Slavery and the Futures Past of a Black Intersectional International in Romance in Marseille. This essay examines the numerous critical claims of \\\\'timeliness\\\\' around the recently recovered novel Romance in Marseille as well as Claude McKay's own numerous commitments and challenges as they emerge therein: the multiple and enduring after-lives of slavery, the Bolshevik Revolution and the burgeoning of its stiflingly bureaucratic Thermidor under Stalin, the various theoretical and programmatic complications that issues of race and gender posed for international socialism alongside the promises and disappointments of emancipatory politics writ large. However, in attempting to adjudicate such problematics of difference, McKay also provides the outlines of a dialectical \\\\'Black Intersectional International,\\\\' thereby gesturing toward a \\\\'commonism\\\\' of the quayside.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Eggs brought in from afar: Svalbard-breeding pink-footed geese can fly their eggs across the Barents Sea. Many Arctic-breeding waterbirds are thought to bring nutrients for egg production from southern latitudes to allow early breeding. It has proved problematic to quantify the extent of such capital breeding and identify whether nutrients for egg production are brought in from nearby or from afar. Before reaching their breeding grounds on Svalbard, pink-footed geese Anser brachyrhynchus fly approximate to 1100 km across the Barents Sea from Norway. Using abdominal profile indexing (API) we scored body stores in individually marked geese just prior to migration from the northernmost staging area in Norway to Svalbard, followed by their breeding success on their non-breeding grounds in autumn. In productive breeding years leading to a high (> 13.8%) proportion of juveniles in the autumn population, there was a positive relationship between female API and number of young produced, suggesting that the geese are at least partial capital breeders. Moreover, focusing on the geographic origin of proteins used in egg synthesis and measuring nitrogen stable isotope ratios in pink-footed geese's eggs and food sources in Norway and Svalbard, we identified that capital breeding in this species is approximate to 50% on average but may potentially amount to as much as 100%, notably in females laying early. About 60% of this protein capital is carried in well-developed follicles across the Barents Sea, the remainder likely being stored in muscle tissues. Conditions on the wintering grounds and migratory stopover sites can have profound effects on an individual's fitness but the here presented link between the use of migratory stopover sites and breeding performance is particularly noteworthy. Apparently, some individuals accept the putative costs of carrying body stores over large distances to the breeding grounds. The data also highlights considerable variation in the reliance on capital for breeding, suggesting substantial individual scope to adjust breeding strategy to changing environmental conditions.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Two protocols of hyperimmunisation through marker vaccines reduce the incidence of seroconversion against the bovine herpesvirus 1 in dairy livestock: results of a field study.. A 28 months long cohort study was organized in dairy herds in Belgium, to assess the efficacy of hyperimmunisation as a tool for the control of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Two protocols of hyperimmunisation in which glycoprotein-E deleted marker vaccines were repeatedly administered were compared to a positive control group in which the usual vaccination protocols were authorised. The two hyperimmunisation protocols differed in the primovaccination : the first group was treated with an attenuated vaccine firstly given intra-nasally then by intramuscular route whereas the second group was given an inactivated vaccine by subcutaneous injection. Afterwards, booster vaccinations were the same in both groups : an inactivated vaccine was administered by subcutaneous route every 6 months. In the control group, as a rule, part of the herd was vaccinated annually. For each group, 6 half-yearly reports specify : 1. the evolution of the population, categorized by birth half-year, 2. the incidence of seroconversion against gE in the cohorts and 3. the evolution of the gE seroprevalence. The survival curves of the hyperimmunised groups show a significantly higher proportion (P < 0,001) of animals remaining seronegative against glycoprotein- E compared to the positive control group. No significant difference was shown between the two protocols of hyperimmunisation. Both of them could then be used as tools for the control of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "The effect of processing semantic features on spoken word retrieval in a case series of people with aphasia. Purpose: There is a growing body of evidence showing the benefit of Semantic Feature Analysis in the treatment of word finding abilities in people with aphasia. The original technique was grounded in the hypothesis that the activation of semantic features spreads to the target and thereby facilitates its subsequent retrieval. However, it remains unclear the extent to which the focus on semantic features influences the treatment effects. The aim of this study was therefore to shed light on this issue by examining the effect of priming with semantic features (parts and functions) on target retrieval across a case series of people with aphasia. Method: 10 people with aphasia and word retrieval impairments were primed with spoken forms of words that were either the target name (identity condition, e.g. car), parts of the target (e.g. wheel) or functions of the target (e.g. drive) before later being asked to name a picture of that target. An unrelated prime condition (e.g. employ) was used as a control for test-retest effects. Result: At a group level, there was speeding of reaction times in picture naming in the identity condition relative to the unrelated condition; however, no effect of priming was found for either parts or functions. There was significantly better response accuracy in post-priming naming, but this effect did not reach significance for any individual experimental condition (identity, parts, functions) as compared to the unrelated condition, although the identity condition showed numerical improvement while the other two conditions showed decline. Conclusion: Given the lack of evidence for facilitatory effects from parts and functions of a target in a priming task, this research suggests that further research is warranted on the extent to which the improvement in word retrieval subsequent to Semantic Feature Analysis is caused by the emphasis on production of semantic features rather than from the repetition of the target name.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Sparsity/undersampling tradeoffs in anisotropic undersampling, with applications in MR imaging/spectroscopy. We study anisotropic undersampling schemes like those used in multi-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy and imaging, which sample exhaustively in certain time dimensions and randomly in others. Our analysis shows that anisotropic undersampling schemes are equivalent to certain block-diagonal measurement systems. We develop novel exact formulas for the sparsity/undersampling tradeoffs in such measurement systems, assuming uniform sparsity fractions in each column. Our formulas predict finite-N phase transition behavior differing substantially from the well-known asymptotic phase transitions for classical Gaussian undersampling. Extensive empirical work shows that our formulas accurately describe observed finite-N behavior, while the usual formulas based on universality are substantially inaccurate at the moderate N involved in realistic applications. We also vary the anisotropy, keeping the total number of samples fixed, and for each variation we determine the precise sparsity/undersampling tradeoff (phase transition). We show that, other things being equal, the ability to recover a sparse object decreases with an increasing number of exhaustively sampled dimensions.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Assessing individual differences in death threat: A brief theoretical and psychometric review of the threat index. According to G. A. Kelly's (1955) Personal Construct Theory, people construe the elements of reality along bipolar meaning dimensions (e.g., sad-happy) to make reality more predictable. People are threatened by personal death when their conception of death along these dimensions is inconsistent with their conception of their self. S. R. Krieger, F. R. Epting, and L. M. Leitner (1974) developed the \\\\'Threat Index\\\\' (TI) to assess \\\\'death threat.\\\\' To complete the TI, a person indicates on several bipolar meaning dimensions on which pole he or she construes \\\\'yourself.\\\\' The person indicates on a separate form their views about personal death, \\\\'as if it were to occur at this time in your life,\\\\' on the same dimensions. The TI is scored by summing the number of \\\\'splits\\\\' in which \\\\'self\\\\' and \\\\'death\\\\' are placed at opposite ends of a dimension. Death threat is greater with more splits, because the number of these splits indicates the extent to which the construct system must be reorganized to construe death as a personal eventuality. I review evidence that the TI is a reliable and valid measure of death orientation and is uniquely suited to assess Kellian death threat. To showcase the heuristic value of Kelly's theory and the utility of the TI as an assessment of death threat, I review research testing and supporting the hypothesis that people who score high (relative to those who score low) in death threat display a denial orientation toward death-relevant stimuli.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "A Botched Urban Change: A Case-Study from Central Naples. This article draws on anthropological research in Naples to study critical dynamics of integration versus exclusion and of tolerance versus toleration engendered by the socio-economic impact of a huge and largely illegal foreign immigration on a local life marked by increased crime, insecurity and urban decay. Turning on its head a situation previously marked by generally positive relationships and economic collaboration between local people and immigrants, in the eye of the indigenous population the spiralling increase in uncontrolled immigration has made their neighbourhood dangerous and unliveable. The discussion invites reflection on mismanagement of the power to rule that breeds intolerance and conflict in a social, economic and cultural context traditionally oriented to hospitality and tolerance. The latter, it is argued, urgently need to be restored alongside mutual trust between governance and citizenship. The evidence suggests that this goal might be achieved by a governance that pursued a working combination of local residents' traditional tolerance, demographically and culturally compatible changes, fair and implementable legislation and, last but not least, a genuine drive to apply the law firmly and fairly.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Framing collective identities in Swedish and Spanish left-leaning parties' intra-party education. This article sets out to uncover the role that educational activities for members play in the construction of identities in political parties. Guided by a framing perspective, the study focuses on five left-leaning parties in Sweden and Spain and their intra-party education, and interviews have been conducted with party representatives and study leaders. The analysis reveals that the educational activities provided by the parties for their members are intended to create a sense of belonging and connect the members to the parties. Three different tendencies for creating a sense of 'we-ness' in the parties unfold - (i) Welcome!, (ii) Get in line! And (iii) Unite! - which mirrors how identities are constructed within the education to reinforce the members' relationships with their parties. Emphasising these three identities serves to distinguish how frames are integrated into educational settings and how the parties motivate their members to become engaged in the party collectives.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Wnt 5a mediated inflammatory injury of renal tubular epithelial cells dependent on calcium signaling pathway in Trichloroethylene sensitized mice. Patients with trichloroethene-induced Trichloroethylene hypersensitivity syndrome (THS) often present kidney injury. However, the role of Wnt 5a/Ca2+ pathway in renal tubular injury in Trichloroethylene (TCE) sensitized mice remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate how Wnt 5a/Ca2+ pathway induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury in TCE sensitized mice. A total of 84 female BALB/c Specific Pathogen Free mice aged 6-8 weeks were used to establish TCE sensitized mouse models. Renal histology and serum levels of alpha 1-MG and beta 2-MG were used to assess the renal injury. The renal protein levels of Wnt 5a, ROR2, FZD5, PLC, p-CaMKII, I kappa B alpha, p-I kappa B alpha, NF-kappa B(p65), TNF alpha, IL 6 and IL 1 beta were measured. The levels of serum alpha 1-MG and beta 2-MG and TNF alpha, IL 6 and IL 1 beta levels in the kidney tissue were significantly increased in TCE sensitized positive group. However, Box5 pretreatment inhibited the expression of PLC, p-CaMKII, p65 and attenuated the injury of renal tubular epithelial cells and suppressed the upregulated expression of the above cytokines. In addition, KN93 also reduced nuclear translocation of p65 and renal injury as well as the elevated cytokines by inhibiting CaMKII. These data identify Wnt 5a binding to ROR2 and FZD5, p65 nuclear translocation, and inflammatory cytokine release as a novel mechanism for renal tubular epithelial cells injury by sensitization with TCE. Box5 or KN93 pretreatment can block the expression of inflammatory cytokines and reduce the injury of renal tubular epithelial cells.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
{"token": "2D and 3D homogenization and fracture analysis of concrete based on in-situ X-ray Computed Tomography images and Monte Carlo simulations. The homogenized elastic properties and tensile fracture behaviours of concrete are captured by Monte Carlo simulations (MCSs) of realistic meso-scale models based on high-resolution micro-scale X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) images, using asymptotic homogenization and the concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model. The obtained realistic models are quite promising in characterising meso-scale mechanical behaviours of concrete. The statistical analysis shows that the intrinsic heterogeneity of meso-structures caused by random spatial distribution of multi-phases can significantly affect macroscopic responses of concrete, e.g. homogenized elastic properties, crack patterns and load-carrying capacities. Moreover, since the 3D model is built from 2D images by a bottom-up stacking algorithm,, the resultant 3D model is strongly correlated to the 2D models in physical nature, thus the 2D-3D comparisons can yield more insightful views. The effects of aggregate/void area fraction on homogenized elastic modulus and tensile strength are also analysed. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Resilience to the Global Economic and Turkish (GEO)Political Crisis Compared. Over the last ten years Turkey has gone through two different types of crises, namely the global economic crisis of 2008-2009 and the (geo)political crisis after 2015. This paper analyses the resilience of the economy of the tourism city of Antalya to both crises by focusing on the development of GDP of its inbound tourism countries and the births and deaths of both tourism and non-tourism firms. The impact of the global economic crisis was moderate. The (geo)political crisis of 2016, by contrast, had a strong impact on Antalya's economy. The city's tourism arrivals strongly decreased, new firm formation stagnated, although the death rate of firms did not increase, and the sectoral diversification of new firms declined. Antalya conforms more to the engineering type of resilience to both crises than to the adaptive one which requires ability/willingness to shift into new sectors.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "PCR-based analysis of disease in tomato singly or mixed inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp lycopersici races 1 and 2. The pathogenic response of two tomato cultivars to races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.. lycopersici (cv. Momotaro, insensitive to race 1 of the pathogen, and cv. Ponderosa sensitive to race 1), was studied in greenhouse and laboratory experiments by inoculating the cultivars singly with race 1 or race 2, and in mixed inoculation with the two races of the pathogen. A pre-symptom PCR assay two weeks after inoculation showed that a fragment of the intergenic spacer region (IGS) of ribosomal DNA was amplified by DNA templates from leaf samples of cv. Momotaro tomato plants inoculated with only race 2, or with race 1+2, but in the cv. Ponderosa the fragment was amplified only in plants inoculated with race 1+2. Race-specific analysis using the sp13 and sp23 primers confirmed that the amplified fragment was from race 2 in cv. Momotaro and from races 1+2 in cv. Ponderosa. Later wilt symptoms mirrored the pre-symptom and post-symptom molecular analytical results: cv. Momotaro plants inoculated with only race I remained symptomless, while the 'Momotaro' plants inoculated with both races (1+2) did not manifest more severe,wilt symptoms than plants inoculated with race 2 alone; cv. Ponderosa plants that were mixed-inoculated with race 1+2 manifested more severe symptoms, and at an earlier date than plants inoculated with only race 2. Growth parameters such as number of leaves and plant height showed the race 1+2 infected cv. Ponderosa were significantly retarded in growth, suggesting that significant synergism between the fungal races in tomato pathosystem can occur only when the host cultivar is sensitive to both races. An additional important finding is that pre-symptom leaf sampling of apparently healthy plants is useful in PCR diagnostic analysis to predict impending fusarial wilt outbreaks in tomato especially in infested soil.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "A Textual Ethnography of Collaboration in Early Sami Studies. This is an ethnographic study of collaboration for publishing textual representations of the Sami based on ethnographic experience that reflect acquisition of agency and contingent intertextuality. The textual ethnography unravels early twentieth-century collaborative frameworks in which the investigated works were generated and their historical context. Consequently, my paper proposes to re-evaluate the role and impact of the ethnographic writing by Emilie Demant Hatt in addition to her collaboration with Johan Turi. This entails an exploration into personal histories and relationships, gendered ramifications, intellectual and political context, the creative process, the contingent editorial activities and their reception histories.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31]}
{"token": "Phylogenetics and population genetics of the louse fly, Lipoptena mazamae, from Arkansas, USA. Louse flies, also known as deer keds (Lipoptena mazamae Rondani), infest cervids such as white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus and vector pathogens such as Anaplasma and Bartonella schoenbuchensis to cattle and humans, respectively. The population genetic structure of 30 L. mazamae collected from white-tailed deer in four regions of Arkansas, U.S.A., designated by county boundaries, was examined using DNA sequences of a 259-bp region of the mitochondrial DNA rRNA 16S gene. Of the 259 nucleotide characters, 33 were variable and 6 haplotypes were identified. Two haplotypes occurred only once (haplotype 3 and 4), whereas two other haplotypes occurred in 43% (haplotype 1 in two regions) and 40% (haplotype 6 in three regions) of the samples. Phylogenetic relationships of the six L. mazamae haplotypes were constructed with other Hippoboscid and Glossinid samples and two clades resulted. Clade 1 was located in the north and western Ozarks whereas clade 2 was found in the northern and eastern Ozarks. Results from the present study indicate that Lipoptena may be a polyphyletic genus; consequently, more research into genetic variation within this genus is necessary.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
{"token": "Organic solvent extraction of proteins and peptides from serum as an effective sample preparation for detection and identification of biomarkers by mass spectrometry. A method to extract peptides and low molecular weight proteins from serum under denaturing conditions using acetonitrile containing 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid has been developed. The extraction procedure precipitates large, abundant proteins to simplify subsequent mass spectral analysis. This sample preparation method provides an efficient way to extract serum peptides, enabling them to be compared and identified using different mass spectrometry approaches. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis of mouse blood serum samples prepared by this method allowed detection of two markers which were significantly reduced in mice with B cell lymphoma tumor. One of these markers has been identified as apolipoprotein A-II.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Pathways to Knowledge: Research, Agency and Power Relations in the Context of Collaborations Between Museums and Source Communities. Museum collections have in recent decades been a pivotal point of reference for indigenous people and source communities across Australia. This chapter seeks to demonstrate how collaborative projects between the museum sector in Australia and Aboriginal people and source communities have created new insights into heritage collections. At the same time engagement with museum collections has provided a focus for Aboriginal people to explore their own history and created an environment that supports the regeneration and maintenance of knowledge and the construction of group identity. In this chapter, we explore the nature of collaborations drawing on case studies from projects involving remote communities in Arnhem Land and Cape York of northern Australia. These projects have focused on collections held by Museum Victoria in Melbourne. We explore the way in which indigenous people have initiated and been a part of engagements with museum collections of images, objects and field material that relate to themselves and their own history. We discuss a research model that promotes the value of museum-based research while giving due recognition to the authority of source communities. In this context, the contemporary museum environment is one of a contested site where knowledge is negotiated and a field site where both contemporary and historical indigenous agency emerges.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Class of Mitochondrially-Targeted Gadolinium(III) Agents. A structure-activity relationship study of a library of novel bifunctional Gd-III complexes covalently linked to arylphosphonium cations is reported. Such complexes have been designed for potential application in binary cancer therapies such as neutron capture therapy and photon activation therapy. A positive correlation was found between lipophilicity and cytotoxicity of the complexes. Mitochondria uptake was determined by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and Gd uptake was determined by means of quantification using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging. A negative correlation between lipophilicity and tumour selectivity of the Gd-III complexes was demonstrated. This study highlights the delicate balance required to minimise in vitro cytotoxicity and optimise in vitro tumour selectivity and mitochondrial localisation for this new class of mitochondrially-targeted binary therapy agents. We also report the highest in vitro tumour selectivity for any Gd agent reported to date, with a T/N (tumour/normal cell) ratio of up to 23.5 +/- 6.6.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Designing Iron-Amended Biosand Filters for Decentralized Safe Drinking Water Provision. There are ongoing efforts to render conventional biosand filters (BSF) more efficient for safe drinking water provision. One promising option is to amend BSF with a reactive layer containing metallic iron (Fe0). The present communication presents some conceptual options for efficient Fe0-amended BSF in its fourth generation. It is shown that a second fine-sand layer should be placed downwards from the Fe0-reactive layer to capture dissolved iron. This second fine-sand layer could advantageously contain adsorbing materials (e.g. activated carbons, wooden charcoals). An approach for sizing the Fe0-reactive layer is suggested based on 3?kg Fe0 per filter. Working with the same Fe0 load will ease comparison of results with different materials and the scaling up of household BSF to large scale community slow sand filters (SSF).", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Dendritic refinement of an identified neuron in the Drosophila CNS is regulated by neuronal activity and Wnt signaling. The dendrites of neurons undergo dramatic reorganization in response to developmental and other cues, such as stress and hormones. Although their morphogenesis is an active area of research, there are few neuron preparations that allow the mechanistic study of how dendritic fields are established in central neurons. Dendritic refinement is a key final step of neuronal circuit formation and is closely linked to emergence of function. Here, we study a central serotonergic neuron in the Drosophila brain, the dendrites of which undergo a dramatic morphological change during metamorphosis. Using tools to manipulate gene expression in this neuron, we examine the refinement of dendrites during pupal life. We show that the final pattern emerges after an initial growth phase, in which the dendrites function as 'detectors', sensing inputs received by the cell. Consistent with this, reducing excitability of the cell through hyperpolarization by expression of K(ir)2.1 results in increased dendritic length. We show that sensory input, possibly acting through NMDA receptors, is necessary for dendritic refinement. Our results indicate that activity triggers Wnt signaling, which plays a 'pro-retraction' role in sculpting the dendritic field: in the absence of sensory input, dendritic arbors do not retract, a phenotype that can be rescued by activating Wnt signaling. Our findings integrate sensory activity, NMDA receptors and Wingless/Wnt5 signaling pathways to advance our understanding of how dendritic refinement is established. We show how the maturation of sensory function interacts with broadly distributed signaling molecules, resulting in their localized action in the refinement of dendritic arbors.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Accounting for Design Activism: On the Positionality and Politics of Designerly Intervention. We use two cases of design activism to examine designers' forms of positionality-or, the relations that enter into the formation of design interventions and the ways that a designer's situation affects the matter of those designs. We argue, by recognizing the stakes of their interventions and by mapping their contingencies, designers call into question the promise of their reforms-opening opportunities for responsive revision.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Value of direct antigen detection methods in diagnosing women with suspected genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Establishing a method that would allow the quick and cost-effective diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is of highest interest. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of direct antigen detection methods [direct fluorescent antigen detection (DFA), Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] in comparison to culture method, to establish the most reliable and easy technique for diagnosing of C. trachomatis in females with suspected infection. Seventy patients were selected from females attending Outpatient Gynecology Clinic, Mansoura University Hospital, who were consulting for symptoms suggestive of genital infection. Two cervical swabs were taken from each patient and examined for C. trachomatis by direct detection methods. McCoy cell culture detected by immunofluorescence was positive in 16 cases (gold standard). Direct fluorescent antigen detection (DFA), ELISA and PCR were compared to McCoy cell culture in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values. Sensitivity of DFA was lower than its specificity. Antigen detection by ELISA was positive in 28 (40%) cases. NPV (83.33%) and PPV (32.14%). Sensitivity of PCR compared to culture was 81.25% and specificity was 90.74%. In conclusion, McCoy cell culture assay is the most reliable test but tedious. Combination of PCR and DFA tests could optimize diagnosis of female genital C. trachomatis infection. Reevaluation of ELISA depending upon multiple tests as gold standard may increase its sensitivity and specificity.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "A text message intervention to support latino dementia family caregivers (CuidaTEXT): feasibility study. Objectives To test the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of CuidaTEXT: a bidirectional text message intervention to support Latino dementia family caregivers. Methods CuidaTEXT is a six-month, bilingual intervention tailored to caregiver needs (e.g., education, problem-solving, resources). We used convenience sampling and reached 31 potential participants via clinics, registries, community promotion, and online advertising. We enrolled 24 Latino caregivers in a one-arm trial and assessed feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy within six months. Results None of the participants unsubscribed from CuidaTEXT and 83.3% completed the follow up survey. Most participants (85.7%) reported reading most text messages thoroughly. All participants reported being very or extremely satisfied with the intervention. Participants reported that CuidaTEXT helped a lot (vs not at all, a little, or somehow) in caring for their care recipient (71.4%; n = 15), for themselves (66.7%; n = 14), and understanding more about dementia (85.7%; n = 18). Compared to baseline, at six months caregiver behavioral symptom distress (0-60) decreased from 19.8 to 12.0 and depression (0-30) from 8.8 to 5.4 (p < .05). Conclusions CuidaTEXT demonstrated high levels of feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy among Latino caregivers. Clinical implications CuidaTEXT's feasibility and potential for widespread implementation holds promise in supporting Latino caregivers of people with dementia.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 57]}
{"token": "Diversity and Distribution of Whiteflies Colonizing Cassava in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Simple Summary We report here the first detailed characterization of Bemisia whiteflies on cassava in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Bemisia tabaci transmits viruses responsible for devastating epidemics of cassava mosaic and brown streak diseases. KASP SNP genotyping of B. tabaci specimens collected from cassava in revealed the existence of four haplogroups, while phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial COI sequences showed the presence of two major clusters of B. afer. This study provides important information on the genetic diversity of B. tabaci and B. afer in eastern DRC and emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring of whitefly populations on cassava to guide the strategic application of management practices that reduce the impact of cassava virus diseases throughout DRC and the wider Central Africa region. The present study characterizes Bemisia tabaci and Bemisia afer from cassava in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The Mitochondrial COI sequencing revealed the occurrence of six cassava B. tabaci mitotypes, which were designated into four haplogroups (SSA-ECA, SSA-CA, SSA2, and SSA-ESA) using KASP SNP genotyping. SSA-ECA (72%) was the most prevalent and occurred in the northern part of the surveyed area, in the Ituri and Nord/Sud-Kivu provinces, whilst SSA-CA (21%) was present in the south, primarily in Haut-Katanga. SSA-ECA was predominant in the areas of north-eastern DRC most severely affected by cassava brown streak disease and was also reported in the new outbreak area in Pweto territory, Haut-Katanga, in the south. Bemisia afer comprised two major clusters with 85.5% of samples in cluster one, while the rest were in cluster two, which has no reference sequence in GenBank. This study provides important information on the genetic diversity of B. tabaci and B. afer in eastern DRC. This knowledge will be used as a basis for further studies to understand and to identify the role of whitefly haplogroups, their population densities and consequences for virus epidemics and spread as well as leading to improved vector and virus management strategies.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF IBEX OBSERVATIONS AND OUR EVOLVING HELIOSPHERE. This study provides, for the first time, complete and validated observations from the first three years (2009-2011) of the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission. Energetic neutral atom (ENA) fluxes are corrected for both the time-variable cosmic ray background and for orbit-by-orbit variations in their probability of surviving en route from the outer heliosphere in to 1 AU where IBEX observes them. In addition to showing all six six-month maps, we introduce new annual ram and anti-ram maps, which can be produced without the need for algorithm-dependent Compton-Getting corrections. Together, the ENA maps, data, and supporting documentation presented here support the full release of these data to the broader scientific community and provide the citable reference for them. In addition, we show that heliospheric ENA emissions have been decreasing over the epoch from 2009 to 2011 with the IBEX Ribbon decreasing by the largest fraction and only the heliotail (which is offset from the down wind direction by the interstellar magnetic field) showing essentially no reduction and actually some increase. Finally, we show how the much more complete observations provided here strongly indicate a quite direct and latitude-dependent solar wind source of the Ribbon.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Love the Food That Loves You Back: A Planetary Health and Women's Heart Health Partnership. Planetary health and human health are inextricably linked in a complex relationship. Gender-based health vulnerabilities fall disproportionately on women regardless of a country's economy and resources. Women and girls are often the most affected by environmental degradation in food and water systems, along with gender-specific disparities. Addressing food production and nutrition can play a key role in the nursing profession's advocacy for planetary health and heart disease prevention in addressing gender-specific disparities. This article reviews research on the intersection of planetary health, heart health, nutrition strategies, and gender-specific disparities, utilizing the planetary health perspective that views human health and the Earth's health as deeply connected. Data supports nutritional solutions including a plant-based diet to improve environmental health, increase food security and planetary health, and decrease heart disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Nurses play a critical role in assessing patients' food security and educating about the benefits of healthy and sustainable foods as well as how food choices can impact planetary health. Gender-sensitive research, including collection, analysis, and reporting of sex-disaggregated data, is needed to better understand the implications of planetary health threats, solutions, and policies.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Foraging ecology and choice of feeding habitat in the New Zealand Fairy Tern Sternula nereis davisae. No published information is available on the foraging ecology and choice of feeding habitat of New Zealand's rarest breeding bird: the New Zealand Fairy Tern (NZFT) Sternula nereis davisae. To address this gap, we conducted an assessment of the largest remaining breeding population at Mangawhai Harbour, Northland, New Zealand, during the chick-rearing period of the 2010/2011 breeding season. We combined visual tracking of birds with prey surveys and stable isotope analyses, and we present the first quantitative assessment of NZFT foraging. We recorded 405 foraging dives that show NZFT foraging habitat includes the water edges, shallow channels, and pools on the tidal flats of mangrove-lined (Avicennia marina var. resinifera) parts of the estuary; tidal pools on mud-and sandflats in the mid-estuary and lower harbour; the shallow margins of the dredged main channel in the lower harbour; the oxbow lagoons on the sand spit; and coastal shallows. Our study identifies the mangrove-lined highly tidal and shallow mid-estuary and the lagoon on the sand spit as foraging hotspots for the Mangawhai breeding population of the NZFT. The prey survey employed a seine-net sampling method at identified NZFT foraging sites and yielded 4,367 prey-sized fish of 11 species, two of which had not previously been reported in Mangawhai Harbour, as well as numerous shrimps. The most abundant fish were gobies of the genus Favonigobius. Our stable isotope results highlight gobies as the most important prey for NZFT chick rearing, also indicating that flounder Rhombosolea sp. contribute to NZFT diet. We raise the possibility that shrimps may also constitute a substantial diet component for NZFT, potentially providing up to 21% of diet mass for adult birds. While our results provide a first basis to understanding the feeding ecology of NZFT during their breeding season in order to facilitate conservation planning, further research is required to address inter-annual variation and to identify key foraging grounds for this Critically Endangered bird at other breeding sites.", "label": [4, 46, 39]}
{"token": "40Gbit/s single channel optical soliton transmission over 70000km using in-line synchronous modulation and optical filtering. A 40Gbit/s single channel soliton data signal was successfully transmitted over 70000km using in-line synchronous modulation and narrowband optical filtering.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Environmentally benign approach for the efficient sequestration of methylene blue and coomassie brilliant blue using graphene oxide emended gelatin/kappa-carrageenan hydrogels. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of gelatin/kappa-carrageenan crosslinked polyacrylic acid hydrogel (GT-CAG-cl-polyAA) and graphene oxide incorporated hydrogel nanocomposite (GO(HNC)) through a free radical crosslinking pathway. Under optimized reaction conditions, GT-CAG-cl-polyAA displayed 486 % maximum swelling percentage. TEM image depicted wrinkled silk veil wave-type surface morphology of graphene oxide (GO), whereas, the SEM analysis indicated the porous nature of the GT-CAG-cl-polyAA and GO(HNC) capable of accumulating a large number of water/dye molecules. GT-CAG-cl-polyAA exhibited 96.11 % and 82.16 % dye removal potential for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) and coomassie brilliant blue (CB), respectively under optimized conditions. GO(HNC) enhanced the % dye removal efficiency (98.39 % for MB and 94.50 % for CB). The maximum adsorption capacity of GO(HNC) for the removal of CB and MB was 312.7 mg/g and 94.9 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of CB and MB exhibited best fitting with Flory-Huggins adsorption isotherms data. The negative values of Delta G degrees and positive values of Delta S degrees which were obtained from the adsorption isotherm plot suggested the thermodynamic feasibility of the adsorption. Also, the samples were reusable for up to five consecutive cycles without any degradation and hence suggested a considerable pathway for the separation of textile dyes.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "Applying multivariate methods to dental development sequences for subadults from archaeological samples. Dentition has been traditionally used to estimate the age of subadults from archaeological samples. However, age estimations face some difficulties related to the factors that affect tooth preservation and the lack of standards with adequate references for past populations. Moreover, the differences within and among populations associated with the origin of the population, the sex of the individuals, and other factors make it difficult to develop standards in samples with no adequate references. The aim of this work was to explore a procedure that allows sequencing individuals according to their degree of dental development by employing simultaneously the information available of the target individual and the rest of the sample. The information of dental development as well as post-mortem tooth loss was recorded in computed tomography images and by macroscopic examination in subadults from two archaeological samples from South America. Then, we performed a multiple imputation to estimate the degree of development of missing teeth and carried out a principal component analysis for summarizing the information of the formation of permanent teeth. The first principal component was used to obtain a dental development score and to establish a continuous sequence of the individuals on the basis of their degree of dental maturation. Our results show that multivariate analysis can be applied for ordering individuals according a sequence of maturation in archaeological studies, even in the presence of post-mortem tooth loss. Furthermore, multivariate methods allow to evaluate the contribution of each tooth to maturation sequences. As a whole, the procedure proposed here is a promissory tool for cases where the use of chronological age sequences built from nonpopulation-specific standard can lead to misrepresentations of data.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "A COMPARISON OF DISTRICT SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS AND SCHOOL-BOARD CHAIRS ATTITUDES TOWARD MERIT PAY PROGRAMS. This study investigated the opinions of superintendents and school board chairs related to the management of incentive programs in a small southern state. Ninety one geographic school districts were surveyed. The first problem examined whether demographic data-years in education, years of experience with merit pay, and race-had an effect on superintendents' and school board chairs' favor or disfavor of merit pay programs. Also studied was whether there were significant differences between the groups in their opinions of the management of the local incentive programs. The functions of management described by Scanlon and Keys(1) that were considered were planning, organizing, directing and controlling. The last task was to ask superintendents and school board chairs to rank criteria to award merit pay. Superintendents and school board chairs did not differ significantly in their opinions of the management of local incentive programs. The t test was used to examine the hypothesis at the .05 level of probability. Chi square, x2, was used to examine the hypotheses for the demographic data. At the .05 probability level, there were no significant differences between the groups related to the selected demographics. Both groups agreed merit pay should be a part of the local system, but neither group thought it was an enhancement for the provision of quality education. In ranking criteria to award merit pay, superintendents were more student centered in their responses and school board chairs ranked administrative items higher. Further research was recommended to study superintendents' and school board chairs' opinions related to the role merit pay has in the public education system.", "label": [5, 51, 57]}
{"token": "A MODULAR APPROACH TO CUBIC THUE-MAHLER EQUATIONS. Let h(x, y) be a non-degenerate binary cubic form with integral coefficients, and let S be an arbitrary finite set of prime numbers. By a classical theorem of Mahler, there are only finitely many pairs of relatively prime integers x, y such that h(x, y) is an S-unit. In the present paper, we reverse a well-known argument, which seems to go back to Shafarevich, and use the modularity of elliptic curves over Q to give upper bounds for the number of solutions of such a Thue-Mahler equation. In addition, our methods give an effective method for determining all solutions, and we use Cremona's Elliptic Curve Database to give a wide range of numerical examples.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Studying status: An integrated framework. This paper reports development of an integrated framework for studying status. The framework provides models and methods for addressing long-standing, unresolved issues, such as (I) the emergence of status, (2) distinguishing between the status of individuals and the status of characteristics, and (3) measuring and understanding the status gap between subgroups (between men and women, or between races). The framework, which covers both small groups and large societies, and both task and nontask groups, utilizes ideas and insights from several literatures to identify three types of status, linked in precise ways to two kinds of personal characteristics (quantitative and qualitative). The three types of status are mathematically specified, and initial theoretical development is presented for all three, including, far each, formulation of measures, derivation of testable implications, and analysis of how to change status and the status structure, Testable implications cover such phenomena as status differences between group members, status gaps between subgroups, overall status inequality and status gains and losses from discrimination - all under varying conditions, including the number and intercorrelation of status-conferring personal characteristics and the proportions in the subgroups. The new status theory also identifies two mechanisms involved in the phenomenon of \\\\'internalized oppression.\\\\' The framework thus opens many avenues for future work, both theoretical work, deriving more and sharper implications, and empirical work, testing the implications and using the new measures for the status of persons and the status of characteristics to assess key status phenomena in surveys and experiments.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "The impact of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder on short-term clinical outcome in hospitalized patients with depression. Results: Relative to depressed patients without PTSD, depressed patients with PTSD had, at discharge, greater psychiatric symptom severity and higher levels of depression and hostility. Depressed patients with comorbid PTSD also had a significantly higher rate of being discharged against medical advice ( odds ratio = 6.10, 95% CI 2.96 - 12.57).Objective: Posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD) is often comorbid with other psychiatric disorders but often goes unrecognized. The effects of PTSD comorbidity are unclear, especially in patients with severe mental illness. The authors assessed short-term clinical outcome in severely depressed psychiatric inpatients with and without comorbid PTSD.Method: From patients hospitalized between 1995 and 2000, all patients with depression and comorbid PTSD (N = 587) were selected and matched with depressed patients without PTSD ( N = 587). Clinical outcome was assessed with a semistructured, physician-administered battery. Differences between the two groups were examined, with overall burden of psychiatric illness entered as a covariate in the analyses.Conclusions: PTSD comorbidity correlates with poorer short-term clinical outcome and greater likelihood of discharge against medical advice in severely depressed psychiatric inpatients. Better recognition of PTSD comorbidity may improve overall care of these patients.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Interprofessional simulation-based training in gynecologic oncology palliative care for students in the healthcare profession: A comparative randomized controlled trial. Results: The high-fidelity simulation and hybrid simulation groups improved their palliative care knowledge, interdisciplinary education perception, and teamwork attitudes from pre-test to first and second post-tests compared to the control group.Methods: Students were stratified by their profession and randomized by four blocks into high-fidelity simulation, hybrid simulation, and a control group. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire form, palliative care knowledge test, interdisciplinary education perception scale, and teamwork attitudes questionnaire.Participants: A convenience sample of 84 interprofessional students (nursing, medical, nutrition-dietician, and social work) was used in the study.Conclusion: The introduction of high-fidelity simulation and hybrid simulation or hybrid simulation-based interprofessional training in undergraduate education can increase students' palliative care knowledge, interdisciplinary education perception, and teamwork attitudes. Training programs that are used together with highfidelity simulation and hybrid simulation applications in interdisciplinary training should be integrated into the undergraduate curricula of future cooperating health professions.Settings: This study was conducted at a university in Ankara, Turkey, in 2016-2017.Design: A comparative randomized controlled trial was conducted with a pre-test and two post-tests.Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of different simulation methods used for interprofessional training on gynecologic oncology palliative care knowledge, interdisciplinary education perceptions, and teamwork attitudes of health professional students and to compare these methods.Background: Preprofessional palliative care education may be inadequate, leaving a gap in health professional students' knowledge and understanding of managing patients with gynecologic cancer and their families. Interprofessional simulation-based training may be useful in helping health professional students gain the necessary skills required for palliative care.", "label": [2, 5, 53, 26]}
{"token": "How to Explain Pleasure. Stephen Davies' book The Artful Species is a nuanced and learned attempt to show how evolution does, and does not, account for the human capacity to produce and appreciate beautiful things. In this critical note, his approach to aesthetic pleasure is examined. Aesthetic pleasure, it is argued, is a state that encourages us to continue with our perceptual or intellectual engagement with something. Such pleasure displays a different profile from states that urge us to use an object to satisfy a need, and which terminate when that need has been met. Davies subsumes aesthetic pleasure to the latter kind of state. This is a mistake.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Two separable mechanisms are responsible for mental stress effects on high frequency heart rate variability: An intra-individual approach in a healthy and a diabetic sample. Central withdrawal of parasympathetic cardiac control and increased respiratory frequency represent two important determinants of reduced respiratory-related heart rate variability (HRV). However, studies are missing to disentangle their relative contribution during mental stress. Healthy subjects (n = 10) and type 2 diabetic patients (n = 8), the latter with evidence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy, participated in this study. Using an intra-individual approach, high-frequency (hf) HRV was assessed for spontaneous (during rest and mental stress) and paced breathing (0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4 and 0.45 Hz; randomized sequence). Mental stress was induced by a challenging reaction time task. Effects of respiratory frequency on hf HRV were individually predicted by paced breathing data. Mental stress decreased hfHRV (p < .001), and increased respiratory frequency (p = .01). Individual prediction of hf HRV by stress respiratory frequency resulted in lower values (p = .02) than observed during rest, indicating that respiratory stress effects were sufficient to reduce hf HRV. However, observed hf HRV values during stress were even lower (p < .001). These results indicate that hf HRV reductions during stress can only partly be explained by concomitant respiratory frequency changes. This effect is detectable in healthy subjects and in patients with evidence of diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
{"token": "Comparative mitochondrial and nuclear quantitative PCR of historical marine mammal tissue, bone, baleen, and tooth samples. The use of historical and ancient tissue samples for genetic analysis is increasing, with ever greater numbers of samples proving to contain sufficient mitochondrial and even nuclear DNA for multilocus analysis. DNA yield, however, remains highly variable and largely unpredictable based solely on sample morphology or age. Quantification of DNA from historical and degraded samples can greatly improve efficiency of screening DNA extracts prior to attempting sequencing or genotyping, but requires sequence-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based assays to detect such minute quantities of degraded DNA. We present two qPCR assays for marine mammal DNA quantification, and results from analysis of DNA extracted from preserved soft tissues, bone, baleen, and tooth from several cetacean species. These two assays have been shown to amplify DNA from 26 marine mammal species representing 12 families of pinnipeds and cetaceans. Our results indicate that different tissues retain different ratios of mitochondrial to nuclear DNA, and may be more or less suitable for analysis of nuclear loci. Specifically, historical bone and tooth samples average 60-fold higher ratio of mitochondrial DNA to nuclear DNA than preserved fresh soft tissue, and the ratio is almost 8000-fold higher in baleen.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "3-D magnetic configurations supporting prominences - I. The natural presence of lateral feet. It is now commonly accepted that prominence plasma is supported in magnetic dips, in particular in twisted flux-tubes. But present two-dimensional models are unable to explain the observed presence and structure of prominences feet. This requires three-dimensional models.We modeled the field using linear force-free field equations. Combining a small number of harmonics, and using observational constraints, we have found the area in the parameter space where prominences are likely to be present. Then, adding 3-D harmonics, we show that feet appear periodically underneath the prominence body. For great helicity, the parameter space is mostly fulfilled by configurations which have feet alternating between both sides of the prominence axis, as observed. The theoretical photospheric field has a quasi-bipolar pattern and the prominence stands above a magnetic corridor containing only small parasitic polarities. The lateral feet are formed by dips in the vicinity of these small polarities. These configurations show in a natural fashion a number of well-established as well as more recent observationnal aspects of prominences, in particular the vector magnetic field measurements in prominences and the chirality patterns (the dextral/sinistral, right/left bearing, skew of the overlying coronal arcade and fibril organization in prominence channels).", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Sleep characteristics in children in the isolated rural African-Brazilian descendant community of Furnas do Dionisio, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Developmental and cultural factors affect sleep habits in childhood. The objective of this research was to determine sleep habits of children in the isolated rural African-Brazilian community of Furnas do Dionisio, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The members of this community are closely related descendants of the ex-slave Dionisio, and remained in relative geographical isolation for about a century. Sleep characteristics of 55 children (35M; 20F), 2 to 10 year olds, were evaluated in interviews with their mothers. The results showed that cosleeping, in the same bed with family members, was present in 80.0% of the 2-3 year olds; decreasing to 25.0% of the 8-10 year olds. Only 5.4% of the children slept alone in their own bedroom. Mean number of persons per bedroom was 2.8. Only 7.0% of the bedrooms had TV; 98.1% slept in silence. The data obtained support the need to weigh cultural factors influence on sleep.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
{"token": "USING THE WILLIAMS EQUATION TO EVALUATE NUTRIENT-UPTAKE RATE BY INTACT PLANTS. The Williams equation uses root growth and nutrient accumulation data to evaluate nutrient uptake by plants. Accuracy of this equation depends on basic assumptions of constant uptake rate with time and space. The validity of the Williams equation and the assumptions underlying it were tested with sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] plants grown in solution culture and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake. Only N and Ca influx were independent of time, as required by the equation. Influx of P, K, and Mg decreased linearly during the entire growth period. Mean root radius, which is assumed constant, decreased linearly with time. Consequently, a cautious and selective use of the equation is recommended.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Strategies for More Rapid Translation of Cellular Therapies for Children: A US Perspective. Clinical trials for pediatric diseases face many challenges, including trial design, accrual, ethical considerations for children as research subjects, and the cost of long-term follow-up studies. In September 2011, the Production Assistance for Cellular Therapies Program, funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, sponsored a workshop, \\\\'Cell Therapy for Pediatric Diseases: A Growing Frontier,\\\\' with the overarching goal of optimizing the path of discovery in research involving novel cellular therapeutic interventions for debilitating pediatric conditions with few or no available treatment options. Academic and industry investigators in the fields of cellular therapy and regenerative medicine described the obstacles encountered in conducting a clinical trial from concept to conclusion. Patient and parent advocates, bioethicists, biostatisticians, regulatory representatives from the US Food and Drug Administration, and translational scientists actively participated in this workshop, seeking to identify the unmet needs specific to cellular therapies and treatment of pediatric diseases and propose strategies to facilitate the development of novel therapies. In this article we summarize the obstacles and potential corrective strategies identified by workshop participants to maximize the speed of cell therapy translational research for childhood diseases.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Simulation of small-scale thermal water desalination using biomass energy. Thermal desalination of brackish groundwater is one way to obtain fresh water from available water sources in rural areas. Some desalination systems use energy sources readily available in rural areas: sunlight, wind, and geothermal. One energy resource that is available but has not been much explored for desalination is biomass. In this study, a hypothetical interface to connect biomass pyrolysis and thermal water desalination was modeled. The initial desalination unit consisted of a two-effect multiple effect distillation unit capable of producing 42 kg/h of fresh water. The model results indicated that approximately 183 kg dry biomass/m(3) distillate is needed and the produced water cost is 318 +/- 8 USD/m(3) distillate. Increasing the number of effects and modifying the operating conditions resulted in a scenario where the distillate cost could be reduced to approximately 20 USD/m(3\\\\\\\\), indicating some potential for this kind of renewable energy-powered desalination system.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
{"token": "Design and evaluation of non-conventional extraction for bioactive compounds recovery from spent coffee (Coffee arabica L.) grounds. Spent coffee grounds are one of the most interesting waste streams of coffee industry containing antioxidants, whose extraction may represent an innovative solution for the reduction of the environmental burden of this waste, simultaneously providing high added value compounds. The aim of this work was to valorize SCG (Coffee arabica L.) using a non-conventional technique (high pressure and temperature extraction), by providing pivotal information and experimental data essential for the design of a profitable and green process. A 3-level factorial design was firstly employed to verify the combined effects of ethanol concentration in water, used as solvent, and temperature on total polyphenol yield and antiradical power of the extract. Desirability method was used to estimate the optimal conditions (ethanol 50% (v/v) as solvent at 150 degrees C), allowing the recovery of remarkable amount of bioactive compounds (30.4 +/- 1.7 mg/100 mL of chlorogenic acid and 31.7 +/- 2.9 mg/100 mL of caffeine). Moreover, Peleg's model was successfully applied to describe extraction kinetic, showing that an extraction time of 60 min is sufficient to produce extracts with high extraction yields (43 +/- 0.8 mg caffeic acid equivalents/g dried biomass) and remarkable antiradical properties (734 +/- 11 mu g trolox equivalents/g dried biomass). (C) 2021 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "We Need to Learn from What we Have Learned!': The Possible Impact of Covid-19 on the Education and Training of Chaplains. The responses of chaplains providing care in health services during the Covid-19 pandemic showed that they both learned new skills and taught these to others while working in environments made unfamiliar by personal protective equipment and social distancing. This paper discusses the responses of the participants as they relate to education and training as well as suggesting new content and styles of education to meet the needs of chaplains in future similar events.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Recruitment of Healthy First-Trimester Pregnant Women: Lessons From the Chemicals, Health & Pregnancy Study (CHirP). To describe and evaluate recruitment techniques used to enroll 152 healthy pregnant women fewer than 15 weeks gestation into a prospective study of environmental chemical exposure during pregnancy. Posters, a website, online and print advertising, recruitment emails, media coverage, recruitment from clinic waiting rooms, networking within the pregnancy community and presenting a study booth at baby \\\\'trade shows\\\\' were used to advertise the study. Participants had to meet a strict set of eligibility criteria, and were asked to donate two-second-trimester blood samples, complete two questionnaires, have samples of air, dust, lint and tap water collected from their homes, and donate a cord blood sample at delivery. Over 17 months, 171 women enrolled (49% of initial contacts, and 99% of all eligible women) and 152 women completed the study (89% retention). Total recruitment costs were approximately $400 Cdn per final participant. Posters, study booth presentations and online advertising generated the most inquiries about the study. Word of mouth, referral from another study and direct email were the most cost-effective strategies. Not surprisingly, the recruited study population was less ethnically diverse, more affluent and more educated than the background population of pregnant women in Vancouver. A combination of passive and active recruitment techniques were successful for recruiting healthy women in roughly the first trimester of pregnancy (< 15 weeks gestation). While a convenience sample of women is suitable for our study questions, additional strategies may be required to recruit a more representative pregnant population in future studies.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Structural and ion transport properties of [(AgI)(x)(AgBr)(0.4-x)](LiPO3)(0.6) and (AgBr)(x)(LiPO3)((1-x)) solid electrolytes. The (AgBr)(x)(LiPO3)((1-x)) (x=0.4 and 0.5) and [(AgI)(x)(AgBr)(0.4-x)](LiPO3)(0.6) (x=0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) superionic electrolytes have been prepared by conventional melt quenching using a twin roller. These electrolytes are characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) for structural investigation. Electrical characterizations have been carried out by the AC impedance analysis. The conductivity of LiPO3 glassy system at room temperature is improved by doping with the silver bromide (AgBr)(x)(LiPO3)((1-x)) and the mixture of silver iodide, silver bromide (AgI-AgBr-LiPO3 system) up to 10(-5) and 10(-3-1)cm(-1), respectively (improvements by four or five orders of magnitude). The frequency response of ionic conductivity has been analyzed by universal dynamic response model (Jonscher's law) and AC conductivity data are fitted using the Jonscher's power law. The conductivity values obtained by the power law and impedance plots are comparable. The frequency exponent (n) has a value between 0 and 1. The AgI-AgBr-LiPO3 system shows the mixed alkali effect. Summerfield scaling master curve is temperature dependent, which may be due to the contribution of the both lithium and silver ions to ionic conduction.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Modeling the effects of surface roughness on the emissivity of aluminum alloys. This study explores the relationship between the emissivity of aluminum alloy surfaces and surface roughness. Two methods are discussed which yield good overall predictions of the emissivity of rough surfaces. One method consists of using a mathematical multispectral radiation thermometry (MRT) model for the emissivity and determining both the surface temperature and the empirical constants in the emissivity model from radiance measurements. This method requires new emissivity constants to be determined for each surface topography. This study also presents an alternative method for determining the emissivity of rough surfaces. This method relies on determining the emissivity characteristics of a single reference surface and inferring the emissivity of any other rough surface of the same material by relating a surface roughness function (determined by surface topography instrumentation) of the rough surface to that of the reference surface. Using data for AL 7075 with various degrees of surface roughness, this method is shown to yield better accuracy than the first method. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Lysosomal Diseases: Lessons from 20 Years of Experience and Remaining Challenges. In 1964, Christian de Duve first suggested that enzyme replacement might prove therapeutic for lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Early efforts identified the major obstacles, including the inability to produce large quantities of the normal enzymes, the lack of animal models for proof-of-concept studies, and the potentially harmful immune responses to the \\\\'foreign\\\\' normal enzymes. Subsequently, the identification of receptor-mediated targeting of lysosomal enzymes, the cloning and overexpression of human lysosomal genes, and the generation of murine models markedly facilitated the development of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). However, ERT did not become a reality until the early 1990s, when its safety and effectiveness were demonstrated for the treatment of type 1 Gaucher disease. Today, ERT is approved for six LSDs, and clinical trials with recombinant human enzymes are ongoing in several others. Here, we review the lessons learned from 20 years of experience, with an emphasis on the general principles for effective ERT and the remaining challenges.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke in Patients With Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener's): A Population-Based Study. ConclusionPatients with GPA have a significantly increased risk of MI and a non-statistically significant trend toward an increased risk of ischemic stroke. Monitoring for this complication and vigilance in modifying risk factors are particularly warranted in this patient population, especially early after the diagnosis of GPA.ObjectiveTo assess the relative risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke in patients with newly diagnosed granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA) compared with that in controls from the general population.MethodsUsing a population-based database from the province of British Columbia, Canada, we conducted a matched cohort study in which each patient with incident GPA was matched for age, sex, and entry time with up to 10 individuals from the general population. Patients in the GPA cohort were required to have received at least 1 prescription for oral glucocorticoids, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, leflunomide, azathioprine, cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil, or rituximab within 1 month before or 6 months after the index date. We compared the incidence rates of MI and ischemic stroke between the 2 groups and calculated hazard ratios (HRs), adjusting for confounders.ResultsAmong 504 patients with incident GPA (53.4% female, mean age 57.4 years), MI developed in 23 patients, and ischemic stroke developed in 18 patients (incidence rates of 11.7 per 1,000 person-years and 8.9 per 1,000 person-years, respectively). The incidence rates among 5,222 subjects without GPA were 5.2 per 1,000 person-years and 4.3 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. The multivariable HRs among GPA patients were 1.86 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.05-3.31) for MI and 1.50 (95% CI 0.78-2.89) for ischemic stroke. The age-, sex-, and entry time-matched HR for cardiovascular disease (composite outcome of MI or stroke) was highest during the first year after GPA diagnosis (HR 2.88, 95% CI 1.37-6.08).", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Bioactivity of allelochemicals isolated from the roots of Echinacea purpurea L. Moench on Amaranthus viridis L., Portulaca oleracea L. and Microcystis aeruginosa. Based on the bioassay-guided strategy, we isolated 6-six allelochemicals [cichoric acid (I), 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid (II), 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (III), chlorogenic acid (IV), 1-hydroxy-2-phthoic acid (V), echinacoside (VI)] from the roots of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. Their structures were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) spectroscopic data. The bioassays studies included allelopathic and algicidal activities to test the effects of extracts and isolated fractions against the test weeds (Amaranthus viridis L., Portulaca oleracea L. and Microcystis aeruginosa Kutzing). At 100 mu g/mL, compound (II) inhibited the shoot length and germination of A. viridis and P. oleracea weeds with the germination RI of -0.95 +/- 0.04 and -0.95 +/- 0.02, respectively. Furthermore, compound (III) showed the strongest inhibition of root length of P. oleracea L. We also found that compounds I-VI have algicidal activity. The compound (I) at low inoculum (5.0 x 10(2) cells mL(-1)) and high inoculum (1.0 x 10(4) cells mL(-1)), showed the highest algicidal activity of 78 % and 87.67 % 6 h after the treatment at 5 mu g mL(-1) respectively.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Automatic locally adaptive smoothing for tree-based set estimation. Tree-based methods similar to CART have recently been utilized for problems in which the main goal is to estimate some set of interest. It is often the case that the boundary of the true set is smooth in some sense, however tree-based estimates will not be smooth, as they will be a union of boxes'. We propose a general methodology for smoothing such sets that allows for varying levels of smoothness on the boundary automatically. The method is similar to the idea underlying support vector machines, which is applying a computationally simple technique to data after a non-linear mapping to produce smooth estimates in the original space. In particular, we consider the problem of level-set estimation for regression functions and the dyadic tree-based method of Willett and Nowak [Minimax optimal level-set estimation, IEEE Trans. Image Process. 16 (2007), pp. 29652979].", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "Modelling contingent valuation iterated elicitation data with an MCMC approach. The valuation of non-market goods involves iterated elicitation questions which obtain more information from the sample respondents and lead to more efficient welfare estimates. In this paper we consider the improvements which could be obtained by utilising a Bayesian MCMC approach to model this type of data. A fully informative prior resulting from previous stages is compared with a flat non-informative prior utilising both simulated and empirical data. These priors are combined with data in each stage to form the posteriors which are simulated with Gibbs sampling algorithms. The models are applied to an elicitation tree involving two successive dichotomous choice questions followed by an open-ended question. Monte Carlo simulations show that taking into account the information process implicit in successive elicitation improves the performance of the results at each stage and increases efficiency. Thus, the model allows the researcher to consider the evolving process along the elicitation tree, while increasing useful information obtained from the individual.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "PROXIMITY DRAWINGS OF HIGH-DEGREE TREES. A drawing of a given (abstract) tree that is a minimum spanning tree of the vertex set is considered aesthetically pleasing. However, such a drawing can only exist if the tree has maximum degree at most 6. What can be said for trees of higher degree? We approach this question by supposing that a partition or covering of the tree by subtrees of bounded degree is given. Then we show that if the partition or covering satisfies some natural properties, then there is a drawing of the entire tree such that each of the given subtrees is drawn as a minimum spanning tree of its vertex set.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "First measurements with the Physikalisches Institut Radiometric Experiment (PHIRE). We have constructed an experiment to perform bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurements of laboratory samples, and have used the experiment to characterize a sample of JSC-1 lunar regolith simulant. Characterizations relied on in-plane BRDF measurements in visible and near-infrared (NIR) bandpasses. The optical properties of the simulant sample were found to be similar to those observed for bright, lunar highland regions. Reflectance models (Hapke 1981. Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy 1. Theory. J. Geophys. Res. 86(B4), 3,039-3,054; 1984. Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy 3. Correction for macroscopic roughness. Icarus 59, 41-59; 1986. Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy 4. The extinction coefficient and the opposition effect. Icarus 67, 264-280; 2002. Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy 5. The coherent backscatter opposition effect and anisotropic scattering. Icarus 157, 523-534) made excellent fits to fixed incidence angle, variable emission angle data sets. However, the models were not found to extrapolate well to fixed, near-zero phase angle data at varying incidence angles, and no solutions were found that provided simultaneous, high quality fits to the two types of data sets. Except for the single-scattering albedo, the best-fit parameters of the fixed incidence angle data were statistically the same in the visible and NIR. Correlations between the reflectance model parameters were systematically examined, and strong correlations were found between singic-scattering albedo and the two two-stream Henyey-Green-stein scattering parameters and, to a lesser extent, the small-scale mean surface roughness. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "NESTING OF THE PLANALTO WOODCREEPER (DENDROCOLAPTES PLATYROSTRIS). We provide the first description of the nest, eggs, and nestlings of the Planalto Woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes platyrostris), a secondary cavity-nester, based on three nests in natural cavities and 14 in nest boxes. Nests were found from October to January in 1997, 2006, and 2007 in the humid Chaco and Atlantic Forest of Argentina. Planalto Woodcreepers used natural cavities and nest boxes 40-60 cm deep with entrance diameters of 5-12 cm. They selected the deepest nest boxes available. Three or four white eggs were laid on a bed of bark flakes and incubated for 14-16 days. Newly hatched nestlings had pink skin with gray down, yellow mouth linings, and large whitish gape flanges. They opened their eyes when 6-7 days of age and fledged at 16-18 days. Nearly all nestlings were infested with botflies (Philornis sp.). Both adults contributed to nest building, incubation, nestling-rearing, and nest sanitation. Received 25 August 2008. Accepted 3 April 2009.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "A survey of ACCase inhibitor resistant wild oat in a high risk township in Manitoba. A survey was conducted in a township near Treherne, Manitoba to determine the frequency of Group 1 resistant wild oat in 30 randomly selected cereal fields. On average, 61% of the 30 fields were sprayed annually with ACCase inhibitor (Group 1) herbicides from 1983 to 1993. Wild oat were sampled at 80-m intervals on a predefined grid pattern across whole fields. Wild oat densities were recorded and seeds were collected from 0.25 m(-2) quadrats. Seeds were also collected from conspicuous wild oat patches occurring outside the spaced quadrats. Plants were determined to be susceptible or resistant to fenoxaprop-P and/or sethoxydim using a seed bioassay procedure. Results from the structured survey indicated that resistant wild oat occurred in nine fields. Densities in quadrats containing resistant wild oat were generally higher than in quadrats with susceptible wild oat. By combining the results of the structured survey with the patch collection, resistance was detected in 20 out of the 30 fields. While resistant weeds generally occurred in small patches, in two of the fields, resistant plants occurred over much larger areas. The evidence suggests that as many as two fields in three may harbour Group 1 resistant wild oat in high risk townships in Manitoba.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Thermal deflection and thermal stresses in a thin circular plate under an axisymmetric heat source. Motivated by the need to investigate thermal effects on the deflection and stresses in a thin-wall workpiece during machining, the thermal problem is modeled with an axisymmetric input to emulate the heat generated at the tool-workpiece interface in a turning process. Using a compressor disk as an illustrative example, the boundary value problem is formulated with a plate model where the perimetric edge is clamped and insulated, and the upper and lower surfaces are subjected to heat convection. The closed form solution of temperature distribution is obtained via Green's function method, based on which the thermal deflection/stresses are obtained in serial forms from the plate constitutive relations. The obtained solutions have been numerically verified with finite-element analysis (FEA), where simulations have been performed for three different materials with discrepant thermomechanical properties to study the thermal effects on the induced deflection and stresses. The analytical result is justified by its good agreement with FEA and its time efficiency in computation offers advantages in potential real-time application to manufacturing process monitoring.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "INFLUENCE OF VACCINATION ROUTE ON THE EFFICACY OF AUJESZKYS DISEASE DELETION-MUTANT VACCINE. In order to compare the effect of the route of immunization on the efficacy of a modified live Aujeszky's disease (AD) vaccine, which had deletions in both thymidine kinase (TK-) and glycoprotein gIII genes (gpIII-), 20 six-week-old pigs were vaccinated by either the intramuscular (IM) (n = 10) or subcutaneous (SC) (n = 10) route. All the animals, including five non-vaccinated control animals, were challenged with virulent AD virus 22 days after vaccination. Four of five non-vaccinated animals died within 12 days after challenge. Although none of vaccinated animals died, three of animals in the SC group exhibited clinical signs, and average daily gains in the SC group were depressed. The animals in the IM group were not found to shed challenge virus, but those in the SC group shed the virus up to 9 days. Virus neutralizaing antibody titers in the vaccinated animals were low or non-detectable by 21 days after vaccination. A glycoprotein gII (gpII) screening ELISA detected gpII antibody in all animals in the IM group. While, only 30% of animals in the SC group were positive by the same test. The results of this study indicate that TK-, gpIII modified live AD virus vaccine is effective against challenge with virulent AD virus; however, vaccination by the SC route reduced vaccine efficacy in comparison with IM route.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Action of leptin on in vitro luteinizing hormone release in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The discovery of leptin has sparked a rapidly growing number of publications concerning the role of leptin in the regulation of body adiposity, feeding, and reproductive system in mammals. To date, there have been no reports on the presence of leptin-related peptide, and functional studies on the role of leptin remain limited in fishes. We investigated the effect of mouse recombinant leptin on basal and sea bream (sb) GnRH-induced LH release from dispersed pituitary cells obtained from male European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) at different stages of sexual development. The potential interaction of leptin with the porcine neuropeptide Y (pNPY), known to play a dual role in feeding and reproduction in vertebrates, was also investigated. High doses of leptin ((10(-8)-10(-6) M) and/or pNPY (0.1 and 1 nM) had different effects on LH release at various stages of sexual development. Porcine NPY alone was weakly effective on basal LH release, but it enhanced LH release induced by leptin (10(-6) M) in late prepuberty but not in early postpuberty. Additive or inhibitory effects of leptin were observed on sbGnRH-induced LH release depending on sbGnRH dose and stage of sexual development. The direct action of leptin on LH release at the pituitary level in sea bass suggests that leptin is a regulator of the reproductive system in fishes.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Comparing Family Drawing Test Indices and Behavioral Problems between Iranian and Afghan Emigrant Children, Isfahan Province, Iran. Results: The results of the chi-square test showed that there was a significant difference in some of the drawing indices, including size, rhythm, location of drawing, valuation, removal of person, and distances between two groups of Iranian students and Afghan migrants (P < 0.05). Also, the results of multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference among mean scores of behavioral problems and dimensions of somatization, thinking problems and anti-social problems in the two groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in other variables.Background: Immigration can be accompanied by many psychological outcomes for emigrant families.Conclusions: According to the results, the children of the Afghan refugee group have more both behavioral problems and drawing indices than the Iranian group.Objectives: The present study aimed to compare family drawing test indices and behavioral problems among Iranian and Afghan emigrant children.Methods: The research design was a comparative and cross-sectional study. We included 550 Iranian and Afghan students aged 7 11 years in Isfahan Province from April to June 2017. Achenbach Behavioral Problem questionnaire (2001) was sent to their mothers for filling, and Drawing Family Test was conducted. After reducing the number of dropout students, the final sample reached 282 students (including 174 Iranian students and 108 Afghan immigrants)., SPSS-23 software and chi-square tests as well as multivariate analysis of variance were used for analyzing data.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Effects of Mo and Zr composite additions on the microstructure, mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of multi-elemental Nb-Si based ultrahigh temperature alloys. The Nb-Si based alloys adding Mo, Zr and Mo-Zr respectively were prepared by vacuum non-consumable arc melting. The alloys' microstructure and comprehensive performances including microhardness, room temperature fracture toughness as well as compressive strength and oxidation resistance at 1250 degrees C were evaluated systematically. The results show that adding Zr in multi-elemental Nb-Si based alloys changes the microstructure from eutectic to hypereutectic, while further adding Mo in Zr-containing alloy decreases the content of primary silicide blocks. Both the single and composite additions of Mo and Zr in the alloys suppress the formation of alpha(Nb,X)(5)Si-3 whilst promote the formation of alpha(Nb,X)(5)Si-3. Both the dissolved Mo (mainly in Nbss) and Zr (primary in gamma(Nb,X)(5)Si-3) have the effect of solid solution strengthening and improve the microhardness of phases. The room temperature fracture toughness of the alloys is ameliorated by Zr addition, while is reduced by further Mo addition. Alloying with Mo or Zr alone can enhance, and composite alloying with Mo and Zr continues to increase the compressive strength at 1250 degrees C of the alloys. The alloy with composite additions of Mo and Zr shows the best oxidation resistance at 1250 degrees C due to the formation of a denser and well adhesive inner layer of scale and the improvement of the oxidation resistance of silicides under the synergistic effects of Mo and Zr. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Influence of anisotropy on convection in porous media with nonuniform thermal gradient. Effect of anisotropy on the onset of natural convection heat transfer in a fluid saturated porous horizontal cavity subjected to nonuniform thermal gradients is investigated analytically. The porous layer is heated from the bottom by a constant heat flux while the other surfaces are being insulated. The horizontal boundaries are either rigid/rigid or stress-free/stress-free. The hydrodynamic anisotropy of the porous matrix is considered. The principal directions of the permeability are oriented in a direction that is oblique to the gravity. Based on a parallel flow assumption, closed-form solution for the flow and heat transfer variables, valid for the onset of convection corresponding to vanishingly small wave number, is obtained in terms of the Darcy-Rayleigh number Ra, the Darcy number Da, and the anisotropic parameters K* and theta. The critical Rayleigh number for the onset of convection arising from sudden heating and cooling at the boundaries is also predicted. The limiting cases Da --> infinity (for a viscous pure fluid) and Da-->0 (for anisotropic porous media) completed all results. It is demonstrated that effects of anisotropic parameters are strongly significant. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Effects of metal ions in combination with a non-ionic surfactant on stress responses in a transgenic nematode. Exposure to metal ions induces a stress response by activating beta-galactosidase expression in a strain of transgenic nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans strain PC72) carrying an E. coli lacZ gene under the control of an hsp16 heat-shock promoter sequence. This system can also be activated by several organic toxicants, and low beta-galactosidase activities are induced in worms exposed to non-ionic Pluronic surfactants. These surfactants have been shown to stimulate worm growth, possibly through enhanced nutrient uptake via membrane pores created by surfactant action. This paper demonstrates that, in the presence of one such surfactant (Pluronic F-127 at 10 ppm throughout), the stress response of transgenic worms to several metal ions (Cd2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+) is markedly enhanced (by 1.5- to four-fold). This enhancement diminishes at high concentrations of Cd2+, possibly due to increased mortality. A three-way ANOVA confirms that both metal concentration and the presence of surfactant have extremely significant effects on beta-galactosidase induction, and that there are significant interactions between these factors (generally, the surfactant effect is more pronounced at higher metal concentrations). However, the ANOVA also reveals highly significant variations between repeat runs under the same test conditions,although the trends attributable to metal dose or to surfactant are present consistently in all runs. In situ histochemical staining shows that beta-galactosidase is expressed throughout worms treated with metal plus surfactant, in contrast to the localised pharyngeal staining characteristic of worms treated with metal alone. This suggests that Pluronic F-127 may facilitate metal entry into tissues which do not normally display a strong stress response. Tentative support for this is provided by the observation that worms treated with Pluronic F-127 (10 ppm) accumulate slightly (ca. 10%) more Cu2+ or Zn2+ during the standard exposure period than do control worms exposed to metal only. Thus metal ions are significantly more toxic to C. elegans when combined with a non-ionic surfactant, itself present at sub-toxic (indeed, growth promoting) concentrations. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 45]}
{"token": "Trusting Dialogue for Engaging Students. This chapter describes the development of a culture of dialogue at Western Washington University, suggesting how such a culture can engage students not only as participants, but as co-inquirers in studying and enhancing higher education. The Teaching-Learning Academy (TLA) is a campus-wide dialogue forum on learning that gives all students an opportunity to engage with their institution and includes students, faculty, staff and community members. Now in its thirteenth year, the TLA has proved to be a kind of seminar for building mutual trust in dialogue, with students participating for credit or simply as volunteers. Dialogic classroom spaces explicitly honour the plurality of voices and views that make up multi-vocal meaning. Alexander (2008) identifies five essential attributes of a dialogic classroom: that it is 'collective', 'reciprocal', 'supportive', 'cumulative' and 'purposeful'. These attributes of dialogic teaching resonate with the dialogic principles that have emerged from the TLA. Assessment data show that this dialogue has resulted in a number of outcomes that include changes in participant attitudes, teaching and learning practices, and institutional initiatives. Student participants frequently report having a stronger sense of connection to the institution and to their own education after participating in TLA. The majority of student participants also report a surprising change in attitude towards faculty and staff.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Impact of Financial Support on Textile Enterprises' Development. The purpose of this study is to determine the mutual influence of financial security on the textile enterprises development level. The proposed methodological approach is based on the formation of an integrated financial security indicator and its regression model. The study is based on 16 textile enterprises in the European Union. Integral indicators on capital structure, current financing sufficiency and financial efficiency of the investigated enterprises have been defined according to the rapid diagnostics of financial provision of the textile enterprises. The state of financial support for the studied companies' development has been evaluated. It has been established that the development of textile enterprises depends to a large extent on their financial support as a whole. The change in the development level of companies depends substantially on the change in the integrated indicator of their financial provision. In particular, textile enterprises' development is significantly affected by the capital structure and the predominance of equity in it, as well as current financing. The financial efficiency factors taken into account do not have a significant impact on the development of textile enterprises. This study proposes a financial security model, developed by partial integrated indicators. It enables visual comparison, collation of the capital structure state, current financing and financial efficiency of the studied enterprises with optimal value.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Hydrogel-coated feed spacers in two-phase flow cleaning in spiral wound membrane elements: A novel platform for eco-friendly biofouling mitigation. Biofouling is still a major challenge in the application of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Here we present a platform approach for environmentally friendly biofouling control using a combination of a hydrogel-coated feed spacer and two-phase flow cleaning. Neutral (polyHEMA-co-PEG(10)MA), cationic (polyDMAEMA) and anionic (polySPMA) hydrogels have been successfully grafted onto polypropylene (PP) feed spacers via plasma-mediated UV-polymerization. These coatings maintained their chemical stability after 7 days incubation in neutral (pH 7), acidic (pH 5) and basic (pH 9) environments. Anti-biofouling properties of these coatings were evaluated by Escherichia coli attachment assay and nanofiltration experiments at a TMP of 600 kPag using tap water with additional nutrients as feed and by using optical coherence tomography. Especially the anionic polySPMA-coated PP feed spacer shows reduced attachment of E. coli and biofouling in the spacer-filled narrow channels resulting in delayed biofilm growth. Employing this highly hydrophilic coating during removal of biofouling by two-phase flow cleaning also showed enhanced cleaning efficiency, feed channel pressure drop and flux recoveries. The strong hydrophilic nature and the presence of negative charge on polySPMA are most probably responsible for the improved antifouling behavior. A combination of polySPMA-coated PP feed spacers and two-phase flow cleaning therefore is promising and an environmentally friendly approach to control biofouling in NF/RO systems employing spiral-wound membrane modules. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Perceived risk and the willingness to buy and pay for 'corked' bottles of wine. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the purchase decision of consumers when faced with a perceived risk related to a \\\\'corked\\\\' wine for different levels of price. It provides an example of a study of consumer behavior in the context of risk aversion and when a risk-reduction strategy is proposed. The empirical analysis examines the perceive risk as is a major determinant of the willingness to buy (WTB) and to pay (WTP) for corked bottles of wine.Findings - Results demonstrate that when participants are asked simultaneously to reveal their perceived risk and purchase decision, the behavior significantly affects the WTB and WTP. At the same time, demand for risk-reduction devices (screw-caps in this study) also declines strongly with price and perceived risk.Design/methodology/approach - The experimental investigation on consumer risk perception of corked bottles of wine is based on a choice-based questionnaire distributed to 310 graduate students in Bordeaux and Dijon in France. The context is the decision to purchase or not a bottle of wine at different price levels. Assuming the monotonicity of the demand function, the choice-based questionnaire is used to determine the maximum WTB and WTP for each participant.Practical implications - The results have interesting behavior implications in the debate for screw-caps rather than corks. They confirm that screw-caps are associated with low quality, low value wines. Understanding the factors that influence consumers, wine purchase decisions are therefore important to wine producers, restaurant owners and retailers.Research limitations/implications - Although the experiment was replicated in a different region and students with a different profile, it cannot be generalized to other countries or region with a different wine culture.Originality/value - This is the first study that analyzes, in the context of risk taking when buying wine, the WTB and WTP for a bottle of wine when participants are required to reveal simultaneously their perceived risk and purchase decision.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Marriage in the first-century Mediterranean world (111): Jesus and marriage. This article is the third in a three-part series that aims to stimulate the hermeneutical debate in the church regarding marriage as Biblical institution. In the first article attention was given to the relevant cultural scripts that are necessary to understand the institution of marriage in the time of Jesus. In the second article a description of what marriage, betrothal, adultery, divorce and remarriage in the first-century Mediterranean world entailed was given. In this article Jesus'point of view on marriage is investigated. The conclusion reached is that Jesus' stance towards marriage was negative. This, however, does not mean that Jesus had nothing to say as far as marriage as institution in a postmodern society is concerned.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Short Sales and Financial Innovation: How to Take the Good While Avoiding Widespread Default. This chapter examines the functioning of a market with short sales and provides necessary and sufficient conditions for avoiding volatility and default. When traders are sufficiently diverse, a market with short sales generally fails to reach equilibrium, trading can grow without bounds, leading to volatility and eventually traders default on their contracts. Financial innovation makes things worse because it increases the exposure to default by creating system-wide risks through a cascading effect where default by one trader leads to default by all, (Chichilnisky and Wu, 2006). We show that graduated reserves dampens limits volatility and restores market equilibrium. With the appropriate system of reserves, which are an increasing proportion of the value of trades, traders, by their own choices, limit their positions with respect to each other even though unbounded trades are, in principle, available to them. Graduated reserves can resolve runaway volatility and default in markets with short sales.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "A molecular framework for the systematics of the Mediterranean spindle-shells (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda, Fasciolariidae, Fusininae). A remarkably high diversity of native small spindle-shells (Gastropoda, Fasciolariidae, Fusininae) has been recently inventoried in the Mediterranean Sea, with 23 species identified based on shell morphology. They have almost invariably been classified in the genus Fusinus, and a few of them recently moved to other genera (Aptyxis Troschel 1868, Aegeofusinus Russo, 2017 and Gracilipurpura Jousseaume, 1880), mostly based on the sole shell features. We have reconstructed a molecular phylogenetic framework for the Mediterranean Fusininae, focusing on native species representative of the genus-level taxa. Our results confirmed that Fusinus s.s. (type species Murex colus Linnaeus, 1758) should be restricted to a group of large-shelled species from the Indo-West Pacific and does not fit any of the small-shelled Mediterranean fusinines. We confirm that Murex syracusanus Linnaeus, 1758 represents a distinct lineage, and show that for all the remaining species the pattern is suggestive of a single monophyletic radiation of small Mediterranean fusinines, for which the name Pseudofusus Monterosato, 1884 must be used.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 38, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Calcium levels during cell cycle correlate with cell fate of Dictyostelium discoideum. Results indicate that a high (Ca2+)(i) level during S-phase is not required for cell cycle progression but for cell-type choice mechanism at the onset of starvation, and these cells tend to follow the prestalk pathway.Levels of intracellular calcium, (Ca2+)(i), from different stages of cell cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum were monitored using the fluorescent Ca2+-sensitive dye, Indo 1. Combinations of Ca2+-ionophore (A23187) and Ca2+-chelator (EGTA) resulted in the inhibition of progression of cell cycle. This delay was caused due to block in G(2)/M-->S phase transition of the cell cycle. Rescue of the cell cycle progression was made with 0.5 mM of exogenous Ca2+. High (Ca2+)(i) levels overlapped with the S-phase, of the cell cycle.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Two Types of Refutation in Philosophical Argumentation. In this paper, I highlight the significance of practices of refutation in philosophical inquiry, that is, practices of showing that a claim, person or theory is wrong. I present and contrast two prominent approaches to philosophical refutation: refutation in ancient Greek dialectic (elenchus), in its Socratic variant as described in Plato's dialogues, and as described in Aristotle's logical texts; and the practice of providing counterexamples to putative definitions familiar from twentieth century analytic philosophy, focusing on the so-called Gettier problem. Moreover, I discuss Lakatos' method of proofs and refutations, as it offers insightful observations on the dynamics between arguments, refutations, and counterexamples. Overall, I argue that dialectic, in particular in its Socratic variant, is especially suitable for the philosophical purpose of questioning the obvious, as it invites reflection on one's own doxastic commitments and on the tensions and inconsistencies within one's set of beliefs. By contrast, the counterexample-based approach to philosophical refutation can give rise to philosophical theorizing that is overly focused on hairsplitting disputes, thus becoming alienated from the relevant human experiences. Insofar as philosophical inquiry treads the fine line between questioning the obvious while still seeking to say something significant about human experiences, perhaps a certain amount of what Lakatos describes as 'monster-barring'-a rejection of overly fanciful, artificial putative counterexamples-has its place in philosophical argumentation.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 52, 32]}
{"token": "Isolation and characterization of a novel Rhabdovirus from a wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Japan. A novel rhabdovirus was isolated from the serum of a healthy Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and identified using the rapid determination system for viral nucleic acid sequences (RDV), next-generation sequencing, and electron microscopy. The virus was tentatively named wild boar rhabdovirus 1 (WBRV1). Phylogenetic analysis of the entire genome sequence indicated that WBRV1 is closely related to Tupaia rhabdovirus (TRV), which was isolated from cultured cells of hepatocellular carcinoma tissue of tree shrew. TRV has not been assigned to any genus of Rhabdoviridae till date. Analysis of the L gene indicated that WBRV1 belongs to the genus Vesiculovirus. These observations suggest that both TRV and WBRV1 belong to a new genus of Rhabdoviridae. Next-generation genome sequencing of WBRV1 revealed 5 open reading frames of 1329, 765, 627, 1629, and 6336 bases in length. The WBRV1 gene sequences are similar to those of other rhabdoviruses. Epizootiological analysis of a population of wild boars in Wakayama prefecture in Japan indicated that 6.5% were positive for the WBRV1 gene and 52% were positive for WBRV1-neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, such viral neutralizing antibodies were found in domestic pigs in another prefecture. WBRV1 was inoculated intranasally and intraperitoneally into SCID and BALB/c mice and viral RNA was detected in SCID mice, suggesting that WBRV1 can replicate in immunocompromised mice. These results indicate this novel virus is endemic in wild animals and livestock in Japan. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 43, 10]}
{"token": "Friends or Foes? Nonstate Public Goods Providers and Local State Authorities in Nondemocratic and Transitional Systems. Ordinary citizens often welcome nonstate provision of public goods and social welfare, but government officials, particularly in nondemocratic and transitional systems, may view nonstate actors as political competitors. Drawing on a combination of qualitative and quantitative data from rural China, this paper finds that some kinds of nonstate participation in public goods and social welfare provision can actually make local officials more optimistic about their ability to implement state policies and elicit citizen compliance. Local officials often believe that coproduction of public goods and services with community groups in particular, often with community actors taking the lead, can build trust and social capital that can spill over into increased citizen compliance with state demands, a central element of state capacity. Simply increasing levels of public goods provision, however, is not associated positively with optimistic perceptions of local state authority and capacity. Moreover, other forms of nonstate participation such as coproduction between private businesses and local officials or substitutive provision by nonstate actors have less potential for building trust between officials and citizens and are not seen by officials as beneficial for increasing citizen compliance.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 57]}
{"token": "Early and progressive insulin resistance in young, non-obese cancer survivors treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. BackgroundIt is unclear whether there is a causative relationship between the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) and increased risk of early cardiovascular morbidity in patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) during childhood. Early identification of risk factors associated with insulin resistance, MS, and abnormal glucose tolerance during childhood or adolescence in these patients could represent a useful tool for preventing cardiovascular disorders.ConclusionsPatients treated with HSCT may develop insulin resistance early after transplantation. They do not show overt obesity, but have redistribution of fat tissue with central fat accumulation. The main factors associated with increased metabolic risk are TBI and time from HSCT. Evaluation of MS and glucose tolerance should be part of hormonal follow-up, which should be routinely proposed to these patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1650-1655. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Results7/45 patients (15.6%) showed abnormal glucose tolerance at OGTT, 1/45 (2.2%) was obese, and none fulfilled the criteria for MS. A waist/height ratio >0.5 was associated with patients with abnormal glucose tolerance (85.7% of cases), compared to patients with normal glucose tolerance (42.1%) and controls (23.3%). In patients with abnormal glucose tolerance, use of total body irradiation (TBI) as conditioning regimen was more common, and time elapsed from HSCT was longer.ProcedureIn a single-center, prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional study, we studied 45 survivors of hematological malignancies (age: 13.94.8 years) treated with HSCT before the age of 18 years and 90 matched healthy controls. We collected clinical, imaging, and laboratory data including oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Antigen retrieval techniques in immunohistochemistry: Comparison of different methods. Routine sections of normal and pathological samples fixed in 10 per cent buffered formalin or B5, including EDTA-decalcified bone-marrow biopsies, were tested with 61 antibodies following heating in three different fluids: 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 6.0), 0.1 hi Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), and 1 mM EDTA-NaOH solution (pH 8.0). The sections underwent either three cycles of microwave treatment (5 min each) or pressure cooking for 1-2 min. The alkaline phosphatase/alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique was used as the standard detection method; with 16 antibodies a slightly modified streptavidin-biotin complex (SABC)-immunoperoxidase technique was applied in parallel. The results obtained mere compared with those observed without any antigen retrieval (AR), or following section digestion with 0.05 per cent protease XIV at 37 degrees C for 5 min. Chess-board titration tests showed that all antibodies but one profited by AR. Protease XIV digestion represented the gold standard for five antibodies, while 55 produced optimal results following the application of heat-based AR. By comparison with the other fluids, EDTA appeared to be superior in terms of both staining intensity and the number of marked cells. These results mere independent of tissue processing, immunohistochemical approach, and heating device. Pressure cooking was found to be more convenient on practical grounds, as it allowed the simultaneous handling of a large number of slides and a time sating of 1 min 30 s, representing the proper time for the treatment. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Aortic valvular endocarditis caused by Bartonella vinsonii subsp berkhoffii in 2 dogs presenting for fulminant pulmonary edema. New or unique information provided: In medium-to-large breed dogs presenting with fulminant pulmonary edema, aortic valvular endocarditis due to Bartonella spp. should be considered as a causal agent.Objective: To describe the clinical course of 2 dogs that presented with fulminant cardiogenic pulmonary edema due to aortic valvular endocarditis caused by Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii.Case series summary: Two dogs that were presented for respiratory distress had severe pulmonary infiltrates. Mechanical ventilation was required to support the dogs while the cause of the infiltrates was determined. The diagnosis of cardiogenic edema was made based on echocardiographic findings of aortic valve vegetation and severe aortic valvular regurgitation. Values obtained from pulmonary artery catheterization supported this diagnosis. Both dogs were euthanized, one within 24 hours of admission due to severe aortic regurgitation thought to be untreatable, and the other 9 days after admission due to the development of acute renal failure. Histological evaluation of the aortic valves, serology, and polymerase chain reaction confirmed Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii as the cause of the aortic endocarditis.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Diet explains red flight feathers in Yellow-shafted Flickers in eastern North America. Yellow-shafted Flickers (Colaptes auratus auratus subspecies group of the Northern Flicker) occasionally have orange to red flight feathers in eastern North America far from the hybrid zone with the Red-shafted Flicker (C.a. cafer subspecies group). Blocks of feathers of anomalous color tend to show bilateral symmetry and may differ from one year to the next in the same bird. It has been suggested that hybridization with cafer must be the source of the red color and that selection for that color could explain the high incidence of red or orange shafts in eastern flickers in some localities. Complex, though largely unproven, physiological mechanisms have been hypothesized to explain the variegated look. We evaluated a simpler, dietary explanation for the variation: that the pigment rhodoxanthin acquired exogenously at the time of feather molt comes to rest alongside the carotenoids normally present in these feathers. An exogenous source of rhodoxanthin exists in the berries of nonnative bush honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) now naturalized in eastern North America and the American Midwest. We confirm the presence of rhodoxanthin and a probable metabolite, rather than the 4-keto-carotenoids found in the Red-shafted Flicker, in the red flight feathers of 2 Yellow-shafted Flickers from eastern North America. In these individuals, dietary rhodoxanthin appeared to interfere with the production of lutein, the main carotenoid in auratus. A fairly abrupt appearance of red color in earlier-molted primaries (usually p4 or p5) followed by its gradual fading in subsequent primaries in a large series of aberrantly colored flickers from eastern North America and the American Midwest supports a dietary explanation. We use data on the timing of replacement of primaries in the Northern Flicker at Manomet in Plymouth, eastern Massachusetts, to infer that these aberrantly colored Yellow-shafted Flickers on average acquired the unusual red pigment in early August.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Interpersonal Distancing Preferences, Touch Behaviors to Strangers, and Country-Level Early Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Spread. Public Significance Statement The current, cross-cultural study based on data from 9,198 participants across 41 countries suggests that the country-level early dynamics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread variable was related to more frequent nonaffective touch behaviors between strangers and lower preferred interpersonal distance to strangers. It is possible that physical distancing to strangers, understood as higher interpersonal distance and reduced touch, is a recommendable way to facilitate the disease containment. The current study additionally helps understand, define, and operationalize several psychological concepts relevant to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which may be of crucial importance for scientists and practitioners willing to further investigate the issues related to \\\\'social distancing\\\\' policies propagated by public health and government organizations. The proposed \\\\'physical distancing\\\\' subconstruct was found to be applicable in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the presented questionnaire can be a helpful, yet a very simple, measure for monitoring interpersonal behaviors during and after the pandemic, for testing further hypotheses on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and for designing specific interventions. The article also contains a reference to an open-access dataset with data on physical distancing indices measured in 41 countries in the prepandemic period. These data can be further applied in a wide range of studies on COVID-19 pandemic and other research involving assessment of interpersonal behaviors on a within- and cross-country level.The recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to \\\\'social distancing\\\\' recommendations from public health organizations, as physical closeness bears the risk of person-to-person Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. Here, it was explored if interpersonal distance preferences and touch behaviors in 41 countries were valid measures of physical distancing in contacts between strangers and whether they related to country-level variation in early dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spread. The analysis, based on aggregated data from more than 9,000 participants, showed that variation in early dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 spread (i.e., total number of SARS-CoV-2 cases 20 days after the 100th case) was significantly and positively related to nonaffective touch behaviors between strangers, and significantly and negatively related to the preferred interpersonal distance between strangers. These findings suggest that the two measures are suitable for monitoring the extent to which recommendations on physical distance are implemented at the country-level in the context of COVID 19 outbreak. Further, they confirm that \\\\'physical distancing\\\\' is related to the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic. It seems that an adaptation of social behaviors-that is, strict physical distancing from strangers-may result in a lower SARS-CoV-2 transmission rate.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Content of carotenoids and retinol in hen's eggs.. As expected, the eggs showed only traces of vitamin A active carotenoids increasing the amount of retinol equivalents by approximately 1.2%. The highest contribution to the daily carotenoid supply origins from the non vitamin A active carotenoids luteine and zeaxanthene with approximately 310 mu g.The determination of eight carotenoids (alpha-, beta-carotene, cryptoxanthene, luteine, zeaxanthene, canthaxanthene, lycopine, beta-apo-carotinic acid ethyl ester) and vitamin A was carried out by reversed phase HPLC. The obtained results from eight egg types [six commercially available types: summer (FS) and winter (FW) free range eggs, eggs from floor system (BoH), four-grain eggs (BV), eggs from battery system (BTT), docosahexaenoic acid eggs (DHA), and two egg types from a feeding trial by BASF: B4 with fish oil, B11 with linseed oil] showed clear differences in their concentration of vitamin A and carotenoids. Highest concentrations of vitamin A were found in the eggs from the free range system. The other eggs showed lower vitamin A concentrations with a homogenous distribution. Similar trends were observed for the concentrations of carotenoids. Highest concentrations of vitamin A active carotenoids were observed for summer eggs from the free range system. The most important non vitamin A specific carotenoids were luteine and zeaxanthene. Both isomers were again found in highest concentrations in summer eggs from the free range system. Luteine concentration in the eggs from the feeding trial (B4, B11) was only 10% of the concentrations in eggs from the free range system. No zeaxanthene could be detected in these eggs. In the latter eggs, C30-esters and canthaxanthene could be detected, which were added to the feed. Lycopine traces could be detected in DHA-eggs only.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Long Non-coding RNAMALAT1 Knockdown Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury of Rats Through Regulating the miR-375/PDE4D Axis. Results: LncRNA MALAT1 expression was highly upregulated in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)/reperfusion (R) model of rats. Both MALAT1 downregulation and miR-375 upregulation reversed the inhibitory effect of oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)/R on cell viability and the promoting effects on LDH level, cell apoptosis, and inflammatory factors levels. MALAT1 targeted miR-375, whereas miR-375 targeted PDE4D. Overexpression of miR-375 attenuated OGD/R-induced injury in PC-12 cells by targeting PDE4D. Both the low expression of miR-375 and high expression of PDE4D reversed the promoting effect of MALAT1 knockdown on SOD level and the inhibitory effects on ROS level, inflammatory factor levels, and cell apoptosis.Conclusion: Suppression of MALAT1 alleviates CI/RI of rats through regulating the miR-375/PDE4D axis. This study provides a possible therapeutic strategy for human CI/RI in clinic.Methods: The expression of lncRNA MALAT1 and miR-375 was detected by qRT-PCR. MTT was utilized to measure the viability of PC-12 cells. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by LDH assay, SOD assay, and ROS assay, respectively. The apoptosis rate of PC-12 cells was measured by flow cytometry analysis. Through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the levels of NF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 were determined. The interactions between miR-375 and MALAT1/PDE4D were predicted by Starbase/Targetscan software and verified by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Western blot assay was performed to determine the protein expression of Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and PDE4D.Objectives: Cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is the clinical manifestation of cerebral ischemic stroke, which severely affects the health and life of the patients. We aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) on CI/RI in this study.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Rhizopus oligosporus-Assisted Valorization of Coconut Endosperm Waste by Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Simultaneous Protein and Lipid to Biodiesel Production. Coconut endosperm waste (CEW) was treated by Rhizopus oligosporus via in situ and ex situ fermentations together with bioconversion into valuable black soldier fly larval biomass. The ex situ fermentation could overall enrich the nutritional compositions of CEW by hydrolyzing its complex organic polymers and exuding assimilable nutrients to enhance the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) growth. Nevertheless, the larval gut bacteria were competing with Rhizopus oligosporus in in situ fermentation, derailing the hydrolysis processes and larval growth. Accordingly, the highest growth rates achieved were around 0.095 g/day, as opposed to only 0.065 g/day whilst using 0.5 wt% of Rhizopus oligosporus to perform ex situ and in situ fermentations, respectively. These were also underpinned by the greater amount of total CEW consumed when employing ex situ fermentation, with comparable metabolic costs to feeding on in situ-fermented CEW. The mature BSFL were subsequently harvested and the amounts of protein and lipid produced were assessed in terms of their feasibility for biodiesel production. While the statistical analyses showed that the larval protein yields derived from both fermentation modes were insignificant, the BSFL could attain higher lipid and protein productivities upon feeding with ex situ-rather than in situ-fermented CEW mediums. Better yet, the larval biodiesel quality measured in terms of the fatty acid methyl ester composition were not varied significantly by Rhizopus oligosporus through the fermentation process. Thereby, the presence of 1.0 wt% Rhizopus oligosporus was considered optimum to perform ex situ fermentation, giving rise to the acceptable growth of BSFL loaded with the highest lipid yield and productivity for producing biodiesel and protein simultaneously.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Enhancing innovation in livestock value chains through networks: Lessons from fodder innovation case studies in developing countries. Fodder scarcity is a perennial problem for many smallholder farmers in developing countries. This paper discusses how fodder technologies and knowledge have been introduced and integrated in diverse livestock production systems in Ethiopia, Syria and Vietnam. A synthesis of lessons learnt shows that fodder innovation is triggered and diffused by actors interacting and learning in networks, and on farms. Fodder innovation, being only one element of livestock value chains, is sustainably enhanced when linked to other innovations and market-oriented activities that optimize productivity gains. Yet innovating smallholder farmers face systemic constraints to access markets, and need to organize in groups to exploit opportunities. The paper concludes that rather than treating innovation systems and value chain approaches to agricultural development as separate tools, the integration of their complementary features enhances smallholders' innovation and market success.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
{"token": "GeV gamma-ray EMISSION DETECTED BY FERMI-LAT PROBABLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE THERMAL COMPOSITE SUPERNOVA REMNANT KESTEVEN 41 IN A MOLECULAR ENVIRONMENT. Hadronic emission from supernova remnant (SNR)-molecular cloud (MC) association systems has been widely regarded as a probe of shock-accelerated cosmic-ray protons. Here, we report on the detection of gamma-ray emission source with a significance of 24 sigma in 0.2-300 GeV, projected to lie to the northwest of the thermal composite SNR Kesteven 41, using 5.6 years of Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) observation data. No significant long-term variability in the energy range 0.2-300 GeV is detected around this source. The 3 sigma error circle, 0 degrees.09 in radius, covers the 1720 MHz OH maser and is essentially consistent with the location of the V-LSR similar to -50 km s(-1) MC with which the SNR interacts. The source emission has an exponential cutoff power-law spectrum with a photon index of 1.9 +/- 0.1 and a cutoff energy of 4.0 +/- 0.9 GeV, and the corresponding 0.2-300 GeV luminosity is similar to 1.3 x 10(36) erg s(-1) at a distance of 12 kpc. There is no radio pulsar in the 3 sigma circle responsible for the high gamma-ray luminosity. While the inverse Compton scattering scenario would lead to difficulty in the electron energy budget, the source emission can naturally be explained by the hadronic interaction between the relativistic protons accelerated by the shock of SNR Kesteven 41 and the adjacent northwestern MC. In this paper, we present a list of Galactic thermal composite SNRs detected at GeV gamma-ray energies by Fermi-LAT.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Radiologic types of Mycobacterium xenopi pulmonary disease: different patients with similar short-term outcomes. Mycobacterium xenopi pulmonary disease (Mxe-PD) is common among nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in Europe and Canada. Associations between radiological pattern and clinical features and outcomes are inadequately studied in Mxe-PD. We sought to investigate clinical characteristics and outcomes according to the dominant radiological pattern among patients with Mxe-PD. We retrospectively studied patients with Mxe-PD seen in our clinic, categorizing their predominant CT pattern as nodular bronchiectasis, fibrocavitary, or unclassifiable, and compared clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes between radiologic groups. Of 94 patients with Mxe-PD, CT patterns comprised nodular bronchiectasis (40/94, 42.6%), fibrocavitary (37/94, 39.4%), and unclassifiable (17/94, 18.1%). Compared with fibrocavitation, patients with nodular bronchiectasis were female dominant, less often had COPD, less often had AFB smear-positive sputum, and more frequently had co-isolation of Pseudomonas. Patients with nodular bronchiectasis were less often treated (65% versus 91.9%) and when treated, they received fewer anti-mycobacterial drugs (on average 3 versus 4). Outcomes did not differ significantly by radiological pattern. Nodular bronchiectasis was common among Mxe-PD patients in our clinic. Compared with fibrocavitary disease, patients with nodular bronchiectasis had features suggestive of milder disease and were less often treated. Among treated patients, outcomes did not differ by radiologic pattern.", "label": [2, 4, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Decolonial Hip Hop: Indigenous Hip Hop and the disruption of settler colonialism. Contemporary Detroit has gone through many changes - or so it appears. From streets lined with vehicles made by Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors and driven by the nearly 2 million people who called the city home in 1950 to certain parts of the city looking like ghost towns; from a population that dwindled to 670,000 to the revival of downtown. Yet, what has been remarkably consistent is the invisibility of the Motor City's Indigenous population. Indeed, Indigenous erasure, combined with rhetoric and policies that continue to marginalize and subjugate African Americans in Detroit, create a place rooted in multiple colonialisms. This essay examines how Detroit's Indigenous Hip Hop artists resist settler colonialism through art, creativity, and culture as well as the practices of Detroit 2.0, a rhetoric and policy used by Detroit elites to reimagine it as a place of opportunity. By making visible the connections between blackness and indigeneity, as well as by linking the struggle of colonized peoples in Detroit to those in Palestine, Indigenous artists are not only asserting their humanity and challenging the longstanding idea of their erasure, but also constructing pathways for artists and activists to disrupt the effects of multiple colonialisms that continue to marginalize people of colour in urban areas. Detroit's Indigenous Hip Hop artists make socially conscious music and also participate as activists in the city of Detroit. They serve as a window onto contemporary Indigenous identity, represent an exemplar of the urban Indigenous experience, and combine activism with art in a variety of ways.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Molecular Defects of the CYP27A2 Gene in Greek-Cypriot Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. Background/Aim: To determine the mutations in the CYP21A2 gene in Greek-Cypriots with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and attempt a genotype-phenotype correlation. Subjects and Methods: Molecular analysis was performed by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and direct sequencing of PCR products of the CYP21A2 gene in 32 CAH patients. Results: The most frequent genetic defect in the classic salt-wasting and simple virilizing forms was the IVS2-13A/C > G (55%) mutation, followed by Large lesion (20%) and in the non-classical form, the p.V281 L (79.5%). Genotypes were categorized in 4 mutation groups (null, A, B and C). All 3 patients in the null group manifested the salt-wasting form and all 6 patients in mutation group A presented with the classical form. One patient in group B had the simple virilizing form and 22 patients in group C exhibited the non-classical form. Conclusion: The spectrum of mutations of the CYP21A2 gene in our population is comparable to the most common reported in similar ethnic groups. The knowledge of the ethnic specificity of the CYP21A2 mutations represents a valuable diagnostic tool for all forms of CAH. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Real-time clock comparison and monitoring with multi-GNSS precise point positioning: GPS, GLONASS and Galileo. The precise point positioning (PPP) technique is widely used in time and frequency applications. Because of the real-time service (RTS) project of the International GNSS Service, we can use the PPP technique for real-time clock comparison and monitoring. As a participant in the RTS, the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) implements the PPPWIZARD (Precise Point Positioning with Integer and Zero-difference Ambiguity Resolution Demonstrator) project to validate carrier phase ambiguity resolution. Unlike the Integer-PPP (IPPP) of the CNES, fixing ambiguities in the post-processing mode, the PPPWIZARD operates in the real-time mode, which is also called real-time IPPP (RT-IPPP). This paper focuses on applying the RT-IPPP for real-time clock comparison and monitoring. We review the principle of real-time clock comparison and monitoring, and introduce the methodology of the RT-IPPP technique. The observations of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo were processed for the experiments. Five processing modes were provided in the experiment to analyze the benefits of ambiguity resolution and multi-GNSS. In the clock comparison experiment, the average reduction ratios of standard deviations with respect to the G PPP mode range from 9.7% to 35.0%. In the clock monitoring experiment, G PPP mode can detect clock jumps whose magnitudes are larger than 0.9 ns. The RT-IPPP technique with GRE PPP AR (G) mode allows for the detection of any clock jumps larger than 0.6 ns. For frequency monitoring, G PPP mode allows detection of frequency changes larger than 1.1 x 10(-14). When the RT-IPPP technique is applied, monitoring with GRE PPP AR (G) mode can detect frequency changes larger than 6.1 x 10(-15). (C) 2019 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Comparison of two serotype 1 MDV isolates. We compared the RE1B and T. King (TK) serotype 1 isolates of Marek's disease virus (MDV) in vivo. Body and organ weights, mortality, and lesions indicated that the TK inoculum established early infection more efficiently than RB1B and did greater damage to the bursa of Fabricius and thymus. Subsequent studies showed that the TK inoculum that we used contained chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV). Therefore, pathogenicity profiles shown here should be interpreted with the presence of CIAV contamination in the TK stock in mind.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "On the Interplay Between Consumer Dispositions and Perceived Brand Globalness: Alternative Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Assessment. Although prior research is congested with constructs intended to capture consumers' dispositions toward globalization and global/local products, their effects appear to replicate with difficulty, and little is known about the underlying theoretical mechanisms. This investigation revisits the relationship between prominent consumer dispositions (consumer ethnocentrism, cosmopolitanism, global/local identity, globalization attitude) and perceived brand globalness as determinants of consumer responses to global brands. Drawing on selective perception and social identity theories, the authors consider several theory-based model specifications that reflect alternative mechanisms through which key consumer dispositions relate to brand globalness and affect important brand-related outcomes. By employing a flexible model that simultaneously accounts for moderating, mediating, conditional, and direct effects, we empirically test these rival model specifications. A meta-analysis of 264 effect sizes obtained from 13 studies with 23 unique data sets and a total sample of 1,410 consumers raises concerns regarding the (potentially overstated) utility of consumer dispositions for explaining consumer responses to global brands. It also reveals a need for further conceptual contemplation of their function in international consumer research and managerial practice.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Cancer Education in Poland: Current Status and Suggestions for Improvement. In this article, we want to describe the opportunities we experienced though involvement with the AACE and EACE to improve cancer education in poland from our points of view as fifth-year medicine students. By participating in the annual meeting of the EACE that our university (Wroclaw) hosted and also the ESMI-ESO course on medical oncology for medical students, we were able to improve our doctorpatient skills and deepen our knowledge caring for cancer patients. In our opinion in the obligatory medical curriculum in Poland, the curricular offerings in oncology should be better coordinated and there is too little attention to the teaching of the so called Bsoft skills\\\\' for future doctors. Over the course our studies, we are taught a great deal about the biology, diagnosis and symptomatology of cancer; however, we are not exposed very much to issues of communication between the doctor and the oncology patient, or appropriate strategies to pass information about the diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore, we feel that it is important for the future for students to learn more about such topics. Many do this in informal, extracurricular ways as there is much interest to learn about such topics and we will discuss several useful tools. In this review, we would like to summarize the current state of oncology education in Poland and our hopes for improving the current state and to emphasize how inspiring it was for us to participate in an international cancer education meeting where we could discuss good ideas from all over the world and bring them home to Poland.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53, 24]}
{"token": "Performing Legal and National Identities: Australian Citizenship Ceremonies and the Management of Cultural Diversity. Academic scholarship analyses how citizenship law reforms such as longer residency requirements and tougher language tests reinforce culturally exclusionary national narratives. Citizenship ceremonies however, have largely escaped scholarly attention. Drawing on Australia as a case study, this article addresses that gap. After examining how Australian citizenship is performed at ceremonies, this article argues that although the government states that citizenship ceremonies should welcome new citizens, deep suspicions about the cultural diversity of migrants are also conveyed. This paper contributes to an understanding of how citizenship ceremonies reinforce culturally exclusionary national narratives, even where the legal criteria for acquiring citizenship status is non-discriminatory. This paper also illustrates how citizenship ceremonies are important sites for the construction and communication of legal identities.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Prevalence of valproate syndrome in Europe from 2005 to 2014: A registry based multi-centre study. Women with epilepsy need to continue to take anticonvulsants during their pregnancies to prevent seizures from occurring. Since the 1980's, it has been known that the use of valproate (an anticonvulsant) in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of spina bifida. Recent studies have also demonstrated increased risks of other congenital anomalies as well as a risk of cognitive impairment. Doctors in the EU are now advised not to prescribe valproate in pregnant women, in women who can become pregnant or in girls unless other treatments are ineffective or not tolerated. This study aimed to determine if there has been a reduction in the numbers of babies born with valproate syndrome in Europe from 2005 to 2014. Data from 15 European congenital anomaly registries, who are members of EUROCAT (A European network of population-based registries for the epidemiologic surveillance of congenital anomalies), identified 28 cases of valproate syndrome in 2.74 million births from 2005 to 2014. The prevalence of valproate syndrome in Europe significantly decreased from 0.22 per 10,000 births in 2005/6 to 0.03 per 10,000 births in 2013/14. One registry, Ile de la Reunion, had the majority of cases (17). After excluding these cases there still remained a decreasing trend even though it no longer reached statistical significance due to the small number of cases. This study emphasises the continued need for European collaboration in analysing rare exposures and rare anomalies.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKERS (SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS) ALTER SAP WELL LOCATIONS IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED TREE DAMAGE. Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus varius) regularly use paper birch (Betula papyrifera) as a source of sap during the breeding season and may position their sap wells on the tree in order to maximize sap extraction. Sap flow can be affected by tree damage, and altering sap well locations in response to such damage could enhance sapsucker foraging efficiency. We sought to determine if sapsuckers selectively drilled sap wells on damaged (experimentally girdled) paper birch trees over non-damaged healthy trees and, if so, whether the locations of the drill sites varied in response to this damage. Sapsuckers drilled holes on a significantly larger proportion of girdled trees than control trees (healthy trees on adjacent plots), and the holes were lower on girdled trees in comparison with control trees. These differences occurred even though control and girdled trees were of similar size (diameter) and had similar numbers of sap wells per tree. Yellow-bellied Sapsuckers appear to alter their foraging behavior in response to tree damage, and thus factors affecting such damage could indirectly influence the foraging ecology of this species.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Testicular self-examination in young adult men. Methods: A self-report, 75-item health risk appraisal (HRA) was administered to identify health-related lifestyle habits. Men who did and did not perform TSE regularly were compared using Mann-Whitney U statistics for discrete variables and t tests for continuous data. Discriminant function analysis was used to identify factors allowing prediction of frequent or infrequent TSE performance.Conclusions: Demographic and socioeconomic variables were related to TSE knowledge and performance. Further investigation is required to determine why men, especially ethnic minority men, are not performing this important cancer-screening activity.Findings: Sixty-four percent of 191 participants reported rarely or never performing TSE, and 36% practiced TSE monthly or every few months. Men who infrequently performed TSE were more often African American or Hispanic and bad less than a college education. Other significant factors associated with infrequent TSE practice included less satisfaction with current job assignment; less satisfaction with life in general; greater worries interfering with daily life; more serious family problems in dealing with spouse, children, or parents; and reduced availability of people to turn to for support.Design: A comparative descriptive design with a convenience sample of 191 adult men aged 18-35 years, recruited from a large industrial complex in the U.S. Midwest. Data were collected during several occupational health fairs held from 1999-2001.Purpose: To describe patterns of testicular self-examination (TSE) in a sample of young adult men and to identify factors distinguishing between men who do and do not practice TSE.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "The Transformational Epistemology of Radical Constructivism: A Tribute to Ernst von Glasersfeld. Problem . What is it that Ernst von Glasersfeld brought to mathematics education with radical constructivism? Method . Key ideas in the author's early thinking are related to ideas that are central in constructivism, with the aim of showing their importance in math education. Results . The author's initial thinking about constructivism began with Toulmin's view of thinking as evolving. Ernst showed how Piaget's genetic epistemology implied an epistemology that was not about ontology. Continuing with an analysis of the way radical and trivial constructivism were received by the mathematics education community, implications of Ernst's ideas are considered. Implications . These include the need to consider major changes in ways content is introduced to children, to consider carefully the language used to describe children's emerging mathematical ideas, and to consider new conjectures and also how we think about the foundations of mathematics. Ultimately the value of RC is the way it reinspires belief in the possibility and importance of human growth.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Philosophical Theatricality: Castellucci's staging of Holderlin's Oedipus the Tyrant. In 2015, the Italian director Romeo Castellucci staged Oedipus the Tyrant at Schaubuhne in Berlin. The staging was based on the German poet-philosopher Friedrich Hlderlin's translation, which is known for its peculiar linguistic, philosophical, and theatrical approaches to Greek tragedy. The article examines how Castellucci in continuation of Hlderlin's translation and commentaries to the tragedy, staged Oedipus as a theatrical - and philosophical - confrontation between religious and rational approaches to knowledge. The staging was seemingly simple, showing a group of nuns performing Oedipus in a monastery. However, the nuns' Christian and feminine performance of the pagan and masculine tragedy formed the base of a metatheatrical and philosophical complexity in and between different approaches to knowledge. The philosophical complexity of the staging was reinforced through other metatheatrical elements, as for example a film projection showing Romeo Castellucci getting tear gas sprayed in his eyes, which made the relation between physical reality and fictional representation an issue.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Female and male sex offenders - A comparison of recidivism patterns and risk factors. Few studies have empirically validated the assertion that female and male sex offenders are vastly different. Therefore, utilizing a matched sample of 780 female and male sex offenders in New York State, the current study explored differences and similarities of recidivism patterns and risk factors for the two offender groups. Results suggested that male sex offenders were significantly more likely than female sex offenders to be rearrested for both sexual and nonsexual offenses. However, limited differences in terms of risk factors between female and male sex offenders were found.", "label": [5, 52, 55, 57]}
{"token": "ARKADIY YAKOVLEVICH TUGARINOV AND THE FORMATION OF KRASNOYARSK MUSEUM. The authors of this article continue to explore the history of museum science in Siberia through biographies of museum experts. Based on the biographic materials of the native of Saratov Arkadiy Tugarinov (1880-1948) they trace the formation of his interests to study of local nature and history. They point out that this interest was not accidental. Since the middle of the 19th century, when the disgraced historian Kostomarov was in Saratov, that city has developed as a center of local studies. The article shows that Tugarinov graduated from a real school, but could not study at the university. He lost his father early and had to help his family. He worked in the soil laboratory of the Saratov provincial district council. He joined the Society of naturalists, studied the flora and fauna of the Volga territories. Soon he began to work in Saratov Museum, and participated in the 11th Congress of Russian naturalists and doctors in St. Petersburg. So he became known among researchers and museum workers. In 1905, Tugarinov was invited to take up the post of curator of Krasnoyarsk Museum. Created in 1889 with private funds of the merchant couple Matveyevs the museum eventually acquired the status of urban one. Since 1903, the museum was managed by the Krasnoyarsk sub-department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. Then the department guidance invited A. Tugarinov to head the museum. So A.Ya. Tugarinov ran the Krasnoyarsk Museum for more than 20 years, from 1905 to 1926. He was concerned about attracting people devoted to museum work to the Krasnoyarsk museum. He organized many expeditions through Siberia, the participants of which delivered to the museum collections on zoology, botany, history, ethnography, archaeology and others.All objects delivered to Museum were described, systemized and used to create expositions and exhibitions, as well as to write scientific works. The most famous scientific articles based on museum collections were prepared by Arkadiy Tugarinov, Nikola Auerbakch, Maria Krasnozhenova and former Austrian prisoner of the World War I Gero von Mergart. In total, during the years of Tugarinov's work, the funds of the Krasnoyarsk Museum reached 144000 items. In terms of the overall performance of its work, the Krasnoyarsk Museum came out on top in Siberia. Authors of this articles believed that A.Ya. Tugarinov was one of the most successful museum leaders; he proved that museum activity is the most important factor in the development of science and education in Siberia.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Sexual differences in levels of blood carotenoids in Cirl Buntings Emberiza cirlus. Carotenoids are responsible for the bright red and yellow plumage of birds. These substances cannot be synthesised by birds and must be obtained from the diet and transported through the blood to the feathers. The carotenoid content of blood was measured in Girl Buntings Emberiza cirlus, a species with sexually dimorphic yellow plumage. Carotenoid concentration, estimated from the coloration of the plasma, was higher in males than in females and juveniles. These differences were unrelated to the greater incidence of feather moult in males. Although the reasons for the differences are not understood, the results of this and two previous studies suggest that, in species with sexually dichromatic plumage, the quantity of carotenoids transported in the blood is higher in the more brightly coloured sex.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Multi-Wavelength Observations of Quasi-Periodic Pulsations in a Solar Flare. We report our analysis of multi-wavelength observations of quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) during the impulsive phase of the C6.7 flare on 9 May 2019. The flare was simultaneously observed by Fermi, the New Vacuum Solar Telescope, the Mingantu Spectral Radioheliograph, the Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters, and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) of the Solar Dynamics Observatory. Three well-pronounced pulsations are detected in fulldisk hard X-ray and microwave fluxes, as well as the local light curves at wavelengths of the He y line core, AIA 304 angstrom, 171 angstrom, 211 angstrom, and 335 angstrom between approximate to 05:43:30 UT and approximate to 05:48:15 UT. The quasi-periods of about 90 -110 seconds are determined from their Morlet wavelet power spectra. Meanwhile, a sequence of three groups of Type-III radio bursts is seen in the radio dynamic spectrum during the same time interval. Our observations suggest that the flare QPPs are possibly related to nonthermal electrons accelerated by the intermittent magnetic reconnection during the flare's impulsive phase.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "A comparative study between two models of propagation of spherical and cylindrical shock waves with varying energy in self-gravitating, magneto-radiative non-uniform atmosphere. Two theoretical models, spherical and cylindrical, of propagation of shock waves with varying energy in a rotating, magneto-radiative, self-gravitating non-uniform atmosphere have been developed. Subsequently, a comparison between the two models has been drawn with the aid of variation of flow variables with distance graphically. Significant is the difference between two models, when one observes the variations of radial velocity, pressure, mass, radiation flux, magnetic field and energy with distance. Also, the respective influences of radiation flux, magnetic field and rotational velocity on the variations of the flow variables have been studied.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Geochemical variations during Kilaueas Pu'u eruption reveal a fine-scale mixture of mantle heterogeneities within the Hawaiian plume. Long-term geochemical monitoring of lavas from the continuing 25-year-old Puu Oo eruption allows us to probe the crustal and mantle magmatic processes beneath Kilauea volcano in unparalleled detail. Here we present new Pb, Sr, and Nd isotope ratios, major and trace element abundances, olivine compositions, and petrographic data for Puu Oo lavas erupted from 1998 to 2005. Olivine fractionation and accumulation are important crustal processes for the eruption, with minor clinopyroxene fractionation observed in the most recent lavas. Small, yet systematic variations in Sr-87/Sr-86 and incompatible trace element ratios, and MgO-normalized major element abundances document rapid changes in the parental magma composition delivered to Puu Oo. Recent (1998-2003) lavas display a systematic temporal evolution towards an intermediate area between the compositional fields of historical Kilauea and Mauna Loa lavas. At least three distinct mantle source components are required to explain the overall isotopic and chemical variability of Puu Oo lavas. Two of these source components observed in pre-1998 Puu Oo lavas have similar Pb, Sr, and Nd isotope ratios, although one underwent a recent (< 8 ka) small-degree melting event and became depleted in incompatible trace elements. This recently depleted component was an increasingly important source for lavas erupted between 1985 and 1998. The third component is a hybrid mixture of nearly equal portions of Kilauea- and Mauna Loa-like mantle source compositions. It was progressively tapped in greater amounts from 1998 to 2003 and then subsequently decreased. The increasing importance of the hybrid source can be explained if melt pathways migrated from an area within Kilaueas typical melting region (important for the 1985-1998 lavas) towards Mauna Loa, where a similar proportion of Kilauea- and Mauna Loa-like mantle components might exist. The Puu Oo data suggest that Kea and Loa mantle components are distributed on a fine-scale within the Hawaiian plume, and both are present beneath Kilauea volcano. Based on the geochemical and isotopic variations during the Puu Oo eruption, the estimated volume for Kilauea and Mauna Loa compositional heterogeneities is < 10-35 km(3).", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Emerging pathogens. The ever increasing numbers of immunosuppressed individuals has led to a significant increase in the incidence of opportunistic infections, particularly those caused by fungi. The epidemiology of infections caused by the common fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans. Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus has been well documented. However, in addition to these, a number of species which have previously been unrecognized (e.g., C. dubliniensis) or have previously been assumed to be non-pathogenic (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Scedosporium spp. and Fusarium spp.) have emerged as agents of human disease. Since these species have only been identified recently as human pathogens, their role in disease is poorly understood. In most cases, identification of these species is problematic and therefore their epidemiology has yet to be elucidated adequately. In addition, several of these species fail to respond to conventional antifungal therapies. In this article, we describe the emergence of two separate yeast species (C. dubliniensis and S. cerevisiae) and two separate groups of moulds (Scedosporium prolificans and Fusarium spp.), as human pathogens. It is apparent from what we already know, that much work has yet to be performed before we have a clear understanding of how these species cause disease and most importantly how they can be controlled.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 25, 42, 10]}
{"token": "Beyond street-level procedural justice: Social construction, policy shift, and ethnic disparities in confidence in government institutions. Punishment-oriented policy can undermine confidence in government institutions among those who collectively share unfavorable social constructions of the policy's target group, even without having personally experienced negative bureaucratic encounters. As an empirical test, this study investigates the effect of the passage of Arizona S.B. 1070 and copycat immigration enforcement laws in five additional states on confidence in the local police. Using multi-year survey data from the Pew Research Center, the difference-in-differences analyses demonstrate that these laws had a substantially more negative influence on confidence in police effectiveness and police use of force among Hispanics/Latinos compared with the rest of society. Given that the implementation of these laws were delayed and ultimately either blocked or restricted by the courts, the findings suggest that ethnic minorities' skepticism toward government institutions may be due not only to poor street-level procedural justice, but also to the unfavorable social constructions embodied in high-profile policy shifts.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "The Liturgical Usage of Translated Gregorian Chant in the Korean Catholic Church. For centuries, Gregorian chant has served as a monophonic song written for the religious services of the Roman Catholic Church, but Korean Catholics first encountered this chant in the early nineteenth century. Korean Catholics ultimately became more attracted to the Korean translations of these chants, as opposed to the original Latin versions. This article introduces some issues related to the language translation of Gregorian chant, especially for chants performed in Holy Week. The issues include discrepancies in the number of syllables, shifts in melismatic emphasis, difficult diction in vocalization, briefer singing parts because of space limitations, challenging melodic lines, and translation losses from neumes to modern notes.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Drought dynamics and interannual rainfall variability on the Ghaap plateau, South Africa, 1918-2014. With drought expected to increase in frequency and severity as a result of climate change, drought and rainfall variability assessments at interannual time scales using long-term rainfall data are necessary to develop drought mitigation strategies and planning measures, especially in semi-arid and arid environments where drought impact is expected to be adverse. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and severity of droughts and interannual rainfall variability trends in the Ghaap plateau, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. This study was based on long-term rainfall data for three meteorological stations (Postmasburg, Douglas and Groblershoop) from 1918 to 2014, sourced from the South African Weather Services (SAWS). Calculation of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) showed that more droughts occurred since the 1990s; these droughts were all moderately dry with SPI values ranging between-1.03 and-1.46, except for the 1992 drought at Groblershoop which was severe. The longest drought duration on record in the study area was 2 years. Fitting of the long-term rainfall data to a non-parametric spline smoother revealed that the total annual rainfall, number of rainfall days and extreme rainfall events were essentially stable. The total annual rainfall, however, followed a secular pattern of fluctuations over the years.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Computational POM and 3D-QSAR evaluation of experimental in vitro HIV-1-Integrase inhibition of amide-containing diketoacids. A computation model has been developed for the rational design of bioactive pharmacophore sites as anti-viral candidates based on available X-ray structures of drugs. The compounds have been previously screened for anti-viral activity against HIV-Integrase (HIV IN). Amongst the series, the most potent compounds, 4k and 4d (low mu M IC50) were tested in viral cultures for their ability to present potentials (O (1) (delta-) -O (2) (delta-) -O (3) (delta-) ) for anti-viral pharmacophore site but represent a potential risk of toxicity. Furthermore, the compounds 4k and 4d showed potent anti-HIV IN activity. A good correlation was obtained between the theoretical predictions of bioavailability using POM suite (Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration containing Lipinski's rule-of-five) and experimental verification. The structure-activity relationships were also analyzed to vindicate the POM results.A series of known anti-HIV agents; the amide-containing diketoacids were POM and 3D-QSAR analyzed in goal to understand and develop more potent/selective HIV IN inhibitors. Their inhibition of HIV IN was attributed to them containing O-1,O-2,O-4-pharmacophore site. The structure-activity relationships were discussed on the basis of POM analyses.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "MAGNETIC-FIELD POLARITY OF QUIESCENT PROMINENCES. A statistical analysis of magnetographic data on quiescent solar prominences-the distributions of the magnitude of the longitudinal magnetic field (B parallel-to) and of the angle between the long axis of the filament and the line of sight (beta)-is carried out on the basis of observations with a Nikol'skii magnetograph.  On the average, B parallel-to ranges from 3 to 24 G.  The epoch of a preminimum of solar activity (1984-1985) is characterized by several cases with B parallel-to = 27-50 G.  The distribution with respect to beta is multimodal.  A division of prominences into individual families in accordance with this multimodality and a subsequent comparison of the magnetic field polarities of the prominences and the underlying photosphere for each family individually leads to the conclusion that two systems of magnetic fields exist in prominences.  The first system, oreiented opposite to the underlying photospheric field, is directed at a 15-degrees angle to the long axis of the filament and B parallel-to almost-equal-to 15-18 G.  The polarity of the second system of fields coincides with that of the underlying photospheric field and B parallel-to almost-equal-to 5-7 G.  The existence of large-scale motions along a filament at velocities exceeding 3 km/sec is noted.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Persistent and new-onset anaemia in children aged 6 - 8 years from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Background. Anaemia impairs normal development in children and has wide-ranging social and economic implications. Existing anaemia control strategies primarily target anaemia in infancy. The contribution, however, of anaemia in preschool-and school-aged children as well as its long-term effects has not been extensively evaluated.Method. We carried out a longitudinal study in a rural community of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Haemoglobin (Hb) levels were measured using the HaemoCue at baseline when the children were aged 4 - 6 years, and the follow-up assessment was done at age 6 8 years. HIV screening and helminth testing was offered to all the children.Objectives. To determine the prevalence of anaemia in the same children on two occasions at least 18 months apart.Results. Hb levels at both baseline and follow-up were available for 181 children. The baseline anaemia prevalence was 56.9% (mean Hb 11.2, standard deviation (SD) 1.14) and at follow-up the anaemia prevalence was 41.9% (mean Hb 11.7, SD 1.19). There were 21/180 (11.7%) children with new-onset anaemia at follow-up, while anaemia from baseline persisted in 43/103 (41.8%).Conclusions. The findings suggest a high burden of anaemia in these school-aged children, which might be reduced with early interventions. Interventions targeting screening and management of anaemia, chronic infections and nutritional deficiencies are recommended.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "SHOULD I STAY OR SHOULD I GO? PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT INVENTORY AND RORSCHACH INDICES OF EARLY WITHDRAWAL FROM PSYCHOTHERAPY. The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) and the Rorschach were used to investigate differences between patients who withdrew early from university-based outpatient psychodynamic psychotherapy and those who continued in treatment. The study employs two sets of analyses, one utilizing the complete sample (N = 101) and a second comprised of comparison pairs matched on the specific therapist delivering treatment (n = 36 for Rorschach; n = 38 for PAI). It was hypothesized that early withdrawers would score higher on the PAI Treatment Rejection Scale (RXR) and the PAI Treatment Process Index (TPI) than treatment continuers. It was also hypothesized that early treatment withdrawers will have better overall interpersonal relationships, less need for closeness and intimacy, less available psychological resources and more current stimulus demands, and lower levels of psychological/cognitive disturbance as measured by the Rorschach. In addition, differences between the two groups on PAI treatment and clinical scales and subscales were examined. Results indicated that PAI RXR differentiated between the two groups (p < .05) in the expected direction. Limited differences between withdrawers and continuers were found on the Rorschach and other PAI scales. Potential explanations for the findings as well as a discussion of clinical applicability are presented.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Decentralized event-triggered synchronization control for complex networks with nonperiodic DoS attacks. This article focuses on the issue of decentralized event-triggered synchronization control for complex networks (CNs) under nonperiodic denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. First, to alleviate the pressure on network bandwidth, a decentralized event-triggered scheme is employed at each coupled node to decide whether the synchronization signal is transmitted to the communication network. Then, an event-based synchronization error model is established for CNs under DoS attacks, where the communication network is assumed to be composed of multiple transmission channels and DoS attacks will independently compromise each of channels. Based on the constructed model, sufficient conditions that assuring the secure synchronization of the system are analyzed with the assistance of Lyapunov stability theory. Meanwhile, the synchronization controller gains are designed by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities. The efficiency of the study is finally validated by simulations.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 41]}
{"token": "Traffic channelisation and pavement deterioration: an investigation of the role of lateral wander on asphalt pavement rutting. Accurate estimation of traffic load plays a crucial role in the economical design of pavements. The cross sectional distribution of the vehicle positions means that the traffic load is spread across the surface of the pavement. Several factors influence the distribution of vehicle positions and hence load. When wheel paths are perfectly aligned with each other, this is termed channelised traffic (or channelisation). This study investigated the impact of channelisation on asphalt pavement rutting. Data was collected on 100 sections of pavement in the city of Portsmouth, United Kingdom including vehicle/wheel positions and rut depths. Regression analysis was conducted to understand how the degree of channelisation influenced the rut depths that the traffic loading had created. The analyses revealed that the degree of channelisation of traffic has a statistically significant contribution to the progress of rutting. In this study, the difference between the maximum and minimum degrees of channelisation observed, related to a seven-fold difference in the rut depth. These findings give further guidance to pavement engineers when designing new pavements and considering the maintenance schedules for existing pavements, as it allows them to better predict the future condition and lifespan of a pavement.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Preparation and properties of konjac glucomannan octenyl succinate modified by microwave method. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) was esterified with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) by using microwave method under the alkalescent condition. The structure of the product-konjac glucomannan octenyl succinate (KGOS)-was characterized by means of H-1 NMR spectrum, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction, which drew conclusions that the OSA groups had been grafted onto the KGM molecular, while, incomplete deacetylation reaction occurred. All reactions occurred mainly on the surface of KGM granules, and had no significant effect on the crystallinity of the powder. In the end, the product emulsibility was also assessed, which indicated KGOS was a new kind of polymeric surfactant with good abilities both in hydrophilic and lipophilic. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
{"token": "The translatress in her own person speaks: A study of Aphra Behn's translations based on Dryden's classification. This paper examines the translations by Aphra Behn based on the tripartite classification that John Dryden established between metaphrase, paraphrase and imitation. Behn employs mainly metaphrase in her translations of La Rochefoucault; paraphrase in her versions of Cowley and Tallemant, among others; while applying the imitation to Aesop's Fables. It is found that Behn breaks with the tradition of translating principally classical authors, broadening channels for the entrance of modern literature into England and expanding the possibilities of literary translation. Analyzing the samples, the author's occasional manipulation of the original text is identified, consonant with her creative ideas and generating a metatext featuring new political and gender resonances contextualized in her era. It is also concluded that the professional writer of the Restoration employs translation spurred by the tastes of the burgeoning literary market, among other factors, shaped by recent developments in France and, as such, motivated by commercial interests", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Shift work: health, performance and safety problems, traditional countermeasures, and innovative management strategies to reduce circadian misalignment. There are three mechanisms that may contribute to the health, performance, and safety problems associated with night-shift work: (1) circadian misalignment between the internal circadian clock and activities such as work, sleep, and eating, (2) chronic, partial sleep deprivation, and (3) melatonin suppression by light at night. The typical countermeasures, such as caffeine, naps, and melatonin (for its sleep-promoting effect), along with education about sleep and circadian rhythms, are the components of most fatigue risk-management plans. We contend that these, while better than nothing, are not enough because they do not address the underlying cause of the problems, which is circadian misalignment. We explain how to reset (phase-shift) the circadian clock to partially align with the night-work, day-sleep schedule, and thus reduce circadian misalignment while preserving sleep and functioning on days off. This involves controlling light and dark using outdoor light exposure, sunglasses, sleep in the dark, and a little bright light during night work. We present a diagram of a sleep-and-light schedule to reduce circadian misalignment in permanent night work, or a rotation between evenings and nights, and give practical advice on how to implement this type of plan.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Myzostoma fuscomaculatum (Myzostomida), a new myzostome species from False Bay, South Africa. A new myzostome species, described here as Myzostoma fuscomaculatum n. sp. was collected on Tropiometra carinata in False Bay (South Africa), during a survey of symbionts associated with comatulid crinoid species. M. fuscomaculatum n. sp. occurred only on T. carinata and not on the more common crinoid, Comanthus wahlbergi. It infested 61.7% of the 120 host specimens collected, of which 64.9% (48 specimens) hosted more than one individual (maximum of 32). M. fuscomaculatum n. sp. was always located on the host's arms and pinnules and was cryptically coloured, closely matching the colour pattern of the host. This is the first record of myzostomes from the cool temperate waters of South Africa's Atlantic coast. The new species is morphologically close to M. gopalai Subramaniam, 1938, collected on T. encrinus in Madras Harbour. M. fuscomaculatum n. sp. differs from M. gopalai in lacking marginal cirri at the adult stage, the presence of three pairs of digestive diverticula, by the position of its lateral organs and by the shape of the manubrium. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 18S and 16S rDNA placed M. fuscomaculatum n. sp. into a clade including Hypomyzostoma, Myzostoma and Mesomyzostoma species.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Effects on coping skills and anxiety of a universal school- based mental health intervention delivered in Scottish primary schools. Anxiety disorders are common in children and may signal risk of depression, social, or academic difficulties. This study evaluated the effects of a universal mental health promotion intervention delivered in primary schools. Three hundred and seventeen 9- to 10-year-olds were randomly allocated by class group to intervention conditions (psychologist-led or teacher-led), or a comparison condition. Coping and anxiety were measured pre- and post-intervention and at six-month follow-up. Significant anxiety reduction and improved coping were found post-intervention and at follow-up. There were no significant differences between the teacher- and psychologist-led intervention groups. Results indicated that a universal school programme delivered by teachers can have positive effects on anxiety and coping.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Benchmarking quality implementation in a service context: A comparative analysis of financial services and institutions of higher education: Part II. This is the second paper of a three-part series which discusses total quality management (TQM) implementation in a service context. While Part I covers the implementation of TQM in financial services by analysing three case studies, Part II covers three case studies in higher education. Commonly reported benefits from the three cases have been pulled out.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in a National Sample of Arab Adolescents. Having valid, reliable, and culturally adapted tools to screen for adolescent depression is a crucial concern for mental health care professionals who promote preventive care. To this aim, this study tested the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale among Arab adolescents. A nationally representative sample of 3,292 Jordanian adolescents aged 13-17 completed the CES-D 20-item scale. A principal axis factoring with a varimax rotation was used to identify the factor structure of the scale on a half of the sample (n(1) = 1,655), followed by a confirmatory factor analysis to assess the fitness of the factor structure to the other half of the sample (n(2) = 1,637) on a variety of model-fit indices. Findings did not support the original four-factor structure. The results indicated that two factors provide a reasonably better fit: Factor 1 combined items on depressed affect, somatic complaints and interpersonal problems, and Factor 2 consisted of the remaining four positive affect items. The modified model showed high internal reliability and excellent construct validity. The results revealed that depression construct among Arab adolescents, as measured by the CES-D, differs from that in other ethnic groups. Nurses and other health professionals need to closely examine the different presentation of depressive symptoms across racial and ethnic groups to avoid diagnostic errors, inappropriate management, and poor compliance.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
{"token": "Effects of Cellular Methylation on Transgene Expression and Site-Specific Integration of Adeno-Associated Virus. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic event that affects not only cellular gene expression but that also has the potential to influence bacterial and viral DNA in their host-dependent functions. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) genome contains a high degree of CpG sequences capable of methylation in its terminal repeat sequences, which are the sole elements retained in AAV-based vectors used in gene therapy. The present study determined the influence of methylation status of the host cell on wild type (wt) AAV integration and recombinant (r) AAV transgene expression in HeLa cells. Results of the study indicated that hypo-methylation significantly enhanced both wtAAV chromosomal integration and transgene expression of rAAV. A direct influence of methylation on AAV integration was further confirmed by methylating the AAVS1 integration sites prior to viral infection with DNA trans-complementation assay. These results signify the importance of epigenetic status of target cells as one of the key factors in long-term transgene expression in AAV gene therapy.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Six new species of Graphidaceae from Sri Lanka. Six new species of Graphidaceae are described from Sri Lanka, four in Graphis sensu Staiger and one each in Fissurina and Thelotrema. Fissurina srilankensis Weerakoon, Wijeyaratne & Lucking is characterized by lirellae with well-developed labia and comparatively large, muriform ascospores. Graphis allugallenensis Weerakoon, Wijeyaratne & Lucking is similar to G. vittata but has a distinctly verrucose thalline margin along the lirellae. Graphis dotalugalensis Weerakoon, Wijeyaratne & Rivas Plata resembles G. proserpens in the exposed lirellae with striate labia and apically carbonized excipulum but differs in the comparatively large ascospores. Graphis knucklensis Weerakoon, Wijeyaratne & Wolseley features lirellae with striate labia, an inspersed hymenium, and norstictic acid as secondary compound. Graphis srilankensis Weerakoon, Wijeyaratne & Lumbsch has entire labia with a completely carbonized excipulum, inspersed hymenium, transversely septate ascospores, and produces norstictic acid. Finally, Thelotrema pseudosimilans Weerakoon, Wijeyaratne & Lumbsch is close to T. similans in the corticate thallus and prominent apothecia with narrow pore, but has consistently larger ascospores.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "An overview of Jovian electrons during the distant Ulysses Jupiter flyby. Since the 1970's interplanetary electrons in the MeV energy range, of Jovian origin, have been extensively studied from close to the Sun to beyond the Kronian orbit, near the ecliptic. The Ulysses trajectory allowed to study the propagation of these particles, in a wide range of heliographic latitudes. The location of Jupiter with respect to the structure of the heliospheric magnetic field is precisely deter-mined and non-central. This makes Jovian electrons an ideal opportunity for studying the particle propagation parallel and perpendicular to the heliospheric magnetic field. 12 years after its first encounter in February 1992, the Ulysses mission encountered Jupiter for a second time in February 2004 at a distance of 1684 Jovian radii. The first flyby took place at a distance of closest approach of 6 Jupiter radii (R-J) and changed the inclination of the Ulysses trajectory so that it would pass above the Sun's polar regions. During the 2004 encounter, in contrast to 1992, Ulysses did not enter the Jovian magnetosphere but remained upstream of it. In mid 2002, the MeV electron flux started increasing and displaying large short term variations. These features lasted throughout the encounter, making the electron intensities less obviously correlated with the proximity to Jupiter compared with the first Jovian encounter. In previous studies it has been shown that the diffusion coefficient (K perpendicular to,theta) perpendicular to the heliospheric magnetic field in polar direction increased in 1998 during the transition from solar minimum to solar maximum close to the ecliptic plane. Although the distant Ulysses encounter took place during the declining phase of the solar cycle the absence of an intensity variation with latitude indicate an unexpected further increase of (K perpendicular to,theta). Thus the diffusion coefficients, and in particular perpendicular diffusion in the polar direction, are highly time-dependent. In this paper, we present the corresponding data and discuss the implication for particle propagation in the three-dimensional heliospheric magnetic field. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Methodological approach to efficient modeling and optimization of thermal processes taking place in a die: Application to pultrusion. Optimization of manufacturing processes involves the optimal choice of many process parameters. Usual strategies proceed by defining a trial choice of those parameters and then solving the resulting model. Then, an appropriate cost function is evaluated and its optimality checked. While the optimum is not reached, the process parameters should be updated by using an appropriate optimization procedure, and then the model must be solved again for the updated process parameters. Thus, a direct numerical solution is needed for each choice of the process parameters, with the subsequent impact on the computing time. In this work we propose a methodological approach to the efficient numerical modeling and optimization of thermal processes taking place in a die. This scenario is usually encountered in polymer and composites processing where material flows inside a die equipped with different heating devices. An example of such kind of processes concerns the pultrusion of composites. The main aim of this work is to described an original approach for modeling and then optimizing the thermal process by solving only once the thermal model, and then, optimizing the process without the necessity of performing new solutions of the thermal model. For this purpose we introduce the temperatures of the heaters as extra-coordinates in the thermal model. The solution of the resulting multi-dimensional heat equation gives the temperature field for any choice of the temperature prescribed in the heaters. The curse of dimensionality is circumvented by invoking the Proper Generalized Decomposition - PGD - introduced in our former works but never until now used in the framework of process optimization. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Socio-legal work with elderly people in Kazakhstan. The article examines the legal awareness of elderly citizens of Kazakhstan, their need for legal information and its accessibility problems. The study showed a low level of legal awareness of the elderly. The article analyzes law providing for possibility of obtaining free legal aid to the elderly, which remains unrealized. The authors believe that situation is a result of acts simulating social work with the elderly due to uncertainty of the strategic goals of the institute of social work.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "COULOMB DISSOCIATION OF A HALO NUCLEUS BE-11 AT 72A MEV. We have measured the excitation energy spectrum of the Be-10+n system in the Coulomb dissociation of the one-neutron-halo nucleus Be-11 on a Pb target at 72A MeV. We have determined the dipole strength distribution dB(E1)/dE(x) which shows a strong peak at about 800 keV excitation energy. The spectral shape is consistent with a direct breakup model. The Coulomb post acceleration effect has been observed also to support the direct breakup mechanism. The E1 dominance of the Coulomb dissociation is confirmed by observed angular distributions of Be-10 in the Be-11 rest frame.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Effect of sowing date and straw mulch on virus incidence and aphid infestation in organically grown faba beans (Vicia faba). The effect of sowing date oil aphid infestation and the incidence of aphid-uansmitted viruses were investigated in organically managed, small-scale field experiments with two faba bean cultivars over 3 years (2002-04). As an additional factor, straw mulch was applied in 2 of the 3 years shortly before the start of vector activity in May. Virus incidence was determined Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoelectron microscopy. Aphid flight activity was monitored Using standard yellow water traps. Bean colonising aphids were assessed throughout the vegetation period by counting the number of plants infested with Acyrthosiphon pisum, Megoura viciae and Aphis fabae. Pea enation mosaic virus and bean yellow mosaic virus were the most abundant aphid-transmitted viruses, being detected in 22-54% and 9-69%, respectively, of the total number of virus-infected plants analysed per year. Further aphid-transmitted viruses found in faba bean were bean leaf roll virus, beet western yellows virus, Clover Yellow vein virus (in 2002) and soybean dwarf Virus (in 2004). A. pisum was the predominant aphid species colonising faba bean plants. Early sowing compared with late sowing led to a significant reduction of the total virus incidence ill fall bean in all 3 years. However, significantly decreased levels of A. pisum colonisation as a result of early sowing were observed only in I year and one cultivar. Irrespective of sowing date, straw mulching had no significant effects Oil virus incidence and aphid colonisation. Compared with late sowing, early sowing significantly increased bean yield in all 3 years and kernel weight in 2 years, whereas straw mulching had no effect oil yield.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Effects of increasing diet fermentability on intake, digestion, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and milk production of heat-stressed dairy cows. Heat stress is a major problem for dairy cows in hot climates, thus coping strategies are essential. This study evaluated the effects of increasing diet fermentability on intake, total tract digestibility, ruminal pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) profile, blood metabolite profile and milk production and composition of lactating dairy cows managed under conditions of ambient heat stress. Nine multiparous cows (650 +/- 56 kg BW; mean +/- SD) averaging 102 +/- 13 days in milk and producing 54 +/- 6 kg/day were randomly assigned to a triplicate 3 x 3 Latin square. During each 21-day period, cows were offered one of three total mixed rations that varied in diet fermentability. The three levels of diet fermentability were achieved by increasing the proportion of pellets containing ground wheat and barley in the dietary DM from 11.7% (low), to 23.3% (moderate), and 35.0% (high) by replacing ground corn grain. Each period had 14 day of adaptation and 7 day of sampling. The ambient temperature-humidity index ( >= 72) indicated that the cows were in heat stress almost the entire duration of the study. Also, rectal temperature of cows was elevated at 39.2 degrees C, another indication of heat stress. Increasing diet fermentability linearly decreased dry matter intake (22.8, 22.5, 21.8 kg/day for low, moderate and high, respectively; P <= 0.05) but increased non-fibre carbohydrate digestibility (P <= 0.05) and tended to increase digestibility of DM (P = 0.10) and crude protein (P = 0.06). As a result, the intake of digestible DM was not affected by the treatments. The production of 3.5% fat corrected milk (32.6, 33.7, and 31.5 kg/day) was quadratically (P <= 0.05) affected by diet fermentability with lower production for the high diet compared with the other two, which were similar. Rumen pH (ruminocentesis) and proportions of butyrate and isovalerate linearly decreased whereas propionate proportion linearly increased with increasing diet fermentability (P <= 0.05). The rumen concentration of NH3-N (11.0, 9.0, and 8.7 mg/dL) and blood concentration of urea linearly decreased with increasing diet fermentability (P <= 0.05). The activity of alkaline phosphatase increased (65.1, 83.2, and 84.9 U/l) and concentration of malondialdehyde decreased (2.39, 1.90 and 1.87 mu mol/l) linearly with increasing diet fermentability (P <= 0.05), which indicated possible attenuation of the effects of oxidative stress with increasing diet fermentability. Overall, a modest increase of diet fermentability improved nitrogen metabolism, milk protein production and oxidative stress of heat-stressed dairy cows, but a further increase in diet fermentability decreased milk yield.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
{"token": "Identification, sequencing and molecular analysis of Chp4, a novel chlamydiaphage of Chlamydophila abortus belonging to the family Microviridae. Members of the family Microviridae have been identified in a number of chlamydial species infecting humans (phage CPAR39 in Chlamydophila pneumoniae), other mammals (phi CPG1 in Chlamydophila caviae, Chp2 in Chlamydophila abortus and Chp3 in Chlamydophila pecorum) and birds (Chp1 in Chlamydophila psittaci). This study describes the identification and genome sequencing of Chp4, an icosahedral, 4530 bp, ssDNA phage in C. abortus. Chp4 is predicted to contain eight ORFs, six of which could be assigned putative functions based on sequence similarity to characterized bacteriophage. Gene order and content were highly conserved amongst chlamydiaphage, with the highest sequence variability occurring in the IN5 and INS variable regions of the VP1 major coat protein, which has been associated with host cell recognition and binding. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 indicated that Chp4 is a member of the Chlamydiamicrovirus, and is most closely related to phage (phi CPG1 and CPAR39.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
{"token": "Investigations into the phylogenetic position of Micrognathozoa using four molecular loci. Micrognathozoa is the most recently discovered higher metazoan lineage. The sole known species of the group, Limnognathia maerski, was originally reported from running freshwater in Disko Island (Greenland), and has recently been recorded from the subantarctic region. Because of the presence of a particular type of jaws formed of special cuticularized rods, similar to those of gnathostomulids and rotifers, the three metazoan lineages were considered closely related, and assigned to the clade Gnathifera. A phylogenetic comparison Of four molecular loci for Limnognathia maerski and other newly generated sequences of mainly acoelomate animals showed that Micrognathozoa may constitute an independent lineage from those of Gnathostomulida and Rotifera. However, the exact position of Micrognathozoa could not be determined due to the lack of support for any given relationships and due to the lack of stability in the position of Limnognathia maerski under analysis of different loci and of different parameter sets for sequence comparison. Nuclear loci tend to place Micrognathozoa with the syndermatan/cycliophoran taxa, but the addition of the mitochodrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I favors a relationship of Micrognathozoa to Entoprocta. (C) The Willi Hennig Society 2004.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
{"token": "Bomiyoyeva and bomduvadova Two Rare Structures on the Trobriand Islands Exclusively Reserved for Tabalu Chiefs. This article presents information about two so far undescribed buildings made by the Trobriand Islanders, the bomiyoyeva and the bomduvadova. These structures are connected to the highest-ranking chiefs living in Labai and Omarakana on Kiriwina Island. They highlight the power and eminence of these chiefs. After a brief report on the history of this project, the structure of the two houses, their function, and their use is described and information on their construction and their mythical background is provided. Finally, everyday as well as ritual, social, and political functions of both buildings are discussed.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Car Seats with Capacitive ECG Electrodes Can Detect Cardiac Pacemaker Spikes. The capacitive electrocardiograph (cECG) has been tested for several measurement scenarios, including hospital beds, car seats and chairs since it was first proposed. The inferior signal quality of the cECG compared to the gold standard ECG guides the ongoing research in the direction of out-of-hospital applications, where unobtrusiveness is sought and high-level diagnostic signal quality is not essential. This study aims to expand the application range of cECG not in terms of the measurement scenario but in the profile of the subjects by including subjects with implanted cardiac pacemakers. Within this study, 20 patients with cardiac pacemakers were recruited during their clinical device follow-up and cECG measurements were conducted using a seat equipped with integrated cECG electrodes. The multichannel cECG recordings of active unipolar and bipolar pacemaker stimulation were analyzed offline and evaluated in terms of F beta scores using a pacemaker spike detection algorithm. F beta scores from 3652 pacing events, varying from 0.62 to 0.78, are presented with influencing parameters in the algorithm and the comparison of cECG channels. By tuning the parameters of the algorithm, different ranges of F beta scores were found as 0.32 to 0.49 and 0.78 to 0.88 for bipolar and unipolar stimulations, respectively. For the first time, this study shows the feasibility of a cECG system allowing health monitoring in daily use on subjects wearing cardiac pacemakers.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Determining optimum carob powder adsorbtion for cleaning wastewater: intelligent optimization with electro-search algorithm. In this study, effective and fast removal efficiency of carob powder (as an absorbent material from liquid phase) was investigated by focusing on the dangerous paint methylene blue mixture. The surface texture developed adsorbent was revealed to be porous by characterizing done thanks to scanning through electron microscope. Experiment parameters of pH, ultrasonic frequency, particle size, contact time, temperature and initial concentration of dissolved methylene blue dye were investigated accordingly. Thereafter, Box-Behnken design experiment was applied for adsorption experiments. Regression analysis findings demonstrated that the experimental data is good for to the non-linear model with correlation coefficients of correction value at 0.8899 and 0.9830. The maximum adsorption value was determined as around 256.44 mg/g thanks to the Electro-Search Algorithm, a recent Artificial Intelligence based intelligent optimization technique. Additionally, some alternative intelligent optimization algorithms were also used for determining optimum values. According to the results of the study, the carob bean can be used as an alternative adsorbent and the found optimum values can be employed for that purpose.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
{"token": "An evaluation of the impact of early infestation with the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis on the subsequent survival of outwardly migrating Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts. The potential impact of sea lice infestation on outwardly migrating Atlantic salmon smolts has been investigated by treating populations of ranched salmon, prior to release, with a prophylactic sea lice treatment conferring protection from sea lice infestation, for up to 9 weeks. Established populations of ranched Atlantic salmon with well described rates of return were chosen to investigate the potential contribution of early infestation with the salmon louse, Lepeophtheints salmonis to mortality in Atlantic salmon. Against a backdrop of a declining trend in survival rates of Atlantic salmon many studies are attempting to elucidate potential causes for this decline. Results from this study over a period of 9 years point to infestation with the salmon louse (L salmonis) as being a minor component of marine mortality in the stocks studied. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "What might the school of 2030 be like? An exercise in social science fiction. This article addresses the deliberately speculative question of 'What might the school of 2030 be like?', with a specific focus on the influences of digital technologies. The article adopts the methodological approach of 'social science fiction' to explore the ways in which digital technologies might be used in one Australian high school in 2030 (Lakeside), and what this might mean for the people whose lives are enmeshed with these technologies. Through the co-construction of five social science fiction 'vignettes' about life within Lakeside, the article considers the increasing prevalence of dataveillance, digital deskilling and the de-territorialization of schooling. The article then goes on to consider changing relationships between time/place, material and coded structures, as well as the increasingly platformized and data-driven nature of schooling in the 2020s. The article ends by considering the ways in which critical scholars can continue to use the methodological approach of social science fiction writing with regard to unpacking the politics of digital education futures.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "The God of the oppressed and the politics of resistance: Black and Dalit theologies of liberation. Theologians from the Black communities in the USA, South Africa and other places, and Dalit groups in India have struggled with a dialectic between the retrieval of subjectivity within political spaces inflected by 'race' and ` caste' and the opposition to these essentialist categorisations. On the one hand, their politics of resistance has been predicated on their specific Black or Dalit identities, while, on the other hand, the postulation of such identities has often been criticised for being essentialist and homogenising. It would seem, therefore, that such patterns of 'theologies of liberation' have to steer clear of the Scylla of a postmodern-style dissolution of subjectivities in which the Black or Dalit identities are effaced in a 'raceless' or 'casteless' amorphousness, and the Charybdis of 'ontologizing' the experiences of Blackness or Dalitness in a manner that may re-entrench these binaries that arguably cannot be fitted into the Christian eschatological vision of the reconciliation of humanity. In our analysis of some Black and Dalit theologies, we shall seek to illuminate the distinctive ways in which they assert hitherto repressed subjectivities, while seeking at the same time to avoid ontological dualisms between sections of humanity, now fractured along the lines of race and caste.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Prospective Clinical Trials of Thyroidectomy With LigaSure vs Conventional Vessel Ligation A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Study Selection: Prospective, controlled clinical trials, both randomized and nonrandomized, comparing the hemostatic effects and safety of thyroidectomy using LigaSure and conventional vessel ligation were selected.Data Extraction: Data regarding operative parameters, duration of the operation, amount of intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, and any postoperative complications were entered and analyzed using dedicated software from the Cochrane Collaboration.Objective: To evaluate the hemostatic effects and safety of thyroidectomy performed using the LigaSure vessel-sealing device (Valleylab, Boulder, Colorado) or the conventional vessel ligation.Data Sources: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Elsevier, SpringerLink, Ovid, and Cochrane Library electronic databases as well as the LigaSUre manufacturer's Web Site were searched for studies published between 1996 and 2008. No language restrictions were applied.Conclusions: The LigaSure technique may provide a safe, effective, and fast alternative to conventional vessel ligation in thyroidectomy and may result in a significant reduction in operative duration. However, it. may not confer any advantage over conventional thyroidectomy in terms of the amount of intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, and postoperative complication rates.Data Synthesis: Four randomized and 5 nonrandomized trials that met selection criteria reported data from 927 patients, of whom 467 (50.4%) underwent LigaSure and 460 (49.6%) underwent conventional thyroidectomy. Operative duration (weighted mean difference [WMD], -11.97 minutes; 95% confidence interval [CI], -16.42 to -7.53 minutes) was significantly reduced with LigaSure thyroidectomy (P<.001.). When LigaSure was used, operative time reductions of 20.32 minutes (95% CI, -33.86 to -6.79 minutes) for total thyroidectomy (P=.003) and 21.74 minutes (-38.32 to -5.16 minutes) for subtotal thyroidectomy (P=.01) were also confirmed with subgroup analysis. However, differences in the amount of intraoperative blood loss (WMD, -25.13 mL; 95% CI, -68.45 to 18.18 mL; P=.26), length of hospital stay (WMD, -0.08 days; 95% CI, -0.23 to 0.08 days; P=31), and postoperative complication rates (odds ratio, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.61-1.04; P=.63) were not statistically significant for LigaSure vs conventional thyroidectomy.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Properties of new and recycled clay brick aggregates for use in concrete. The testing described in this paper was performed to establish the physical and mechanical properties of new and recycled crushed clay brick aggregates for use in portland cement concrete (PCC). Various physical and mechanical properties of eight different types of aggregates were determined and compared with the limits set out in the British Standards for aggregate from natural sources used in concrete. The results were also compared with granite aggregate that has been proved to be a good natural aggregate for producing PCC. The results showed that most of the crushed clay-brick aggregates tested can be used in producing PCC for low-level civil engineering applications and that some kinds of brick aggregate possess good physical and mechanical properties that qualify them for producing high-quality concrete.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Reintegration into the family and the community following traumatic brain injury. When establishing a community or family setting where individuals with traumatic brain injury can live, the setting must be sensitive to the individual's specific needs, as well as basic human needs. All individuals are in need of loving relationships, meaningful work activities, and the ability to enjoy themselves. They also want access to community events, and to be a part of a respectful environment that stimulates growth. Often, return to the family has resulted in disruption, return to work has been the exception, and relationships are forever altered. Reintegration must take place where needs can be met; where individuals are not simply cared for, but where they enjoy the same opportunities as those who are not disabled. The authors of this article each presented at The Second World Conference on Brain Injury, in Seville, Spain. In this article, they look at the impediments to reintegration and possibilities for creating a rehabilitation environment that values life and allows for reintegration into the community and a return to work and family. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "ARYLAMINE ACTIVATION FOLLOWING CHRONIC ETHANOL INGESTION BY RATS - STUDIES ON THE LIVER-S9, MICROSOMAL AND CYTOSOLIC FRACTIONS AND COMPARISON WITH AROCLOR 1254 PRETREATMENT. That enzyme fractions derived from animals chronically fed alcohol can alter the metabolism of carcinogenic xenobiotic compounds has been documented.  To further understand this relationship the mutagenicity of 3 aromatic amines was determined in the Ames test, employing activation systems derived from rats maintained on an alcohol-containing liquid diet, an isocaloric control liquid diet or Aroclor 1254-pretreated animals fed standard laboratory chow.  Depending upon protein and substrate concentrations, S9 from ethanol-fed rats was 30-50% less efficient than S9 from pair-fed rats in activating arylamines (2-aminofluorene, 2-aminoanthracene and 2-acetylaminofluorene) to mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100.  Cytosolic fractions from ethanol-fed animals always resulted in greater arylamine activation than that of controls whereas the opposite was true of the microsomal compartment in which the ethanol-treated group was consistently less active than the controls.  The cytosolic N-acetyltransferase activities with respect to 2 different substrates, isoniazid and 2-aminofluorene, were unaffected by ethanol consumption, indicating that this activity probably does not account for the different activation profiles exhibited by the ethanol and pair-fed cytosolic systems.  Both the cytosolic and microsomal compartments are required for maximal expression of the mutagenicity of each arylamine however, each compartment can activate arylamines independently of the other.Reconstituting cytosol with microsomes from ethanol- and pair-fed rats, but not Aroclor-pretreated rats, resulted in a synergistic activation of the aromatic amines and displayed an effect similar to that of S9.  Compared to Aroclor pretreatment and pair-fed controls, microsomes from ethanol-fed rats displayed the least capacity for activating any of the arylamines to mutagens.  Microsomes from Aroclor-pretreated rats accounted for at least 80% of the S9-mediated activation of each of the arylamines to mutagenic metabolites which was in marked contrast to the contribution of the microsomal fractions to the S9 activity in the ethanol- (5-20% of S9 activity) and pair-fed systems (22-30% of S9 activity).  The data indicate that 2 opposing reactions occur in S9, a cytosolic activity that augments  and a microsomal activity that attenuates the mutagenicity of arylamines.  Both activities are modified by ethanol consumption and Aroclor pretreatment.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
{"token": "EFFECTS OF ENVELOPE OVERSHOOT ON THE BUMP OF THE RED GIANT BRANCH LUMINOSITY FUNCTION. We show that a certain amount of non-local overshoot at the base of the outer convective envelop of low mass stars, while climbing along the RGB toward central He-ignition, explains the shift of about 0.4V mag required to bring the luminosity of the bump predicted in the theoretical RGB luminosity functions into agreement with the observational one.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Low and Moderate Doses of Caffeinated Coffee Improve Repeated Sprint Performance in Female Team Sport Athletes. Simple Summary The bulk of research on caffeine as an ergogenic aid has been on endurance performance, however there is evidence that caffeine can enhance short-term high-intensity performance. Caffeine may have an ergogenic impact during anaerobic exercise by facilitating central effects by antagonizing adenosine receptors, hence decreasing the detrimental effects of adenosine on neurotransmission, arousal, and pain perception. Caffeine intake also activates the central nervous system, which promotes alertness and concentration. Additionally, athletes typically consume coffee containing caffeine. To date, the bulk of study has focused on the administration of 3-9 mg/kg of anhydrous caffeine, as opposed to the readily accessible source of caffeine, coffee, and has mostly been conducted on males. Consequently, there is a dearth of study evaluating the ergogenic impact of caffeine on females, particularly when consuming alternative caffeine delivery methods, such as coffee. The current study is the first to investigate the effects of low (3 mg/kg) and moderate (6 mg/kg) doses of caffeine from coffee on repeated sprint performance in females. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low and moderate doses of caffeine ingestion via caffeinated coffee on repeated sprint test (RST) and plasma catecholamine concentration in trained female team-sport athletes. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 female team-sport athletes (VO2max: 48.7 +/- 4 mL center dot kg center dot min(-1)) completed three RST trials, separated by 4-day, 60 min post-ingestion of either 3 mg center dot kg(-1) (LCOF) or 6 mg center dot kg(-1) (MCOF) or placebo (PLA). The RST consisted of 12 x 4 s sprints on a cycle ergometer interspersed with 20 s of active recovery. Blood lactate (BLa) and glucose (GLU) and epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were collected before and 60 min after coffee ingestion, and after RST. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at the beginning of RST, and after the 6th and 12th sprints. Average peak power score during RST was significantly improved after LCOF (p = 0.016) and MCOF (p = 0.041) compared to PLA, but peak and mean power output of the individual sprints, and fatigue index were not different between trials (all p > 0.05). Epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly higher before and after RST in LCOF and MCOF compared to PLA (all p < 0.05). BLa was also higher after RST in both LCOF and MCOF compared to PLA (p = 0.005). HR, RPE, and GLU were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, low and moderate dose of caffeine ingestion can enhance the average peak power score during repeated sprints. These findings partly support low and moderate doses of caffeine supplementation via coffee as a nutritional ergogenic aid for trained female team-sport players during repeated sprint exercise.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "FINITE ELEMENT FORMULATION EFFECT IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF A CHIP FORMATION DURING MACHINING. This work aims to analyze the finite element (FE) formulation effect on three-dimensional (3D) simulation of an orthogonal cutting test. Johnson-Cook visco-plastic-damage model for the machined material and rigid with thermal behaviour for the tool are assumed. At the chip/tool contact zone, the Coulomb friction model is adopted. Also, the thermal aspects are considered by taking into account the heat flux generated by inelastic strain and contact with friction between the workpiece and the cutting tool. In order to analyse the finite element formulation effect, the workpiece is meshed with a 3D continuum elements of ABAQUS/Explicit FE library, a coupled displacement-temperature 8 nodes solid elements, either with full integration (C3D8T) or with reduced integration and hourglass control (C3D8RT). The performed analysis shows a direct influence of the FE formulation, especially the hourglass control treatment on the obtained results. Chip curvature, cutting forces, normal and shear friction stresses and temperature distribution in the workpiece and tool are clearly depending on the FE type. So, it is important carefully conduct the FE analysis of cutting processes, in order to obtain accurate results.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Interleukin-15 promotes angiogenesis in vivo. IL-15, a cytokine with biological functions on cells of lymphoid lineage similar to those of IL-2, mediates its activities through the beta and gamma chains of the IL-2/15R and its own alpha chain. Unlike IL-2, IL-15 also binds to endothelial cells with high affinity. We report here that IL-15 is a stimulator of angiogenesis in vivo. When injected subcutaneously into nude mice, IL-15 consistently induced neovascularization of Matrigel plugs. Endothelial cells were found to express the lL-15R alpha chain and the IL-2/15R beta and common gamma chains. IL-15 induced the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in endothelial cells, but did not stimulate endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. These findings document a previously unrecognized biological property of IL-15 and emphasize the role of IL-15 as an important mediator outside the immune system. (C) 1997 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Attainable error exponents for the Poisson broadcast channel with degraded message sets. The Poisson broadcast channel with degraded message sets models a bandwidth unlimited optical broadcast network over which a sender communicates a common message to a pair of terminals and a private message to just one of them. The capacity region for this communication model is determined by the Korner-Marton result, which in the Poisson regime is shown to coincide with the capacity region of the degraded broadcast channel. We present explicit code construction and practical decoding rules which attain the corresponding capacity region, while attempting to maximize the attainable error exponents at the two distinct terminals. This is accomplished by computing the error exponents attainable by the suggested decoding rules, using the technique developed by Wyner and further extended by Bross and Shamai.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Mapping and contesting peer selection in digitalized public sector benchmarking. This paper investigates the influence of digitalization on different modes of peer selection in public sector benchmarking. We do so in the context of a field study of the impact of \\\\'Kolada\\\\'-a digital database and benchmarking device comparing the performance of Swedish municipalities. We find that the municipal quality controllers often used algorithmically selected peer groups to identify \\\\'pure\\\\' performance gaps for a range of performance indicators. Politicians, departmental managers, and the citizenry, however, continued to prefer benchmarking against neighboring municipalities. Drawing on Gieryn's concept of cultural cartography, differences in peer selection are characterized as a form of credibility contest between digitally generated and local maps. Our paper contributes to the literature in three main ways. First, we demonstrate how peer selection involves a mutual interplay between new digitally generated, abstract maps of performance and local cartographic legacies sustained by complex social attachments. Second, our paper illustrates the importance of often overlooked social ties informing processes of peer selection, highlighting the importance of professional ties, neighborly familiarity, and affective relations. Third, our paper characterizes the power of \\\\'native truths.\\\\' More generally, our paper indicates the epistemic authority of digital \\\\'truths\\\\' is contestable and may be resisted. Ultimately, the coexistence of \\\\'old\\\\' and new epistemic maps confers choice, which contributes to the legitimacy of new technologies enabling digitalized benchmarking to persist in shifting and locally meaningful ways.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Complete Avulsion of the Hoof Capsule and Subsequent Testicular Degeneration in a Criollo Stallion. Background: Complete avulsion of the hoof in horses, also known as exungulation, is not a commonly reported injury and usually leads to euthanasia due to the great amount of tissue loss, intense pain, secondary complications, expensive and lengthy treatment. It can involve deep structures and cause different complications leading to chronic lameness. In stallions affected by such injury, the reproductive tract and performance may also be affected. The aim of this study was to report a case of complete avulsion of the right front hoof in a Criollo stallion and subsequent bilateral testicular degeneration.Case: A 10-year-old Criollo stallion was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV- UFPel) with a complete avulsion of the left front hoof. At admission, the stallion had clinical parameters compatible with intense pain and blood loss. Evaluation of the wound demonstrated that the distal end of the third phalanx (P3) was exposed but no fracture was detected on radiological evaluation. No other structure was apparently affected. Initially, anti-inflammatory (phenylbutazone) and opioid (morphine) was given for pain control and supportive fluid therapy was started to restore hydration. Antibiotic (Sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim) was administered for 10 days. Continued therapy with phenylbutazone, pentoxifylline, omeprazole and supplementation with methionine, biotin and zinc was also given. Local treatment was carried out by cleaning the wound, applying an antimicrobial ointment and dressing it with a bandage. Wound management was adapted according to the evolution and healing process. The stallion was kept in stall rest during its hospitalization time. In the second month after the injury, accumulation of liquid in the scrotum was observed. Clinical and ultrasound evaluation lead to a presumptive diagnosis of testicular degeneration. The stallion was discharged after three months when the wound was almost healed and the hoof had started to grow. Six month later, a follow up by the referring vet showed that the hoof was almost completely grown and the x-ray assessment demonstrated a dorsal rotation and resorption of the distal end of the third phalanx.Discussion: The stallion of this report had a complete avulsion of the hoof capsule caused by trauma. Conservative treatment was established including wound cleaning and dressing to avoid contamination, control of pain and inflammation, antimicrobial care and supplementation to support hoof growth. Time period for wound healing and hoof growth was in agreement with other cases described previously. Bone sequestrum of the distal end of the third phalanx, and detachment of a fragment were observed in this case, followed by bone resorption. The stallion was closely monitored to prevent laminitis in the contralateral limb and no alterations were detected during the treatment period. Testicular degeneration was observed, probably caused as a consequence of hoof avulsion and due to a long period of stall rest. Degenerative alterations in testicles interfere with thermoregulation and spermatogenesis, affecting semen quality and reproductive performance. Rotation of the third phalanx was also observed six months later caused by the hoof loss. In conclusion, the patient of this report had a complete regrowth of the hoof capsule although a long intensive treatment was necessary to achieve this result. As a consequence, testicles degeneration may happen impairing its function as a stallion.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Distinct migratory and non-migratory ecotypes of an endemic New Zealand eleotrid (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) - implications for incipient speciation in island freshwater fish species. Conclusion: This study provides a holistic look at the role of diadromy in incipient speciation of island freshwater fish species. All four analytical approaches (otolith microchemistry, morphology, spawning timing, population genetics) yield congruent results, and provide clear and independent evidence for the existence of distinct migratory and non-migratory ecotypes within a river in a geographically confined range. The morphological changes within the non-migratory populations parallel interspecific patterns observed in all non-migratory New Zealand endemic Gobiomorphus species and other derived gobiid taxa, a pattern suggesting parallel evolution. This study indicates, for the first time, that distinct ecotypes of island freshwater fish species may be formed as a consequence of loss of migration and subsequent diversification. Therefore, if reproductive isolation persists, these processes may provide a mechanism to facilitate speciation.Background: Many postglacial lakes contain fish species with distinct ecomorphs. Similar evolutionary scenarios might be acting on evolutionarily young fish communities in lakes of remote islands. One process that drives diversification in island freshwater fish species is the colonization of depauperate freshwater environments by diadromous (migratory) taxa, which secondarily lose their migratory behaviour. The loss of migration limits dispersal and gene flow between distant populations, and, therefore, is expected to facilitate local morphological and genetic differentiation. To date, most studies have focused on interspecific relationships among migratory species and their non-migratory sister taxa. We hypothesize that the loss of migration facilitates intraspecific morphological, behavioural, and genetic differentiation between migratory and non-migratory populations of facultatively diadromous taxa, and, hence, incipient speciation of island freshwater fish species.Results: Microchemical analyses of otolith isotopes (Sr-88, Ba-137 and Ca-43) differentiated migratory and non-migratory stocks of the New Zealand endemic Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall (Eleotridae). Samples were taken from two rivers, one lake and two geographically-separated outgroup locations. Meristic analyses of oculoscapular lateral line canals documented a gradual reduction of these structures in the non-migratory populations. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprints revealed considerable genetic isolation between migratory and non-migratory populations. Temporal differences in reproductive timing (migratory = winter spawners, non-migratory = summer spawners; as inferred from gonadosomatic indices) provide a prezygotic reproductive isolation mechanism between the two ecotypes.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "MicroGrid Operation and Design Optimization with Synthetic Wind and Solar Resources. Microgrids have been significantly developed, enhanced by concerns about climate change and energy security, their decreasing costs and the development of renewable energy sources. However, an important concern is the limited information available to estimate these renewable resources. We develop an optimization model with cost and reliability objective functions for the design and operation of micro-networks using a nested strategy and limited resource information. Design optimization utilizes Genetic Algorithms and 2 objective functions: Expected Energy Not Supplied EENS and Levelized Cost of Energy. In addition, Green House Gas (GHG) emissions are estimated. Operational optimization utilizes Generating Sets Search Algorithm. We include models for wind turbines, solar panels, fuel cells, diesel generators, gas turbines, and battery banks. We address the limited data available for these applications by synthesizing series of wind and solar radiation with basic statistical parameters. Pareto-Optimal trade-off curves between cost and reliability are presented here for an example network.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Persia in the Stories of Agatha: construction of otherness and internal polemics. In books II and IV of Agathias' Histories we find two long digressions on Persian costumes and history, which can be considered as two intimately related parts of a unique logos persikos. In this contribution I show how Agathias connects cultural change to Persian history, creating a stark opposition between an 'Ancient Persia' and the Sasanian State, whose religious costumes (i.e. Zoroastrianism) were alien not only to the Greek-Roman world, but even to the Persian cultural tradition itself. I demonstrate that also the representation of the Sasanian kings contributes to emphasize Persian otherness in the sense of worseness. I link such a cultural construction to Agathias' criticism of pro-Persian feelings which could be found in VI century dissident neo-platonic circles. In this respect, I propose to consider the unusual dating of Zoroaster, as well as the Platonic filter through which Agathias criticizes the alleged philosophical knowledge of Khosrau, as evidences of the author's willingness to deny any relation between Platonism and Zoroastrianism. I will finally argue that the definition of Zoroastrianism and Sasanian Persia as originated by 'mixture' and 'change' reveals an opposite conception of a 'Greek-Roman identity' as based on the idea of continuity with the past.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Working towards development of a sustainable brucellosis control programme, the Azerbaijan example. Brucellosis caused by Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis is endemic in the Republic of Azerbaijan but a complex mix of fiscal, political and technical constraints has impeded regulatory authority decision making for adoption of a sustainable national control programme. This paper reports a series of epidemiologic studies of the disease in animals and humans which we conducted between 2009 and 2020. A preliminary study and a subsequent larger study using vaccination of all nonpregnant female sheep and goats of breeding age and all females between 3 and 8 months with conjunctival Rev1 vaccine both recorded significant reduction in small ruminant seroprevalences. A case control study of winter pasture flocks found many case and control farmers used raw milk to make dairy products for sale, ate fresh cheese and sold dairy products in unregulated markets. Almost all farmers expressed willingness to pay a portion of the costs associated with elimination of brucellosis from their flocks. A pilot human study in 2009 led to a large study in 2017 which recorded an overall seroprevalence of 8.1% in humans. Persons in farm related occupations were at greater risk than urban persons and males were more likely to be seropositive than females. Risk factors included keeping small ruminants, using raw milk cheese and slaughtering animals whereas having heard education information about brucellosis and vaccinating against brucellosis were protective.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Lubricated sliding dynamics: Flow factors and Stribeck curve. We study the fluid flow at the interface between elastic solids with randomly rough surfaces. We derive (approximate) analytical expressions for the fluid flow factors which enter in the equation describing the fluid flow, and for the frictional shear stress factors which enter in the equation for the frictional shear stress. Numerical results for a rubber cylinder with surface roughness sliding on a flat lubricated substrate, under \\\\'low\\\\' and \\\\'high\\\\' pressure conditions, are presented and discussed. Finally we discuss the role of the fluid-induced elastic deformations of the surface roughness profile.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Compliant effect of low-temperature Si buffer for SiGe growth. Relaxed SiGe attracted much interest due to the applications for strained Si/SiGe high electron mobility transistor, metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, heterojunction bipolar transistor, and other devices. High-quality relaxed SiGe templates, especially those with a low threading dislocation density and smooth surface, are critical for device performance. In this work, SiGe films on low-temperature Si buffer layers were grown by solid-source molecular-beam epitaxy and characterized by atomic force microscope, double-axis x-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that, with the proper growth temperature and Si buffer thickness, the low-temperature Si buffer became tensily strained and reduced the lattice mismatch between the SiGe and the Si buffer layer. This performance is similar to that of the compliant substrate: a thin substrate that shares the mismatch strain in heteroepitaxy. Due to the smaller mismatch, misfit dislocation and threading dislocation densities were lower. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Robust Stereo Visual Inertial Navigation System Based on Multi-Stage Outlier Removal in Dynamic Environments. Robotic mapping and odometry are the primary competencies of a navigation system for an autonomous mobile robot. However, the state estimation of the robot typically mixes with a drift over time, and its accuracy is degraded critically when using only proprioceptive sensors in indoor environments. Besides, the accuracy of an ego-motion estimated state is severely diminished in dynamic environments because of the influences of both the dynamic objects and light reflection. To this end, the multi-sensor fusion technique is employed to bound the navigation error by adopting the complementary nature of the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and the bearing information of the camera. In this paper, we propose a robust tightly-coupled Visual-Inertial Navigation System (VINS) based on multi-stage outlier removal using the Multi-State Constraint Kalman Filter (MSCKF) framework. First, an efficient and lightweight VINS algorithm is developed for the robust state estimation of a mobile robot by practicing a stereo camera and an IMU towards dynamic indoor environments. Furthermore, we propose strategies to deal with the impacts of dynamic objects by using multi-stage outlier removal based on the feedback information of estimated states. The proposed VINS is implemented and validated through public datasets. In addition, we develop a sensor system and evaluate the VINS algorithm in the dynamic indoor environment with different scenarios. The experimental results show better performance in terms of robustness and accuracy with low computation complexity as compared to state-of-the-art approaches.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 14, 15]}
{"token": "ETHOXYRESORUFIN-O-DEETHYLASE (EROD) ACTIVITY IN FLATFISH - FAST DETERMINATION WITH A FLUORESCENCE PLATE-READER. The comparison of a new and faster method for measuring the EROD-activity using a plate-reader with the conventional method showed an almost equal sensitivity and precision between the two methods.Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) is one of the model reactions of the cytochrome P-450IA1 mediated monooxygenase (MO) system. It is often used to detect the effects of increased concentrations of planar aromatic microcontaminants.Characteristic in the use of the plate-reader method is that the protein concentration of the (diluted) sample has to be in the range of 0.9-3 mg ml-1. In this range the EROD-kinetics are linear for at least 8 min. The compactness and rigidity of the equipment and the speed of analysis makes the plate-reader method very suitable for research on board of a research vessel.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 22, 45, 52]}
{"token": "A set of glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored membrane proteins of Plasmodium falciparum is refractory to genetic deletion. Targeted gene disruption has proved to be a powerful approach for studying the function of important ligands involved in erythrocyte invasion by the extracellular merozoite form of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Merozoite invasion proceeds via a number of seemingly independent alternate pathways, such that entry can proceed with parasites lacking particular ligand-receptor interactions. To date, most focus in this regard has been on single-pass (type 1) membrane proteins that reside in the secretory organelles. Another class of merozoite proteins likely to include ligands for erythrocyte receptors are the glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored membrane proteins that coat the parasite surface and/or reside in the apical organelles. Several of these are prominent vaccine candidates, although their functions remain unknown. Here, we systematically attempted to disrupt the genes encoding seven of the known GPI-anchored merozoite proteins of P. falciparum by using a double-crossover gene-targeting approach. Surprisingly, and in apparent contrast to other merozoite antigen classes, most of the genes (six of seven) encoding GPI-anchored merozoite proteins are refractory to genetic deletion, with the exception being the gene encoding merozoite surface protein 5 (MSP-5). No distinguishable growth rate or invasion pathway phenotype was detected for the msp-5 knockout line, although its presence as a surface-localized protein was confirmed.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Canalized pathways of change and constraints in the evolution of reproductive modes of microarthropods. This study investigates how the course of evolutionary change of an organismal pattern is canalized by organismal properties. As an example we use the mechanisms of indirect sperm transfer of some microarthropod groups. Miniaturized droplet spermatophores, characterized by a rather similar pattern of structural and functional components, are shown to have evolved independently in the Acari-Actinotrichida and the Pseudoscorpiones within the Arachnida and in the Entognatha (Collembola and Diplura-Campodeoidea), Symphyla, Pauropoda and Pselaphognatha within the Antennata. At least in the phylogenetic lineages leading to the various antennatan groups, evolution of miniaturized spermatophores took place in a similar sequence of transformation steps. It is likely that - originally - large sac spermatophores with a rigid sheath were deposited on the ground. The subsequent sequence of evolution involved carrying structures, a viscous sheath of the spermataphore-droplets, a stable water balance of the spermatophore under habitat conditions and miniaturized spermatophore droplets with immobilized sperm cells. Finally, mate dissociation became a common mode of behaviour in all groups mentioned. Each of the transformation steps was not only an adaptation to a particular selective condition, but additionally a precondition for further adaptive innovation. In this way the sequence of evolutionary change was rigidly determined. Moreover, integration of subsequently evolved components of the spermatophores into a complex network of interacting components obviously caused constraints of interaction, which in turn have caused a remarkable evolutionary stability of the character patterns. Using water mites as an example, it is shown how in a changed environment few behavioural changes have initiated an evolutionary sequence which has finally led convergently in several lineages to semi-direct or direct sperm transfer and to a massive repatterning of the original reproduction pattern. Exp Appl Acarol 23: 181-216 (C) 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Addressing a Knowledge Gap in Spilogale Disease Ecology: Skunk Cranial Worm, Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum, in Spilogale putorius interrupta. Spilogale putorius interrupta (Plains Spotted Skunk) has been documented to host a variety of macroparasites, but the impacts of these infections are largely unknown. We emphasize the importance of incorporating disease-ecology components into ongoing field-research studies by revisiting previously collected data on infection by the metastrongylid nematode Skrjabingylus chitwoodorum (Skunk Cranial Worm) in an Arkansas population of Plains Spotted Skunks that was monitored as part of a large-scale field study. Our reevaluation of the infection data suggests estimates of prevalence based on fecal flotations may underestimate true prevalence and that positive infection status may be correlated with smaller home-range size in female Plains Spotted Skunks. We encourage further research to better understand effects of this and other parasites on Spotted Skunk population vital rates and distribution.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Building 'in-common' Situations through Inoperative Technologies. The following text is an approach to the possibilities offered by the development of technology in the field of communication for the construction of communities of interaction among equals. With the help of the french philosopher Alain Badiou's philosophical theory on the \\\\'inoperative community\\\\' we intend to show that a situation of communication among equals requires the anonymity of its members, its infinite openness and its ubiquity. taking these premises as a starting point we shall analyse (USA)/analyse (UK) the so- called mobile networks of communication be-tween peers or P2P (MaNEt). our aim is to propose the anonymous, open and ubiquitous infrastructure underlying these communication networks as a necessary operator for the construction of communicative situations based on egalitarian premises.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Influence of Wine Education on Wine Hedonic and Confidence Ratings by Millennial Wine Consumers of Different Ethnicities. Consumer wine preferences are not well understood. Anecdotally it is believed that preferences evolve over time, from sweet whites to full-bodied reds, as consumers become more experienced and familiar with wine. However, little is known about the change in wine preference or confidence with education and training. This research explored changes in consumers' hedonic and confidence ratings for five commercial British Columbian (BC) wines (Ehrenfelser, Chardonnay, rose, Pinot noir, Cabernet-Merlot) over a 12-week education/training period. Consumers (n = 133) completed a wine survey and evaluated the wines during the first and twelfth week of a university wine course, consisting of wine education and sensory training. Consumers provided hedonic (degree-of-liking) and confidence (degree-of-sureness) ratings for the visual, aroma and flavor characteristics of the wines, on 9-point and 5-point scales, respectively, before and after the 12-week wine course. Consumers were classified by gender (female, male), age and ethnicity. Kruskal Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Friedman, Wilcoxon Signed Rank and Chi-square tests and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to explore the effects of education/training on hedonic and confidence ratings. In general, consumers' hedonic (visual, aroma, flavor) ratings increased significantly with education/training for the white and rose wines (Ehrenfelser, Chardonnay, rose) over the 12-week period. In contrast, consumer confidence increased substantially for all wine types. Surveys revealed, for the three largest subgroups of consumers (North American (NA), n = 38; European (EU), n = 31; Asian, n = 54), that NA and EU consumers had significantly higher frequency-of-purchase, frequency-of-purchase of Canadian wine, frequency-of-consumption and self-rated wine knowledge than Asian consumers. However, Asian consumers were willing to pay more for a bottle of wine compared to NA and EU consumers. This research provided insight into the millennial consumers and explored the nature and magnitude of changes in hedonic and confidence ratings with wine education/training.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS AND ANTIBODY-TITERS OF SEVERELY BURNED PATIENTS FOLLOWING PROPHYLACTIC INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN REPLACEMENT WITH A PSEUDOMONAS IMMUNOGLOBULIN. In a randomized clinical trial 30 patients with burn injury received supportive therapy with a Pseudomonas hyperimmunoglobulin (Psomaglobin N). The control group received no additional therapy. The patients of both groups were between 15 and 60 years of age and had a full-thickness burn of 30-70% of the body surface area with inhalational trauma being optional. The whole trauma was classified and scored with the 'Abbreviated Burn Severity Index' (which allows another extra score point for inhalational trauma). Both groups underwent the same intensive care unit treatment with preference to early wound excision and wound grafting following functional aspects of reconstructive surgery. Bacteriological monitoring was performed on suspicion of wound infection and bacteremia by taking wound swabs and blood cultures. The supportive treatment group received a total of 250 mg/kg hyperimmunoglobulin on days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 13. Of 30 patients in the control group 16 had an additional inhalation trauma, and 8 of those (50%) died (only 1 of 14 patients without inhalation trauma died). In the group receiving supportive treatment, 23 out of 30 patients had an inhalation trauma, and 8 of those (35%) died (1 of 7 patients without inhalation trauma). In both groups with inhalation injury, the patients were at risk of developing bacteremia: 13 of 23 of the immunoglobulin-treated patients and 12 of 16 patients of the control group. Bacteremic controls died at a lower score than bacteremic immunoglobulin-treated patients (8.6 vs. 10.3 points). In the patients with inhalation injury the IgG levels increased continuously in both treatment groups. In the patients with bacteremia, the IgG levels took a similar course. Regarding the levels of antibodies against the Fisher immunotype 1, the patients receiving immunoglobulin showed higher concentrations until the 10th day. On days 13 and 16 the levels were higher in the control group. In both groups, the patients who died seemed to have lower levels of type 1 antibody on days 10 and 13. In the patients with bacteremia no differences were seen among both groups during the first week, regardless of survival. For days 10 and 13 an obvious steep rise in type 1 antibody occurred in patients who finally survived. This rise was missing in patients who died. The levels of Fisher type 4 antibody at all points of time were higher in the immunoglobulin-treated than in the control group. Conclusions: After burn injury, mortality seems to be mainly associated with the severity of trauma in both groups. A higher probability of survival in the high-risk groups with inhalation injury and bacteremia might be the benefit of Psomaglobin substitution. Lower levels of IgG and type 1 antibodies might hint at the fact that those patients have a greater risk of dying.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Membrane Binding of the N-Terminal Ubiquitin-Like Domain of kindlin-2 Is Crucial for Its Regulation of Integrin Activation. Kindlin-2 belongs to an emerging class of regulators for heterodimeric (alpha/beta) integrin adhesion receptors. By binding to integrin beta cytoplasmic tail via its C-terminal FERM-like domain, kindlin-2 promotes integrin activation. Intriguingly, this activation process depends on the N terminus of kindlin-2 (K2-N) that precedes the FERM domain. The molecular function of K2-N is unclear. We present the solution structure of K2-N, which displays a ubiquitin fold similar to that observed in kindlin-1. Using chemical shift mapping and mutagenesis, we found that K2-N contains a conserved positively charged surface that binds to membrane enriched with negatively charged phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate. We show that while wild-type kindlin-2 is capable of promoting integrin activation, such ability is significantly reduced for its membrane-binding defective mutant. These data suggest a membrane-binding function of the ubiquitin-like domain of kindlin-2, which is likely common for all kindlins to promote their localization to the plasma membrane and control integrin activation.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Use of Composite Acellular Dermal Matrix-Ultrathin Split-Thickness Skin in Hand Hot-Crush Injuries: A One-Step Grafting Procedure. Background. Hot-crush injuries to the hands can be devastating, and early debridement and coverage with skin autograft remains the golden standard of wound treatment. However, this type of treatment is not feasible or unlikely to succeed due to limited donor sites and wound characteristics of hot-crush injuries on hands. Thus, the composite grafting of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and split-thickness skin graft (STSG) as a novel alternative method has been attempted. In this series, the results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the use of one-stage procedure for early reconstruction in hand hot-crush injuries. Methods. All consecutive patients with hand hot-crush injuries, who underwent one-stage procedure of ADM and ultrathin STSG for soft tissue coverage at our institution from December 2018 to November 2019, were retrospectively analyzed. Wound dressings were opened on 7 days after operation to examine graft survival and complications. Patients were followed up for at least 9 months to evaluate their hand profiles. Results. Samples of 14 patients with a total of 23 wounds were involved in the study. Thirteen of the 23 third-fourth-degree wounds had varying degrees of tendon exposure. On 7 days postoperation, the composite grafts survived in 12 patients with minimal focal graft losses and liquefaction and necrosis in 2 patients, which achieved successful healing following new coverage of ultrathin STSG. All the wounds healed with hospital stays ranging from 9 days to 32 days (median: 24.5 days). At the final follow-up (from 9 months to 20 months), all patients achieved excellent or good total active motion grade and good scar quality (Vancouver scar scale scored 1-3) with no revision surgery. Conclusions. One-stage composite grafting of ADM and ultrathin STSG is a reliable alternative for early reconstruction in hand hot-crush injuries, which delivers good functional outcomes and a good cosmetic appearance.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
{"token": "Development and Validation of the Self-Care for Aspiration Pneumonia Prevention Scale in the Community Dwelling Elderly with Risk of Dysphasia. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a Korean version of the Self-Care for Aspiration Pneumonia Prevention (SCAPP-K) scale in older adults at risk of dysphasia. Methods: The Hertz and Baas model of scale development and validation was used. In the development stage, items were generated via literature review and interviews with medical experts, older adults, and caregivers. Ten experts assessed the items for content validity. Subsequently, 12 older adults participated in a pilot test to determine the comprehensibility and appropriateness of the SCAPP-K scale. The validation stage involved a cross-sectional survey with 203 older adults for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and 200 older adults for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and to determine convergent and discriminant validity. To test the validity and reliability of the scale, EFA using principal component analysis with varimax rotation and CFA were conducted, and convergent and discriminant validity as well as internal consistency reliability were determined. Results: As a result of EFA, three self-care factors (knowledge, resources, behaviors) with 21 items were validated. The CFA and convergent and discriminant validity indicated the applicability of the three-factor self-care scale. The reliability of the SCAPP-K scale was acceptable, with Cronbach's alpha=.87 similar to.91. Conclusion: The SCAPP-K scale has acceptable validity and reliability and can contribute to clinical practice, research, and education to improve self-care for the prevention of aspiration pneumonia in older adults at risk of dysphasia.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "The termination of international sanctions: explaining target compliance and sender capitulation. With the proliferation of sanctions after the end of the Cold War, the termination of these punitive measures has become a ubiquitous phenomenon in international politics. Yet, re-search has hitherto almost exclusively focused on sanctions' implementation and effectiveness, whereas their termination has received little attention. In this paper, we draw on studies analyzing the varying duration of sanctions to examine under which conditions they end. In contrast to prior research that has mostly treated the end of sanctions as a single category, our analysis disaggregates sanctions termination by target compliance and sender capitulation. We run a competing risks model using novel dyadic sanctions data and show that the determinants of both outcomes significantly diverge. While poor economic health and high political volatility in the target country make it significantly more likely to comply, political alignment between the sender and target and leadership changes in the sender country lead to a higher probability of sender capitulation. (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Implicit Associations of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury with Relief in Posttraumatic Stress and Depressive Disorders. Results: Findings indicated that individuals with lifetime PTSD evidenced stronger NSSI-relief associations than those without PTSD. Further, this main effect was qualified by a PTSD by depressive disorder interaction, such that stronger NSSI-relief associations were found among individuals with lifetime PTSD but no lifetime depressive disorder than among individuals without a history of either PTSD or a depressive disorder.Method: A subset of participants from our previous study (N = 109) completed diagnostic interviews and the laboratory-based DSH-Relief Implicit Association Test (IAT).Conclusions: Results highlight the importance of investigating NSSI motives associated with different symptom profiles using a multi-method approach.Objective: Although once considered a defining feature of borderline personality disorder, research has found high rates of NSSI among individuals with other psychiatric disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive disorders. A recent study from our research team found that lifetime PTSD and depressive disorders were associated with unique self-reported NSSI motives. Given well-established limitations of assessing motives via self-report measures, the present study sought to extend this line of research by using a novel laboratory measure of the implicit NSSI-relief association to examine NSSI emotional relief motives.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "The Apocalyptic Hijab: Emirati Mediations of Pious Fashion and Conflict Talk. This article examines Emirati public discourse on, and imagination of, gendered pious fashion and conflict talk as animated in the sitcom Shaabiat Al-Cartoon (SAC) and other connected cultural expressions. Through a multimodal analysis, it contributes to discussions of the politics of piety by analyzing the strategic illustration of the UAE's female fashion sense and use of the linguistic features that move verbal dueling to verbal attack. In this prefabricated orality, the article outlines linguistic forms in mediating gendered conflict talk and animating pious fashion. The paper further argues that a multimodal social semiotic performance that is based on language and apparel can produce powerful effects on the co-production of gendered identities. Additionally, it demonstrates through this analysis how the producers of an episode of SAC, through the use of semiotic cues, attempt to reflect and shape Emirati sociocultural values and idioms on pious gendered clothing and perceptions of religiosity and modernity.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The effect of aggressive chemotherapy in a model for HIV/AIDS-cancer dynamics. Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are more vulnerable to develop various types of cancer, in particular, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma and vulvar cancer. Moreover, cancers progression tend to be more aggressive in HIV-positive individuals than in HIV-negative ones. In this work, we develop an impulsive mathematical model to describe the dynamics of cancer growth and HIV infection, when chemotherapy and treatment for HIV, namely, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are included. Chemotherapy is applied using periodic impulsive perturbations, which simulate drugs instantaneous application, when chemotherapy takes place. We use path-following (continuation) methods, for hybrid dynamical systems, to analyze the upshot of the chemotherapy on the HIV viral load and in cancer cells' growth. The control parameters are set to be: (i) the frequency of chemotherapy applications and (ii) the amount of drug applied per injection. Our findings disclose that HIV control is impacted by the existence of a codimension-one bifurcation of limit cycles, corresponding to a branching point. Clinical inferences are drawn from these results. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Rat cytomegalovirus gene expression in cardiac allograft recipients is tissue specific and does not parallel the profiles detected in vitro. Rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) is a beta-herpesvirus with a 230-kbp genome containing over 167 open reading frames (ORFs). RCMV gene expression is tightly regulated in cultured cells, occurring in three distinct kinetic classes (immediate early, early, and late). However, the extent of viral-gene expression in vivo and its relationship to the in vitro expression are unknown. In this study, we used RCW-specific DNA microarrays to investigate the viral transcriptional profiles in cultured, RCMV-infected endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and aortic smooth muscle cells and to compare these profiles to those found in tissues from RCMV-infected rat heart transplant recipients. In cultured cells, RCMV expresses approximately 95% of the known viral ORFs with few differences between cell types. By contrast, in vivo viral-gene expression in tissues from rat heart allograft recipients is highly restricted. In the tissues studied, a total of 80 viral genes expressing levels twice above background (5,000 to 10,000 copies per mu g total RNA) were detected. In each tissue type, there were a number of genes expressed exclusively in that tissue. Although viral mRNA and genomic DNA levels were lower in the spleen than in submandibular glands, the number of individual viral genes expressed was higher in the spleen (60 versus 41). This finding suggests that the number of viral genes expressed is specific to a given tissue and is not dependent upon the viral load or viral mRNA levels. Our results demonstrate that the profiles, as well as the amplitude, of viral-gene expression are tissue specific and are dramatically different from those in infected cultured cells, indicating that RCMV gene expression in vitro does not reflect viral-gene expression in vivo.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Haematological parameters of HIV-1-uninfected infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers. Aim: To investigate haematological parameters in infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers and exposed to combination antiretroviral therapy ( ART) used to prevent mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Methods: A 2-y single-centre follow-up study performed in 109 infants born to HIV-1-positive mothers. Exclusion criteria for the infants were HIV-1 infection, perinatal death, or insufficient information. Haematological parameters of the remainder of 92 infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers and exposed to ART in utero and neonatally were compared with 75 matched non-ART-exposed children. Results: Transmission rate of HIV-1 was 1.8% and occurred when the mother was not compliant with the treatment. In the HIV-1/ART-exposed children there was a long-lasting reduction in absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) until at least 8 mo of age. According to PACTG toxicity scores, 16 infants were suffering from grade II or more (moderate-to-severe) toxicity of ART on ANC. In a multivariable analysis of maternal and neonatal risk factors, pregnancy duration was correlated with moderate-to-severe toxicity on ANC. There were no clinical implications detected, e. g. increased infections or antibiotic treatment.Conclusion: ART is successful in preventing MTCT, but alterations in haematological parameters may persist for a long period. The clinical implications remain uncertain. This suggestion increases the importance to continue prospective follow-up on the haematological parameters in ART/HIV-exposed children.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Efficient and sensitive method for quantitative analysis of alkaloids in hardinggrass (Phalaris aquatica L.). An efficient high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the analysis of alkaloids in harding grass ( Phalaris aquatica L.) was developed. The method employed HPTLC glass plates precoated with silica gel 60F-254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of ethyl acetate/chloroform/7 N NH4OH in methanol ( 8: 2: 1, v/v/v). Using unidimensional double-development, bands were well separated for 10 alkaloid standards as well as alkaloids observed in hardinggrass plant extracts. Identities of compounds observed using HPTLC were validated by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Software was used to quantify individual alkaloids in plant samples based on HPTLC retention factors and intensities relative to standards of known concentration. Correlation coefficients of 0.99 were obtained between estimated and actual concentrations for four standards ( methyltyramine, hordenine, gramine, and 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine), with linearity in the range of 120-3840 ng/spot. The HPTLC method is repeatable and specific for beta-carboline, tryptamine, gramine, and tyramine type alkaloids in mixed standard and plant extracts. Initial results indicate substantial variation in alkaloid composition among and within hardinggrass populations.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Prosthetic joint infection caused by Trueperella bernardiae. Trueperella bernardiae is a Gram-positive coryneform bacilli which role as human pathogen is unknown because it has been usually considered a contaminant. Furthermore its identification by biochemical test was difficult. We describe a prosthetic joint infection in a women who years ago underwent a total knee replacement with superinfection and necrosis of the patellar tendon as major complications. In the sample of synovial fluid collected grew a gram-positive bacilli which was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) as T bernardiae. The patient was treated with ciprofloxacin and currently preserves the prosthesis without signs of infection. (C) 2016 Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Pulmonary function following allogeneic stem cell transplantation in childhood: A retrospective cohort study of 51 patients. HSCT is associated with a high risk of late morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, time frame, risk factors, and possible etiology of pulmonary dysfunction following allogeneic HSCT in childhood. We evaluated the pulmonary function of 51 HSCT patients (>6 yr), by including FVC and FEV1 values prior to (baseline) and annually up to five yr after HSCT. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the risk factors for a pulmonary event. Over half (59%) of the patients developed pulmonary dysfunction, mainly consisting of restrictive abnormalities. Acute GvHD (HR 4.31, 95% CI 1.47-12.63), chronic GvHD (HR 10.20, 95% CI 2.42-43.03), and an abnormal baseline pulmonary function (HR 4.82, 95% CI 1.02-22.84) were associated with post-transplant dysfunction. FEV1 (p < 0.001) and FVC (p < 0.001) declined significantly by 12 months after HSCT and both remained below the pre-HSCT level at up to four yr post-transplantation. HSCT in childhood is associated with early and persistent restrictive impairment of pulmonary function. Patients with extensive chronic GvHD are particularly vulnerable to severe pulmonary dysfunction. Scheduled pulmonary function testing is warranted as part of the follow-up of survivors of HSCT in childhood.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Alcohol-attributable mortality and potential years of life lost in Canada 2001: implications for prevention and policy. For Canada in 2001, 4010 of all deaths in the group below 70 years of age were attributable to alcohol, 3132 in men and 877 in women. This constituted 6.0% of all deaths in Canada in this age group, 7.6% for men, and 3.5% for women. The 4010 deaths are a net figure, already taking into account the deaths prevented by moderate consumption of alcohol. Main causes of alcohol-attributable death were unintentional injuries, malignant neoplasms and digestive diseases. Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was the biggest cause of death prevented by alcohol, with 78.7% of all alcohol-attributable prevented deaths in the age groups of 70 years and above. A total of 144 143 years of life were lost prematurely in Canada in that year, 113 079 years in men and 31 063 years in women.Alcohol is one of the most important risk factors for burden of disease.To estimate the number of deaths and the years of life lost attributable to alcohol for Canada 2001 using different ways to measure alcohol exposure.Regardless of the assumptions made, alcohol is a major contributor to mortality in Canada. The impact of alcohol on social life is not confined to mortality, as other studies indicated that alcohol is linked even more strongly to disability and social harm. Alcohol-attributable harm could be substantially reduced, however, if known effective policies were introduced.Distribution of exposure was taken from a major national survey of Canada, the Canadian Addiction Survey, and corrected for per capita consumption from production and sales. For chronic disease, risk relations were taken from the published literature and combined with exposure to calculate age- and sex-specific alcohol-attributable fractions (AAFs). For injury, AAFs were taken directly from available statistics. Information on mortality, with cause of death coded according to the International Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD-10) was obtained from Statistics Canada.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Odd degree polynomials on real Banach spaces. A classical result of Birch claims that for given k, n integers, n-odd there exists some N = N(k, n) such that for an arbitrary n-homogeneous polynomial P on IRN there exists a linear subspace Y hooked right arrow IRN of dimension at least k, where the restriction of P is identically zero (we say that Y is a null space for P). Given n > 1 odd, and arbitrary real separable Banach space X (or more generally a space with w*-separable dual X*), we construct an n-homogeneous polynomial P with the property that for every point 0 not equal x is an element of X there exists some k is an element of IN such that every null space containing x ha's dimension at most k. In particular, P has no infinite dimensional null space. For a given n odd and a cardinal tau, we obtain a cardinal N = N(T, n) = exp(n+1) tau such that every n-homogeneous polynomial on a real Banach space X of density N has a null space of density tau.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "OCC: An Automated End-to-End Machine Learning Optimizing Compiler for Computing-In-Memory. Memristive devices promise an alternative approach toward non-Von Neumann architectures, where specific computational tasks are performed within the memory devices. In the machine learning (ML) domain, crossbar arrays of resistive devices have shown great promise for ML inference, as they allow for hardware acceleration of matrix multiplications. But, to enable widespread adoption of these novel architectures, it is critical to have an automatic compilation flow as opposed to relying on a manual mapping of specific kernels on the crossbar arrays. We demonstrate the programmability of memristor-based accelerators using the new compiler design principle of multilevel rewriting, where a hierarchy of abstractions lowers programs level-by-level and perform code transformations at the most suitable abstraction. In particular, we develop a prototype compiler, which progressively lowers a mathematical notation for tensor operations arising in ML workloads, to fixed-function memristor-based hardware blocks.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "The Downstream Consequences of Misdemeanor Pretrial Detention. In misdemeanor cases, pretrial detention poses a particular problem because it may induce innocent defendants to plead guilty in order to exit jail, potentially creating widespread error in case adjudication. While practitioners have long recognized this possibility, empirical evidence on the downstream impacts of pretrial detention on misdemeanor defendants and their cases remains limited. This Article uses detailed data on hundreds of thousands of misdemeanor cases resolved in Harris County, Texas the third largest county in the United States to measure the effects of pretrial detention on case outcomes and future crime. We find that detained defendants are 25% more likely than similarly situated releasees to plead guilty, are 43% more likely to be sentenced to jail, and receive jail sentences that are more than twice as long on average. Furthermore, those detained pretrial are more likely to commit future crimes, which suggests that detention may have a criminogenic effect. These differences persist even after fully controlling for the initial bail amount, offense, demographic information, and criminal history characteristics. Use of more limited sets of controls, as in prior research, overstates the adverse impacts of detention. A quasi-experimental analysis based on case timing confirms that these differences likely reflect the causal effect of detention. These results raise important constitutional questions and suggest that Harris County could save millions of dollars per year, increase public safety, and reduce wrongful convictions with better pretrial release policy.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Midwestern Women's Farm Business Roles and Farm Business Financial Satisfaction: An Exploratory Study. The roles of women have been and remain central to the functioning of the family farm business. However, a gap in recent literature on farm women, in general, exists and research is limited regarding women's farm business roles and their satisfaction with their farm business financial situation. The purpose of this study was to explore factors that impact farm women's perceptions of farm business financial satisfaction. Results indicated that the importance of financial solvency and satisfaction with one's farm role were positively associated with women's farm business financial satisfaction. Holding a primary decision-making role was negatively associated with farm business financial satisfaction. Implications for educators, professionals who work with farm women, and researchers are discussed.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Gapping Is Not (VP-) Ellipsis. Pseudogapping is no misnomer. Despite their many tempting similarities, gapping and pseudogapping are distinct constructions. Pseudogapping is a special instance of VP-ellipses, while gapping, I argue, is a special instance of across-the-board movement. S(Squeezing 11 into across-the-board movement has its own discomforts,, however, which I suggest can be remedied by retailoring our syntax to include string-based output constraints. I sketch one such alteration that involves apparent Left Branch Condition violations.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Effects of Ni-coated carbon nanotubes addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloys. Microstructure and mechanical properties including tensile strength as well as creep resistance of Ni-Coated Carbon Nanotube reinforced Sn-Ag-Cu solders were investigated in this study. Addition of 0.05 wt% Ni-Coated Carbon Nanotubes improved the ultimate tensile strength of composite solder slabs (up to 9.80%) and joints (up to 15.95%). The increase in strengthening effect of solder joints can be attributed to the consumption of Ni by interface reaction during soldering. Nanoindentation results revealed that the creep behaviors of composite solders were improved significantly as compared to that of the unreinforced solder alloy. Finite-element modeling showed that load transfer by Carbon Nanotubes took effect but was far smaller than the effect of Ni-Coated Carbon Nanotubes served as obstacles preventing dislocations gliding. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Effects of a mobile oral care app on oral mucositis, pain, nutritional status, and quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer: A quasi-experimental study. Aim The aim of this work is to explore the effectiveness of a mobile app to support oral mucositis care to improve the nutritional status and reduce the occurrence of oral mucositis of patients with head and neck cancer undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Background Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the optimal treatment for head and neck cancer, but oral mucositis and malnutrition are common complications. Design Quasi-experimental study using a pre-post design was used in this work. Method Participants were recruited from a major regional hospital in Taiwan from July 2018 to July 2020. There were 32 participants in each group: the mobile app group (Intervention Group) or routine care (Control Group). The primary outcome measure was Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). We also collected data on grade of oral mucositis, painNnumeric Rating Scale (NRS), weight loss, haemoglobin (Hb), albumin and quality of life (QoL). Result The PG-SGA score was significantly lower in the intervention than the control group at all three time points. Hb and albumin decreased less significantly in the intervention than the control group after 2 months. The oral mucositis grade was significantly less severe in the intervention than the control group at all three time points; for the NRS, at T2 and T3. Conclusion Using the mobile app effectively improved nutritional status, alleviated the side effects, and improved the QoL of head and neck cancer patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Risky times? Mortality during emergence in two species of dragonflies (Odonata : Gomphidae, Libellulidae). Mortality during emergence in two species of dragonfly, Onychogomphus uncatus and Orthetrum coerulescens, was studied at a Mediterranean irrigation canal in France. Overall mortality was 5.2% (n=1901) and 5.7% (n=611), respectively. Predation was low in both species. The prime cause of mortality was incomplete ecdysis resulting from different factors among which heavy wind was the most important in O. coerulescens and lack of suitable emergence supports in O. uncatus. Besides data on mortality the emergence curves of both species are provided.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Molecular basis of the apolipoprotein H (beta(2)-glycoprotein I) protein polymorphism. Apolipoprotein H (apoH, protein; APOH, gene) is considered to be an essential cofactor for the binding of certain antiphospholipid autoantibodies to anionic phospholipids. APOH exhibits a genetically determined structural polymorphism due to the presence of three common alleles (APOH*1, APOH*2 and APOH*3) detectable by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and immunoblotting. The APOH*3 allele can be further characterized into two subtypes, APOH*3(w) and APOH*3(B), based upon its reactivity with monoclonal antibody 3D11. In this study we have determined the molecular basis of the APOH protein polymorphism and its distribution in three large U.S. population samples comprising 661 non-Hispanic whites, 444 Hispanics and 422 blacks. By direct DNA sequencing of PCR amplified fragments corresponding to the eight APOH exons, we identified two missense mutations that correspond to the APOH*1 and APOH*3(w) alleles. A missense mutation (G-->A) in exon 3, which alters amino acid Ser to Asn at codon 88 and creates a restriction site for TSP509 I, was present in all APOH*1 allele carriers. A second missense mutation (G-->C) at codon 316 in exon 8, which replaces amino acid Trp with Ser and creates a restriction site for BSTBI, was present in all APOH*3(w) carriers. The distribution of the Ser 88 Asn and Trp 316 Ser mutations was significantly different between the three racial groups. The frequency of the Asn-88 allele was 0.011, 0.043, and 0.056 in blacks, Hispanics and non-His-panic whites, respectively. While the Ser-316 allele was observed sporadically in blacks (0.008), it was present at a polymorphic frequency in Hispanics (0.027) and non-Hispanic whites (0.059). The identification of the molecular basis of the APOH protein polymorphism will help to elucidate the structural - functional relationship of apoH in the production of antiphospholipid autoantibodies.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Experimental Measurements for Equilibrium Conditions of Carbon Dioxide Hydrate Mixtures with Each Additive of 1,3-Dioxane, Acetamide, Cyclopentanol, Cyclopentanone, or 1,3,5-Trioxane. Gas hydrate research studies have received much attention in recent years. In addition to the availability of naturally existing methane hydrates as a new energy source, carbon dioxide hydrates also offer the potential for carbon capture and sequestration. This study reports the equilibrium temperatures and pressures at the dissociation points where three phases of hydrate (H), liquid water (L-w), and vapor (V) coexisted for carbon dioxide hydrates with various additives. The equilibrium conditions for carbon dioxide with pure water and each additive of 1,3dioxane (0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mass fractions), acetamide (0.10 and 0.20 mass fractions), cyclopentanol (0.08 mass fraction), cyclopentanone (0.05 mass fraction), or 1,3,5-trioxane (0.15 mass fraction) were experimentally measured in the pressure range of 1.5-3.3 MPa using the isochoric method. Additives of 1,3dioxane, cyclopentanol, cyclopentanone, or 1,3,5-trioxane presented a promotion effect on the formation of carbon dioxide hydrates. The maximum promotion result under isobaric conditions was 7.8 K with the addition of 0.20 mass fraction of 1,3-dioxane. The addition of acetamide showed an inhibition effect, with a maximum inhibition result of 5 K at 0.20 mass fraction. Comparisons of the promotion or inhibition effect for various additives are illustrated. To simulate seawater conditions, equilibrium conditions for carbon dioxide with brine and each additive of acetamide (0.10 and 0.20 mass fractions) or 1,3-dioxane (0.20 mass fraction) were also reported. This study employed the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to estimate possible hydrate structures for systems with various additives. The estimated hydrate structures were in good agreement with the promotion or inhibition effect of carbon dioxide hydrate mixtures with various additives.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Understanding Telerehabilitation Technology to Evaluate Stakeholders' Adoption of Telerehabilitation Services: A Systematic Literature Review and Directions for Further Research. Results: A total of 133 of 914 articles met the eligibility criteria. The majority of papers were randomized controlled trials (27%), followed by surveys (15%). Almost 49% of the papers examined the use of telerehabilitation technology in patients with nervous system problems, 23% examined physical disability disorders, 10% examined cardiovascular diseases, and 8% inspected pulmonary diseases.Objectives: To examine the adoption of telerehabilitation services from the stakeholders' perspective and to investigate recent advances and future challenges.Study Selection: The first author (N.N.) screened all titles and abstracts based on the eligibility criteria. Experimental and empirical articles such as randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials, pre-experimental studies, case studies, surveys, feasibility studies, qualitative descriptive studies, and cohort studies were all included in this review.Data Extraction: The first, second, and fourth authors (N.N., W.I., B.N.) independently extracted data using data fields predefined by the third author (M.B.). The data extracted through this review included study objective, study design, purpose of telerehabilitation, telerehabilitation equipment, patient/sample, age, disease, data collection methods, theory/framework, and adoption themes.Data Synthesis: A telerehabilitation adoption process model was proposed to highlight the significance of the readiness stage and to classify the primary studies. The articles were classified based on 6 adoption themes, namely users' perception, perspective, and experience; users' satisfaction; users' acceptance and adherence; TeleRehab usability; individual readiness; and users' motivation and awareness.Conclusion: Research on the adoption of telerehabilitation is still in its infancy and needs further attention from researchers working in health care, especially in resource-limited countries. Indeed, studies on the adoption of telerehabilitation are essential to minimize implementation failure, as these studies will help to inform health care personnel and clients about successful adoption strategies. (C) 2021 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation MedicineData Sources: A systematic review of English articles indexed by PubMed, Thomson Institute of Scientific Information's Web of Science, and Elsevier's Scopus between 1998 and 2020.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
{"token": "War and inequality in Rousseau's political thought. The most powerful tradition Rousseau articulated, that of republican war, has been almost entirely ignored. His writings on war, and on the laws of war - what is today termed international humanitarian law - can be seen as one of his most important contributions and enduring legacies, as well as being intimately linked to his view of political justice in the domestic arena, such as his writings on democracy and government in The Social Contract.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Monitoring the Transcriptional Activity of Human Endogenous Retroviral HERV-W Family Using PNA Strand Invasion into Double-Stranded DNA. In the presented assay, we elaborated a method for distinguishing sequences that are genetically closely related to each other. This is particularly important in a situation where a fine balance of the allele abundance is a point of research interest. We developed a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) strand invasion technique for the differentiation between multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) and ERVWE1 sequences, both molecularly similar, belonging to the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family. We have found that this method may support the PCR technique in screening for minor alleles which, in certain conditions, may be undetected by the standard PCR technique. We performed the analysis of different ERVWE1 and MSRV template mixtures ranging from 0 to 100% of ERVWE1 in the studied samples, finding the linear correlation between template composition and signal intensity of final reaction products. Using the PNA strand invasion assay, we were able to estimate the relative ERVWE1 expression level in human specimens such as U-87 MG, normal human astrocytes cell lines and placental tissue. The results remained in concordance with those obtained by semi-quantitative or quantitative PCR.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
{"token": "Numerical inversion and uniqueness of a spherical radon transform restricted with a fixed angular span. In this paper, we study a spherical Radon transform that maps a function to its surface integrals over spheres restricted with a fixed angular span. Such transform is relevant for various image reconstruction problems arising in medical, radar and sonar imaging. This paper contains uniqueness results for the spherical Radon transform in the case of a fixed angular span, valid when the support of the image function is inside or outside the data acquisition sphere. Furthermore, we present simulation results for the numerical inversion in the special case of the spherical cap Radon transform. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Characterization and extraction of citrulline of the watermelon rind (Citrullus lanatus 'thunb') consumed in Valledupar. Watermelon is a tropical fruit whose flesh is consumed throughout Colombia because of its nutritional benefits, but the non-edible portion composed of rind and skin is used occasionally to feed pigs and in culinary recipes; the rest is discarded generating sources of environmental pollution. For this reason, it was proposed to identify its nutritional composition and determine the citrulline content of the watermelon rind consumed in Valledupar. The citrulline was extracted with solvent using a factorial design 23 with three replicates in the central point being the factors: Solvent (99.5% ethanol solution with HCl 6M) (30% and 80%); Preheating time (20 and 40 min) and temperature (50 and 70 degrees C). It was found that in Valledupar 2610 t / year of fresh watermelon from Meta, Guajira and Bolivar crops were consumed, producing 827.37 tons of bark per year with 13.15 +/- 0.76% of fiber, 10.12 +/- 0, 92% protein and 14.7 mg g(-1) of dried rind citrulline extracted. The best treatment was obtained after 20 minutes at 50 degrees C and 30% solvent. The obtained citrulline can be used in the elaboration of functional products such as drinks or syrups to improve the cardiovascular system and to diminish the muscular fatigue after a physical effort or the elaboration of flour for bakery with reduced energetic value and greater content in dietary fiber that can help the gastrointestinal system.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "The non-denotative significant component idioms: Their phraseographic treatment in view of the structures of semantics. The subject of this paper is the analysis of non-denotative elements in the meaning of idioms, which form a fundamental part of idiomatic meaning. In particular we will examine the stylistic and pragmatic connotative components of phraseological meaning which, under the name \\\\'latent components\\\\', have been studied by linguists working in the structural semantics framework. In this context we will take special note of the semantic reversibility test as one of the most representative research methods for the lexicographical description and representation of the non-denotative semantic components of idioms. Using (1) a comparison of definitions in the two editions of Duden Redewendungen (1992; 2002), and (2) experimental descriptions of the meaning of idioms in articles from the 1980s and the 90s, this study will try to offer a panoramic retrospective on research in the last two decades of the twentieth century on the description of phraseological meaning.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Improved Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Drug by Targeting Increased Absorption through Solubility Enhancement and Precipitation Inhibition. Itraconazole (ITZ) is a class II drug according to the biopharmaceutical classification system. Its solubility is pH 3-dependent, and it is poorly water-soluble. Its pKa is 3.7, which makes it a weak base drug. The aim of this study was to prepare solid dispersion (SD) pellets to enhance the release of ITZ into the gastrointestinal environment using hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology and a pelletizer. The pellets were then filled into capsules and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The ITZ changed from a crystalline state to an amorphous state during the HME process, as determined using DSC and PXRD. In addition, its release into the gastrointestinal tract was enhanced, as was the level of ITZ recrystallization, which was lower than the marketed drug (Sporanox(R)), as assessed using an in vitro method. In the in vivo study that was carried out in rats, the AUC(0-48h) of the commercial formulation, Sporanox(R), was 1073.9 +/- 314.7 ng.h.mL(-1), and the bioavailability of the SD pellet (2969.7 +/- 720.6 ng.h.mL(-1)) was three-fold higher than that of Sporanox(R) (*** p < 0.001). The results of the in vivo test in beagle dogs revealed that the AUC(0-24h) of the SD-1 pellet (which was designed to enhance drug release into gastric fluids) was 3.37 +/- 3.28 mu g.h.mL(-1) and that of the SD-2 pellet (which was designed to enhance drug release in intestinal fluids) was 7.50 +/- 4.50 mu g.h.mL(-1). The AUC of the SD-2 pellet was 2.2 times higher than that of the SD-1 pellet. Based on pharmacokinetic data, ITZ would exist in a supersaturated state in the area of drug absorption. These results indicated that the absorption area is critical for improving the bioavailability of ITZ. Consequently, the bioavailability of ITZ could be improved by inhibiting precipitation in the absorption area.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "A Tool for Local Thickness Determination and Grain Boundary Characterization by CTEM and HRTEM Techniques. A new approach for measurement of local thickness and characterization of grain boundaries is presented. The method is embodied in a software tool that helps to find and set sample orientations useful for high-resolution transmission electron microscopic (HRTEM) examination of grain boundaries in polycrystalline thin films. The novelty is the simultaneous treatment of the two neighboring grains and orienting both grains and the boundary plane simultaneously. The same metric matrix-based formalism is used for all crystal systems. Input into the software tool includes orientation data for the grains in question, which is determined automatically for a large number of grains by the commercial ASTAR program. Grain boundaries suitable for HRTEM examination are automatically identified by our software tool. Individual boundaries are selected manually for detailed HRTEM examination from the automatically identified set. Goniometer settings needed to observe the selected boundary in HRTEM are advised by the software. Operation is demonstrated on examples from cubic and hexagonal crystal systems.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "A thermodynamically consistent viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for self-healing materials. Self-healing materials, as a class of intelligent materials, are capable to recover a part of the weakened mechanical properties induced by damage. In this article, based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, employing the effective configuration in the continuum damage-healing mechanics, a viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model is presented. In the constitutive model development, we adopt an additive decomposition of the total strain into elastic, viscoelastic, and viscoplastic parts. In this regard, defining the damage and healing variables and employing the strain energy equivalence hypothesis, stress and strain tensors in the effective configuration are obtained. Satisfying the Clausius-Duhem inequality, the evolution equations are introduced for viscoelastic and viscoplastic strains. The damage and healing variables also evolve according to two different evolutions. To employ the proposed model in different loading conditions, the time-discrete form of the model in the semi-implicit form is presented. Material parameters of the model are identified with creep, creep-recovery, and repeated creep-recovery tests on asphalt concrete materials in the literature. Finally, the capability of the proposed model is demonstrated applying the model prediction for creep-recovery and repeated creep-recovery case studies and comparing the results with the experimental data available in the literature.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Sensation seeking and impulsive traits as personality endophenotypes for antisocial behavior: Evidence from two independent samples. Sensation seeking and impulsivity are personality traits that are correlated with risk for antisocial behavior (ASB). This paper uses two independent samples of twins to (a) test the extent to which sensation seeking and impulsivity statistically mediate genetic influence on ASB, and (b) compare this to genetic influences accounted for by other personality traits. In Sample 1, delinquent behavior, as well as impulsivity, sensation seeking and Big Five personality traits, were measured in adolescent twins from the Texas Twin Project. In Sample 2, adult twins from the Australian Twin Registry responded to questionnaires that assessed individual differences in Eysenck's and Cloninger's personality dimensions, and a structured telephone interview that asked participants to retrospectively report DSM-defined symptoms of conduct disorder. Bivariate quantitative genetic models were used to identify genetic overlap between personality traits and ASB. Across both samples, novelty/sensation seeking and impulsive traits accounted for larger portions of genetic variance in ASB than other personality traits. We discuss whether sensation seeking and impulsive personality are causal endophenotypes for ASB, or merely index genetic liability for ASB. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "The evolution of elite framing following enactment of legislation. The study of policy framing enables the investigation of how elites conceptualize policy issues. While the dominant investigative work on elite framing has been within the mass media, we demonstrate the utility of an elite framing approach in a political institution, the U.S. Congress. We argue for moving to a \\\\'life-cycle\\\\' approach to policy framing that recognizes the evolution of elite framing attempts as implementation of a law deviates from its legislative intent, basing our approach out of the issue-attention cycle theory put forth by Downs (Public Interest 28:38-50, 1972). Framing efforts by policy advocates do not end after legislation has been enacted or policy changed. Elites who have been unsuccessful in achieving their policy aims continue to advocate for their preferred outcomes by altering their framing strategies. We demonstrate this by applying evolutionary factor analysis to investigate 10 Congressional committee hearings held between 1957 and 2006 pertaining to federal funding for the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota. From the perspective of proponents of diverting water from the Missouri River, how the Congressional debate over the Unit progressed constituted policy regression. This is reflected in the evolution of elite framing over the period studied. Our analysis uncovers the emergence of four evolutionary frames. Initial frames emphasized the benefits to be derived from water diversion, while subsequent frames reflected a more defensive posture emphasizing the limited harm that water diversion would cause. This research demonstrates the consequences of legislative implementation delay for elite framing attempts.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Risk Factors for Ocular Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in Children 6 Months following Mass Treatment in Tanzania. Principal Findings: Baseline infection was 23.7% and at 6 months was 10.4%, despite 95% coverage. Infection at baseline positively associated with infection at 6 months (OR = 3.31, 95% CI 2.40-4.56) and treatment had a protective effect (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.25-0.80). The age group 2-4 years had an increased risk of infection at 6 months. The household predictive of infection at 6 months were increasing number of children infected in the household at baseline increasing number of untreated children in the household.Conclusions: While one round of mass treatment with high coverage did decrease infection by over 50%, it appears that it is sufficient to eliminate infection. Findings that young children (ages 2-4 years) and households with increasing numbers infected and untreated children have a positive association with infection at 6 months suggest that such households be targeted for more intensive follow up.Background: Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness in the world, and for endemic communities, mass with azithromycin reduces the pool of infection. High coverage is essential, especially in children as they are the reservoir. However, infection remains post-mass treatment. We sought to determine risk factors for infection in post-mass treatment.Methodology: All children under 9 years in 4 villages in Tanzania were followed from baseline pre-mass treatment to six post treatment. 1,991 children under nine years were enrolled in the longitudinal study and data on individual and characteristics was collected at baseline. Clinical trachoma was determined by an ocular exam and infection by PCR of an eyelid swab. Azithromycin was offered and infection was reassessed at 6 months. A multilevel logistic model was used, accounting for household clustering of children for analysis.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Reaping fruits of labour: Revisiting Education Outside the Classroom provision in Denmark upon policy and research interventions. Education outside the classroom (EOtC) is a primary school educational approach that utilizes the school?s local environment for teaching purposes. The aims of this study are 1) to examine the provision and characteristics of regular EOtC (referred to as udeskole in Danish), in Denmark in 2019 and 2) to investigate trends in the extent of the practice of regular EOtC in Denmark from the first surveys in 2007 and 2014 to 2019. Firstly, some of the nationwide regular EOtC development projects and initiatives that were rolled out between 2014 and 2019 is described. Secondly, we present the results of the recent 2019 survey of the provision of regular EOtC in public, private, and special-needs primary and lower secondary schools. Third, trends of regular EOtC provision in general schools, i.e., public and independent schools, are examined with combined data from 2014 and 2019, and discussed in light of the 2007 data. In both 2007, 2014 and 2019, school leaders were asked to report whether EOtC was taking place regularly at their school. Regularity was operationalized as at least half a day every second week for a longer period. At the school level, the proportion of schools practising regular EOtC remained constant from 2014 to 2019, but the 2019 provision was larger among special-needs schools (34.0 %) than among general schools (19.5 %). The number of classes per public school practising regular EOtC increased by 31.8 % (7.0?9.2 classes), and the proportion of general schools with a local description of regular EOtC as a target approach increased from 24.5% to 45.2%. As more teachers seem to be practising regular EOtC and seem to be clustering within the same schools, the provision should be taken into account in plans for urban green spaces for education and schools.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 52, 9]}
{"token": "Disadvantaged mothers, young children and smoking in the home: Mothers' use of space within their homes. Breathing tobacco smoke is linked to poor health in young children, with their homes identified as the primary place of exposure. This UK study uses focus group discussions to explore how mothers living in disadvantaged areas use space within their homes to smoke while looking after children aged 0-4 years, and critically examines how they define nonsmoking or smoking homes. Many women imposed temporary and ad hoc restrictions, and this research highlights how the mothers' desire to create a smoke-free environment for their children competes with their caring responsibilities, and how their efforts are restricted by the limitations of the physical environment of their homes. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "The Court of Justice at the Crossroads: Clarifying the Role for Fundamental Rights in the EU Copyright Framework. In the EU, the complex relationship between copyright and fundamental rights is accommodated in inter alia the Copyright Directive, which uses an internal system of exhaustive exceptions and limitations to copyright. However, it remains unclear whether fundamental rights can serve as autonomous grounds for limiting a copyright. Recently, the German Federal Supreme Court referred preliminary questions to the CJEU in the so-called Afghanistan Papiere case in order for the CJEU to address this unclarity. To sketch the context in which these questions have to be answered, this article explores the tension between copyright and fundamental rights in the EU legal order and identifies the boundaries of the system of exhaustive exceptions and limitations. After describing the EU legislative framework, it offers a typology of the CJEU's case law, before moving onto the ECtHR's Ashby Donald judgment, in which the issue of balancing copyright and other fundamental rights was addressed. It follows that whereas the Copyright Directive and the CJEU do not seem to allow for an external role for fundamental rights, this exact role seems to be required by the ECtHR for certain types of cases. This difference is assessed in light of the relationship of the two courts, which is essentially characterised by a need to prevent divergence between them. It is argued that the pending preliminary questions can probably be answered using the internal system of the Copyright Directive, but that they clearly indicate the limitations and problems connected to the CJEU's current approach towards copyright and fundamental rights.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Distinctive patterns in the first movement of Brahms' String Quartet in C minor. Music analysis can be seen from the perspective of data mining, aiming to discover succinct patterns that are distinctive: occurring with significantly higher probability in an analysis piece as compared with an anticorpus. In this paper, a computational inductive method for maximally general distinctive pattern discovery in music is developed. The method is applied to the first movement of Brahms' String Quartet No. 1 in C minor, with the first movements of String Quartets Nos. 2 and 3 used as an anticorpus. The set of patterns discovered represent most of the structures independently proposed by Forte [A. Forte, Motivic design and structural levels in the first movement of Brahms's string quartet in C minor, Music. Quart. 69 (1983), pp. 471-502], including a proposed musical cryptogram, and three new motives are also discovered. The results show that pattern discovery can be a powerful tool for computational music analysis.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 30]}
{"token": "THE EFFECTS OF LEVERAGED BUYOUTS ON CORPORATE-GROWTH AND DIVERSIFICATION IN LARGE FIRMS. This study investigates the effects of LBOs on corporate growth and diversification in large U.S. firms which underwent leveraged buyouts during the 1980s. Based on the analysis, this study found that revenue and employee growth are significantly lower in LBO firms than in control firms that remained public. Strategically, we find that LBO firms decreased the size of both their periphery and core businesses more than public control firms and that LBO firms divested a significantly higher volume of periphery and core businesses than control firms. These postbuyout differences between LBO and public firms are consistent with the argument that LBO firms provide managers with incentives to downsize and prune lines of business, resulting in reduction in overall firm size and diversification.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Social representations about the disease of women with cervico-uterine cancer. Objective: understanding the social representation of women about cervical cancer and its implications for care of themselves. Method: this is a qualitative study of a descriptive approach that used as a theoretical role the social representations, taking the interview as a technique for data collection of information. We worked with 35 outpatient women of a referral public hospital in oncology. Results: within the dialogs it was observed that the concept of cervical cancer was closely related to the feeling factor, leading fear and sadness. The evidences also showed that women focused on sexuality and treatment as a life change along the disease. Conclusion: cancer of the cervix produces a great change of life in women who passed through the problem, not just by the physical factors, but quite by the subjective side in fighting the disease.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Habitat ecology and substratum preference of brachyuran crabs of a tropical estuary, South-West coast of India. Brachyuran crabs exhibit varying inhabitation patterns and habitat preferences and their existence and distribution influenced by the environmental factors prevailing in the area. The present study is an attempt to describe the habitat ecology, habitat preference and the distribution of the brachyuran crabs that are listed from the Cochin Backwaters. The study reveals that, rather than the water quality parameters, it is the sediment quality parameters, which influence the distribution of crabs. Apart from the substratum characteristics, salinity and the presence of mangroves also plays a significant role in the distribution of crabs in an area. Distribution of crabs was observed to be highest in the stations with muddy substratum, with high organic carbon content and comparatively high amount of moisture as well as ornamented with luxuriant mangrove patches. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
{"token": "Online Auctions of New Product Before and After Its Official Launch: Differences, Time Series Linkage, and Correlation with Stock Market. This study investigates the online auction market of Xbox 360 consoles before and after its official launch. Among nine measures of online auctions, all except for one are significantly differed between online auctions before and after the official launch. The principal component analysis further visualizes the differences. By using auto-regression to analyze the relationship among success count, success rate, and winning price in time series, we find that success count and success rate can be predicted with its own past values in (t-1) and (t-2) periods. The winning price can be predicted with its own past value in (t-1) period. We find that the preannouncement and launch events do affect the stock price, trading volume, daily price range, price change, and market volatility. We also investigate the correlation coefficients between the online auction market and the stock market. We find various significant correlation coefficients among the measures of both markets in the concurrent and one-time lag scenarios. The managerial implications of the findings are also discussed.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Hormonal control of tumor formation in radish. The role of phytohormones in genetic tumor formation on radish crop-roots was investigated using the collection of inbred Raphanus sativus lines as a model system. The genetic analysis showed that the trait <<tumor formation>> was recessive and monogenic in some crossings. The spectrum of main phytohormones in tumor and non-tumor radish lines has shown that at the initiation of tumor formation (30 days old plants) the amounts of main cytokinins in the lower part of plants from the tumor line were dramatically increased. The transformation of the non-tumor line by the ipt gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens resulted in tumor formation in plants of the T, progeny. We propose that increasing the cytokinin/auxin ratio may lead to tumor formation on radish crop roots.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "An Examination of the Relationship Between Workload and Fatigue Within and Across Consecutive Days of Work: Is the Relationship Static or Dynamic?. Cognitive-energetical theories of information processing were used to generate predictions regarding the relationship between perceived workload and fatigue within and across consecutive days of work. Repeated measures were taken aboard a naval vessel from a sample of 20 Navy patrol vessel crew members during nonroutine and routine patrols. The hypotheses were tested through growth curve modeling. There was a nonmonotonic relationship between workload and fatigue in the routine patrol; moderate workload was associated with the lowest fatigue. The relationship between workload and fatigue changed over consecutive days in the nonroutine patrol. At the beginning of the patrol, low workload was associated with fatigue. At the end of the patrol, high workload was associated with fatigue. These results suggest that the optimal level of workload can change over time and thus have implications for the management of fatigue, particularly where prolonged operations are involved.", "label": [2, 5, 55, 24]}
{"token": "Power penalty for burst mode reception in the presence of interchannel crosstalk. A full theoretical analysis considering the impact of interchannel crosstalk arising from wavelength division multiplexing on DC coupled burst mode reception is provided and fundamental penalties are calculated for signal independent and signal dependent noise dominant regimes. The specific context is that of a wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network. The impact of different interchannel crosstalk ratios on the overall penalty, and the difference between this and the sum of the two individual penalties (burst mode and crosstalk), is investigated for different preambles. The difference between the combined penalty and the sum of individual penalties (i.e. the 'extra' penalty), when the preamble short and the crosstalk ratio poor, can be of similar significance to the separate penalties. The effect is potentially worse when signal dependent noise is dominant. Data within a packet experiencing a different level of crosstalk to that present during the packet's threshold acquisition preamble, due to the packetized nature of the crosstalk, is also investigated.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Farmers' perspectives on the adoption of smart farming technology to support food farming in Aceh Province, Indonesia. The possible future challenge for food agriculture development led to the transition from conventional to modern agricultural management using smart farming technology (SFT). Some factors detaining the use of SFT for food commodities, specifically in small farmers' communities, are global climate change, low-quality human resources of farmers, and extension workers. Small farmers generally have relatively small land, limited access to capital and farming input, and grow different kinds of commodities according to seasons. This research examined the adoption readiness in using SFT for three food commodities in Aceh Province, Indonesia, namely rice, maize, and potatoes. The sample comprises 70 farmers per commodity and 48 extension workers, obtained through the quota sampling method, culminating in 258 respondents. The readiness measurement for SFT adoption was conducted by introducing various models, images, videos, and RITX applications. The collected data were investigated and analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis for two or more categories. The result showed that both farmers and extension workers have a positive perception of the application of SFT. However, in terms of readiness, farmers have a relatively lower readiness level than the extension workers due to their low capacity. Thismeans it is essential to focus on the economic and capacity building of farmers by providing them with appropriate SFT devices to overcome the high investment cost and provide the technical skill for its application to overcome this situation.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "A reassessment of the enigmatic diapsid Paliguana whitei and the early history of Lepidosauromorpha. Lepidosaurs include lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians and the tuatara, comprising a highly speciose evolutionary radiation with widely varying anatomical traits. Their stem-lineage originated by the late middle Permian 259 million years ago, but its early fossil record is poorly documented, obscuring the origins of key anatomical and functional traits of the group. Paliguana whitei, from the Early Triassic of South Africa, is an enigmatic fossil species with the potential to provide information on this. However, its anatomy and phylogenetic affinities remain highly uncertain, and have been debated since its discovery more than 100 years ago. We present microtomographic three-dimensional imaging of the cranial anatomy of P. whitei that clarifies these uncertainties, providing strong evidence for lepidosauromorph affinities based on the structure of the temporal region and the implantation of marginal dentition. Phylogenetic analysis including these new data recovers Paliguana as the earliest known stem-lepidosaur, within a long-lived group of early diverging lepidosauromorphs that persisted to at least the Middle Jurassic. Our results provide insights into cranial evolution on the lepidosaur stem-lineage, confirming that characteristics of pleurodont dental implantation evolved early on the lepidosaur stem-lineage. By contrast, key functional traits related to hearing (quadrate conch) and feeding (streptostyly) evolved later in the lepidosaur crown-group.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Natural root grafting in Picea mariana to cope with spruce budworm outbreaks. Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) outbreaks cause extensive mortality and growth reductions throughout boreal forests in eastern North America. As tree vulnerability to defoliation remains partially unexplained by tree and stand attributes, we hypothesized that root grafting might attenuate the negative impact of severe defoliation in tree growth. Two experimental sites in the Abitibi-Temiscamingue region dominated by black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.) were harvested and hydraulically excavated to study tree growth in 36 trees in relation to root grafting and the last spruce budworm outbreak using dendroecological methods. Root grafts reduced the negative effects of defoliation by maintaining stable growth in connected trees during epidemic periods. Among dominant trees, growth releases immediately after the outbreak were uniquely observed in grafted trees. Among suppressed trees, grafted trees tended to grow more than non-grafted trees when defoliation severity was the highest. Carbohydrate transfers through root grafts and enhanced efficiency to acquire resources may explain the better performance of grafted trees under scenarios of limited carbon supply. This study reinforces the growing body of literature that suggests root grafting as a cooperative strategy to withstand severe disturbances and highlights the key role of root grafting in stand dynamics to cope with periodic outbreaks.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Negotiating absence: Bernard Tschumi's new Acropolis Museum in Athens. Driven by the ideals of enlightenment, the idea of the public, universal museum, perfect and complete, proliferated at the turn of the nineteenth century. In 1796, only three years after the foundation of the Museum Francais (the later Musee du Louvre), Antoine Chrysostome Quatremere de Quincy advised passionately against the relocation of antique monuments to European capitals in his 'Lettres au general Miranda sur le prejudice qu'occasionnens aux arts et a la science le deplacement des monumens de l'art de l'Italie, Le demembrement de ses ecoles, et la spoliation de ses collections, galeries, musees, etc.'(1) In hindsight, however, the physical removal of ancient art and architecture marks not only the decontextualisation of these objects, but also their re-location from one discourse to another. Once relocated to the museum, architectural elements are invested with new functions and historical and aesthetic values that radically alter their significance.The ambition to inaugurate the new Acropolis Museum illuminated by the Olympic flame of 2004 and broadcast worldwide was not fulfilled. Difficulties and delays of practical, economic and archaeological nature were in the end less daunting than the political, legal and ideological obstacles to the aspiration of crowning the new museum with the Elgin Marbles, which were moved to London about two hundred years ago. The expatriation of the Parthenon fragments and the repeated requests for repatriation, both brought to play in Bernard Tschumi's highly persuasive structure, define a striking prism through which to look at some of the urgent and conflicting issues haunting the museum institution today (Fig. 1).Thus, as Greece today reclaims the Elgin Marbles by means of a compelling architectural rhetoric, the discourse on decontextualisation gets a new twist, now including the possible re-contextualisation of a fragment whose original context has changed beyond recognition. In fact, Quatremere himself anticipated this delicious paradox in his Canova-correspondence of 1818 on the Parthenon Collection in London. Here, Quatremere addressed with surprising precision a fundamental museo-theoretical problem regarding decontextualisation as well as re-contextualisation; a problem to which Tschumi's design for the new Acropolis Museum gives such an eloquent architectural manifestation.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Applications of PCR-based tools for detection and identification of animal trypanosomes: a review and perspectives. This paper aims to review the applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection and identification of trypanosomes in animals. The diagnosis of trypanosomes, initially based on microscopic observations and the host range of the parasites, has been improved, since the 1980s, by DNA-based identification. These diagnostic techniques evolved successively through DNA probing, PCR associated to DNA probing, and currently to PCR alone. Several DNA sequences have been investigated as possible targets for diagnosis, especially multi-copy genes such as mini-exon, kinetoplastid mini-circles, etc., but the most favoured target is the nuclear satellite DNA of mini-chromosomes, which presents the advantages, and the drawbacks, of highly repetitive short sequences (120-600bp). Several levels of specificity have been achieved from sub-genus to species, sub-species and even types. Random priming of trypanosome DNA has even allowed \\\\'isolate specific\\\\' identification. Other work based on microsatellite sequences has provided markers for population genetic studies. For regular diagnosis, the sensitivity of PCR has increased with the advancement of technologies for sample preparation, to reach a level of 1 trypanosome/ml of blood, which has brought to field samples a sensitivity two to three times higher than microscopic observation of the buffy coat. Similarly, PCR has allowed an increase in the specificity and sensitivity of diagnosis in vectors such as tsetse flies. However, because of the diversity of Trypanosoma species potentially present in a single host, PCR diagnosis carried out on host material requires several PCR reactions; for example, in cattle, up to five reactions per sample may be required. Research is now focusing on a diagnosis based on the amplification of the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) of ribosomal DNA which presents the advantages of being a multi-copy locus (100-200), having a small size (300-800 bp), which varies from one taxon to another but is conserved in size in a given taxon. This may lead to the development of a multi-species-specific diagnostic protocol using a single PCR. By reducing the cost of the PCR diagnosis, this technique would allow a greater number of field samples to be tested in epidemiological studies and/or would increase the variety of Trypanosoma species that could be detected. Further investigations are required to develop and optimise multi-species-specific diagnostic tools for trypanosomes, which could also serve as a model for such tools in other pathogens. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "The Stigmatized Vernacular: Where Reflexivity Meets Untenability. The following introduces a special issue of the Journal of Folklore Research (49/2,2012) that focuses on situations in which individuals and the vernaculars associated with them are stigmatized. Authors in the special issue explore issues of reflexivity, representation, and 'stigma veneration' as they emerged during research on type 2 diabetes, accounts of tobacco farming, chaotic narratives of trauma, and the quest for political asylum. Here, the issue's guest editors introduce concerns about stigma, vernacularity, tellability, visibility, and valuation. A number of methodological issues arise as researchers struggle to hear what isn't voiced and attempt to determine what can't be said when writing about stigmatized groups or topics.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Dynamic analysis of calendar anomalies in cryptocurrency markets: evidences of adaptive market hypothesis. This paper analyses the effects known as the day of the week and the month of the year in the cryptocurrency markets. The closing values of eleven cryptocurrencies have been considered. The study employs dummy variable regression techniques, ANOVA and Friedman tests for assessing two calendar anomalies, the day-of-week and month-of-year effects. To test these calendar effects, we have applied both full sample and rolling-regression techniques for two lengths of the rolling sample intervals. Furthermore, we have examined the existence of long memory in day-of-the- week and month-of-the-year cryptocurrency returns. The results provide evidence about the existence of day-of-the-week and month-of-the-year effects in cryptocurrency returns, in particular, on Thursdays and in November. In addition, it should be added that the general results of the current study show that the calendar effect in the cryptocurrency market is dynamic rather than static, which indicates that the calendar effect is a phenomenon that varies over time.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Loss and Grief in the Context of Dementia Caregiving. As a universal human reaction to perceived and/or actual loss, grief is becoming increasingly pervasive at all levels of society. Among the broad spectrum of loss experiences, those associated with dementia are perhaps of the most complex. The shift toward considering loss and grief within the context of dementia caregiving is promising. However, pre-loss grief is understudied, and interventions are lacking. Only few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of pre-loss psycho social grief interventions for dementia caregivers. Preliminary findings from an ongoing clinical trial testing the effects of an 8-week, group-based online video intervention with dementia caregivers indicate that compared to precoronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the experience of loss and separation was exacerbated by loss of control and severe physical contact restrictions in long-term care facilities. Finding effective grief interventions that can be translated into clinical and community based environments is necessary to alleviate dementia caregivers' emotional distress and improve their quality of life.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Ethnic diversity, investment efficiency, mediating roles of trust and agency cost. This study explores the relationship between ethnic diversity and corporate investment in Chinese listed firms. Based on data from China's A-share market companies and the national census dataset, we find that local ethnic diversity is negatively related to corporate investment efficiency. Furthermore, we explore the channel through which ethnic diversity affects corporate investment efficiency, and our study indicates that both social trust and agency cost play mediating roles between ethnic diversity and investment efficiency. Robustness tests verify our conclusions. (C) 2020 Economic Society of Australia, Queensland. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "A new dicyanoisophorone-based ratiometric and colorimetric near-infrared fluorescent probe for specifically detecting hypochlorite and its bioimaging on a model of acute inflammation. To explore how hypochlorous acid (HClO) affects human health, a highly sensitive, selective, and trace detection method for hypochlorite (ClO-) is crucial for determining its non-negligible function in both environment and living systems. Herein, a dicyanoisophorone-phenylboronic acid-based novel ratiometric near-infrared fluorescent probe (Probe 1) was designed for the rapid and specific detection of ClO- based on the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. Excess addition of HClO to the Probe 1 solution, 186-times ratio (I-652/I-582) augment were gained. And this probe provided a colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescence response to ClO- with a high selectivity, a rapid response (within 30 s), and had an extremely low detection limit (15.7 nM). In addition, owing to the good sensing properties and low cytotoxicity of Probe 1, it can be used to expediently visualize exogenous ClO- in HepG2 cells and endogenous ClO- in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Furthermore, the probe was successfully used for the bioimaging of zebrafish with an acute inflammation. Thus, Probe 1 is a promising vehicle to identify the level of HClO in animals with associated diseases. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "COMMUNITY CENTER. Under the program Quiero Mi Barrio [I love my neighborhood] -developed by the Chilean government for the physical and social recovery of 200 districts throughout the country- this project creates a place to gather a divided community. Taking advantage of a slope in the site's topography, the building multiplies the public land and thus increases the possibilities for community use.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Standardized Headache Therapy in the Pediatric Emergency Department Using Improvement Methodology. Introduction: Primary headache is a common cause of pediatric emergency department (PED) visits. Without published guidelines to direct treatment options, various strategies lacking evidence are often employed. This study aims to standardize primary headache treatment in the PED by promoting evidence-based therapies, reducing nonstandard abortive therapies, and introducing dihydroergotamine (DHE) into practice. Methods: A multidisciplinary team developed key drivers, created a clinical care algorithm, and updated electronic medical record order sets. Outcome measures included the percentage of patients receiving evidence-based therapies, nonstandard abortive therapies, DHE given after failed first-line therapies, and overall PED length of stay. Process measures included the percent of eligible patients with the order set usage and medications received within 90 minutes. Balancing measures included hospital admissions and returns to the PED within 72 hours. Annotated control charts depicted results over time. Results: We collected data from July 2017 to December 2019. The percent of patients receiving evidence-based therapies increased from 69% to 73%. The percent of patients receiving nonstandard abortive therapies decreased from 2.5% to 0.6%. The percent of patients receiving DHE after failed first-line therapies increased from 0% to 37.2%. No untoward effects on process or balancing measures occurred, with sustained improvement for 14 months. Conclusion: Standardization efforts for patients with primary headaches led to improved use of evidence-based therapies and reduced nonstandard abortive therapies. This methodology also led to improved DHE use for migraine headache resistant to first-line therapies. We accomplished these results without increasing length of stay, admission, or return visits.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Days of Labour: Topographies of Power in Modern Peripheral Capitalism. The Case of The Industrial City of od. The article investigates the city of od as an exceptional case of a settlement constitutive of different kinds and techniques of power typical of nineteenth century industrial capitalism. We consider Foucault's disciplinary power/biopower through the convergence of the paternalistic gaze of the factory owner, and the Tsarist rule in the Scheibler and Grohman industrial establishment and the nearby workers housing estate. The aim of this article is to investigate a specific locus of peripheral capitalism and the relations accompanying it through the Foucauldian analysis of power. We argue that unique and unstable patterns of correlation of power techniques emerged here. Power is no longer strictly related to the temporal matrix or the functional demands of capitalist production, and only temporarily ossified in contingent configurations. While Foucault's canonical theoretical premises and concepts are of explanatory value, the very relations between them become problematic when confronted with the particular entanglement in od. Therefore we opt for the new paradigm of power analysis through S. J. Collier's topological analysis.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31, 57]}
{"token": "BASS XXXVII: The Role of Radiative Feedback in the Growth and Obscuration Properties of Nearby Supermassive Black Holes. We study the relation between obscuration and supermassive black hole (SMBH) accretion using a large sample of hard X-ray selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We find a strong decrease in the fraction of obscured sources above the Eddington limit for dusty gas (log lambda(Edd) >= -2) confirming earlier results, and consistent with the radiation-regulated unification model. This also explains the difference in the Eddington ratio distribution functions (ERDFs) of type 1 and type 2 AGNs obtained by a recent study. The break in the ERDF of nearby AGNs is at log lambda*(Edd) = -1.34 +/- 0.07. This corresponds to the lambda(Edd) where AGNs transition from having most of their sky covered by obscuring material to being mostly devoid of absorbing material. A similar trend is observed for the luminosity function, which implies that most of the SMBH growth in the local universe happens when the AGN is covered by a large reservoir of gas and dust. These results could be explained with a radiation-regulated growth model, in which AGNs move in the N-H-lambda(Edd) plane during their life cycle. The growth episode starts with the AGN mostly unobscured and accreting at low lambda(Edd). As the SMBH is further fueled, lambda(Edd), N-H and the covering factor increase, leading the AGN to be preferentially observed as obscured. Once lambda(Edd) reaches the Eddington limit for dusty gas, the covering factor and N-H rapidly decrease, leading the AGN to be typically observed as unobscured. As the remaining fuel is depleted, the SMBH goes back into a quiescent phase.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "On the Potential of Augmented Reality for Mathematics Teaching with the Application cleARmaths. Learning content in mathematics, such as vector geometry, is still predominantly taught in an abstract manner, as the visualization and interaction of three-dimensional problems are limited with classical forms of teaching such as blackboard lessons or exercise sheets. This research article proposes the use of augmented reality (AR) in mathematics education. The proposed approach aims at easing the learning process related to vector geometry currently taught in senior mathematics classes by using intuitive visualization. The article introduces the concept of AR and presents the didactic foundations and the influence on the learning process based on an extensive literature review. Although studies see great potential in the use of AR for teaching mathematics, the method has so far hardly been used in schools. This can be mainly explained by the technological entry barrier of AR and the lack of simple, robust AR applications, in particular for vector geometry. To fill this gap, the authors developed \\\\'cleARmaths\\\\', a developed android application for augmented reality-based teaching in vector geometry that allows widespread use. As a didactical concept, some example exercises sessions with the app are proposed, demonstrating how the app could be used in a mathematics classroom. Finally, the app was evaluated in a mathematics class and the results analyzed in a detailed study. It was found by the teacher and students to be beneficial and amusing, demonstrating the potential for AR in mathematics classes.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Identifying specific sensory modalities maintaining the stereotypy of students with multiple profound disabilities. In Experiment 1, analogue functional analyses were conducted to identify the functions of stereotypy for six students with multiple profound disabilities. Results indicated that stereotypy (a) occurred across conditions, (b) occurred primarily when alone, or (c) occurred during all sessions except in the Control condition. Experiment 2 analyzed stereotypy while masking visual, auditory, or tactile sensory consequences. Results showed that stereotypy was maintained by visual stimulation, tactile stimulation, or was undifferentiated across conditions. In Experiment 3, we showed that stereotypy could be reduced by providing competing sensory stimulation. In Experiment 4, stereotypy that was undifferentiated in Experiment I was analyzed using a concurrent operants procedure. Results showed that stereotypy was not multiply determined, but occurred to produce visual sensory stimulation. Our findings are discussed in terms of the sensory and social reinforcers that maintain stereotypy, assessment procedures used to identify those reinforcers, and the interpretation of assessment results. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
{"token": "Leibniz's Early Encounters with Descartes, Galileo, and Spinoza on Infinity. This chapter seeks to highlight some of the main threads that Leibniz used in developing his views on infinity in his early years in Paris (1672-76). In particular, I will be focusing on Leibniz's encounters with Descartes, Galileo, and Spinoza. Through these encounters, some of the most significant features of Leibniz's view of infinity will begin to emerge. Leibniz's response to Descartes reveals his positive attitude to infinity. He rejects Descartes's view that, since we are finite, we cannot comprehend the infinite and therefore should refrain from studying it. Likewise, Leibniz rejects Descartes's view that the term 'infinite' should be reserved to God alone, as well as Descartes's distinction between the infinite and the indefinite. Leibniz's encounter with Galileo brings out his rejection of infinite number in response to Galileo's paradox. This, in turn, leads him to face another formidable challenge, viz., to defend the claim that an infinite being is possible, while an infinite number is not. Leibniz's encounter with Spinoza, I suggest, highlights the way he is approaching this problem by distinguishing between quantitative and non-quantitative senses of infinity. The strategy of employing different senses of infinity in different contexts will remain central in Leibniz's approach to infinity for the rest of his career.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Effect of thermometry on the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Objective: to analyze the effect of cutaneous foot thermometry in people with Diabetes Mellitus, compared with the standard prevention of foot ulcers adopted in these patients. Method: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Protocol registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020202686). The recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were followed. The search was performed in the following data sources: SCOPUS, Web of Science, MEDLINE via PubMed, MEDLINE via EBSCO, MEDLINE via Biblioteca Virtual em Saude, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, LILACS via Biblioteca Virtual em Saude, Google Scholar, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertacoes, Catalogo de Teses & Dissertacoes-Capes, Open Grey and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2), the meta-analysis was performed in the Review Manager 5.4 software and the Certainty of evidence in the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. Results: of the 670 records, five articles were eligible. The meta-analysis was calculated for the prevention of the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers outcome, with effect summarization (RR 0.53; 95%CI 0.29-0.96; p=0.02), with certainty of moderate evidence. Conclusion: thermometry showed a protective effect on the incidence of diabetic foot ulcers when compared to standard foot care.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Concerns and needs of people with intellectual disabilities and their caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Background People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) and their caregivers face difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, limited studies have comprehensively investigated their challenges, especially in Japan. We aimed to clarify the concerns and needs of people with IDs and their caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. Method From March to August 2021, 27 in-depth interviews were conducted with principal caregivers of people with moderate to profound IDs in Japan. We then transcribed the interviews and conducted deductive coding using predetermined codes focused on their daily life difficulties. Inductive coding was used to ensure that no important themes were overlooked. Results We found four concerns and four needs among people with IDs and their caregivers as significant themes. Conclusions Our results provide useful information for supporting people with IDs and their caregivers, especially among those who need medical or social care in accordance with the infection control and social-distancing policies.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
{"token": "Lung disease associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia and an FLNA mutation. X-linked periventricular nodular heterotopia (PH) is a neuronal migration disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding filamin A (FLNA). High phenotypic diversity, ranging from PH to otopalatodigital syndrome and frontometaphyseal dysplasia has been described in association with FLNA mutations. Extra-neurological features including cardiovascular abnormalities, coagulopathy, skeletal dysplasia and joint hypermobility have sometimes been described in patients with PH. Respiratory manifestations have not been associated with FLNA disorders with the exception of tracheal stenosis and pulmonary hypoplasia associated with frontometaphyseal dysplasia and Melnick-Needles syndrome. Here, we report on a male patient aged 6 years presenting with a mosaic nonsense mutation c.994delG within the FLNA gene, PH and severe congenital lung disease comprising bilateral atelectasis, lung cysts, tracheobronchomalacia, pulmonary arterial hypertension and long-term oxygen dependence; histology of resected lung showed panpulmonary emphysema with marked reduction of bronchial cartilage. Rare male patients with PH and FLNA mutations have already been reported, usually with early lethality. These observations suggest the possibility of a link between FLNA mutations and congenital lung disease. A prospective study of patients with PH and FLNA mutations would be helpful in order to test this hypothesis. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "High frequency of HTRA1 AND ABCC6 mutations in Japanese patients with adult-onset cerebral small vessel disease. Background This study aimed to clarify the frequency and clinical features of monogenic cerebral small vessel disease (mgCSVD) among patients with adult-onset severe CSVD in Japan. Methods This study included patients with adult-onset severe CSVD with an age of onset <= 55 years (group 1) or >55 years and with a positive family history (group 2). After conducting conventional genetic tests for NOTCH3 and HTRA1, whole-exome sequencing was performed on undiagnosed patients. Patients were divided into two groups according to the results of the genetic tests: monogenic and undetermined. The clinical and imaging features were compared between the two groups. Results Group 1 and group 2 included 75 and 31 patients, respectively. In total, 30 patients had NOTCH3 mutations, 11 patients had HTRA1 mutations, 6 patients had ABCC6 mutations, 1 patient had a TREX1 mutation, 1 patient had a COL4A1 mutation and 1 patient had a COL4A2 mutation. The total frequency of mutations in NOTCH3, HTRA1 and ABCC6 was 94.0% in patients with mgCSVD. In group 1, the frequency of a family history of first relatives, hypertension and multiple lacunar infarctions (LIs) differed significantly between the two groups (monogenic vs undetermined; family history of first relatives, 61.0% vs 25.0%, p=0.0015; hypertension, 34.1% vs 63.9%, p=0.0092; multiple LIs, 87.8% vs 63.9%, p=0.0134). Conclusions More than 90% of mgCSVDs were diagnosed by screening for NOTCH3, HTRA1 and ABCC6. The target sequences for these three genes may efficiently diagnose mgCSVD in Japanese patients.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Impact of social behaviour on the new normal ICT structure during the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Songkhla Rajabhat University in Thailand, like many other educational institutions worldwide, was ordered to close and shift to online teaching. This paper proposes the impact of the crisis on the network traffic and application demands of the university ICT network. The impact constructs the new normal social behaviour of ICT and duality of structure. During the online learning period, the number of active users and the demand for the video usage increased dramatically. In addition, the number of devices synced, drive storage, email storage, and photo storage also increased. This paper tests the theoretical framework of structuration by evaluating the relationship between these impact factors and new normal social behaviours that we need to be concerned of to prepare for future crises. The evidence of technology integration and structuration of Songkhla Rajabhat University during the Covid-19 pandemic matches Anthony Gidden's Model for the Dimension for the Duality of Structure. This proves that immense structuration in an institution could happen through societal contribution, entirely in an online setting - defining a New Normal for the society.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Effect of Baseline Characteristics on Cabazitaxel Treatment Duration in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Compassionate Use/Expanded Access Programs and CAPRISTANA Registry. We examined factors that may impact cabazitaxel treatment duration in a real-life setting in a compassionate use program, expanded access program, and prospective observational study in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Patients with mCRPC previously treated with docetaxel (N = 1621) received cabazitaxel 25 mg/m(2) intravenously every 3 weeks until disease progression, death, unacceptable toxicity or physician/patient decision. The median number of cabazitaxel cycles was six (range, 1-49); 708 patients (43.7%) received >6 cycles. Patients receiving >6 cycles tended to have a better Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1 (p = 0.0017 for <= 6 vs. >6 cycles). Overall, 348 patients (21.5%) were >= 75 years of age; 139 (39.9%) received >6 cycles. The main reason for discontinuation was disease progression; however, in patients receiving 1-2 cycles, the main reason for discontinuation was adverse events. Only 52 patients (3.2%) progressed during cycles 1-2. Cabazitaxel was well tolerated in these studies, which included some elderly and frail patients, offering clinicians an important treatment option in the management of mCRPC. Proactive management of adverse events may allow patients to receive a higher number of cabazitaxel cycles and derive greater benefit.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Development and application of a mark-recapture model incorporating predicted sex and transitory behaviour. We developed an extension of Courmack-Jolly-Seber models to handle a complex mark-recapture problem in which (a) the sex of birds cannot be determined prior to first moult, but can be predicted on the basis of body measurements, and (b) a significant portion of captured birds appear to be transients (i.e. are captured once but leave the area or otherwise become 'untrappable'). We applied this methodology to a data set of 4184 serins (Serinus serinus) trapped in northeastern Spain during 1985-96, in order to investigate age-, sex-, and time-specific variation in survival rates. Using this approach, we were able to successfully incorporate the majority of ringings of serins. Had we eliminated birds not previously captured (as has been advocated to avoid the problem of transience) we would have reduced our sample sizes by >2000 releases. In addition, we were able to include 1610 releases of birds of unknown (but predicted) sex; these data contributed to the precision of our estimates and the power of statistical tests. We discuss problems with data structure, encoding of the algorithms to compute parameter estimates, model selection, identifiability of parameters, and goodness-of-fit, and make recommendations for the design and analysis of future studies facing similar problems.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Bipolar multiplex families have an increased burden of common risk variants for psychiatric disorders. Multiplex families with a high prevalence of a psychiatric disorder are often examined to identify rare genetic variants with large effect sizes. In the present study, we analysed whether the risk for bipolar disorder (BD) in BD multiplex families is influenced by common genetic variants. Furthermore, we investigated whether this risk is conferred mainly by BD-specific risk variants or by variants also associated with the susceptibility to schizophrenia or major depression. In total, 395 individuals from 33 Andalusian BD multiplex families (166 BD, 78 major depressive disorder, 151 unaffected) as well as 438 subjects from an independent, BD case/control cohort (161 unrelated BD, 277 unrelated controls) were analysed. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for BD, schizophrenia (SCZ), and major depression were calculated and compared between the cohorts. Both the familial BD cases and unaffected family members had higher PRS for all three psychiatric disorders than the independent controls, with BD and SCZ being significant after correction for multiple testing, suggesting a high baseline risk for several psychiatric disorders in the families. Moreover, familial BD cases showed significantly higher BD PRS than unaffected family members and unrelated BD cases. A plausible hypothesis is that, in multiplex families with a general increase in risk for psychiatric disease, BD development is attributable to a high burden of common variants that confer a specific risk for BD. The present analyses demonstrated that common genetic risk variants for psychiatric disorders are likely to contribute to the high incidence of affective psychiatric disorders in the multiplex families. However, the PRS explained only part of the observed phenotypic variance, and rare variants might have also contributed to disease development.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42, 23]}
{"token": "Negative spatial covariation in abundance of two European ticks: diverging niche preferences or biotic interaction?. 1. Understanding the ecological niches of ticks is central to predicting the risk of tick-borne disease occurrence. Despite considerable advances in describing species distributions over the last two decades, disentangling the differences in habitat preferences from biotic interactions still remains among the main challenges. 2. In boundary areas along the rivers Danube, Morava and Dyje, separating the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Austria, we studied ecological niche segregation between two European sympatric tick species, Dermacentor reticulatus and Ixodes ricinus, the abundances of which exhibited a negative spatial covariation. By applying ANCOVA analysis, we tested the effects of 19 climate, four moisture and two topographical variables derived through GIS on tick abundances. 3. Dermacentor reticulatus preferred warmer and wetter sites with greater diurnal and seasonal variation in temperature but with lower seasonality in precipitation than I. ricinus. 4. By adopting the static regression model based on a modified Lotka-Volterra model for interspecific competition, we examined the relative power of environmental variables to explain the negative relationship between tick log-abundances. We found that nonzero estimates of competition coefficients alpha(12) and alpha(21) were not eliminated even if we included seven principal components derived from considered environmental variables. 5. These results suggest that habitat conditions can shape abundance patterns of the studied ticks but their overall power to explain negative spatial covariation is low. This indicates that other critical variables were not considered in the analysis. An alternative explanation suggests that competitive interaction is not yet supported by direct field evidence obtained for these ticks.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "From Beethoven to Bowie: Identity Framing, Social Justice and the Sound of Law. Music is an inescapable part of social, cultural and political life, and has played a powerful role in mobilising support for popular movements demanding social justice. The impact of David Bowie, Prince and Bob Dylan, for example, on diversity awareness and legislative reform relating to sexuality, gender and racial equality respectively is still felt; with the latter receiving a Nobel Prize in 2016 for 'having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition'. The influence of these composers and performers reached far beyond the concert hall. Conversely, musical propaganda has been a common feature of many dictatorships, most notably Nazism's Adolf Hitler and Communism's Joseph Stalin, and is still instrumental in the election campaigns of political parties. US President Donald Trump's winning retro classic rock campaign playlist conveyed an idealised version of the past which aligned with the tastes and interests of his core constituency, and evoked feelings of nationalistic pride and patriotism. The eclectic selection of upbeat music effectively masked the underlying capitalist initiatives, corporate greed and allegations of financial impropriety that characterised both the Democrat and Republican campaigns. Although unable to impart meaning with the same level of precision as language, music has a potentially broader semantic capacity due to its greater elasticity. It constitutes a common language which has the ability to create a community of people that sings, speaks, reasons, votes and even feels the same way. Accordingly, this article explores the symbiotic relationship between music and law, identity politics and social justice, via the lens of musical semiosis.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 29, 52]}
{"token": "Case of TB in a sheep caused by Mycobacterium bovis with transmission to another sheep and a steer in the same building. An adult sheep housed indoors developed chronic respiratory tract infection that was unresponsive to treatment and resulted in euthanasia. Granulomas were found in multiple organs and lymph nodes, which contained acid-fast bacilli identified in Ziehl-Neelsen stains, and Mycobacterium bovis was cultured from tissues, confirming tuberculosis. Tuberculin skin testing of other animals in the building subsequently identified another sheep as infected, which had been housed with the index case for 46 months, although no visible lesions were seen postmortem. A steer that shared common air space with the sheep in the same building was also identified as test reactor and M bovis was cultured from the retropharyngeal lymph node. Strain typing of the isolates from the index case and the steer revealed the same genotype, suggestive of transmission from sheep to steer. This is the first documented episode of M bovis transmission from sheep to cattle.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "In Palaces and Huts at Home - Stories from the Beast of Gevaudan. The Beast of Gevaudan, a wolf- like animal, was active between 1764 and 1767 in the French historical province of the same name, causing nearly one hundred victims. This paper looks at the history of the Beast and its literary metamorphoses. Special attention is paid to the different forms of habitation and how they are symbolically charged: immeasurable riches in the castles, great poverty in the dwellings of the inhabitants and the nightmarish shelters of the Beast.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Perspective on Recent Developments on Sulfur-Containing Agents and Hydrogen Sulfide Signaling. The last couple of years have witnessed the coming together of several initially unconnected lines of investigation which now link natural sulfur products to hydrogen sulfide release and wide ranging cardiovascular protection. It has become apparent that sulfur compounds contained within garlic, onions, mushrooms and various edible beans and fruits may be transformed chemically or enzymatically in the human body with subsequent formation of hydrogen sulfide. The latter has emerged during the last decade from a shadowy existence as toxic gas to be recognized as the third gaseous transmitter besides nitric oxide ((NO)-N-center dot) and carbon monoxide (CO). Hydrogen sulfide is formed endogenously in the human body by enzymes such as cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) in the brain and cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) in liver, vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle. Although its exact chemical and biochemical modes of action are still not fully understood, levels of hydrogen sulfide in the brain and vasculature have unambiguously been associated with human health and disease. Not surprisingly, agents releasing hydrogen sulfide, as well as inhibitors of hydrogen sulfide synthesis (CBS and CSE inhibitors) have been investigated. Apart from linking our daily diet to a healthy brain and cardiovasculature, these findings may also provide new leads for drug design. Future studies will therefore need to focus on how such compounds are formed and transformed in the relevant plants, how food processing affects their chemical constitution, and how they release hydrogen sulfide (or control its levels) in the human body. Such multidisciplinary research should ultimately answer the all-important question if a hearty diet is also good for the heart.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "PRNP genetic variability and molecular typing of natural goat scrapie isolates in a high number of infected flocks. One hundred and four scrapie positive and 77 negative goats from 34 Greek mixed flocks were analysed by prion protein gene sequencing and 17 caprine scrapie isolates from 11 flocks were submitted to molecular isolate typing. For the first time, the protective S146 variant was reported in Greece, while the protective K222 variant was detected in negative but also in five scrapie positive goats from heavily infected flocks. By immunoblotting six isolates, including two goat flockmates carrying the K222 variant, showed molecular features slightly different from all other Greek and Italian isolates co-analysed, possibly suggesting the presence of different scrapie strains in Greece.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Electrodeposited tin-cobalt alloy from a neutral gluconate bath. Tin-cobalt alloy deposits are considered as an eco-friendly substitute to replace conventional chromium plating. A new gluconate bath has been used to produce this alloy and evaluate its properties. Alloys containing 30-40 per cent cobalt exhibit desirable properties. such as a pleasing appearance, pore-free nature, solderability and corrosion resistance which have been attributed to the alloy being in the CoSn phase.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Enhancement of oxygen permeation fluxes of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-delta hollow fiber membrane via macrostructure modification and (La0.5Sr0.5)(2)CoO4+delta decoration. Oxygen-selective perovskite hollow fiber membrane can be used to obtain an effective oxygen separation from air at high temperature (above 700 degrees C) for large scale application. Here, we display that oxygen permeation fluxes of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 (LSC113) hollow fiber membrane was enhanced by macrostructure modification and (La,Sr)(2)CoO4 (LSC214) surface decoration. By changing the cross-section macrostructure from sandwich structure (for LSC-a fiber) to asymmetric structure (for LSC-b fiber), the oxygen flux was improved by up to 3.6-fold. Applying porous LSC214 decoration on LSC113 furthermore enhanced the oxygen fluxes for LSC-a and LSC-b, by up to 6.8-fold and 1.9-fold, respectively. (C) 2018 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Toward the development of positive mental health promotion: The role of the psychologist. Conclusion. - It concludes on how psychologist could become major actors in this field. (C) 2018 Societe Francaise de Psychologie. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Discussion. - The present stake, in the field of mental health, thus requires a paradigmatic change in psychologists which would enable to move from mainly curative interventions to actions oriented towards individual and collectives' potentialities. This article presents a synthesis of mental health determinants as well as national and international public policies aiming at developing health promotion.Literature findings. - Mental health promotion is still insufficiently known by psychologists and few of them work in this field, in part because it is based on public health concepts and data. Furthermore, its approach is focused on positive health - as opposed to deficit models - which proposes interventions consisting in developing human competencies and strengths as a means of preventing potential future mental illnesses.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Sub- and neo-functionalization of APETALA3 paralogs have contributed to the evolution of novel floral organ identity in Aquilegia (columbine, Ranunculaceae). Previous studies of the lower eudicot model Aquilegia have revealed differential expression patterns of two APETALA3 (AP3) paralogs that appear to coincide with the development of a distinct fifth floral organ type, the staminodium. The AqAP3-1 locus quickly becomes limited to the staminodia while AqAP3-2 becomes stamen-specific. We used transient RNAi-based methods to silence each of these loci individually and in combination, followed by detailed studies of the resultant morphologies and the effects on gene expression patterns. Silencing of AqAP3-1 had a strong effect on the staminodia, causing transformation into carpeloid organs, while silencing of AqAP3-2 only affected the stamens, resulting in sterility, stunting or weak transformation towards carpel identity. Much more dramatic phenotypes were obtained in the doubly silenced flowers, where all stamens and staminodia were transformed into carpels. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses of B gene homolog expression in these flowers are consistent with complex patterns of regulatory feedback among the loci. These findings suggest that the presence of ancient AP3 paralogs in the Ranunculaceae has facilitated the recent evolution of a novel organ identity program in Aquilegia. Specifically, it appears that downregulation of AqAP3-2 in the innermost whorl of stamens was a critical step in the evolution of elaborated sterile organs in this position.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "The Russian budgetary process and defence: finding the 'golden mean'. In Russia the budgetary process for defence is broadly similar to that for other sectors but is characterised by a considerable degree of secrecy, limiting the role of parliament and any form of effective social control. The article examines the main actors and features of the defence budgetary process, the system of state secrecy, and explores the issue that generates the most conflict between the ministries of finance and defence, namely the long-term state armament programme.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Twenty-Five Years of Structural Parvovirology. Parvoviruses, infecting vertebrates and invertebrates, are a family of single-stranded DNA viruses with small, non-enveloped capsids with T = 1 icosahedral symmetry. A quarter of a century after the first parvovirus capsid structure was published, approximately 100 additional structures have been analyzed. This first structure was that of Canine Parvovirus, and it initiated the practice of structure-to-function correlation for the family. Despite high diversity in the capsid viral protein (VP) sequence, the structural topologies of all parvoviral capsids are conserved. However, surface loops inserted between the core secondary structure elements vary in conformation that enables the assembly of unique capsid surface morphologies within individual genera. These variations enable each virus to establish host niches by allowing host receptor attachment, specific tissue tropism, and antigenic diversity. This review focuses on the diversity among the parvoviruses with respect to the transcriptional strategy of the encoded VPs, the advances in capsid structure-function annotation, and therapeutic developments facilitated by the available structures.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Shallow Groundwater and Their Implication for Poor Sanitation Facilities in Low-Income Countries. Rudimentary on-site sanitation systems (OSSs) are extensively used in low-income countries despite the risk of groundwater contamination. The present study investigated the potential impact of community soak pits on sandy shallow aquifers in a rural area in Sri Lanka. Thirty-two groundwater samples were collected and measured for the traditional indicators fecal bacteria Escherichia coli, total coliforms, nitrate, and chloride; 7 pharmaceuticals were added as wastewater indicators. Analysis showed that the local groundwater is infected by fecal bacteria, but it was unable to determine whether the source of fecal bacteria is the OSSs. Similarly, nitrate and chloride provided unclear evidence. Conversely, detection of 3 pharmaceuticals at trace levels in groundwater evidenced wastewater impact from OSSs. Caffeine was detected in 89% of the sample at a maximum concentration 7.9 ng/L, indicating fecal pollution. Carbamazepine was detected in 42% of the samples with a concentration of up to 6.9 ng/L, whereas sulfamethoxazole was detected in only 2 samples. The presence of carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole was also consistent with recorded drug use of the residents. Escherichia coli showed a moderate positive correlation with caffeine concentration (Kendall's tau = 0.38, p = 0.017), indicating concurring short-lifetime fecal bacteria and labile wastewater organic compounds. Nitrate showed a significant correlation with carbamazepine concentration (tau = 0.39, p = 0.016). Fecal bacteria and nitrate can be used in screening for micropollutants in domestic wells impacted by OSSs. The present case study emphasizes the potential impact of poor sanitation on groundwater resources and the necessity of sanitation improvement in achieving Sustainable Development Goals in developing countries. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;00:1-9. (c) 2021 SETAC", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
{"token": "H2O+ ions in comets: models and observations. An improved magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model with chemistry is presented. The analysis of the source and sink terms for H2O (+) shows that for small comets up to 11% of water molecules are finally ionized. For large comets (such as Halley) this fraction decreases to less than 3%. From the MHD scaling laws a similarity law for the individual ion densities is deduced which takes into account that the mother molecules are depleted by dissociation. This is applied to H2O+ ions. Radial density profiles from model calculations, observations by Giotto near comet Halley, and ground based observations of three comets confirm this scaling law for H2O (+) ions. From the similarity law for the density a scaling law for the column density is derived which is more convenient to apply for ground based observations. From these scaling laws methods are derived which allow the determination of the water production rate from the ground based images of the H2O (+) ions. Finally, the two dimensional images of model column densities are compared with observations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Teleworking and Academic Research: Analysis of Scientific Production Available in National Data Banks Opened until 2017. Teleworking is a flexible way of working, developed totally or partially at a distance. Through a bibliometric review on this subject, with a quantitative approach, exploratory nature and applied nature, we intend to present an overview of the publications available in ANPAD, Scielo and Spell databases, published between 1995 and 2017. Were found 280 publications, being discarded duplicates and those that did not approach telework as the central theme, resulting in 73 articles. Based on the results obtained, we have an overview of the publications on the subject of telework in the studied bases, as well suggestionsfor future studies.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR PROVING DECIDABILITY IN LOGICS AND THEIR MEET-COMBINATION. Satisfaction systems and reductions between them are presented as an appropriate context for analyzing the satisfiability and the validity problems. The notion of reduction is generalized in order to cope with the meet-combination of logics. Reductions between satisfaction systems induce reductions between the respective satisfiability problems and (under mild conditions) also between their validity problems. Sufficient conditions are provided for relating satisfiability problems to validity problems. Reflection results for decidability in the presence of reductions are established. The validity problem in the meetcombination is proved to be decidable whenever the validity problem for the components are decidable. Several examples are discussed, namely, involving modal and intuitionistic logics, as well as the meet-combination of K modal logic and intuitionistic logic.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "NeuroCog FX: Computerized screening of cognitive functions in patients with epilepsy. NeuroCog FX, a computerized neuropsychological screening instrument for serial examinations of patients with epilepsy and other neurological diseases, was developed to fill the gap between unspecific ratings and comprehensive assessments. Eight subtests address attention, working memory, verbal and figural memory, and language. The test duration is less than 30 min, In research contexts, the test can be applied at multiple sites by nonacademic personnel. Normative data were recorded from healthy subjects (N = 244, age range = 16-75 years; retest: N = 44; validation: N = 40) and unselected patients from an epileptology unit (N = 212; retest: N = 94; validation: N = 126). Psychometric analyses confirmed sufficient reliability and concurrent validity, particularly in patients. NeuroCog FX memory and overall performance scores showed \\\\'fair\\\\' to \\\\'good\\\\' diagnostic utility with respect to deficits revealed by established tests. NeuroCog FX provides reliable and valid measures of cognitive performance and may be used in clinical and research contexts as a screening instrument. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
{"token": "STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF MICROWAVE IRRADIATION UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS ON THE OPTICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF CdTe QUANTUM DOTS SYNTHESIZED BY ONE-POT SYNTHESIS. We present the results of the systematic study of CdTe quantum dots synthesized in aqueous medium by one-pot technique. Allsamples were heated by microwave irradiation under controlled conditions such as, temperature, heating time, and vapor pression, in order to promote their luminescence. We found that the maximum luminescence was reached in colloids prepared with pH 8 and pH 9. The analysis by transmission electron microscopy exhibited the particular characteristic of thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots and their tendency to form aggregates. The nanocrystal morphology resulted in the truncated tetrahedral shape described by other authors and the mean nanocrystal size resulted between 2 to 5 nm. Analysis by electron diffraction indicated that the crystalline structure of quantum dots corresponds to the face centered cubical (fcc) structure of CdTe. According to optical spectroscopies of absorbance and photoluminescence, the crystalline growth was different for each sample group. Through these techniques, we found that the group of samples synthesized at pH 8 the crystalline growth depends of heating temperature and for the group synthesized at pH 9, the crystalline growth depends of heating time.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "A Man Just Like Other Men? Masculinity and Clergy in Spain during Late Francoism (1960-1975). While the notion of masculinity has been incorporated by European and North American research into the field of study of religious history, in Spain its introduction is still in its infancy. This article reflects on the contribution of religious discourses and the experiences of male clergy to the construction of different identity models of masculinity within a very plural Catholicism, at a time of social mobilisation, political transition, sexual liberation, and religious secularisation. These changes questioned the Catholic masculine ideal of the first decades of Franco dictatorship (1939-1975) to propose new profiles of the virile religious archetype. The article states that the crisis of the priest, which is part of the religious crisis of the 1960s, can be interpreted as a struggle between different models of Catholic masculinity. At the same time, this crisis regarding the figure of the priest influenced religious, social, and political changes in Spain.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
{"token": "Phylogenetic analysis of the 'Nannochloris-like' algae and diagnoses of Picochlorum oklahomensis gen. et sp nov (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). A broadly halotolerant new isolate of a small asexual coccoid chlorophyte and six new, related freshwater isolates provided the impetus for a phylogenetic analysis of the so-called 'Nannochloris-like' algae within the Trebouxiophyceae. Previous taxonomic disagreements concerning this group had not been rigorously tested with molecular phylogenetic analyses. We show with 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence phylogeny that 19 of 22 isolates previously assigned to either Nannochloris or Nanochlorum fall within a diverse sister clade to a clade including the four 'true' Chlorella species sensu loto. In addition, Marvania geminata, Gloeotila contorta, Chlorella sp. Yanaqocha RA1, Koliella spiculiformis, 'Chlorella minutissima' C-1.1.9. and new Koliella, Gloeotila and Marvania isolates were included in the Nannochloris-like clade. Distinct freshwater and marine or saline lineages comprise at least three major subclades, generally corresponding to cell division pattern. Seven of 14 marine or saline isolates are known (and the others presumed) to divide by autosporulation. Eight freshwater isolates divide by binary fission, including two Koliella, two Gloeotila, N. bacillaris, Chlorella sp. Yanaqocha RA1, and two new unassigned isolates. Four freshwater isolates divide by budding or autosporulation (three Marvania, including CCAP 251/1b. previously assigned to N. coccoides). The autosporic taxa N. eucaryotum UTEX 2502 (marine) and C. minutissima C-1.1.9 (freshwater), which have nearly identical 18S rDNA sequences, are deeper-branching than the freshwater and marine or saline lineages. We propose including the 13 marine or saline, autosporic taxa (excluding N. eucaryotum UTEX 2502) in the new genus Picochlorum until distinctive morphological or biochemical characters are identified that would indicate multiple genera corresponding to subclades. Such characters exist in the freshwater lineages, supporting retention of Koliella, Gloeotila, Marvania and Nannochloris as distinct genera, although each is currently represented by few isolates. Nannochloris at this time may be restricted to N. bacillaris and Chlorella sp. Yanaqocha RA1. We also describe halotolerant P. oklahomensis Hironaka sp. nov. Based on 18S rDNA sequence and lack of chlorophyll b, Nannochloris sp. UTEX 2379 should be reassigned to the Eustigmatophyceae.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
{"token": "Selected methods for improving operating conditions of three-phase systems working in the presence of current and voltage deformation - part I. The paper includes a summary and a background of long-time research conducted by a research team in the Institute of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Silesian University of Technology. The research work has principally been related to selected problems in the field of analysis and synthesis of systems aimed at symmetrisation and improvement of some power quality parameters. This paper constitutes a first part of the report on the research. It has been devoted to effective elimination of higher harmonics and reactive power compensation by means of parallel active power filters. The other problem discussed in this paper is related to this issue and it is very important from the economic point of view; it addresses optimal sizing and placement of active power filters in investigated power networks.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Age-Related Changes in Locomotor Performance Reveal a Similar Pattern for Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus domesticus, Canis familiaris, Equus caballus, and Homo sapiens. Locomotion is one of the major physiological functions for most animals. Previous studies have described aging mechanisms linked to locomotor performance among different species. However, the precise dynamics of these age-related changes, and their interactions with development and senescence, are largely unknown. Here, we use the same conceptual framework to describe locomotor performances in Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus domesticus, Canis familiaris, Equus caballus, and Homo sapiens. We show that locomotion is a consistent biomarker of age-related changes, with an asymmetrical pattern throughout life, regardless of the type of effort or its duration. However, there is variation (i) among species for the same mode of locomotion, (ii) within species for different modes of locomotion, and (iii) among individuals of the same species for the same mode of locomotion. Age-related patterns are modulated by genetic (such as selective breeding) as well as environmental conditions (such as temperature). However, in all cases, the intersection of the rising developmental phase and the declining senescent phase reveals neither a sharp transition nor a plateau, but a smooth transition, emphasizing a crucial moment: the age at peak performance. This transition may define a specific target for future investigations on the dynamics of such biological interactions.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
{"token": "COSSACKS' FARMS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE 1920s: CONTRADICTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE DON AND KUBAN REGIONS). Introduction. The new economic policy is controversial, which manifested itself with a particular force in relation to the grain-producing regions - the Don and the Kuban, the most prosperous groups of farmers - the Cossacks. The degree of recovery of Cossack farms and the level of their differentiation remains controversial. The purpose of the article is to determine the state and contradictions of the development of Don and Kuban Cossack farms in the conditions of the new economic policy of the 1920s. Methods and materials. The work is based on the method of synchronous binary comparative analysis. The source basis is data of economic and demographic statistics of the 1920s, reporting documents of the party and Soviet authorities. Analysis and Results. The article reveals the status and contradictory development trends of Cossack farms in the Don and Kuban in the 1920s. The paper proves that the economic and demographic potential of the Cossack farms in the Don and Kuban regions did not fully recover in the conditions of the NEP. As a result, the NEP measures reduced the number of seedless farms, while the reduction of large kulak farms was due to the expansion of medium-sized groups - marginal and medium-sized ones. There was \\\\'equalizing\\\\' of the Cossacks, and to a greater extent than \\\\'nonresident\\\\' peasants. The high level of providing Cossack farms with land plots caused discontent among peasants, and property contradictions remained among Cossacks. The author proves the contradictions of the NEP in the agrarian sphere: between the needs of industrial modernization and the limits of tax possibilities of agriculture; between the authorities' intention to increase marketability of individual farms and the imperative to curb social inequality; between civil reconciliation and the equalizing land reform. The NEP period can be divided into four stages: between spring 1921 and summer 1924 - gradual revival of market relations stimulating restoration of individual Cossack farms; between autumn 1924 and spring 1926 - \\\\'facing the village\\\\' course resulting in tax cuts, resolving long-term leases, supporting cooperation and other forms of market self-organization of Cossack farms; summer 1926-1927 - gradual turn to the collapse of the NEP; the turn of 1927-1928 - systematic downturn of the NEP and transition to the full-scale application of administrative-command methods regulating the economy.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Modification of barley dietary fiber through thermal treatments. The current research was carried out to observe the effect of different thermal treatments on soluble and insoluble dietary fiber ratio to improve functional properties of barley. Two varieties of barley labeled as Haider-93 and Jau-87 were milled and then wet and dry heat-treated. Soaking and then cooking of soaked and nonsoaked barley was performed. Untreated barley contained more insoluble dietary fiber (12.00-12.40 g/100g dm) than soluble dietary fiber (4.73-5.70 g/100g dm). Additionally, the modification of soluble (13.32%) and insoluble dietary fiber (8.79%) ratio through pressure cooking was nonsignificant while roasting showed significant results, that is, 53.91% increase in soluble dietary fiber and 8.79% decrease in insoluble dietary fiber. In phase II, cooking without soaking gave highest results, that is, 68.08% increase in soluble dietary fiber and 15.48% decrease in insoluble dietary fiber. Conclusively, among all treatments of phase I and II, the better results were shown by cooking without soaking.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "alpha-admissible Presic type operators and fixed points. In this paper, we introduce alpha-admissible mappings on product spaces and obtain fixed point results for alpha-admissible Presic type operators. Our results extend, unify and generalize some known results of the literature. We also provide examples, which illustrate the results proved herein and show that how the new results are different from the existing ones.", "label": [1, 4, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Bending of edge-bonded dissimilar rectangular plates. This study develops the extended Kantorovich method (EKM) to provide a closed form semi analytical solution for the bending analysis of two edge-bonded thin rectangular plates. The constituent plates could be different in thickness, length, material, loading conditions, and Winkler foundation's stiffness. A combination of clamp, free, and simply supports are applied to the structure. The shared edge in the composite plate is assumed to be perfectly bonded. By applying the EKM together with the idea of weighted residual technique, two sets of ODEs are obtained. Bending is assumed to remain continuous on the bonded edge. The EKM procedure is modified by applying the coordinate of an arbitrary shared point in the boundary conditions for the shared edge, to relate the bending of the two plates. The ODEs are solved iteratively to obtain the deflection function in a fast convergence trend. Two examples of aluminium-steel plate and functionally graded material-steel plate are considered. The deflection results from the boundary modified EKM (BM-EKM) are in high agreement with the finite element solution results. The bending of stepped plates is a special case of the current study. The suggested BM-EKM strengthens the EKM's ability for solving complex jointed/bonded structures in structural analyses.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Children's First Experience of Taking Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids can Occur before Their 10th Birthday: A Systematic Review Identifying 9 Factors That Predicted Doping among Young People. Taking performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) can cause serious and irreversible health consequences, which can ultimately lead to premature death. Some young people may take PEDs without fully understanding the ramifications of their actions or based on the advice from others. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the main factors that predicted doping among young people. The literature was systematically reviewed using search engines, manually searching specialist journals, and pearl growing. Fifty-two studies, which included 187,288 young people aged between 10 and 21 years of age, 883 parents of adolescent athletes, and 11 adult coaches, who were interviewed regarding young athletes, were included in this review. Nine factors predicted doping among young people: gender; age; sports participation; sport type; psychological variables; entourage; ethnicity; nutritional supplements; and health harming behaviors. In regards to psychological variables, 22 different constructs were associated with doping among young people. Some psychological constructs were negatively associated with doping (e.g., self-esteem, resisting social pressure, and perfectionist strivings), whereas other were positively associated with doping (e.g., suicide risk, anticipated regret, and aggression). Policy makers and National Anti-Doping Organizations could use these findings to help identify athletes who are more at risk of doping and then expose these individuals to anti-doping education. Based on the current findings, it also appears that education programs should commence at the onset of adolescence or even late childhood, due to the young age in which some individuals start doping.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "The Myth of Chinese Exceptionalism: The Case of Welfare Transition in a Globalized Economy. China's social welfare system in the past three decades has undergone a fundamental transformation. This process is part of a general movement occurring in the developing world in the new context of globalization. Globalization has produced a structural change of preferences among major social actors with regards to social protection, which in turn induces the governments to adopt a balanced and inclusive approach of social protection that is compatible to market competition and continuous development. What distinguishes China in achieving this objective is the combination of the government's commitment to openness and its strategic policy adjustment that, working together, induce the vested interests from the public sector to accept the new institutions in a timely manner so that the welfare programs assist the economy in exploring the opportunities offered by the international market.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Priority or Equality for Possible People?. Suppose that you must make choices that may influence the well-being and the identities of the people who will exist, though not the number of people who will exist. How ought you to choose? This article answers this question. It argues that the currency of distributive ethics in such cases is a combination of an individual's final well-being and her expected well-being conditional on her existence. It also argues that this currency should be distributed in an egalitarian, rather than a prioritarian, manner.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Estimates of doses from global fallout. This paper summarizes information about external and internal doses resulting from global fallout and presents preliminary estimates of doses resulting from intermediate fallout in the contiguous United States. Most of the data on global fallout were extracted from the reports of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, in which the radiation exposures from fallout have been extensively reviewed at regular intervals. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation estimated the average effective doses received by the world's population before 2000 to be about 0.4 mSv from external irradiation and 0.6 mSv from internal irradiation, the main radionuclide contributing to the effective dose being Cs-137. Effective doses received beyond 2000 result mainly from the environmentally mobile, long-lived C-14 and amount to about 2.5 mSv summed over present and future generations. Specific information about the doses from fallout received by the United States population is based on the preliminary results of a study requested by the U.S. Congress and conducted jointly by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Cancer Institute. Separate calculations were made for the tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site and for the high-yield tests conducted mainly by the United States and the former Soviet Union at sites far away from the contiguous United States (global tests). The estimated average doses from external irradiation received by the United States population were about 0.5 mGy for Nevada Test Site fallout and about 0.7 mGy for global fallout. These values vary little from one organ or tissue of the body to another. In contrast, the average doses from internal irradiation vary markedly from one organ or tissue to another; estimated average thyroid doses to children born in 1951 were about 30 mGy from Nevada Test Site fallout and about 2 mGy from global fallout.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 22, 15, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Genetic Contributors to Intergenerational CAG Repeat Instability in Huntington's Disease Knock-In Mice. Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat in exon 1 of the HTT gene. Longer repeat sizes are associated with increased disease penetrance and earlier ages of onset. Intergenerationally unstable transmissions are common in HD families, partly underlying the genetic anticipation seen in this disorder. HD CAG knock-in mouse models also exhibit a propensity for intergenerational repeat size changes. In this work, we examine intergenerational instability of the CAG repeat in over 20,000 transmissions in the largest HD knock-in mouse model breeding datasets reported to date. We confirmed previous observations that parental sex drives the relative ratio of expansions and contractions. The large datasets further allowed us to distinguish effects of paternal CAG repeat length on the magnitude and frequency of expansions and contractions, as well as the identification of large repeat size jumps in the knock-in models. Distinct degrees of intergenerational instability were observed between knock-in mice of six background strains, indicating the occurrence of trans-acting genetic modifiers. We also found that lines harboring a neomycin resistance cassette upstream of Htt showed reduced expansion frequency, indicative of a contributing role for sequences in cis, with the expanded repeat as modifiers of intergenerational instability. These results provide a basis for further understanding of the mechanisms underlying intergenerational repeat instability.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Ascetic tropics: Franciscans, missionary knowledge and visions of Empire in the Portuguese Atlantic at the turn of the eighteenth century. This essay focuses on the study of Franciscan written and intellectual culture in Portuguese America. Specifically, it analyzes the role the Franciscans played, through their writings, in the shaping of the Portuguese-American world, of the way that world was thought about, and of contemporary understandings of the place Brazil should occupy within the Portuguese monarchy. It examines the visions of the Empire which the so-called Seraphic Order developed in the Brazilian colonial context, the written strategies they used, and the missionary and colonial knowledge which they employed when constructing their perceptions of the American world. To that end, it looks in detail at the Franciscan friar Antonio do Rosario and his text Frutas do Brasil (Lisbon, 1702), in which he used his knowledge of the natural world to construct a complex plant-based allegory with clear political connotations about Brazil.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Antiinflammatory Steroidal Alkaloids from Sarcococca wallichii of Nepalese Origin. Bio-assay guided isolation from the plant Sarcococca wallichii Staph. yielded two new steroidal alkaloids: wallichimine A (1) and wallichimine B (2), and five known ones: sarcodinine (3), N-methylpachysamine A (4), alkaloid C (5), dictyophlebine (6), and sarcorine (7). The structures of the compounds were determined using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy techniques. The immunomodulatory potential of compounds was evaluated on different parameters including production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and on proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. All compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of intracellular ROS produced from isolated neutrophils, except compound 5, which showed a moderate level of inhibition. Compounds 2 and 4 potently inhibited the production of NO (67.9% and 62.5% respectively). Compound 2 showed potent suppression on production of proinflammatory cytolcine TNF-alpha (76.7%). Among all the tested compounds the new compound 2 was found to be the most potent immunosuppressive agent. This study shows that steroidal alkaloids could be lead compounds for anti-inflammatory drug discovery.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 8]}
{"token": "The incessantly creating mind'. Performativity of Stanislaw Brzozowski's criticism. An attempt is offered at reading Stanislaw Brzozowski's criticism with use of tools provided by the performative turn. Thus, criticism appears as an event that establishes reality and triggers action on the part of the reader. This approach is rooted in Brzozowski's own philosophy: he namely claimed that being is not a permanent once-for-ever-given entity, while thought does not describe a ready-available reality - calling it into being, instead. A performative dimension of criticism is visible in the dramatism of his writing, in a theatralisation of the clash between the 'I' and the world-and-culture, as well as in the conviction that action performed on texts (commenting other authors' texts and creating one's own) transforms the reality of culture as well as the collective reality.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Practical Applications of Diffusive Realization of Fractional Integrator with SoftFrac. Fractional calculus has found multiple applications around the world. It is especially prevalent in the domains of control and electronics. One of the key elements of fractional applications is the fractional integral (or integrator) which is a backbone of famous PI lambda D controller. It gives advantages of traditional PID with a limited phase lag. The are, however, issues with implementation, which will allow good low-frequency behavior. In this paper, we consider a diffusive realization of a fractional integrator with the use of quadratures. We implemented this method in numerical package SoftFrac, and we illustrate how different quadratures work for this purpose. We show superiority of bounded domain integration with logarithmic transformation and explain issues with behavior for extremely low frequencies.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 40]}
{"token": "Designing low-input upland rice-based cropping systems with conservation agriculture for climate change adaptation: A six-year experiment in M'b'e, Bouake, Cote d'Ivoire. Climate change models predict an increase in climate variability in the future, with more rainfall extremes and greater risks, causing a negative impact on crops produced by smallholders in West Africa. Conservation Agriculture (CA) systems can be effective in mitigating yield loss in environments with increased weather risk. This study aimed to evaluate CA cropping systems that can minimize both economic and climatic risks under erratic climatic conditions in West Africa. We tested upland rice-based CA systems and conventional systems with tillage (CT), in rotation with maize in some of the cases, without and with fertilization, at different sowing windows in the Bouake region, Cote d'Ivoire, from 2015 to 2020. Sowing in June showed in a higher rice yield (1183 kg ha(-1) and 1370 kg ha(-1) without and with fertilization, on average over the 2017-2020 period) than in March (521 kg ha(-1) and 495 kg ha(-1) without and with fertilization) or in July or August (335 kg ha(-1) and 498 kg ha(-1) without and with fertilization). During the first four years, rice yields tended to be lower under the CA systems than under the CT systems, especially when water availability was not a major constraint. However, after this transition period, and especially when water stress occurred, as in 2020, rice yields under CA systems (1835-2021 and 2147-2254 kg ha(-1) without and with fertilization) were higher than under CT systems (1350 kg ha(-1) and 1435 kg ha(-1) without and with fertilization). CA systems having relatively longer duration for growing cover crops tended to produce higher upland rice yield grown in the subsequent season. In both CT and CA systems, the impact of fertilization on rice yield was small over the study period, and the mean rice yield increase due to fertilization was on average 451 kg ha(-1) even when rice was sown in the summer season, resulting in negative economic return. These results indicate that whereas low-input CA upland rice-based systems together with optimizing sowing window for rice could be promising options for sustaining rice yield and mitigating yield loss in environments with increased weather risk, further research is needed for reducing transition period to CA systems in order to enhance their adoption by smallholder farmers. Desirable cover crops should be less labor-demanding, generate incomes from their products, and produce large biomass under erratic climatic conditions.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Two approaches for consolidating results from genome scans of complex traits: Selection methods and scan statistics. This work has two purposes: (i) empirically selecting levels of significance that maximize the fraction of markers close to a gene (hit rate) when performing linkage analyses of simulated data and (ii) evaluating the utility of a previously reported scan statistic on the same data. Genotype data were simulated from a trait model of seven susceptibility genes. For purpose (i), five statistics were evaluated on all marker loci in fifty replicates; two-point lod and heterogeneity lod scores maximized over dominance (mlod, mhlod), a multi-allelic TDT test, an affected sib-pair test (ASP), and a model-free test on all sib-pairs (ALL_SIBS). Within each replicate the fraction of markers (hit rate) significant at specified levels of significance and also (a) within fifty markers of, or (b) on the same chromosome as a major gene was calculated. For purpose (ii), scan statistics of length 15 were calculated for each chromosome and their empirical significance levels estimated on the basis of 500 replicates generated under no linkage. The scan statistic was applied to the mhlod scores from one replicate (Replicate 5). Empirical p-values for the scan statistic were determined by computing mhlod scores on 500 replicates of simulated null data. For purpose (i), significance levels between 0.001 and 0.01 had the greatest hit rate for all five methods and both criteria. For criterion (a) at the 0.001 level of significance, both mlod and mhlod displayed the highest hit rates, approximately 0.4 for each. For criterion (b), all methods but ALL_SIBS and ASP had hit rates ranging between 0.4 and 0.5. For purpose (ii), the scan statistic proved equally or more powerful than the single-locus statistic for two of the seven susceptibility genes while the remaining five genes were not detected. ((C)) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Biophotons: Ultraweak light emission from living systems. Spontaneous ultraweak light emission phenomena that result from living systems, also referred to as 'biophoton emission', occur quite generally in nature and are coupled to the endogenous production of excited states within a living system. The detection and characterization of biophoton emission may be of significant importance because the coherence and statistical features of underlying primary excitations governing endogenous biophysical processes are directly transferred to the photon field and vice versa. Examples from organisms and living systems at various levels of the biological hierarchy show that biophoton emission is an exciting area of research with potential future applications in biology, medicine, pharmacology, environmental sciences and food technology.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Effect of Drip-Applied Metam-Sodium and S-Metolachlor on Yellow Nutsedge and Common Purslane in Polyethylene-Mulched Bell Pepper and Tomato. Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of metam sodium and S-metolachlor applied through drip irrigation on yellow nutsedge, common purslane, bell pepper, and tomato (injury and yield) in plasticulture. Treatments consisted of weed-free, weedy, S-metolachlor alone at 0.85 kg ha(-1), methyl bromide, metam sodium (43, 86, 176, and 358 kg ai ha(-1)) alone, and metam sodium (43, 86, 176, and 358 kg ai ha(-1)) followed by S-metolachlor at 0.85 kg ha(-1). Metam sodium and S-metolachlor was applied preplant 2 wk before and 2 wk after transplanting (WAT) through drip irrigation, respectively. No injury was observed to bell pepper and tomato from metam sodium alone, or metam sodium fb S-metolachlor treatments. With the exception of yellow nutsedge density 15 WAT in bell pepper, herbicide program did not influence yellow nutsedge and common purslane density at 4 and 6 WAT and bell pepper and tomato yield. At 15 WAT, yellow nutsedge density was lower in treatments that received metam sodium fb S-metolachlor compared to those treatments that only received metam sodium. Drip-applied metam sodium at 176 and 358 kg ha(-1) in both bell pepper and tomato provided similar control of common purslane, and yellow nutsedge, produced comparable yields, and failed to elicit any negative crop growth responses when compared to MeBr. In conclusion, metam sodium at 176 and 358 kg ha(-1) fb S-metolachlor 0.85 kg ha(-1) is an effective MeBr alternative for season long weed control in plasticulture bell pepper and tomato.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Chemical Passivation of Silicon Nanowires with C-1-C-6 Alkyl Chains through Covalent Si-C Bonds. We report on the functionalization of Si NWs with C-1-C-6 alkyl chains using a versatile two step chlorination/alkylation process. We show that Si NWs terminated with C-1-C-6 molecules, through Si-C bonds, connect alkyl molecules to 50-100% of the Si atop sites and provide surface stability that depends on the chain length and molecular coverage, according to the following order: C-1-Si NW > C-2-Si NW > (C-3-C-6)-Si NW. Our results indicate that the oxidation resistance Of (C-1-C-2)-Si NWs is significantly higher than equivalent 2D Si(100) surfaces, whereas (C3-C6)-Si NWs are comparable to 2D (C-3-C-6)_Si(100). These discrepancies can be explained as follows: the lower the molecular coverage, the higher the probability for interaction between oxidizing agents (O-2 or H2O) and molecule-free sites. Our results are of practical importance when reduced amounts of oxide are required, e.g., for radial epitaxy on NWs to realize vertical P-N junctions for solar cells or for radial Si/Ge superlattices for application in optoelectronics.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
{"token": "The fungal NADPH oxidase is an essential element for the molecular dialog between Trichoderma and Arabidopsis. Members of the fungal genus Trichoderma stimulate growth and reinforce plant immunity. Nevertheless, how fungal signaling elements mediate the establishment of a successful Trichoderma-plant interaction is largely unknown. In this work, we analyzed growth, root architecture and defense in an Arabidopsis-Trichoderma co-cultivation system, including the wild-type (WT) strain of the fungus and mutants affected in NADPH oxidase. Global gene expression profiles were assessed in both the plant and the fungus during the establishment of the interaction.Trichoderma atrovirideWT improved root branching and growth of seedling as previously reported. This effect diminished in co-cultivation with the increment nox1, increment nox2and increment noxRnull mutants. The data gathered of the Arabidopsis interaction with the increment noxRstrain showed that the seedlings had a heightened immune response linked to jasmonic acid in roots and shoots. In the fungus, we observed repression of genes involved in complex carbohydrate degradation in the presence of the plant before contact. However, in the absence of NoxR, such repression was lost, apparently due to a poor ability to adequately utilize simple carbon sources such as sucrose, a typical plant exudate. Our results unveiled the critical role played by the Trichoderma NoxR in the establishment of a fine-tuned communication between the plant and the fungus even before physical contact. In this dialog, the fungus appears to respond to the plant by adjusting its metabolism, while in the plant, fungal perception determines a delicate growth-defense balance.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Potential of bioenergy production from industrial kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) based on Malaysian perspective. Nowadays, the energy requirement of increasing population is creating energy crisis, and it's become a serious and alarming thread for sustainability of natural resources. Moreover, upcoming demand of energy requirement is growing faster in developing countries as compared to developed ones. Malaysia is one of the fastest growing, developing countries, which is experiencing drastic and regular growth in population and economy in the recent years. It is an urgent requirement for the government and policy makers to explore alternative energy sources to accomplish upcoming demands of a growing population in the form of energy sufficiency. Malaysia is blessed with tropical and sub-tropical climates, which are suitable for exploring the green agriculture and forest potential. Most of the available energy resources in the form of fossil fuels have already been explored, and it is expected that energy demand will grow continuously by two to three fold in the next decades. Biomass resource is abundant in Malaysia This can be considered as an alternative source of renewable and sustainable energy, with a promising future to fulfil continuous and uninterrupted supply of energy Agricultural biomass such as Industrial Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) has been successfully investigated as a great potential to be used as a renewable and sustainable feedstock for the production of bio-energy. Kenaf regarded as a traditional crop of Malaysia Kenaf biomass would appear as a potential material for great sustainable energy (bioethanol, biohydrogen, bioenergy) supplier in the coming future. In this review, we have provided an insight of kenaf biomass, its morphology, structure, chemical compositions, storage and sowing, cultivation, harvesting, yield and different sustainable energy possible to get from it. We also discuss the feasibility of kenaf biomass as a sustainable energy source supplier in Malaysian prospective. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
{"token": "The legacy of Pitirim Sorokin in the transnational alliances of moral conservatives. This article examines the legacy of Pitirim A. Sorokin (1889-1968), a Harvard sociologist from the Russian emigration. The authors scrutinise Sorokin as one of the nodal points for today's moral conservatism. As a scholar, Sorokin has been relegated to the margins of his discipline, but his legacy as a public intellectual has persisted in the United States and has soared in Russia over the last three decades. This article examines Sorokin's reception in these two nations, some of whose citizens have facilitated the burgeoning transnational phenomenon of twenty-first-century moral conservatism. Four aspects of Sorokin's legacy are especially relevant in this context: his emphasis on values, his notion of the 'sensate culture', his ideas about the family, and his vision for moral revival. The authors conclude that Sorokin functions as a nodal point that binds together individual actors and ideas across national, cultural and linguistic barriers. The article is based on a firsthand analysis of moral conservative discourse and documents, on qualitative interviews and on scholarly literature.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Finite element modeling of the consolidation behavior of multi-column supported road embankment. A multi-column composite foundation is a new concept utilizing different column types with varying lengths and diameters to support the embankment fill and to mobilize the strength and stiffness of the soil at shallow depths. This study presents the results of finite element analyses using the finite element software PLAXIS to investigate the consolidation behavior of a road embankment constructed on a multi-column composite foundation. The finite element results are calibrated for a period of 200 days. The settlement, horizontal displacement, differential settlement, column axial force, and the development and dissipation of excess pore pressure are presented and discussed in detail. It is concluded that a multi-column composite foundation allows a fast rate of consolidation and significantly increases the embankment stability. A multi-column composite foundation formed by CFG-lime columns is more effective than one formed by SC-lime columns. The CFG-lime columns improve the long-term stability of the embankment because the compression modulus of CFG columns is significantly greater than that of SC columns. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38, 40]}
{"token": "The unusual case of the widely distributed fiddler crab Minuca rapax (Smith, 1870) from the western Atlantic: an exemplary polytypic species. A classic dilemma in taxonomy is distinguishing intraspecific from interspecific variation. In order to better comprehend the process of divergence and speciation, we examine morphological, genetic, developmental and behavioural variation among related fiddler crab populations from eastern North America, the Caribbean and South America. We chose geographically remote populations that appear related to Minuca rapax (Smith, 1870). First, using females from across the range of the species, we use geometric morphometric techniques to identify regional differences in carapace shape. Second, in the northern portion of the range, the Caribbean into the Gulf of Mexico, we report variation in the relationship between corporal size and cheliped length in males. Third, we examine the major components of the courtship waves produced by males from several locations in the western Gulf of Mexico. Fourth, we compare the structure of the gastric mill between different populations in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean. And, fifth, we use mitochondrial 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I as genetic markers to define the phylogeographic relationship among specimens from more than 20 populations. From these studies, we find discrete, distinct populations across the original range of the species. In particular, populations in the northern Gulf of Mexico appear to represent a lineage that has resulted from limited gene flow and sustained selection pressures. On the basis of the observed degree of divergence, it is apparent that some separated populations in M. rapax should be recognised as evolutionary significant units. The geographic range of these populations is consistent with the historical range for Minuca virens (Salmon & Atsaides, 1968), a putative species that otherwise cannot be consistently distinguished from M. rapax based on discrete external morphological characters. This study provides evidence for M. virens as an emergent but possibly not completely isolated subclade of the M. rapax species complex.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
{"token": "A more comprehensive solution for tri-material layers subjected to thermal stress. Thermal stress due to mismatched coefficients of thermal expansion is a problem that has challenged the electronics packaging industry for decades. Analytical solutions are available in the literatures for a tri-material in which the sandwiched layer is a continuous layer. This author has earlier presented a solution for the sandwiched layer constituted of discrete interconnects; however, the solution ignores the shear deformation of the substrate layers. This paper removes the above assumptions and provides closed-form solutions for the shear, bending, and axial stresses in the sandwiched layer, as well as the in-plane stress in the substrate layers. The solutions are applicable to printed circuit board (PCB) assemblies constituting of an integrated circuit (IQ component, solder joints, and the PCB or to an IC component of tri-material layer structure. The solutions have been successfully validated with finite element analysis. Design analyses based on the analytical solutions have been performed for the shear and peeling stresses in the interconnects, the tensile fracture of IC chips due to in-plane stress, and the warpage of the IC component.", "label": [1, 14, 15, 11]}
{"token": "A practical plate-fin heat sink model. This study develops a practical model to predict the hydraulic and thermal performance of a plate-fin heat sink. This all-in-one asymptotic model was developed for a wide range of Reynolds numbers, including laminar, transition, and turbulent flows as Re < 5000. It can predict pressure drops with an accuracy within -13.87% to 8.4%. This asymptotic model interprets the heat-transfer behavior of transition flow to within -14% to 12% of error range when Reynolds number ranges from 2000 to 4000. Furthermore, this study achieves optimization in geometry with the present model. While the pressure drop is fixed at 10 mmAq, and the fin height is fixed at 24 mm, optimal values for fin spacing, base thickness, base width, base length, and fin thickness are provided. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Human hair growth enhancement in vitro by green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Green tea is a popular worldwide beverage, and its potential beneficial effects such as anti-cancer and anti-oxidant properties are believed to be mediated by epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major constituent of polyphenols. Recently, it was reported that EGCG might be useful in the prevention or treatment of androgenetic alopecia by selectively inhibiting 5 alpha-reductase activity. However, no report has been issued to date on the effect of EGCG on human hair growth. This study was undertaken to measure the effect of EGCG on hair growth in vitro and to investigate its effect on human dermal papilla cells (DPCs) in vivo and in vitro. EGCG promoted hair growth in hair follicles ex vivo culture and the proliferation of cultured DPCs. The growth stimulation of DPCs by EGCG in vitro may be mediated through the upregulations of phosphorylated Erk and Akt and by an increase in the ratio of Be1-2/Bax ratio. Similar results were also obtained in in vivo dermal papillae of human scalps. Thus, we suggest that EGCG stimulates human hair growth through these dual proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on DPCs. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "Blockchain technologies as enablers of supply chain mapping for sustainable supply chains. The advent of blockchain technologies is transmuting the way conventional supply chains are being managed. Due to the complexity of dealing with many actors involved in the supply chain networks, contemporary supply chains have limited visibility, transparency, and accountability. Likewise, supply chains are increasingly facing the challenge of integration and sustainability. In this vein, blockchain technologies can play a groundbreaking role in improving the traceability, accountability, and sustainability of complex supply chain networks. The present study examines the instrumentality of blockchain technologies in enabling supply chain mapping and supply chain integration. The study also tests the direct impact of blockchain technologies on supply chain sustainability. Data are collected from 132 Malaysian Electrical and Electronics firms using a close-ended questionnaire. The study employs Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and Partial Least Squares-Multi Group Analysis (PLS-MGA) for analyzing the hypothesized relationships. The results show that blockchain technologies do not have a direct impact on supply chain sustainability. Nevertheless, this finding reveals a robust indirect effect of BT, through SC integration and SC mapping, on the SC sustainability. The study's findings imply that the notion of the sustainable supply chain can be significantly attained by mapping upstream, midstream, and downstream supply chains. The well-mapped supply chain can further improve supply chain sustainability. The findings of the study also suggest the adoption of blockchain technologies as a broad-based strategy to attain multi-tier goals, for example, supply chain mapping, sustainability, and integration.", "label": [5, 48, 50, 52]}
{"token": "Correlation of cytogenetic results with immunophenotype, genotype, clinical features, and ras mutation in acute myeloid leukemia - A study of 235 Chinese patients in Taiwan. Of 235 consecutive patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML), clonal chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 151 (64 %) of them. Twenty-four of the 71 patients with M2 AML had t(8;21), 35 of the 35 M3 patients had t(15;17), and 11 of the 45 M4 leukemia disclosed inv(16). Six of the eight patients with 11q23 abnormality had M4 or M5 subtype of leukemia. The incidence of t(15;17) and t(8;21) was higher in our patients than in patients from most Western countries, Immunophenotyping was performed on 197 patients, Patients with t(15;17) were associated with negativity to HLA-DR, CD11b, and CD34. Patients with t(8;21) expressed CD13 and CD33 less frequently than other patients, but all showed CD15 positivity. Coexpression of lymphoid-associated antigens on the leukemic blasts was detected in 52 patients (26%), including all 7 patients with t(9;22), 3 of the 8 patients with t/del(11) (q23), 2 of the 25 patients with t(15;17), and 2 of the 22 patients with t(8;21). Seven (35%) of the 20 patients coexpressing lymphoid markers showed immunoglobulin heavy chain or T-cell receptor p-chain gene rearrangements, while only 2 (4%) of the 53 patients without lymphoid antigen expression did so. Patients with inv(16), t(8;21), and t(15;17) had a better prognosis than other patients. Of all surface antigens tested, only CD15, CD11b, and HLA-DR were of prognostic value: CD15 with a higher complete remission (CR) rate and CD11b or HLA-DR with a shorter CR duration. N-ras mutations were detected in 7 (18%) of the 40 patients in the study, including two of the three patients with inv(16). This study demonstrated differences in clinical features, immunophenotypes, and genotypes among different cytogenetic subgroups.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Civility in the Post-Truth Age: An Aristotelian Account. This paper investigates civility from an Aristotelian perspective and has two objectives. The first is to offer a novel account of this virtue based on Aristotle's remarks about civic friendship. The proposed account distinguishes two main components of civility-civic benevolence and civil deliberation-and shows how Aristotle's insights can speak to the needs of our communities today. The notion of civil deliberation is then unpacked into three main dimensions: motivational, inquiry-related, and ethical. The second objective is to illustrate how the post-truth condition-in particular, the spread of misinformation typical of the digital environments we inhabit-obstructs our capacity to cultivate the virtue of civility by impairing every component of civil deliberation. The paper's overall ambition is to direct virtue theorists' attention to the need to foster civic virtues as a means of counteracting the negative aspects of the post-truth age.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Non-neurogenic sarcomas in four children and young adults with neurofibromatosis type 1. It is well known, that children and young adults with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have a higher risk for non-neurogenic sarcomas than the general population, in addition to an increased risk for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. When non-neurogenic sarcomas occur in early childhood, a subsequent malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor can occur as a second malignant neoplasm, especially after alkylating agent chemotherapy and irradiation. This report includes the clinicopathologic features of non-neurogenic sarcomas and secondary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the context of four cases of NF1. The purpose is to emphasize that early diagnosis of NF1 and recognition of potential manifestations of non-neurogenic sarcomas are important for clinical care of these patients and their families. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "OPTIMIZATION OF THE EPOXIDATION OF LINSEED OIL USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY. Epoxidized vegetable oils are widely used in the chemical industry. Their production requires the optimization of process conditions to maximize the epoxy yield. Therefore, the epoxidation of linseed oil with peracetic acid generated in situ in the presence of an ion exchange resin as a catalyst was optimized using response surface methodology combined with Box-Behnken design. The effects of temperature (65-85 degrees C), hydrogen peroxide-to-oil unsaturation mole ratio (1.1:1-1.5:1), catalyst amount (10-20 wt.%), and reaction time (5-13 h) on the epoxy yield were studied According to analysis of variance, the developed regression model was significant with a coefficient of determination (R-2) of 98.95%. Temperature of 70.6 degrees C, hydrogen peroxide-to-oil unsaturation mole ratio of 1.5:1, catalyst amount of 20 wt.%, and reaction time of 7 h were determined as the optimal process conditions using the model. At these conditions, a relative epoxy yield of 84.73 +/- 0.07% was achieved, which agreed closely with the predicted value of 87.60%. The epoxidized linseed oil with high epoxy oxygen content (8.27 +/- 0.01%) and low iodine number (4.22 +/- 0.49 g iodine/100 g oil) was obtained approximately isothermally in a batch process and under relatively mild and safe conditions.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Numerical analysis of an evolutionary variational-hemivariational inequality with application in contact mechanics. Variational-hemivariational inequalities are useful in applications in science and engineering. This paper is devoted to numerical analysis for an evolutionary variational-hemivariational inequality. We introduce a fully discrete scheme for the inequality, using a finite element approach for the spatial approximation and a backward finite difference to approximate the time derivative. We present a Cea type inequality which is the starting point for error estimation. Then we apply the results in the numerical solution of a problem arising in contact mechanics, and derive an optimal order error estimate when the linear elements are used. Finally, we report numerical simulation results on solving a model contact problem, and provide numerical evidence on the theoretically predicted optimal order error estimate. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Corrosion Behaviors of Steel A3 Exposed to Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans. The corrosion behaviors of steel A3 in synergistic action of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (T.f) and electrochemically accelerated corrosion were studied by electrochemical, microbiology and surface analysis methods. The open circuit potential (E-cop) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the steel A3 electrodes were measured in leathen culture medium without and with T.f (simply called T.f solution in the following paper) in immersion electrode way at the time of the 2nd, 5th, 10th, 20th and 30th days, respectively. It was found that E-ocp of the electrode for immersion in leathen Culture medium shifted negatively with the immersion time while that for immersion in T.f solutions shifted negatively, then positively and finally negatively. On the 20th day, the corrosion of steel A3 for immersion in culture medium was in pitting initiation stage while that for immersion in T.f solutions was in pitting growth stage. It was found that the corrosion of steel A3 was accelerated by T.f. The morphology of corrosion product of steel A3 immersion in T.f solutions observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) transformed from solid globules to tabular plates and to spongy globules and plates.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "In situ stabilization of heavy metals in multiple-metal contaminated paddy soil using different steel slag-based silicon fertilizer. Steel slag has been widely used as amendment and silicon fertilizer to alleviate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of particle size, composition, and application rate of slag on metal immobilization in acidic soil, metals uptake by rice and rice growth. The results indicated that application of slag increased soil pH, plant-available silicon concentrations in soil, and decreased the bioavailability of metals compared with control treatment, whereas pulverous slag (S1) was more effective than granular slag (S2 and S3). The acid-extractable fraction of Cd in the spiked soil was significantly decreased with application of S1 at rates of 1 and 3 %, acid-extractable fractions of Cu and Zn were decreased when treated at 3 %. Use of S1 at both rates resulted in significantly lower Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations in rice tissues than in controls by 82.6-92.9, 88.4-95.6, and 67.4-81.4 %, respectively. However, use of pulverous slag at 1 % significantly promotes rice growth, restricted rice growth when treated at 3 %. Thus, the results explained that reduced particle size and suitable application rate of slag could be beneficial to rice growth and metals stabilization.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Optimal timing and technique for endoscopic management of dysphagia in pediatric aerodigestive patients. Introduction: The best strategy to manage an interarytenoid defect [Type 1 laryngeal cleft (LC-1) or deep interarytenoid groove (DIG)] in pediatric aerodigestive patients with dysphagia remains uncertain. This study compared benefit of interarytenoid augmentation (IAA) to suture repair or clinical observation alone in pediatric patients. Methods: A 3-year retrospective, single-center analysis of children with dysphagia undergoing endoscopic airway evaluation was performed. Physician preference guided treatment plan: suture repair with CO2 laser, IAA (carboxy methylcellulose or calcium hydroxyapatite), or observation. Primary outcome was improved postoperative diet. Significance was assumed at p < 0.05. Results: 449 patients underwent diagnostic endoscopy. Mean age (+/- SD) at procedure was 21 +/- 13 months, with nearly one fourth (28 %) of children <= 12 months. Eighty (18 %) had either an LC-1 (n = 55) or DIG (n = 25). Of these, 35 (42 %) underwent suture repair, 22 (28 %) IAA, and 23 (30 %) observation only. Aspiration improved overall in the interventional groups compared to observational controls (58 % vs. 9 %, p < 0.05), with no change in benefit observed by age of intervention. IAA was as effective as suture repair (59 % vs 55 %, p = 0.46). In patients with only a DIG, IAA intervention alone significantly improved swallow function (66.6 % vs. 0 %, p < 0.05). Conclusion: In pediatric aerodigestive patients with dysphagia, 18 % of children have an addressable lesion. IAA or suture repair similarly improves dietary advancement. IAA improves swallow function in patients with DIG. These findings support a novel protocol to intervene in dysphagia patients with LC-1 or DIG via IAA at the initial operative evaluation.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Is the companion crop harmless to alfalfa establishment in the highlands of East Anatolia?. This study documented the effects of barley companion crop seeding rate and cutting stage on alfalfa establishment in a highland area. Alfalfa was established with barley at seeding rates of 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha(-1) and cut at the milk-dough and ripe grain stages. In most cases, hay yield and composition of herbage were affected by companion crop seeding rate and cutting stage. Total hay yield increased from 3294 to 5131 kg ha(-1) when the companion crop seeding rate was increased from 0 to 180 kg ha(-1) at the milk-dough stage. Legume and weed growth was suppressed by the companion crop during establishment, but using a barley companion crop decreased alfalfa plant losses in the seeding year. Few residual effects of barley were seen on hay yield in the subsequent year, but residual effects of companion crop treatments on weed suppression continued in all clippings of the second year. The results suggest that alfalfa should be sown with a barley companion crop in highland areas with adequate moisture. The seeding rate for barley is about the same as that for barley grown alone, and the companion crop could be harvested for hay or grain in the establishment year.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Characterization of pyrrhotite in Cu-Ni-ore bodies from mines in Botswana by Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermomagnetometry. Cu-Ni ore bodies from five Botswana mines were investigated, using a combination of X-ray diffraction, thermomagnetic measurements, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Absorption Electro-optic Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The four dominant phases in the ores were found to be pyrrhotite, magnetite, pentlandite, and chalcopyrite. Mossbauer spectroscopy shows that pyrrhotite is the dominant Fe-bearing phase in the samples with 75 % in B-S1, 84 % in B-S2, and 80 % in B-S4 and was selected for detailed characterization. Our results show that the three first techniques provide an excellent approach to estimate the degree of polytype intermixing in pyrrhotite. Accordingly, the ores can be grouped into three types: A hexagonal (or peak-type), with a 5c stacking arrangement; a monoclinic (or Weiss-type), with a 4c stacking arrangement; and a mixture of monoclinic and hexagonal types. A low-temperature study of the monoclinic form shows that the low-temperature magnetic transition close to 35 K has features similar to the Verwey transition in magnetite induced by Jahn-Teller distortion due to orbital order-disorder transition.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Screening recipients of increased risk donor organs: A multicenter retrospective study. Organ Procurement & Transplantation Network policy requires post-transplant screening of recipients of organs from donors at increased risk for transmission of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. Available data suggest that follow-up testing of recipients is not routinely conducted. Data on increased risk donors and recipients of their organs from 2008 to 2012 were retrospectively collected from 6 transplant centers after IRB approval. Descriptive statistics were performed. About 363 (60%) recipients were screened for transmission of HIV, HBV, and/or HCV at some time point; 257 (70.8%) within 90days of transplant. The type of test used to screen for infection was variable with many recipients (25%-43%) screened with serology alone. Our results reveal that post-transplant screening for HIV, HBV, and HCV in recipients of increased risk donor organs did not universally occur and testing methods were variable.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "A Weight-Loss Intervention Program Designed for Mexican-American Women: Cultural Adaptations and Results. This study assessed the feasibility of a culturally-appropriate weight-loss intervention targeting obese Spanish-speaking Mexican women. This 12-month weight-loss program was based on behavioral interventions previously used successfully with English-speaking participants. Cultural adaptations included: female interventionists, minimal written materials, emphasis on group activities, focus on Mexican traditions and beliefs, and skill-building approach to food measurement. All sessions were conducted in Spanish. The study had few exclusionary criteria, which allowed participation of women with a wide range of literacy levels. Recruitment exceeded expectations, with 47 participants enrolling in the program. Not counting participants who became pregnant during the study, attendance at 6 and 12 months was 62 and 50 % respectively. Mean weight loss at 6 and 12 months was 5.3 and 7.2 kg, respectively, with a mean reduction in BMI of 4.0 and 5.5 kg/m(2) from baseline to 6 and 12 months, respectively. This pilot study shows that it is feasible to develop and implement culturally-appropriate behavioral lifestyle interventions for obesity treatment in Mexican-American women.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Differences in Compassion, Well-being, and Social Anxiety Between Japan and the USA. Research has shown that self-compassion can improve individual well-being in many cultures; however, little research has examined cultural differences regarding compassion for others and individual well-being. Cross-cultural research has indicated that interdependent happiness and taijin kyofusho (TKS) (other-focused social anxiety) are aspects of well-being and psychopathology, respectively, related to interdependent (i.e., collectivistic) cultures such as Japan. First, we hypothesized that self-compassion would foster greater positive affect and satisfaction with life and less negative affect and social anxiety in the USA than in Japan. Our second hypothesis was that compassion for others would be associated with greater interdependent happiness, and with less TKS symptoms, in Japan compared with the USA. Through a web-based survey of Japanese and American adults, we found that self-compassion was related to positive and negative affect, social anxiety disorder and TKS symptoms, and well-being in both countries. Compassion for others was found to be associated with increased positive affect and decreased TKS symptoms across both cultures. Simple slope tests revealed that self-compassion had a stronger relation with positive affect among US adults than their Japanese counterparts, whereas compassion for others was related to interdependent happiness only in Japan. These findings suggest that the link between compassion, well-being, and psychopathology might be universal, although the effects of the two types of compassion have different patterns between the two cultures.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Investigations into the isolation of the Tukuyu focus of onchocerciasis (Tanzania) from S. damnosum s.l. vector re-invasion. As part of the feasibility study for an onchocerciasis vector elimination project we investigated the isolation of the Tukuyu focus in Tanzania from possible vector re-invasion. This was achieved by examining the distribution of the Simulium damnosum complex vector cytospecies outside the focus to look for potential sources of re-invasion. Besides cytotaxonomic identifications of the aquatic stages, we applied morphotaxonomic and molecular techniques to identify S. thyolense and confirm it as the anthropophilic species in both the Tukuyu and the neighbouring Ruvuma foci. We detected significant differences in chromosome inversion frequencies between the Tukuyu populations and those breeding to the southwest in the adjacent Songwe river basin and in northern Malawi (where there is no man-biting and no onchocerciasis), suggesting that there is not normally a great deal of migration in either direction. By contrast, populations of S. thyolense from the Tukuyu and Ruvuma foci (150 km southeast of Tukuyu) were much more similar in terms of their chromosomal polymorphisms, indicating a higher possibility of re-invasion, although migration is still restricted to some extent, as indicated by some differences in chromosome polymorphisms between the two foci. Future migratory events which might be associated with vector control operations can be monitored by vector cytospecies identification, the frequency of polymorphic inversions which characterise the different vector populations, and the identification of accompanying non-vector cytospecies (e.g. S. plumbeum and cytotype Kasyabone occur exclusively in the two foci, and hence their re-appearance in Tukuyu could have only one outside source). The morphology of the scutal pattern of neonate males may act as a quick test for vector species identification where chromosome squashes are unavailable. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Material Media Sonification: Sounding the visibly present artefact. The fields of media archaeology and data sonification have not been without contestation regarding means and methods. However, in combination, these fields present an opportunity for a novel approach to the creation of media archaeologically informed sound-based art. This article discusses the artistic use of data sonification techniques and the need to balance the musification of data while maintaining a sense of the underlying data. The use of data sonification techniques within media archaeology to facilitate the organisation of sound is briefly discussed. A framework is presented for utilising data sonification to facilitate the organisation of sound within the lens of media archaeology inquiry. Such an approach provides a novel method in media archaeologically informed sound-based art that utilises the sound of the artefact as a method of expression between genealogically related forms of media. A sound installation developed by the authors is presented that critically examines the use of, and gives concrete form to, the framework and the ideas established in this article.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Improved Method of Characterizing Fracture Resistance of Asphalt Mixtures Using Modified Paris' Law: Development of Methodology. It is crucial to accurately determine the coefficients of the modified Paris' law to accurately characterize the fracture properties of an asphalt mixture. However, the current methods reported in the literature are associated with two major deficiencies: (1) application of incompatible energy balance equations, and (2) abandonment of the relationship between the dissipated pseudostrain energy (DPSE) and the damage density. This study, which addressed these deficiencies, developed an improved method to determine fracture parameters of asphalt mixtures, including the coefficients of the modified Paris' law and the damage density. Two controlled-strain repeated direct tension (RDT) tests were performed in sequence on four types of asphalt mixtures to determine the properties of the asphalt mixture specimens in the linear viscoelastic stage and the destructive stage, respectively. The pseudostrain and the apparent DPSE were calculated for each specimen in every load cycle in the second RDT test. A fitting model was established for the apparent DPSE versus the number of load cycles for each specimen. This fitting model was incorporated into the modified Paris' law to derive the formulation of the coefficients of the modified Paris' law and the damage density. According to the DPSE balance equation, the model for the apparent stress amplitude was established based on the formulation of the apparent DPSE and the damage density. Mathematical techniques were applied to seek the most appropriate solutions for the model parameters, which proved to be perfectly reasonable and accurate enough to predict the values of the apparent stress amplitude, especially after 20 load cycles. With the determined model parameters, the coefficients of the modified Paris' law were determined for every specimen, and the models of the damage density were finalized for all specimens.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Naproxen sodium salt photochemistry in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) ellipsoidal micelles. The photochemistry and other properties of the anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) naproxen (NP) in sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS, micellar aqueous solutions at pH = 7 (NP is in anionic form) were studied. The large value of the partition coefficient (P) was obtained, logP = 2.7, showing that the most part of NP is localized in the micellar phase. The solubilization in SDS micelles results in NP fluorescence and photodegradation quantum yields decrease. The photoproducts 6-methoxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-naphthalene and 6-methoxy-2-acetyl-naphthalene were found by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Both photoproducts were formed in SDS solution in significantly smaller amounts than in water. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) showed that the presence of NP has small effect on the micellar structure. Only a slight decrease of the ionization degree of the micelle was observed by SANS, suggesting that NP was localized in the vicinity of micellar surface. The NP triplet excited state, hydrated electron, NP radical cation and some other relatively long lived intermediate were observed by laser flash photolysis of NP in micellar solution. The decay kinetics of these intermediates was different with respect to that in the homogeneous media. The reactivity of NP in SDS micellar environment was compared to that in the homogeneous media and the probable nature of the intermediate precursors of the final photoproducts are under the discussion. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Compact THz LTCC Receiver Module for 300 GHz Wireless Communications. A compact, low-cost, fully-integrated package solution has been developed for 300 GHz short-range communication systems. Using low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology, an integrated reflector for the on-chip antenna and high-data-rate signal interconnections including a flip-chip and via transition are embedded in a package. A reduced-size silicon lens antenna is placed in a package cavity together with a flip-chip bonded receiver IC with an on-chip antenna. The overall size of the front-end receiver is only 10 x 10 x 4mm(3), including the 6 mm diameter silicon lens. This compact terahertz receiver, mounted on an evaluation board, demonstrated wireless links with data rates up to 27Gb/s.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Student Teachers' Reasons for Choosing Teaching as a Career: A Case Study of First Year Students from a Rural University. Teaching is an important profession as it affords students to develop knowledge before joining the world of work. The present paper sought to gather student teachers' reasons of why they chose teaching as a career and implications of the findings on the enhancement of teacher preparation programmes. The study adopted a qualitative case study design in which a purposeful sample of 50 first year B. Ed Foundation Phase students 'teachers participated. Open ended questionnaires were used as the main and sole data collection tool. Content analysis was used to analyse data thematically after coding. The study found that student teachers reasons for choosing teaching as a career were both positive and negative. There were gaps that emerged from the questionnaire that needed to be addressed. In some instances they felt excited to teach and improved on practice over time. The study concluded that there were challenges in student teachers staying longer in the teaching profession. Recommendations were made.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "CD97 antibody depletes granulocytes in mice under conditions of acute inflammation via a Fc receptor-dependent mechanism. Antibodies to the pan-leukocyte adhesion-GPCR CD97 efficiently block neutrophil recruitment in mice, thereby reducing antibacterial host defense, inflammatory disease, and hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Here, we investigated the working mechanism of the CD97 antibody 1B2. Applying sterile models of inflammation, intravital microscopy, and mice deficient for the CD97L CD55, the complement component C3, or the FcR common gamma-chain, we show that 1B2 acts in vivo independent of ligand-binding interference by depleting PMN granulocytes in bone marrow and blood. Granulocyte depletion with 1B2 involved FcR but not complement activation and was associated with increased serum levels of TNF and other proinflammatory cytokines. Notably, depletion of granulocytes by CD97 antibody required acute inflammation, suggesting a mechanism of conditional, antibody-mediated granulocytopenia. J. Leukoc. Biol. 89: 413-421; 2011.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 42]}
{"token": "POLITICS AND AUTHORITY IN THE US SUPREME COURT. Public discourse on the Supreme Court often focuses on the divide between the liberal and conservative Justices. There has been a second persistent divide in the Court, however, which has been largely overlooked by scholars, the media, and the public. This second divide has arisen most often in cases involving the jury trial right, the Confrontation Clause, the Fourth Amendment, punitive damages, and the interpretation of criminal statutes. This Article argues that this divide represents disagreements among the Justices over how to determine the limits of the authority of legal actors, particularly juries, executive officials, and trial judges. On one side of this divide are \\\\'authority formalists,\\\\' who interpret power-allocating laws literally and seek clear boundaries of authority. On the other side are \\\\'authority functionalists,\\\\' who interpret such provisions in a more flexible and purposive manner. Using classical multidimensional scaling, this Article demonstrates that this divide can be derived naturally from the disagreement rates among the Justices and has been robust and significant over the last two decades. Although political values strongly influence the Court's decisions, legal principles play a larger role than many observers acknowledge. However, the two-dimensional issue space also creates the potential for many social choice pathologies to arise in the Court's collective decision making.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Why is psychometric research on bias in mental testing so often ignored?. Since the late 1960s, a substantial body of content and methodological research on bias has been conducted. Much of this research has been conducted by psychometricians and published in major psychometric journals not often read by those in other psychological specialties. However, much of what has been learned is summarized in book chapters and entire books easily accessible to mainstream psychologists, and some of the empirical and methodological research has appeared in the most widely subscribed journals of the American Psychological Association. Nevertheless, certain myths persist in the writings and actions of many professional psychologists who are either unaware of this research or choose to ignore it. This article explores a few examples of this phenomenon and suggests some rationale for its occurrence.", "label": [2, 3, 5, 22, 29, 55]}
{"token": "China. China has three important types of opt-in representative procedures, depending on whether the number of claimants is fixed or not. In addition, a special procedure covers securities fraud claims. Mediation is emphasized in all types.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Public private partnerships in China System, constraints and future prospects. Design/methodology/approach - The paper examines the current PPP system in China and identifies the constraints facing it in the context of several models of bureaucracy arguing that these are as valid in China as they have been in the West.Originality/value - This paper should be of interest to both academics and practitioners in the field of PPP in terms of theoretical debate, key issues and the specific prospects for PPP in China.Purpose - Public private partnership (PPP), which has been operating in China for over 20 years. In addition, an increased focus on value for money in the public sector has led to a need to improve the efficiency of the management, delivery and effectiveness of public services, especially at the local level. This paper aims to examines the PPP system and the problems yet to be overcome at a time when China is seeking to widen the use of PPP in sectors as yet not open to it.Practical implications - Extending PPP in China will require significant reform of public sector administration, closer supervision, transparent regulatory systems and easier access to capital for local private sector firms.Findings - The paper argues that there are five key constraints present in the Chinese PPP system and that these are fundamentally associated with risks of various types.", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
{"token": "Is Internet Making Us More Creative?. This essay answers the question 'Is Internet making us more creative?'. The essay begins by defining 'creativity' based on concepts on which diverse authors agree. The ability to generate ideas is what helps us find a solution, make the best decision and take new challenges. This work makes reference to both utopian and dystopian authors in relation to Internet use and shows, based on the different concepts of creativity, how Internet, despite the lack of trust from some people keeps fostering new creations. In the last years it has been suggested by some authors that Internet is affecting our creativity, which is concerning to hear if we are taking into account the time we spent on Internet every day.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "The Effects of Parks' Landscape Characteristics on Women's Perceptual Preferences in Semi-arid environments. This research addressed the relationship between LSQI (Landscape Spatial Quality Indicators) and women's preferences towards LC (Landscape Components). This study also evaluated women's' preferences for LSQI, and also the relationship between LSQI and women's perceived restoration. A photo-questionnaire was completed by 178 females in Shams Tabrizi Park in Tabriz, Iran. The results showed that some indicators exercise stronger effects in terms of inducing a sense of restoration (e.g. legibility, r = 0.682). Also, there is a significant relation between restoration and attractiveness (r = 0.680). The respondents exhibited the highest preferences for scenes of refuge (M = 4.08), but the preference was affected by complexity (r = 0.871). With regard to the implication, shrubs are recommended to create a mysterious landscape (r = 0.867), trees for legible (r = 0.759) and coherent (r = 0.857) landscapes, and finally, flowers are more appropriate choices in establishing complex landscapes (r = 0.817) taking women's preferences into account. Further on-site studies are needed to prove the significant impact of landscape components on preference for spatial indicators in a large-scale landscape. The results confirmed that the most attractive scenes convey the highest senses of restoration. Legibility level, the indicator having strong correlations with restoration, should be considered in landscape design practices.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
{"token": "Brucella isolated in humans and animals in Latin America from 1968 to 2006. We report a retrospective analysis of 1933 Brucella strains isolated from humans and animals in Latin American Countries between 1968 and 1991 and in Argentina between 1994 and 2006. During the first period 50% of strains were from humans, mainly from Argentina, Mexico and Peru but, while B. suis was the main cause of infection in Argentina, B. melitensis was responsible for most infections in the other Countries. In Argentina in the later years. B. melitensis and B. suis were observed more frequently than in the first period while isolation of B. abortus decreased. of 145 B. melitensis human isolates, eight gave Susceptibility patterns to dyes and penicillin and two were B. melitensis biovar 3, which has never been reported in animals. Forty-six percent of B. suis isolated were resistant to dyes which is an atypical feature In this species.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "ABDOMINAL EXPANSION AS A BRIDGING TECHNIQUE IN STAGE IV-S NEUROBLASTOMA WITH MASSIVE HEPATOMEGALY. Stage IV-S neuroblastoma has a relatively favorable outcome. However, urgent surgical treatment may be necessary for management of life-threatening complications related to massive hepatomegaly caused by metastatic tumor infiltration. The enlarged liver often becomes of primary concern because diaphragmatic elevation results in life-threatening respiratory embarrassment. An external SILAS-TIC(R) dome has been used as a temporizing procedure to decrease the intraabdominal pressure. The authors developed a modification of this approach using an internal polytetrafluoroethylene patch to create a ventral hernia. This technique decreases the potential complications of prosthetic material use, namely, risk of infection. The graft may be left in place for an extended period and removed in staged operations as the bulk of the metastatic tumor regresses. Copyright (C) 1994 by W.B. Saunders Company", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Dog noise as a risk factor for hearing loss among police dog handlers. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study at four Royal Air Force bases using a noise survey, a postal questionnaire and medical record review. The noise survey was conducted following task analysis. We surveyed police dog handlers and a comparison group of police who had never been dog handlers, using a postal questionnaire on noise exposures and confounders. Audiometric and otological data were extracted from medical records.Conclusion Although the measured noise exposures of police dog handlers did not exceed current legal limits, the noise levels at times are such that the proposed Physical Agents (Noise) Directive has implications for employers who use dogs for security purposes.Results The noise survey revealed significant exposures due to dogs, travelling in vans and aircraft noise during foot patrol. The overall response rate to the questionnaire was 56% (29 police dog handlers, 24 police officers). Five subjects (9.4%) had age-corrected hearing loss exceeding 10 dB, averaged over the 4 and 6 kHz frequencies, affecting the left ear only, but there were no differences between dog handlers and controls.Aim To determine the sources of noise exposure among police dog handlers and to examine whether these levels might lead to noise-induced hearing loss.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Phase structures of RENi4.3-xCoxMn0.4Al0.3 (x=0.5 similar to 1.3)hydrogen storage alloys and their electrochemical performance at high temperature. The effects of various Co content on the phase structure and the electrochemical properties of RENi4.3-xCoxMn0.4Al0.3 ( x = 0.5 similar to 3) hydrogen storage alloys at high temperature have been investigated systematically. The results show that by the addition of Co, the alloys still have single CaCu5-type LaNi5 phase structure. The lattice constant c and cell volume V increased with x increment. At the temperature of 60degreesC, the cycle stability of the alloys is improved, whereas the maximum discharge capacity and the high-rate-dischargeability decline as x increases.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "The Retrospective Glance in Soyoung Kim's Exile Trilogy. Considering a series of theoretical perspectives in memory studies, this essay uses the notion of the retrospective glance to pierce through the historical oblivion and selective forgetting to which a minority group, Koryo saram, has been subjected throughout a silence imposed by the Cold War and the historical inertia caused by globalization. The essay raises related questions regarding the meaning of a diaspora in the absence of an origin as well as about the significance of memory as a public and private act. At the core of the retrospective glance deployed in Soyoung Kim's visual Exile Trilogy, which is devoted to the Koryo Diaspora, lies a quest to illuminate the blind spots of representation as a \\\\'standing for the other\\\\' and the desire to represent that defies a Western-centric trauma-studies perspective.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Kinematics of Einstein-Cartan universes. We analyze the kinematics of cosmological spacetimes with nonzero torsion, in the framework of the classical Einstein-Cartan gravity. After a brief introduction to the basic features of spaces with nonvanishing torsion, we consider a family of observers moving along timelike worldlines and focus on their kinematic behavior. In so doing, we isolate the irreducible variables monitoring the observers' motion and derive their evolution formulas and associated constraint equations. Our aim is to identify the effects of spacetime torsion, and the changes they introduce into the kinematics of the standard, torsionfree, cosmological models. We employ a fully geometrical approach, imposing no restrictions on the material content, or any a priori couplings between torsion and spin. Also, we do not apply the familiar splitting of the equations, into a purely Riemannian component plus a torsion/spin part, at the start of our study, but only introduce it at the very end. With the general formulas at hand, we use the Einstein-Cartan field equations to incorporate explicitly the spin of the matter. The resulting formulas fully describe the kinematics of dynamical spacetimes within the framework of the Einstein-Cartan gravity, while in the special case of the so-called Weyssenhoff fluid, they recover results previously reported in the literature.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Introducing Students to NMR Methods Using Low-Field H-1 NMR Spectroscopy to Determine the Structure and the Identity of Natural Amino Acids. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a widely used analytical technique for molecular structure determination, and is highly valued in the fields of chemistry, biochemistry, and medicinal chemistry. The importance of NMR methods in the European (PhEur) and United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is steadily growing. However, undergraduates often have problems becoming familiar with handling the complex data. We have developed a simple experiment in which undergraduates, who are learning H-1 NMR spectroscopy for the first time, investigate natural amino acids, and determine their structure and identity using low-field H-1 NMR measurements and simple COSY experiments. These students see and learn the connection between the chemical shift of the aC-proton and the isoelectric point of the amino acid. They engage with the spectroscopic topic by acquiring their own spectra, and processing and interpreting the data. Understanding important natural amino acids and their physicochemical character is highly relevant to all students studying life sciences.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 53]}
{"token": "Selenium and vitamin E diet inclusion for optimal reproduction performances of red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa). To date there is little knowledge regarding the requirements of Se and vitamin E of red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa). For this reason, in the present study four different Se and vitamin E diet inclusions have been tested. A total of 360 parents were used and randomly divided into four groups; diets were supplemented with 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg of Se and Se to vitamin E ratio was kept approximately constant in all groups. The effects of the diets on parents' reproduction performances and on embryos visceral organs were investigated. The best laying rate was reached with 0.4 mg/kg Se diet supplementation while the best hatching rate was reached with 0.3 mg/kg (p < 0.05). The relative weight of duodenum, jejunum and ileum in embryo was higher (p < 0.05) in the groups fed 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg Se compared to the other groups. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were also observed for jejunum and ileum length as animals were fed the highest Se to vitamin E ratios. The number and height of villi and goblet cells density of jejunum were higher (p < 0.05) in the groups fed 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg of Se than in the group fed 0.2 mg/kg. Epithelial buds density in the Bursa of Fabricius of embryos was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg Se supplemented groups than in the others. In conclusion our results suggest that 0.4 mg/kg of selenium and 100 mg/kg vitamin E should be included in the parents' diet in order to optimise red-legged partridges performances.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
{"token": "THE PHONIC CONFIGURATION OF SALVADOREAN SPANISH IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD. Due to the lack of studies about Salvadorean Spanish diachrony, this paper aims to contribute to the historical knowledge of this variety during the 17th. and 18th. centuries through the study of its phonic configuration: a group of 33 Inquisitorial documents will be analysed in order to describe all phonetic and phonological features appearing in this corpus. The main goal is to verify if there is a phonic configuration similar to the one that exists nowadays, that is to say, if phonic dialectalization is already taking place during colonial period.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "'Strange-and-exorbitant-demands': Rural labour in nineteenth-century Bologna. Although rural populations continue to suffer a lack of attention from many historians, an examination of the province of Bologna during the early nineteenth century reveals that this is a mistake. As a substantial literature now shows for the case of France, peasants were not simply ignorant in their political actions during nineteenth-century revolutions. This article suggests that rural populations could also be more sophisticated in terms of labour developments than urban-focused historians generally allow. Rice cultivation began dramatically to alter the Bolognese plains during the Revolutionary era, and the rural labouring population responded in two phases. The first, during the Restoration, was a battle against rice fields altogether: in 1816 and 1817 several communities attacked and destroyed rice fields in what might be considered an agricultural equivalent of machine-breaking. By the second phase, during the 1840s and 1850s, rice field workers were engaging in full-blown strikes, several years before the province's urban labourers made that transition. The evidence of the province of Bologna thus suggests that the urban path to working-class formation must be viewed within the context of rural labour as well.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 54]}
{"token": "Column preconcentration of lead in aqueous solution with macroporous epoxy resin-based polymer monolithic matrix. The objective of this article was to investigate the feasibility of epoxy resin-based monoliths prepared by stepwise polymerization and column preconcentration of metal ions using large-scale monolithic matrix. A novel macroporous polymer monolith matrix was prepared from epoxy resin (EP) and ethylenediamine (EDA) and pore-forming reagent (polyethylene glycol, PEG-1000) by in situ step-addition polymerization. The morphology of the resulting polymer monolith was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge prepared from a simple glass-tube was used for the preconcentration and determination of Pb(II) combined with flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The characteristics of the monoliths for the extraction of Pb(II) in aqueous solution were investigated. The experimental results showed that trace Pb(II) ions could be quantitatively preconcentrated in the pH range of 4.0-9.0 with recoveries of > 95%. The maximum static adsorption capacity of the monolith adsorbent was 106.8 mg g(-1). The column was eluted by 1.0 mol L-1 HNO3 and recovery of Pb(II) was more than 97%. Moreover, the polymer monolith adsorbent shows superior reusability and stability. The precision and the accuracy of the proposed procedure were satisfactory by analyzing a standard reference material and three natural water samples. It was shown that the EP-EDA monolith was suitable for the preconcentration of environmental Pb(II) as an ion-selective SPE adsorbent. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Contrast Societies. Radical Social Movements and their relationships with their target societies. A theoretical model. This article provides a theoretical model conceptualising the mechanisms of interaction between Radical Social Movements and their environments. Key to understanding this interaction in the theory presented are the movement's ideology, target groups, infrastructure, and internal hierarchies. Named \\\\'Contrast Society\\\\', this sphere of interaction provides a theoretical map to recognise different aspects of how and why Radical Social Movements act and react towards their environment.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Sensitivity and specificity of an indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay for the diagnosis of Brucella canis infection in dogs. The diagnosis of B. canis infection in dogs is based on bacteriological examination and serological methods including agglutination and gel diffusion tests. Bacteriological studies are the only methods that have been considered specific but, as intermittent periods of abacteraemia may occur, a negative blood culture cannot be used as a criterion for excluding canine brucellosis. Close contact between people and infected dogs increases the risk of transmission; however, its impact on public health is probably underestimated due to lack of reporting and inadequate diagnostic services. This paper describes an indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay (IELISA) procedure for the diagnosis of brucellosis caused by B. canis in a population of normal and infected dogs previously screened by the buffered plate antigen test (BPAT) and rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT). The serological survey was performed with 446 field sera. The 270 sera from the asymptomatic group found negative by BPA, RSAT and blood culture showed IELISA specificities of 96.7% and 100%, respectively, when cut-off values of OD 0.237 and 0.281 were selected. For 52 sera from culture-positive dogs, IELISA sensitivity was 100% with cut-off values of OD414 0.237 and 0.281. OD414 0.281 was selected because this value provided the highest accuracy with minimal false-negative and false-positive results. This cut-off value was used to study 124 blood culture-negative but RSAT positive sera. IELISA produced 107 positive results; the 17 sera that were negative by IELISA presented a wide range of reactivities by RSAT (2 were RSAT positive at 1 in 2 dilution and 15 were weakly positive with pure serum). These samples were probably from animals at an early stage of the infection or were false-positive results. The IELISA described here detects IgG and IgA antibodies that are useful for evaluating the clinical status of dogs. Although RSAT is a practical screening test, a supplementary technique such as IELISA should be used on all positive RSAT samples to ensure diagnostic specificity. Furthermore, people in contact with infected dogs could be investigated for possible transmission. The procedure described in this study was relatively simple and could have widespread applications.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Markedness and morphotactics in Kadiweu [+participant] agreement. We examine the realization of subject and object agreement in Kadiweu, where there is only one prefixal position, and neither subject nor object can consistently be said to win-rather, the person and number of the arguments matters. We argue for an analysis in terms of the markedness of the 1st person compared to the second, dispreferring 1st person realization. This analysis is complicated by the fact that 1st person plural does in fact win over 2nd person, but only when it is an object. This turns out to be a consequence of the fact that the 1st plural object prefix is a portmanteau fusing person and number. The properties of the exponent inventory, combined with the morphological resources of Kadiweu (understood here in terms of Trommer's (2008) Coherence constraints) and its independent need for inverse marking thus conspire to yield the particular set of argument realization combinations. We argue that factoring out the analysis into feature-sensitive realization of the feature [+participant] and [+plural], dispreferred realization of marked [+author], and these morphotactic coherence constraints, provides a better analysis of crosslinguistic variation and language-internal facts than positing an autonomous language-specific hierarchy to encode the facts.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Analysis of damped guided waves using the method of multiple scales. We analytically investigate the influence of damping on Lamb waves, which are a specific type of guided wave in two-dimensional plates. Considering material attenuation, we suppose that Lame constants are complex numbers. This leads to the associated wavenumbers being complex, with the imaginary part of the wavenumber being associated with effect of attenuation of the guided wave. In this paper, we show how dispersion curves and attenuation coefficients can be obtained using the self-adjointness and the method of multiple scales (MMS), which is a type of perturbation method. Using the self-adjointness and the MMS, we can calculate the frequency- and wavenumber-dependent attenuation coefficients from the integral values and boundary values of a corresponding eigenfunction with respect to each propagation mode. This analytical method can yield not only dispersion curves but also mode-by-mode attenuation coefficients regardless of the numerical initial values, unlike numerical approaches using the Newton method. Thus, the proposed method can more easily calculate the attenuation coefficients with respect to a particular mode than conventional methods. Furthermore, the results obtained by proposed method were in good agreement with those obtained by the semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) method, which validates the proposed method. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Rhizobiales as functional and endosymbiontic members in the lichen symbiosis of Lobaria pulmonaria L.. Rhizobiales (Alphaproteobacteria) are well-known beneficial partners in plant-microbe interactions. Less is known about the occurrence and function of Rhizobiales in the lichen symbiosis, although it has previously been shown that Alphaproteobacteria are the dominating group in growing lichen thalli. We have analyzed the taxonomic structure and assigned functions to Rhizobiales within a metagenomic dataset of the lung lichen Lobaria pulmonaria L. One third (32.2%) of the overall bacteria belong to the Rhizobiales, in particular to the families Methylobacteriaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, and Rhizobiaceae. About 20% of our metagenomic assignments could not be placed in any of the Rhizobiales lineages, which indicates a yet undescribed bacterial diversity. SEED-based functional analysis focused on Rhizobiales and revealed functions supporting the symbiosis, including auxin and vitamin production, nitrogen fixation and stress protection. We also have used a specifically developed probe to localize Rhizobiales by confocal laser scanning microscopy after fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH-CLSM). Bacteria preferentially colonized fungal surfaces, but there is clear evidence that members of the Rhizobiales are able to intrude at varying depths into the interhyphal gelatinous matrix of the upper lichen cortical layer and that at least occasionally some bacteria also are capable to colonize the interior of the fungal hyphae. Interestingly, the gradual development of an endosymbiotic bacterial life was found for lichen-as well as for fungal- and plant-associated bacteria. The new tools to study Rhizobiales, FISH microscopy and comparative metagenomics, suggest a similar beneficial role for lichens than for plants and will help to better understand the Rhizobiales-host interaction and their biotechnological potential.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Trade and Competition Policies: Concordia Discors?. In a simple model of trade and competition policies we show that the abolition of trade restrictions may lead to governments independently choosing more competitive competition policies. Subsequent co-ordination of competition policy involves encouraging less competitive behaviour than when such policies are not co-ordinated and may involve disharmonisation, in a sense made clear in the paper. Adding a third country, simulation results indicate that non-member concerns about customs union formation may be well-founded, particularly when the union goes beyond mere trade policy co-ordination (which may be needed to make it attractive to members in the first place).", "label": [5, 49, 54]}
{"token": "Comparing finite element and constitutive modelling techniques for predicting rutting of asphalt pavements. This paper focuses on a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of different finite element (FE) modelling techniques and material constitutive models on predicting rutting in asphalt pavements under repeated loading conditions. Different simplified 2D and more realistic 3D loading techniques are simulated and compared for predicting asphalt rutting. This study also evaluates and compares the rutting performance predictions using different material constitutive behaviours such as viscoelastic-viscoplastic, elasto-viscoplastic and coupled viscoelastic, viscoplastic and viscodamage behaviours. The simulations show that the assumption of the equivalency between a pulse loading and an equivalent loading, which are commonly used as simplified loading assumptions for predicting rutting, is reasonable for viscoelastic-viscoplastic and elasto-viscoplastic constitutive behaviours. However, these loading assumptions and material constitutive models overestimate rutting as damage grows. Results show that the 2D plane strain FE simulations significantly overestimate rutting as compared with the rutting performance predictions from more realistic 3D FE simulations.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Model composition using filter spaces. Decision support systems (DSS) typically contain data and models to facilitate decision making. DSS users, in response to a particular decision-making situation, often execute a sequence of models, in which inputs to a model in the sequence are obtained from outputs of other models upstream in the sequence and from database retrievals. The problem of generating a sequence of models from the set of available models is known as the model composition problem. In this paper, we propose a new construct called filter spaces to support model composition. We show how filter spaces can significantly facilitate automation of model composition and execution process, and provide effective means to integrate partial solutions from multiple composite models and databases.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "Common shock, different paths? Comparing social policy responses to COVID-19 in the UK and Ireland. The UK and Ireland responded to the rapid health and economic impacts of COVID-19 by supporting incomes through job retention and job loss instruments, However distinct policy legacies, political and institutional differences between the two countries mean critical differences in both the nature and the relative weight placed on these instruments. The UK income support package was announced in one go and centred on a generous, newly created Job Retention Scheme as well as an enhanced Universal Credit for people who became unemployed. Ireland, by contrast, created a new, more generous social security payment, the Pandemic Unemployment Payment, while a less prominent job retention scheme followed a week later. These initial decisions generated distinct policy dilemmas during a second round of policy changes, in which Ireland sought to reintegrate the more generous Pandemic Unemployment Payment into the mainstream welfare system, while UK sought to ensure that the Job Retention Scheme was only supporting retained (or \\\\'viable\\\\') jobs. A second wave of infections in October 2020, requiring new restrictions, led both nations to make substantial retreats from resolving these core policy dilemmas.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Defining the biological basis of radiomic phenotypes in lung cancer. Medical imaging can visualize characteristics of human cancer noninvasively. Radiomics is an emerging field that translates these medical images into quantitative data to enable phenotypic profiling of tumors. While radiomics has been associated with several clinical endpoints, the complex relationships of radiomics, clinical factors, and tumor biology are largely unknown. To this end, we analyzed two independent cohorts of respectively 262 North American and 89 European patients with lung cancer, and consistently identified previously undescribed associations between radiomic imaging features, molecular pathways, and clinical factors. In particular, we found a relationship between imaging features, immune response, inflammation, and survival, which was further validated by immunohistochemical staining. Moreover, a number of imaging features showed predictive value for specific pathways; for example, intra-tumor heterogeneity features predicted activity of RNA polymerase transcription (AUC = 0.62, p=0.03) and intensity dispersion was predictive of the autodegration pathway of a ubiquitin ligase (AUC = 0.69, p<10(-4)). Finally, we observed that prognostic biomarkers performed highest when combining radiomic, genetic, and clinical information (CI = 0.73, p<10(-9)) indicating complementary value of these data. In conclusion, we demonstrate that radiomic approaches permit noninvasive assessment of both molecular and clinical characteristics of tumors, and therefore have the potential to advance clinical decision -making by systematically analyzing standard-of-care medical images.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "ZAKAT ON LEGAL ENTITIES (SHAKHSIYYAH I'TIBARIYYAH): A SHARI'AH ANALYSIS. The purpose of this study is to explore the issues related to zakat implementation on shakhsiyyah i'tibariyyah (legal entities) to establish whether they are subject to zakat and the methodology for zakat payment. The study examines the issues from the Shari'ah perspective and concludes on several issues based on ijtihad (independent reasoning) relying majorly on the sources of the Shari'ah, opinions of classical and contemporary scholars and the resolutions of the fiqh academies. Primarily, the Shari'ah recognises the concept of shakhsiyyah i'tibariyyah. Although the imposition of zakat is still largely vested on the shareholders of the company, the company may still pay zakat at the company's level provided that the company is authorised to do so (by way of its Articles of Association or decision made by the general assembly) or because the law dictates so. This shows that the imposition of zakat is still vested with the individuals, even though it can be paid at the company's level. It also proposes that, if the payment of zakat is to be made at the company's level, it also includes all shareholders including ownership of non-Muslims, government-owned shares and shares owned by waqf ahli. Nevertheless, the portion of payment to be paid by the governments, non- Muslims, etc, are in actual fact not zakat. However, for the purpose of consistency, there is no harm to name and itemising this payment in the financial report of the company as payment of zakat. The study also stresses on the need to facilitate for a proper methodology for zakat payment and to offer proper incentive for the payment of zakat in the manner that will be beneficial to companies which pay zakat, the enforcement agencies and the recipients.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "The Division of Public Contracts into Lots under Directive 2014/24: Minimum Harmonisation and Impact on SMEs in Public Procurement?. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) are at the heart of the economies of all Member States. However, many deem their share of public contracts insufficient. This article provides a detailed discussion of the most important \\\\'innovation\\\\' of the EU Public Sector Directive 2014/24 directed at increasing the participation of SMEs in public procurement: the regime on the division of larger contracts into smaller lots. The analysis considers economic theory and a selection of national laws transposing the Directive. It is argued that, owing to a low level of harmonisation, no substantial change occurred compared with the previous Directive. It is thus unlikely that SME participation in public procurement will increase in many Member States through this regime on division into lots.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Evaluation of the fraction of fourfold-coordinated boron in oxide glasses from their composition. A model for evaluating the fraction of fourfold-coordinated boron N-4 in the oxide glasses of different systems has been proposed. The model involves simplified equations of hypothetical chemical equilibria between structural groups. The calculated N-4 values are compared with the NMR experimental data obtained by different authors for similar to 350 glasses containing Li2O, Na2O, K2O, Rb2O, Cs2O, Tl2O, SrO, PbO, ZnO, Al2O3, Ga2O3, Fe2O3, In2O3, B2O3, and SiO2 oxides. The mean deviation between the calculated and experimental values of N-4 is equal to about 0.05.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Plasmodium falciparum resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Africa: a systematic analysis of national trends. Introduction The rising burden of drug resistance is a major challenge to the global fight against malaria. We estimated national Plasmodium falciparum resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) across Africa, from 2000 to 2020. Methods We assembled molecular, clinical and endemicity data covering malaria-endemic African countries up to December 2018. Subsequently, we reconstructed georeferenced patient data, using pfdhps540E and pfdhps581G to measure mid-level and high-level SP resistance. Gaussian process regression was applied to model spatiotemporal standardised prevalence. Results In eastern Africa, mid-level SP resistance increased by 64.0% (95% uncertainty interval, 30.7%-69.8%) in Tanzania, 55.4% (31.3%-65.2%) in Sudan, 45.7% (16.8%-54.3%) in Mozambique, 29.7% (10.0%-45.2%) in Kenya and 8.7% (1.4%-36.8%) in Malawi from 2000 to 2010. This was followed by a steady decline of 76.0% (39.6%-92.6%) in Sudan, 65.7% (25.5%-85.6%) in Kenya and 17.4% (2.6%-37.5%) in Tanzania from 2010 to 2020. In central Africa, the levels increased by 28.9% (7.2%-62.5%) in Equatorial Guinea and 85.3% (54.0%-95.9%) in the Congo from 2000 to 2020, while in the other countries remained largely unchanged. In western Africa, the levels have remained low from 2000 to 2020, except for Nigeria, with a reduction of 14.4% (0.7%-67.5%) and Mali, with an increase of 7.0% (0.8%-25.6%). High-level SP resistance increased by 5.5% (1.0%-20.0%) in Malawi, 4.7% (0.5%-25.4%) in Kenya and 2.0% (0.1%-39.2%) in Tanzania, from 2000 to 2020. Conclusion Under the WHO protocols, SP is no longer effective for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy and infancy in most of eastern Africa and parts of central Africa. Strengthening health systems capacity to monitor drug resistance at subnational levels across the endemicity spectrum is critical to achieve the global target to end the epidemic.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Bioremediation of strontium and technetium contaminated groundwater using glycerol phosphate. Groundwater at legacy nuclear facilities around the world is contaminated with radionuclides including strontium-90 and technetium-99, which are often present as co-contaminants. Here we investigated whether biostimulation of indigenous microbial communities by glycerol phosphate can co-treat Sr-90 through incorporation into phosphate biominerals, and Tc-99 through microbially-induced reduction of the sediment to form less mobile Tc(IV) phases via reaction with reduced species (e.g. Fe(II)). Results showed that 95% of Sr was removed from solution in sediment microcosms treated with glycerol phosphate, and sequential extraction showed that similar to 18% of the Sr in the resulting solid phase was associated with the pH 5 Na-acetate fraction and 75% was in the ion exchangeable fraction. This removal and partitioning to recalcitrant phases during glycerol phosphate treatment was greater than in the untreated controls, where only 60% of Sr was removed from solution, and of the solid-associated Sr, 95% was present in the exchangeable fraction. Fitting of Sr K-edge EXAFS spectra confirmed these findings, with shell by shell fitting suggesting similar to 30% of sediment-associated Sr was present in a coordination environment consistent with phosphate biominerals following glycerol phosphate treatment, whilst Sr was present only as outer-sphere complexes in the controls. In addition,16S rRNA sequencing of sediments stimulated with glycerol phosphate demonstrated the growth of potential phosphate-solubilising species such as Chryseobacterium and Serratia spp. Finally, glycerol phosphate treatment stimulated bioreduction via addition of electron donor in the form of glycerol to the system, in turn this stimulated the removal of Tc-99 from solution concomitant with microbial Fe(III) reduction to form poorly soluble hydrous Tc (IV)O-2 like phases. In sediments amended with an electron donor, the microbial community also reflected the onset of bioreduction with an increased relative abundance of Fe(III) and sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Geothrbc, Geobacter and Desulfobulbus spp. Overall these results suggest application of glycerol phosphate offers a promising bioremediation strategy to co-treat both Sr-90 and Tc-99 contaminated groundwaters, and promotes the formation of Sr-phosphate and Tc(IV) bearing biominerals when reducing conditions are maintained. Combined with past work which shows the scavenging of uranium from solution following addition of glycerol phosphate, this extends the scope for glycerol phosphate as a treatment for radioactive contamination in groundwaters.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Noninvasive monitoring of adrenocortical activity in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) by measurement of fecal cortisol metabolites. A method for measuring glucocorticoids noninvasively in feces of roe deer was established and validated. The enzyme immunoassay (EIA) measures 11,17-dioxoandrostanes (11,17-DOA), a group of cortisol metabolites. Such measurement avoids blood sampling and reflects a dampened pattern of diurnal glucocorticoid secretion, providing an integrated measure of adrenocortical activity. After high-performance liquid chromatography, the presence of at least three different immunoreactive 11,17-DOA in the feces of roe deer was demonstrated. The physiological relevance of these fecal cortisol metabolites to adrenocortical activity was evaluated with an adrenocorticotropic hormone challenge test: cortisol metabolite concentrations exceeded pretreatment levels (31-78 ng/g) up to 13-fold (183-944 ng/g) within 8-23 h. Starting from basal levels between 13 and 71 ng/g, a suppression of adrenocortical activity after dexamethasone administration, indicated by metabolite levels close to the detection limit, was obtained 36-81 h after treat ment, whereas unmetabolized dexamethasone was detectable in feces 12 h after its injection. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite assessment via EIA is therefore of use in the monitoring of adrenocortical activity in roe deer. In a second experiment, capture, veterinary treatment, and transportation of animals were used as experimental stresses. This resulted in a 7.5-fold increase of fecal me tabolites (1200 +/- 880 ng/g, mean +/- SD) compared to baseline concentrations. The administration of a long-acting tranquilizer (LAT), designed to minimize the physiological stress response, 2 days prior to a similar stress event led to a reduced stress response, resulting in only a 4-fold increase of fecal metabolites (650 +/- 280 ng/g; mean +/- SD). Therefore, LATs should be further investigated for their effectiveness in reducing stress responses in zoo and wild animals, e.g., when translocations are necessary. (C) 2001 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 47]}
{"token": "PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SMALL SPREADERS. The adoption of a performance indicator (PI) encompassing two important variables when analyzing the performance of granular spreaders; the rate accuracy and swath uniformity distribution, is proposed. During comparison tests, field personnel often have difficulty interpreting both variables without knowing which one outweighs the other in importance. To demonstrate the usefulness of such indicator, 10 units of two different spreader manufactures and two common turf fertilizers were analyzed for performance. The Vigoro spreader model 15,000 used in conjunction with a more uniform, small granule turf fertilizer scored more units with higher PI than any other combination.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Prudence in Shared Decision-Making: The Missing Link between the 'Technically Correct' and the 'Morally Good' in Medical Decision-Making. Shared Decision-Making is a widely accepted model of the physician-patient relationship providing an ethical environment in which physician beneficence and patient autonomy are respected. It acknowledges the moral responsibility of physician and patient by promoting a deliberative collaboration in which their individual expertise-complementary in nature, equal in importance-is emphasized, and personal values and preferences respected. Its goal coincides with Pellegrino and `lhomasma's proximate end of medicine, that is, a technically correct and morally good healing decision for and with a particular patient. We argue that by perfecting the intellectual ability to apprehend the complexity of clinical situations, and through a perfection of the application of the first principles of practical reason, prudence is able to point toward the right and good shared medical decision. A prudent shared medical decision is therefore always in keeping with the kind of person the physician and the patient have chosen to be.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Comparison of the influence factors on NDVI for CCD camera and WFI imager on CBERS-02. CCD and WFI are payloads in the visible light and near infrared bands on CBERS satellites and they have not been applied widely, especially WFI. This article mainly probes into the potential of these two sensors' application in the vegetation monitoring and analyses the influences of radiometric calibration, atmosphere conditions and sun-observing geometry, etc. on NDVI obtained from these two sensors respectively. In addition it analyses the effect of the spectral response difference of red and near infrared spectral bands in CCD and WFI sensors on NDVI. Results indicate that radiometric calibration is the most important factor on NDVI, which cannot be applied to vegetation monitoring without radiometric calibration. Results also demonstrate that near surface NDVI is different greatly from that of TOA which change with atmosphere conditions. The study shows that NDVI is also affected by the non-lambertian character of surface and the change of the atmospheric path with the observing geometry. And NDVI of WFI is higher than that of CCD. They are very different because of their spectral difference, but they have a good linear relevant relationship.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Towards controlled terminology for reporting germline cancer susceptibility variants: an ENIGMA report. The vocabulary currently used to describe genetic variants and their consequences reflects many years of studying and discovering monogenic disease with high penetrance. With the recent rapid expansion of genetic testing brought about by wide availability of high-throughput massively parallel sequencing platforms, accurate variant interpretation has become a major issue. The vocabulary used to describe single genetic variants in silico, in vitro, in vivo and as a contributor to human disease uses terms in common, but the meaning is not necessarily shared across all these contexts. In the setting of cancer genetic tests, the added dimension of using data from genetic sequencing of tumour DNA to direct treatment is an additional source of confusion to those who are not experienced in cancer genetics. The language used to describe variants identified in cancer susceptibility genetic testing typically still reflects an outdated paradigm of Mendelian inheritance with dichotomous outcomes. Cancer is a common disease with complex genetic architecture; an improved lexicon is required to better communicate among scientists, clinicians and patients, the risks and implications of genetic variants detected. This review arises from a recognition of, and discussion about, inconsistencies in vocabulary usage by members of the ENIGMA international multidisciplinary consortium focused on variant classification in breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility genes. It sets out the vocabulary commonly used in genetic variant interpretation and reporting, and suggests a framework for a common vocabulary that may facilitate understanding and clarity in clinical reporting of germline genetic tests for cancer susceptibility.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Transformation capacities of the papillary renal cell carcinoma-associated PRCCTFE3 and TFE3PRCC fusion genes. A recurrent chromosomal abnormality associated with a subset of papillary renal cell carcinomas is t(X;1)(p11;q21). This translocation leads to the formation of two fusion genes, TFE3PRCC and the reciprocal product PRCCTFE3. Both fusion genes are expressed in t(X;1)-positive renal cell carcinomas and contain major parts of the coding regions of the parental transcription factor PRCC and TFE3 genes, respectively. To find out whether these fusion genes possess transforming capacity, we transfected NIH3T3 and rat-1 cells with the fusion products, either separately or combined, When using soft agar assays, we observed colony formation in all cases. NIH3T3 cells transfected with PRCCTFE3 or PRCCTFE3 together with TFE3PRCC yielded the highest colony forming capacities. Examination of other characteristics associated with malignant transformation, i.e., growth under low-serum conditions and formation of tumors in athymic nude mice, revealed that cells transfected nith PRCCTFE3 exhibited all these transformation-associated characteristics. Upon transfection of the fusion products into conditionally immortalized kidney cells, derived from the proximal tubules of an H-2Kb-tsA58 transgenic mouse, and consecutive incubation under non-permissive conditions, growth arrest was observed, followed by differentiation except for those cells transfected with PRCCTFE3, Therefore, we conclude that PRCCTFE3 may be the t(X;1)-associated fusion product that is most critical for the development of papillary renal cell carcinomas.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Constructed Response Formats and Their Effects on Minority-Majority Differences and Validity. The inflow of immigrants challenges organizations to consider alternative selection procedures that reduce potential minority (immigrants)-majority (natives) differences, while maintaining valid predictions of performance. To deal with this challenge, this paper proposes response format as a practically and theoretically relevant factor for situational judgment tests (SJTs). We examine a range of response format categories (from traditional multiple-choice formats to more innovative constructed response formats) and conceptually link these response formats to mechanisms underlying minority-majority differences. Two field experiments are conducted with SJTs. Study 1 (274 job seekers) contrasts minority-majority differences in scores on a multiple-choice versus a written constructed response format. Written constructed responses produce much smaller minority-majority differences (d = .28 vs. d = .92). In Study 2 (269 incumbents), scores on a written constructed versus an audiovisual constructed format are compared. The audiovisual format further reduces minority-majority differences (d = .09 vs. d = .41), with validities remaining the same. Results arc suggestive of cognitive load as a contributor to the reduction in minority-majority differences, as are rater effects: Scores of raters evaluating transcribed audiovisual responses, which anonymized test takers, produce larger differences. In sum, altering response modality via more realistic response formats (i.e.. the audiovisual constructed format) leads to significant reductions in minority-majority differences without impairing criterion-related validity. Implications for selection theory and practice are discussed.", "label": [5, 50, 55]}
{"token": "Evaluation of sustainable technologies that upgrade the binder performance grade in asphalt pavement construction. There are many technologies to produce sustainable asphalt pavements that may affect various phases of pavement life. Therefore, it is difficult to choose the most appropriate technology that addresses all the engineering requirements, especially in the technologies produce the identical outputs. In this study, a PG64 asphalt binder (base binder) was upgraded to PG70 (target binder) through incorporation of two different sustainable approaches: (1) synthetic wax and (2) recovered binder from reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). The effects of the different modification methods were evaluated in terms of the engineering properties of materials and the sustainability features of mix production. The results indicated the modified binder (as outputs) have the same performance grade as the target binder, but the incorporation of RAP reduces the environmental pollutants at the stage of raw material processing, while the use of the wax decreases the pollutants during asphalt mix production. Consequently, the selection of the type of sustainable technology for production of cleaner asphalt pavement depends significantly on the stage desired to be modified in the pavement construction. A few scenarios and a new method are also proposed as a guide to selection of the appropriate sustainable approaches based on the binder and engineering properties. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Preparation of an Orthotopic, Syngeneic Model of Lung Adenocarcinoma and the Testing of the Antitumor Efficacy of Poly(2-oxazoline) Formulation of Chemo-and Immunotherapeutic Agents. Tumor xenograft models developed by transplanting human tissues or cells into immune-deficient mice are widely used to study human cancer response to drug candidates. However, immune-deficient mice are unfit for investigating the effect of immunotherapeutic agents on the host immune response to cancer (Morgan, 2012). Here, we describe the preparation of an orthotopic, syngeneic model of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), a subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), to study the antitumor effect of chemo and immunotherapeutic agents in an immune-competent animal. The tumor model is developed by implanting 344SQ LUAD cells derived from the metastases of Kras(G12D); p53(R172H Delta G) genetically engineered mouse model into the left lung of a syngeneic host (Sv/129). The 344SQ LUAD model offers several advantages over other models: 1) The immune-competent host allows for the assessment of the biologic effects of immune-modulating agents; 2) The pathophysiological features of the human disease are preserved due to the orthotopic approach; 3) Predisposition of the tumor to metastasize facilitates the study of therapeutic effects on primary tumor as well as the metastases (Chen et al., 2014). Furthermore, we also describe a treatment strategy based on Poly(2-oxazoline) micelles that has been shown to be effective in this difficult-to-treat tumor model (Vinod et al., 2020b).", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Experimental Evolution of Legionella pneumophila in Mouse Macrophages Leads to Strains with Altered Determinants of Environmental Survival. The Gram-negative bacterium, Legionella pneumophila, is a protozoan parasite and accidental intracellular pathogen of humans. We propose a model in which cycling through multiple protozoan hosts in the environment holds L. pneumophila in a state of evolutionary stasis as a broad host-range pathogen. Using an experimental evolution approach, we tested this hypothesis by restricting L. pneumophila to growth within mouse macrophages for hundreds of generations. Whole-genome resequencing and high-throughput genotyping identified several parallel adaptive mutations and population dynamics that led to improved replication within macrophages. Based on these results, we provide a detailed view of the population dynamics of an experimentally evolving bacterial population, punctuated by frequent instances of transient clonal interference and selective sweeps. Non-synonymous point mutations in the flagellar regulator, fleN, resulted in increased uptake and broadly increased replication in both macrophages and amoebae. Mutations in multiple steps of the lysine biosynthesis pathway were also independently isolated, resulting in lysine auxotrophy and reduced replication in amoebae. These results demonstrate that under laboratory conditions, host restriction is sufficient to rapidly modify L. pneumophila fitness and host range. We hypothesize that, in the environment, host cycling prevents L. pneumophila host-specialization by maintaining pathways that are deleterious for growth in macrophages and other hosts.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
{"token": "A comparative analysis of the diving behaviour of birds and mammals. 2. Body mass is related to dive duration even when dive depth is controlled for and thus for a given dive depth, larger species dive for longer. This implies that larger species have a greater capacity for diving than is expressed in their dive depth. Larger animals that dive shallowly, probably for ecological reasons such as water depth, make use of the physiological advantage that their size confers by diving for longer.5. Taxonomic class does not improve any of the dive variable models in the present study. There is thus an unsuspected consistency in the broad responses of different groups to the effects on diving of the environment, which are therefore general features of diving evolution.1. We use a large interspecific data set on diving variables for birds and mammals, and statistical techniques to control for the effects of phylogenetic non-independence, to assess evolutionary associations among different elements of diving behaviour across a broad and diverse range of diving species. Our aim is to assess whether the diving ability of homeothermic vertebrates is influenced by factors other than the physiology of the species.4. Surface duration relates not only to dive duration but also to dive depth, as well as to both independently. This indicates a relationship between dive depth and surface duration controlling for dive duration, which suggests that deeper dives are energetically more expensive than shallow dives of the same duration.3. Dive duration correlates with dive depth more strongly than with body mass. This confirms that some animals are poor divers for their body mass, either because of a lower physiological capacity or because their behaviour limits their diving.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Defining Ecofascism: Historical Foundations and Contemporary Interpretations in the Extreme Right. The terrorist attacks in Christchurch in March 2019 and El Paso five months later emphasised the renewed relevance of ecofascism to the extreme right. This study advances an integrated definition of ecofascism with respect to the historical and contemporary extreme right. It found ecofascism to be a reactionary and revolutionary ideology that champions the regeneration of an imagined community through a return to a romanticised, ethnopluralist vision of the natural order. Ecofascists believe that their chosen community has weakened because the connection to nature has been disrupted by the forces of modernity, spanning industrialisation, urbanisation, multiculturalism, materialism, and individualism. Ecofascists therefore seek the complete rebirth of their imagined community through a return to nature, which they believe will restore the people to a state of authenticity and dominance. Because the community is based on racial constructs, the ecofascist vision of ecological harmony manifests as racial segregation based on place. This provides a platform for ecofascists to justify expelling or destroying people they deem unnatural or disruptive to the ecosystem. In settler societies, ecofascism provides the premise by which immigrants can reject and expel other immigrants, while simultaneously claiming an authentic connection with nature.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "A randomized comparative 96-week trial of boosted atazanavir versus continued boosted protease inhibitor in HIV-1 patients with abdominal adiposity. Conclusions: Switching to ATV/r had no demonstrable benefit on abdominal adiposity. Maintenance of efficacy, less limb fat loss and marked reduction in proatherogenic lipids was observed with ATV/r compared with continuing a PI/r regimen.Background: Abdominal adiposity in HIV-1 patients initiating antiretroviral therapy may be part of a restoration-to-health phenomenon. Lipoatrophy is associated with long-term thymidine analogue therapy. Individual protease inhibitors (PIs) differ in their effects on lipids and insulin resistance.Methods: A randomized open-label multicentre 96-week trial compared changes in fat distribution in patients with suppressed HIV-1 RNA and abdominal adiposity, who either continued on their current twice-daily ritonavir-boosted PI (PI/r) or switched to once-daily boosted atazanavir (ATV/r). Treatment with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors was unchanged. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and abdominal computerized tomography (CT) scanning.Results: In total, 201 patients were randomized; 131 switched to ATV/r. Viral suppression (<50 copies/ml) was similarly maintained (93% ATV/r versus 89% PI/r). Mean changes from baseline in trunk-to-limb fat ratio were similar; difference estimates 0.03 (95% CI -0.06, 0.12; P=0.48 at week 48) and 0.02 (95% CI -0.10, 0.14; P=0.73 at week 96). More patients in the PI/r arm had a decrease of >= 20% in limb fat from baseline at week 96. Significantly greater reductions in proatherogenic lipids occurred following switch to ATV/r. Both treatment regimens were generally well-tolerated; the incidence of grade 3-4 treatment-related clinical adverse events was 34% among ATV/r recipients versus 4% of PI/r-treated patients.", "label": [2, 22, 25, 21]}
{"token": "Signal enhancement in NMR spectra of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei via DFS-QCPMG and RAPT-QCPMG pulse sequences. Two signal enhancement schemes capable of providing large signal-to-noise gains in static and magic-angle spinning NMR spectra of the central transition of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei are presented. Amplitude-modulated double-frequency sweeps (AM-DFS) and rotor-assisted population transfer (RAPT) pulse sequences are used as preparatory sequences in combination with the quadrupolar Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill (QCPMG) pulse sequence to obtain large signal enhancements ranging from one to two orders of magnitude. Specific applications to two spin-3/2 nuclei (Rb-87 and K-39) and one spin-5/2 nucleus (Rb-85) are presented. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Comparison of no adjuvant treatment and radiotherapy in early-stage cervical carcinoma with intermediate risk factors. Conclusion Adjuvant treatment improved neither DFS nor local recurrence rates.Objective To evaluate the results of receiving no adjuvant treatment (NAT) or radiotherapy after radical hysterectomy in patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2018 Stage IB1-IB3 cervical cancer with intermediate risk factors.Results There were 66 patients in the NAT group and 68 in the radiotherapy group. The median follow-up time was 61.05 months. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were similar in both groups (84.1% vs 82.9%, respectively; P=0.57), while the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 80.2% and 78.2% in the NAT and radiotherapy groups, respectively (P=0.25). Most importantly, both groups had similar local recurrence rates: 8 (12.1%) in the NAT group and 9 (13.2%) in the radiotherapy group (P=0.82). Multivariant analyses showed that the only independent risk factor for recurrence was tumor size >= 4 cm with a hazard ratio of 2.4 (95% confidence interval 1.12-5.24; P=0.02).Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Baskent University School of Medicine's Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Ankara, Turkey between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2016. In total, 134 women with at least two intermediate risk factors (positive LVSI, deep stromal invasion, and tumor size >= 4 cm) were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups: NAT and radiotherapy.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Awareness of testicular cancer among young men: A literature review. What is the degree of knowledge and awareness regarding testicular cancer and what interventions may improve information about testicular cancer in the male population? Testicular cancer incidence rates are increasing among young men, who typically demonstrate poor awareness and a lack of knowledge about this disease. Although testicular self-examination might be an effective method for early detection, few people know about this process or regularly perform it. This lack of examination could delay the diagnosis, which would affect treatment outcomes and mortality rates. A literature review was conducted starting from a bibliographic research in the major databases, and 450 documents were identified. The final analysis included 19 studies and found that men feel anxious about testicular cancer, which leads to a delay in their diagnosis and treatment, especially in developing countries. A widespread lack of awareness and knowledge about testicular cancer and self-examination exists in these nations. Few males performed testicular self-examination; most considered this procedure to be an invasion of their privacy and masculinity. The most effective tools to disseminate awareness about testicular cancer prevention were television, radio and YouTube. It is important to educate young males to spread information and improve awareness and knowledge about testicular cancer and self-examination. However, the support of regular self-examination is controversial, as this practice might also produce more harm than benefits due to the resulting false positives, fear and anxiety. Regular testicular cancer screening is therefore recommended in limited populations, including patients with risk factors, such as cryptorchidism or a family history of this cancer.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "A Late Phase of Long-Term Synaptic Depression in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Requires Activation of MEF2. The MEF2 family of transcription factors restricts excitatory synapse number in an activity-dependent fashion during development, yet MEF2 has not been implicated in long-term synaptic depression (LTD), which is thought to initiate synapse elimination. Mutations in MEF2 pathways are implicated in autism spectrum disorders, which include cerebellar dysfunction. Here, we test the hypothesis that cerebellar LTD requires postsynaptic activation of MEF2. Knockdown of MEF2D produces suppression of the transcription-dependent late phase of LTD in cultured Purkinje cells. The late phase of LTD is also completely blocked in Purkinje cells derived from MEF2A+ MEF2D null mice and rescued with plasmids that drive expression of MEF2D but not phosphatase-resistant mutant MEF2D S444D. Wildtype Purkinje cells transfected with a constitutively active form of MEF2 show no alterations of synaptic strength. Thus, postsynaptic activation of MEF2 by S444 dephosphorylation is necessary, but not sufficient, for the late phase of cerebellar LTD.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "A survey of casques, frontal humps, and other extravagant bony cranial protuberances in birds. The occurrence of casques, frontal humps, and other bony cranial protuberances in birds is reviewed. Several previously overlooked examples are reported and casques of some rare taxa are for the first time figured. Bony cranial protuberances are most widespread among galloanserine birds, which is particularly true for helmet-like casques on top of the skull. In the species-rich clade Neoaves, by contrast, bony protuberances rarely occur on top of the skull and are mainly restricted to the beak. Similar structures have a different ontogenetic origin, with the casque of cassowaries being mainly formed by the mesethmoid and that of the Helmeted Guineafowl (Numida meleagris) deriving from the frontal bones. The pneumatic frontal humps of anseriform birds are formed through inflation of diverticula of the antorbital and/or fronto-ethmoidal sinus, and air sac diverticula are likely to be involved in the formation of other casques. In some Galloanseres, bony cranial protuberances are associated with integumentary structures that have a signaling function, but such correlations do not exist for other taxa, for which a physiological, acoustic or sensory function of the protuberances has to be considered. Casques also occur in pterosaurs and non-avian dinosaurs, but most comparisons between these extinct animals and birds were confined to the casques of cassowaries. The full spectrum of bony cranial outgrowths in birds has not yet been considered and the present survey may serve as a basis for future comparisons. Prominent casques on top of the skull are more likely to evolve in terrestrial or aquatic birds, in which the head is particularly exposed and plays a role in intraspecific signaling, but their absence in most neoavian taxa is noteworthy and requires future studies to address possible ontogenetic, ecological, or functional constraints on their formation.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
{"token": "Plasma waves confined to the diamagnetic cavity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Ion acoustic waves were observed in the diamagnetic cavity of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by the Rosetta spacecraft on 2015 August 3, when the comet was 1.25 au from the Sun. Wave spectra recorded by the Langmuir probe (RPC-LAP), peak near 200 Hz, decrease for higher frequencies and reach the noise floor at approximately 1.5 kHz. These waves were observed only when the spacecraft was in the diamagnetic cavity or at its boundary, which is identified as a sharp drop in magnetic field magnitude, measured by RPC-MAG. The plasma, on both sides of the boundary, is dominated by a cold (a few hundred K) water group ion population, one cold (k(B)T(e) similar to 0.1 eV) and one warm (k(B)T(e) similar to 10 eV) electron population. The observations are interpreted in terms of current-driven ion acoustic waves, generated by currents that flow through bulges on the boundary of the diamagnetic cavity.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Effect of selected factors of the production process of stretch film for its resistance to puncture. Flat polyethlene films (23 mu m) were produced under corn. conditions by extrusion and casting of a blend of the polymer with an adhesive and a masterbatch at 270 degrees C, stretched up to 150% and studied for mech. puncture. The masterbatch content contributed mostly to the film quality.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "The BDS Campaign against Israel: Lessons from South Africa. The Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) campaign against Israel is animated by a pragmatic strain that views external sanctions as effective pressure against a small democratic state and by a moralistic Manichean strain that portrays Israelis as oppressors. Both strains hearken back to the earlier campaign against apartheid in South Africa. We argue that doing so misreads the lessons of South Africa. Sanctions may have contributed to ending apartheid, but they operated in conjunction with improved security and interpersonal trust among negotiators. Key contenders moved from a discourse of oppression to one that humanized one another as partners with legitimate concerns. These conditions are missing from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Both sides consider their security to be precarious and they are locked in competing narratives of victimization, which further erode mutual trust and security. Measures to improve the parties' security and trust would contribute to mutual concessions and greater justification for sanctions if the Israeli government is intransigent.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Adherence to and invasion of Vero cells by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing the outer membrane protein rOmpB of Rickettsia japonica. Recombinant Escherichia coli expressing the outer membrane protein rOmpB of rickettsiae on the surface were generated. The DNA corresponding to the open reading frame of the ompB gene of a spotted fever group rickettsia, Rickettsia japonica, was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The amplified fragment was inserted between the Sal I and the Xho I sites of the expression vector pET-22b(+). E. coli BL21(DE3) was transformed by the constructed plasmid. The recombinant bacteria expressed a recombinant protein with a molecular size of 165 kilodaltons on the surface. The size was consistent with that of the precursor of rOmpB. The protein was reactive with monoclonal antibodies to heat-labile epitopes of the rOmpB. This result suggested a rather native conformation of the recombinant protein. Immunofluorescence of the recombinant bacteria demonstrated the surface expression of the protein. The recombinant bacteria acquired properties to enter Vero cells. The morphological change was observed by means of transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Adherence triggered the generation of abundant microvilli and membrane ruffling for the cells to engulf the bacteria The manner of entry of the recombinant bacteria was similar to that of rickettsiae. Thus it is suggested that the rOmpB plays an important role in the adherence to and invasion of host cells by rickettsiae. Moreover, since even the recombinant rOmpB precursor protein expressed on the surface of the bacteria promotes adherence and invasion, the conformation of the functional domain may be similar to that of the processed mature rOmpB.", "label": [2, 18, 20, 25]}
{"token": "The Communist Party-Dominated Governance Model of China: Legitimacy, Accountability, and Meritocracy. As the single ruling party, the Communist Party plays an essential role in public administration and policy making in China. Under general secretary Xi Jinping's program of \\\\'modernizing the governance system and governing capability\\\\' of the party since November 2013, administrative power is migrating from the government to the party. The party bureaucracy is interlaced with the state bureaucracy to produce a rare model of governance, which in turn has created many conceptual and theoretical issues for the study of good governance. This article analyzes China's party-dominated governance model. Key issues of legitimacy, accountability, and meritocracy are discussed in an effort to delineate the advantages and problems of this model, analyze how it helps to shape the Chinese polity, and shed some light on good governance in general.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "SUPPRESSION OF HOUSE-FLIES (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) ON NEW-YORK AND MARYLAND DAIRIES USING RELEASES OF MUSCIDIFURAX-RAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE) IN AN INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. Releases of Muscidifurax raptor (Girault & Sanders) were integrated with weekly removal of calf bedding and infrequent use of pyrethrin space sprays for management of house flies, Musca domestica L., on seven dairy farms in New York and Maryland; six other farms were used as controls. Baited traps were used for supplemental outdoor fly control on release farms in Maryland. Parasitoid releases were made by weekly placement of either 25,000 (in New York) or 20,000 (in Maryland) parasitized house fly pupae in screen bags on each farm, resulting in weekly release rates of 12,000 and 9,600 female parasitoids per farm per week, respectively. Overall season-long fly pupal mortality (as measured by sentinel fly pupae) was 65 and 38% on release farms in New York and Maryland, respectively, compared with 30 and 26% on control farms. Overall parasitism was 36 and 18% on release farms in New York and Maryland, respectively, compared with 5 and 3% on control farms. Fly populations on control farms in both states were approximately twice as large as on release farms based on spot card and resting fly counts inside the barns. Producers on control farms in New York made an average of 14.7 insecticide applications (space sprays, baits, and residual premise treatments) for house fly control compared with 2.7 insecticide applications (pyrethrin space sprays) on release farms.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "A review of adaptation options in fisheries management to support resilience and transition under socio-ecological change. Social-ecological systems dependent on fisheries must be resilient or adapt to remain viable in the face of change. Here, we identified possible interventions (termed \\\\'adaptation options\\\\') from published literature, aimed at supporting social or ecological resilience and/or aiding adaptation to changes induced by environmental or social stressors. Our searches centered on nations/regions across North America, Europe, and the South Pacific, encompassing fisheries literature with and without a climate change focus, to compare how, when, and by whom interventions are currently or potentially implemented. We expected that adaptation options within a climate change context would have a greater focus on enhancing social resilience due to a connection with climate change adaptation assessment methodology. Instead, we found a greater focus on ecological resilience, likely indicating a focus on management adaptation. This pattern, along with the more extensive use of social adaptation options responsively and outside the context of climate change, along with an importance in bottom-up influences in implementing them, suggests a general lack of centralized planning and organization with regards to adaptation of stakeholders. Determining how adaptation options are created, chosen, and implemented is a crucial step within or external to ecosystem-based management, especially if planned stakeholder adaption is the goal.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
{"token": "CLUSTERING OF SI-29 NMR DATA OF ALUMINOSILICATE GLASSES USING KAPPA-MEANS AND FUZZY C-MEANS - A COMPARISON. The results of applying k-means (KM) and fuzzy c-means (FCM) methods of cluster analysis to a set of Si-29 NMR data of calcium aluminosilicate glasses are compared. Hard partitions are obtained as a result of KM cluster analysis, i.e. each object belongs to only one definite cluster. The FCM algorithm optimizes the degree of membership of objects in all the clusters - each object may thus belong to more than one cluster. The results of FCM are influenced by a parameter which controls the 'degree of fuzziness'. This influence is studied and a method is suggested which makes the manifold of data obtained by FCM convenient and clear. The discussion of the partitions obtained shows that the FCM analysis yields valuable additional information on outliers and hybrids, i.e. less typical members of the clusters. The results of KM and FCM cluster analysis support the interpretation of the Si-29 NMR data on the basis of a structural model for the calcium aluminosilicate glasses.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 40, 41]}
{"token": "PROFILE OF THE 21ST CENTURY TEACHER AND THEIR CHALLENGE. The current millennium demands better teacher preparation due to the advancement of science and technology, which is why the 21st century teacher must transcend time and space, because information processing has become a key competence in this knowledge society. The main objective of this article being to know the profile of the teacher of the century mentioned above, as well as the challenges they face. For which a combination of theoretical and empirical methods as a whole was applied as multicriteria analysis methods such as Fuzzy Cognitive Maps and the Pareto Diagram. It could be determined that the teacher must be trained and continuously overcome by the change of a highly complex society marked by information and communication in the new globalized order, of different transformations such as organizational metamorphosis, submerged in the complexity of its interactions and its forms of to compete. All this having as a common thread the adoption of new technologies. The exercise ends with the proposal of the strategies that the authors consider should be directed towards the post-pandemic era.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "The Role of Fibrosis in Osteoarthritis Progression. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease where the main characteristics include cartilage degeneration and synovial membrane inflammation. These changes in the knee joint eventually dampen the function of the joint and restrict joint movement, which eventually leads to a stage where total joint replacement is the only treatment option. While much is still unknown about the pathogenesis and progression mechanism of OA, joint fibrosis can be a critical issue for better understanding this disease. Synovial fibrosis and the generation of fibrocartilage are the two main fibrosis-related characteristics that can be found in OA. However, these two processes remain mostly misunderstood. In this review, we focus on the fibrosis process in OA, especially in the cartilage and the synovium tissue, which are the main tissues involved in OA.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "The evolution of mammalian chemokine genes. Chemokines play an important role in orchestrating cell recruitment and localization in both physiological and pathological conditions. More than 44 ligands have been identified in the human genome. A significantly different set of chemokines, however, is found in the mouse genome, suggesting a rapid evolution of the chemokine system in mammalian genomes. Thus, there are lineage and even individual-specific differences in chemokine genes in mammals. Differences in the expression and function between even recently duplicated genes are also evident. In this review, we discuss how evolutionary events such as gene duplication and gene conversion have shaped the diverse arrays of chemokines in mammalian genomes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Task adapted reconstruction for inverse problems. The paper considers the problem of performing a post-processing task defined on a model parameter that is only observed indirectly through noisy data in an ill-posed inverse problem. A key aspect is to formalize the steps of reconstruction and post-processing as appropriate estimators (non-randomized decision rules) in statistical estimation problems. The implementation makes use of (deep) neural networks to provide a differentiable parametrization of the family of estimators for both steps. These networks are combined and jointly trained against suitable supervised training data in order to minimize a joint differentiable loss function, resulting in an end-to-end task adapted reconstruction method. The suggested framework is generic, yet adaptable, with a plug-and-play structure for adjusting both the inverse problem and the post-processing task at hand. More precisely, the data model (forward operator and statistical model of the noise) associated with the inverse problem is exchangeable, e.g., by using neural network architecture given by a learned iterative method. Furthermore, any post-processing that can be encoded as a trainable neural network can be used. The approach is demonstrated on joint tomographic image reconstruction, classification and joint tomographic image reconstruction segmentation.", "label": [4, 35, 41]}
{"token": "Provision of High Meat Content Food and Object Play Reduce Predation of Wild Animals by Domestic Cats Felis catus. Predation by domestic cats Felis catus can be a threat to biodiversity conservation,(1-3) but its mitigation is controversial.(4) Confinement and collar-mounted devices can impede cat hunting success and reduce numbers of animals killed,(5) but some owners do not wish to inhibit what they see as natural behavior, perceive safety risks associated with collars, or are concerned about device loss and ineffectiveness.(6,7) In a controlled and replicated trial, we tested novel, non-invasive interventions that aim to make positive contributions to cat husbandry, alongside existing devices that impede hunting. Households where a high meat protein, grain-free food was provided, and households where 5-10 min of daily object play was introduced, recorded decreases of 36% and 25%, respectively, in numbers of animals captured and brought home by cats, relative to controls and the pre-treatment period. Introduction of puzzle feeders increased numbers by 33%. Fitting Birdsbesafe collar covers reduced the numbers of birds captured and brought home by 42% but had no discernible effect on mammals. Cat bells had no discernible effect. Reductions in predation can be made by non-invasive, positive contributions to cat nutrition and behavior that reduce their tendency to hunt, rather than impede their hunting. These measures are likely to find support among cat owners who are concerned about the welfare implications of other interventions.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Mennantine Effects on Verbal Memory in Fragile X-associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS): a Double-Blind Brain Potential Study. Older FMRI premutation carriers may develop fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a neurodegenerative disorder manifesting cognitive deficits that often subsequently progress to dementia. To date, there is no specific treatment available for FXTAS. Studies have demonstrated the premutation-associated overactivation of glutamatergic receptors in neurons. Memantine, a NMDA receptor antagonist approved for treatment of Alzheimer's disease, thus was tested in the first placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial in FXTAS. Prior event-related brain potential (ERR) studies in FXTAS found reduced N400 repetition effect, a glutamate-related electrophysiological marker of semantic priming, and verbal memory processes. This substudy of the randomized clinical trial of memantine in FXTAS sought to use the N400 repetition effect to evaluate effects of chronic memantine treatment on verbal memory. Subsequent recall and recognition memory tests for the experimental stimuli were administered to characterize verbal memory. Data from 41 patients who completed the 1-year memantine trial (21 on memantine) and also completed longitudinal ERP studies were analyzed. Results showed treatment-associated benefits on both cued-recall memory and N400 repetition effect amplitude. Importantly, improvement in cued recall was positively correlated with amplitude increase of the N400 repetition effect. The placebo group, in contrast, displayed a significant reduction of the N400 repetition effect after 1 year. These results suggest that memantine treatment may have beneficial effects on verbal memory in FXTAS. Additional studies of memantine, perhaps in combination with other therapeutic agents, appear warranted, as symptomatic treatments and neuroprotective treatments are both needed for this recently recognized neurodegenerative disorder.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Copper-base metal supply during the northern Vietnamese Bronze and Iron Ages: metallographic, elemental, and lead isotope data from Dai Trach, Thanh Den, Go Mun, and Xuan Lap. We present the results of metallographic, elemental, and lead isotope analyses of one slag and 27 copper-base artefacts from northern Vietnam. These artefacts come from four sites: Dai Trach, Thanh Den, Go Mun, Xuan Lap and are attributed to the Dx1ed3;ng Dx1ead;u (ca. 1300-1000 BC), Go Mun (ca. 1000-700 BC), and Dong Sx1a1;n (ca. 700 BC-100 AD) cultures, the two former being Bronze Age (18 samples) and the latter Iron Age (10 samples). Twenty-two of the samples have as-cast microstructures, with one having been quenched, three evidencing working and annealing, and one too corroded to tell. Despite variable corrosion levels, all metal samples are identified as bronzes, rather than copper, though seven are leaded bronzes. All the leaded alloys are Iron Age, which is typical for the region. Lead isotope results were notable, in that none of the study samples is consistent with the known prehistoric Southeast Asian copper production signatures, an unusual occurrence in recent regional provenance research. There is some compatibility with Thai Bronze Age copper-base artefacts, but generally it seems there was only weak overlap in exchange systems between northern Vietnam and southern Mainland Southeast Asia, with northern Laos as a possible frontier zone. Further archaeometallurgical prospection and characterisation in northern Vietnam are needed to identify primary production loci, but sources in the southern Chinese provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong are also probable.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "A parallel method for backward parabolic problems based on the Laplace transformation. A parallel method for time discretization of backward parabolic problems is proposed. The problem is reformulated to a set of Helmholtz-type problems with a parameter on a suitably chosen contour in the complex plane. After solving the resulting elliptic equations, which can be solved in parallel, we obtain a regularized solution with high frequency terms cut off by the inverse Laplace transforms without requiring the knowledge of the eigenfunctions of the differential operator. Since the regularized solution is obtained without artificial perturbation and high frequency components of the noise are suppressed, the quality of the solution is improved significantly compared to those obtained by other methods. Two different numerical inversions of Laplace transforms, with an arbitrary high order of accuracy and spectral accuracy, respectively, are used. Error estimates and numerical examples are presented.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "CVaR sensitivity with respect to tail thickness. The sensitivity of a risk measure with respect to the parameters of the hypothesized distribution is a useful tool in investigating the impact of marginal rebalancing decisions on the portfolio return distribution and also in the analysis of the asymptotic variability of the risk estimator. We calculate the relative importance of the conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) sensitivity with respect to tail thickness and scale of the portfolio return distribution in the case of regularly varying tails and in the case of exponential and faster-than-exponential decay. We discuss the implications for asset return modeling and the asymptotic variability of the risk estimator. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
{"token": "Lessons learnt from the implementation of same-day discharge after percutaneous coronary intervention. Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify what factors helped or hindered the implementation of same-day discharge. Methods: This interpretive study was conducted in a cardiac catheterisation suite of an Australian tertiary hospital between June and December 2016. Semistructured individual interviews with 26 healthcare professionals were conducted to explore the factors that influenced the implementation. A deductive approach to content analysis was guided by the theoretical domains framework.Background: Change in healthcare organisations is constant and requires adequate resources for effective implementation. Same-day discharge after percutaneous coronary intervention has been found to be no different from the patients who stayed overnight after procedure; however, its uptake remains low.Discussion and conclusion: This study has provided valuable insight into the factors that influenced the implementation, which will inform policymakers when designing interventions for future improvement. Plan for change and involvement of all stakeholders along with dedicated resources including time, people, and change management expertise are essential if hospitals want to see the success of change. (C) 2018 Australian College of Critical Care Nurses Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Findings: Five domains, including beliefs about consequences, professional role and identity, resources, behaviour regulation, and optimism, were identified which were strongly related to the factors that impacted the implementation. The findings showed that participants believed same-day discharge benefits while also concerning about its safety and holding different opinions on eligibility criteria. The findings also showed that participants' involvement in the change process varied with no clear roles and responsibilities and that their understanding about same-day discharge evidence and the guideline also differed. Lack of dedicated resources was also identified as the hindrance to the implementation. Behaviour regulation domain depicted how communication was managed and how the care for same-day discharge patients was improved. Despite several issues identified, participants were optimistic with achievement.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Transformation through Repetition: Walking, Listening and Drawing on Tlicho Lands. As part of my PhD practice-based research on Tlicho lands (a self-governed Indigenous region in Canada's Northwest Territories), drawing is being used to embody intangible cultural heritage (which includes activities such as oral history and the social practice of walking). Recent work to emerge from this research consists of two drawings created by Tlicho elders, and an animated film made of 900 graphite drawings referencing regional oral history. The process of rendering these drawings embodied experiences on the land that are repetitive, albeit transformative, such as walking or listening to multiple versions of a single story. The entanglement of continually moving lines, evident through the animation, provides a counter-narrative to colonial interpretations of the land - particularly narratives constructed through Cartesian coordinate systems (on which computer graphics and the geometry of built environments are based). This article will describe the production of this film, while also inquiring into how line-making provides a trace of memory, rhythmic movement and epistemology.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 30]}
{"token": "Analysis of Economic-Biological Traits of Hull-Less Barley and Creation of Source Material for Resistance to Environmental Stress Factors. The paper summarizes the experimental data from field and laboratory experiments on the study of the collection material of hull-less barley from ICARDA (Hordeum vulgareL.) on saline soils of the Kyzylorda region. The influence of the type of ripening of the variety and weather conditions of vegetation on the formation and variability of the grain yield of spring hull-less barley is shown. Traits less affected by external factors, such as plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, and number of productive spikes per 1 m(2), are determined. It has been established that during the selection, stabilization on such traits occurs in early generations, which increases the efficiency of selection of adaptive varieties. At the present stage, using in hybridization the best hull-less forms ICNBF8-611/Aths, DeirAlla106/Strain205//Rhn-03/3/BF891M-582, Atahualpa/4/Avt/Attiki//Aths/3/Giza121/Pue, Atahualpa/4/Harrington/3/WI2291/Roho//WI2269, and HIGO/LINO with local recognized varieties, 20 hybrid populations have been obtained, and 150 lines selected from them, identified that donors of valuable traits are of particular interest for creating productive cereal varieties.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Three-dimensional motion measurements using feature tracking. Feature tracking was developed to efficiently compute motion measurements from volumetric ultrasound images. Prior studies have demonstrated the motion magnitude accuracy and computation speed of feature tracking. However, the previous feature tracking implementations were limited by performance of their calculations in rectilinear coordinates. Also, the previous feature tracking approaches did not fully explore the three-dimensional (3-D) nature of volumetric image analysis or utilize the 3-D directional information from the tracking calculations. This study presents an improved feature tracking method which achieves further computation speed gains by performing all calculations in the native spherical coordinates of the 3-D ultrasound image. The novel method utilizes a statistical analysis of tracked directions of motion to achieve better rejection of false tracking matches. Results from in vitro tracking of a speckle target show that the new feature tracking method is significantly faster than correlation search and can accurately determine target motion magnitude and 3-D direction.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "ADAM 12 as a second-trimester maternal serum marker in screening for Down syndrome. Results The ADAM 12 maternal serum concentration was significantly increased with a median MoM of 1.85 and a mean log(10) MoM (SD) of 0.268 (0.2678) compared to a mean log(10) MoM (SD) of 0.013 (0.4318) in controls. ADAM 12 correlated with maternal weight and ethnicity (with the serum concentration increased in Afro-Caribbeans), but neither with maternal age nor gestational age, and only marginally with AFP (r(DS) = 0.078, r(controls) = 0.093) and free beta-hCG (r(DS) = 0.073, r(controls) = 0.144. The increase in detection rate-for a false positive rate of 5%-by adding ADAM 12 to the double test (AFP + free beta-hCG) was 4%, similar to that of adding uE3 to the double test.Materials and Methods The concentration of ADAM 12 was determined in gestational week 14- 19 in 88 DS pregnancies and 341 matched control pregnancies. Medians of normal pregnancies were established by polynomial regression and the distribution of log(10) MoM ADAM 12 values in DS pregnancies and controls determined. Correlations with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and free beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (free beta-hCG) were established and used to model the performance of maternal serum screening with ADAM 12 in combination with other second-trimester serum markers.Background ADAM 12 is a placenta-derived glycoprotein that is involved in growth and differentiation. The maternal serum concentration of ADAM 12 is a potential first-trimester maternal serum marker of Down syndrome (DS). Here we examine the potential of ADAM 12 as a second-trimester maternal serum marker of DS.Conclusion ADAM 12 is an efficient second-trimester marker for DS. Further studies should be conducted to determine whether it may be a useful additonal or alternative marker to those currently used in the second-trimester. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Parasites and Human Evolution. Our understanding of human evolutionary and population history can be advanced by ecological and evolutionary studies of our parasites. Many parasites flourish only in the presence of very specific human behaviors and in specific habitats, are wholly dependent on us, and have evolved with us for thousands or millions of years. Therefore, by asking when and how we first acquired those parasites, under which environmental and cultural conditions we are the most susceptible, and how the parasites have evolved and adapted to us and we in response to them, we can gain considerable insight into our own evolutionary history. As examples, the tapeworm life cycle is dependent on our consumption of meat,(3) the divergence of body and head lice may have been subsequent to the development of clothing, and malaria hyperendemicity may be associated with agriculture. Thus, the evolutionary and population histories of these parasites are likely intertwined with critical aspects of human biology and culture. Here I review the mechanics of these and multiple other parasite proxies for human evolutionary history and discuss how they currently complement our fossil, archeological, molecular, linguistic, historical, and ethnographic records. I also highlight potential future applications of this promising model for the field of evolutionary anthropology.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Road avoidance responses determine the impact of heterogeneous road networks at a regional scale. Barrier effect is a road-related impact affecting several animal populations. It can be caused by behavioural responses towards roads (surface and/or gap avoidance), associated emissions (traffic-emissions avoidance) and/or circulating vehicles (vehicle avoidance). Most studies so far have described road-effect zones along major roads, without determining the actual factor inducing the behavioural response. The purpose of the present study was to assess the factors potentially causing road-effect zones in a heterogeneous road network (with variations in road width, road surface and traffic volume) and eventually to estimate the reduction of habitat quality imposed by roads within a protected area (Donana Biosphere Reserve, Spain). As model species, we used two ungulates, red deer Cervus elaphus and wild boar Sus scrofa. We surveyed the presence of both species along 200-m transects. All transects started and were perpendicular to reference roads (those with a traffic volume above 10 cars per day), often intersecting unpaved minor roads with virtually no traffic. The presence probability of both species was mainly affected by the distance to the nearest road (in most cases unpaved roads without traffic), but also by the proximity to reference roads. Red deer presence was also affected by the traffic volume of the nearest reference road. At a regional scale, the overall road network within the protected area imposes a reduction in presence probability of 40% for red deer and 55% for wild boar. A road network optimization, decommissioning unused and unpaved roads, would re-establish almost entirely the potential habitat quality (91% for both species).Synthesis and applications. We found that both study species avoided roads regardless of their surface or traffic volume, suggesting a response due to gap avoidance which may be based on the association between linear infrastructures and the possibility of vehicles occurring along them. The overall behavioural response can substantially decrease habitat quality over large scales, including the conservation value of protected areas. For this reason, we recommend road network optimization by road decommissioning to mitigate the impact of roads at a regional scale, with potential positive effects at ecosystem level.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Comparative studies on the photosynthetic responses of three freshwater phytoplankton species to temperature and light regimes. The photosynthetic responses of Microcystis aeruginosa, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Cyclotella meneghiniana to temperature and light regimes were investigated. M. aeruginosa had a higher specific growth rate at 30A degrees C than at 14 and 20A degrees C. Its specific growth rate was the maximum among the three species at 30A degrees C. This suggests that M. aeruginosa could predominate in a water body having high temperature. When exposed to high light, M. aeruginosa showed lower maximal photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield (I broken vertical bar(M)), operational PSII quantum yield (), and active reaction centers per excited cross section (RC/CSm) than S. obliquus and C. meneghiniana. Moreover, after 2 h low light recovery at 14A degrees C and 20A degrees C, the recovery of I broken vertical bar(M), and RC/CSm in M. aeruginosa were less than the other two species. This indicates that the capacity of high light adaptation of M. aeruginosa is the lowest among the studied species at 14-20A degrees C. When exposed to high light, C. meneghiniana had higher I broken vertical bar(M) and lost and induced higher nonphotochemical quenching at 14-20A degrees C. This suggests that C. meneghiniana developed a higher resistance to high light under low growth temperatures. M. aeruginosa showed the lowest light compensation point among these three species, which indicates that it could utilize low light more efficiently than the other two species. Cyclic electron flow around PSII may play a role in the photoprotective mechanism of all these three species.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
{"token": "The value of trust in project business. The paper works towards establishing value for trust in project business, particularly the financial Value of trust to project business. Concepts of trust are revisited. Rational explanations Of trust are shown wanting, calculations of trust and danger being misrepresentations of how the willingness to trust is formed. The paper argues for the need to establish the interpretative and Socially Constructed nature of trust, primarily based upon prior experiential and psycho-motive learning in relation to current situational factors. Trust and its relationship to forming expectations and generating confidence are considered. Empirical findings are mobilised to show how trust contributed to value in a financial sense. Value is not an absolute in this context for value is empirically and theoretically shown to relate directly to expectations. Value is defined as an asset and is thus part of social capital for projects and in embedded in firms. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd and IPMA. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "The Dictator's Digital Toolkit: Explaining Variation in Internet Filtering in Authoritarian Regimes. Following its global diffusion during the last decade, the Internet was expected to become a liberation technology and a threat for autocratic regimes by facilitating collective action. Recently, however, autocratic regimes took control of the Internet and filter online content. Building on the literature concerning the political economy of repression, this article argues that regime characteristics, economic conditions, and conflict in bordering states account for variation in Internet filtering levels among autocratic regimes. Using OLS-regression, the article analyzes the determinants of Internet filtering as measured by the Open Net Initiative in 34 autocratic regimes. The results show that monarchies, regimes with higher levels of social unrest, regime changes in neighboring countries, and less oppositional competition in the political arena are more likely to filter the Internet. The article calls for a systematic data collection to analyze the causal mechanisms and the temporal dynamics of Internet filtering.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Dangerous visions? The circulation and translation of women's crime fiction and science fiction. Crime fiction and science fiction (SF) have long been associated with male writers and readers. Typically, in these popular genres the main characters have been men, while women have been mostly represented in a traditional way. This changed when, in the 1970s and early 1980s, a number of women writers appropriated these forms of popular fiction, subverting their conventional elements and introducing heroines and themes that had a strong feminist character. Since a number of these texts were also translated into Italian, the question I want to consider is to what extent these gender-based innovations in crime fiction and SF were represented in the Italian versions, at a time when Italy was going through remarkable transformations, in relation to the role of women in the family and society. In this article I explore this issue by analysing the way in which subversive models of female identity in a corpus of English crime fiction and SF were introduced and translated into Italian. The results show that while most of these texts were allowed entrance into the Italian cultural space, a number became the site of gendered discourses, affecting both the paratextual and the textual levels.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "A Bayesian assessment of tumour prevalence in brown bullhead and white sucker from the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes. Liver and skin tumours in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) have been associated with contamination of the aquatic environment. In this study, we present a Bayesian hierarchical logistic-Bernoulli framework that considers the role of fish covariates (e.g., age, total weight, gonad weight, liver weight, fork length) on tumour prevalence to identify the presence of \\\\'hot-spots\\\\' around the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes, where high fish tumour frequencies are registered. We developed methods to discern the degree of impairment that are either based on the comparison of tumour frequencies in contaminated (or impacted) sites against those predicted in their corresponding reference areas, or the assessment of the prevailing conditions in impaired sites independently, without the need to establish baseline conditions for comparison purposes. Our modelling study predicts low frequencies of neoplastic tumours in all the impacted locations. In contrast, the same comparisons with the preneoplastic lesions provided evidence of distinct differences between impacted and reference sites in Jackfish Bay, St. Mary's River, Niagara River, Hamilton Harbour, and Bay of Quinte. We also found weak to moderately strong relationships between tumour occurrence and fish physical characteristics that varied considerably in terms of their strength and nature (sign) among the different locations. Our study concludes that the prevalence of neoplastic tumours appears to have reached acceptable levels around the Great Lakes, but the distinctly higher levels of preneoplasms in several impacted locations underscore the need to improve our understanding of the lesions that may lead to carcinogenesis. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for Great Lakes Research.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
{"token": "SparSol: sparse linear systems solver. SparSol is a software package intended for preconditioned iterative solution of large sparse linear systems. It includes a number of iterative methods, preconditioners, scaling and reordering algorithms allowing one to choose the optimal combination of algorithms for a particular problem. The paper briefly describes the implemented algorithms and numerically compares the performance of SparSol with that of several popular, freely available software packages using test systems arising from hydrocarbon reservoir simulations.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Genetic variants in XDH are associated with prognosis for gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Results: Patients carrying rs207454 CC genotype had a longer survival time than those with the AA genotype (P = 0.042). The similar association was detected in the recessive model (P = 0.017). We conducted expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis and found that gastric cancer patients carrying rs207454 CC genotype had significant lower XDH levels than those with AA/AC genotype, suggesting that rs207454 polymorphism effected the expression of XDH. Additionally, the Kaplan-Meier curves showed that gastric cancer patients with high expression of XDH had remarkably poor survival outcome than those with low expression (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29-1.82).Conclusions: Genetic variants in XDH were associated with the survival of gastric cancer and may act as prognostic markers for individual suffered from gastric cancer.Objective: We explored the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs207454 and rs494852 located in xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) and gastric cancer (GC) survival.Methods: A total of 940 patients with gastric cancer were enrolled and genotyped using TaqMan allelic discrimination method. The Kaplan Meier test and log-rank examine were used to assess the effect of genetic variation.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Ethnic deportations of the population of USSR in the modern foreign historiography. The publication studies the approaches of modern foreign historiography towards the history of ethnic deportations in the USSR population in the late 1930s-1940s. It is shown that some Western historians consider them as one of the cases of ethnic cleansing that are abundant in the modern history of many European countries. Other scholars make attempts to assess the policy of the Stalinist regime through such international legal category as \\\\'genocide. However, most foreign researchers, when interpreting forced migrations of the peoples of the USSR, rely on Z. Bauman's sociology and the concept of population politics proposed by P. Holquist. Approbation of these conceptual constructions on Soviet material gave rise to a great discussion, dividing Western historians into two groups.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Migration and wintering strategies in vulnerable Mediterranean Osprey populations. A broad range of migration strategies exist in avian species, and different strategies can occur in different populations of the same species. For the breeding Osprey Pandion haliaetus populations of the Mediterranean, sporadic observations of ringed birds collected in the past suggested variations in migratory and wintering behaviour. We used GPS tracking data from 41 individuals from Corsica, the Balearic Islands and continental Italy to perform the first detailed analysis of the migratory and wintering strategies of these Osprey populations. Ospreys showed heterogeneous migratory behaviour, with 73% of the individuals migrating and the remaining 27% staying all year round at breeding sites. For migratory individuals, an extremely short duration of migration (5.2 +/- 2.6days) was recorded. Mediterranean Ospreys were able to perform long non-stop flights over the open sea, sometimes overnight. They also performed pre- and post-migratory trips to secondary sites, before or after crossing the sea during both autumn and spring migration. Ospreys spent the winter at temperate latitudes and showed high plasticity in habitat selection, using marine bays, coastal lagoons/marshland and inland freshwater sites along the coasts of different countries of the Mediterranean basin. Movements and home-range areas were restricted during the wintering season. The short duration of trips and high levels of variability in migratory routes and wintering grounds revealed high behavioural plasticity among individuals, probably promoted by the relatively low seasonal variability in ecological conditions throughout the year in the Mediterranean region, and weak competition for non-breeding sites. We stress the importance of considering the diversity in migration strategies and the particular ecology of these vulnerable populations, especially in relation to proactive management measures for the species at the scale of the Mediterranean region.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Assembled identity: the organization of happiness. The following article is a work in sociology of culture in which I analyze critically contemporary positive psychology as a paradigmatic case of the present cultural imperative to be happy. The theoretical context is the process of individualization and the therapeutic culture. Both have been building an ideal of the self as reflexive and self-constituted opposed to the self as morally and socially embedded. The critical analysis of the techniques to reach \\\\'positivity\\\\' is the bulk of this article. I have studied also the values of positive psychology, its moral languages and the inner tensions in the different repertoires of meaning. I have analyzed books on positive psychology that are in between scientific and popular psychology. These texts belong to advice literature since they openly recommend following specific rules of conduct. They also define good and bad emotions. Therefore, they intend to define a specific ideal of personal identity.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "A multi-attribute measure for innovation adoption: The context of imaging technology. Despite an extensive body of research on innovation adoption, one finds many inconsistent and conflicting findings in the literature. This problem stems from the lack of a generally accepted measure of adoption. Our study develops a more fine-grained yet robust measure of innovation adoption, using two important attributes: radicalness and relative-advantage. These measures are developed in the context of the hospital industry and validated in a study that examines the relationship between organizational climate and the adoption of Imaging technology innovations in 70 hospitals.", "label": [1, 5, 48, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Feasibility study on quantification and authentication of the cassava starch content in wheat flour for bread-making using NIR spectroscopy and digital images. This works proposed a feasibility study on NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics-assisted color histogram-based analytical systems (CACHAS) to determine and authenticate the cassava starch content in wheat flour. Prediction results of partial least squares (PLS) achieved coefficient of correlation (r(pred)) of 0.977 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.826 mg kg(-1) for the certified additive-free wheat flour, while r(pred) of 0.995 and RMSEP of 1.004 mg kg(-1) were obtained for the commercial wheat flour containing chemical additives. Additionally, Data-Driven Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (DD-SIMCA) presented similar predictive ability using NIR and CACHAS for the certified wheat flour, authenticating all target samples, besides correctly recognizing samples that could represent a fraud. No satisfactory results were obtained for the commercial wheat flour. Therefore, NIR spectroscopy is more useful to offer definitive quantitative and qualitative analysis, while CACHAS can only provide an alternative preliminary analysis.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
{"token": "An energetic restriction on a numerical scheme in one-dimensional dynamic thermoelasticity. The governing system of equations of the dynamic one-dimensional linear thermoelasticity is a composed hyperbolic-parabolic system and has been studied little in the literature. A Godunov-type numerical scheme for initial-boundary value problems is constructed. An energy inequality is used to control the stability of the proposed numerical scheme, which also allows us to classify, thermoelastic problems in strongly coupled and weakly coupled problems. Most real materials fall into the weakly coupled case when the mechanical power can be neglected in the balance of energy equation. The proposed numerical scheme is used to test that the above property of the weakly coupled case and also to see if in the strongly coupled case, the solutions of certain initial-boundary value problems show oscillatory behavior, which has certain similarities to those experimentally recorded at very low temperature and thought of as evidence of the existence of the \\\\'second sound.\\\\'", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Effectiveness and Value of Prophylactic 5-Layer Foam Sacral Dressings to Prevent Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injuries in Acute Care Hospitals An Observational Cohort Study. RESULTS: Significant pressure injury rate reductions in US acute care hospitals between 2010 and 2015 were associated with the adoption of prophylactic 5-layer foam sacral dressings within a prevention protocol (-1.0 cases/quarter; P =.002) and changes to Medicare payment rules in 2014 (-1.13 cases/quarter; P =.035).CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic 5-layer foam sacral dressings are an effective component of a pressure injury prevention protocol. Hospitals adopting these technologies should expect good value for use of these products.DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort.SAMPLE AND SETTING: We reviewed records of adult patients 18 years or older who were hospitalized at least 5 days across 38 acute care hospitals of the University Health System Consortium (UHC) and had a pressure injury as identified by Patient Safety Indicator #3 (PSI-03). All facilities are located in the United States.METHODS: We collected longitudinal data pertaining to prophylactic 5-layer foam sacral dressings purchased by hospital-quarter for 38 academic medical centers between 2010 and 2015. Longitudinal data on acute care, hospital-level patient outcomes (eg, admissions and PSI-03 and pressure injury rate) were queried through the UHC clinical database/resource manager from the Johns Hopkins Medicine portal. Data on volumes of dressings purchased per UHC hospital were merged with UHC data. Mixed-effects negative binomial regression was used to test the longitudinal association of prophylactic foam sacral dressings on pressure injury rates, adjusted for hospital case-mix and Medicare payments rules.PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness and value of prophylactic 5-layer foam sacral dressings to prevent hospital-acquired pressure injury rates in acute care settings.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Defining World Hunger SCALE AND NEOLIBERAL IDEOLOGY IN INTERNATIONAL FOOD SECURITY POLICY DISCOURSE. Through a reading of policy texts centering upon food security published by the World Bank and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, I problematize the concept of food security by showing how its definition and its scale have changed over time. I use scale as an analytic frame to highlight how changing definitions of food security serve neoliberal ideology. The scaled definitions of food security move from an early emphasis upon the attainment of food security at the international and national levels to a micro-level focus upon households and gendered individuals. The most recent changes link individuals to global modalities of governance with an emphasis upon the instrumentality of agricultural productivity in economic development strategies. Considering the contested and dynamic construction of scale in relation to the changing definitions of international food security reveals the political and ideological dimensions of these dynamics and their contradictions with the material history of hunger over the last thirty years.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded BARF1 Promotes Proliferation of Gastric Carcinoma Cells through Regulation of NF-kappa B. In Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected gastric carcinoma, EBV-encoded BARF1 has been hypothesized to function as an oncogene. To evaluate cellular changes induced by BARF1, we isolated the full-length BARF1 gene from gastric carcinoma cells that were naturally infected with EBV and transfected BARF1 into EBV-negative gastric carcinoma cells. BARF1 protein was primarily secreted into culture supernatant and only marginally detectable within cells. Compared with gastric carcinoma cells containing empty vector, BARF1-expressing gastric carcinoma cells exhibited increased cell proliferation (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in apoptosis, invasion, or migration between BARF1-expressing gastric carcinoma cells and empty vector-transfected cells. BARF1-expressing gastric carcinoma cells demonstrated increased nuclear expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) RelA protein and increased NF-kappa B-dependent cyclin D1. The expression of p21(WAF1) was diminished by BARF1 transfection and increased by NF-kappa B inhibition. Proliferation of naturally EBV-infected gastric carcinoma cells was suppressed by BARF1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis of 120 human gastric carcinoma tissues demonstrated increased expression of cyclin D1 and reduced expression of p21(WAF1) in EBV-positive samples versus EBV-negative gastric carcinomas (P<0.05). In conclusion, the secreted BARF1 may stimulate proliferation of EBV-infected gastric carcinoma cells via upregulation of NF-kappa B/cyclin D1 and reduction of the cell cycle inhibitor p21(WAF1), thereby facilitating EBV-induced cancer progression.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Evolved minimalist art and maximal planar graphs. An evolutionary art program that furnishes examples of minimalist art works is discussed. The selective pressure that simulated evolution exerts on the population of evolved images arises from topological considerations of graphs that are induced following image segmentation. This context provides the motivation for stating and proving a classification theorem that characterizes for each positive integer n, a distinguished subset of all planar graphs on n vertices that includes all maximal planar graphs on n vertices.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Analysis of age-at-death estimation through the use of pubic symphyseal data. The question of whether age parameters derived from an American population will reliably estimate age-at-death for East European skeletal populations is important since the ability to accurately estimate an individual's age-at-death hinges on what standard is used. A reference sample of identified individuals with known ages-at-death from the regions of the Former Yugoslavia (n = 861) is used to determine the age structure of victims and serves as the prior in the Bayesian analysis. Pubic symphyseal data in the manners of Todd (Am J Phys Anthropol, 3 [1920], 285; Am J Phys Anthropol, 4 [1921], 1) and Suchey-Brooks (Am J Phys Anthropol, 80 [1986], 167) were collected for n = 296 Balkan males and females and for n = 2078 American males and females. An analysis of deviance is calculated using an improvement chi-square to test for population variation in the aging processes of American and East European populations using proportional odds probit regression. When males and females are treated separately, there is a significant association among females and the population (df = 1, chi-square likelihood ratio = 15.071, p = 0.001). New age estimates for Balkan populations are provided and are based on the calculated age distribution from the Gompertz-Makeham hazard analysis and the ages-of-transition. To estimate the age-at-death for an individual, the highest posterior density regions for each symphyseal phase are provided.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Rapid re-convergences to ambiguity-fixed solutions in precise point positioning. Integer ambiguity resolution at a single receiver can be achieved if the fractional-cycle biases are separated from the ambiguity estimates in precise point positioning (PPP). Despite the improved positioning accuracy by such integer resolution, the convergence to an ambiguity-fixed solution normally requires a few tens of minutes. Even worse, these convergences can repeatedly occur on the occasion of loss of tracking locks for many satellites if an open sky-view is not constantly available, consequently totally destroying the practicability of real-time PPP. In this study, in case of such re-convergences, we develop a method in which ionospheric delays are precisely predicted to significantly accelerate the integer ambiguity resolution. The effectiveness of this method consists in two aspects: first, wide-lane ambiguities can be rapidly resolved using the ionosphere-corrected wide-lane measurements, instead of the noisy Melbourne-Wubbena combination measurements; second, narrow-lane ambiguity resolution can be accelerated under the tight constraints derived from the ionosphere-corrected unambiguous wide-lane measurements. In the test at 90 static stations suffering from simulated total loss of tracking locks, 93.3 and 95.0% of re-convergences to wide-lane and narrow-lane ambiguity resolutions can be achieved within five epochs of 1-Hz measurements, respectively, even though the time latency for the predicted ionospheric delays is up to 180 s. In the test at a mobile van moving in a GPS-adverse environment where satellite number significantly decreases and cycle slips frequently occur, only when the predicted ionospheric delays are applied can the rate of ambiguity-fixed epochs be dramatically improved from 7.7 to 93.6% of all epochs. Therefore, this method can potentially relieve the unrealistic requirement of a continuous open sky-view by most PPP applications and improve the practicability of real-time PPP.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "The Status of General Aviation Airports in Disaster Response Planning. This study takes three approaches to discover historical and potential future roles of general aviation (GA) airports in disaster response. A national survey was attempted with 500 randomly selected public use airports. 20 airports were asked the same questions in interviews and site visits, but these airports were selected on the basis of past involvement in disaster response or self-selected for the study. The third approach was an analysis of the seven state aviation disaster operations plans existing in 2010. The main conclusions are that GA airports are willing to serve in disaster response, that many of them actively seek response roles, and that GA airports are better reflected in local disaster plans than in state plans, and in state plans than in national plans. Several types of further research are recommended.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Soft skills and implications for future professional practice: Qualitative findings of a nursing education escape room. Objectives: To explore baccalaureate nursing students' perceptions of a cardiovascular-themed educational escape room. During the data analysis, researchers uncovered unique findings related to participant soft skill development and implications for participant future professional practice.Results: Four overarching themes were identified in the data, including game and learner characteristics, learning outcomes, and implications for future professional practice. The theme of implications for future professional practice included two sub-themes: soft skill development and the real-life nature of the activity.Conclusion: A nursing educational escape room may be one strategy to enhance student professional practice skills.Background: Educational escape rooms have been shown to improve student content knowledge; however, research about other skills developed during escape rooms is lacking.Design: A basic interpretive qualitative methodology was used.Participants: Baccalaureate nursing students who had recently participated in a cardiovascular-themed educational escape room were purposefully recruited.Methods: A total of two focus groups were conducted using a semi-structured focus group guide. Data were analyzed using a conventional content analysis approach with both inductive and deductive components.Setting: The study was conducted at a medium-sized, private, not-for-profit university in the Midwest United States.", "label": [2, 5, 53, 26]}
{"token": "First-Principles Study on the Elasticity of Ti1-xVxC (x=0 similar to 1) Materials. The lattice constants, elastic properties and electronic density of Ti1-xVxC (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.75, 1) were calculated using the first-principles method based on the density functional theory, and the calculated results were in good agreement with other works. It is found that the lattice constant of Ti1-xVxC gets smaller with the content of vanadium decreasing. And Ti0.5V0.5C shows the best mechanical properties with bulk modulus 282.41 GPa, shear modulus 229.01 GPa and the ratio of G/B 0.68. It could be found that all of the Ti1-xVxC is conductive, and there is hybridization effect for Ti1-xVxC except VC, which results in the change of mechanical properties of Ti1-xVxC.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Collagen VI-related limb-girdle syndrome caused by frequent mutation in COL6A3 gene with conflicting reports of pathogenicity. Recently the scientific community has started to view Bethlem myopathy 1 and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy as two extremes of a collagen VI-related myopathy spectrum rather than two separate entities, as both are caused by mutations in one of the collagen VI genes. Here we report three individuals in two families who are homozygous for a COL6A3 mutation (c.7447A > G; p.Lys2483Glu), and compare their clinical features with seven previously published cases. Individuals carrying homozygous or compound heterozygous c.7447A > G, (p.Lys2483Glu) mutation exhibit mild phenotype without loss of ambulation, similar to the cases described previously as Collagen VI-related limb-girdle syndrome. The phenotype could arise due to an aberrant assembly of Von Willebrand factor A domains. Based on these data, we propose that c.7447A > G, (p.Lys2483Glu) is a common pathogenic mutation. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Agree or Disagree: Does It Matter Which Comes First? An Examination of Scale Direction Effects in a Multi-device Online Survey. Previous research shows that the direction of rating scales can influence participants' response behavior. Studies also suggest that the device used to complete online surveys might affect the susceptibility to these effects due to the different question layouts (e.g., horizontal grids vs. vertical individual questions). This article contributes to previous research by examining scale direction effects in an online multi-device survey conducted with panelists in Spain. In this experiment, respondents were randomly assigned to two groups where the scale direction was manipulated (incremental vs. decremental). Respondents completed the questionnaire using the device of their choosing (57.8% used PCs; 36.5% used smartphones; and 5.7% used tablets). The results show that scale direction influenced response distributions but did not significantly affect data quality. In addition, our findings indicate that scale direction effects were comparable across devices. Findings are discussed and implications are highlighted.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
{"token": "Virtual reality and music therapy as distraction interventions to alleviate anxiety and improve mood states in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy. Psychological distress is a common consequence of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment and could further exacerbate therapy side effects. Interventions increasing treatment tolerance are crucial to improve both patients' quality of life and adherence to therapies. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an effective distraction tool for different medical procedures. Here, we assessed the efficacy of immersive and interactive VR in alleviating chemotherapy-related psychological distress in a cohort of Italian breast cancer patients, also comparing its effects with those of music therapy (MT). Thirty patients were included in the VR group, 30 in the MT group, and 34 in the control group, consisting of patients receiving standard care during chemotherapy. Our data suggest that both VR and MT are useful interventions for alleviating anxiety and for improving mood states in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy. Moreover, VR seems more effective than MT in relieving anxiety, depression, and fatigue.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
{"token": "Postoperative Distress of Orthopedic Ambulatory Surgery Patients. Patients who undergo orthopedic ambulatory surgery have reported high levels of symptom distress during recovery at home. Content analysis of this qualitative descriptive study identified techniques of symptom management that effectively reduce postoperative symptom distress after orthopedic ambulatory surgery and provided insight into facilitators and barriers to postsurgery self-management. Focus groups consisted of 19 patients and caregivers recruited from a university orthopedic surgery office. The authors identified the common themes as distressing symptoms and consequences of surgery, management of symptoms, and self-management facilitators and barriers. Participants in our study noted the lack of continuity of care after discharge and wanted to know the realities of symptoms and receive more detailed information from care providers on how to self-manage symptoms. Nurses involved in the care of these patients should focus not only on short-term recovery, but on preparing patients to manage sustained recovery issues at home. (C) AORN, Inc, 2017.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "IDEAL INTERPRETATION: THE THEORIES OF ZHU XI AND RONALD DWORKIN. Ideal interpretation is understanding a text in the best possible way. It is usually used when the text has a canonical status, such as the Bible or the U.S. Constitution. We argue that Zhu Xi's view about interpreting the Four Books and Ronald Dworkin's view about constitutional interpretation are examples of ideal interpretation and that their basic principles are similar. Each holds, roughly, that their target text contains moral truth; that the author's mind requires the mediation of learning; that the purpose of interpretation is not only to lead the reader to the moral truth but to become a better person; that all propositions are about the same moral truth or about political justice; that the interpretation ultimately must come from oneself, purged of prejudices; and that the only correct interpretation is one that captures the original meaning.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
{"token": "Prospects for the UK Economy. The production of this forecast is supported by the Institute's Corporate Members: Bank of England, HM Treasury, Mizuho Research Institute Ltd, Office for National Statistics, Santander (UK) plc and by the members of the NiGEM users group.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Ureaplasma urealyticum-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages. Ureaplasma urealyticum is relatively common in the respiratory tract of very low birth weight infants and has been hypothesized to be involved in the development of chronic lung disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether U. urealyticum could stimulate macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines in vitro, which are early pathologic changes in the lung during the development of chronic lung disease. A human monocytic cell line (THP-1) differentiated to macrophages, a rat alveolar macrophage cell line (M8383), and human lung macrophages from tracheobronchial aspirate fluid in preterm infants were exposed to U. urealyticum antigen for 24 h. The protein levels of human IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and rat TNF-alpha were measured with ELISA. Rat IL-6 was analyzed with a specific bioassay. The mRNA levels of these cytokines were detected by reverse transcriptase-PCR. The production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 increased after stimulation with U. urealyticum in both the human and rat macrophage cell lines. In tracheobronchial aspirate fluid macrophages, U, Mrenlyticum increased the production of TNF-alpha from 14 to 84% and IL-6 from 46 to 268% above control levels. LI. urenlyticum also induced gene expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6. In conclusion, U. urealyticum could be an important factor in the development of chronic lung disease because of its ability to induce alveolar macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "The impact of metabolism on DNA methylation. Methylation of genomic cytosines is one of the best characterized epigenetic mechanisms, and investigation of its relationship with other biochemical pathways represents a critical stage in the elucidation of biological information processing. The field also has immense potential for the development of medical treatments for any number of conditions ranging from aging to neurological disorders. The DNA methylation status of genes is responsible for many heritable traits and varies more or less independently of the genetic code. This variation is often a result of cellular environmental factors including metabolism. A key metabolite in this regard is homocysteine. Knowledge of homocysteine metabolism continues to be amassed, yet the part played by aberrant DNA methylation in homocysteine-related pathologies is often, at best, conjectural. In this analysis, we will review recent insights and attempt to speculate meaningfully concerning the dynamics of the methionine cycle in relation to DNA methylation and disease.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Effect of laminar separation flow and nanofluids on heat transfer augmentation with passive techniques: A review. Heat transfer in flow channels can be improved by using passive techniques such as ribs on wall and change cross section area where these modifications have practical engineering application for thermal power plant, refrigerators, and radiators. Effects of separation flow and nanofluids on thermal performance for laminar range presented experimentally and numerically in this review. The augmentations of heat transfer with fluid and nanofluid flow through sudden expansion, over backward and forward facing step, and rib channels have been concerned. The experimental results showed good agreement with numerical results and indicated the effects of separation flow and nanoparticles on augmentation of heat transfer rate. The results showed increase in Nusselt number with increase of Reynolds number, step height, and number of ribs. It was detected that by increasing the nano particle volume concentrations of nanofluids, improves the heat transfer coefficient. Also different nanopartides used in the literature investigations are based on thermal conductivity where enhancement of heat transfer rate was obtained significantly. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Speech Intelligibility as a Predictor of Cochlear Implant Outcome in Prelingually Deafened Adults. Objectives: Among adult patients with prelingual deafness, interindividual variability in speech perception outcome after cochlear implantation is generally large. It was hypothesized that the intelligibility of the patient's own speech may be predictive of speech perception with a cochlear implant. The objectives were (1) to provide a validation of a new test battery as a measurement tool for intelligibility using a group of prelingually deafened patients; (2) to investigate the validity of the test battery as a predictor of postimplant speech perception, based on preliminary data with a cochlear implant from a subgroup of patients; and (3) to investigate the validity of the test battery as a predictor of postimplant health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for the same subgroup of patients.Conclusions: The new test battery (or its reduced version), used as a measure of intelligibility, is a promising tool for guiding cochlear implant candidacy decisions and counseling for individual patients with prelingual deafness. Because intelligibility has superior predictive power in comparison to age at onset of deafness, the latter should be discarded as an exclusion criterion for cochlear implantation.Results: Results from the 25 participants averaged over listeners showed that all tests in the battery had good reliability and validity as measures of intelligibility. Principal Component Analysis showed that the multiple test outcomes could be summarized by a single underlying variable. Despite the early age at onset of deafness, the subgroup of nine participants who received a cochlear implant included several good performers in terms of speech perception with the implant. The intelligibility test battery summary score had good validity as a predictor of postimplant outcome: the more intelligible the participant's speech, the better his or her speech perception outcome with the cochlear implant. Availability of effective auditory input in early life may be the fundamental factor underlying the potential for speech perception with a cochlear implant in later life. The intelligibility test battery can be reduced to a single test to minimize testing time without negatively affecting its predictive validity. Predictive validity of the intelligibility test battery can be generalized to HRQoL outcomes of cochlear implantation, provided these outcomes are concerned with speech processing abilities.Design: Twenty-five adult cochlear implant candidates with prelingual deafness participated in this study. Average age at onset of deafness was 8 mos (range 0 to 4 yrs). Speech samples from the participants were recorded and presented to two normal-hearing listeners. Results from the seven intelligibility tests in the battery were subjected to analyses of reliability and validity. Furthermore, the multiple test outcomes were submitted to a Principal Component Analysis to investigate the possibility of summarizing the data. Subsequently, from the group of 25 participants, 9 participants with above-average intelligibility were selected for implantation. Speech perception data with a cochlear implant from the nine implantees were collected at 12 mos postimplantation, as well as HRQoL data. Predictive validity of the intelligibility test battery was determined, using the postimplant data as the criterion.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Core level photoemission spectroscopy and chemical bonding in Sr2Ta2O7. Electronic parameters of constituent element core levels of strontium pyrotantalate (Sr2Ta2O7) were measured with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Sr2Ta2O7 powder sample was synthesized using standard solid state method. The valence electron transfer on the formation of the Sr-O and Ta-O bonds was characterized by the binding energy differences between the O 1s and cation core levels, Delta(O-Sr) = BE(O 1s) - BE(Sr 3d(5/2)) and Delta(O-Ta) = BE(O 1s) - BE(Ta 4f(7/2)). The chemical bonding effects were considered on the basis of our XPS results for Sr2Ta2O7 and earlier published structural and XPS data for other Sr- and Ta-containing oxide compounds. The new data point for Sr2Ta2O7 is consistent with the previously derived relationship for a set of Sr-bearing oxides. The binding energy difference Delta(O-Sr) was found to decrease with increasing bond distance L(Sr-O). (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Knowing the Great Plains Weather: Field Life and Lay Participation on the American Frontier during the Railroad Era. On the US Great Plains frontier in the late nineteenth century, perhaps no area of scientific knowledge was more contested than the weather, which connected with debates around the long-term climate of this semiarid region. Observation of the weather was shared across the divide between scientists and lay people, illustrating an early historical predecessor of enlisting citizen scientists to help in the production of knowledge. Situating this example of lay participation in the larger context of diverse modes of field practice during the railroad era, this article examines the production of weather knowledge on the Great Plains frontier, especially in Kansas, to explore some important stages in the process of coordinating lay observers, including the ground-level practices of organizing lay people into networks for producing knowledge, and marginalizing and discrediting folk knowledge about the weather that was autonomous from the authorized scientific community. The author argues for greater attention to the historical emergence of crucial hierarchical, structured aspects of lay participation in science, inflected by the Chinese concept of shi, in contrast to the recently common focus on flattened, collaborative networks.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Stallion semen quality depends on major histocompatibility complex matching to teaser mare. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has repeatedly been found to influence mate choice of vertebrates, with MHC-dissimilar mates typically being preferred over MHC-similar mates. We used horses (Equus caballus) to test whether MHC matching also affects male investment into ejaculates after short exposure to a female. Semen characteristics varied much among stallions. Controlling for this variance with a full-factorial within-subject experimental design, we found that a short exposure to an MHC-dissimilar mare enhanced male plasma testosterone and led to ejaculates with elevated sperm numbers as compared to exposure to an MHC-similar mare. Sperm velocity seemed not affected by the treatment. Overall genetic similarity between stallions and mares (determined from polymorphic microsatellites on 20 different chromosomes) played no significant role here. The MHC type of the teaser mare also affected characteristics of cold-stored sperm after 24 and 48 hr. As expected from ejaculate economics, sperm viability was elevated after exposure to an MHC-dissimilar mare. However, oxidative stress and the percentage of sperm with a high DNA fragmentation were mostly increased after exposure to an MHC-dissimilar mare, depending also on whether the teaser mare was in oestrous or not. We conclude that males can quickly adjust ejaculate quality relative to a female's MHC, and that this male reaction to the social environment can also affect important characteristics of cold-stored semen.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Martensitic twins and antiferromagnetic domains in gamma-MnFe(Cu) alloy. The multi-function characteristics of Mn-base alloys are related to the domains accompanying the antifer-romagnetic transition and twins resulting from the fcc-fct martensitic transformation. The morphology and orientation of the twins have been investigated with transmission electron microscopy. Fringe pattern which result from twin boundaries were observed, and they are found to be {011} type as indicated by electron diffraction. It is proved with Landau theory that the fct twin corresponds to one kind of antiferromagnetic domain as the martensitic transformation is induced by antiferromagnetic ordering. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Mudrock Components and the Genesis of Bulk Rock Properties: Review of Current Advances and Challenges. Fine-grained sediment (mud) and lithified equivalents (mudrock, mudstone, and shale) contain components similar to ones in coarser sedimentary materials, albeit of such small size that high-resolution imaging is required to observe them. Such imaging reveals that fine-grained sedimentary rocks display diversities of grains, pores, and diagenetic features that actually exceed the variations of components in common sandstones and limestones. Mudrock diversity reflects the extraordinary range of grain and pore sizes, which extend from detrital grains and authigenic crystals in the <1-100 mu m fraction to the nanomaterials (crystals and pores) in the matrix surrounding the silt-size fraction. Prediction of bulk-property evolution in fine-grained materials lags current process understanding in coarse materials but a view is emerging that while there are similarities, there are also contrasts between the responses of coarse and fine materials to changing conditions in the subsurface. Mechanical and chemical processes that operate on submicrometer pores and crystals very likely proceed to different limits, at different rates, and even by entirely different mechanisms than do comparable processes in coarser materials. This paper reviews current knowledge about mudrock components, and explores some of the gaps that exist in our understanding of microscale properties and processes in Earth's most abundant sedimentary material.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "A stabilized HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer fused to CD40 ligand targets and activates dendritic cells. Conclusions: Chimeric HIV-1 gp140-CD40L trimers can target and activate dendritic cells. Targeting and activating immune cells using CD40L and other 'cis-adjuvants' may improve subunit protein vaccine immunogenicity for HIV-1 and other infectious diseases.Results: We further stabilized the SOSIP.R6 gp140 using a GCN4-based isoleucine zipper motif, creating SOSIP.R6-IZ gp140. In order to target SOSIP.R6-IZ to immune cells, including dendritic cells, while at the same time activating these cells, we fused SOSIP.R6-IZ to the active domain of CD40 ligand (CD40L), which may serve as a 'cis-adjuvant'. The Env component of the SOSIP.R6-IZ-CD40L fusion construct bound to CD4 and neutralizing antibodies, while the CD40L moiety interacted with CD40. Furthermore, the chimeric molecule was able to signal efficiently through CD40 and induce maturation of human dendritic cells. Dendritic cells secreted IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 in response to stimulation by SOSIP.R6-IZ-CD40L and were able to activate naive T cells.Background: One reason why subunit protein and DNA vaccines are often less immunogenic than live-attenuated and whole-inactivated virus vaccines is that they lack the co-stimulatory signals provided by various components of the more complex vaccines. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) is no exception to this rule. Other factors that limit the induction of neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 lie in the structure and instability of Env. We have previously stabilized soluble trimeric mimics of Env by introducing a disulfide bond between gp120 and gp41 and adding a trimer stabilizing mutation in gp41 (SOSIP.R6 gp140).", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Persuading the Tortoise. In On Certainty, Wittgenstein addressed the issue of beliefs that are not to be argued for, either because any grounds we could produce are less certain than the belief they are supposed to ground, or because our interlocutors would not accept our reasons. However, he did not address the closely related issue of justifying a conclusion to interlocutors who do not see that it follows from premises they accept. In fact, Wittgenstein had discussed the issue in the Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics; his view had been that certain inferential practices are constitutive of our notions of thinking and inferring. I argue that his treatment of unfounded beliefs in On Certainty essentially replicates, mutatis mutandis, his treatment of basic logical inference.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "The effect of complexing on the zinc dissolution in dichromic acid with HF additions. Two concentration ranges of activating hydrofluoric acid additions were distinguished when dissolving zinc in a 2.5 M CrO3 solution. Zinc dissolves slowly in a range of 0.05 to 0.3 and quickly from 0.4 to 1 mol/l HE The effect is explained by the involvement of F- ions in the formation of Cr(III) fluoride complexes during the reduction of dichromic acid anions and ZnF+ cations during zinc ionizaton. Ionic equilibrium was calculated after long-term holding zinc in the CrO3 Solutions with various HF contents. It was shown that complexing hinders the growth of passive oxide and salt films based on ZnF2 or basic Cr(III) chromate on zinc.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "On the dynamical effects of the mantle in the theory of nutations. The influence of inertial forces irt the mantle on its tidal deformations is considered. It is shown that rite main role is played the corrections, described by spheroidal deformations, which result in corrections of nutational amplitudes of about -0.076 mas for the prograde semi-annual component, -0.056 mas for the retrograde annual component, 0.099 mas for the retrograde 19-year component, and -0.024 mas for the prograde 14-day component. These values exceed the errors of modern VLBI-measurements significantly (being of the order of 0.02-0.03 mas with the exception of the main nutational component); the effect of toroidal deformations is negligibly small in comparison with the accuracy of the VLBI-measurements, and for any practical purposes need not be considered.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "NOT EXPRESSIVIST ENOUGH: NORMATIVE DISAGREEMENT ABOUT BELIEF ATTRIBUTION. The expressivist account of knowledge attributions, while claiming that these attributions are non-factual, also typically holds that they retain a factual component. This factual component involves the attribution of a belief. The aim of this work is to show that considerations analogous to those motivating an expressivist account of knowledge attributions can be applied to belief attributions. As a consequence, we claim that expressivists should not treat the so-called factual component as such. The phenomenon we focus on to claim that belief attributions are non-factual is that of normative doxastic disagreement. We show through several examples that this kind of disagreement is analogous to that of the epistemic kind. The result will be a doxastic expressivism. Finally, we answer some objections that our doxastic expressivism could seem to face.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Photoadaptation to the polar night by phytoplankton in a permanently ice-covered Antarctic lake. Photosynthetic microorganisms are a primary source of new organic carbon production in polar ecosystems. Despite their importance, relatively little is known about how they adapt to the bimodal solar cycles that exist at high latitudes. To understand how phytoplankton adapt to the extreme seasonal change in photoperiod, we transplanted cultures of a well-studied laboratory model for photosynthetic cold adaptation, Chlamydomonas raudensis UWO241, back to the water column of Lake Bonney (McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica) at the depth from which it was originally cultured. The organism was suspended at this depth in dialysis tubing to allow the microalga to respond to the in situ light, temperature and dissolved ions. We then integrated in situ biological and chemical measurements with environmental molecular analyses and compared the responses of transplanted C. raudensis cultures with the natural phytoplankton community over the 6-week transition from Antarctic summer (24-h daylight) to polar night (24-h darkness). As solar radiation declined, natural communities exhibited a cessation of inorganic carbon fixation which was accompanied by a downregulation of expression of genes encoding for essential carbon fixation and photochemistry proteins. Transplanted C. raudensis cultures matched natural community trends in the regulation of photochemistry and carbon fixation gene expression, and shifted photochemical function to a shade adapted state in response to the polar night transition. We present a conceptual model for seasonal shifts in microbial community energy and carbon acquisition which integrates past cultivation-based studies in this model photopsychrophile with a body of recent work on adaptation of natural populations to polar night.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "POLYGYNY IN THE EURASIAN KESTREL (FALCO TINNUNCULUS): BEHAVIOR, MORPHOLOGY, AGE, HETEROZYGOSITY, AND RELATEDNESS. We documented two cases of polygyny in Eurasian Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and studied the behavior, morphology, age, relatedness, and heterozygosity of bigamous and monogamous individuals. Bigamous males tended to have shorter wing chords compared with monogamous males. The provisioning rate of bigamous males was almost twice that of monogamous males, and at the secondary nests was lower than that at the primary nests. Secondary females were smaller (in wing chord) and younger (<2 yr old) than primary and average monogamous females. The neutral heterozygosity of bigamous adults did not differ from that of monogamous adults. We observed minimal aggression between bigamous females, perhaps due to their relatedness. It is unclear why secondary females engaged in polygyny with less investment from the male; however, accepting the bigamous male allowed immature females the opportunity to mate.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "S-Crucial and Bicrucial Permutations with Respect to Squares. Avgustinovich et al. studied bicrucial permutations with respect to squares, and they proved that there exist bicrucial permutations of lengths 8k +1,8k +5,8k + 7 for k >= 1. It was left as open questions whether bicrucial permutations of even length, or such permutations of length 8k + 3 exist. In this paper, we provide an encoding of orderings which allows us, using the constraint solver A4inion, to show that bicrucial permutations of even length exist, and the smallest such permutations are of length 32. To show that 32 is the minimum length in question, we establish a result on left-crucial (that is, not extendable to the left) square-free permutations which begin with three elements in monotone order. Also, we show that bicrucial permutations of length 8k +3 exist for k = 2,3 and they do not exist for k = 1.A permutation is square-free if it does not contain two consecutive factors of length two or more that are order-isomorphic. A permutation is bicrucial with respect to squares if it is square-free but any extension of it to the right or to the left by any element gives a permutation that is not square-free.Finally, using our software, we generate relevant data showing, for example, that there are 162,190,472 bicrucial square-free permutations of length 19.Further, we generalize the notions of right-crucial, left-crucial, and bicrucial permutations studied in the literature in various contexts, by introducing the notion of P-crucial permutations that can be extended to the notion of P-crucial words. In S-crucial permutations, a particular case of P-crucial permutations, we deal with permutations that avoid prohibitions, but whose extensions iii any position contain a prohibition. We show that S-crucial permutations exist with respect to squares and minimal such permutations are of length 17.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Upscaling Reactive Transport Under Hydrodynamic Slip Conditions in Homogeneous Porous Media. Reactive transport of a dilute species in a Newtonian fluid saturating a homogeneous porous medium for slip flow is analyzed in this work. Incompressible Newtonian flow with a first-order (Navier) slip boundary condition is considered together with a first-order heterogeneous reaction. Kinetic numbers range up to unity while Knudsen numbers, characteristic of slip-flow, are smaller than approximately 0.1. The pore-scale problem is upscaled, using the volume averaging method, to obtain a macroscopic transport equation (referred to as the complete upscaled model) operating at the Darcy scale. Using order of magnitude estimates and an expansion in terms of the Kinetic number, simplifications in the expressions of the effective coefficients are explored. The conditions under which the effective convective velocity and the total dispersion tensor are independent of reaction are derived. Under such conditions, a simplified version of the macroscopic transport equation is obtained. This is referred to as the simplified model. Numerical results for a simple structure indicate that the longitudinal dispersion coefficient decreases with decreasing Knudsen number, while the opposite holds for the transverse component of the total dispersion tensor, the effective convective velocity, and the effective reaction rate coefficient. These effects are more evident when the Peclet number increases (i.e., in the convective-favored regime) and when slip effects are more pronounced. Results predicted by the simplified and the complete versions of the upscaled model are validated with direct numerical simulations of the pore-scale problem on a two-dimensional model structure.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Fully localised solitary-wave solutions of the three-dimensional gravity-capillary water-wave problem. A model equation derived by KADOMTSEV & PETVIASHVILI (Sov Phys Dokl 15:539-541, 1970) suggests that the hydrodynamic problem for three-dimensional water waves with strong surface-tension effects admits a fully localised solitary wave which decays to the undisturbed state of the water in every horizontal spatial direction. This prediction is rigorously confirmed for the full water-wave problem in the present paper. The theory is variational in nature. A simple but mathematically unfavourable variational principle for fully localised solitary waves is reduced to a locally equivalent variational principle with significantly better mathematical properties. The reduced functional is related to the functional associated with the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, and a nontrivial critical point is detected using the direct methods of the calculus of variations.", "label": [1, 4, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Serological survey of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Coxiella burnetii in rodents in north-western African islands (Canary Islands and Cape Verde). Coxiella burnetii and Toxoplasma gondii are intracellular parasites that cause important reproductive disorders in animals and humans worldwide, resulting in high economic losses. The aim of the present study was to analyse the possible role of peridomestic small mammals in the maintenance and transmission of C. burnetii and T. gondii in the north-western African archipelagos of the Canary Islands and Cape Verde, where these species are commonly found affecting humans and farm animals. Between 2009 and 2013, 108 black rats (Rattus rattus) and 77 mice (Mus musculus) were analysed for the presence of Coxiella and Toxoplasma antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA), respectively. Our results showed a wide distribution of C. burnetii and T. gondii, except for T. gondii in Cape Verde, in both rodent species. The overall seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies was 12.4%; 21.1% for Cape Verde and 10.2% for the Canary Islands. With respect to T. gondii, seropositive rodents were only observed in the Canary Islands, with an overall seroprevalence of 15%. Considering the fact that both pathogens can infect a large range of hosts, including livestock and humans, the results are of public health and veterinary importance and could be used by governmental entities to manage risk factors and to prevent future cases of Q fever and toxoplasmosis.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "A diffusion weighted imaging study of basal ganglia in schizophrenia. Objectives: Several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies provided evidence of selective brain abnormalities in schizophrenia, both in cortical and subcortical structures. Basal ganglia are of particular interest, given not only the high concentration of dopaminergic neurons and receptors, but also for their crucial role in cognitive functions, commonly impaired in schizophrenia. To date, very few studies explored basal ganglia using diffusion imaging, which is sensitive to microstructural organization in brain tissues. The aim of our study is to explore basal ganglia structures with diffusion imaging in a sizeable sample of patients affected by schizophrenia and healthy controls.Methods: We enrolled 52 subjects affected by schizophrenia according to DMS-IV-R criteria and 46 healthy controls. Diffusion weighted images were obtained using a 1.5 Tesla scanner and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were determined in axial and coronal sections at the level of basal ganglia.Results: Patients affected by schizophrenia showed a significantly higher ADC compared to healthy controls in the left anterior lenticular nucleus (F=3.9, p=.05). A significant positive correlation between right anterior lenticular nucleus and psychotropic dosages was found (r=0.4, p=.01).Conclusions: Our study provides evidence of lenticular nucleus microstructure alterations in schizophrenia, potentially sustaining cognitive and motor deficits in schizophrenia.Key pointsThe basal ganglia structures was explored with diffusion imaging in a sizeable sample of patients affected by schizophrenia and healthy controls.Patients affected by schizophrenia showed a significantly higher ADC compared to healthy controls in the left anterior lenticular nucleus.Our study provides evidence of lenticular nucleus microstructure alterations in schizophrenia, potentially sustaining cognitive and motor deficits in schizophrenia.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Polymer Flooding Enhanced Oil Recovery Evaluated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Relaxation Time Measurements. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance (MR) T-2 lifetime measurements were employed to monitor oil displacement by waterflooding and polymer flooding in two different rock core plugs. In situ oil saturation profiles were determined from the MRI measurements. Water-wet and oil-wet core plugs saturated with crude oil and mineral oil showed different oil saturation profile changes and T2 relaxation time variations during core flooding. The T2 log mean ratio is proposed to normalize T2 trends from different rock/fluid samples. The polymer stripping mechanism in the oil-wet rock core plugs was consistent with in situ oil saturation profile changes and relaxation time trends observed during oil displacement.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Alcoholic liver disease and risk of cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Conclusion: ALD was greatly associated with the enhanced risk of CCA by 3.92-fold, especially in the ICC.Results: Seven articles, consisting of 413,483 healthy controls and 8,962 CCA patients, were included in this meta-analysis. When compared with normal controls, patients with ALD had an enhanced 3.92-fold CCA risk, with studies being heterogeneous (95% CI =1.96-5.07; OR =3.92; I-2 =70.2%). However, subgroup analysis showed that ALD had the enhanced risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), instead of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) (ICC: 95% CI =3.06-5.92, OR =4.49; ECC: 95% CI =0.90-3.35, OR =2.12). Additionally, when the analysis was stratified by the geographic area, positive association was observed only in western countries rather than eastern countries (western nations: 95% CI =3.34-6.96, OR =5.15; eastern nations: 95% CI =0.38-3.91, OR =2.14). And no essential bias was published.Methods: This study searched PubMed, EMBASE, and SI Web of Science carefully for the related studies published prior to March 2018, followed by the random-effects model to calculate the values of pooled risk ratio with 95% CIs. In addition, the analyses of sensitivity and subgroup were carried out to further confirm the stability of the outcomes.Background: With the purpose of elevating the risk of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), alcoholic liver disease (ALD) was shown. Nonetheless, the findings were controversial. Herein, a meta-analysis and a systematic review were conducted to study the relation as mentioned above.", "label": [2, 19, 22]}
{"token": "Explicit bounds of effective stiffness tensors for textured aggregates of cubic crystallites. For isotropic aggregates of cubic crystallites, Hashin and Shtrikman derived lower and upper bounds for the effective stiffness tensor, which are tighter than the lower and upper bound provided by the Reuss and Voigt model, respectively. In this paper we consider anisotropic aggregates of cubic crystallites with arbitrary texture. We model the elastic polycrystal in question as an assemblage of space-filling spherical grains. Moreover, we assume that every point within one grain has the same crystallographic orientation, whereas the orientations of different grains are uncorrelated. Under this model, we appeal to the variational principles of Hashin and Shtrikman and derive explicit lower and upper bounds for the effective stiffness tensor, which are quadratic in texture coefficients and carry parameters given in terms of the single-crystal elastic constants. For weakly-textured aggregates of cubic crystallites, several examples suggest that our bounds for the effective elastic tensor provide estimates much tighter than those delivered by the Reuss lower bound and the Voigt upper bound.", "label": [1, 4, 11, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Consensus-based evaluation for fault isolation and on-line evolutionary regeneration. While the fault repair capability of Evolvable Hardware (EH) approaches have been previously demonstrated, further improvements to fault handling capability can be achieved by exploiting population diversity during a phases of the fault handling process. A new paradigm for online EH regeneration using Genetic Algorithms (GAs) called Consensus Based Evaluation (CBE) is developed where the performance of individuals is assessed based on broad consensus of the population instead of a conventional fitness function. Adoption of CBE enables information contained in the population to not only enrich the evolutionary process, but also support fault detection and isolation. On-line regeneration of functionality is achieved without additional test vectors by using the results of competitions between individuals in the population. Relative fitness measures support adaptation of the fitness evaluation procedure to support graceful degredation even in the presence of unpredictable changes in the operational environment, inputs, or the FPGA application. Application of CBE to FPGA-based multipliers demonstrates 100% isolation of randomily injected stuck-at faults and evolution of a complete regeneration within 135 repair iterations while precluding the propagation of any discrepant output. The throughput of the system is maintained at 85.35% throughout the repair process.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Mythology of Time and Rhythms of Eternity: the Transformation of the Historical Culture of the Youth Movement in Germany (1900-1933). The article is a review of the monograph by R.-J. Adriaansen (R.-J. Adriaansen. The Rhythm of Eternity. The German Youth Movement and the Experience of the Past, 1900-1933. London / New York: Berghahn Books, 2015.227 p.). The monograph analyzes the features of the transformation of the historical culture of the youth movement in Germany in the period 1900-1933, both in the aspect of theoretical ideas about time and history, and in the aspect of commemorative practices of youth. Based on the ideas of H.U. Gumbrecht's, author shows that the historical culture of the youth movement in Germany, which was actively formed at the beginning of the last century, can be considered as a case of a presence culture focused on existential experience, cosmological rhythms and spatial perception of past events. At the same time, the book shows that the evolution of the original mythology of time, developed in the youth historical culture, was updated by the current political and socio-economic situation. The book substantiates the idea that the German youth movements of 1900-1933, being part of the \\\\'conservative revolution\\\\' of German society, did not so much strive to oppose the modernist historical consciousness as to transform the vector of its further development. Using the example of the German youth movement, the author shows that the historical culture of Weimar Germany was a kind of laboratory for experimenting with various types of temporalities.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Deciphering the Public Interest: Contingent Valuation as a Participatory Planning Tool. This paper considers the increased application of contingent valuation (CV) methodology as a tool for measuring collective preference. Such an approach could help decipher the public interest regarding large urban development projects and confront the challenges raised by the use of unclear public interest rhetoric in the context of contemporary hoosterism. The CV methodology is compared to more traditional means of evaluating public preference (political processes and traditional public participation). The literature offers two approaches that apply CV methodology in a participatory planning context. A critique of each is provided, and a new alternative is proposed for enhancing participatory planning through the use of CV.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Socio-economic aspects of the Sodwana Bay SCUBA diving industry, with a specific focus on sharks. Understanding socio-economic aspects of the diving industry at Sodwana Bay, including data on participant motivation and expenditure, is crucial for the effective management of the St Lucia and Maputaland marine protected areas, South Africa. Between July 2011 and July 2012 a total of 59 553 dives was conducted by 15 780 divers (95% CI = 15 295-16 277). Data were collected by means of the administration of a semi-structured survey questionnaire to 750 dive participants. Participant responses indicated that the direct value of diving to the iSimangaliso Wetland Park was R75 484 784 (95% CI = R73 071 709-R78 682 514). A total of 1 000 Monte Carlo simulations was used to estimate confidence intervals. The majority of dives at Sodwana were on coral-covered sandstone reefs (95.2%), with shark diving accounting for only 4.8% of dives. Although sharks were not the primary attraction for divers to visit Sodwana, 84.2% of respondents stated that they were interested in shark diving and that more opportunities to dive with sharks would encourage them to revisit Sodwana more often. Attaching an economic value to sharks as a dive attraction to Sodwana and highlighting their potential for the growth of the dive industry may act as leverage for their protection against fishing within iSimangaliso.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Garden Grammatology (Extended Metaphor). As I move through the garden, something, a strange species of writing, hovers before me like the perfume of a wild rose. I read the words: Metaphor is a plant. That is to say, plants are metaphors for metaphor. This message, then, this vegetal missive, appears to be constituted by a kind of phyto- or antho-morphism, reading by way of a metaphorical vegetal life. But as I continue to write, as I 'extend' myself, as Derrida does, 'by force of play', I find that this, in the end, will have been an extended metaphor.", "label": [3, 28, 32]}
{"token": "A phytoestrogen-rich diet increases energy expenditure and decreases adiposity in mice. BACKGROUND: Obesity is an increasingly prevalent health problem, and natural effective therapeutic approaches are required to prevent its occurrence. Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds with estrogenic activities; they can bind to both estrogen receptors alpha and beta and mimic the action of estrogens on target organs.OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of soy-derived phytoestrogens on energy balance and metabolism.RESULTS: We found that adult mice fed a soy-rich diet had reduced body weight, adiposity, and resistance to cold. This lean phenotype was associated with an increase in lipid oxidation due to a preferential use of lipids as fuel source and an increase in locomotor activity. The modulation of energy balance was associated with a central effect of phytoestrogens on the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides, including agouti-related protein.METHODS: Male outbred mice (CD-1) were allowed ad libitum access to either a high soy-containing diet or a soy-free diet from conception to adulthood. We measured circulating serum isoflavone levels using reverse-phase solid-phase extraction for subsequent liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Adult animals were analyzed for body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, locomotor activity by running-wheel experiments, respiratory exchange rate by indirect calorimetry, and food intake using metabolic cages. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide genes.CONCLUSION: The data suggest that dietary soy could have beneficial effects on obesity, but they also emphasize the importance of monitoring the phytoestrogen content of diets as a parameter of variability in animal experiments.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 24]}
{"token": "An experimental technique for liquid/solid thermal conductivity measurements at the melting point. Based upon the theory that the thermal conductivity can be determined by measuring the speed of the propagation of the solid/liquid phase interface during a phase transition, a system was developed to investigate the thermal conductivity of metals and alloys at the liquid/solid phase transformation point. Furthermore, a mathematical method was applied to represent the melting and solidifying process in the phase transformation chamber, by which the error could be analyzed. In order to test the feasibility of the method and the measuring system, a series of verification experiments on lead have been performed to estimate the precision and the applicability of the measuring system. From comparisons with recommended data from the literature, the uncertainty of the experimental results is estimated to be about 5% which means the measuring method is suitable to determine the thermal conductivity of eutectic alloys and metals at the liquid/solid phase transformation point. This work provides a relatively precise method for thermal conductivity measurements on new materials such as lead-free solders.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Unfamiliar Others: Contact with Unassimilated Immigrants and Public Support for Restrictive Immigration Policy. The belief that immigrants threaten the American culture is a paramount source of opposition to immigration in the U.S. Known as cultural threat, this trepidation is largely conceptualized in the opinion research as symbolic in nature and stemming from concern over the maintenance of national identity. A problematic feature of this conceptualization is that it neglects contact as a potential realistic aspect of the cultural threat of immigration. In response, this article develops a realistic theory of cultural threat that emphasizes personal encounters with unassimilated immigrants. Relying on national survey data, this article demonstrates that contact with non-English-speaking immigrants, as well as the negative emotions it engenders, heightens perceived threat to American culture and support for restrictive immigration policies.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "MULTIOBJECTIVE WATER-RESOURCES INVESTMENT PLANNING UNDER BUDGETARY UNCERTAINTY AND FUZZY ENVIRONMENT. An integration of Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) and Fuzzy Integer Goal Programming (FIGP) modelling framework is proposed to handle problems of multiobjective-multicriteria sequential decision making under budgetary and socio-technical uncertainties inherent in water resources investment planning. In the proposed SDP model probabilities of the funding levels in any time period that are generated using a subjective model are employed to handle budgetary fluctuations. This subjective model consists of historical data as a basic rate, functional relationships among inter-related parameters of the SDP model, scenarios of future budget availability, and subjective inputs elicited from a group of decision makers through a collective opinion technique. Use of the SDP model primarily yields an optimal investment planning policy that recognizes the possibility that actual funding received maybe less than the anticipated and therefore the projects being implemented under the anticipated budget would be interrupted. Economic return of each level of investment decision together with its associated project portfolio is determined by the FIGP model under the environment of imprecise (fuzzy) budget limits and goals, and is then used in the SDP model to establish the sequential optimal policy. This second level optimization model can be used to handle other types of socio-economic uncertainty and multiobjective issues in the overall approach by considering explicitly socio-economic measures and imprecision in the specification of parameters of input data.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Numbers, Pictures, and Politics: Teaching Research Methods Through Data Visualizations. Data visualization is the term used to describe the methods and technologies used to allow the exploration and communication of quantitative information graphically. Data visualization is a rapidly growing and evolving discipline, and visualizations are widely used to cover politics. Yet, while popular and scholarly publications widely use visualizations, the skills necessary for developing analytically powerful and aesthetically compelling graphics are not widely taught, at least not in political science. This article thus focuses on two innovative aspects of teaching research methods through the use of data visualizations. The first aspect concerns what is taught and the second concerns how the relevant material is taught. Unlike a more traditional course that emphasizes probability theory, inferential statistics, and formal hypothesis testing, my \\\\'Numbers, Pictures and Politics\\\\' (NPP) course spotlights the visualization tools and skills useful for understanding and communicating political and other social phenomena.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Outcomes of Two Surgical Techniques Using Silicone Rod for Frontalis Sling Suspension to Treat Severe Ptosis. Methods: This retrospective, nonrandomized chart review was performed on patients undergoing frontalis sling surgery between 2008 and 2011. Silicone rods were sutured to the tarsal plate through an eyelid crease incision (open method) or stab incisions (closed method). Data were collected on age, gender, type of surgery, preoperative and postoperative margin reflex distance (MRD), and complications. A successful outcome was defined as a postoperative score of 2 to 4 for MRD or an improvement in MRD.Results: A total of 155 eyelids of 146 patients with ptosis were included. There were 60 patients in the open method group and 85 patients in the closed method group, respectively. Successful outcomes were seen in 30 (50%) patients in the open method and 44 (51.8%) patients in the closed method groups. There were 61 (71.8%) patients in the open method group and 45 (75%) patients in the closed method group who had improved MRD at last follow- up. The main complications were exposure keratitis, eyelash ptosis, and eyelid crease abnormalities that occurred only in the closed method group.Purpose: To compare outcomes of two techniques of frontalis silicone sling surgery.Conclusions: The silicone frontalis sling procedure had the same success rates in both the open and closed methods. Eyelash and eyelid crease abnormalities were unique to the closed method.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "EFFICACY OF 4-METHYLPYRAZOLE FOR TREATMENT OF ETHYLENE-GLYCOL INTOXICATION IN DOGS. 4-Methylpyrazole (4-MP), an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, was administered to dogs to treat ethylene glycol (EG) intoxication. Eleven dogs were given 10.6 g of EG/kg of body weight; 5 dogs were treated with 4-MP 5 hours after EG ingestion and 6 dogs were treated with 4-MP 8 hours after EG ingestion. 4-Methylpyrazole was administered IV as a 50-mg/dl solution in 50% polyethylene glycol: initial dose, 20 mg/kg; at 12 hours after initial dose, 15 mg/kg; at 24 hours after initial dose, 10 mg/kg; and at 30 hours after initial dose, 5 mg/kg. Physical, biochemical, hematologic, blood gas, serum and urine EG concentrations, and urinalysis findings were evaluated at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours, and at 1 week and 2 weeks after EG ingestion.Dogs of both groups developed clinicopathologic signs associated with EG intoxication, including cnrs depression, hyperosmolality, high anion gap metabolic acidosis, polydipsia, polyuria, calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate crystalluria, and isosthenuria. Fractional excretion of sodium was increased in all dogs between 1 and 9 hours after EG ingestion, but remained increased beyond 24 hours only in the 2 dogs treated at 8 hours after EG ingestion that developed acute renal failure. AU dogs treated 5 hours after EG ingestion recovered without morphologic, biochemical, or clinical evidence of renal impairment. Of the 6 dogs treated 8 hours after EG ingestion, 2 developed acute renal failure. One of the dogs treated 8 hours after EG ingestion remained isosthenuric for 2 months, but did not manifest any other signs of renal impairment. Of the dogs treated 8 hours after EG ingestion, 3 recovered without morphologic, biochemical, or clinical evidence of renal impairment. Serum half-life of EG was prolonged in the dogs treated 8 hours after EG ingestion. Percentage of EG excreted unchanged was 84 +/- 2% in the dogs treated 5 hours after EG ingestion, and was 40 +/- 10% in the dogs treated 8 hours after EG ingestion. 4-Methylpyrazole was effective in preventing renal failure in all dogs given 10.6 g of EG/kg when treatment was initiated by 5 hours after EG ingestion, and in 4 of 6 dogs when treatment was initiated by 8 hours after EG ingestion.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "H2SO4 cycle in the Venusian tropical atmosphere as constrained by a microphysical cloud model. A one-dimensional microphysical model study revealed that vertical winds govern the H2SO4 cycle in the equatorial cloud system of Venus. In the upper cloud region, photochemical production of H2SO4 vapor leads to the formation of small droplets, which are blown off by the upward/poleward branch of the Hadley circulation. In the middle and lower cloud regions, H2SO4 vapor is supplied from below by dynamical processes and condenses into large droplets, which fall against the up-welling of the Hadley circulation. The local circulation of H2SO4 near the cloud base explains the observed accumulation of H2SO4 vapor beneath the equatorial cloud. It was also revealed that the transient strong vertical winds associated with transient eddies can explain the contradictory results for the particle size distribution observed by entry probes: the adiabatic cooling in an updraft forces H2SO4 vapor to condense onto condensation nuclei, thereby producing a large number of middle-size droplets. (C) 2002 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "The views of privacy auditors regarding standards and methodologies. Purpose This paper aims to uncover the practices of different privacy auditors to reveal the extent of any similarities in such practices. The purpose is to investigate the drivers of practices used by privacy auditors and to identify potential for improvements in the practice of privacy auditing so that privacy audits may better serve stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach Six semi-structured interviews with seven privacy auditors and regulators and an analyst across Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the USA are used as the basis for our analysis. Findings The study shows that some privacy auditors view privacy as an organizational issue, which means that all staff within an organization should understand the privacy issues that are relevant to the organization and to its customers. Because this practice goes beyond a mere compliance approach to privacy auditing, it indicates that there is a way to avoid the approach of merely applying standards from national data privacy laws which is an approach that has been subject to criticism because it is not applicable to the current situation of global applications and cross-border data. The interview themes demonstrate that privacy audits face significant challenges, such as the lack of a privacy auditing profession and the difficulty of raising the awareness of organizations and individuals regarding information privacy rights and duties. Originality/value Privacy auditing is mostly unexplored by academic research and little is known about the drivers behind the practice of privacy auditing. This study is the first to document the views of privacy auditors regarding the practices that they use. It also presents novel results regarding the drivers of the practice of privacy auditing and the interests of the beneficiaries of privacy audits. It builds on research that argues for the existence of best practices for privacy (Toy, 2013; Toy and Hay, 2015) and it extends this argument by providing reasons why privacy auditors may benefit from the use of best practices for privacy.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Phylogenetic analysis of human coronavirus NL63 circulating in Italy. Study Design: HCoV-NL63 was sought by RT-PCR in 5 10 consecutive lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples, collected from 433 Central-Southern Italy patients over a 1-year period. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by partial sequencing of S and ORF1a. Additional S sequences from Northern Italy were included in the phylogenetic trees.Background: Five known human coronaviruses infect the human respiratory tract: HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1.Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of HCoV-NL63 in hospitalized adult patients and to perform molecular characterization of Italian strains.Results: HCoV-NL63 was detected in 10 patients (2.0%) with symptomatic respiratory diseases, mainly during winter. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a certain degree of heterogeneity in Italian isolates. The ORF1 a gene clustering in phylogenetic trees did not match with that of the S gene.Conclusions: As observed by others, HCoV-NL63 is often associated with another virus. Phylo.genetic characterization of HCoV-NL63 circulating in Italy indicates that this virus circulates as a mixture of variant strains, as observed in other countries. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Recovery of woody plant diversity in tropical rain forests in southern China after logging and shifting cultivation. Logging and intense shifting cultivation have caused major degradation of tropical forests and loss of biodiversity. Understanding the direct and indirect effects of those land uses on plant biodiversity is essential to the restoration of tropical forests. We compared the species diversity, community composition and basal area of all stems >= 1 cm dbh among 18 1-ha tropical lowland and montane rain forest plots with a well-recorded long-term history of shifting cultivation and logging on Hainan Island, south China. We also explored the relative importance of disturbance and environmental factors in determining forest recovery. We found that the species density and diversity in old growth forests were higher than in shifting cultivation fallows (55 years old) but lower than in logged forests (35-40 years since logging). The species composition of shifting cultivation fallows was distinct from other forest types but logged forests were similar to old growth forests, especially in lowland forests. Disturbance intensity was the most frequently important factor in determining species composition, species density, diversity, and basal area accumulation. Soil nutrient availability explained some of the variation in species composition and diversity. Stem density was related to multiple factors including disturbance history, soil nutrients, and distance to old-growth forest. In general, we found that disturbance intensity was a better predictor of forest structure and diversity than edaphic environmental variables, highlighting the importance of human impacts in shaping tropical forest successional pathways. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Very-long-chain (C-28) highly unsaturated fatty acids in marine dinoflagellates. Very-long-chain (C-28) highly unsaturated fatty acids (VLC-HUFA), octacosaheptaenoic acid (28:7(n-6)(4,7,10,13,16,19,22)) and octacosaoctaenoic acid (28:8(n-3)(4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25)) were identified in seven marine dinoflagellate species: Prorocentrum mexicanum, P. micans, Scrippsiella sp., Symbiodinium microadriaticum, Gymnodinium sp., G. sanguineum and Fragilidium sp. The proportion of these fatty acids accounted for less than 2.3% of the total fatty acids in these species. The main VLC-HUFA in S. microadriaticum was 28:7(n-6); in the other species it was 28:8(n-3), with Scrippsiella sp., Gymnodinium sp. and Fragilidium sp. containing only 28:8(n-3) and Gymnodinium sanguineum containing a small proportion of 28:7(n-6) in addition to 28:8(n-3). These findings show that some marine dinoflagellates have the ability to produce VLC-HUFA, but precursors of these VLC-HUFA with chain lengths between 22 and 28 carbon atoms were below the detection level. Both 28:7(n-6) and 28:7(n-3), as well as other VLC-HUFAs, have been detected previously in Baltic herring; our results suggest that they may have originated from microalgae. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Encountering the Body at the Site of the Suicide: A Population-Based Survey in Sweden. Encountering the body of a child who died by suicide at the site of death is believed to be especially harmful for bereaved parents. We investigated the association between encountering the body at the site of the suicide and psychological distress in 666 suicide-bereaved parents. Parents who had encountered their child's body at the site of the suicide (n=147) did not have a higher risk of nightmares (relative risk [RR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67-1.35), intrusive memories (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.84-1.13), avoidance of thoughts (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.74-1.27), avoidance of places or things (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.66-1.25), anxiety (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.64-1.33), or depression (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.63-1.42) compared with parents who had not encountered the body (n=512). Our results suggest that losing a child by suicide is sufficiently disastrous by itself to elicit posttraumatic responses or psychiatric morbidity whether or not the parent has encountered the deceased child at the site of death.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Localization of survival motor neuron protein in human apoptotic-like and regenerating muscle fibers, and neuromuscular junctions. MUTATIONS in the gene encoding survival motor neuron (SMN) protein are found in > 98% of patients with autosomal-recessive spinal muscular atrophy. We investigated the possible role of SMN in normal and abnormal human muscle by immunostaining biopsies of 20 patients with various neuromuscular diseases using monoclonal antibodies against SMN. SMN was strongly expressed cytoplasmically in chronic peripheral neuropathies, in about 80% of chronically denervated, very atrophic muscle fibers containing clumps of TUNEL-positive pyknotic nuclei: about 60% of those fibers also had cytoplasmic Bcl-2 and Bax immunoreactivity. In regenerating muscle fibers of various myopathies SMN co-localized with desmin, Bcl-2 and Bax; it was also present at the postsynaptic domain of normal human neuromuscular junctions. Thus, SMN may play a role in normal and pathological processes of adult human muscle fibers. NeuroReport 10:1637-1641 (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Complexity theory and the historical study of religion: navigating the transdisciplinary space between the Humanities and the Natural Sciences. This article advocates for a set of recent transdisciplinary options for the History of Religion, combining methods from the Natural and Human Sciences, through a special focus on the study of so-called \\\\'complex systems\\\\'. We elucidate their theoretical bases and limitations while assuming a pragmatic positioning between a defense of the historical-scientific study of religion and the promotion of groundbreaking methodological outlooks emerging from the Digital Humanities. From this background, throughout the text, we argue for a complementation of historiographical \\\\'close reading\\\\' with both \\\\'distant reading\\\\' techniques and interdisciplinary research, using computer-based methods and a diversity of formal modeling techniques. In short, we conclude that such methods offer novel ways for data representation and are best understood not only as creative schemes for solving issues in historiography, but also as a springboard for new inquiries arising from the transdisciplinarity between the Humanities and the Natural Sciences.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Competitive H2S - CO2 absorption in reactive aqueous methyldiethanolamine solution: Prediction with ePC-SAFT. Reactive absorption of CO2 and H2S in aqueous methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solutions is considered within the ePC-SAFT equation of state. We demonstrate that ePC-SAFT can be employed in a predictive manner without regression of additional temperature-correlated terms. Mixed system predictions are tested using a consistent set experimental data covering a wide range of temperatures (313 K-413 K), partial pressures (0.001 kPa-1000 kPa), and MDEA mass fractions (0.05-W-MDEA 0.75 W-MDEA). Predicted partial pressures for acid gas absorption show good agreement for low MDEA fractions (W-MDEA < 0.5). Absorption selectivity in binary H2S + CO2 absorption is correctly predicted, with absolute average deviations of 57.18% and 79.32% for partial pressures of CO2 and H2S. We identify a significant deterioration in ePC-SAFT predictive power for the high-MDEA regime (W-MDEA > 0.5), likely originating from underlying assumptions in the Debye-Hfickel electrolyte free energy treatment and representation of ionic species. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Clinical significance of detection of multiple acute brain infarcts on diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions: Detection of type 1 MABI in patients with lacunar stroke improved diagnostic confidence and the choice of antithrombotic treatment. Further study is needed on stroke prevention in MABI cases caused by SAD alone.Background: Detection of multiple acute brain infarcts (MABI) by diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) may provide information about stroke mechanism in (1) acute lacunar stroke, where evidence of MABI suggests a cause other than small artery disease (SAD), such as embolism or vasculitis (type 1 MAN); or (2) acute non-lacunar stroke, where MABI in the territory of at least two of the aortic branches supplying the brain indicates the presence of aortic or cardiac embolism rather than artery to artery embolism (type 2 MABI).Methods: 182 consecutive patients defined by DWI were evaluated. Stroke aetiology was classified according to the TOAST criteria, though \\\\'lacunar stroke\\\\' included patients with possible aetiologies other than SAD.Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of MABI and their impact on aetiological classification and prevention of stroke in patients with acute ischaemic stroke examined with DWI.Results: Type 1 MABI were detected in 21/72 patients (29%) with lacunar stroke, and type 2 MABI in 8/110 (7%) with non-lacunar stroke. A possible stroke mechanism different from SAD was found in nine type 1 MABI cases (43%): cardiac embolism (4); other determined aetiology (3); aortic embolism (2). Cardiac (2) or aortic (1) sources of embolism were detected in eight type 2 MABI cases. MABI patients with cardiac or aortic sources of embolism were treated with warfarin, the remainder with aspirin.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Carbon monoxide in the solar atmosphere II. Radiative cooling by CO lines. Conclusions. The hydrodynamical timescales in our solar atmosphere model are much too short to allow for the radiative relaxation to a cool state, thus suppressing the potential thermal instability due to carbon monoxide as a cooling agent. Apparently, the thermal structure and dynamics of the outer model atmosphere are instead determined primarily by shock waves.Methods. The treatment of radiative cooling via spectral lines of carbon monoxide ( CO) has been added to the radiation chemo-hydrodynamics code CO5BOLD. The radiation transport has now been solved in a continuum band with Rosseland mean opacity and an additional band with CO opacity. The latter is calculated as a Planck mean over the CO band between 4.4 and 6.2 mu m. The time-dependent CO number density is derived from the solution of a chemical reaction network.Aims. The role of carbon monoxide as a cooling agent for the thermal structure of the mid-photospheric to low-chromospheric layers of the solar atmosphere in internetwork regions is investigated.Results. The CO opacity indeed causes additional cooling at the fronts of propagating shock waves in the chromosphere. There, the time-dependent approach results in a higher CO number density compared to the equilibrium case and hence in a larger net radiative cooling rate. The average gas temperature stratification of the model atmosphere, however, is only reduced by roughly 100 K. Also the temperature fluctuations and the CO number density are only affected to small extent. A numerical experiment without dynamics shows that the CO cooling process works in principle and drives the atmosphere to a cool radiative equilibrium state. At chromospheric heights, the radiative relaxation of the atmosphere to a cool state takes several 1000 s. The CO cooling process thus would seem to be too slow compared to atmospheric dynamics to be responsible for the very cool temperature regions observed in the solar atmosphere.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "EFFECT OF PULSE SHAPE ON SPALL STRENGTH. This paper analyzes the effect of the time-dependent shape of a load pulse on the spall strength of materials. Within the framework of a classical one-dimensional scheme, triangular pulses with signal rise and decay portions and with no signal rise portions considered. Calculation results for the threshold characteristics of fracture for rail steel are given. The possibility of optimization of fracture by selecting a loading time with the use of an introduced characteristic of dynamic strength (pulse fracture capacity) is demonstrated. The study is carried out using a structure-time fracture criterion.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "High-Voltage Phenomena in Molten Aluminum Chloride Electrolytes. The electrical conductivity of molten aluminum chlorides NaAlCl4 and KAlCl4 increases with the electric field and reaches the maximum values (Wien effect) exceeding their usual low-voltage conductivity by 200 and 700%, respectively. These results are obtained on the basis of analysis of microsecond high-voltage discharges in the melts. When high-voltage pulse discharges are completed in the melts, their conductivity increases by 50% and their decomposition potential turns out to decrease by more than 20% (memory effect). The relaxation time of a nonequilibrium state reaches 5 min or more.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "On the number of distinct elliptic curves in some families. We give explicit formulas for the number of distinct elliptic curves over a finite field (up to isomorphism over the algebraic closure of the ground field) in several families of curves of cryptographic interest such as Edwards curves and their generalization due to D. J. Bernstein and T. Lange as well as the curves introduced by C. Doche, T. Icart and D. R. Kohel.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "Sustainability of independent community archives in China: a case study. There are three models for community archives in China. The first one is where community archives are kept in government-funded/government-established museums or archives. The second is where community archives are kept by scholarly organizations such as universities. The third involves the community establishing its own archive. This last model is very unusual in China. The PiCun Culture and Art Museum of Migrant Labor (PCMML) provides an example of this model as it is the only independent community archives focusing on migrant workers in China. This paper explores the emergence and development of PCMML, its impact on community members and challenges faced including funding and staffing, but also those unique to China-PCMML is greatly influenced by a range of national and local government policies and regulations. Conclusions are that survival strategies for independent community archives in China are dependent on three dimensions: the community itself, society and the government. Cultural consciousness of the community is the premise for the establishment and sustainability of independent community archives, and independent community archives can be the public space to cultivate cultural consciousness of community members and thus activates community members' agency to document, preserve and disseminate their own history. At the same time, independent community archives also need to engage with broader society to avoid involution and gain support and understanding. Independent community archives are constrained by government policies and regulations, so it is essential for them to develop strategic relationships with government.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Behavior of rock wool in rat lungs after exposure by nasal inhalation. To evaluate the safety of rock wool (RW) fibers, we examined the biopersistence of RW fibers in the lungs of rats, based on the changes of fiber number and fiber size in the length and width, in a nose-only inhalation exposure study. Twenty male Fischer 344 rats (6 to 10 wk old) were exposed to RW fibers at a fiber concentration of 70.6 (20.4) fiber/m(3) and a dispersion density of 30.4 (6.6) mg/m(3) [arithmetic mean (SD)] continuously for 3 h daily for 5 consecutive days. Five rats each were sacrificed shortly after exposure ended (baseline group) and at 1, 2, and 4 wk after exposure, and their lung tissues were ashed by a low temperature plasma-asher. The numbers and sizes of fibers in the ash samples were determined using a phase contrast microscope and a computed image analyzer. The fiber numbers in the lungs at 4 wk after exposure had significantly decreased from the baseline value, i.e. shortly after exposure (p < 0.05). The half-lives of RW fibers calculated using the one-compartment model were 32 d for total fibers and 10 d for fibers longer than 20 mu m in length. Fiber number was 53.6% of the baseline at 4 wk after exposure (baseline group=100%). Likewise, fiber sizes had significantly decreased at 4 wk after exposure (p < 0.05), probably because fibers had been dissolved in body fluid, phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages or discharged from the body by mucociliary movement. In future studies, it will be necessary to examine the carcinogenicity of RW fibers through long-term inhalation studies.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "A Canine Case of Nocardia africana Infection Detected by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Nocardiosis, a rare infectious disease in dogs and cats, is caused by Gram-positive aerobic actinomycetes of the genus Nocardia. A one-year-old castrated male Great Dane was presented with clinical signs of an ulcerated nodule on the right ear, which was observed after two weeks of treatment with cyclosporine and prednisolone due to idiopathic hepatitis. Cytological examination revealed pyogranulomatous inflammatory cells and blanched filamentous rods. To detect infectious agents, serosanguinous discharge of the nodule was subjected to bacterial and fungal cultures. For phenotyping of the infectious agents, colonies on blood agar culture plates were further analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (VITEK MS). The MALDI-TOF spectra were identified as N. africana. Thus, the present case was diagnosed as cutaneous nocardiosis. The skin lesions of ulcerated nodules with fistulous tracts were gradually resolved by the administration of meropenem (8 mg/kg TID, IV) and doxycycline (5 mg/kg BID, PO). Although complete resolution of the skin lesions was observed on day 91 after the initial presentation, single administration of doxycycline was continued until day 198 after the initial presentation to prevent recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Nocardia africana infection in a dog. In addition, our results show that MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis could be a useful tool for the detection of Nocardia. spps.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Successful translocation of a nestling Ornate Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) in southern Brazil. The translocation of individuals or populations is a management strategy that is widely used in conservation, especially for rare or threatened species. In September 2005, an Ornate Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus ornatus) nest with a nestling was found near the newly-constructed Barra Grande dam, on the Pelotas River, in northern Rio Grande do Sul. The nest was 1.20 m above the water surface and at risk of be submerged, and both the nestling and its nest were transported to a safe location 380 m away from the original location and 30 m above the high water level of the reservoir. After translocation the nestling was monitored for 60 days, until fledging. Translocation was considered successful due to the acceptance of the translocated nestling by the adults, inferred by the observation of parental care and nest defense after translocation. The in situ management that we report may be a useful alternative for ex situ management, at least in specific cases. It also must warn us of the need to have a raptor monitoring and rescue program during the construction of hydroelectric plants.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Nikolay Sieber in the history of prerevolutionary Russian economic thought. This article shows how representatives of various theoretical currents in economics at different times in history interpreted the efforts of Nikolay Sieber in defending and developing Marxian economic theory and assessed his legacy and role in forming the Marxist school in Russian political economy. The article defines three stages in this process: publication of Sieber's work dedicated to the analysis of the first volume of Marx's Das Kapital and criticism of it by Russian opponents of Marxian economic theory; assessment of Sieber's work by the narodniks, \\\\'Legal Marxists\\\\', Georgiy Plekhanov, and Vladimir Lenin; the decline in interest in Sieber in light of the growing tendency towards an \\\\'organic synthesis\\\\' of the theory of marginal utility and the Marxist social viewpoint.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Simulation and Experimental Investigation for the Homogeneity of Ti49.2Ni50.8 Alloy Processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing. Ti49.2Ni50.8 shape memory alloy (SMA) was processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for eight passes at 450 degrees C. The deformation homogeneity was analyzed on various planes across the thickness by Deform-3D software. Strain standard deviation (SSD) was used to quantify deformation homogeneity. The simulation result shows that the strain homogeneity is optimized by the third pass. Deformation homogeneity of ECAP was analyzed experimentally using microhardness measurements. Experimental results show that the gradual evolution of hardness with increasing numbers of passes existed and the optimum homogeneity was achieved after three passes. This is in good agreement with simulation results.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "ON THE TRAIL OF EARLY BIRDS: A REVIEW OF THE FOSSIL FOOTPRINT RECORD OF AVIAN MORPHOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL EVOLUTION. Tracks of perching birds, raptors, and other groups that do not habitually frequent wet shorelines - the most suitable environment for track preservation - are rare. Indeed, the avian track record is dominated by the footprints of shorebirds, with a minor component attributable to large flightless and cursorial forms. Nevertheless, the body of literature on fossil bird tracks is still relatively small (similar to 200 reports), describing about 6 ichnofamilies, comprising about 38 named ichnogenera and 65 ichnospecies.Fossil footprints provide important evidence regarding the morphology, behavior, distribution, and ecology of ancient animals. In recent years, the ichnological record (pertaining to fossils other than skeletal or body parts, most familiarly and commonly tracks) of major tetrapod clades has been studied intensively. The body fossil record amply demonstrates that the origin of birds lies within the theropod dinosaur lineage (making birds extant dinosaurs, in an evolutionary sense), but the ichnological record contributes much valuable information concerning behavioral shifts during both this evolutionary transition and the early diversification of birds. Here, for the first time, we review the entire avian track record, including its specialized ichnotaxonomy, from the Mesozoic (the \\\\'Age of Reptiles,\\\\' 250-65 million years ago) and Cenozoic (the \\\\'Age of Mammals and Birds,\\\\' 65 million years ago through the present, including the Holocene) and consider how the evidence impacts the understanding of avian evolution and ecology.Growing evidence from both the skeletal and track records indicates that the initial avian taxonomic, morphological, and ecological radiations took place around the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary (about 145 million years ago). Tracks similar to, and in some cases indistinguishable from, those made by modern shorebirds (Charadriiformes), small ducks (Anseriformes), small herons (Ciconiidae), and even roadrunners (Cuculiformes) appeared, and were even regionally abundant only 15-20 million years thereafter. In contrast, the oldest body fossil records of anseriforms and possibly charadriiforms occur very close to the end of the Cretaceous (roughly 70 million years ago), and later still for ciconiiforms and cuculiforms. This strongly implies that the early track makers were members of extinct, early avian lineages with which later taxa converged in foot morphology. Feeding traces associated with some of these tracks demonstrate that behaviors reminiscent of extant herons and spoonbills had also evolved by this time. However, despite significant skeletal and footprint finds, there is little correspondence between the records - few footprints match the feet of birds represented by skeletal remains. In short, the familiar morphologies and behaviors of many modem birds actually evolved convergently with many of their extinct, Mesozoic relatives. Footprints thus have the dual benefits of providing an important, and unexpected, complementary record of early avian morphological and ecological diversity while highlighting the importance of morphological and behavioral convergence.Although the skeletal record suggests an avian taxonomic shift at the \\\\'dinosaur-killing\\\\' Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-P-g) boundary extinction event, the track record provides insufficient evidence to support or refute such a shift because the dominance of shorebird-like tracks continues uninterrupted from Mesozoic to Cenozoic. Early Paleogene tracks provide evidence of large, Diatryma- or Gastornis-like, ground dwelling birds in addition to typical shorebirds and waterbirds like the Eocene anseriform Presbyornis. Neogene tracks include those of a few large ratites and a turkey-like species; Holocene tracks include those of several species of moa. Unlike its Mesozoic counterpart, the Cenozoic avian body fossil and ichnological records correspond much more closely.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "HIDRA 1.0: deep-learning-based ensemble sea level forecasting in the northern Adriatic. Interactions between atmospheric forcing, topographic constraints to air and water flow, and resonant character of the basin make sea level modelling in the Adriatic a challenging problem. In this study we present an ensemble deep-neural-network-based sea level forecasting method HIDRA, which outperforms our set-up of the general ocean circulation model ensemble (NEMO v3.6) for all forecast lead times and at a minuscule fraction of the numerical cost (order of 2 x 10(-6)). HIDRA exhibits larger bias but lower RMSE than our set-up of NEMO over most of the residual sea level bins. It introduces a trainable atmospheric spatial encoder and employs fusion of atmospheric and sea level features into a self-contained network which enables discriminative feature learning. HIDRA architecture building blocks are experimentally analysed in detail and compared to alternative approaches. Results show the importance of sea level input for forecast lead times below 24 h and the importance of atmospheric input for longer lead times. The best performance is achieved by considering the input as the total sea level, split into disjoint sets of tidal and residual signals. This enables HIDRA to optimize the prediction fidelity with respect to atmospheric forcing while compensating for the errors in the tidal model. HIDRA is trained and analysed on a 10-year (2006-2016) time series of atmospheric surface fields from a single member of ECMWF atmospheric ensemble. In the testing phase, both HIDRA and NEMO ensemble systems are forced by the ECMWF atmospheric ensemble. Their performance is evaluated on a 1-year (2019) hourly time series from a tide gauge in Koper (Slovenia). Spectral and continuous wavelet analysis of the forecasts at the semidiurnal frequency (12 h)(-1) and at the ground-state basin se- iche frequency (21.5 h)(-1) is performed. The energy at the basin seiche in the HIDRA forecast is close to that observed, while our set-up of NEMO underestimates it. Analyses of the January 2015 and November 2019 storm surges indicate that HIDRA has learned to mimic the timing and amplitude of basin seiches.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Applying dimensional analysis to wave dispersion. We. show that dimensional analysis supplemented by physical insight determines if a wave has dispersion, without recourse to sophisticated mathematical tools. (C) 2007 American Association of Physics Teachers.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
{"token": "Model Intercomparison of Atmospheric Cs-137 From the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: Simulations Based on Identical Input Data. A model intercomparison of the atmospheric dispersion of cesium-137 (Cs-137) emitted after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in Japan was conducted to understand the behavior of atmospheric Cs-137 in greater detail. The same meteorological data with a fine spatiotemporal resolution and an emission inventory were applied to all models to exclude the differences among the models originating from differences in meteorological and emission data. The meteorological data were used for initial, boundary, and nudging data or offline meteorological field. Furthermore, a horizontal grid with the same resolution as that of the meteorological data was adopted for all models. This setup enabled us to focus on model variability originating from the processes included in each model, for example, physical processes. The multimodel ensemble captured 40% of the atmospheric Cs-137 events observed by measurements, and the figure of merit in space for the total deposition of Cs-137 exceeded 80. The lower score of the atmospheric Cs-137 than that of the deposition originated from the difference in timing between observed and simulated atmospheric Cs-137. Our analyses indicated that meteorological data were most critical for reproducing the atmospheric Cs-137 events. The results further revealed that differences in Cs-137 concentrations among the models originated from deposition and diffusion processes when the meteorological field was simulated reasonably well. The models with small deposition fluxes produced higher scores for atmospheric Cs-137, and those with strong diffusion succeeded in capturing the high Cs-137 concentrations observed; however, they also tended to overestimate the concentrations.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "A Design-for-Test Solution Based on Dedicated Test Layers and Test Scheduling for Monolithic 3-D Integrated Circuits. Monolithic 3-D (M3D) integration has the potential to achieve significantly higher device density compared to 3-D integration based on through-silicon vias. We propose a test solution for M3D ICs based on dedicated test layers, which are inserted between functional layers. We evaluate the cost associated with the proposed design-for-test (DfT) solution and compare it with that for a potential DfT solution based on the IEEE Std. P1838. Our results show that the proposed DfT solution is more cost-efficient than the P1838-based DfT solution for a wide range of interlayer via density. We also present a test scheduling and optimization technique for wafer-level testing of M3D ICs. The proposed technique provides test schedules with minimum test time under power consumption and probe pad constraints.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Bibliometric Mapping of Emotional Labor Studies in Public Administration. Although emotional labor is increasingly recognized as an essential element in public service delivery (and more generally in the citizen-state encounter), research into emotional labor is at an incipient stage. Therefore, to aid theory development and empirical testing, in this article we use bibliometric mapping to reveal the intellectual networks and paths that emotional labor research has followed in its early diffusion into the field. Four network maps are drawn: one showing the co-authorship network of emotional labor studies, one showing the co-citation network, one showing the network of co-cited scholars, and one showing keyword co-occurrence. These maps reveal gaps that enable and encourage future researchers to move forward with further investigation and theory building. Additionally, this article serves as a model for how other subfields of inquiry can be similarly mapped and how this technique can be used to reflect the diffusion of knowledge within and across disciplines.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Search for dark matter produced in association with a hadronically decaying vector boson in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector. A search is presented for dark matter produced in association with a hadronically decaying W or Z boson using 3.2 fb(-1) of ppcollisions at root s = 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Events with a hadronic jet compatible with a Wor Z boson and with large missing transverse momentum are analysed. The data are consistent with the Standard Model predictions and are interpreted in terms of both an effective field theory and a simplified model containing dark matter. (C) 2016 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "DNA Extraction from Clinical Specimens for the Direct Detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans by Real-Time PCR. Mycobacterium ulcerans is a slow-growing environmental bacterium that causes a severe skin disease known as Buruli ulcer (BU). Rapid detection of M. ulcerans in clinical specimens is essential for early diagnosis so that patients can be treated appropriately as soon as possible. This chapter describes suitable methods for the extraction of M. ulcerans DNA from the most common specimens submitted to the laboratory for confirmation of BU: swabs, fresh tissue biopsies, and fixed tissue sections. The resulting DNA extracts may be used for downstream procedures including standard gel-based PCR and real-time PCR assays. Protocols for direct detection of M. ulcerans DNA by real-time PCR are described in Chapter 8.", "label": [2, 4, 25, 43, 42]}
{"token": "Oil crisis: the political economy of digital data. Conclusion of the special issue. It is a truism to say that we live in a digital era. Advances in digital technologies in recent decades have changed personal, political, and social practices. Digital tools - and with it, new capabilities for the generation, storage, analysis, and exploitation of data - have also had profound effects on the political economy, including the financialisation of our economy, movements of data, money, and companies across national borders. At the same time, economic, political and social factors shape what and how digital data are generated, how they are stored and used, and for whose benefits. This concluding chapter to the Special Issue on the Political Economy of Digital Data gives an overview of the contributions` main findings and suggestions.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Introduction of Inactivated Polio Vaccine, Withdrawal of Type 2 Oral Polio Vaccine, and Routine Immunization Strengthening in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative has reduced the global incidence of polio by 99% and the number of countries with endemic polio from 125 to 3 countries. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018 (Endgame Plan) was developed to end polio disease. Key elements of the endgame plan include strengthening immunization systems using polio assets, introducing inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), and replacing trivalent oral polio vaccine with bivalent oral polio vaccine (\\\\'the switch\\\\'). Although coverage in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) with the third dose of a vaccine containing diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis antigens (DTP3) was >= 90% in 14 countries in 2015, DTP3 coverage in EMR dropped from 86% in 2010 to 80% in 2015 due to civil disorder in multiple countries. To strengthen their immunization systems, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Somalia developed draft plans to integrate Polio Eradication Initiative assets, staff, structure, and activities with their Expanded Programmes on Immunization, particularly in high-risk districts and regions. Between 2014 and 2016, 11 EMR countries introduced IPV in their routine immunization program, including all of the countries at highest risk for polio transmission (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen). As a result, by the end of 2016 all EMR countries were using IPV except Egypt, where introduction of IPV was delayed by a global shortage. The switch was successfully implemented in EMR due to the motivation, engagement, and cooperation of immunization staff and decision makers across all national levels. Moreover, the switch succeeded because of the ability of even the immunization systems operating under hardship conditions of conflict to absorb the switch activities.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Serovar, pathogenicity and antimicrobial susceptibility of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolates from farmed wild boars (Sus scrofa) affected with septicemic erysipelas in Japan. Six strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae were isolated from farmed wild boars with acute septicemic erysipelas during the period from 1983 to 1998 in Japan. All isolates belonged to serovar la or 2 (predominant serovars in swine). The 50 per cent lethal dose values of those isolates ranged from 10(1-3) to 10(6.2) colony forming units in mice. In swine, all isolates were virulent, capable of inducing localized or generalized urticarial lesions after intradermal inoculation. AU of the isolates were resistant to oxytetracycline and/or dihydrostreptomycin. These observations suggest that E. rhusiopathiae strains isolated from wild boars may have aetiological significance in swine erysipelas. (C) 1999 Harcourt Publishers Limited.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Epigenetic mechanisms regulate sex-specific bias in disease manifestations. Sex presents a vital determinant of a person's physiology, anatomy, and development. Recent clinical studies indicate that sex is also involved in the differential manifestation of various diseases, affecting both clinical outcome as well as response to therapy. Genetic and epigenetic changes are implicated in sex bias and regulate disease onset, including the inactivation of the X chromosome as well as sex chromosome aneuploidy. The differential expression of X-linked genes, along with the presence of sex-specific hormones, exhibits a significant impact on immune system function. Several studies have revealed differences between the two sexes in response to infections, including respiratory diseases and COVID-19 infection, autoimmune disorders, liver fibrosis, neuropsychiatric diseases, and cancer susceptibility, which can be explained by sex-biased immune responses. In the present review, we explore the input of genetic and epigenetic interplay in the sex bias underlying disease manifestation and discuss their effects along with sex hormones on disease development and progression, aiming to reveal potential new therapeutic targets. Key messages Sex is involved in the differential manifestation of various diseases. Epigenetic modifications influence X-linked gene expression, affecting immune response to infections, including COVID-19. Epigenetic mechanisms are responsible for the sex bias observed in several respiratory and autoimmune disorders, liver fibrosis, neuropsychiatric diseases, and cancer.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
{"token": "Diurnal timing of nonmigratory movement by birds: the importance of foraging spatial scales. Timing of activity can reveal an organism's efforts to optimize foraging either by minimizing energy loss through passive movement or by maximizing energetic gain through foraging. Here, we assess whether signals of either of these strategies are detectable in the timing of activity of daily, local movements by birds. We compare the similarities of timing of movement activity among species using six temporal variables: start of activity relative to sunrise, end of activity relative to sunset, relative speed at midday, number of movement bouts, bout duration and proportion of active daytime hours. We test for the influence of flight mode and foraging habitat on the timing of movement activity across avian guilds. We used 64 570 days of GPS movement data collected between 2002 and 2019 for local (non-migratory) movements of 991 birds from 49 species, representing 14 orders. Dissimilarity among daily activity patterns was best explained by flight mode. Terrestrial soaring birds began activity later and stopped activity earlier than pelagic soaring or flapping birds. Broad-scale foraging habitat explained less of the clustering patterns because of divergent timing of active periods of pelagic surface and diving foragers. Among pelagic birds, surface foragers were active throughout all 24 hrs of the day while diving foragers matched their active hours more closely to daylight hours. Pelagic surface foragers also had the greatest daily foraging distances, which was consistent with their daytime activity patterns. This study demonstrates that flight mode and foraging habitat influence temporal patterns of daily movement activity of birds.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Thermal behavior and tensile property of PTHF/HTPB blend. Polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) is a candidate binder ingredient to improve the burning performance of composite propellant because PTHF has one oxygen atom in the repeating unit. The molecular structure of PTHF is similar to that of HTPB. Therefore, PTHF would be easily blended with HTPB and a homogenous blend would be prepared. PTHF is commercially produced in several different molecular weights. It would be expected that the mechanical properties and burning characteristics of composite propellants would be controlled by molecular weight of PTHF and PTHF/HTPB mass ratio when PTHF/HTPB blend would be used as a binder. The curing behavior, the tensile property, and the thermal decomposition characteristics of PTHF/HTPB blends were investigated in this study. The molecular weights of PTHFs were 650,1400, and 2900. The curing behavior and tensile property depended on molecular weight of PTHF and PTHF/HTPB mass ratio. The temperature range of the main thermal decomposition of the PTHF/HTPB blends was lower compared with that of HTPB alone.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 11]}
{"token": "Analysis of material flow fields under explosive collapse of two-layer metal/ceramic tubes. The analysis of material flow fields under the explosive collapse of two-layer metal/ceramics tubes is carried out. It is shown that the main reason for the absence of condensed jet is the explosion evaporation of the inner metal layer due to ultra-high temperatures in the compression area. For the case of the copper inner layer, very interesting and extraordinary features of the flows are observed. The non-stationarity of the process during the entire tube compression period attracts attention. The copper density at the point of contact decreases to 6.06 g/ cm3 to the moment of time of 13 mu s. This can only mean that copper is already partially vaporized before the collision point. To produce condensed hypervelocity jets, it is proposed to use a material of the inner layer with a high evaporation temperature. The analysis of properties of existing materials shows the perspective of using such refractory and plastic metals as niobium and tantalum as an inner layer of the tube.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "First-principles calculation method of electron-transport properties of metallic nanowires. We report the development of an efficient and sophisticated procedure for calculating the first-principles electronic structure and current flow of a nanometre-scale system (e.g. nanowire) sandwiched by two truly semi-infinite bulks. The solution of the Kohn-Sham equation of this system is so constructed as to joint generalized Bloch functions inside the left and right bulks together by matching them across the interfacial region between the bulks. The formalism is described quite simply in the real-space finite-difference approach within the framework of the density functional theory, and thus the wavefunction-matching scheme is easily realized without any troublesome process. The efficiency and accuracy of the method are illustrated by evaluating the electric conductance of a single-row gold nanowire attached to the semi-infinite Au(100) electrodes.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Nine Post-Hexaplaric Readings in the Arabic Translation of the Book of Numbers by al-Harith b. Sinan b. Sunbat (10th c. CE). MSS Laud. Or. 243 (= A(2)) and Laud. Or. 248 (= A(3)) have preserved nine post-Hexaplaric (A(3) only twice) readings of the Arabic version of the Book of Numbers translated by al-Harith b. Sinan b. Sunbat (10th c. CE) from Paul of Tella's Syro-Hexaplar version. Our aim in the present article is to examine these nine post-Hexaplaric readings, marked with the Aristarchian signs, with the hope that they will shed new light on the development of post-Hexaplaric studies during the Syriac-Arabic period. At the same time, we provide information about the techniques and strategies adopted by the Arabic translator to encourage future editors of Hexaplaric Arabic texts that still remain unpublished.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Study protocol of comprehensive risk evaluation for anorexia nervosa in twins (CREAT): a study of discordant monozygotic twins with anorexia nervosa. Background Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe disorder, for which genetic evidence suggests psychiatric as well as metabolic origins. AN has high somatic and psychiatric comorbidities, broad impact on quality of life, and elevated mortality. Risk factor studies of AN have focused on differences between acutely ill and recovered individuals. Such comparisons often yield ambiguous conclusions, as alterations could reflect different effects depending on the comparison. Whereas differences found in acutely ill patients could reflect state effects that are due to acute starvation or acute disease-specific factors, they could also reflect underlying traits. Observations in recovered individuals could reflect either an underlying trait or a \\\\'scar\\\\' due to lasting effects of sustained undernutrition and illness. The co-twin control design (i.e., monozygotic [MZ] twins who are discordant for AN and MZ concordant control twin pairs) affords at least partial disambiguation of these effects. Methods Comprehensive Risk Evaluation for Anorexia nervosa in Twins (CREAT) will be the largest and most comprehensive investigation of twins who are discordant for AN to date. CREAT utilizes a co-twin control design that includes endocrinological, neurocognitive, neuroimaging, genomic, and multi-omic approaches coupled with an experimental component that explores the impact of an overnight fast on most measured parameters. Discussion The multimodal longitudinal twin assessment of the CREAT study will help to disambiguate state, trait, and \\\\'scar\\\\' effects, and thereby enable a deeper understanding of the contribution of genetics, epigenetics, cognitive functions, brain structure and function, metabolism, endocrinology, microbiology, and immunology to the etiology and maintenance of AN.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Effects of the Red Bull energy drink on cognitive function and mood in healthy young volunteers. The present study compared the cognitive and mood effects of two commercially available products, Red Bull energy drink 250 mL and Red Bull Sugarfree energy drink 250 mL, together with a matching placebo 250 mL. Twenty-four healthy young volunteers took part in a randomised, placebo controlled, double-blind, three-way cross-over study. Cognitive function was assessed using an integrated set of nine computerised tests of attention, working and episodic memory. On each study day the volunteers received a standardised breakfast prior to completing a baseline performance on cognitive tests and mood scales, followed by the consumption of the study drink. The cognitive tests and scales were then re-administered at 30, 60 and 90 min post-dose. Red Bull was found to produce significant improvements over both the Sugarfree version and the placebo drink on two composite scores from the six working and episodic memory tests; one combining the 12 accuracy measures from the six tasks and the other the average speed of correct responses from the working memory and episodic recognition memory tasks. These improvements were in the range of a medium effect size, which reflects a substantial enhancement to memory in young volunteers.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Wide-view and broadband circular polarizers for transflective liquid crystal displays. A simple wide-view and broadband circular polarizer comprising of a linear polarizer and two uniaxial films is proposed to enhance the viewing angle of transflective liquid crystal displays (LCDs). For the transmissive mode, over the entire 90 viewing cone, the normalized light leakage from two stacked circular polarizers is suppressed to below 1.5 x 10(-2), and contrast ratio over 10:1 is obtained using a normally black vertically aligned transflective LCD. At the same time, this configuration warrants a broadband operation and reasonably good viewing angle (10:1 contrast ratio is over 40 at all directions) for the reflective mode. The physical mechanisms for achieving broadband operation and wide viewing angle are discussed.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "An experimental study of particle migration in pipe flow of viscoelastic fluids. This paper reports experiments on particle migration in viscoelastic fluids used in hydraulic fracturing. It is found that particle migration in such fluids is controlled by the elastic properties of the suspending fluid and the shear rate gradient. In fluids with low but measurable normal stresses and dominant shear-thinning properties, particles migrate to regions of lower shear rate. Migration is fast initially, but slows down rapidly over a short distance. For these fluids the bulk migration velocity correlates with the product of the Weissenberg number and the mean shear rate gradient. In contrast, highly elastic fluids with relaxation times well above one second and shear-thickening properties at low shear rates, flow with a central plug region or slip at the wall, producing little or no migration. (C) 1996 Society of Rheology.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Antiferromagnetically coupled [Fe8S9] cluster catalyzed acetylene reduction in a nitrogenase-like enzyme DCCPCh: Insights from QM/MM calculations. QM/MM calculations have been used to elucidate the reaction mechanism of the reduction of acetylene to ethylene catalyzed by a nitrogenase-like enzyme DCCPCh with an unusual [Fe8S9] double-cubane cluster. Various plausible reaction pathways, involving different oxidation states and protonation states of the iron-sulfur cluster, have been analyzed to find the most favorable one. The acetylene substrate bridges to the [Fe8S8] cluster via its triple bond in a mu-(bis-eta(2)) coordination mode. After a proton-coupled electron transfer reduction of the reactant complex, the acetylene reduction may be described to proceed via a special \\\\'double-electron transfer induced proton transfer\\\\' mechanism, deduced from the principal interacting orbital analysis. The anti-ferromagnetically coupled [Fe8S8] cluster delivers a pair of alpha- and beta-electrons to the substrate, concertedly but asynchronously with a proton transfer mediated by the second-shell Lys147 residue to one of the acetylene carbon atoms. Subsequently, the second protoncoupled electron transfer proceeds, followed by protonation of the substrate to afford the ethylene product. During the two-electron reaction, the oxidation states of the [Fe8S8] cluster cycle from [(Fe6Fe2III)-Fe-II], to [(Fe7FeIII)-Fe-II], to [(Fe5Fe3III)-Fe-II], and back to [(Fe6Fe2III)-Fe-II]. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "On relative contribution of electrostatic and aerodynamic effects to dynamics of a levitating droplet cluster. New experimental results and their physical analysis are presented to clarify the behavior of a relatively stable self-arranged droplet cluster levitating over the locally heated water surface. An external electric field of both opposite directions leads to a significant increase in the rate of a condensational growth of droplets in the cluster. The experimental data are used to estimate a small electrical charge of single droplets and the attraction force of polarized droplets to the water layer. It is confirmed that the interaction between the droplets is governed by aerodynamic forces. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "PUTTING THINGS RIGHT': THE DISTURBANCE OF SOCIAL ORDER IN WOE FROM WIT, AND ITS HYPERTEXTUAL REGULATION. This paper focuses on the disruptive nature of Aleksandr Griboedov's play Woe from Wit(Gore ot uma) for 19th-century readers. After a brief review of the reactions of various notable writers and critics concerning non-canonical aspects of the play's plot, structure, characterization and politics, it focuses on two lesser-known texts which document other aspects of Woe from Wit's reception: a late nineteenth-century anonymous pornographic spoof and Evdokia Rostopchina's 1856 sequel The Return of Chatskii (Vozvrat Chatskogo). As it turns out, both these hypertexts voiced deep concerns about the disturbing social order painted in Woe from Wit and aimed at fixing it by restoring the traditional gender and class roles shaken up in Griboedov's original. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "From Reverential to 'Radical' Adaptation: Reframing John le Carre as 'Quality' Television Brand from A Perfect Spy (BBC 2, 1987) to The Night Manager (BBC 1, 2016). This article explores shifts in how John le Carre's novels have been interpreted as prestige television adaptations, with A Perfect Spy (BBC 2) and The Night Manager (BBC 1) as central case studies. It examines changes in how the author's profile has been mobilised, and more broadly what the differences between these adaptations reveal about the production cultures that created them and the changing international landscape in which such dramas have been developed. Firstly, A Perfect Spy is analysed as an in-house BBC production which utilises the characteristics of heritage drama to portray a crisis in the traditional spy hero of the John Buchan mould, providing an intimate view of a man destroyed by contradictory inheritances. Yet I argue that the adherence to heritage resulted in an overtly reverential adaptation, abandoning the novel's formally experimental features and blunting much of its impact. This is contrasted with The Night Manager, developed within an increasingly globalised independent production sector by members of le Carre's family with BBC at a greater remove. This serial, described by its production team as a 'radical' adaptation, breaks free of the overt heritage imagery of prior le Carre adaptations with a focus on the glamorous jet-setting super-rich, even as the theme of inheritance seems more relevant than ever at a production level. I explore the impact of this on decisions to rewrite the narrative and impose a more heroic ending, thereby rejecting the moral ambiguity with which le Carre had long been associated.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 52]}
{"token": "Eutrophication and climate change impacts of a case study of New Zealand beef to the European market. Objective: Beef production in the Lake Taupo region of New Zealand (NZ) is regulated for nitrogen (N) leaching. The objectives of this study were to 1) evaluate the implications of nitrogen emission limitations on eutrophication and climate change impacts of NZ beef through its life cycle to a European market and uniquely link it to 2) estimation of the reduction in these impacts that can be funded by the consumer's willingness to pay (WTP) a premium for a low environmental-impact product.Results: When using common P-driven eutrophication indicators, the farms using 100 kg fertiliser-N/ha/year appeared to have a lower freshwater eutrophication impact than farms using no N fertiliser, which is in contradiction with the local freshwater policy for N regulations. When the contribution of both N and P were accounted for, the farms using no N fertiliser had the lowest estimated impact Comparison with published environmental footprint of beef from Europe showed lower climate change and eutrophication impacts for NZ beef, thus showing potential positive environmental attributes for NZ beef. The European consumer's WIP (32% price premium) for such a beef product with low environmental impacts could offset the cost to farmers for implementing the reduction of N emissions.Conclusions: Bridging the gap between local freshwater policy and LCA indicators starts by considering both P and N emissions and impacts. Combining an environmental LCA with an economic analysis revealed that the consumer willingness to pay could compensate for the environmental cost of protecting the lake that currently only the farmers are bearing. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Method: The cradle-to-market Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of NZ beef on the European market included beef production on farms, meat processing, packaging and transport stages. Various beef production systems in the Lake Taupd region were modelled: farm systems with and without regulated N leaching limits in place (using N fertiliser inputs of 0 and 100 kg N/ha/year respectively) using suckler beef or beef derived from surplus calves from a dairy farm. The FARMAX model was used to model farm productivity and profitability under these various scenarios, whereas the OVERSEER (R) model was used to model field/farm emissions (N, phosphorus (P)) and the NZ greenhouse gas (GHG) Inventory model was used to estimate total GHG emissions. Eutrophication and climate change impacts of NZ beef to the European market were calculated using recent regionalised LCA indicators. We estimated freshwater and marine eutrophication impacts of European beef using published N emissions to water and air. We estimated the European consumer's WTP for beef with positive environmental attributes based on a meta-regression analysis based on 21 published studies and compared farmer's profit for the farm system scenarios.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Aesthetic judgments of music in experts and laypersons - An ERP study. We investigated whether music experts and laypersons differ with regard to aesthetic evaluation of musical sequences 16 music experts and 16 music laypersons judged the aesthetic value (beauty judgment task) as well as the harmonic correctness (correctness judgment task) of chord sequences The sequences consisted of five chords with the final chord sounding congruous, ambiguous or incongruous relative to the harmonic context established by the preceding four chords On behavioural measures, few differences were observed between experts and laypersons However, several differences in event-related potential (ERP) parameters were observed in auditory, cognitive and aesthetic processing of chord cadences between experts and laypersons First, established ERP effects known to reflect the processing of harmonic rule violation were investigated. Here, differences between the groups were observed in the processing of the mild violation experts and laypersons differed in their early brain responses to the beginning of the chord sequence. Furthermore, ERP data indicated distinctions between experts and laypersons in aesthetic evaluation at three different stages Firstly, during the interval of task-cue presentation, a stronger contingent negative variation (CNV) to the beauty judgment task was observed for experts, indicating that experts invest more effort into preparation for aesthetic processes than into correctness judgments Secondly, during the first four chords, preparation for the correctness judgment required more exertion on the laypersons' side. Thirdly, during the last chord, laypersons showed a larger late and widespread positivity for the beauty compared to the correctness judgment, indicating a stronger reliance on internal affective states while forming a judgment (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
{"token": "Ivan Korostovets at the Service in Iran: the Country and People in the Perception of the Russian Diplomat. The article is devoted to the perception of the Iranian state and society by the Russian envoy to Tehran in 1913-1915 Ivan Korostovets. Having served in Iran during the difficult period of the eve and the beginning of the First World War, the diplomat wrote interesting unpublished memoirs. His memoirs contain descriptions of various features of Iranian everyday life; marriage and family relations, gender relations as a whole; the role of religion; the Iranians' perception of Russia and Britain, policy of the great Powers, etc. It is shown that, unlike many other authors of Orientalist texts, Korostovets was much less prone to the tendency to absolutize the opposition \\\\'Europeans\\\\' - \\\\'Asians\\\\'. On the contrary, there is a tendency in his memoirs to evaluate states and societies from a general humanistic position.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Experimental load-carrying capacity evaluation of thermal prestressed H beam with steel brackets. To improve the load-carrying capacity of steel structures there are mainly two methods of using cover-plate which are the preflex method and multi-stepwise thermal prestressing method. However a prestress applied to the top flange of H beam is less than the bottom flange because these two methods have small eccentricity. It is necessary to develop an advanced feature of prestressing method which efficiently increases load-carrying capacity and prestressing efficiency. Therefore this study proposes a cover-plate prestressing method with increased sectional stiffness and prestressing efficiency, called multi-stepwise thermal prestressing with steel brackets. To evaluate the prestressing efficiency and load-carrying capacity of the proposed method, prestressing application tests and static loading tests were conducted on three H beams. The multi-stepwise thermal prestressing method with the steel brackets had higher displacement induced to the H beam and higher tensile stress in the top flange than in a case without the steel brackets. Also, when prestress is applied, the tensile stress in the cover-plate significantly decreased with the installation of the steel brackets. The static loading tests showed that the installation of the brackets increased the stiffness, the yield load, and ultimate load of the structure, compared with an unreinforced girder, which meant higher load-carrying capacity than a conventional thermal prestressed structure without brackets. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "High strain rate testing of solder interconnections. Purpose - This paper aims to present a new micro-impact tester developed for characterizing the impact properties of solder joints and microstructures at high-strain rates, for the microelectronic industry, and the results evaluated for different solder ball materials, pad finishes and thermal histories by using this new tester. Knowledge of impact force is essential for quantifying the strength of the interconnection and allows quantitative design against failure. It also allows one-to-one comparison with the failure force measured in a standard quasi-static shear test.Practical implications - The work provides a new solution to the microelectronics industry for characterizing the impact properties of materials and micro-structures and provides an easy-to-use tool for research or process quality control.Design/methodology/approach - An innovative micro-impact head has been designed to precisely strike the specimen at high speed and the force and displacements are measured simultaneously and accurately during the impact, from which the failure energy may be calculated.Findings - The paper demonstrates that, peak loads obtained from the impact tests are between 30 and 100 percent higher than those obtained from static shear tests for all combinations of solder alloy and pad finish. The SnPb solder alloy had the maximum energy to failure for all pad finishes. Of all the lead-free solders, the SnAg solder alloy had the highest energy to failure. Static shearing induces only bulk solder failure for all combinations of solder alloy and pad finish. Impact testing tends to induce bulk solder failure for SnPb solder and a mixture of bulk and intermetallic failure in all the lead-free solder alloys for all pad finishes. In general, the peak loads obtained for solder mask defined pads are significantly higher than those for non-SMD (NSMD) pads. The results obtained so far have highlighted the vulnerability of NSMD pads to drop impact.Originality/value - The new micro-impact tester developed is able to perform solder ball shear testing at high speeds, of up to 1,000 mm/s, and to obtain fracture characteristics similar to those found in drop impact testing using the JEDEC board level testing method JESD22-B111 - but without the complexity of preparing specialized boards. This is not achievable using standard low-speed shear testers.", "label": [1, 14, 15, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Letra para don Inigo Manrique': for a critical edition of the epistle of Guevara. Theater critics have insisted upon the metaliterary function of the gracioso stock-character in the Spanish Golden Age. This comic figure works as a quasi-fictitious element within the theatrical fiction (the \\\\'scenic illusion\\\\', as some have termed) and his dramatic comments and asides would serve to path the rhythm of the scenes. This character could also be used to insert comments of literary criticism The following study approaches dramatis personae of lay Renaissance theater that unveil the metatheatricality of the pre-Lopean comic figures. I thus assert that the self-referentiality of the gracioso is, in fact, a trait inherited from the gracioso's predecessors, among them the comic shepherds of the Badajoz-born author Bartolome de Torres Naharro.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "CISNET Lung Models: Comparison of Model Assumptions and Model Structures. Sophisticated modeling techniques can be powerful tools to help us understand the effects of cancer control interventions on population trends in cancer incidence and mortality. Readers of journal articles are, however, rarely supplied with modeling details. Six modeling groups collaborated as part of the National Cancer Institute's Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) to investigate the contribution of U.S. tobacco-control efforts toward reducing lung cancer deaths over the period 1975-2000. The six models included in this monograph were developed independently and use distinct, complementary approaches toward modeling the natural history of lung cancer. The models used the same data for inputs, and agreed on the design of the analysis and the outcome measures. This article highlights aspects of the models that are most relevant to similarities of or differences between the results. Structured comparisons can increase the transparency of these complex models.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 41, 52, 24]}
{"token": "The influence of rumination and distraction on depressed and anxious mood: a prospective examination of the response styles theory in children and adolescents. The present study sought to test predictions of the response styles theory in a sample of children and adolescents. More specifically, a ratio approach to response styles was utilized to examine the effects on residual change scores in depression and anxiety. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires including measures of rumination, distraction, depression, and anxiety at baseline (Time 1) and 8-10 weeks follow-up (Time 2). Results showed that the ratio score of rumination and distraction was significantly associated with depressed and anxious symptoms over time. More specifically, individuals who have a greater tendency to ruminate compared to distracting themselves have increases in depression and anxiety scores over time, whereas those who have a greater tendency to engage in distraction compared to rumination have decreases in depression and anxiety symptoms over time. These findings indicate that a ratio approach can be used to examine the relation between response styles and symptoms of depression and anxiety in non-clinical children and adolescents. Implications of the results may be that engaging in distractive activities should be promoted and that ruminative thinking should be targeted in juvenile depression treatment.", "label": [2, 5, 27, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Dyadic scattering by small obstacles. The rigid sphere. The general theory of low-frequency dyadic scattering is developed for the near fields, the far fields and all the energy functionals associated with scattering problems. The incident field could be any complete dyadic field generated either in the exterior medium of propagation (point source) or at infinity (plane waves). The case of a small rigid sphere, which is illuminated by a plane dyadic field, is solved and the corresponding results for acoustic and elastic scattering are recovered as special cases. In order to solve analytically the sphere problem a special technique had to be developed, which generates Papkovich-type differential representations of dyadic elastostatic displacements. Comparison of numerical results, obtained via the boundary element method, show an amazing accuracy with our analytical results.", "label": [1, 4, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Evaluating the replicability of social science experiments in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015. Being able to replicate scientific findings is crucial for scientific progress1-15. We replicate 21 systematically selected experimental studies in the social sciences published in Nature and Science between 2010 and 201516-36. The replications follow analysis plans reviewed by the original authors and pre-registered prior to the replications. The replications are high powered, with sample sizes on average about five times higher than in the original studies. We find a significant effect in the same direction as the original study for 13 (62%) studies, and the effect size of the replications is on average about 50% of the original effect size. Replicability varies between 12 (57%) and 14 (67%) studies for complementary replicability indicators. Consistent with these results, the estimated truepositive rate is 67% in a Bayesian analysis. The relative effect size of true positives is estimated to be 71%, suggesting that both false positives and inflated effect sizes of true positives contribute to imperfect reproducibility. Furthermore, we find that peer beliefs of replicability are strongly related to replicability, suggesting that the research community could predict which results would replicate and that failures to replicate were not the result of chance alone.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
{"token": "Professional Engineering Ethics and Christian Values: Overlapping Magisteria. It could be argued that the two goals mentioned above are mutually exclusive. Since professional ethical standards arise out of a secular context and by means of purely logical reasoning, they bear no relationship to personal religious commitments. The implication of this view would be that all engineers need to be taught the engineering code of ethics without regard to any commitments they might have to religiously determined moral absolutes. It could also be argued that the two goals mentioned above are one and the same. Each individual appropriates an all-encompassing system of values and this system is operative in all situations, including professional engineering work. The implication of this view would be that engineers do not need to know the engineering code as long as their parents, early school experiences, church, and devotional life had contributed to a strong moral conscience.Many faith-based colleges and universities with engineering programs find themselves trying to simultaneously satisfy two educational objectives: (1) meeting the requirements of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) to produce graduates who have \\\\'an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility\\\\' and (2) meeting the goals of their own institution for student spiritual formation and development of Christian moral values. This paper will describe and analyze several approaches to understanding the relationship between these two objectives and the implications of these approaches for engineering education.This paper will argue that while each of the two areas has its own distinctiveness, each overlaps the other in content and depends on the other for successful ethical decision-making and action. This argument will be based on the Reformed Christian philosophical perspectives expressed by Abraham Kuyper and Herman Dooyeweerd. The paper will conclude with some practical suggestions for emphasizing the relationship between both domains within the engineering curriculum. A method for integrating engineering ethics into the technical portion of the engineering curriculum within the context of a Christian worldview will also be presented.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Modeling the T-helper cell response in acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection using T-cell receptor transgenic mice. Chronicity following hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may be maintained by high levels of viral proteins circulating in the serum. To examine the characteristics of T cells capable of co-existing with the secreted hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg), T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (Tg) mice were produced. To insure that HBeAg-specific T cells would not be deleted in the presence of serum HBeAg, the TCR alpha and beta -chain genes used to produce the TCR-Tg mice were derived from T-cell hybridomas from HBeAg-Tg mice. A TCR-Tg lineage (11/4-12) was produced that possessed a high frequency (similar to 67%) of CD4(+) T cells that expressed a TCR-Tg specific for the HBeAg. As predicted, when 11/4-12 TCR-Tg mice were bred with HBeAg-Tg mice no deletion of the HBeAg-specific CD4(+) T cells occurred in the thymus or the spleen. Functional analysis of the TCR-Tg T cells revealed that the HBeAg-specific CD4(+) T cells escaped deletion in the thymus and periphery by virtue of low avidity. Regardless of their low avidity, HBeAg-specific TCR-Tg T cells could be activated by exogenous HBeAg as measured by cytokine production in vitro and T-helper cell function for anti-HBe antibody production in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, activated TCR-Tg HBeAg-specific T cells polarized to the Th, subset were able to elicit liver injury when transferred into HBeAg or HBcAg-Tg recipients. Therefore, HBeAg-specific CD4(+) T cells that can survive deletion or anergy in the presence of circulating HBeAg nonetheless are capable of being activated and of mediating liver injury in vivo. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 21]}
{"token": "Impact of physical exercise and caloric restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes: Skeletal muscle insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction as ideal therapeutic targets. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction are some of the major pathological defects implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Therefore, it has become necessary to understand how common interventions such as physical exercise and caloric restriction affect metabolic function, including physiological processes that implicate skeletal muscle dysfunction within a state of T2D. This review critically discusses evidence on the impact of physical exercise and caloric restriction on markers of insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction within the skeletal muscle of patients with T2D or related metabolic complications. Importantly, relevant information from clinical studies was acquired through a systematic approach targeting major electronic databases and search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane library. The reported evidence suggests that interventions like physical exercise and caloric restriction, within a duration of approximately 2 to 4 months, can improve insulin sensitivity, in part by targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B pathway in patients with T2D. Furthermore, both physical exercise and caloric restriction can effectively modulate markers related to improved mitochondrial function and dynamics. This was consistent with an improved modulation of mitochondrial oxidative capacity and reduced production of reactive oxygen species in patients with T2D or related metabolic complications. However, such conclusions are based on limited evidence, additional clinical trials are required to better understand these interventions on pathological mechanisms of T2D and related abnormalities.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Characterization of two unusual truncating PMM2 mutations in two CDG-Ia patients. These types of mutations have not been described before in CDG-Ia patients. Their detection stresses the importance to combine PMM2 mutation screening on genomic DNA with analysis of the transcripts and/or with the enzymatic analysis of the phosphomannomutase activity. Next to the exonic deletions, which already receive more attention than before, it is likely that deep intronic mutations represent an increasingly important category of mutations. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Congenital disorders of glycosylation type la (CDG-Ia) is a recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the PMM2 gene and characterized by a defect in the synthesis of N-glycans. The clinical presentation ranges from very severe multi-organ failure to mild neurological problems. A plethora of PMM2 mutations has been described and the vast majority are missense mutations. This selection reflects the requirement of a minimal phosphomannomutase activity to be compatible with life.We describe the characterization of two unusual truncating mutations in two CDG-Ia patients. The first patient is compound heterozygous for the PMM2 mutation p.V231 (c.691G > A) and a deep intronic point mutation (c.639-15.479C > T). The latter variant activates a cryptic splice site which results in an in-frame insertion of a pseudoexon of 123bp between exon 7 and 8.The second patient is compound heterozygous for the mutation p.V44A (c.131T > C) and an Alu retrotransposition mediated complex deletion of approximately 28 kb encompassing exon 8.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Intracerebral ocelli in an amphipod: extraretinal photoreceptors of the sandhopper Talitrus saltator (Crustacea, Amphipoda). No morphological clues on the amphipod head indicate the existence of ocelli. However, as in several isopod species studied so far, two rudimentary photoreceptors are integrated into the medio-dorsal part of the brain. This electron microscopical study of the photoreceptors is the first report on the presence of ocelli in amphipods. Each ocellus is made up of 3 receptor cells which contribute to the formation of a photoreceptive surface (the rhabdom) formed by tightly packed microvilli. The rhabdoms are twisted and irregular in outline. Membrane turnover is suggested by the presence of different kinds of lysosomes. Lacking dioptric lenses, these photoreceptors are not likely to be involved in image formation but may function as appraisers of ambient light intensity. Physiological and behavioral studies will, henceforth, have to take into account these unexpected ocelli, which may represent remnants of the naupliar eye.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
{"token": "A POSITIVE REGULATORY GENE, THI3, IS REQUIRED FOR THIAMINE METABOLISM IN SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE. We have isolated a thiamine auxotrophic mutant carrying a recessive mutation which lacks the positive regulatory gene, THI3, which differs in the regulation of thiamine transport from the THI2 (PHO6) gene described previously (Y. Kawasaki, K. Nosaka, Y. Kaneko, H. Nishimura, and A. Iwashima, J. Bacteriol. 172:6145-6147, 1990) for expression of thiamine metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutant (thi3) had a markedly reduced thiamine transport system as well as reduced activity of thiamine-repressible acid phosphatase and of several enzymes for thiamine synthesis from 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine and 4-methyl-5-beta-hydroxyethylthiazole. These results suggest that thiamine metabolism in S. cerevisiae is subject to two positive regulatory genes, THI2 (PHO6) and THI3. We have also isolated a hybrid plasmid, pTTR1, containing a 6.2-kb DNA fragment from an S. cerevisiae genomic library which complements thiamine auxotrophy in the thi3 mutant. This gene was localized on a 3.0-kb ClaI-BglII fragment in the subclone pTTR5. Complementation of the activities for thiamine metabolism in the thi3 mutant transformed by some plasmids with the THI3 gene was also examined.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Honoring Silence and Valuing Community Living Leadership in 21st Century Teaching-Learning. Leadership is a very personal concept. The methods implemented by leaders often reflect philosophical beliefs and theoretical underpinnings. This column, while recognizing that leadership styles are indeed personal, proffers living leadership in nursing education through two key leadership attitudes. These attitudes are honoring silence and valuing community. Honoring silence is discussed as recognizing the multiple dimensions of silence, and valuing community is presented in light of the humanbecoming community models change concepts: moving-initiating, anchoring-shifting, and pondering-shaping.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Escaping the Epistemic Trap An Ecological Analysis of Law and Economics. On 12 December last year, the representatives of almost two hundred nations reached the \\\\'Paris Agreement\\\\' on climate change. But despite its promising wording, the agreement does not provide for any binding enforcement mechanism. This basically means that liability law remains silent on issues of environmental damage. What would be needed, therefore, are effective enforcement mechanisms including novel forms of private law enforcement. When faced with the demand of climate justice, however, the law finds itself in a paradoxical state that can be described as an \\\\'epistemic trap\\\\': On one hand, the law is unable to immunize itself against political or economical or other nonlegal communication. On the other hand, it does not appear to be able to achieve nonlegal policy goals, especially those given by norm-incentive models or ex ante consequentialism. But it is these epistemic limitations of law that provide for epistemic autonomy, thus for constructive freedom in a long-term self-reflective \\\\'discovery process\\\\'. In order to escape from the epistemic trap, the law needs to look beyond the traditional criteria of individual causation and fault, likewise transcending its own \\\\'reality perceptions\\\\' of actors as legal persons and subjects of responsibility.", "label": [3, 5, 48, 29, 52]}
{"token": "Investigating the Strain State of Fibres Located on the Helical Line in Extended Yarn. In this paper, the strain state of fibres located along the helical line in an extended yarn has been investigated. The slippage and mutual displacement of fibres relative to the yarn for analysis of the strain state of fibres in extended yarn are investigated. It is proposed for expression compressive transverse stress G, in our notation, to use the equation supposed in this work The stress strain of fibres in extended yarn is examined and a comparison of the stresses between the cross-sectional and longitudinal directions is carried out. It is found that an increase in the twist angle leads to an increase in the compressive transverse stress of fibres in the centre of the yarn. It is also noticed that the axial stress strain depends on the twist angle of the yarn. The results obtained using this relationship are similar to those presented in previous studies.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Evolutionary Approach to Consciousness in Modern Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies. Experiencing, awareness, and being conscious of the subjective experience are familiar to everyone and invariably bear the stamp of subjectivity. This makes the concept of consciousness one of the most problematic in modern science; insofar as there is no satisfactory definition of human consciousness that has been developed yet. This article reviews the most popular approaches to the definition of consciousness in modern philosophy and cognitive sciences. Our study continues the tradition of the Russian activity-based approach in studying consciousness, thus the greatest attention is paid to studies that consider consciousness in the context of interaction with the world and the culture. The authors consider the latest data of anthropology and neuroscience in order to find the features that distinguish human consciousness from the other forms of subjective reality, which are present in the other species. Based on the provided analysis, the authors propose to define human consciousness as a characteristic ability of a human to control their actions at the level of intentions, which should be mastered during the life. Therefore, it becomes possible to distinguish particular features of the human consciousness from other forms of subjective reality and to show the logic of the evolutionary development of subjective reality. This result can become a foundation for further research on how to identify most common subjective states of human with the corresponding activity of the neural system.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Political-Economic Determinants of External Import Protection under a Preferential Trade Agreement. The stalling of WTO multilateralism and the proliferation of preferential trade agreements in recent decades have drawn substantial attention to the impacts of preferential liberalization. A critical question is how they affect the trade barriers imposed against outsiders. I examine the relationship between preferential trade liberalization and protection against non-member countries by testing the predictions of a political-economy model based on the previous literature. Focusing on a specific model allows me to uncover the mechanisms via which preferential liberalization affects external import protection, whereas most of the existing literature has focused on establishing the sign of the effect only. Furthermore, I focus on not only tariffs, as most studies do, but also on the temporary trade barriers of antidumping and safeguards. I test the predictions for Latin America and obtain results that provide solid evidence supporting two mechanisms from the theory, which lead to lower protection against non-members of a preferential trade agreement. First, a lower preferential import protection level means that the increase in preferential imports from increasing the external tariff creates a smaller increase in tariff revenue. Second, as preferential import protection is cut, there is a decrease in the markup and sales of domestic firms, and thus raising the external import protection generates less profit. Moreover, this second effect is present when the political motivation of the government is sufficiently strong.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 29, 52]}
{"token": "Novel Taxa Associated with Human Fungal Black-Grain Mycetomas: Emarellia grisea gen. nov., sp nov., and Emarellia paragrisea sp nov.. Eumycetoma is a debilitating, chronic, fungal infection that is endemic in India, Indonesia, and parts of Africa and South and Central America. It remains a neglected tropical disease in need of international recognition. Infections follow traumatic implantation of saprophytic fungi and frequently require radical surgery or amputation in the absence of appropriate treatment. Several fungal species can cause black-grain mycetomas, including Madurella spp. (Sordariales), Falciformispora spp., Trematosphaeria grisea, Biatriospora mackinnonii, Pseudochaetosphaeronema larense, and Medicopsis romeroi (all Pleosporales). We performed phylogenetic analyses based on five loci on 31 isolates from two international culture collections to establish the taxonomic affiliations of fungi that had been isolated from cases of black-grain mycetoma and historically classified as Madurella grisea. Although most strains were well resolved to species level and corresponded to known agents of eumycetoma, six independent isolates, which failed to produce conidia under any conditions tested, were only distantly related to existing members of the Pleosporales. Five of the six isolates shared >99% identity with each other and are described as Emarellia grisea gen. nov. and sp. nov; the sixth isolate represents a sister species in this novel genus and is described as Emarellia paragrisea. Several E. grisea isolates were present in both United Kingdom and French culture collections and had been isolated independently over 6 decades from cases of imported eumycetoma. Four of the six isolates involved patients that had originated on the Indian subcontinent. All isolates were all susceptible in vitro to the azole antifungals, but had elevated MICs with caspofungin.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "The Development of the Neural Substrates of Cognitive Control in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Results: Older ASD and TYP showed reduced activation in sensory and premotor areas relative to younger ones. The older ASD group showed reduced left parietal activation relative to TYP. Functional connectivity analyses showed a significant age by group interaction with the older ASD group exhibiting increased functional connectivity strength between the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, bilaterally. This functional connectivity strength was related to task performance in ASD, whereas that between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex (Brodmann areas 9 and 40) was related to task performance in TYP.Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) involve impairments in cognitive control. In typical development (TYP), neural systems underlying cognitive control undergo substantial maturation during adolescence. Development is delayed in adolescents with ASD. Little is known about the neural substrates of this delay.Methods: We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging and a cognitive control task involving overcoming a prepotent response tendency to examine the development of cognitive control in young (ages 12-15; n = 13 with ASD and n = 13 with TYP) and older (ages 16-18; n = 14 with ASD and n = 14 with TYP) adolescents with whole-brain voxelwise univariate and task-related functional connectivity analyses.Conclusions: Adolescents with ASD rely more on reactive cognitive control, involving last-minute conflict detection and control implementation by the anterior cingulate cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, versus proactive cognitive control requiring processing by dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex. Findings await replication in larger longitudinal studies that examine their functional consequences and amenability to intervention.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
{"token": "PrefixTreeESpan: A pattern growth algorithm for mining embedded subtrees. Frequent embedded subtree pattern mining is an important data mining problem with broad applications. In this paper, we propose a novel embedded subtree mining algorithm, called PrefixTreeESpan (i.e. Prefix-Tree-projected Embedded-Subtree pattern), which finds a subtree pattern by growing a frequent prefix-tree. Thus, using divide and conquer, mining local length-1 frequent subtree patterns in Prefix-Tree-Projected database recursively will lead to the complete set of frequent patterns. Different from Chopper and XSpanner [4], PrefixTreeESpan does not need a checking process. Our performance study shows that PrefixTreeESpan outperforms Apriori-like algorithm: TreeMiner [6], and pattern-growth algorithms: Chopper, XSpanner.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Systemic Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccination in Cattle Promotes Specific Antibody-Secreting Cells at the Respiratory Tract and Triggers Local Anamnestic Responses upon Aerosol Infection. Over recent decades, world animal health organizations as well as national sanitary authorities have supported the use of vaccination as an essential component of the official FMD control programs in both endemic and disease-free settings. Very few works studied the local immunity induced by FMD vaccines at the respiratory mucosa, and local responses induced in vaccinated animals after aerosol infection have not been described yet. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that systemic FMD vaccination (i) induced the early presence of active antigen-specific ASC along the respiratory tract and (ii) prompted a rapid local antibody response in the respiratory mucosa, triggered upon oronasal challenge and congruent with a memory B-cell response. This information may help to understand novel aspects of protective responses induced by current FMD vaccines as well as to provide alternative parameters to establish protection efficiency for new vaccine developments.IMPORTANCEFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting biungulate species. Commercial vaccines, formulated with inactivated FMD virus (FMDV), are regularly used worldwide to control the disease. Here, we studied the generation of antibody responses in local lymphoid tissues along the respiratory system in vaccinated and further aerosol-infected cattle. Animals immunized with a high-payload monovalent FMD vaccine developed high titers of neutralizing antibodies at 7 days postvaccination (dpv), reaching a plateau at 29 dpv. FMDV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC), predominantly IgM, were evident at 7 dpv in the prescapular lymph node (LN) draining the vaccination site and in distal LN draining the respiratory mucosa, although in lower numbers. At 29 dpv, a significant switch to IgG1 was clear in prescapular LN, while FMDV-specific ASC were detected in all lymphoid tissues draining the respiratory tract, mostly as IgM-secreting cells. None of the animals (n = 10) exhibited FMD symptoms after oronasal challenge at 30 dpv. Three days postinfection, a large increase in ASC numbers and rapid isotype switches to IgG1 were observed, particularly in LN-draining virus replication sites already described. These results indicate for the first time that systemic FMD vaccination in cattle effectively promotes the presence of anti-FMDV ASC in lymphoid tissues associated with the respiratory system. Oronasal infection triggered an immune reaction compatible with a local anamnestic response upon contact with the replicating FMDV, suggesting that FMD vaccination induces the circulation of virus-specific B lymphocytes, including memory B cells that differentiate into ASC soon after contact with the infective virus.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Physicochemical and sensory changes in aged sugarcane spirit submitted to filtering with activated carbon filter. Sugarcane spirit is a drink considered as a national symbol of Brazil. It is produced by large producers and by about 30 thousand small and medium home-distilling producers dispersed throughout the country. The copper originating from the home-distillers can become a serious problem since at high concentrations in beverages it may cause serious human health problems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the activated carbon used in commercial filters on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of aged sugarcane spirit. Analyses of copper, dry extract, alcoholic degree, higher alcohols, volatile acids, aldehydes, esters, furfural, and methanol were performed. The sensory evaluation was performed by seven selected trained judges, who analyzed the yellow color, woody aroma and flavor, and intensity of alcoholic aroma and flavor of the cane spirit before and after the filtration process. The sensory tests were carried out using a 9 cm non-structured intensity scale. A reduction was observed in all compounds analyzed physicochemically, except for the esters, which increased after filtration. This increase is probably due to the esterification of the alcohols and acids present. According to the sensory results obtained, a reduction was observed in the intensity of the yellow color, aroma, and wood flavor characteristics, the major characteristics of the aging process.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Early Expression of Negative/Disorganized Symptoms Predicting Psychotic Experiences and Subsequent Clinical Psychosis: A 10-Year Study. Objective: The cognitive and motivational impairments observed in psychotic disorders may reflect early developmental alterations that, when combined with later environmental exposures, may drive the onset of positive psychotic symptoms. The epidemiological predictions of this model were tested.Conclusions: The results suggest that the negative/disorganized features associated with psychotic disorder are distributed at the population level and drive the ontogenesis of positive psychotic experiences after exposure to environmental risks, increasing the likelihood of impairment and need for care.Results: Both negative/disorganized and positive psychotic symptoms were frequent (5-year cumulative prevalence rates of around 12%) and occurred in combination more often than predicted by chance. Negative/disorganized symptoms revealed a pattern of sociodemographic associations indicative of developmental impairment, whereas the positive symptoms were associated with environmental exposures such as trauma, cannabis use, and urbanicity. Negative/disorganized symptoms predicted positive symptoms over time, and co-occurrence of positive and negative/disorganized symptoms was predictive of clinical relevance in terms of secondary functional impairment and help-seeking behavior.Method: A longitudinal prospective cohort study (the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study) was conducted with a representative general population sample of adolescents and young adults from Munich (N=3,021), who were 14-24 years of age at baseline. Sociodemographic factors, environmental exposures, and measures of psychopathology and associated clinical relevance were assessed across three waves, covering a period of up to 10 years, by clinical psychologists using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Reduction in the use of mineral aggregate by recycling cellulose ashes to decrease the aging of hot asphalt mixtures. The results indicated that using cellulose ash as contribution filler allows promising results to be obtained in regards to aging resistance of asphalt mixtures, if they are incorporated in concentrations close to or equal to the critical concentration, with an increase in aging resistance from 45.3 to 48.6% depending on the type of bitumen used. Therefore, incorporating them into the design of asphalt mixtures could be an efficient and economical solution to the current problems of early cracking and pavements with a service life lower than the estimated, although a more thorough analysis of its behaviour in other tests and service conditions is required in bituminous mixtures. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The rapid development that our society is experiencing effects road management, therefore developing economical and efficient solutions, as well as extending road service life is indispensable. Aging is a problem associated to the majority of failures at the pavement surface layer (cracks, fissures, fatigue), including those produced by traffic solicitations. Diverse studies indicate that alterations to mixtures due to age can be decreased by incorporating a filler or mineral filler. Therefore, the present study incorporates cellulose ashes at different Cv/Cs concentrations as contribution filler in bituminous mastic, analysing its influence on aging resistance using the Cantabro wear test.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Wild chimpanzees produce group-specific calls: a case for vocal learning?. Vocal learning, where animals can modify the structure of their vocalizations as a result of experience, has been found in a range of birds and mammals. Although vocal learning is a fundamental aspect of developing spoken language, there is as yet little evidence that vocal learning occurs in primates. Here we examine whether vocal learning may occur in chimpanzees. We analysed whether wild male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, of four communities living in a similar habitat in the Tai Forest, Cote d'Ivoire, developed community specific pant hoots. If so, we expected males of three contiguous communities to have distinct pant hoots, while pant hoots of males from a fourth, distant community, located 70 km away, should only differ from those of the contiguous communities by chance. Our analysis confirmed these expectations. In addition, the acoustic distances between the pant hoots of pairs of individuals did not correlate with the genetic relatedness of those pairs, where genetic relatedness was determined using nuclear DNA analysis. Thus, neither habitat nor genetic differences accounted for the observation that there were acoustic differences in the pant hoot structure of males living in neighbouring communities, but not in those of males from a distant community. This suggests that chimpanzees may actively modify pant hoots to be different from their neighbours, providing support for the vocal learning hypothesis.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
{"token": "An ecological perspective on managing weeds during the great selection for herbicide resistance. More than 70 years after modern agriculture declared a war on weeds', they continue to thrive and suppress crop yields. Viewing weeds as an enemy that can be defeated if only a powerful enough technology can be deployed is a losing proposition. The latest evidence for the inadequacy of this approach, rampant evolution of multiple herbicide-resistant weed genotypes and dwindling options for chemical control in many production systems, should be seen as an urgent message to all those concerned with the science and practice of weed management: we need another way of thinking about the weed resistance issue. Fortunately, the theoretical and practical foundation of this alternative approach, ecological weed management, has been in development for decades. Here, we use Barry Commoner's laws of ecology as a conceptual frame for a review of some of the fundamental concepts of ecological weed management. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "Calcified cartilage differs in patients with end-stage primary osteoarthritis and secondary osteoarthritis due to rheumatoid arthritis of the hip joint. Objectives: Despite distinct aetiologies, the end-stages of primary osteoarthritis (OA) and secondary OA are described by common radiological features. However, the morphology of the bone-cartilage unit may differ depending on the pathogenesis. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate the histological differences in the bone-cartilage unit of the femoral head between patients with primary OA and secondary OA due to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Method: Femoral heads were obtained from 12 patients with primary OA, six patients with secondary OA due to RA, and 12 control subjects. The femoral heads were investigated using stereological methods to ensure unbiased quantification. Results: The volume (mean difference [95% confidence interval]) (2.1 [0.5;3.8] cm(3), p = 0.016) and thickness (413 [78.9;747] mu m, p = 0.029) of the articular cartilage and the thickness of the calcified cartilage (56.4 [0.4;113] mu m, p = 0.017) were larger in patients with primary OA than in patients with secondary OA due to RA. Femoral head volume (1.2 [-3.6;6.1] cm(3), p = 0.598), bone volume fraction (-1.1 [-2.8;5.1] cm(3), p = 0.553), subchondral bone thickness (-2.5 [-212;207] mu m, p = 0.980), and osteophyte area (25.3 [-53.6;104] cm(2), p = 0.506) did not differ between patients. Conclusion: The thicker calcified cartilage in primary OA preceding the loss of articular cartilage can be attributed to endochondral ossification. Patients with secondary OA due to RA had severely thinner calcified cartilage as the pathogenesis is driven by inflammation and is characterized by a generalized and more severe loss of articular cartilage.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Sticky stories from the classroom: From reflection to diffraction in Early Childhood Teacher Education. This article aims to challenge the prominence of reflexivity as a strategy for early childhood teachers to adopt by taking Norwegian early childhood teacher education as its focus. Observed micro-moments from a university classroom generate multilayered, multi-sensorial entangled narratives that address what reflection and diffraction are and what they do - where students, the educator, materiality, space and affects intra-act. Furthermore, the article explores the ways in which teacher educators and students in early childhood teacher education become-with the classroom and materiality, and, in doing so, ideas about professionalism in early childhood education are opened out. By identifying the limitations of reflection, the authors go on to explore what working with diffraction might offer to reach alternative understandings. By placing a focus on seemingly unremarkable and routine events in the life of an early childhood teacher education classroom, the authors offer other, potentially more generative ways to think about student teachers and their further professional practice in kindergartens.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "CORPORATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS AND ENTREPRENEURIAL ALERTNESS IN ADVANCING INNOVATIVENESS. The scope of corporate entrepreneurship (CE) is broadening as firms embrace CE to survive and succeed in dynamic, uncertain markets. Although scholars have focused on the organizational factors necessary to foster CE, it is important to understand not just what the organizational context must look like, but also to understand how entrepreneurial alertness may facilitate CE activity. Contrary to most studies on CE, this study takes place in a non-Western context, where a survey is used to collect data from 784 respondents at South African firms. Results reveal it is the organizational antecedents of reward and reinforcement, time and resource availability, and flexible organizational boundaries that positively influence CE innovativeness. Additionally, when entrepreneurial alertness is added into the equation, the amount of variance explained in CE innovativeness is increased substantially. These findings highlight the relevance of focusing on firm-based entrepreneurial behavior as opposed to only independent startups in an Africa context.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "A Novel Development of TRIZ-Analogic Construction Interface Problem Identification and Solutions Framework. One of the critical factors of project success is the interface management. Past project interface management mainly relies on knowledge and experience of the project managers. The existing studies of project interface management also mainly focused on the definition and the classification of project interfaces. There is no workable and flexible framework for construction interface problem identification and solutions. This study conducted an analogic study of contradiction matrix at Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) to develop such a framework. This research collected around six hundred interface management cases from civil works and building projects. For comparison, this research defined an experimental group (TRIZ case) and a control group (experience-oriented solution case) based on the concept of clinical experiments in medical science to evaluate and improve the rationality of the matrix. Subsequently, based upon the theory of information retrieval (IR), this research conducted statistical evaluation and TRIZ features remedies to develop generalized construction interface problem identification and solutions. For solving project management interface problems, the TRIZ-analogic construction interface problem identification and solutions framework provides a systematic approach to develop more robust solutions for interface problems in construction engineering rather than just simply relying on intuitive experience.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "LIPOMA OF THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH. A case of lipoma of the floor of the mouth presenting as an acute swelling in a 72-year-old man is reported. The clinical presentation and differential diagnosis are discussed.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "History of Pesticide Use Reporting in California. The California Department of Pesticide Regulation's (DPR) Pesticide Use Report (PUR) is the largest and most complete database on pesticide use in the world. The PUR contains information on production agricultural pesticide use and on some non-agricultural use in California. The PUR has existed in 3 distinct forms: (1) aerial pesticide applications from 1934 to 1956; (2) primarily restricted pesticides from 1970 to 1989; (3) full agricultural use reporting from 1990 to current.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 44]}
{"token": "PETROLEO BRASILEIRO S.A.: AN INTERNATIONALIZED BRAZILIAN STATE COMPANY. Petrobras is the largest governmental firm in Brazil and has a solid path of internationalization. This paper explores how Petrobras grew in the domestic market and, in the light of the theory of the internationalization of the firm, moved on towards the international market. First, it shows the beginning steps of Petrobras. It then follows Petrobras' internationalization moves to three geographic areas (America, Eurasia and Africa), all in a context of a global dispute for oil exploration, production and distribution. In the conclusion, it is showed that Petrobras' main revenues still come from the Brazilian market. Its expansion to international markets, however, has grown in absolute terms and also in sophistication. Petrobras started with a strategy of searching for new sources of oil (inputs) and progressed to a new phase, focused on selling final goods and developing technology for exploration in deeper waters.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "An Empirical Comparison of EM Initialization Methods and Model Choice Criteria for Mixtures of Skew-Normal Distributions. We investigate, via simulation study, the performance of the EM algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation in finite mixtures of skew-normal distributions with component specific parameters. The study takes into account the initialization method, the number of iterations needed to attain a fixed stopping rule and the ability of some classical model choice criteria to estimate the correct number of mixture components. The results show that the algorithm produces quite reasonable estimates when using the method of moments to obtain the starting points and that, combining them with the AIC, BIC, ICL or EDC criteria, represents a good alternative to estimate the number of components of the mixture. Exceptions occur in the estimation of the skewness parameters, notably when the sample size is relatively small, and in some classical problematic cases, as when the mixture components are poorly separated.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Postnatal diagnosis of 9q interstitial imbalances involving PTCH1, resulting from a familial intrachromosomal insertion. Insertions are rare chromosomal rearrangements resulting from a three breaks mechanism. The risk of chromosomal imbalance in the offspring is estimated to be 15-50%. We have identified a familial history of direct, paracentric intrachromosomal 9q insertion, balanced in healthy members. For intrachromosomal insertions, unbalanced products in the offspring are always recombinants and in our case, reciprocal deletion and duplication of the inserted segment (9q22.31-9q31.1) were observed. These imbalances involved several genes, including PTCH1. PTCH1 haploinsufficiency causes Gorlin syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder usually linked to the gene mutation but sometimes due to a 9q deletion. Clinical findings are different in 9q deletions and duplications including PTCH1, notably concerning the predisposition to benign and malignant tumors reported in the Gorlin syndrome. Furthermore, some features may be reciprocal. This history of intrachromosomal insertion highlights the importance of morphological cytogenetic analyses to provide an accurate genetic counseling. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "THE LAST FETTER: A GIRARDIAN READING OF AELRED OF RIEVAULX'S DE QUADAM MIRACULUM MIRABILI. Aelred of Rievaulx's De (madam miraculum mirabili relates the story of a Gilbertine nun raped by a brother in her community. She becomes pregnant and is brutally persecuted by her sisters. The text provides Aelred's interpretation of events as conveyed to him by certain elders in the community. This article finds features of what Rene Girard identified as 'persecution texts' in the elder's account. Despite a certain ambivalence toward the victim, Aelred's theological aim in the interpretation he gives to events is to replace envy with gratitude. The text reveals a partial breakdown in the mechanism of sacred violence under pressure from gospel values.", "label": [3, 28, 33]}
{"token": "Ontological commitment and ontological commitments. The standard account of ontological commitment is quantificational. There are many old and well-chewed-over challenges to the account, but recently Kit Fine added a new challenge. Fine claimed that the \\\\'quantificational account gets the basic logic of ontological commitment wrong\\\\' and offered an alternative account that used an existence predicate. While Fine's argument does point to a real lacuna in the standard approach, I show that his own account also gets \\\\'the basic logic of ontological commitment wrong\\\\'. In response, I offer a full quantificational account, using the resources of plural logic, and argue that it leads to a complete theory of natural language ontological commitment.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Growth rate and physical properties of Erythrina variegata with regard to dry matter production. Erythrina variegata grown from seeds showed a great deal of variation with respect to height, diameter, density of wood and dry matter production. Statistical analysis showed that the density of wood produced by any plant was not related to its growth rate, but dry matter production was associated with plant growth rate (height and diameter) that could lead to overall increased dry matter or biomass production.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Manual liquid culture on simple Middlebrook 7H9 or MGIT for the diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. ResultsAmong samples from 542 patients, 151 (28%) cases of SN-TB were identified. The sensitivity of Middlebrook 7H9 (0.76, 95% CI 0.69-0.83) was not substantially different from that of MGIT (0.85, 95% CI 0.79-0.91). Ogawa had the lowest sensitivity (0.63, 95% CI 0.55-0.71). The median turnaround time was similar for both liquid media (18days), and it was shorter than that of Ogawa (30days).ConclusionsLa culture sur milieu simple Middlebrook 7H9 est presque qu'aussi performante que sur MGIT a un cout probablement plus abordable. Des etudes supplementaires sur le rapport cout-efficacite de cette technique neglige devraient etre effectuees.ResultatsParmi les echantillons de 542 patients, 151 (28%) cas de TBP-FN ont ete identifies. La sensibilite du Middlebrook 7H9 (0,76; IC 95%: 0,69 a 0,83) n'etait pas significativement differente de celle du MGIT (0,85; IC 95%: 0,79 a 0,91). Ogawa avait la sensibilite la plus faible (0,63; IC 95%: 0,55 a 0,71). Le delai median etait similaire pour les deux milieux liquides (18 jours) et etait plus court que pour Ogawa (30 jours).ConclusionesEl cultivo en medio liquido Middlebrook 7H9 tiene un desempeno casi tan bueno como el de MGIT, con un coste probablemente mas asumible. Se deberian realizar mas estudio sobre la costo-efectividad de esta tecnica olvidada.MethodesDes echantillons de crachats de patients avec une suspicion clinique de TBP-FN, admis dans deux hopitaux tertiaires a Lima entre septembre 2005 et mai 2008, ont ete cultives en parallele sur milieu simple Middlebrook 7H9, MGIT manuel et Ogawa. La TBP-FN a ete defini comme un cas avec au moins une culture positive sur n'importe quel milieu.ObjectifsComparer les performances de la culture liquide sur milieu simple Middlebrook 7H9 a celles sur MGIT manuel et sur milieu solide Ogawa pour le diagnostic de la tuberculose pulmonaire a frottis negatif (TBP-FN) dans une region a prevalence elevee et a ressources limitees.ConclusionsCulture on simple Middlebrook 7H9 performs almost as well as MGIT, at a probably more affordable cost. Further studies on the cost-effectiveness of this overlooked technique should be performed.MethodsSputum samples from patients with clinical suspicion of SN-PTB admitted to two-third-level hospitals in Lima between September 2005 and May 2008 were cultured in parallel on simple Middlebrook 7H9, manual MGIT and Ogawa. A case of SN-TB was defined as one with a positive culture in any medium.ObjectivesTo compare the performance of liquid culture on simple Middlebrook 7H9 to the one of manual mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT) and solid culture on Ogawa for the diagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis (SN-TB) in a high-burden, resource-constrained setting.ObjetivosComparar el desempeno del cultivo en medio liquido Middlebrook 7H9 con el sistema manual MGIT y el cultivo solido en Ogawa, para el diagnostico de tuberculosis con baciloscopia negativa (TB-BN) en un lugar con una carga alta de enfermedad y pocos recursos.ResultadosEntre las muestras de 542 pacientes, se identificaron 151 (28%) casos de TB-BN. La sensibilidad del 7H9 (0.76, IC 95% 0.69-0.83) no era sustancialmente diferente de la del MGIT (0.85, IC95% 0.79-0.91). El Ogawa tenia la menor sensibilidad (0.63, IC 95% 0.55-0.71). El tiempo medio de respuesta era similar para los dos medios liquidos (18 dias) y era mas corto que el del Ogawa (30 dias).MetodosLas muestras de esputo de los pacientes con sospecha clinica de TB-BN admitidos en dos hospitales de tercer nivel en Lima, entre Septiembre 2005 y Mayo 2008, se cultivaron en paralelo en medio liquido de Middlebrook 7H9, en MGIT y en Ogawa. Un caso de TB-BN se definio como positivo para cultivo en cualquier medio.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Culture and the new Iraq: The Iraq National Library and Archive, 'Imagined Community,' and the future of the Iraqi nation. The problem... [is] that. culture is not a priority.... The Iraqi Cabinet did not pay attention to the importance Of Culture to the new Iraq. They think culture is something that's just not as important as education or the economic well-being of the country. So we need now to persuade the politicians that Culture is extremely important for the transition from dictatorship to democracy.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Flexural Fatigue Behaviors of Silicon Carbide Recycled Concrete in Corrosive Environments. An experimental study on the flexural fatigue behaviors of recycled concrete (RC) and silicon carbide recycled concrete (SiCRC) was conducted. The immersion time was 0 d, 30 d, 60 d, and 90 d in 5% NaCl solution for these two kinds of recycled concrete specimens, respectively, and then, four-point flexural fatigue tests were performed by MTS fatigue testing machine. The fatigue life for varying stress levels ranging from 0.9 to 0.6 was obtained. The fatigue life was given considering the failure probability according to the fatigue life and stress level of the specimen via the logarithmic normal distribution and Weibull distribution, respectively. The relationship between fatigue life and failure probability was also obtained. The fatigue life with failure probability of 1% and 50% was further predicted. The results showed that the fatigue life of RC and SiCRC increased in corrosive environments. The fatigue life of SiCRC is higher than that of RC, and the incorporation of SiCRC can improve the fatigue life of recycled concrete.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Development of an expert professional curriculum for antimicrobial pharmacists in the UK. The role of antimicrobial pharmacists has changed considerably over the past 15 years. We describe here the development and ratification of a new expert professional curriculum to guide the training and development of antimicrobial specialist pharmacists. The curriculum has been developed by the UK Clinical Pharmacy Association Pharmacy Infection Network and endorsed by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society as a tool to support pharmacists in meeting the requirements for joining the Royal Pharmaceutical Society Faculty. This new resource has also been endorsed by PHE, the Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group and the BSAC, and will support antimicrobial pharmacists in delivery of antimicrobial stewardship, which will in turn help the fight against antimicrobial resistance.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 25, 43]}
{"token": "L2 Negation Constructions at Work. This article explores the usage- and exemplar-based roots of second language (L2) negation construction learning. Based on two longitudinal case studies involving two adult L2 English learners and a corpus of 63 three-hour sessions of recorded classroom interactions, the study shows that L2 learning follows the predictions of usage-based models of language knowledge and acquisition, as the two participants learning of English negation constructions is found to go from recurring expressions toward an increasingly schematic, dynamic inventory of linguistic resources. Furthermore, exploring the evolution of two negation patterns in ongoing discourse, I suggest that local usage and long-term learning are inseparable and call for further detailed investigations of how locally contextualized interactions influence L2 development.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 28]}
{"token": "Impact of Kaolin Particle Film and Water Deficit on Wine Grape Water Use Efficiency and Plant Water Relations. Water use efficiency (WUE) and response of grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cvs. 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'Merlot', and 'Viognier') to a particle film treatment (PFT) under varying levels of applied water were evaluated in Victoria, Australia, and southwestern Idaho. Vines that received the least amount of water had the warmest canopy or leaf surface temperature and the lowest (more negative) leaf water potential, stomata! conductance (g(S)), transpiration (E), and photosynthesis (A). Vines with plus-PFT had cooler leaf and canopy temperature than non-PET vines; however, temperature difference resulting from irrigation was greater than that resulting from PFT. In well-watered vines, particle film application increased leaf water potential and lowered g(S). Point-in-time measurements of WUE (A/E) and g(S) did not consistently correspond with seasonal estimates of WUE based on carbon isotope discrimination of leaf or shoot tissue. The response of vines with particle film to undergo stomatal closure and increase leaf water potential conserved water and enhanced WUE under non-limiting soil moisture conditions and the magnitude of response differed according to cultivar.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War: Perspectives on History and Personality. The article explores the impact of Mikhail Gorbachev on the end of the Cold War and the self-destruction of the Soviet Union. It is based on a wealth of memoir literature, interviews, and primary sources, including the archival collections of the Gorbachev Foundation in Moscow. It first discusses the standard explanations of the Cold War's end which highlight structural changes in the international system, a structural domestic crisis within the Soviet Union, and a radical shift of ideas in the Soviet leadership, showing the important anomalies they all leave unexplained. Then it analyzes Gorbachev's character, revealing what set him apart from other leaders, finally, assessing in detail how these traits influenced the ending of the Cold War. Particular attention is paid to the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the reuinfication of Germany. The article concludes that many aspects of the end of the Soviet Union and the Cold War can only be understood through the Gorbachev personality factor, and that the impact of Gorbachev's personality cannot be understood until we abandon simplistic judgements.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Hepatitis E virus infection in travelers. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of clinical hepatitis in regions of endemicity, affecting primarily young adults and travelers to these areas. We present 5 cases of acute HEV infection in travelers and review 143 cases of HEV infection found by a literature search that were contracted in areas of endemicity, Fulminant hepatitis occurred in 2.7% of the reported cases; 2 of these were fatal. The destination of most of the travelers with acute HEV infection was the Indian subcontinent. The overall risk of contracting HEV infection for travelers appears to be lower than the risk for hepatitis A virus infection, Pregnant women and individuals with underlying liver disease may be a risk for severe infection.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Chronic Fatigue Predicts Hospital Nurse Turnover Intentions. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the impact of workforce engagement factors on hospital nurse turnover intentions. BACKGROUND Nurse turnover intentions are impacted by occupational fatigue and burnout, which are differentially impacted by fatigue, meaning and joy in work, and work-related resilience. METHODS One hundred fifty-one nurses from a southwestern hospital completed online surveys. Path analyses evaluated relationships among variables. RESULTS Chronic occupational fatigue was the only significant predictor of turnover intentions among nurses. Although strongly associated with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization (burnout components), burnout did not predict turnover intention. High levels of chronic fatigue predicted lower meaning and joy in work and lower work-related resilience. Although significantly correlated, meaning and joy in work and resilience did not predict total burnout scores when analyzed in causal models. CONCLUSIONS Nurse administrators should focus efforts on factors such as chronic occupational fatigue that are likely to impact nurses' decisions to leave their positions.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Decagonal quasicrystals in Al-Pd-Fe. The Al-Pd-Fe decagonal phase with similar to 1.6 nm periodicity was found to solidify from the liquid phase in alloys between about 73-82 at% Al and 10-17 at% Pd. Being metastable it is formed at cooling rates as low as 5 degrees C/min. During TEM experiments the decagonal phase decomposed, depending on composition, into either the multi-twinned orthorhombic epsilon(16)-phase or the complex nanodomain intermediate state. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Superfamily of plant monomeric GTP-binding proteins: 2. Rab proteins are the regulators of vesicles trafficking and plant responses to stresses. In plants, Rab proteins represent the largest family of monomeric GTP-binding proteins (mG-proteins). As distinct from animal cells comprising 40 subfamilies of Rab proteins, which are the key regulators of intracellular vesicular transport, numerous Rab proteins in Arabidopsis and other plant species could be grouped in only eight subfamilies on the basis of their functional properties. The available data concerning the involvement of these mG-proteins in the control of vesicle trafficking agree generally with the paradigms accepted for other eukaryotes. On the other hand, these proteins play an important role in plant responses to abiotic and biotic factors, indicating specific for plants functions of Rab proteins.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Pore structure of coffee beans affected by roasting conditions. Hot-air roasting of coffee beans not only forms color and flavor compounds but also leads to a complete alteration of the bean microstructure. The resulting pore structure controls mass transfer phenomena during roasting and storage. The principal objective of the present project was to investigate the influence of different roasting conditions on volume increase and pore-structure development. Coffee beans were roasted in 2 different, well-defined roasting processes to equal degree of roast. Volumetry, mercury porosimetry, and electron microscopy were employed to study structural product properties. The roasting conditions were found to have a major impact on microstructure. High-temperature roasted coffees had greater bean volume, pore volume and larger micropores in the cell walls as compared to low-temperature roasted beans.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Gravitating toward the quadruple helix: international connections for the enhancement of a regional innovation system in Northeast Italy. The majority of previous Regional Innovation System (RIS) studies generally provide a rather static overview of the roles of innovation-creating actors. This article explores a single RIS in Trentino in Italy. The case shows that the roles of three actors (i.e., the provincial government, academia/research centers, and firms) are vital in creating the RIS, and that the provincial-level government policy is important in supporting the innovation activities of regional research institutions and firms aimed at developing their international connections. The public-private research collaboration and international connections of these actors are the key determinants of the development of an advanced RIS, but have largely been ignored in the extant RIS literature. This article extends the existing RIS and Triple Helix research to an international dimension, highlighting the complementary role of international connections within the RIS, thus reflecting a shift toward Quadruple Helix.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Transfer of Diagonals in a Rhombus: Elementary Act of Polymorphic Transformation. Analysis of the Energy Threshold of Transformation in Metals. We propose an atomistic description of polymorphic transformations in metal alloys, according to which an elementary act of transformation is reduced to the transfer of diagonals of a rhombus formed by two triangles. Metallic atoms are located in the corners of these triangles, and their common edge is transferred (i.e., turns into the long diagonal of rhombus). We estimated the energy barrier of polymorphic transformation (transfer of the diagonals) for various types of filling of the corners with iron, chromium, and manganese atoms in different combinations. The energy threshold is computed by using the Morse pair potential. The numerical parameters of the function approximating the potential are calibrated by the experimental values of the energy of sublimation and the temperature dependences of the elastic constants of iron, chromium, and manganese.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Characterization of the Operon Encoding the Holliday Junction Helicase RuvAB from Mycoplasma genitalium and Its Role in mgpB and mgpC Gene Variation. Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging sexually transmitted pathogen associated with reproductive tract disease in men and women, and it can persist for months to years despite the development of a robust antibody response. Mechanisms that may contribute to persistence in vivo include phase and antigenic variation of the MgpB and MgpC adhesins. These processes occur by segmental recombination between discrete variable regions within mgpB and mgpC and multiple archived donor sequences termed MgPa repeats (MgPars). The molecular factors governing mgpB and mgpC variation are poorly understood and obscured by the paucity of recombination genes conserved in the M. genitalium genome. Recently, we demonstrated the requirement for RecA using a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay developed to measure recombination between the mgpB and mgpC genes and MgPars. Here, we expand these studies by examining the roles of M. genitalium ruvA and ruvB homologs. Deletion of ruvA and ruvB impaired the ability to generate mgpB and mgpC phase and sequence variants, and these deficiencies could be complemented with wild-type copies, including the ruvA gene from Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In contrast, ruvA and ruvB deletions did not affect the sensitivity to UV irradiation, reinforcing our previous findings that the recombinational repair pathway plays a minor role in M. genitalium. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and primer extension analyses also revealed a complex transcriptional organization of the RuvAB system of M. genitalium, which is cotranscribed with two novel open reading frames (ORFs) (termed ORF1 and ORF2 herein) conserved only in M. pneumoniae. These findings suggest that these novel ORFs may play a role in recombination in these two closely related bacteria.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Healthcare Practices by Mothers in the Limpopo Province of South Africa: Modeling the Case of the Mopani District. Child morbidity is high in some parts of South Africa though there are a lot of interventions available to reduce childhood mortality. Some mothers lack knowledge about these interventions and this increases maternal and childhood mortality. This study seeks to determine the level of knowledge and practice mothers in Mopani have about child healthcare practices, and to model the determinants. A 3-stage sample survey, including stratified random sampling, was conducted covering all the municipalities in the district. About 1820 women in the childbearing age (that is, 13 to 49 years) were sampled and interviewed using structured questionnaires. Chi-square tests were carried out on categorical variables, and logistic and multiple regression analyses were performed for confirmations. From statistical analyses (catreg, logistic and multiple regressions) the study concludes that the following variables correlate with practices of child healthcare in the district: age, education, employment and the number of children a woman has. For the improvement of child health and survival, the study recommends primary healthcare education, immunization, oral rehydration therapy and prenatal medical check-ups.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Determining the best shipper sizes for sending products to customers. A distribution company has to send products, packed into shippers, from the warehouse to retail shops. The number of different shipper types is regarded as a parameter given by the user, who is looking for a balance between transportation costs and stock and procurement costs. The problem is to decide the sizes of the shipper types to keep at the warehouse so as to minimize the cost of meeting the forecasted demand over the planning horizon. In this paper, we describe an integer linear programming formulation for the problem and obtaining feasible solutions. Other models, based on multiknapsack and p-median and facility location models, are for obtaining lower bounds. We study several ways of reducing the set of possible shipper types in order to obtain models of a manageable size. The feasible solutions obtained are improved by using a reduced model and metaheuristic algorithm. A computational study conducted on real instances provided by the company is presented and discussed.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Pioneer species of Cyanobacteria in hot springs and their role to travertine formation: The case of Aedipsos hot springs, Euboea (Evia), Greece. Cyanobacteria are considered to be among the first microorganisms to settle in hot springs where they form a favourable environment for further biological establishment. Nevertheless, the exact pioneer species and how early they start participating in the biomineralisation processes remain unknown. The aim of the present study was twofold, that is, to identify the pioneer Cyanobacteria in hot springs (i.e. Aedipsos area, Greece) and to record their early biomineralisation processes. The in situ experimental approach included the setup of sterile glass and/or plexiglass slides in several locations to facilitate colonisation by Cyanobacteria, and removal of slides for study after 48-202 h. Synechococcales (37%) and Oscillatoriales (33%) were the dominant orders, followed by Chroococcales (15%) and Spirulinales (11%); whereas Chroococcidiopsidales (4%) was found only in a few sites. The order Nostocales was not observed at the early stages of colonisation although it was present in mature stages. Forty-three species of Cyanobacteria were identified as pioneer microorganisms, with Spirulina subtilissima being the most frequently found. The most common pioneers were multicellular filamentous Cyanobacteria, that is, organisms with a large surface area able to form significant amounts of extracellular polymeric substances. Among the pioneers, thermophilic species of Cyanobacteria were typical such as Chroococcidiopsis thermalis, Chroococcus thermalis, Leptolyngbya thermalis, S. subtilissima and Symploca thermalis, as well as typical limestone substrate species such as Chroococcus lithophilus and Leptolyngbya laminosa. Temperature seems to affect biodiversity. Also, pioneers were found to contribute to the biomineralisation processes from their first appearance. In the studied samples, three biomineralisation processes were identified, that is, (i) calcification of cyanobacterial sheaths, (ii) trapping of carbonate crystals on a crystal retention lattice formed by extracellular polymeric substances and filaments and (iii) trapping and confinement of carbonate crystals around filamentous Cyanobacteria.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Residual vibration suppression for duffing nonlinear systems with electromagnetical actuation using nonlinear command shaping techniques. Residual vibration control is crucial for numerous applications in precision machinery with negligible damping such as magnetically actuated systems. In certain magnetically actuated applications, the systems could also be highly nonlinear and conditionally stable. Although traditional command shaping techniques work well for linear and weakly nonlinear systems, they show little effects for dealing with systems with both strong structural and actuation nonlinearities. In this paper a general input shaper design methodology for single degree of freedom systems with both Duffing spring and electromagnetic forcing nonlinearities is successfully devised using an energy approach. Following this method, two-step and three-step shapers are developed, which in the linear limit reduce to the traditional zero-vibration (ZV) and zero-vibration-and-derivative (ZVD) shapers, respectively. The robustness of these nonlinear shapers is investigated numerically through several case studies and the results show that the three-step shaper is sufficiently robust to resist significant amounts of parameter variations without exciting significant residual vibration. The two-step shaper however is somewhat less robust with respect to parameter variations. Meanwhile, an electromagnetically driven Duffing mechanical system is also constructed so that the performances and robustness of the nonlinear shapers in vibration suppression can be examined. It is shown that the nonlinear shapers result in a significant improvement in residual vibration suppression and settling time reduction in comparison with the traditional linearized ZV and ZVD shapers.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "A cost-effective plasmid purification protocol suitable for fluorescent automated DNA sequencing. A cost-effective, reliable, and reproducible method has been developed to produce good-quality, double-stranded plasmid DNA for automated sequence analysis. The method incorporates modifications to a previously described plasmid-purification protocol used in manual sequencing. The quality of the DNA produced from the present protocol is suitable for automated fluorescent sequencing. Using a dye-terminator sequencing protocol, most runs using plasmid DNA prepared using this protocol produced over 700 bases with greater than 99% base-calling accuracy.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
{"token": "Creativity as social and spatial process. Research limitations/implications - Owing to the nature of the research results cannot be generalised. The relationship between creativity, interaction and space requires further investigation.Purpose - This paper seeks to argue that creativity in the workplace is a very complex construct that is difficult to measure not only in its own right, but also in its interrelation with physical space. Since creativity is a social process, this paper aims to suggest studying interaction patterns as a fundamental feature of creativity.Design/methodology/approach - Based on the literature, two criteria for creativity in workplaces were developed: spaces for chance encounters with people from different teams; and a balance of spaces for communication and concentration. Using a mixed-methods research design, a UK media company was studied before and after a relocation and refurbishment project in 2007-2008. The case study included structured interviews, satisfaction surveys, social network surveys, space observations, and a Space Syntax analysis of floor plans.Findings - The paper showed that only the first criterion was successfully met in the media company studied, and that the pressure on the industry inhibited the full implementation of the second.Practical implications - The findings highlight the need to balance spaces for communication and concentration, as well as the importance of bringing people together to enhance creativity. This knowledge may be useful for workplace professionals in design, architecture and facility management.Originality/value - The paper presents a valuable data set comparing one organisation in a pre-post research design, where the impact of spatial changes on working processes can be monitored. It combines innovative approaches normally used in separation.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Motivations of Volunteer Leaders in an Extension Exercise Program. This article describes findings from a qualitative study of volunteer leaders in the StrongWomen strength training program in Arkansas. The study explored reasons volunteers initially agreed to serve, perceptions of volunteer role, and motivations for continuing to lead strength training groups long-term. Findings suggest a combination of factors supporting volunteer engagement: personal benefit of program, desire to continue program combined with a personal invitation to volunteer extended by the agent, desire to support a co-leader, and exercise and social support needs met through volunteer service. Motivations of Extension health program volunteers are important to address to maximize program impact.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Common Variable Immunodeficiency, Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, and Pancytopenia Associated With a Defect in IKAROS. Results:Conclusions:Objective:Mutations in IKZF1, which encodes Ikaros family zinc finger 1 (IKAROS) transcription factor, are associated with recurrent infections, cytopenia, autoimmune diseases, and hematologic malignancies. Diverse clinical phenotypes resulting from IKZF1 mutations include pulmonary fungal infections, cytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), and malignancies. In this study, we aimed to assess the DNA-binding ability and pericentromeric (PC) localization of a variant of IKZF discovered in a patient.Materials and Methods:DNA-binding ability of a pathogenic IKZF variant was tested using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and PC localization of the variant was assessed by immunofluorescent microscopy in NIH3T3 cells.Clinical features of a 3-month-old male infant who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation because of an IKZF1 mutation-associated common variable immunodeficiency, AIHA, and pancytopenia are described. DNA studies revealed a heterozygous missense variant (IKZF1 NM_006060 c.427C>T; p.R143W). Cotransfection studies revealed that mutant R143W has a partial dominant-negative effect over PC targeting and DNA binding.IKZF1 mutation must be kept in mind if neonatal AIHA, common variable immunodeficiency, and pancytopenia are observed.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Effects of reducing sugar concentration on in vitro tuber formation and sprouting in yam (Dioscorea cayenensis-D. rotundata complex). The effects of reducing sucrose level on tuber formation (% of cultures with microtubers), development (length and fresh weight of microtubers) and sprouting in yam Dioscorea cayenensis-D. rotundata complex in vitro were investigated. Only 29% of the explants showed tuber formation after 3 weeks in the presence of 1% sucrose in contrast to 100% with 3%. After 120 days of culture, the length and the weight of the tubers obtained in the presence of 1% sucrose were less than with 3% sucrose. Addition of sorbitol to keep osmolarity at the same level did not restore normal rate of tuber formation. Similar results were obtained with the use of reduced fructose or glucose level. Microtuber sprouting was also affected by sucrose level incorporated into the tuberisation medium. Tubers obtained on reduced sucrose level sprouted later and the increase of osmolarity with sorbitol did not restore normal sprouting. The bigger tubers obtained on high sucrose media could contain more carbohydrate reserves that could partially explain a higher sprouting rate. These results can be used for optimising in vitro conditions for mass production of microtubers in yam and especially in Dioscorea cayenensis-D. rotundata complex, a very important species in West Africa. They specially showed the importance of tuberisation conditions on precocity of tuberisation, on tuber length and weight and on their further sprouting.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 9]}
{"token": "Studies on the formation of TiB2 through carbothermal reduction of TiO2 and B2O3. Formation of titanium di-boride (TiB2) whiskers through carbothermal reduction of TiO2 and B2O3 has been studied from 900 to 1600degreesC in 1 arm argon. K2CO3, which forms a low melting liquid by reacting with TiO2, and NiCl2, which catalyses the carbon gasification, were used to aid the whisker formation by a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism. TiO2, NiCl2, K2CO3, carbon black and B2O3 were reacted in a molar ratio (TiO2:NiCl2:KCO3:C:B2O3 = x:0.15:0.144:4:1), where x = 1/0.5/0.25. Irrespective of TiO2 content, TiB2 was formed as the major phase. Small quantities of TiC were also formed in the system containing 1 mol of TiO2 Whiskers of TiB2 were observed at 940-1200degreesC. Above 1400degreesC, the formation of particulate was the dominant process. Upon decreasing the TiO2 content to 0.5 mol, a single phase TiB2 was formed. Further decrease in the TiO2 content to 0.25 mol, resulted in the formation of B4C apart from TiB2. The B4C had appeared mainly as platelets. A vapour-liquid-solid growth mechanism was identified for TiB2 whisker formation. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Seasonal breeding in the western Mexican whiptail lizard Aspidoscelis costata on Isla Isabel, Nayarit, Mexico. Timing of sexual activity by males and females is a critical aspect of mating systems. We analyzed whether reproduction in western Mexican whiptail lizards, Aspidoscelis costata, on a tropical Pacific island in Mexico is seasonal or continuous, and whether it is linked to certain meteorological factors. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses of monthly samples of gonads showed that reproductive cycles of males and females were seasonal (February-September) and significantly associated with day length. Necropsies did not evidence an overlap between successive reproductive events in females. However, our observations of free-ranging females showed that 35% of them were accompanied by males >1 time/season, with intervals between accompaniments of 14-31 days. In addition, observations of captive females and males revealed that accompaniment lasted 2-5 days, seemingly coincided with female receptivity and was broken 8-12 days before egg-laying. Repeated accompaniment by males suggests females have successive reproductive events within a season.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "THE POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF TRYPSIN-LIKE ENZYMES IN GERMINATION OF SPORES OF BACILLUS-CEREUS-T AND BACILLUS-SUBTILIS-168. Germination of spores of Bacillus cereus T and Bacillus subtilis 168 was inhibited by the trypsin inhibitors leupeptin and tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and by the substrates tosylarginine methyl ester (TAME), benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide (L-BAPNA) and D-BAPNA.  Potencies of these inhibitory compounds were estimated by finding the concentration which inhibited 50 % germination (ID50), as measured by events occuring early (loss of heat resistance), at an intermediate stage [dipicolinic acid (DPA) release], and late in germination (decrease in optical density).  In B. cereus T, all the compounds inhibited early and late events with the same ID50.  In B. subtilis, TAME inhibited early and late events at the same ID50, but all other inhibitors had a lower ID50 for late events than for early events.  This suggests that a trypsin-like enzyme activity is involved at two sequential stages in the germination of B. subtilis spores, one occuring at or before the loss of heat resistance and one at or before the decrease in optical density.  Different trypsin-like activities were detected in broken dormant spores and germinated spores of B. cereus T and in germinated spores of B. subtilis by means of three chromogenic substrates:  benzoyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide (L-Phe VA), L-BAPNA and D-BAPNA.  Separation of extracts of germinated spores on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels showed that in both species the substrates were hydrolysed by three distinct enzymes with different electrophoretic mobilities.  The three enzymes had different K(i) values for the above inhibitors.  The possibility that L-BAPNase from B. cereus T might be involved in the initial germination steps was suggested by the similarity of ID50 values for germination and K(i) values for inhibition of the enzyme in vitro by TAME and TLCK, and by the fact that both germination and the L-BAPNase were reversibly inhibited by TLCK.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Reconstruction of an early viola da gamba informed by physical modeling. The reconstruction of an early viola da gamba is considered, using virtual prototyping by means of the finite element method. Based on iconographic sources, previous research has postulated an instrument design lacking a soundpost and a bass bar. This led to the hypothesis of a top plate with variable thickness. In order to investigate the acoustic efficiency of such a design, a finite element model of the instrument is formulated. The structural accuracy of the model is qualitatively verified by comparing calculated modal shapes with those of a reconstructed instrument, visualized with the aid of Chladni patterns and electronic speckle pattern interferometry. Furthermore, simulating the interaction between the vibrating surfaces of the instrument and the surrounding air shows that the posited asymmetric design can radiate sound more efficiently than a design involving a symmetric top plate. However, the asymmetry introduced by the gradually thickening top plate is weaker than that usually enforced by the presence of a soundpost and a bass bar. Therefore, low frequency structural modes of the instrument are less easily excited by a force acting parallel to the top plate.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
{"token": "Compliance Monitor for Early Warning Risk Determination. The paper reports on a reference monitor for early warning risk determination for privacy violations in the context of business compliance and demonstrates its applicability in the particular case of anonymity. To this end, the monitor detects system executions that potentially lead to incompliant states before the actual violation by determining the risk they pose to compliance goals and warning officers responsible for compliance about risky executions. In doing so, the presented monitor is a novel technique to automate some of the tasks involved in guaranteeing compliance.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Reintroduction of Kok-saghyz (Taraxacum Kok-saghyz L. Rodin). For the first time in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the reintroduction of the kok-saghyz dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz L. Rodin) has been carried out, a rare species included in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. Kok-saghyz is a valuable resource plant of world importance. It is used as an industrial crop, a source of high-quality rubber. During the works held in 2017-2018 the method of returning kok-saghyz to the limits of its natural growth zone, located on the intermountain valleys of the North-Eastern Tien Shan of Kazakhstan, has been tested. The survival rate of kok-saghyz seedlings decreased from 94% to 84% and then to 77% with an increase in the height of the seedlings above sea level (1795, 1842, 1900 meters, respectively). The tested method will be used in the practice of restoration, expansion and preservation of natural populations of Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Risk assessment of the environmental impact of Norwegian Atlantic salmon farming. Norwegian aquaculture has grown from its pioneering days in the 1970s to be a major industry. It is primarily based on culturing Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout and has the potential to influence the surrounding environment and wild populations. To evaluate these potential hazards, the Institute of Marine Research initiated a risk assessment of Norwegian salmon farming in 2011. This assessment has been repeated annually since. Here, we describe the background, methods and limitations of the risk assessment for the following hazards: genetic introgression of farmed salmon in wild populations, regulatory effects of salmon lice and viral diseases on wild salmonid populations, local and regional impact of nutrients and organic load. The main findings are as follows: (i) 21 of the 34 wild salmon populations investigated indicated moderate-to-high risk for genetic introgression from farmed escaped salmon. (ii) of 109 stations investigated along the Norwegian coast for salmon lice infection, 27 indicated moderate-to-high likelihood of mortality for salmon smolts while 67 stations indicated moderate-to-high mortality of wild sea trout. (iii) Viral disease outbreaks (pancreas disease, infectious pancreatic necrosis, heart and skeletal muscle inflammation, and cardiomyopathy syndrome) in Norwegian salmon farming suggest extensive release of viruses in many areas. However, screening of wild salmonids revealed low to very low prevalence of the causal viruses. (iv) From similar to 500 yearly investigations of local organic loading under fish farms, only 2% of them displayed unacceptable conditions in 2013. The risk of eutrophication and organic load beyond the production area of the farm is considered low. Despite several limitations, especially limited monitoring data, this work represents one of the world's first risk assessment of aquaculture. This has provided the Norwegian government with the basis upon which to take decisions for further development of the Norwegian aquaculture industry.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Beyond deterrent enforcement styles: Behavioural intuitions of Chinese environmental law enforcement agents in a context of challenging inspections. This article extends the study of regulatory enforcement on three levels. First, it separates enforcement style elements during inspections and sanction decision-making work, creating a more realistic measurement. Second, it focuses on how these elements function in a context where it is hard in practice to achieve deterrence. Third, it assesses how agents view the effectiveness of combinations of style elements in such a context. To do so, it uses survey and interview data with street-level environmental officials in Guangzhou, China. It finds that the agents studied practise enforcement that goes beyond deterrence and uses education and persuasion more effectively. It finds that the behavioural assumptions of these agents are to a large extent in line with the available regulatory literature, although agents are very unlikely to have consulted such studies. Therefore, the article concludes that law enforcement agents can develop nuanced and appropriate behavioural intuitions through their everyday work experiences.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Age of acquisition and imageability: a cross-task comparison. Previous research has reported an imageability effect on visual word recognition. Words that are high in imageability are recognised more rapidly than are those lower in imageability. However, later researchers argued that imageability was confounded with age of acquisition. In the current research, these two factors were manipulated in a factorial design to assess their effect in a lexical decision task and a progressive demasking task. Across both tasks, there was a clear and robust effect of age of acquisition. In contrast, the imageability effect was only evident in the progressive demasking task. Both effects are explained within the connectionist framework in terms of network plasticity and semantic feedback activation.", "label": [5, 53, 55]}
{"token": "Blended B-spline construction on unstructured quadrilateral and hexahedral meshes with optimal convergence rates in isogeometric analysis. We present a novel blended B-spline method to construct bicubic/tricubic splines over unstructured quadrilateral and hexahedral meshes for isogeometric analysis. C(1)and (truncated) C-2 B-spline functions are used in regular elements, whereas C-0 and (truncated) C-1 B-spline functions are adopted in boundary elements and interior irregular elements around extraordinary edges/vertices. The truncation mechanism is employed for a seamless transition from irregular to regular elements. The resulting smoothness of the blended construction is C-2-continuous everywhere except C-0-continuous around extraordinary edges and C-1-continuous across the interface between irregular and regular elements. The blended B-spline construction yields consistent parameterization during refinement and exhibits optimal convergence rates. Spline functions in the blended construction form a non-negative partition of unity, are linearly independent, and support Bezier extraction such that the construction can be used in existing finite element frameworks. Several examples provide numerical evidence of optimal convergence rates. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Fans of Violent Music: The Role of Passion in Positive and Negative Emotional Experience. Extreme metal and rap music with violent themes are sometimes blamed for eliciting antisocial behaviours, but growing evidence suggests that music with violent themes can have positive emotional, cognitive, and social consequences for fans. We addressed this apparent paradox by comparing how fans of violent and non-violent music respond emotionally to music. We also characterised the psychosocial functions of music for fans of violent and non-violent music, and their passion for music. Fans of violent extreme metal (n=46), violent rap (n=49), and non-violent classical music (n=50) responded to questionnaires evaluating the cognitive (self-reflection, self-regulation) and social (social bonding) functions of their preferred music and the nature of their passion for it. They then listened to four one-minute excerpts of music and rated ten emotional descriptors for each excerpt. The top five emotions reported by the three groups of fans were positive, with empowerment and joy the emotions rated highest. However, compared with classical music fans, fans of violent music assigned significantly lower ratings to positive emotions and higher ratings to negative emotions. Fans of violent music also utilised their preferred music for positive psychosocial functions to a similar or sometimes greater extent than classical fans. Harmonious passion for music predicted positive emotional outcomes for all three groups of fans, whereas obsessive passion predicted negative emotional outcomes. Those high in harmonious passion also tended to use music for cognitive and social functions. We propose that fans of violent music use their preferred music to induce an equal balance of positive and negative emotions.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 55]}
{"token": "Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression Among Colorectal Cancer Survivors From the Population-Based, Longitudinal PROFILES Registry: Prevalence, Predictors, and Impact on Quality of Life. BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to prospectively assess symptoms of anxiety and depression among survivors of colorectal cancer (CRC), to compare these survivors with a normative population, and to identify subgroups at risk for experiencing symptoms of anxiety and/or depression across a 4-year time period. Also, the impact on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was studied. METHODS: The population-based Eindhoven Cancer Registry was used to select patients diagnosed with CRC between 2000 and 2009. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (HRQOL) were completed by patients in 2010 (n = 2625 [73% response rate]), 2011, 2012, and 2013 and by an age-and sex-matched normative sample (n = 315) in 2011. RESULTS: Patients reported a significantly higher prevalence of depression (19.0% vs 12.8%) and anxiety (20.9% vs 11.8%) in comparison with the norm. Anxiety was stable, whereas depression scores changed over time, although this was not clinically relevant. A longer time since diagnosis was associated with fewer depressive symptoms over time, whereas older age and being male were associated with less anxiety and more depression. Being married was associated with less anxiety and depression, and a low education level and comorbid conditions were associated with more anxiety and depression. Higher levels of symptoms of depression and anxiety were associated with a lower global quality of life and lower physical, role, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning over time. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the increased prevalence of depression and anxiety among patients with CRC and their negative effect on HRQOL, screening and referral are of the utmost importance, especially among those who are single, have a low educational level, and have comorbid conditions, even years after diagnosis and treatment. (C) 2018 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Theory and practice of royal incomes administration and collection in Navarre (18th century). This paper talks about the restricted effects that the Borbonic reforms had in 18th century Spain through the knowledge of their application in a financial privileged region such as the kingdom of Navarre. We try to find out more about this experience with reform programs that they only brought administrative changes in the royal incomes government, proving that the financial reform is not effective unless the taxes bases were previously modified.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 31]}
{"token": "A microfluidic optical beam steerer. This paper reports the fabrication and characterization of a prototype microfluidic device that can act as a periodic beam steerer. The prototype is formed by a simple T-junction followed by a serpentine channel that allows generation of a periodical segmented flow of air and water bubbles. If light hits the channel wall with a suitable angle, it can be either transmitted or reflected by the segmented flow, giving rise to an alternating beam steerer. The duty cycle, switching frequency, and overall stability and reproducibility of this prototype system are presented and discussed.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Cessation of intravaginal practices to prevent bacterial vaginosis: a pilot intervention in Zimbabwean women. Results Self-reported intravaginal practices declined significantly over follow-up, with 100% of women reporting at least one intravaginal practice at enrolment compared with 8% at the final visit. However, we found no significant effect of this reduction on bacterial vaginosis prevalence in unadjusted or adjusted multivariable models (adjusted prevalence ratio for any practice vs none: 0.94, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.43).Objectives Intravaginal practices-including behaviours such as washing with soap or other materials, using fingers or cloth, or insertion of herbs, powders or other products to dry, cleanse or 'tighten' the vagina-may increase women's risk of bacterial vaginosis by disrupting the vaginal microbiota. In Zimbabwe, intravaginal practices are common. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of an intervention based on the transtheoretical model of behaviour change (also called the 'stages of change' model) to encourage cessation of vaginal practices among a sample of Zimbabwean women.Conclusions While the intervention was successful in reducing women's self-reported engagement in intravaginal practices, we observed no corresponding benefit to vaginal health.Methods We conducted a 12-week behaviour change intervention to encourage cessation of intravaginal practices (other than cleansing with water) among 85 Zimbabwean women who reported these practices.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "From manipulation to integration: the strategic transformation of grassroots control in China. How to control local officials is a basic concern among the state governance issues. This problem contains two reciprocally restricted dimensions: how to keep the officials loyal to central authority and accountable to citizens. Election recognized as a powerful method to control local officials has been deployed by many authoritarian governments. Especially, the party-state of China has implemented grassroots election for decades, which attracts a great deal of academic attention. Our field work and research find that compared with the election manipulation in the early stage, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has been pushing forward the institutionalization of grassroots election. Meanwhile, several measures have been employed by the CCP to integrate the power-exercising of grassroots self-governance into the party-state system. This paper aims to demonstrate how the tension between loyalty and accountability structures the strategic transformation of grassroots control in China.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Faunal relationships with seagrass habitat structure: a case study using shrimp from the Indo-Pacific. Caridean shrimp were used as a model group to investigate the effects of seagrass floral habitat complexity on Indo-Pacific fauna. Relationships between shrimp and seagrass habitat characteristics were explored using both multivariate and multiple linear regression modelling approaches. Epifaunal shrimp assemblages were sampled in the Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia. Seagrass habitat complexity had a significant positive impact on shrimp abundance (F-3,F-59 = 17.51, P < 0.001) and species richness ( F-3,F-59 = 10.88, P < 0.001), while significantly altering shrimp assemblage structure (ANOSIM global R=0.397, P < 0.001). In contrast to studies from other bioregions and faunal groups, species diversity and evenness were inversely related to habitat complexity. Changes in shrimp abundance, diversity and assemblage structure with habitat complexity are considered to reflect changes in individual species habitat specialisation. High complexity habitats were dominated by habitat specialists, whereas low complexity seagrass had higher numbers of habitat generalists. Generalist species may be more adapted to the reduced food availability and increased predatory pressures associated with reduced habitat complexity. Although similar patterns were observed at all sites, inter-site differences in shrimp abundance were observed. This indicates that although the present study demonstrates the importance of small-scale changes in seagrass habitat complexity to faunal assemblages, other factors related to larger spatial-scales are also important.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
{"token": "A novel membraneless beta-glucan/O-2 enzymatic fuel cell based on beta-glucosidase (RmBgl3B)/pyranose dehydrogenase (AmPDH) co-immobilized onto buckypaper electrode. A novel membraneless beta-glucan/O-2 enzymatic fuel cell was developed by combining a bioanode based on buckypaper modified with co-immobilized Agaricus meleagris pyranose dehydrogenase (AmPDH) and Rhodothermus marinus beta-glucosidase (RmBgl3B) (RmBgl3B-AmPDH/buckypaper) with a biocathode based on solid graphite modified with Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (MvBOx/graphite). AmPDH was connected electrochemically with the buckypaper using an osmium redox polymer in a mediated reaction, whereas MvBOx was connected with graphite in a direct electron transfer reaction.The fuel for the bioanode was produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of beta-glucan by the exoglucanase RmBgl3B into D-glucose, which in turn was enzymatically oxidised by AmPDH to generate a current response. This design allows to obtain an efficient enzymatic fuel cell, where the chemical energy converted into electrical energy is higher than the chemical energy stored in complex carbohydrate based fuel.The maximum power density of the assembled beta-glucan/O-2 biofuel cell reached 26.3 +/- 4.6 mu Wcm 2 at 0.36 V in phosphate buffer containing 0.5 % (w/v) beta-glucan at 40 degrees C with excellent stability retaining 68.6 % of its initial performance after 5 days. The result confirms that beta-glucan can be employed as fuel in an enzymatic biofuel cell.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "In pursuit of a science of agriculture: the role of statistics in field experiments. Since the beginning of the twentieth century statistics has reshaped the experimental cultures of agricultural research taking part in the subtle dialectic between the epistemic and the material that is proper to experimental systems. This transformation has become especially relevant in field trials and the paper will examine the British agricultural institution, Rothamsted Experimental Station, where statistical methods nowadays popular in the planning and analysis of field experiments were developed in the 1920s. At Rothamsted statistics promoted randomisation over systematic arrangements, factorisation over one-question trials, and emphasised the importance of the experimental error in assessing field trials. These changes in methodology transformed also the material culture of agricultural science, and a new body, the Field Plots Committee, was created to manage the field research of the agricultural institution. Although successful, the vision of field experimentation proposed by the Rothamsted statisticians was not unproblematic. Experimental scientists closely linked to the farming community questioned it in favour of a field research that could be more easily understood by farmers. The clash between the two agendas reveals how the role attributed to statistics in field experimentation defined different pursuits of agricultural research, alternately conceived of as a scientists' science or as a farmers' science.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Diet diversity, diet composition, and risk of colon cancer (United States). In this study, we evaluate diet diversity, diet: composition, and risk of colon cancer in aa incident population-based study of 1,993 cases and 2,410 controls in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California, eight counties in Utah, and the Twin Cities area of Minnesota (United States). Ninety-one and one-half percent of the population were non-Hispanic White, Dietary intake was obtained using an adaptation of the CARDIA diet-history questionnaire. Die; diversity was defined as the number of unique food it-ems reported; diversity-also was explored within six major food groups, Composition of the diet was described ty estimating the proportion of total number of food items contributed by major food groups, Younger individuals, higher educated individuals, and those who lived in larger households reported eating the most diverse diet. Total diet: diversity was not associated with colon cancer. However, eating a diet with greater diversity of meats, poultry, fish, and eggs, was associated with a 50 percent increase in risk among all men (95 percent confidence interval [I] = 1.1-2.0; P trend = 0.01), with slightly stronger associations for younger men and men with distal tumors. A diet with a greater number of refined grain products also was associated with increased risk among men (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, CI = 1.3-2.3). Women who ate a diet with a more diverse pattern of vegetables were at approximately a 20 percent lower risk than women who had the least: diverse diet in vegetables, Assessment of diet composition showed that men who consumed a large proportion of their food items from meat, fish, poultry, and eggs were a; an increased risk, with the most marked association being for distal tumors (OR = 1.7, CI = 1.2-2.5). Women who consumed the largest percentage (pi their food items in the form of plant foods (fruits, vegetables, or whole grains) were at a reduced risk of developing colon cancer (OR = 0.7, CI = 0.5-1.0).", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "The caudal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) acts as an interneuronal relay site in craniofacial nociceptive reflex activity. We have recently documented that bilateral increases in electromyographic (EMG) activity of digastric (DIG) and masseter (MASS) muscles can be evoked by injection into the rat's temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region of the small-fiber excitant and inflammatory irritant mustard oil and that this increased jaw muscle activity can be significantly reduced by extensive lesions of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc). This study was carried out in 34 anaesthetized rats to test whether neurones in the caudal Vc are indeed of critical importance in these craniofacial nociceptive reflexes. The effects of micro-injection of the cellular neurotoxic chemical ibotenic acid in histologically confirmed sites of the caudal brainstem on the mustard oil-evoked EMG activity of ipsilateral and contralateral DIG and MASS were tested. Ibotenic acid micro-injection in the left caudal Vc significantly reduced the increased EMG activity of all four muscles evoked by mustard oil injection into the left TMJ region whereas mustard oil injection into the right TMJ region in these same rats still readily evoked an increase in EMG activity. In other groups of rats, ibotenic acid micro-injection into the rostral Vc, the C2 segment or the reticular formation at the obex level did not produce any significant reduction in the reflexly evoked EMG activity. These findings suggest that neurones in the caudal Vc may be critical elements in neural pathways underlying the reflex responses evoked in jaw muscles by noxious stimulation of the TMJ region. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Predictors of Lower Depression Levels in Older Adults During COVID-19 Lockdown. Background Social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to adverse mental health consequences, such as depression, among older adults. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of lower depression scores in older adults living under lockdown. Methods 1,123 older Brazilian adults were cross-sectionally assessed for depression, physical activity (PA), pet ownership (dogs, cats, and birds), ability to make video calls, leaving home during lockdown, and not living alone. The statistical procedures included linear regression and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results After adjusting for age, sex, and race, moderate to vigorous PA (beta = -0.014, p < .001), it was found that PA (beta = -0.905, p < .001) and dog ownership (beta = -0.545, p = .004) were associated with lower depression. No association was observed between depression and other conditions. Conclusions With the likelihood of subsequent COVID-19 waves, remotely delivered PA programs might be a strategy to counteract the negative psychological effects of lockdown on older adults.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Leveraging Web Services and FPGA Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration in a Virtual Hardware Design Lab. The recent rise and development of a variety of virtual and distance learning platforms in the field of engineering has brought on common downsides for most of these solutions. Among them, the difficulty in offering access to physical equipment in fields where a practical, hands- on approach is mandatory and also a low effectiveness in resource sharing, due to the fact that traditionally, one hardware equipment can be used by only one student at a given moment. This paper describes the design and implementation of a digital hardware design remote virtual laboratory that provides solutions to these issues. Reconfigurable hardware development platforms are made available online using Web services, thus providing easy access for student practice by the means of an intuitive Web interface that offers the user the possibility to remotely configure and communicate with its designated hardware resource. Another particular feature of this implementation is that the same development board can be shared simultaneously by several users by using dynamic partial reconfiguration, thus achieving an improved resource sharing effectiveness. The developed laboratory works are oriented on digital hardware design but also on using the digital hardware for running the mathematical models of renewable energy sources. In order to evaluate the system, an analysis is being presented showing the technical and learning benefits brought by using this virtual platform.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 15]}
{"token": "Tolerance of direct-seeded leafy greens to herbicides applied before or after crop emergence. Field experiments were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to determine the tolerance of direct-seeded Brassica rapa L. 'Alamo', Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & J. M. Coulter var. crispifolia L. H. Bailey 'Southern Curled Giant', Brassica oleracea var. acephala 'Blue Knight', and Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC 'Top Bunch' to selected residual herbicides applied before or after crop emergence. Ten herbicides were applied at a single dose prior to crop emergence, and eight of the same herbicides were applied post-emergence relative to the crops. To allow assessment of tolerance and prevent yield loss from weed interference, the test area was kept free of weeds by cultivation and hand-weeding. Of the herbicides applied prior to crop emergence, pendimethalin at 560 ga.i./ha, thiobencarb at 1120 ga.i./ha, quinclorac at 140 ga.i./ha, and prodiamine at 515 ga.i./ha caused less than 10% injury to all crops and did not reduce density, height, or fresh weight of any of the four crops. The crops were generally more tolerant to the herbicides when applied after crop emergence than before emergence. None of the crops were injured more than 10% by S-metolachlor at 500 ga.i./ha, pendimethalin at 560 g/ha, thiobencarb at 1120 g/ha, dimethenamid at 448 g a.i./ha, and prodiamine at 515 g/ha when applied after crop emergence. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Diffusing values or adjusting practices? A review of research on French public utilities. Design/methodology/approach - The article is based on data drawn from labour studies commissioned by French public utilities to evaluate the effects of reforms. Qualitative research using direct observation or semi-structured interviews testing the assumption that the real locus of change in behaviour, values and identity stem from changes in work practices not principles.Originality/value - It offers a challenging critique of the use of surveys and top down approaches in the study of the impact of new public management on public officials and suggests a bottom up approach throws more light on how and why changes in behaviour, values and identity occur.Findings - There is evidence of a progressive diffusion of new public management values but this varies between different groups and their changes in behaviour are triggered more by the adjustment of workers' practices to new management rules and technical innovations than the imposition of new principles or cultural values. The responses of agents are also often inconsistent. This suggests that the generalised findings of research based on surveys and questionnaires may not capture the reality of change, which is more complex, varied, inconsistent and contingent.Purpose - This article reviews a set of studies depicting how public officials ( agents) in French public utilities have reacted, in practical terms, to customer-focused reforms.", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
{"token": "Stylet penetration activities by Aphis craccivora (Homoptera : Aphididae) on plants and excised plant parts of resistant and susceptible cultivars of cowpea (Leguminosae). Direct current electrical penetration graphs (DC-EPGs) were used to analyze the styler penetration activities of cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, on plants of aphid-resistant (ICV-12) and aphid-susceptible (ICV-1) cultivars of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers. Aphid stylet penetration on whole plants at seedling, flowering, and podding stages were studied in one experiment, and in another experiment excised leaves from seedling plants, excised flowers, and. excised polls were tested. Electrical signals depicting the aphid stylet penetration activities on their host plants were amplified, recorded onto a paper chart recorded, and scored for specific waveform patterns. Compared with similar tissues of ICV-1, intact leaves and excised seedling foliage of ICV-12 plants caused severe disruption of aphid styler penetration activities. This was manifested in frequent penetration attempts that were abruptly terminated or unsustained, and in shorter' penetration times, signifying antixenosis resistance in ICV-12. There was reduced occurrence of E waveforms, which represent stylet activity in plant vascular tissues. Also, prior. exposure of lest aphids to plants of one cultivar did not significantly influence the expected stylet penetration activities on plants of the other cultivar. Overall, ICV-12 exhibited high levels of resistance against A. craccivora.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Ethylene and polyamines form a negative feedback loop to regulate peach fruit ripening via the transcription factor PpeERF113 by regulating the expression of PpePAO1. Ethylene and polyamines (PAs) have antagonistic roles during fruit ripening. PAs affect both ethylene biosynthetic and signal transduction pathways, but the regulatory effects of ethylene on PA metabolism during fruit ripening have remained largely unknown. Here, we found that ethylene enhanced PA catabolism by regulating expression of a peach PA oxidase gene, PpePAO1. Knocking out PpePAO1 delayed peach fruit ripening, whereas PpePAO1 overexpression promoted tomato fruit ripening. Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that an ethylene response factor (ERF), PpeERF113, activated PpePAO1 by direct binding to the promoter. PA levels were significantly increased and ripening was delayed in PpeERF113 knockdown peach fruit. Correspondingly, PA levels were significantly decreased when PpeERF113 was overexpressed in peach. PpeERF113 was also found to be upregulated in PpePAO1 knockdowns, indicating that PA catabolism has a regulatory function in ethylene signal transduction. Together, our results suggest that ethylene accelerates peach fruit ripening in part by promoting PA catabolism through PpeERF113-mediated regulation of PpePAO1 expression. To our knowledge, this is the first report related to the regulatory mechanism of ethylene in PA catabolism during fruit ripening. This study contributes new understanding of the crosstalk between ethylene and PAs during fruit ripening.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 8]}
{"token": "Non-numeric method for pairwise fuzzy group-decision analysis. In this article, we propose a non-numeric method for pairwise group-decision analysis based on fuzzy preference relations. The proposed method expresses and processes the preference relations non-numerically. The computation processes are relatively simple and fast. We apply our method for selecting the most prospective new agro-industries to be implemented by a multi-corporate company. Moreover, in the application we develop a procedure consisting of 4 stages: (1) a brain-storming process for alternatives and criteria identifications, (2) a pre-selection of the prospective alternatives using a modification of fuzzy Delphi method, (3) a pre-selection of the significant criteria using a non-numeric independent evaluation method, and (4) a final alternatives selection based on all significant criteria by using the non-numeric pairwise fuzzy group-decision analysis. The final results are compared with results obtained by a semi-numeric method. The proposed method is suitable for group-decision making cases in which a full consensus is the most important role in selecting the alternatives.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Mechanical properties of fiber and nano-Al2O3 reinforced magnesium phosphate cement composite. In this paper, the mechanical properties of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) was enhanced by adding fiber and nano-Al2O3. The effects of fiber and nano-Al2O3 on the workability, compressive strength and flexural toughness of MPC were studied. The variables of the experimental investigation included the types of fiber, fiber volume fraction, nano-Al2O3 substitution rate and curing time. The experimental results showed that the workability and the mechanical properties of the MPC could be improved by adding nano-Al2O3. The workability decreased gradually with increasing fiber content, while the compressive and tensile strength gradually increased. Among different types of fiber, the micro-steel fiber (MSF) had the most significant effect on the improvement of flexural toughness. Based on the analysis of experimental data, empirical formulae for predicting the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of fiber and nano-Al2O3 reinforced MPC composite (FNRMC) were proposed. In addition, the modification mechanisms of nano-Al2O3 on the MPC were revealed by XRD and SEM for microscopic phase tests. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Presidential Address: 'A Thousand Petty Fortresses': Administrative Burden in US Immigration Policies and Its Consequences. Contradictory elements in U.S. immigration policy, reflecting a long-time struggle between inclusionary and exclusionary views, have resulted in federal legislation filled with compromises and tradeoffs that, at state and sub-state levels, play out in unclear interpretations and uneven, highly discretionary administration and enforcement of immigration law and policy. This research describes a tool of discretionary administrationadministrative burdenthat is increasingly used in enforcing immigration law and policies at state and sub-state levels and presents a theoretical frame for more fully investigating and addressing its consequences. The application and implications of administrative burden are explored empirically and qualitatively in a case study analysis of an enforcement-oriented policy change in Texas that denied access to birth certificates for some citizen-children born to Mexican immigrants. To better understand the potential consequences of this and related policies, interviews with immigrant parents and longitudinal data from a survey of children of immigrants are analyzed to assess both short-term and later outcomes of children who are denied economic assistance and other benefits under policies that impose barriers to their integration into society. The study findings point to serious, adverse consequences for citizen children of state and sub-state immigration policies that create administrative burden and perpetuate racial discrimination, while simultaneously diminishing the transparency, fairness, and effectiveness of public administration.", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
{"token": "Vertebrate-rich Plattenkalk of Pietraroia (Lower Cretaceous, Southern Apennines, Italy): A new model. The Lower Cretaceous Pietraroia Plattenkalk is a fossiliferous, fine-grained cherty limestone from the Matese Mountains - Southern Apennines, Italy. The deposits are well known for the exceptional state of vertebrate fossil preservation. First considered as shallow lagoonal deposits or as intra-platform basin-fill, the Pietraroia Plattenkalk sequences are here interpreted as abandon deposits of a submarine channel (Pietraroia Channel) documenting a major transgressive event. Transgression was associated with the development of suboxic to anoxic conditions at the seafloor which favoured the preservation of fossils, as well as the deposition of coprolith-rich and bituminous layers. A peculiar paleogeographic and paleotopographic setting, which was strongly controlled by local tectonic, experienced the contiguity of wide emerged areas with a relatively deep-water channelised area where fossiliferous Plattenkalk sequences were deposited.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Mathematical modeling for the measurement of the competitiveness index of Brazil south urban sectors for installation of photovoltaic systems. In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy has become the most growing form of renewable electricity generation in the world. Due to its vast tropical territorial area, Brazil is one of the countries with the most significant potential for PV implementation. However, by the end of 2018, the distributed generation of Brazil by PV source had only 2.4 W/inhabitant, while many countries have more than 100 W/inhabitant. In order to identify opportunities for advancing PV participation in the country, this paper proposes mathematical modeling based on 18 performance indicators capable of measuring the level of competitiveness of municipalities for the PV installation. The methodology proposes the use of the multicriteria Analytic Hierarchy Process technique. Through consultation in 100% of the 497 municipalities in the state of Brazil with higher penetration of PV per capita, it was possible to generate a ranking with the level of competitiveness for PV installations. With this, one can identify the 20 most competitive urban sectors for investment in photovoltaic installations connected to the grid. The results explain the unequal diffusion patterns in southern Brazil and propose actions to disseminate distributed generation.", "label": [1, 5, 49, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Microbiological investigation and clinical significance of Corynebacterium spp. in respiratory specimens. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the pathogenic role of Corynebacterium species in lower respiratory tract infections as well as their routine laboratory investigation. From April 2007 to August 2009, 27 clinical isolates were significantly recovered from respiratory specimens of 27 different patients clinically suspected of having lower respiratory tract infections. The average age of patients was 65 years, while 22 (81%) patients presented at least 1 predisposing condition. Of the 27 patients, 15 (56%) were classified as infected according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Healthcare Safety Network criteria, with 93% of infections being hospital acquired. All isolates were accurately identified to the species level using molecular methods (i.e., 17 Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, 7 Corynebacterium striatum, and 3 Cotynebacterium accolens), whereas phenotypic methods remained frequently unreliable for identifying C. striatum and C. accolens strains. All tested isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin, imipenem, vancomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline, whereas most of them were resistant to erythromycin. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 25, 43]}
{"token": "DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN COOPERATIVE AND HIERARCHICAL WORKSITES. This study compares dispute resolution strategies of workers in hierarchical, conventional businesses with those of members of worker cooperatives - organizations in which all workers co-own and co-manage the business. Drawing on data from three industries (coal mining, taxicab driving, and food distribution), this study finds some support for predictions in the literature that assert that the cooperative's flattened structure and egalitarian ideology will affect workers' grievance resolution. Although the data do not indicate a single pattern in dispute resolution strategies (i.e., with all members of the cooperatives resolving their disputes one way and all non-cooperative employees using a different strategy), the data do demonstrate that, when comparing matched cooperative and conventional businesses within each industry, the worker cooperative members possess more dispute resolution strategies than their conventionally employed counterparts.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Testing morphology-based delimitation of Vulpicida juniperinus and V. tubulosus (Parmeliaceae) using three molecular markers. The delimitation of two morphologically similar and not easily separable Vulpicida species, V. juniperinus and V. tubulosus, is analyzed using nuclear ITS and Mcm7, and mitochondrial SSU DNA sequences. Seventy-nine Vulpicida specimens, most from the two focal taxa, are included in the three-locus gene tree. The results from Bayesian and parsimony analyses are presented. There are strong conflicts between the single locus gene trees. Vulpicida juniperinus and V. tubulosus are divided into two clearly distinguished groups in the ITS and concatenated B/MCMC tree. However, these species are mixed in both clades, appearing polyphyletic. Currently accepted V. juniperinus and V. tubulosus are not distinct according to the loci studied. Vulpicida pinastri appears monophyletic based on the available sequences.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "THE ATACAMA COSMOLOGY TELESCOPE: THE LABOCA/ACT SURVEY OF CLUSTERS AT ALL REDSHIFTS. We present a multi-wavelength analysis of 11 Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect (SZE)-selected galaxy clusters (10 with new data) from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) southern survey. We have obtained new imaging from the Large APEX Bolometer Camera (345 GHz; LABOCA) on the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) telescope, the Australia Telescope Compact Array (2.1 GHz; ATCA), and the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (250, 350, and 500 mu m; SPIRE) on the Herschel Space Observatory. (24)Spatially resolved 345 GHz SZE increments with integrated signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) > 5 are found in six clusters. We compute 2.1 GHz number counts as a function of cluster-centric radius and find significant enhancements in the counts of bright sources at projected radii theta < theta(2500c). By extrapolating in frequency, we predict that the combined signals from 2.1 GHz-selected radio sources and 345 GHz-selected submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) contaminate the 148 GHz SZE decrement signal by similar to 5% and the 345 GHz SZE increment by similar to 18%. After removing radio source and SMG emission from the SZE signals, we use ACT, LABOCA, and (in some cases) new Herschel SPIRE imaging to place constraints on the clusters' peculiar velocities. The sample's average peculiar velocity relative to the cosmic microwave background is < v(p)> = 153 +/- 383 km s(-1).", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Identification of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Despite the serious public health impact of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), the efficacy of antivirals targeting the causative agent, CCHF virus (CCHFV), remains debatable. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting the CCHFV glycoprotein Gc have been reported to protect mice against challenge with the prototype CCHFV strain, IbAr10200. However, due to extensive sequence diversity of CCHFV glycoproteins, it is unknown whether these MAbs neutralize other CCHFV strains. We initially used a CCHF virus-like particle (VLP) system to generate 11 VLP moieties, each possessing a glycoprotein from a genetically diverse CCHFV strain isolated in either Africa, Asia, the Middle East, or southeastern Europe. We used these VLPs in biosafety level 2 conditions to efficiently screen MAb cross-neutralization potency. Of the 16 MAbs tested, 3 (8A1, 11E7, and 30F7) demonstrated cross-neutralization activity with most CCHF VLPs, with 8A1 neutralizing all VLPs tested. Although binding studies suggest that none of the MAbs compete for the same epitope, combining 11E7, 30F7, or both 11E7 and 30F7 with 8A1 had no additive effect on increasing neutralization in this system. To confirm our findings from the VLP system, the 3 MAbs capable of strain cross-neutralization were confirmed to effectively neutralize 5 diverse CCHFV strains in vitro. Passaging CCHFV strains in the presence of sub-neutralizing concentrations of MAbs did not generate escape mutants resistant to subsequent neutralization. This study demonstrates the utility of the VLP system for screening neutralizing MAbs against multiple CCHFV strains, and provides the first evidence that a single MAb can effectively neutralize a number of diverse CCHFV strains in vitro, which may lead to development of future CCHF therapeutics. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [2, 22, 21]}
{"token": "Bilateral oedema of the basal ganglia in an echovirus type 21 infection: complete clinical and radiological normalization. A 4-year-old girl with bilateral striatal oedema in association with an echovirus type 21 infection is reported. In the course of a prolonged upper respiratory-tract infection, the patient developed muscular hypotonia, resting tremor, ataxia, sleepiness, hyperaesthesia, and indistinct speech. T-2-weighted cranial MRI revealed bilateral oedema of the basal ganglia and the cerebellar peduncles. At follow-up after 3 months MRI changes and clinical symptoms had fully resolved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "The Possibility of a Neuroteological Approach in terms of Modern Consciousness Theories: Advantages and Disadvantages. According to neuroscience, all human experiences, including spiritual ones, are considered as a product of the brain, and the brain's biochemical processes. Viewing religious experience, which we can regard as a kind of human experience, in the light of neuroscientific data, forms the basis of neurotheological approaches. The subject matter of this article is to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of the neurotheological approaches that attempt to place religious experience at the center of neuroscientific data. In order to determine the advantages and disadvantages of neurotheological approaches, first of all, what the brain. It will be evaluated in the context of its relationship with the concepts of consciousness and mind. In order to determine the advantages and disadvantages of neurotheological approaches, first, the nature of the brain will be evaluated in the context of its relationship with the concepts of consciousness and mind. Second, we will go on to discuss the similarities and differences between our daily experiences and our religious and mystical experiences. In sum, the overall aim of the present paper is to show the advantages and disadvantages of the neurotheological approach to religious experience by investigating the nature of the relationship between the kinds of religious experiences and the concepts such as brain, mind, and consciousness.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Contribution to the knowledge of the oribatid mite genus Gittella (Acari, Oribatida, Oppiidae), with description of a new species from Peru. A new species of the genus Gittella (Oribatida, Oppiidae) - G. kontschani n. sp. - is described, based on materials collected from upper soil and leaf litter in the primary evergreen lowland rainforest of Amazonian Peru. Generic diagnosis, an identification key, distribution, and habitats of all known species of Gittella are presented.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Long-term changes in alpine pedogenetic processes: Effect of millennial agro-pastoralism activities (French-Italian Alps). During the first part of the Holocene, a decrease in the carbonate fraction in the sediment reflects the loss of carbonate material from soils that occurred as early as postglacial vegetation became established. The migration of Fe-complexes until 6000 cal. yrs BP indicates the development of Podzols in the catchment. The first signs of human land use are detected at 4300 cal. yrs BP according to analyses of sedDNA and NPPs. Increases in the input of terrestrial organic matter, associated with forest clearance suggests degradation of the surface horizons of the Podzols. Erosion increased during the Roman Period due to sheep grazing. Then, while erosion was still increasing, Podzols developed into Stagnosols after the Middle Ages with cow grazing which is consistent with the current functioning of the soils. The history of the paleosols and archaeological stratigraphy within the study area confirm the model of soil evolution inferred from the lake sediments and allow us to characterize the human-induced \\\\'metapedogenetic phase\\\\' of the evolution of the soil cycle. Anthropo-pedogenesis may define the development of soils during the Anthropocene. The main consequence of this change in the functioning of the soils is a reduced sequestration of soil carbon.Human activities are known to modify soil properties; however, the associated modifications to soil processes are poorly documented, as they must be studied over long time scales. Lake Verney, which is on the Italian side of the Petit Saint-Bernard Pass in the French-Italian Alps (2188 m a.s.l.) provides a sediment record of the last 11,000 cal. yrs BP. Analysis of multiple proxies within this sediment sequence, including sedimentological characteristics, mineral geochemistry (as determined using XRF and extractable Fe fractions), pollen and non pollen palynomorphs (NPPs) and sediment DNA (sedDNA) analysis, is compared with analyses of current soils and paleosols within this mountain ecosystem in order to understand the main drivers of long-term pedogenesis. We performed principle component analysis on both the sediment proxies and the soil geochemical properties to identify different sediment endmembers that reflect different types of soil horizons, mainly stagnic and spodic. These horizons are characteristic of specific soil processes and their associated land uses.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Composite modelling for large-scale experiments on wave-dune interaction. The research describes the design aspects related to the large-scale physical model experiments conducted within the EU-Hydralab III Integrated Infrastructure Initiative, at the Canal d'Investigacio i Esperimentacio Maritima, Laboratori d'Enginyeria Maritima at Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona. The aim of the experimental investigation is to enlarge the knowledge on dune erosion, overwash and breaching processes during storm surges. An innovative 'composite' numerical model has been adopted to reach a model test setup valid to observe dune erosion, overwash and breaching. The use of the proposed approach provides a better insight into the physical problems thereby, reducing the uncertainties in selecting the optimum wave characteristics to be reproduced in the flume for a given beach-dune geometry.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
{"token": "The Settlement and (Unstable) Stabilisation of the North-Western Mediterranean Littoral Over the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Human occupation of the littoral has dramatically increased in the modern era, leading to major ecological and morphological changes of the coastal zone that are central to current debates on the Anthropocene. While the existing interpretations tend to represent these changes in terms of human impact and despoliation, we argue that exclusive insistence on this aspect risks obfuscating the inherent dynamism and persistent instability of coastal environments, while erasing the differences in how historical actors interacted with this dynamism. Focusing on the north-western Mediterranean, we investigate the interaction between stabilisation and instability - the shifting nature of the shores. Based on an extensive analysis of secondary sources in five languages (Italian, French, Catalan, Spanish and English), we propose a tripartite analytical framework: first, we analyse new understandings of the coast; second, coastal integration and networks; finally, the physical transformations of the coastal environment. Through this approach, the paper sheds light on the contested and ultimately elusive stabilisation which accompanied modern coastal settlement and invites the reader to think historically about the Anthropocene from the perspective of shifting shores.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Investigation on the Reaction Energy, Dynamic Mechanical Behaviors, and Impact-Induced Reaction Characteristics of PTFE/Al with Different TiH2 Percentages. As a novel energetic material with quite a high energy density, titanium hydride (TiH2) was introduced into a polytetrafluoroethylene/aluminum (PTFE/Al) reactive material system for the first time. The effects of TiH2 on the reaction energy, dynamic mechanical responses, and reaction properties of the composites were investigated through adiabatic bomb calorimeter, split-Hopkinson pressure bar, and drop-weight experiments. The results show that the reaction heat of the composites improved significantly as the content of TiH2 increased. Under dynamic compression, these composites show obvious strain hardening and strain rate hardening effects. Besides, a certain amount of TiH2 granules helps to improve the material's compressive strength, and the maximum would even reach 173.2 MPa with 5% TiH2 percentage, 10.1% higher than that of PTFE/Al. Mesoscale images of the samples after dynamic compression indicate that interface debonding between the particles and PTFE matrix and the fracture of the PTFE matrix are the two major mechanisms resulting in the material's failure. In addition, the drop-weight experiments indicate that the material's impact sensitivities are sensitive to the content of TiH2, which would be increased to within 20% of the content of TiH2 compared with PTFE/Al, and the reaction degree is also improved to within 10% of the content of TiH2. The retrieved reaction residues after drop-weight experiments imply that the reaction is initiated at the edges of the samples, indicating a shear-induced initiation mechanism of this kind of reactive material.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "How Does Bankruptcy Law Impact the Elderly's Business and Housing Decisions?. The elderly are the population most likely to file for bankruptcy, with filings increasing by 150 percent from 1991 to 2007. This is likely because they live with relatively flat incomes and high medical expenses, and their retirement and housing assets are typically exempt from bankruptcy filings. In addition, nine states adopted higher asset exemptions specifically for the elderly. Using the Health and Retirement Study and recent state-by-time variation in homestead exemptions, we are the first to test whether the benefits of partial wealth insurance or the cost of supply-side credit constraints are predominant for the elderly. Using pooled cross-sectional analysis, we find that an increase in a state's homestead exemption increases the elderly's home equity and business ownership; however, the credit constraint is dominant in unlimited-exemption states, which decreases home and business ownership. Panel analysis reveals that an increase in the homestead exemption positively affects home ownership rates and home equity.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 29]}
{"token": "Averroes and the Natural Justice. In his commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics, Averroes addressed the passage where Aristotle distinguishes between things that are just by nature and those that are under the law (V 7 1134b18-1135a5). His commentary is particularly short, but it poses some important difficulties, as his allusion to a naturale legale just, that, according to Leo Strauss, would be simply positive law that has general acceptation. This article seeks to characterize the just by nature and the just under positive law on Averroes commentary and show the extent of the variation in the criteria of positive justice.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Accurate computation of design derivatives for plates and shells under transient dynamic loads. Design sensitivities of Plates and shells under transient dynamic lends with constraints on displacements and stresses are likely to be highly erroneous if proper care is not taken in selecting appropriate finite element mesh and time step size to be used iii! the analysis. An accurate value of design derivative is assured if an optimal mesh coupled with a reasonably fine time step size is used The optimal mesh can be obtained iteratively and a number of examples are solved to demonstrate the importance of controlling discretization errors in space and time.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40, 41, 12]}
{"token": "ESR response to gamma-rays of alanine pellets containing B(OH)(3) or Gd2O3. ESR response to gamma-irradiation (1-50Gy) of blends containing alanine and either B(OH)(3) or Gd2O3 is reported. The sensitivity of the alanine-B(OH)(3) blend is comparable to the sensitivity of pure alanine, although its lowest detectable dose, LDD, is smaller (similar to 1.3 Gy) than that of pure alanine (similar to 2.9 Gy). Alanine with Gd2O3 is about two times more sensitive than pure alanine, and its LDD is 0.8 Gy. The better sensitivity and LDD are probably due to the high atomic number (Z = 64) of gadolinium, which enhances the interaction probability with photons and, consequently, the radical yield. This study suggests that other high-Z atoms may be useful for increasing the sensitivity of the response of alanine to gamma-radiation. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 36, 22, 15]}
{"token": "An open clinical trial of naltrexone for amphetamine dependence: Compliance and tolerability. The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of naltrexone as a potential pharmacotherapy for amphetamine dependence. The study design was an open-label clinical trial with 20 amphetamine-dependent patients receiving 12 weeks of treatment comprised of naltrexone ( 50 mg) along with relapse prevention therapy. Patients were assessed weekly for adverse events and compliance to medication. Tolerability to naltrexone was measured by patient's self-report and observed adverse effects along with plasma markers of hepatotoxicity. Compliance to treatment was measured by number of treatment days attended and by the presence of naltrexone's metabolite, 6-beta-naltrexol in urine. Majority of the patients tolerated the medication well, also during relapse. Mild headache, nausea and abdominal pain were reported ( n = 3) but subsided within 2 weeks. Plasma levels of hepatic markers did not reveal any significant increase from baseline. Eleven out of 20 patients complied with the treatment and there was a significantly higher proportion of positive tests of 6-beta-naltrexol in urine among patients completing 12 weeks of treatment compared to those who did not (77% vs. 22%). The frequency and amount of amphetamine consumed was significantly lower during treatment compared with pre-treatment consumption ( P< 0.01). In conclusion, naltrexone was well tolerated with moderate rates of compliance, supporting the feasibility of investigating this compound in a larger placebo-controlled trial as a potential pharmacotherapy for amphetamine dependence.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Splenic macrophage phagocytosis of intravenously infused mesenchymal stromal cells attenuates tumor localization. (c) 2021 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Society for Cell & Gene Therapy.Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess remarkable tumor tropism, making them ideal vehicles to deliver tumor-targeted therapeutic agents; however, their value in clinical medicine has yet to be realized. A barrier to clinical utilization is that only a small fraction of infused MSCs ultimately localize to the tumor. In an effort to overcome this obstacle, we sought to enhance MSC trafficking by focusing on the factors that govern MSC arrival within the tumor microenvironment. Our findings show that MSC chemoattraction is only present in select tumors, including osteosarcoma, and that the chemotactic potency among similar tumors varies substantially. Using an osteosarcoma xenograft model, we show that human MSCs traffic to the tumor within several hours of infusion. After arrival, MSCs are observed to localize in clusters near blood vessels and MSC associated bioluminescence signal intensity is increased, suggesting that the seeded cells expand after engraftment. However, our studies reveal that a significant portion of MSCs are eliminated en route by splenic macrophage phagocytosis, effectively limiting the number of cells available for tumor engraftment. To increase MSC survival, we transiently depleted macrophages with liposomal clodronate, which resulted in increased tumor localization without substantial reduction in tumor-associated macrophages. Our data suggest that transient macrophage depletion will significantly increase the number of MSCs in the spleen and thus improve MSC localization within a tumor, theoretically increasing the effective dose of an anti-cancer agent. This strategy may subsequently improve the clinical efficacy of MSCs as vehicles for the tumor directed delivery of therapeutic agents.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 22, 42]}
{"token": "An analysis of gas hydrate dissociation in the presence of thermodynamic inhibitors. The kinetic behavior of small cylindrical methane hydrate samples as they dissociate in the presence of thermodynamic inhibitors is investigated experimentally and theoretically. A one-dimensional time-domain representation of the thermal processes involved allows a simulation of the experimental procedure while testing several kinetic and heat transfer dissociation models at the decomposing hydrate surface. Preliminary calculations with constant convective (liquid side) heat transfer coefficients show that the inclusion of an intrinsic dissociation kinetic model from the literature leads to a substantial mismatch between data and predictions. This apparent difficulty suggests that the intrinsic dissociation formalism may not be applicable to situations when hydrates are not decomposed by depressurization. A simpler equilibrium assumption for the interface temperature yields significantly better results. When the convective heat transfer coefficient is expressed as a simple power of the dissociating front velocity, up to a multiplicative factor, the agreement between data and calculations can be further improved. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Development variant in the construction of the main theme of the Sonata for Piano Op.1, by Alban Berg. This paper aims at initiating an investigation on the process of developing variation employed by Alban Berg in the composition of his Piano Sonata Op. I. After a brief discussion on the concept of \\\\'developing variation\\\\', originally elaborated by Arnold Schoenberg (Berg's teacher), the present study analyzes the construction of the main theme of the Sonata, taking into account the several transformations of the primordial idea [Grundgestalt] that is presented in the three initial bars.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Creating galaxies on a PC. It is shown that galactic simulation does not require a supercomputer. the capacity of new PCs is enough to simulate an N-body system with the number formation from chaos to a disk with a spiral galactic structure. Naturally, simulations with millions of bodies realized on parallel supercomputers provide more realistic images. However, the number of bodies is not a crucial factor if rather qualitative results are expected. By simulating a pure gravitational system with only 500 particles on a PC. one can observe a fascinating history of a galaxy evolution. Some algorithms for N-body integration are discussed and an implementation of a simple \\\\'neighbor and far interactions\\\\' algorithm is presented. The complete history of a simulated galaxy is shown, including the initial collapse, expansion, formation of the early cloud with rotational movement and, finally, a spiral structure.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Machine Learning Prediction for Cementite Precipitation in Austenite of Low-Alloy Steels. This paper presents a machine learning model to predict the y/(y + 0) transformation temperature, which is also known as the Acm temperature in the Fe -C phase diagram. From the literature, 25,920 usable data points are collected, and the dataset is analyzed using a boxplot. The hyperparameters of the machine learning models are adjusted using fivefold cross-validation and grid-search techniques. An artificial neural network (ANN) model is selected based on the determination coefficient. The ANN model is compared with an empirical equation to verify the improvement in the accuracy of the model. The significance of the variables was analyzed using the Shapley additive explanations method. Further, the variable prediction mechanisms are discussed.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "CDYL Deficiency Disrupts Neuronal Migration and Increases Susceptibility to Epilepsy. During brain development, the correct migration of newborn neurons is one of the determinants of circuit formation, and neuronal migration defects may lead to neurological and psychiatric disorders. The molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal migration and related disorders are poorly understood. Here, we report that Chromodomain Y-like (CDYL) is critical for neuronal migration in mice. Knocking down CDYL caused neuronalmigration defects and disrupted both mobility and multipolar-to-bipolar transition of migrating neurons. We find that CDYL regulates neuronal migration by transcriptionally repressing RhoA. In addition, CDYL deficiency increased the excitability of cortical pyramidal neurons and the susceptibility of mice to convulsant-induced seizures. These results demonstrate that CDYL is a regulator of neuronal migration and shed light on the pathogenesis of seizure-related neurodevelopmental disorders.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Abandoned military training sites are an overlooked refuge for at-risk open habitat bird species. The European landscape is under pervasive attack of massive land use changes, such as agricultural intensification, urbanization and land abandonment. These changes resulted in population decline of birds living in open habitats. Despite a good understanding on the effects of these driving forces on bird populations, effective conservation actions are difficult to conduct as these forces are closely connected with socioeconomic development of particular countries and thus almost impossible to reverse. It is hence necessary to conserve refuge sites with a limited influence of these negative factors. We surveyed birds in 42 abandoned military training sites (AMTS) in a central European country, the Czech Republic, and we have found these sites are valuable, and to date overlooked, refuges for bird conservation. Birds of high conservation concern and open habitats birds (such as Miliaria calandra, Saxicola torquata or Lullula arborea) were more abundant in AMTS than predicted by their total population size in the Czech Republic. The most important characteristics predicting attractiveness of AMTS for birds of conservation concern were low altitude, low proportion of forest/dense scrubland, high proportion of sparse scrubland/bare ground and large area. Former military activity was beneficial for declining open habitat birds by maintaining moderate disturbance levels, which are rarely found elsewhere in current landscapes. Owing to reduction of armed forces across Europe AMTS provide continental-wide network of high-quality sites for bird conservation. Nevertheless, AMTS are subject to pressure from building activities or loss of openness due to overgrowth of forest or scrub plant communities.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Bible Translation and the Myth of 'Literal Accuracy. A widespread belief among many pastors, Bible teachers, and laypeople holds that the most accurate Bible translation is one that is \\\\'literal\\\\' or formal equivalent. This is a misunderstanding of the nature of languages, which differ significantly from one another in terms of words (lexemes), syntax, and idioms. This article looks at the fallacy of \\\\'literal accuracy\\\\' by showing how the differences between languages mean that one must alter the form of the Hebrew and Greek text in order accurately to reproduce the meaning in English. Seeking lexical concordance (word-for-word reproduction) does not work, since words do not have a single \\\\'literal\\\\' meaning. They have a range of potential senses. Since these senses differ across languages, one must first interpret each word in Hebrew or Greek and then render it with an equivalent word or phrase in English. Similarly, syntactic correspondence does not work, since languages use different grammatical forms, idioms, and collocations to produce the same meanings. Replicating grammatical forms inevitably results in changed meaning, awkward language, and/or obscurity. Indeed, all Bible versions-even those that claim to be \\\\'essentially literal\\\\'-consistently change forms to reproduce the meaning. While so-called \\\\'literal\\\\' versions are useful tools for beginning language students to help them identify formal features of the Greek or Hebrew text, as a philosophy of translation formal equivalence is fundamentally flawed.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Graphene Oxide Signal Reporter Based Multifunctional Immunosensing Platform for Amperometric Profiling of Multiple Cytokines in Serum. Cytokines are small proteins and form complicated cytokine networks to report the status of our health. Thus, accurate profiling and sensitive quantification of multiple cytokines is essential to have a comprehensive and accurate understanding of the complex physiological and pathological conditions in the body. In this study, we demonstrated a robust electrochemical immunosensor for the simultaneous detection of three cytokines IL-6, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha. First, graphene oxides (GO) were loaded with redox probes nile blue (NB), methyl blue (MB), and ferrocene (Fc), followed by covalent attachment of anti-cytokine antibodies for IL-6, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha, respectively, to obtain Ab(2)-GO-NB, Ab(2)-GO-MB, and Ab(2)-GO-Fc, acting as the signal reporters. The sensing interface was fabricated by attachment of mixed layers of 4-carboxylic phenyl and 4-aminophenyl phosphorylcholine (PPC) to glassy carbon surfaces. After that, the capture monoclonal antibody for IL-6, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha was modified to the carboxylic acid terminated sensing interface. And finally a sandwich assay was developed. The quantitative detection of three cytokines was achieved by observing the change in electrochemical signal from signal reporters Ab(2)-GO-NB, Ab(2)-GO-MB, and Ab(2)-GO-Fc. The designed system has been successfully used for detection of three cytokines (IL-6, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha) simultaneously with desirable performance in sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, and recovery of 93.6%-105.5% was achieved for determining cytokines spiked in the whole mouse serum.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15]}
{"token": "Identification of marker compounds for predicting browning of fresh-cut lettuce using untargeted UHPLC-HRMS metabolomics. Enzymatic browning negatively impacts product quality and shelf-life of packaged fresh-cut lettuce. Metabolite profiles of lettuce are affected by the browning process. The purpose of this study was to identify metabolomic marker compounds to predict lettuce browning, which could be applied to discern accessions suited for commercial production and industrial breeding programs. Romaine lettuce with different browning susceptibilities were evaluated in two independent trials and growing seasons. Metabolites were analyzed using ultra-highperformance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to visualize clusters, trends, and discriminative ion features. Seven metabolites, including quinic acid, caffeoylquinic acid, 3-hydroxytetradecanedioic, cichorioside B, 8deacetylmatricarin-8-sulfate, dicaffeoylquinic acid and 9S,12S,13S-trihydroxy-10Z-octadecenoic acid, increased with storage time (day 0 vs. day 3) Three metabolites, including lactucopicrin-15-oxalate, tri-4hydroxyphenylacetyl glucoside and 15-deoxylactucin-8-sulfate, decreased with storage time (day 0 vs. day 3). Two additional phenolic metabolites, dicaffeoyltartaric and caffeoyltartaric acids, were identified as potential marker compounds, whose presence on day 0 samples immediately after cutting was negatively correlated with browning development (represented by Delta Hue). The identified metabolites help to elucidate the biochemical metabolism and pathways during enzymatic browning and have the potential to serve as marker compounds for predicting browning resistant accessions.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 8]}
{"token": "Policies, Political-Economy, and Swidden in Southeast Asia. For centuries swidden was an important farming practice found across the girth of Southeast Asia. Today, however, these systems are changing and sometimes disappearing at a pace never before experienced. In order to explain the demise or transitioning of swidden we need to understand the rapid and massive changes that have and are occurring in the political and economic environment in which these farmers operate. Swidden farming has always been characterized by change, but since the onset of modern independent nation states, governments and markets in Southeast Asia have transformed the terms of swiddeners' everyday lives to a degree that is significantly different from that ever experienced before. In this paper we identified six factors that have contributed to the demise or transformation of swidden systems, and support these arguments with examples from China (Xishuangbanna), Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. These trends include classifying swiddeners as ethnic minorities within nation-states, dividing the landscape into forest and permanent agriculture, expansion of forest departments and the rise of conservation, resettlement, privatization and commoditization of land and land-based production, and expansion of market infrastructure and the promotion of industrial agriculture. In addition we note a growing trend toward a transition from rural to urban livelihoods and expanding urban-labor markets.", "label": [5, 56, 52, 57]}
{"token": "In-Depth Investigation into the Transient Humidity Response at the Body-Seat Interface on Initial Contact Using a Dual Temperature and Humidity Sensor. Relative humidity (RH) at the body-seat interface is considered an important factor in both sitting comfort and generation of health concerns such as skin lesions. Technical difficulties appear to have limited research aimed at the detailed and simultaneous exploration of RH and temperature changes at the body-seat interface; using RH sensors without the capability to record temperature where RH is recorded. To explore the causes of a spike in RH consistently produced on first contact between body and seat surface, we report data from the first use of dual temperature and RH (HTU21D) sensors in this interface. Following evaluation of sensor performance, the effect of local thermal changes on RH was investigated. The expected strong negative correlation between temperature and RH (R-2 = -0.94) supported the importance of considering both parameters when studying impact of sitting on skin health. The influence of sensor movement speed (higher velocity approach: 0.32 cm/s +/- 0.01 cm/s; lower velocity approach: 0.17 cm/s +/- 0.01 cm/s) into a static RH region associated with a higher local temperature were compared with data gathered by altering the rate of a person sitting. In all cases, the faster sitting down (or equivalent) generated larger RH outcomes: e.g., in human sitting 53.7% +/- 3.3% RH (left mid-thigh), 56.4% +/- 5.1% RH (right mid-thigh) and 53.2% +/- 2.7% RH (Coccyx). Differences in size of RH change were seen across the measurement locations used to study the body-seat interface. The initial sitting contact induces a transient RH response (duration <= 40 s) that does not accurately reflect the microenvironment at the body-seat interface. It is likely that any movement during sitting would result in similar artefact formation. As a result, caution should be taken when investigating RH performance at any enclosed interface when the surfaces may have different temperatures and movement may occur.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 14, 15]}
{"token": "ROTATING CONVECTION IN A FINITE CYLINDER. This paper is devoted to analyzing numerically experimental observations of azimuthally travelling waves that appear in rotating convection in a circular container at intermediate Prandtl numbers. The instability is a Hopf bifurcation that gives rise to a pattern precessing generally counter to the rotation direction. Two types of modes can be differentiated, the fast modes with relatively high precession velocity whose amplitude peaks near the sidewall, and the slow modes whose amplitude peaks near the center. Results are presented for Prandtl number 6.8 and aspect ratio GAMMA = d/h equal to 2.5 as a function of the rotation rate. For rigid insulating sidewalls, and rigid thermally conducting top and bottom lids, the results agree well with those mesured experimentally.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "How to read Simon Forman's casebooks: Medicine, astrology, and gender in Elizabethan London. Simon Forman's astrological casebooks record thousands of medical consultations. Amidst the wealth of information in these documents, however, it is unclear to what extent Forman relied on the stars for diagnoses and therapies, or how the casebooks reflect the dynamic between Forman and his clients. This article attempts to answer these questions by reading the casebooks alongside Forman's guide to astrological physic. This approach reveals that astrology was paramount in Forman's evaluations and treatments of his patients. According to Forman, in order for him to effect a cure, he had to be trusted. It was particularly difficult to treat women because their health depended on the state of their wombs, and on their sexual activity, subjects about which women were notoriously duplicitous. The task of the astrologer was first to assess whether or not a woman was sexually active, and only then could he make a judgement about her disease. At the same time, in demonstrating an ability to discern whether or not she was being honest about her sexual activities, Forman won her confidence. By accounting for the role of astrology and the dynamics between the patient and the physician, this article provides the framework within which to read one of the most comprehensive records of medical practices in early modem England.", "label": [3, 31, 30]}
{"token": "whose echo can be found in The Story of Yoshfe and his two beloveds by Yaacov Ben Elazar. My article aims to explore the echoes of lost orality in feminine voices found in Hebrew medieval poetry and rhymed prose. It examines strong bonds and the common cultural environment shared by Jewish, Christian and Arab societies, whilst shedding light on their roots in history. In the following pages, I trace a path from the popular girls' voices as expressed in the kharjas to the qiyan poems, the slave-singers, whose echo can be found in The Story of Yoshfe and his two beloveds by Yaacov Ben Elazar.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Application of random sets to model uncertainties of natural entities extracted from remote sensing images. Remotely sensed images as a major data source to observe the earth, have been extensively integrated into spatial-temporal analysis in environmental research. Information on spatial distribution and spatial-temporal dynamic of natural entities recorded by series of images, however, usually bears various kinds of uncertainties. To deepen our insight into the uncertainties that are inherent in these observations of natural phenomena from images, a general data modeling methodology is developed to embrace different kinds of uncertainties. The aim of this paper is to propose a random set method for uncertainty modeling of spatial objects extracted from images in environmental study. Basic concepts of random set theory are introduced and primary random spatial data types are defined based on them. The method has been applied to dynamic wetland monitoring in the Poyang Lake national nature reserve in China. Four Landsat images have been used to monitor grassland and vegetation patches. Their broad gradual boundaries are represented by random sets, and their statistical mean and median are estimated. Random sets are well suited to estimate these boundaries. We conclude that our method based on random set theory has a potential to serve as a general framework in uncertainty modeling and is applicable in a spatial environmental analysis.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 41, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Teen firearm access during COVID: a repeated cross-sectional analysis of Pennsylvania families. Purpose This study aims to investigate patterns in adolescent gun access and household gun storage in 2021 and 2022. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from two cross-sectional surveys of Pennsylvania parents with a teenage child at home. Findings The results indicated that about 20% of gun owners in each survey stored their guns loaded; a similar percentage stored their guns unlocked. Very few gun owners reported that their children could access their guns without adult supervision. This study found no change in gun storage practices between 2021 and 2022, but higher rates of gun ownership in 2022. The factors associated with gun storage behaviors did change between the two time points. COVID-related uncertainties and transitions in the household were linked to gun ownership and less safe storage practices in 2021, but not in 2022. Originality/value This study identified factors associated with teen gun access at distinct points during the pandemic. This study found little evidence of any association between child mental health and household firearm storage.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Distribution and Discharge of Dissolved Methane in the Middle Okinawa Trough, East China Sea. Widespread seepage of methane from seafloor sediments on continental margins are released into seawater, a portion of which may escape to the atmosphere. To assess the water column distribution characteristics of methane and its input to the atmosphere, we investigated methane emissions from the shelf and west slope of the back-arc Okinawa Trough (OT), East China Sea. Our results showed a heterogeneity distribution of methane within the water column. The highest value, which was more than 10 times of the background concentration, occurred near a cold seep in the north of the study area which was discovered by a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV). Other sources of methane to the water column of the OT, besides cold seepage input, probably also includein situaerobic methane production, advective transport from the continental shelf, and/or hydrothermal venting. Furthermore, the sea-to-air flux of methane throughout the study area was up to 116 mu mol m(-2)d(-1), noticeably higher than that in many other continental shelf waters and seep sites globally, indicating that this region is an active CH(4)emission area. Our findings demonstrate that methane discharged from both cold seeps and hydrothermal vents have a significant influence on the methane cycle in the OT, providing a new insight for the methane budget of back-arc basins.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Timing the Self in Sixteenth-Century Augsburg: Veit Konrad Schwarz (1541-1561). This article explores the interrelated notions of time and the self in sixteenth-century Augsburg. It focuses on Veit Konrad Schwarz, a young Augsburg patrician, and his 'Little Book of Clothes' (1561). Veit circumvented the invisibility of time by making the material culture of temporality an essential part of his self-representation. The visual representation of timing the self was a significant skill, and self-narratives such as Veit's served to represent a person's connoisseurship in managing time. The article adopts a twofold approach to the inter-relationship of self and time during the early modern period. First, genitures, horoscopes and birthdays are shown to have been significant for the representation of notions of time and practices of dating. Birth-referential timing shaped understandings of life and personhood within early modern groups. Secondly, by examining how Veit addressed both missed and anticipated moments in his manuscript's key narrative about the transition of a youth into a man, the article shows that managing a proper balance between moments and timespans served to demonstrate a person's proficiency in recognizing moments that were appropriate for action, for description and for illustration.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Field performance of halophytic species under irrigation with saline drainage water in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Halophytes have been considered as potential crops for the reuse of saline drainage water (DW) in the western portion of California's San Joaquin Valley. This management strategy can reduce drainage volumes through plant water consumption and concentrate salts and other contaminants prior to discharge of the final effluent into a solar evaporator. A field study was conducted in order to assess the performance of six halophytes species Salicornia bigelovii, Atriplex lentiformis, Distichlis spicata, Spartina gracilis, Allenrolfea occidentalis and Bassia hyssopifolia, under long-term irrigation (4-6 years) with saline (Na-sulfate dominated) agricultural DW. The suitability of the halophytes was evaluated in terms of biomass production, water consumption, mineral composition and nutritional quality as animal fodder. Results indicate that all species grew well under highly saline-sodic soil conditions (average ECe, = 28.6 dS m(-1); SAR = 39.4), with average standing biomass ranging between 3.8 and 17.4 tons dry matter (DM) ha(-1) depending on species. Under frequent irrigation in drainage lysimeters, daily evapotranspiration (ET) rates for the halophytes were 1.02-1.18 times higher than reference ET (ET0). For S. bigelovii daily ET rates were similar to that of a non-halophytic grass, Festuca arundinacea, irrigated with fresh water (7.5 mm day(-1) vs. 7.4 mm day(-1). Mineral composition and forage quality data indicate several drawbacks associated with the utilization of DW-irrigated halophytes as forages. All species had metabolizable energy (ME) values lower than 7 MJ kg(-1) DM, the minimum value considered to be acceptable quality for most classes of ruminant animals. Additionally, halophyte tissues contained high levels of salts (total ash content ranged between 6 and 52%), and accumulated Na+, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, B and Se to levels close or above the maximum tolerable levels (MTL). Halophytes tested in this study can be classified as very low quality forage for which long-term grazing is not recommended. However, they could be used as a fodder supplement, if rations can be controlled. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 39]}
{"token": "IN-VIVO ROLE OF LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS IN THE CONTROL OF VIRUS EXCRETION AND MUCOSAL ANTIBODY-RESPONSES OF CATTLE INFECTED WITH ROTAVIRUS. T-cell control of primary rotavirus infection and mucosal antibody responses to rotavirus was studied with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to deplete gnotobiotic calves of CD4+, CD8+, BoWC1+, or both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes prior to infection with rotavirus. Injection of these MAb produced specific reductions in circulating and tissue lymphocyte subpopulations. Following infection, control calves developed fecal immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgA antibodies and serum IgM and IgG1 antibodies; there was no IgG2 antibody produced. Anti-CD4-treated calves had reduced fecal and serum antibody responses to rotavirus compared with control calves. The IgM response was less affected than the other isotypes. Calves concurrently injected with MAb to CD4 and CD8 had antibody responses similar to those of calves injected with anti-CD4 antibody alone. No effect on serum or fecal antibody levels was seen when MAb to CD8 or BoWC1 were injected alone. Virus excretion was significantly increased in calves depleted of CD8+ cells. Depletion of CD4+ cells or BoWC1+ cells had no effect on virus excretion. Calves depleted of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells excreted amounts of virus similar to those of calves depleted of CD8+ cells alone. Onset and duration of virus excretion were not affected by any of the MAb treatments. We conclude that a CD8+ cell population is involved in limiting primary rotavirus infection, while CD4+ or BoWC1+ (gamma/delta+ TcR) lymphocytes are not. Furthermore, CD4+ lymphocytes (but not CD8+ or BoWC1+ lymphocytes) were shown to be important in the generation of mucosal, as well as systemic, antibody responses.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy for patients whose treatment for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection has failed. Patients with AIDS and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection can have progressive disease despite combination antimycobacterial therapy. Our goal was to determine the utility of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for AIDS patients with disseminated ILIAC infection and refractory symptoms despite combination antimycobacterial therapy. We retrospectively reviewed 12 consecutive patients whose therapy for MAC infection clinically failed and who subsequently received low-dose oral corticosteroids in addition to continued combination antimycobacterial therapy. With the addition of corticosteroids, 11 of 12 patients experienced a rapid improvement in symptoms, with diminished or resolved fevers and night sweats, and an increased sense of well-being and energy. Ten of 12 patients gained weight; the differences between weights before and after steroid therapy were statistically significant (P=.003, paired Student's t-test), and the weights achieved were similar to baseline weights prior to the development of MAC infection (P=.2). Mean survival after diagnosis of MAC infection was 17.5 months. New opportunistic precesses developed in seven patients during corticosteroid therapy. However, given the severely immunocompromised status of these patients, it was not possible to attribute the development of new opportunistic processes directly to corticosteroid therapy.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "On bifurcations of relative equilibria of a heavy bead sliding with dry friction on a rotating circle. For mechanical systems, possessing first integrals before all, the investigation of steady motions in dependence on parameters is usually carried out with the aid of bifurcation diagrams. Appropriate pictures turn out being convenient, in particular, for analysing the stability of steady motions. The use of bifurcation diagrams for drawing and analysing steady motions for systems subjected to dry friction is not as widely spread. This circumstance is probably related to the fact that the steady motions for such systems, as a rule, are not isolated.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "A Review of Knowledge-Based Defect Identification via PRPD Patterns in High Voltage Apparatus. Partial discharge (PD) as one of well-known signatures of defects in the insulation system of high voltage equipment has been studied over eight decades. It is of a great interest to power grid operators and owners to identify and distinguish local weak spots in insulation system of the key components of power system by using the obtained PD information to make timely decision thus to avoid any unexpected failures in the system. This article reviews the research progress of PD in high voltage apparatus, including motors and generators, cables, transformers and gas insulated equipment, with attempts to assess the severity of different types of PD initiating defects as well as key PD features that can be selected for classifying defects. Experimental and on-site test results for each type of discharge and defect associated are summarized and discussed. Also, development of these defects during operation of equipment caused by changes in physical and chemical parameters of defect and/or insulation, and its impact on phase-resolved PD pattern variation are thoroughly explained. It is expected that this paper can provide a comprehensive guideline for PD data analysis of available PD information extracted by conventional PD acquisition instruments for both engineers and asset managers of high voltage apparatus.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Social comparison in the brain: A coordinate-based meta-analysis of functional brain imaging studies on the downward and upward comparisons. Social comparison is ubiquitous across human societies with dramatic influence on people's well-being and decision making. Downward comparison (comparing to worse-off others) and upward comparison (comparing to better-off others) constitute two types of social comparisons that produce different neuropsychological consequences. Based on studies exploring neural signatures associated with downward and upward comparisons, the current study utilized a coordinate-based meta-analysis to provide a refinement of understanding about the underlying neural architecture of social comparison. We identified consistent involvement of the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in downward comparison and consistent involvement of the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in upward comparison. These findings fit well with the common-currency hypothesis that neural representations of social gain or loss resemble those for non-social reward or loss processing. Accordingly, we discussed our findings in the framework of general reinforcement learning (RL) hypothesis, arguing how social gain/loss induced by social comparisons could be encoded by the brain as a domain-general signal (i.e., prediction errors) serving to adjust people's decisions in social settings. Although the RL account may serve as a heuristic framework for the future research, other plausible accounts on the neuropsychological mechanism of social comparison were also acknowledged. Hum Brain Mapp 39:440-458, 2018. (c) 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "On nearly Sasakian and nearly cosymplectic manifolds. We prove that every nearly Sasakian manifold of dimension greater than five is Sasakian. This provides a new criterion for an almost contact metric manifold to be Sasakian. Moreover, we classify nearly cosymplectic manifolds of dimension greater than five.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "The q-Laguerre polynomials and related moment problems. We study two indeterminate Hamburger moment problems associated with q-Laguerre polynomials. The coefficients in their recurrence relations are of exponential growth. This completes earlier work started by D. Moak. Some of the measures that the polynomials are orthogonal with respect to are found and lead to the evaluation of certain integrals. A symmetric set of orthogonal polynomials is also considered. (C) 1998 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Functionalism and thinking animals. Lockean accounts of personal identity face a problem of too many thinkers arising from their denial that we are identical to our animals and the assumption that our animals can think. Sydney Shoemaker has responded to this problem by arguing that it is a consequence of functionalism that only things with psychological persistence conditions can have mental properties, and thus that animals cannot think. I discuss Shoemaker's argument and demonstrate two ways in which it fails. Functionalism does not rid the Lockean of the problem of too many thinkers.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Effectiveness of monovalent human rotavirus vaccine against admission to hospital for acute rotavirus diarrhoea in South African children: a case-control study. Methods This case-control study was done at seven hospitals in South Africa between April 19,2010, and Oct 31,2012. The hospitals were located in a range of urban, pen-urban, and rural settings, with varying rates of population HIV infection. Cases were children aged from 18 weeks to 23 months who were age-eligible to have received at least one dose of the human rotavirus vaccine (ie, those born after June 14,2009) admitted to hospital with laboratory-confirmed acute rotavirus diarrhoea, and the primary control group was children admitted to hospital with diarrhoea testing negative for rotavirus. A second control group comprised children admitted to a subset of three of the seven hospitals with respiratory illness. The primary endpoint was adjusted vaccine effectiveness (1 adjusted odds ratio x100%) in children aged from 18 weeks to 23 months and was calculated by unconditional logistic regression. This study is registered on the South African National Clinical Trial Register, number DOH-27-0512-3247.Background The effectiveness of the rotavirus vaccine under conditions of routine use in an African setting with a high prevalence of HIV infection needs to be established. We assessed the vaccine effectiveness of monovalent human rotavirus vaccine in preventing admission to hospital for acute rotavirus diarrhoea, after its introduction at age 6 and 14 weeks into South Africa's national immunisation programme.Interpretation Human rotavirus vaccine provided sustained protection against admission to hospital for acute rotavirus diarrhoea during the first and second years of life. This finding is encouraging and establishes the public health value of rotavirus vaccine in an African setting, especially as rotavirus vaccines are introduced into an increasing number of African countries.Findings Of 540 rotavirus-positive cases, 278 children (52%) received two doses, 126 (23%) one dose, and 136 (25%) no doses of human rotavirus vaccine, compared with 1434 rotavirus-negative controls of whom 856 (60%) received two doses, 334 (23%) one dose, and 244 (17%) no doses. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness using rotavirus-negative controls was 57% (95% CI 40-68) for two doses and 40% (16-57) for one dose; estimates were similar when respiratory controls were used as the control group. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness for two doses was similar between age groups 18 weeks-11 months (54%, 95% CI 32-68) and 12-23 months (61%, 35-77), and was similar in HIV-exposed-uninfected (64%, 95% CI 34-80) and HIV-unexposed-uninfected children (54%, 31-69).", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Watt-level efficient 2.3 mu m thulium fluoride fiber laser. We report on an efficient mid-infrared thulium (Tm) fiber laser operating on the H-3(4) -> H-3(5) transition and featuring an upconversion pumping scheme. This laser comprises a heavily Tm3+-doped (2.50 mol. %) zirconium fluoride glass fiber pumped by a tunable Yb fiber laser around 1.05 mu m corresponding to the F-3(4) -> F-3(2;3) excited-state absorption transition. The laser generates 1.24 W at 2269-2282 nm with a slope efficiency of 37% in the quasi-continuous wave regime. The Tm-glass fiber exhibits a broadband H-3(4) -> H-3(5) emission with a bandwidth of 173 nm, making it very promising for femtosecond fiber oscillators at similar to 2.3 mu m. (C) 2020 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Development and evaluation of a cpue-based harvest control rule for the southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery of Australia. Many fishery management agencies are adopting harvest control rules (HCRs) to achieve harvest policies and management objectives. HCRs, however, often require data-intensive stock assessments to facilitate the harvest prescription. An HCR based on catch and catch per unit effort (cpue) was developed for the southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery of Australia, for stocks that lack the data needed to conduct a full statistical catch-at-age assessment. The HCR produces a recommended biological catch and is characterized by two parameters, target cpue and target catch, both derived from historical data. Simulation tests showed that the HCR could guide the stock to the desired state from different initial levels of depletion. However, the selection of parameter values for the HCR was critical. Achieving fishery objectives was difficult when the target catch was a function of recent catch, rather than data from a pre-defined historical reference period. Problems may also arise when specifying the reference period on which the HCR parameters are determined. The cpue-based HCR is a valuable tool for managing fisheries where monitoring and assessment activities are relatively expensive, or in general, where data are scarce.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Towards a Constructive Public-Private Partnership to Enforce Competition Law. Finding the right balance between public and private competition enforcement is a critical issue for almost all jurisdictions. This article surveys the forces that are producing an apparent contraction in private rights of actions in the United States, an expansion of such actions in the European Union, and the need for some form of private actions including aggregate claims and indirect purchaser actions for any jurisdiction seeking a system of viable private enforcement. The article concludes that some form of private enforcement is a necessary complement to public competition law enforcement and that public- private enforcement networks geared to local needs should be encouraged to create stable and effective competition law regimes.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "'Atomic Bombs' in Monrovia, Liberia The Identity and Stigmatisation of Ebola Survivors. Survivors of the Ebola virus have been widely profiled as the success stories of the outbreak, yet they still face challenges relating to their identity and reintegration. A survivor's body takes on new meanings aft er experiencing Ebola, and the label 'survivor' is as problematic as it is celebratory. Using data conducted during fieldwork in Monrovia, Liberia, this article discusses the complex identities of Ebola survivors. In Monrovia, most of the stigma and discrimination relating to survivors was directed towards men, who were considered 'atomic bombs' because of concerns that they could transmit Ebola through sexual intercourse. Health promotion messages around sexual transmission were oft en misunderstood, and communities requested the quarantine of men to reduce what they felt was a threat to the wider community. Understanding the meanings and sources of such stigmatisation is necessary to be able to work with and support survivors through psychosocial care and health promotion activities.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "FIELD MEASUREMENT AND NUMERICAL STUDY OF EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE OF RIBBED COOLING TOWER. The hyperbolic thin-shell cooling tower is a typical wind-sensitive structure, and the full-size measurement is the most direct and important way to study the distribution of wind pressure on the surface of the cooling tower. But due to the limitations of engineering conditions and meteorological conditions, the field measured data are relatively lacking, and the field test data of ribbed cooling towers are less. In order to analyze the wind pressure distribution on the surface of the cooling tower, we chose a ribbed cooling tower in Toksun County, Xinjiang, China, where there is strong wind all year round, and field measurements were carried out to understand the wind load characteristics of the tower under the perennial dominant wind direction and the maximum wind direction. It is found that the absolute value of the negative pressure on the leeward side is larger than that in the code and the fluctuating wind pressure coefficient fluctuates greatly when the field measured wind speed is greater than 10m/s (15 meters above the ground). And for circular section cooling tower, the Reynolds number (Re) has great influence on wind pressure. With the increase of Re, the absolute value of the average negative pressure of the tail wind pressure coefficient increases, which should be paid attention to in design. Meanwhile, the regression curves of the average wind pressure coefficients measured on site under several typical working conditions are given by using the least square method, and its form is consistent with the standard (but the coefficients are different). Finally, Fluent software is used to calculate the external wind pressure of the cooling tower, and the variation law of numerical calculation is consistent with that of the field measured results, the Chinese code and German code.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "A Refined Methodology for Durability-Based Service Life Estimation of Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements Considering Fuzzy and Random Uncertainties. A reliable method for service life estimation of the structural element is a prerequisite for service life design. A new methodology for durability-based service life estimation of reinforced concrete flexural elements with respect to chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement is proposed. The methodology takes into consideration the fuzzy and random uncertainties associated with the variables involved in service life estimation by using a hybrid method combining the vertex method of fuzzy set theory with Monte Carlo simulation technique. It is also shown how to determine the bounds for characteristic value of failure probability from the resulting fuzzy set for failure probability with minimal computational effort. Using the methodology, the bounds for the characteristic value of failure probability for a reinforced concrete T-beam bridge girder has been determined. The service life of the structural element is determined by comparing the upper bound of characteristic value of failure probability with the target failure probability. The methodology will be useful for durability-based service life design and also for making decisions regarding in-service inspections.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 40]}
{"token": "The 'Fool's Cap' map of the world: exploring critical cosmopolitanism through cartographic critique. The 'Fool's Cap' map of the world is thought to date from the late sixteenth century and is often attributed to a little-known Christian sect called the Familists. It places a map of the world in the place of a face inside a jester's cap, playing upon the subversive figure of the jester and his ability to ridicule those in control. The Familists were cosmopolitan and valued the idea of the world citizen, but insisted upon self-reflection, in ways not dissimilar to contemporary scholars of 'critical cosmopolitan'. This article makes a case for viewing the Familists' thinking as an early form of critical cosmopolitanism - critiquing its own culture whilst maintaining belief in what constitutes a good ethical world citizen. It engages with the debates forged by thinkers such as Martha Nussbaum and Gerard Delanty, and links these to the idea of emancipatory potential of globalization advanced by Leslie Sklair.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Transient luminous event phenomena and energetic particles impacting the upper atmosphere: Russian space experiment programs. In Russia several space missions are now planned to study transient luminous events in the atmosphere and high-energy charged particles at satellite altitudes. The experimental goal is to investigate the origin of the high-energy electrons and gamma ray quanta for specific transient luminous events (TLEs) and their role in the ionosphere-magnetosphere system. Simultaneous measurements of electrons at the orbit of the satellite and TLE atmospheric radiation in many wavelength bands will be performed in two missions, Tatiana-2 and RELEC. In the TUS mission UV transient event detection will be accompanied by measurements of the weak UV emission from the \\\\'seed\\\\' electrons of extensive air showers of extremely high-primary energies.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "The Political Economy of Health Co-Benefits: Embedding Health in the Climate Change Agenda. A complex, whole-of-economy issue such as climate change demands an interdisciplinary, multi-sectoral response. However, evidence suggests that human health has remained elusive in its influence on the development of ambitious climate change mitigation policies for many national governments, despite a recognition that the combustion of fossil fuels results in pervasive short- and long-term health consequences. We use insights from literature on the political economy of health and climate change, the science policy interface and power in policy-making, to identify additional barriers to the meaningful incorporation of health co-benefits into climate change mitigation policy development. Specifically, we identify four key interrelated areas where barriers may exist in relation to health co-benefits: discourse, efficiency, vested interests and structural challenges. With these insights in mind, we argue that the current politico-economic paradigm in which climate change is situated and the processes used to develop climate change mitigation policies do not adequately support accounting for health co-benefits. We present approaches for enhancing the role of health co-benefits in the development of climate change mitigation policies to ensure that health is embedded in the broader climate change agenda.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Becoming a DDL teacher in English grammar classes: A pilot study. This study explores the process of becoming a data-driven learning (DDL) teacher in EFL grammar classes. An in-service teacher wholly new to the DDL approach joined and received training in it over four months. He first studied what DDL was and how it was used in language settings, going on to teach grammar to two undergraduate classes, one with DDL and the other with Grammar Translation, for comparison purposes. His overall experience of learning and teaching with these two approaches was recorded in self-reflective journals and later in interviews with the present writer. The perceptions by the two classes of the treatment they received were also surveyed to reflect the teacher's performance. The results as a whole show that the course of becoming a DDL teacher is a complex, radical and continuous series of transformations, generating new evidence in support of DDL practice. (c) Association of Applied Linguistics. All rights reserved", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "The application of ancient DNA analysis to identify Neolithic caprinae: A case study from the site of Hatoula, Israel. The evidence for wild sheep (Ovis orientalis) in archaeological sites from the southern Levant is examined through the application of ancient DNA analysis to specimens from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (8300-7500 uncal. BC) site of Hatoula, Israel. The results indicate that at least one of the bones from this site, previously identified as sheep, is in fact goat. To date this is the earliest faunal sample to have yielded DNA in the region. This study highlights the problems in applying morphological criteria to distinguish between caprine species, and illustrates how ancient DNA analysis can serve as a powerful tool in resolving questions of species attribution. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "The Strength of Weak Review: National Courts, Interpretive Canons, and Human Rights Treaties. Enforcement of international law is often delegated to national courts, creating a space for them to play a part in international judicialization. Under what conditions can they do so? We argue that the answer depends on the relationship between the political and legal constraints national courts face. National courts must be careful to safeguard their independence in the face of potential backlash, but they face constraints in terms of the legal mechanisms available to them when enforcing international law. We focus on the availability of two legal mechanisms: direct effect, under which courts apply treaties directly, setting aside inconsistent domestic laws; and canons of interpretation, under which courts strive to interpret domestic laws in conformity with treaties. We find that the effects of human rights treaty ratification is greater when courts have the canon available to them than it is when courts have direct effect available to them.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Secularism, Religion, and Political Choice in the United States. The effect of religion on political behavior and attachment has been a topic of intense interest in the United States and elsewhere. Less attention has been paid to the issue of secularism. Some analysts have viewed secularism as an absence of religious attachment, and a number of studies have utilized indices of secularization to analyze such topics as economic development or modernization. In this article, we show that secularism, like religion, is in fact a multifaceted category, and should not be viewed as the antithesis of religiosity. Utilizing a very large sample of United States adults, we apply factor analysis to demonstrate that secularism is composed of two logically separate components, and we use these results to examine the role of secularism in political attachments. We suggest that Religious Secularism and Social Secularism are different motivations and have different effects on political behavior and that, politically, the marginal effects of Social Secularism are larger than Religious Secularism in all cases.", "label": [3, 5, 54, 33]}
{"token": "Sensitivity of Coarse-Scale Snow-Free Land Surface Shortwave Albedo to Topography. As a widespread landscape, rugged terrain significantly distorts the land surface albedo. Simply neglecting the topographic effects in the land surface albedo modeling and retrievals can lead to large biases and uncertainties over rugged terrain. In spite of gradually increasing research about the topographic effects on the albedo, the albedo sensitivities over rugged terrain to different variables remain unclear. In this paper, the sensitivities of coarse-scale snow-free albedo to topography were quantitatively investigated using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface albedo data and the variance-based global sensitivity analysis based on a well-established mechanistically-based land surface albedo parameterized model over rugged terrain. The results based on the MODIS data revealed that MODIS land surface albedo over the Tibetan Plateau was highly sensitive to the topographic distribution, and the differences of the spatially averaged snow-free black-sky albedos over grasslands induced by different terrain could reach up to 0.10 in winter. The topographic effects on MODIS albedo are tightly relevant to the land cover type, solar illumination geometries, and vegetation characteristics. The global sensitivity analysis results underscored that topography was an important driving factor of the snow-free albedo, and it accounted for more than 30% of the total variance, respectively. These results highlight the necessities for the topographic consideration in the land surface albedo modeling and retrievals even though the terrain is gentle (10-20 degrees) and advance our understanding of the albedo sensitivities to different variables over rugged terrain, which will facilitate the improvement of land surface albedo parameterization in the land surface models.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "COLD-ACCLIMATION AND ENDURANCE TRAINING IN GUINEA-PIGS - CHANGES IN DAILY AND MAXIMAL METABOLISM. The physiological effects of training or cold acclimation on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2,max) and average daily metabolic rate (V-O2,V-dav) of a small mammal, the guinea pig, are described. Young male guinea pigs were assigned to three experimental groups; control, endurance trained (70% VO2,max) or cold acclimated (5-7 degrees C) for six weeks. Measurements of VO2,max and V-O2,V-dav were made before and after the treatments. V-O2,V-max increased significantly in cold acclimated (+29%) and endurance trained (+23%) animals and was achieved at a higher maximal running speed compared to post-treatment controls. Maximal blood lactate concentration was significantly higher in cold acclimated compared to endurance trained animals. Endurance trained animals had a reduced V-O2,V-dav compared to control animals, whereas cold acclimation raised VO2,dav in the cold as expected, but also at room temperature. All three groups showed a daily pattern in metabolic rate (night > day). In conclusion, both endurance training and cold acclimation lead to enhanced V-O2,V-max and changes in resting oxygen consumption throughout the day.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "The Totalising Nature of Secure and Forensic Mental Health Services in England and Wales. This evidence-based opinion piece explores the totalising risk averse nature of secure and forensic mental health services and associated iatrogenic harms in England and Wales. Drawing on the research literature I consider the various influences, both external and internal which impact on the provision of such services and how both the therapeutic alliance and recovery potential for patients may be improved. Especial attention is paid to the deployment of restrictive practise, practitioner attitudes, the potential for non-thinking, and how these may impact on decision-making and the care and treatment of mentally disordered offenders.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Pervaporation of High Boiling Point Organic Compounds with Composite PDMS Membrane. High Boiling Point Organic Compounds (HBOCs) are defined as those organic compounds with boiling point over water (100 degrees C). It is a challenging problem to separate HBOCs from their mixtures with water. Three HBOCs, propargyl alcohol, butanol, and pyridine, were selected as the experimental samples for observing their separation behaviors from water mixtures by PDMS membrane pervaporation. These HBOCs could preferentially permeate the PDMS membrane and were selectively extracted from the mixtures through the membrane. The experimental tests showed that the permeation flux of propargyl alcohol, butanol, and pyridine was 243.24, 976.5, and 904.70gm(2)h(1), with the corresponding selectivity of 3.78, 29.65, and 26.09, respectively. The effects of the feed flow rate, feed concentration, and temperature on the separation behaviors were examined. By comparison with distillation that separates different components in a mixture on the basis of boiling point, the membrane pervaporation seems to behave a reverse direction selective separation for the HBOCs. For those aqueous mixtures with tiny content of HBOCs, the reverse selective separation by membrane pervaporation should be considered as a promising and effective technology.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "The effectiveness of quantitative easing: Evidence from Japan. This study contributes to current research on quantitative easing. We provide a novel analysis of the quantitative easing effectiveness as an unconventional monetary policy tool in Japan over the last two decades. The paper advances current research on quantitative easing by exploring quantitative easing through the prism of the monetary transmission mechanism. We examine the response of Japanese Regional Banks to the quantitative easing operations conducted by the Bank of Japan from the early 2000s till 2015. The analysis is performed within the framework of the bank lending channel under the unconventional monetary policy strategies. We find that small-sized regional banks underline the significant positive effect of quantitative easing on gross domestic product and inflation that works through the securities holdings and leverage preferences. Monetary authorities should pay particular attention to policies for such banks and banks with a high level of non-performing loans. Deposit growth after a quantitative easing shock is only present in large-sized banks with low NPLs holdings. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Molecular and functional analysis of phosphomannomutase (PMM) from higher plants and genetic evidence for the involvement of PMM in ascorbic acid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana. Phosphomannomutase (PMM) catalyzes the interconversion of mannose-6-phosphate and mannose-1-phosphate. However, systematic molecular and functional investigations on PMM from higher plants have hitherto not been reported. In this work, PMM cDNAs were isolated from Arabidopsis, Nicotiana benthamiana, soybean, tomato, rice and wheat. Amino acid sequence comparisons indicated that plant PMM proteins exhibited significant identity to their fungal and mammalian orthologs. In line with the similarity in primary structure, plant PMM complemented the sec53-6 temperature sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Histidine-tagged Arabidopsis PMM (AtPMM) purified from Escherichia coli converted mannose-1-phosphate into mannose-6-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate into glucose-6-phosphate, with the former reaction being more efficient than the latter one. In Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana, PMM was constitutively expressed in both vegetative and reproductive organs. Reducing the PMM expression level through virus-induced gene silencing caused a substantial decrease in ascorbic acid (AsA) content in N. benthamiana leaves. Conversely, raising the PMM expression level in N. benthamiana using viral-vector-mediated ectopic expression led to a 20-50% increase in AsA content. Consistent with this finding, transgenic expression of an AtPMM-GFP fusion protein in Arabidopsis also increased AsA content by 25-33%. Collectively, this study improves our understanding on the molecular and functional properties of plant PMM and provides genetic evidence on the involvement of PMM in the biosynthesis of AsA in Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana plants.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Attempt to apply the fractal geometry for characterisation of dealuminated ZSM-5 zeolite. Large crystals of the ZSM-5 type zeolite were dealuminated with several methods in order to compare the effectiveness of various ways of treatment and its influence on the fractal dimension (D) of the obtained materials. Some of the adsorption isotherm equations based on the Polanyi-Dubinin potential theory appeared to he useful Cor the description of the benzene adsorption on the examined materials, They can be accepted a,, suitable for characterising the distribution of the adsorption potential and adsorption energy in the MFI-type molecular sieves. Evaluation of D from the benzene adsorption data indicated that there was no evident correlation between the fractal dimension and the level of dealumination. It means that the adsorbed benzene was not sensitive to any surface roughness of zeolites of the MFI-structure type. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Effectiveness of the research day in psychiatric training: survey of consultant psychiatrists. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSThe research day is useful for the training of specialist registrars and our study confirms this view from the consultants surveyed. Some improvement is required in order for specialist registrars to obtain optimal benefit. We make some suggestions for improving the day's effectiveness.The survey had a response rate of 72% (88 out of 122) and the majority of respondents had a positive view of their experience (31 trainers, 60%; 25 non-trainers, 69%). However, more consultant trainers (37, 71%) compared with non-trainers (15, 42%) felt that the research day in its current format should be modified.RESULTSWe explored the views of consultant psychiatrists (trainers and nontrainers) on the effectiveness of the research day. We sent out postal questionnaires to consultant psychiatrists in general adult and old age psychiatry in the West Midlands to evaluate their own experience of the research day and how useful they felt it was.AIMS AND METHOD", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Tailoring recognition clefts from non-specific recognition matrices in mixed molecular arrays. Multi-component organic interfaces with molecular-level mixing were prepared by integrating benzoic acid appended thiophene amphiphile [4-(6-(thiophene-3-carbonyloxy)hexyloxy)benzoic acid] (T6BA) and (+/-)-alpha-lipoic acid onto the Au surface. On a flat surface with infinite radii of curvature, T6BA and (+/-)-alpha-lipoic acid, endowed with chemically distinct end-groups, provided sufficient length mismatch to gain conformational entropy leading to stripe-like patterns when the immiscible ligands co-adsorbed. Good quality multi-component organic interfaces and molecular islands could be fabricated via composition variation of the participating ligands. Host guest chemistry between benzoic acids and beta-cyclodextrin was used to confirm the molecular-level mixing. T6BA and (+/-)-alpha-lipoic acid, each being a non-specific recognition matrix for dopamine, could thus be organized into mixed molecular arrays having well defined cavities for guest inclusion. This mixed molecular array behaved as a 'recognition matrix' for dopamine (DA, 15 nm) in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA). The surface patterns described here on a flat surface should in principle be applicable to other geometrical structures like spheres and cylinders. Further, charge transfer through the T6BA self-assembled monolayers depended on the anion type present in the supporting electrolyte, monitored through cyclic voltammetry.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Structural transformations in quasicrystal-forming quenched alloys of Al61Cu26Fe13 subjected to isothermal annealing. Conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to investigate structural transformations on annealing of rapidly solidified Al61Cu26Fe13 alloys. In these alloys, beta(CsCl)- and iota-phases reveal close to basic orientation relationships ([101](beta) parallel to A5, [111](beta) parallel to A(2). The beta- phase is characterized by short-range order with tau(3)-type and omega-like displacements. On annealing at 450 degrees C, a solid-state transformation of the beta-phase ( which has a copper concentration of 40-50 at.%) takes place by homogeneous precipitation of cuboid particles of a phase with triple the unit cell parameter 3a(beta). This phase is regarded as close to beta- based phases and the vacancy-ordered tau-phases. On annealing at 550 degrees C, a single phase iota-structure is formed.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Evidence of reduced individual heterogeneity in adult survival of long-lived species. The canalization hypothesis postulates that the rate at which trait variation generates variation in the average individual fitness in a population determines how buffered traits are against environmental and genetic factors. The ranking of a species on the slow-fast continuum - the covariation among life-history traits describing species-specific life cycles along a gradient going from a long life, slow maturity, and low annual reproductive output, to a short life, fast maturity, and high annual reproductive output - strongly correlates with the relative fitness impact of a given amount of variation in adult survival. Under the canalization hypothesis, long-lived species are thus expected to display less individual heterogeneity in survival at the onset of adulthood, when reproductive values peak, than short-lived species. We tested this life-history prediction by analysing long-term time series of individual-based data in nine species of birds and mammals using capture-recapture models. We found that individual heterogeneity in survival was higher in species with short-generation time (< 3 years) than in species with long generation time (> 4 years). Our findings provide the first piece of empirical evidence for the canalization hypothesis at the individual level from the wild.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Ferulago campestris (Besser) Grecescu growing in central Italy. Essential oil from the flowers and leaves of Ferulago campestris (Apiaceae) from two collection sites in central Italy was analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS and 134 constituents were identified and quantified by calculating the response factors of FID. Monoterpene hydrocarbons constituted the main fraction of the flower oils, with alpha-pinene, myrcene and gamma-terpinene as the major components. Sesquiterpenes gave the major contribution to the essential oils from the leaves, with the oxygenated components more abundant, alpha-humulene, spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide being the most representative. The antimicrobial activity (as inhibition zone and MIC) of the essential oils from flowers was evaluated, using a panel of human opportunistic pathogenic bacteria and fungi, by the agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods: the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis (MIC = 155-310 mu g/ml) and Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 310 mu g/ml), and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli (MIC = 310-625 mu g/ml) were found to be the most susceptible strains. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Quality studies on various types of partially dried vegetables texturized by Controlled Sudden Decompression General patterns for the variation of the expansion ratio. Quality of dried vegetables texturized by Controlled Sudden Decompression (Detente Instantanee Controlee DIC(R)) was studied through the expansion ratio, the color and the degree of cooking. This study was realized as a function of the four main experimental parameters: saturated steam pressure, treatment time, water content of the product before treatment and the thickness of the pieces of the raw product. These parameters are of primary importance in determining the quality of the final product. The behavior of the matter vis-a-vis the treatments was also investigated. It was found that pressure had the highest effect with final product volumes being 2.2-4.5 times those after drying with hot air only. An optimum treatment time of 25 s was defined although for potato, with a denser structure, it was 45 s. General patterns for the variation in expansion ratio as a function of the operating parameters are proposed. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 16, 8]}
{"token": "Efficacy and Safety of Different Live Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccines in Layer Chickens. The efficacy and safety of different live Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccines were determined. One hundred and fifty six-week-old female layer chickens were equally divided into 6 groups. Groups 1-6 received F (two groups), 6/85 and ts-11 strains, positive and negative control, respectively. At 8 weeks old, 5 birds/group were sacrificed and gross thoracic airsac lesion scores (GTALS) and microscopic tracheal lesion scores (MTLS) were blindly evaluated. At 12 weeks old, groups 1-5 were challenged through an eye dropping with approximately 1x10(6) CFU of MG Thai isolated. At 13 and 14 weeks old, 10 birds/group were swabbed in the palatine fissure to isolate MG and further differentiate between the vaccine and MG Thai isolated by PCR and random amplified polymorphic DNA assays, respectively. At 14 and 16 weeks old, 10 birds/group were sacrificed and the degree of protection was evaluated by GTALS and MTLS. The results revealed that feed conversion rate during 6-12 and 12-14 weeks old ranged between 4.33-7.53 and 5.88-15.18, respectively. At 12 and 14 weeks old, the vaccinated groups had antibody determined by serum plate agglutination (SPA), only groups 1 and 2 being detected by ELISA. Only SPA could detect antibody response in group 5 at 14 weeks old. GTALS and MTLS at 8, 14 and 16 weeks old ranged from 0 and 0.05-1.80, 0-0.3 and 0.13-1.38, and 0.15-1.65 and 0.38-2.28, respectively. At 12 weeks old, the MG DNA of the vaccine strains was detected in groups 1, 2 and 4, whereas MG DNA of MG Thai isolated was detected in groups 3, 4 and 5 at 13 weeks old and in groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 at 14 weeks old. The F strain had good results in safety, growth performance, protection and re-isolation of the F strain from vaccinated birds followed by ts-11 and 6/85 strains, respectively.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Refugee crisis, imperialism and pitiless wars on the poor. According to the UN Refugee Agency, 59.5 million people around the world were forcibly displaced in 2014. The numbers are particularly high in countries which have been subject to a process of redrawing the map' by imperial powers or their regional allies. The response to the recent developments - a stage which has been dubbed as refugee crisis' - is as polarising and as problematic as before. On the one hand we have witnessed the heroic acts not only of the refugees themselves who moved collectively and refused to queue orderly' in the immigration lines, but also the magnificent response of citizens in all over Europe who rushed to feed, clothe, accommodate and welcome them. In contrast the overwhelming institutional response by liberal' states has been, and remains, depressingly illiberal. The official response to this humanitarian crisis - which is after all the product of humanitarian interventions' - has nothing to do with whether or not Europe can cope with a swarm of people' aiming to exploit the host' countries. It is to do with managing a massive reserve army of labour. Forced migration is not only a product of this staggering inequality but also an important element of how that inequality is produced, maintained and managed.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Lighting gel filters as low-cost alternatives for fluorescence imaging and optical system design. Lighting gel filters are widely used in commercial industries, but their adoption in scientific applications is limited, despite their low cost and form factor advantages. Here, we compare the optical performance of lighting gel filters to commonly used dielectric and colored glass filters in terms of absorbance spectra, passband transmission, angle of incidence dependence, autofluorescence, and photostability. Further comparison is performed in both preclinical and clinical imaging applications. The results show that gel filters might be a superior filter choice in several optical systems, including compact designs and fluorescence imaging applications. Compact designs using gel filters could have a significant advantage for applications such as point-of-care diagnostics, smartphone device add-ons, and single-use fluorescent assays. (C) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "The Competitive Dynamics of New DVD Releases. We study the market for new (movie) DVDs in the United States. Our demand model captures seasonality, freshness (i.e., time between theatrical and DVD release), and state dependence. We also develop a structural model of dynamic competition in which studios balance waiting for high-demand weeks, against reduced freshness, and against competitive crowding. We find that studios emphasize DVD revenues from larger movies (by theatrical revenue) over DVD revenues from smaller movies. Studios also emphasize revenue from consumers who prefer larger and fresher movies. These behaviors are consistent with managerial conservatism: studio executives forgo DVD revenues from smaller movies to ensure the DVD success of larger movies.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "REPUTATIONAL BARGAINING AND DEADLINES. I highlight how reputational concerns provide a natural explanation for \\\\'deadline effects,\\\\' the high frequency of deals prior to a deadline in bargaining. Rational agents imitate the demands of obstinate behavioral types and engage in brinkmanship in the face of uncertainty about the deadline's arrival. I also identify how surplus is divided when the prior probability of behavioral types is vanishingly small. If behavioral types are committed to fixed demands, outcomes converge to the Nash bargaining solution regardless of agents' respective impatience. If behavioral types can adopt more complex demand strategies, outcomes converge to the solution of an alternating offers game without behavioral types for the deadline environment.", "label": [4, 5, 49, 41, 52]}
{"token": "Intelligent recognition of the patterns of yarn-dyed fabric based on LSRT images. In this article, an intelligent inspection method based on image analysis is proposed to identify the color and woven pattern of yarn-dyed fabric automatically. The local sequence images under the reflected light and transmitted light (LSRT images), which consist of reflection sequence images and transmission sequence images, are first captured by a fabric image acquisition device. Then the Fourier transform, image segmentation, and arithmetic operations are employed to the transmission sequence images to determine the location of weave points. Subsequently, the L*a*b* values of each weave point are extracted from the reflection sequence images. To inspect the color pattern, X-means clustering algorithm is used to classify the weave points based on the L*a*b* values. To detect the woven pattern, incomplete weave pattern matrixes of all sequence images are used to match the weave pattern database. Eight LSRT images of each yarn-dyed fabric sample are tested by the proposed method. The experimental results proved that the proposed method can recognize the color and weave pattern of yarn-dyed fabric with satisfactory accuracy and good robustness.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Does oil price spur public expenditures in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates?. This paper determines the dynamic linkage of oil price and public expenditures in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates from 1991 to 2017. For this purpose, the study uses symmetric and asymmetric ARDL and Granger causality procedures. The results confirm the existence of asymmetric behaviour of oil price, which is a key factor that fiscal authorities used for the decision about public expenditures. Furthermore, the result reveals that the evidence of the Keynesian hypothesis is observed in United Arab Emirates. While Kuwait fits both theories at a time and also confirms Wagner's law only in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the results support the spend-and-revenue hypothesis in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait while fiscal neutrality in United Arab Emirates. On the basis of conclusion, the study recommends that the government should re-invest the surplus from oil receipt into other sectors of the economy on a priority basis that will reduce the negative effects of a decline in oil price.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "DEMOGRAPHIC THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (1992-2019). Introduction. Population growth in the world is uneven: while in some countries the population has been growing for a long time ( China, India), in Russia and in many EU and BRIC countries, the birth rate has been declining in recent years; and if this does not affect the population, then only by increasing life expectancy and migration. Abrupt changes - both growth and decline - in the population are a threat to the national security of the state. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of political management (strategies and tools) aimed at solving demographic problems and increasing the birth rate in the Russian Federation, as well as to identify the stages of the formation of demographic policy in the Russian Federation in 1992-2019. Methods and materials. Based on the qualitative analysis of normative documents, the frame analysis of speeches of political leaders the main factors that influenced the coverage of demographic problems are revealed (the authors used official electronic versions of the following publications: \\\\'Sobranie Zakonodatelstva Rossiyskoy Federatsii\\\\' (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation) and \\\\'Byulleten normativnykh aktov federalnykh organov ispolnitelnoy vlasti\\\\' (Bulletin of Normative Acts of Federal Executive Authorities). Analysis. The proposed research strategy allowed identifying demographic threats to national security articulated by political actors and presented in official documents, statements of officials, as well as to compare the political decisions taken in the Russian Federation with the decisions taken in some European countries. Strategic documents that ensure national security of the Russian Federation by including the demographic agenda in political discourse are considered as a tool of political management. Results. The article assesses the effectiveness of political management in solving demographic problems and increasing the birth rate in the Russian Federation, identifies the stages of the formation of demographic policy in the Russian Federation in 1992-2019, as well as the features of the articulation of demographic problems in the political discourse of Russia, and describes demographic threats. The analysis of the regulatory framework as a tool for political management, demographic threats prevention, as well as the basis of the state strategy for increasing the birth rate in the Russian Federation allowed identifying policy decisions that can be used to develop new measures within the framework of programs to increase the birth rate in the Russian Federation.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Krise of quality education in the digital economy. Today in the market of educational services, the winner is the one who wins in the fight for ratings. The question of cost and performance must be discussed in a broader context, namely to take into account that education is an essential part of social capital, which ensures success in international competition. Therefore, the savings on education in the long run leads to delays and loss of influence. Management, based on the digital divide is not a panacea. The article sets the task of analyzing the transformation of education in the digital age: 1) The identification of the causes of the crisis in the education system; secondly, the analysis of online courses as tools of modern educational spaces; 2) The impact of electronic educational technologies on the actors of the educational process; fourthly, the updating of teaching practices of meaning, based on understanding the individual learner and teacher; 3) For the development of the reflective experience of new educational programs they must be supplemented with hermeneutic and semiotic teaching techniques that contribute to understanding the meaning and provide live interpersonal communication; 4) Enhancement of the productivity of education through the introduction of digital technologies is accompanied by the strengthening of electronic control and management; 5) It is necessary to create a pedagogical atmosphere in which freedom, responsibility, trust, and friendship is cultivated.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "The thermoelectric properties of InxM0.2Co4Sb12 (M=Ba and Pb) double-filled skutterudites. Skutterudite compounds InxM0.2Co4Sb12 (M=Ba and Pb) with bcc crystal structure have been prepared by high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) method. Through this method, the processing time can be reduced from a few days to half an hour. Remarkably the combination of In and Ba was much more effective in reducing lattice thermal conductivity kappa(L) than In and Pb. The structure of InxM0.2Co4Sb12 skutterudites was evaluated by means of x-ray diffraction, and Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity, power factor and thermal conductivity of InxM0.2Co4Sb12 were all presented in the temperature range of 314.9-673 K. The transport properties measured on the synthesized samples have been compared with each other. The figures of merit, ZT, of samples all increased with the increasing temperature. Among all the samples, In0.5Ba0.2Co4Sb12 showed the highest power factor of 30.3 mu W cm(-1) K-2 at 643.5 K, the lowest lattice thermal conductivity 1.128 W m(-1) K-1 at 643.5 K and the maximum ZT value 0.80 at 673 K. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "A consensus-based corporate governance paradigm for Islamic banks. Practical implications - The research concludes by proposing a CG paradigm. The outcome of the research could also be of use to both Islamic banks and to the rapidly growing sustainable banking sector in designing a similar CGI and CG model incorporating the ethical features of sustainable finance.Social implications - The core ethos of Islam are: avoiding the exploitation of the needy, avoiding excessively risky transactions, avoiding unethical transactions and justice, equity and income redistribution. If properly applied, Islamic banking will display all features of sustainable finance as well as enhance social welfare.Research limitations/implications - CG in Islamic banks is yet an evolving discipline and infant practice. This research aims to introduce a CGI that should be updated and improved as the discipline evolves.Purpose - Islamic banking is a viable sustainable banking model that has shown resilience to financial crises. The aim of this research is to design a consensus-based ethical and market-driven corporate governance index (CGI) to boost financial performance and ensure compliance with Islamic rulings.Originality/value - To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first CGI that is based on an ethical and all-inclusive input of all stakeholders.Findings - First, the results of the multiple regression analysis show a consistent positive relationship between CG and financial performance metrics. Second, the authors detect misaligned compensation structures for directors. Third, poor governance leads to higher risk exposures.Design/methodology/approach - The design of the CGI is the outcome of the feedback obtained from a cross-country survey to measure bank efforts in enhancing corporate governance (CG) throughout the ten-year period of 2001-2011. The CGI is divided into six core CG themes and 40 sub-themes.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "PLAY Project Home Consultation Intervention Program for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Play and Language for Autistic Youngsters (PLAY) Project Home Consultation model, in combination with usual community services (CS), to improve parent-child interaction, child development, and autism symptomatology in young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) compared with CS only. Methods: Children (N = 128) with autism or PDD-NOS (DSM-4 criteria) aged 2 years 8 months to 5 years 11 months and recruited from 5 disability agencies in 4 US states were randomized in two 1-year cohorts. Using videotape and written feedback within a developmental framework, PLAY consultants coached caregivers monthly for 12 months to improve caregiver-child interaction. CS included speech/language and occupational therapy and public education services. Primary outcomes included change in parent-child interactions, language and development, and autism-related diagnostic category/symptoms. Secondary outcomes included parent stress and depression and home consultant fidelity. Data were collected pre- and post-intervention. Results: Using intent-to-treat analysis (ITT), large treatment effects were evident for parent and child interactional behaviors on the Maternal and Child Behavior Rating Scales. Child language and developmental quotient did not differ over time by group, although functional development improved significantly. PLAY children improved in diagnostic categories on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). PLAY caregivers' stress did not increase, and depressive symptomatology decreased. Home consultants administered the intervention with fidelity. Conclusions: PLAY intervention demonstrated substantial changes in parent-child interaction without increasing parents' stress/depression. ADOS findings must be interpreted cautiously because results do not align with clinical experience. PLAY offers communities a relatively inexpensive effective intervention for children with ASD and their parents.", "label": [2, 5, 27, 55]}
{"token": "A comparison of primary school pupils' ability to express procedural understanding in science through speech and writing. Pupils reaching the end of their primary schooling in the UK have some grasp of the relevance of their process activities in terms of evidential value. The majority find it easier to express this understanding verbally rather than in writing. One reason for this is the facility that pupils have for using the two modes of expression, yet it is clear that other factors are in play. Both pupils and teachers have different agendas for what it is appropriate to address in speech and in writing, and thus the two modes of expression often serve different purposes. This paper concludes that there is much that might be done to improve the critical nature of the dialogue pupils enter into in their written work, thus exposing more clearly their level of procedural understanding.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "A simple and efficient method to synthesize high-nitrogen compounds: Incorporation of tetrazole derivatives with N-5 chains. One-step synthetic route with high yields for tetrazole derivatives with N-5 chains as well fused compounds have been explored. Eight compounds were synthesized and well characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermal analysis. Some of them were characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. These target compounds possess high nitrogen content (50.9%-76.4%) and heats of formation (3308-6180 kJ kg(-1)). Compounds 2-9 possess low sensitivities and good energy performances due to their special structure especially for compound 4 (IS = 22 J, D = 9004 m s(-1), I-sp = 289 s), and thereby demonstrate the potential applications as new energetic materials. Furthermore, the structure-property relationship was demonstrated by experimental results, crystal analysis and theoretical calculations. These results enrich future prospects for the design of energetic materials and commence a new chapter in this field.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Fair wages survive multiple sources of income inequality. When an employee in a gift exchange game earns significantly less than the employer, the source of employer income does not affect effort choices. However, to induce one unit of effort, the employer has to pay higher wages than in a game without payoff inequality. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "A cross-sectional study on Swedish licensed nurses' use, practice, perception and knowledge about complementary and alternative medicine. Results: A total of 335 nurses (28%) responded to the survey of which 83% reported to have used at least one CAM method for self-care. Massage (59.7%), dietary supplements (51.3%) and mind-body therapies (24.8%) were most frequently used. CAM practice was reported by 11 and 43% of the nurses wished to practise a CAM method in the future. Main barriers for practise of CAM were lack of knowledge, lack of scientific evidence and little knowledge on legislative issues concerning CAM. A high proportion (73%) of nurses never or seldom asked patients about CAM use although 59.1% opined that health-care personnel should inform clients about CAM when they ask for it. Having knowledge about CAM was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) associated with a higher odds of respondents to ask their patients about CAM use (OR 3.3; CI 1.4-7.6). Similar findings on CAM use, knowledge and perception were observed in a confirmatory analysis among an additional convenience sample of 625 nurses in Sweden.Conclusion: Licensed nurses in Sweden seemed to have an overall positive attitude towards CAM. Although CAM practice was low, a substantial number wished to practise a CAM method in the future. Main barrier for CAM practise and communication was lack of knowledge and evidence, emphasizing the need for structural education, information and research on CAM in Sweden.Objective: To investigate the use, practice, perception and knowledge of CAM among a representative sample of licensed nurses in Sweden.Rationale: No data exist on the percentage of licensed nurses in Sweden who practise a form of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive anonymous survey on CAM-related issues was distributed between April and June 2012 to 1200 licensed nurses who were member of the Swedish Association of Health Professionals (Vardforbundet).", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Development, behaviour and autism in individuals with SMC1A variants. Introduction Development and behaviour in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS), including autism characteristics, have been described infrequently stratified to genetic cause and only a few studies have considered behavioural characteristics in relation to developmental level. Here, we describe the behavioural phenotype in individuals with CdLS with SMC1A variants. Methods We performed an international, interdisciplinary study on 51 individuals with SMC1A variants. Results of questionnaire studies are compared to those in individuals with Down Syndrome and with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Results on cognition and self-injurious behaviour (SIB) are compared to those in individuals with CdLS caused by NIPBL variants. For Dutch participants with SMC1A variants we performed direct in-person assessments of cognition, autism, and added an interview and questionnaire on adaptive behaviour and sensory processing. Results Individuals with SMC1A variants show a higher cognitive level and less SIB than individuals with NIPBL variants. Individuals with SMC1A variants without classic CdLS phenotype but with a Rett-like phenotype show more severe intellectual disability and more SIB compared to those with a CdLS phenotype. Autism is less present if outcomes in direct in-person assessments are evaluated taking developmental level into account compared to results based on a questionnaire. Conclusions Behaviour in individuals with CdLS should be evaluated taking genetic cause into account. Detailed interdisciplinary approaches are of clinical importance to inform tailored care and may eventually improve quality of life of patients and families.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Three-dimensional printed model of bilateral Wilms tumor: A useful tool for planning nephron sparing surgery. Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) is increasingly utilized to treat patients with bilateral Wilms tumor. We present a case of NSS planning using a three-dimensional computerized and printed model of both kidneys with anatomical structures of interest (parenchyma, renal pelvis, major calyx, renal artery, renal vein, and tumor). This model allowed a better understanding of the anatomic relation between the tumor and the normal kidney on each side, improving the surgical planning and the preoperative discussion with the patient's family.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Thermo-economic optimization of a new solar-driven system for efficient production of methanol and liquefied natural gas using the liquefaction process of coke oven gas and post-combustion carbon dioxide capture. The suitable use of hydrogen-containing industrial by-products such as coke oven gas (COG) leads to a reduction of environmental pollution and energy waste. This paper develops a novel integrated structure for the simultaneous production of portable and relatively clean liquid fuels from COG and power plant exhaust gases. The subsystems include a CO2 capture unit to separate carbon dioxide from exhaust gases, natural gas purification and liquefaction process to produce liquefied natural gas (LNG), and a methanol production cycle. Photovoltaic panels with a geographical location in Iran are used to provide the required power. This process provides 1.287 kg/s of methanol and 1.678 kg/s of LNG as the main product and 46 kg/s of hot water as an industrial utility. The integrated structure's total energy and exergy efficiencies are 65.36% and 68.72%, respectively. The largest share of exergy degradation belongs to the photovoltaic panels (81.33%), heat exchangers (5.66%), and distillation towers (3.152%). The results of the economic assessment show that the payback period and the prime cost of product are 4.29 years and 0.3967 US$/kg methanol. The sensitivity analysis outcomes demonstrate that the efficiency of the whole process and the prime cost of the product increase to 69.05% and 0.4005 US$/kg methanol when the hydrogen content of the coke oven gas decreases from 65 to 54 mol%. Moreover, the flow rate decrease of COG from 991.6 to 901.6 kmol/h, reduces the prime cost of the product and the irreversibility of the whole system to 0.3855 US $/kg methanol and 55382 kW. Thermo-economic optimization of the hybrid system based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is implemented with TOPSIS and LINMAP being the decision-making methods. From the optimization results, the optimum values for the efficiency of the whole hybrid system and the prime cost of the methanol are calculated to be 65.83% and 0.3611 US$/kg methanol.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Influence of plasma lipid changes in response to 17 beta-oestradiol stimulation on plasma growth hormone, somatostatin, and thyroid hormone levels in immature rainbow trout. Plasma total lipids were significantly higher in 17 beta -oestradiol (E-2)-treated immature rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at week 4 after implantation, due to increases in polar and neutral lipids. The lipid classes responding were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, sterols and sterol esters, in a proportion that approximately reflected the increase in plasma vitellogenin (VtG) levels as measured by a non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plasma non-esterified fatty acids and triacylglycerol were not affected by E-2 treatment. Plasma growth hormone GH levels were increased, and plasma somatostatin-14 (SRIF) levels decreased in E-2-treated fish, responses which could be secondary to elevated plasma lipid (VtG) content, although a direct E-2 action on somatotroph function is possible. Plasma T-4 concentrations were not affected by E-2 treatment, but plasma T-3 concentrations were significantly lower than in controls 1 week after implantation when plasma E-2 concentrations were the highest; this is in support of the hypothesis that E-2 has a suppressive action on T-3 production. (C) 2001 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "Independence and responsiveness - Re-tying the Gordian knot. Striking the Balance: Public Service Independence and Responsiveness - an Institute of Public Administration Australia roundtable in conjunction with the Australia and New Zealand School of Government and the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, 14 March 2008. The roundtable consisted of around 60 participants consisting of former federal and state/territory ministers, ministerial advisers, current and former public servants, media and think tank representatives and a multi-disciplinary range of academics.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Multifrequency variability of the blazar AO 0235+164 - The WEBT campaign in 2004-2005 and long-term SED analysis. Results. We present the data acquired during the second observing season, 2004 - 2005, by 27 radio-to-optical telescopes. The similar to 2600 data points collected allow us to trace the low-energy behaviour of the source in detail, revealing an increased near-IR and optical activity with respect to the previous season. Increased variability is also found at the higher radio frequencies, down to similar to 15 GHz, but not at the lower ones. While the X-ray (and optical) light curves obtained during the XMM-Newton pointings reveal no significant short-term variability, the simultaneous intraday radio observations with the 100 m telescope at Effelsberg show flux-density changes at 10.5 GHz, which are more likely due to a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic processes.Methods. Monitoring observations were carried out at cm and mm wavelengths, and in the near-IR and optical bands, while three pointings by the XMM-Newton satellite provided information on the X-ray and UV emission.Conclusions. The radio ( and optical) outburst predicted to peak around February - March 2004 on the basis of the previously observed 5 - 6 yr quasi-periodicity did not occur. The analysis of the optical light curves reveals now a longer characteristic time scale of variability of similar to 8 yr, which is also present in the radio data. The spectral energy distributions corresponding to the XMM-Newton observations performed during the WEBT campaign are compared with those pertaining to previous pointings of X-ray satellites. Bright, soft X-ray spectra can be described in terms of an extra component, which appears also when the source is faint through a hard UV spectrum and a curvature of the X-ray spectrum. Finally, there might be a correlation between the X-ray and optical bright states with a long time delay of about 5 yr, which would require a geometrical interpretation.Aims. A huge multiwavelength campaign targeting the blazar AO0235+164 was organized by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) in 2003 - 2005 to study the variability properties of the source.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Microscopic substructures of stainless steel 304 undergoing a uniaxial ratcheting deformation. Under asymmetrical stress-controlled cyclic loading accompanied by ratcheting, the evolution of microscopic substructures of stainless steel 304 (SS304), a face-centered cubic metal, was detected using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This observation demonstrates that dislocation slip is the main mechanism of uniaxial ratcheting in the non-steady stage (stage I). Dislocation proliferate rapidly duo to the high stress level of the cyclic tests, and dislocation density increases continuously with the the number of cycles. The ratcheting rate decreases continuously due to the interaction of moveable dislocations, and the planar dislocation substructures (dislocation pileups and tangles) are the dominant patterns in this stage. In the later stage I, distinct lath alpha-martensite was observed in the material due to the nucleation of martensite and the phase transformation zones increase gradually with the growth of axial ratcheting strain in the stage II of uniaxial ratcheting. The multiply and cross-slip were activated gradually in increasing numbers of grains, and the prevailing dislocation configurations evolve into more complicated and stable ones (dislocation walls and cells). In addition the dislocation configurations after various prescribed tensile strain of the monotonic tension and creep deformation with three different holding times were also observed by TEM. Comparing the evolution of microscopic substructures in various loading modes, the physical mechanism of uniaxial ratcheting of SS304 can be revealed as combination of the evolution of dislocation configurations and martensite transformation in the stage II of uniaxial ratcheting.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Validation of an indirect data collection method to assess airport pavement condition. In this study the authors compare two methods for airport asphalt pavement distress data collection applied on the main runway of Amilcar Cabral international airport, located at Sal Island in Cape Verde. The two methods used for testing were traditional visual inspection (on-foot) and an indirect method using a vehicle equipped with image capture and recording, lasers and geolocation devices (in-vehicle inspection). The aim of this research is to contribute to the validation of the proposed low-cost in-vehicle pavement distress inspection system with semiautomatic data processing in order to be considered in the implementation of the pavement condition assessment component of airport pavement management systems (APMS). This is a particularly important component as from the collected distress data it is possible to assess the condition of the pavements and define intervention strategies. Validation of the indirect data collection method is evaluated by statistical comparison of the collected distress data and pavement condition index (PCI) obtained from both methods. Statistically non-significant differences between the result sets validate the proposed indirect method, however the analysis evidenced two aspects that need improvement in the proposed system, namely the quality of the captured images to identify distresses with lower severity level and inspector training for proper allocation of severity levels during image analysis. This results in significant advantages considering that the total amount of the runway pavement area is inspected. Inspection time is reduced and data collection cost can be reduced. Processing and results visualization on GIS environment allows revaluation of the dataset on the in-vehicle method. Data interpretation and measurements quality control becomes simpler and faster. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Chemical constituents of Pteris wallichiana J.Agardh (Pteridaceae). Chemical investigation on the whole plants of Pteris wallichiana J. Agardh led to the isolation and identification of a new pterosin glycoside, ptemuloside A (1), along with other seventeen known compounds (2-18) (Fig. 1). The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by means of spectroscopic techniques, including HRESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Compounds 2, 3, and 5-17 are first time reported from the title plant. The pterosins in P. wallichiana could serve as its chemotaxonomic markers. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Determination of the porosity in a bifacial fabric using micro-computed tomography and three-dimensional reconstruction. Fabric porosity affects the performance of textile materials, and characterization of the pore size in fabrics is a particularly difficult task. In this study, micro-computed tomography and reconstructed three dimensional (3D) images were used to accurately measure the fabric porosity and to determine the number, diameters, and locations of the pores. To validate the flexibility of the proposed technique, we analyzed woven, knitted, and bifacial fabrics made of wool/acrylic and polyester. Distributions of pore diameters and pore connections in the bifacial fabric confirmed that this fabric comprises a combination of woven and knitted structures. The volume porosities of the woven, knitted, and bifacial fabrics obtained from 3D reconstruction were similar to those calculated based on other techniques such as mathematical models. While the different fabric structures used in this study showed similar volume porosities, they had different air permeability. However, porosity analysis suggested new evidence to validate permeability measurements in fabrics. A new method for determining fabric surface and measuring fabric thickness is proposed, which accesses the number and diameters of inter-fiber pores. Having access to this type of information can potentially be used to engineer and to tune the performance of textiles.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Beneficial cross-protection of allergen-specific immunotherapy on airway eosinophilia using unrelated or a partial repertoire of allergen(s) implicated in experimental feline asthma. The study hypothesis was that in experimentally asthmatic cats rush immunotherapy (RIT) using allergens not completely matched with sensitizing allergen(s) would at least partially attenuate the asthmatic phenotype and modulate the aberrant immune response. In phase I, cats sensitized to Bermuda grass allergen (BGA), house dust mite allergen (HDMA) or placebo received BGA RIT. In phase II, cats dually sensitized to BGA and HDMA received RIT using BGA, HDMA or placebo. Efficacy of RIT was assessed using percentage bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophils. Additionally, a variety of immunologic assays were performed.Eosinophilic airway inflammation significantly decreased over time in asthmatic cats given RIT using sensitizing allergen or unrelated allergen (P < 0.001). In dually sensitized cats, single allergen RIT but not placebo reduced airway eosinophilia (P = 0.038). Differences in allergen-specific lymphocyte proliferation, in the number of IL-10 producing cells and in the percentage T regulatory cells were detected between asthmatic cats getting RIT and controls. Cross-protection manifested by reduced airway eosinophilia was noted in cats treated with RIT allergens which did not completely match allergen used in asthma induction. However, the mechanism of immunologic tolerance may differ when improperly matched allergens to the sensitizing allergens are used in RIT. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) cross-resistance: implications for preclinical evaluation of novel NNRTIs and clinical genotypic resistance testing. Results: Sixteen mutations at 10 positions were significantly associated with the greatest contribution to reduced phenotypic susceptibility (>= 10-fold) to one or more NNRTIs, including: 14 mutations at six positions for nevirapine (K101P, K103N/S, V106A/M, Y181C/I/V, Y188C/L and G190A/E/Q/S); 10 mutations at six positions for efavirenz (L100I, K101P, K103N, V106M, Y188C/L and G190A/E/Q/S); 5 mutations at four positions for etravirine (K101P, Y181I/V, G190E and F227C); and 6 mutations at five positions for rilpivirine (L100I, K101P, Y181I/V, G190E and F227C). G190E, a mutation that causes high-level nevirapine and efavirenz resistance, also markedly reduced susceptibility to etravirine and rilpivirine. K101H, E138G, V179F and M230L mutations, associated with reduced susceptibility to etravirine and rilpivirine, were also associated with reduced susceptibility to nevirapine and/or efavirenz.Conclusions: The identification of novel cross-resistance patterns among approved NNRTIs illustrates the need fora systematic approach for testing novel NNRTIs against clinical virus isolates with major NNRTI-resistance mutations and for testing older NNRTIs against virus isolates with mutations identified during the evaluation of a novel NNRTI.Methods: We analysed a dataset containing 1975, 1967, 519 and 187 genotype-phenotype correlations for nevirapine, efavirenz, etravirine and rilpivirine, respectively. We used linear regression to estimate the effects of RT mutations on susceptibility to each of these NNRTIs.Objectives: The introduction of two new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in the past 5 years and the identification of novel NNRTI-associated mutations have made it necessary to reassess the extent of phenotypic NNRTI cross-resistance.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Educating a New Generation: The Model of the 'Genocide and Human Rights University Program. This paper examines the design and teaching of \\\\'Genocide and HumanRights,\\\\' an innovative, higher education course introduced in 2002 to provide training for a new generation of scholars and teachers. The course was developed and funded by a small non-profit organization, the Zoryan Institute, in Toronto, Canada. One purpose of the course is to teach about the Armenian genocide within a comparative genocide and human rights framework. Another goal is to fill a gap in the curriculum in response to increased student interest and research in genocide and human rights. The course serves as a valuable pedagogical model including its comparative framework, teaching by invited specialists, adjusting the curriculum to reflect student interest and new scholarship, and setting up and maintaining formal and informal scholarly networks. Features of critical pedagogy include classroom dialogue and critique and respect for differences in background and opinion. For example, interactions between students of Turkish and Armenian background provide an opportunity to explore issues of stereotypes, memory, denial and reconciliation. The course provides training for a new generation in research, publications, teaching and advocacy in fields related to genocide and human rights.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Foot Placement and Balance in 3D. Humans use carefully chosen step locations to restore their balance during locomotion and in response to perturbations. Understanding the relationship between foot placement and balance restoration is key to developing useful dynamic human balance diagnostic tests and balance rehabilitation treatments. The link between foot placement and balance restoration is studied in this paper using a simplified monopedal model that has a circular foot, coined the Euler pendulum. The Euler pendulum provides a convenient method of studying the stability properties of three-dimensional (3D) bipedal systems without the burden of large system equations typical of multibody systems. The Euler pendulum has unstable regions of its state-space that can be made to transition to a statically stable region using an appropriate foot placement location prior to contacting the ground. The planar foot placement estimator (FPE) method developed by Wight is extended in this work in order to find foot placement locations in 3D to balance the 3D Euler pendulum. Preliminary experimental data shows that the 3D foot placement estimator (3DFPE) location corresponds very well with human foot placement during walking, gait termination, and when landing from a jump. In addition, a sensitivity analysis revealed that the assumptions of the 3DFPE are reasonable for human movement. Metrics for bipedal instability and balance performance suggested in this work could be of practical significance for health care professionals. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4005462]", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Holy Child or Holy Terror? Understanding Jesus' Anger in the Infancy Gospel of Thomas. Although scholars regularly take note of Jesus' anger and violence in some scenes of the Infancy Gospel of Thomas, most attempt to explain them away. Since the text was copied by and circulated among early Christians, they reason, ancient readers must not have found them as shocking and offensive as modern readers. Based on contemporaneous discussions of anger, I argue instead that early Christian audiences would have been equally uncomfortable with stories of a short-tempered and vengeful young Jesus. In fact, I suggest that these stories were likely composed by opponents of Christianity who wished to undermine Jesus' character and authority by presenting a compromised portrait of his youth. By absorbing critiques of Jesus into their own literature, however, Christian redactors were able to manage embarrassing stories about the boy Jesus and ultimately regain control of his image.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
{"token": "Confirming nasogastric tube placement: Is the colorimeter as sensitive and specific as X-ray? A diagnostic accuracy study. Participants: Adult patients with nasogastric tubes admitted to the general wards were recruited into the study.Setting: This study was conducted in the general wards of an approximately 1100-bed acute care tertiary hospital of an Academic Medical Center in Singapore.Design: A prospective observational study of a diagnostic test.Objective: The objective of this study was to ascertain the diagnostic measure of colorimeter, with radiographic examination as the reference standard, to confirm the location of nasogastric tubes in patients.Background: The effect of delivering enteral nutrition or medications via a nasogastric tube that is inadvertently located in the tracheobronchial tract can cause respiratory complications. Although radiographic examination is accepted as the gold standard for confirming the position of patients' enteral tubes, it is costly, involves risks of radiation, and is not failsafe. Studies using carbon dioxide sensors to detect inadvertent nasogastric tube placements have been conducted in intensive care settings. However, none involved patients in general wards.Methods: The colorimeter was attached to the nasogastric tube to detect for the presence of carbon dioxide, suggestive of a tracheobronchial placement. The exact location of the nasogastric tube was subsequently confirmed by a radiographic examination.Results: A total of 192 tests were undertaken. The colorimeter detected carbon dioxide in 29 tested nasogastric tubes, of which radiographic examination confirmed that four tubes were located in the tracheobronchial tract. The colorimeter failed to detect carbon dioxide in one nasogastric tube that was located in the tracheobronchial tract, thus, demonstrating a sensitivity of 0.80 [95% CI (0.376, 0.964)]. The colorimeter detected absence of carbon dioxide in 163 tested nasogastric tubes in which radiographic examination confirmed 160 gastrointestinal and one tracheobronchial placements, demonstrating a specificity of 0.865 [95% CI (0.808, 0.907)]. The colorimeter detected one tracheobronchial nasogastric tube placement that the radiographic examination was misinterpreted.Conclusion: The study found that the use of the colorimeter in the general ward setting was not 100% sensitive or specific in ascertaining the location of a nasogastric tube as previously reported by many studies undertaken in intensive care settings. This is the first study on the use of a colorimeter to confirm the placement of a nasogastric tube in adult patients in the general ward setting. More research on the use of a colorimeter in the general ward setting and its potential use in certain processes for confirming the placement of a nasogastric tube is warranted. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "From Extraordinary Success to No Considerable Results: Victorian Music Entrepreneurialism and the Crystal Palace Brass Band Competition 1860-1863. The July 1860 Crystal Palace Brass Band contest brought brass bands out of their heartlands to London in unprecedented numbers, The Times (12 July 1860, 9), lauding its success as 'quite extraordinary'. This landmark event was repeated in three successive years, but in 1863 it was abruptly terminated, and no cogent explanation has been established for its failure. The entrepreneur organizing the contests, Enderby Jackson, later wrote in his autobiography that other business dealings prevented him from further involvement in the series. Jackson had made full use of his talents and contacts to bring these remarkable working-class musical ensembles to the emergent national attraction that was the Crystal Palace. However, Jackson's manipulation of publicity and managerial style obstruct easy analysis of the contests. Moreover, Jackson later sought to protect his legacy by conjuring a smokescreen in his memoirs to obscure the real reasons for the failure of the Crystal Palace contests after 1863.The entrepreneurial environment is never a stable one, and it should not be presumed that the accolades accorded to the opening contest would translate into its continuance on an annual basis. However, the fact that the contests were attended by many thousands of visitors each year and Jackson's assertion that they were a financial success stand in stark contrast to what is implied by their sudden end. This article demonstrates how close examination of previously unconsidered letters, surviving documentation, and other sources cast doubt on whether the contest series was ever an extraordinary success.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The Vulnerability of Life in the Philosophy of Hans Jonas. According to Hans Jonas (1903-1993), the modern technological progress endowed humanity with wondrous power, which in the long run risks altering the nature of human action. This is especially true for the realm of collective action, the effects of which evidence an unpredicted issue: the ecological crisis, which is the \\\\'critical vulnerability\\\\' of nature to technological intervention. This discovery brings to light that the whole biosphere of the planet has been added to that which human beings must be responsible for because of their power over it. There is, however, a further dimension of vulnerability (and responsibility) to be considered, namely the one which characterizes organic life as such. Indeed, the essence of all living organisms-human beings included-is characterized by vulnerability, given their precarious and unstable condition of \\\\'needful freedom\\\\' towards the environment. Nevertheless, terrestrial life flourished through a multifaceted and unplanned (thus, again, vulnerable) evolution of living forms, ranging from bacteria to human beings - these evidencing a unique degree of freedom, which Jonas refers to as a \\\\'metaphysical gap\\\\' towards other living beings. The problem is that the present-day technology provides the possibility to manipulate the very essence of life and human nature. Is this process to be accepted and accomplished? And what about the related risks? Indeed, according to Jonas, issues such as genetic manipulation, euthanasia, organ transplantation, assisted reproduction, exploitation of other living beings etc., raise ethical dilemmas which can be addressed thanks to the idea of vulnerability. This notion has, according to Jonas, a metaphysical background, which he describes as follows: in the beginning, the Divine chose to give itself over to the chance, risk and endless variety of becoming. In order that the world (and life, and human freedom) might be, God renounced his own being, divesting himself of his deity. Thanks to this mythical account, the previous levels of vulnerability (concerning nature, life, and human nature) gain further clarification as signs of something sacrosanct.", "label": [3, 29, 30]}
{"token": "MIXED OCULAR INFECTIONS IDENTIFY STRAINS OF HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS FOR USE IN GENETIC-STUDIES. Studies on the genetic mechanisms involved in the ocular virulence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) require the careful selection of parental strains.  We used the technique of mixed ocular infection in vivo to identify strains of HSV for use in genetic studies.  A pair of viruses (OD4 and 994) were identified that cause significantly more severe ocular disease when mixed together and used to infect the eyes of Balb/c mice compared to each strain when used alone.  The mixed infection with OD4 and 994 did not result in increased neurovirulence.  The technique of mixed ocular infections provides a sensitive screen to identify strains of virus that can act synergistically to cause more severe disease.  Marker transfer can then be used to map the genes involved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
{"token": "SPRAY DEPOSITION OF FENOXAPROP AND IMAZAMETHABENZ ON WILD OAT (AVENA-FATUA) AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS. The effect of soil moisture, temperature, and light intensity on the spray deposition of fenoxaprop and imazamethabenz applied to wild oat plants was examined by using fluorescent tracer dye, Based on either biomass or total leaf area, the apparent deposition of the two herbicides diminished in the following order: shading > low temperature greater than or equal to drought greater than or equal to ''optimum'' > high temperature, The enhanced phytotoxicity of both herbicides under shading could be associated with increased spray deposition; and reduced fenoxaprop phytotoxicity under high temperature stress could be related to reduced deposition, Changes in spray deposition were attributed mainly to differences in herbicide interception due to altered plant morphology. Reduced retention for both herbicides was exhibited only in the plants grown at high temperature, Under ''optimum'' conditions, fenoxaprop phytotoxicity was directly associated with leaf orientation and thus with the proportion of projected leaf area at the time of herbicide spraying, Given similar application conditions, spray deposition of fenoxaprop and imazamethabenz on wild oat could be estimated by determining the ratio of the projected leaf area, as measured by an image analyzer to the total leaf area.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Physical Anthropology in Japan The Ainu and the Search for the Origins of the Japanese. In this paper I examine the quest by physical anthropologists in Japan for the origins of the Japanese. A major focus of this research has been the Ainu people of the northern island of Hokkaido, who have recently been declared an indigenous people of Japan. The relationship between mainstream Japanese and the very much living community of the Ainu has been the subject of over 100 years of research. Integral to research has been the collection of Ainu skulls, skeletons, and artefacts that have provided a critical if controversial resource for physical anthropologists. This has all been against the backdrop of changing political ideologies about the so-called purity of the Japanese. In the post-World War II period, with the loss of empire, the idea of Japan as a homogeneous nation took hold, and it was only in the last two decades that this notion has been discredited.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Responses of the hypothalamic paraventricular neurons to light stimulation with different wavelengths in the rat. During exposure to light with different spectral compositions, the non-visual neural system in the brain gives rise to altered various physiological aspects that are not caused by the well-known primary visual pathway. This study has been designed to investigate non-visual information processing that affects the biological rhythms in humans by studying the properties of paraventricular neurons in Sprague-Dawley rats under urethane anesthesia. The responses of paraventricular nucleus neurons by stimulation with different wavelengths of light were recorded. It turned out that neural responses were most sensitive to 550 nm wavelength light. This result suggests that a non-visual system in the hypothalamus including the paraventricular nucleus responds to light stimuli to control biological rhythms or autonomic functions.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
{"token": "Characterization of Pigments and Binders in Mural Painting Fragments from Bezeklik, China. This paper reports the result of identification of pigments and binders used in wall painting fragments in Bezeklik Grottoes (5th-14th CE), now housed in the Central Asian collection of National Museum, New Delhi. The tiny pigment samples (100-200 mu m in size) extracted from some of the artworks have been analyzed to gain information on the art materials and painting techniques. Analysis by Micro-Raman spectroscopy, complemented with Scanning Electron Microscopy -Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and Wavelength Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) allowed identification of lamp black, azurite, atacamite, gypsum, red lead and haematite as pigments and gypsum as a ground layer. The unsaturated and saturated fatty acids and terpineol extracted from the micro sample were identified as organic binders by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS) analysis. The multi-analytical studies have allowed material characterization in terms of the elemental composition of pigments.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Subgrouping of risky behaviors among Iranian college students: a latent class analysis. Background: Risky behaviors may interrupt development or cause considerable morbidity or mortality. This study's purpose was to determine subgroups of students based on risky behaviors and assess the prevalence of risky behaviors in each of the subgroups.Conclusion: Subgrouping of college students showed that a considerable percentage of them, especially males, were classified into the high risk and cigarette and hookah smoker groups. Appropriate preventive measures that consider multiple different risky behaviors simultaneously are needed for this part of the population.Results: The prevalence rates of cigarette smoking (more than or equal to ten cigarettes), hookah use (>= 1 time/month), and alcohol consumption (>= 1 time/month) during the last year were 12.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.9-14.0), 11.6% (95% CI: 10.0-13.1), and 4.9% (95% CI: 3.8-5.9), respectively. The prevalence rates of illicit opioids (1.8%, 95% CI: 1.2-2.5), cannabis (1.2%, 95% CI: 0.7-1.7), methamphetamine (1.1%, 95% CI: 0.6-1.6), methylphenidate (2.5%, 95% CI: 1.7-3.2), and extramarital sex (5.5%, 95% CI: 4.5-6.6) over the last year were also estimated. Three latent classes were determined: 1) low risk; 2) cigarette and hookah smoker; and 3) high risk. It is worth mentioning that 3.7% of males and 0.4% of females were in the high risk group.Participants and methods: This anonymous cross-sectional study was carried out in October 2015 and November 2015, with 1,777 students from Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, through multistage random sampling method. The data were analyzed by latent class analysis.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Femoral osteology and soft tissues evolved in a stepwise pattern in archosauromorph reptiles on the line to crown group birds. Crocodylia retains most ancestral archosaurian traits, whereas Dinosauromorpha (including birds) acquired many more derived traits. The complex sequence of changes included major shifts of several thigh muscle insertions. Medial rotation of the proximal femur (e.g. the femoral head) in archosaurs moved the greater trochanter laterally, bringing along the insertion of M. pubo-ischio-femoralis externus. Within Dinosauromorpha, the lesser trochanter moved proximally away from the trochanteric shelf. Presumably the lesser trochanter indicates the insertion of M. iliotrochantericus caudalis whereas the trochanteric shelf indicates the insertion of M. iliofemoralis externus. An accessory trochanter at the base of the lesser trochanter marks the insertion of M. pubo-ischio-femoralis internus 2 in tetanuran theropods. I propose hypotheses for the homologies of several intermuscular lines and other features on the femoral shaft. On the line to Neornithes, most changes of femoral morphology predated Aves and the origin of night; few femoral features are unique to birds. Overall, the pattern of morphological evolution is consistent with stepwise functional evolution of the hindlimb within Dinosauromorpha on the line to Neornithes. The clade Ornithurae evolved the last few hindlimb apomorphies that characterize extant birds, in conjunction with more flexed hip and knee joints. (C) 2001 The Linnean Society of London.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "The phylogeny of Branchiobdellida (Annelida, Clitellata) assessed by sperm characters. Data on the spermatozoa of Branchiobdellida were taken from the published literature: sperm models of 25 species belonging to 13 different branchiobdellidan genera have been compared with the aim of supplying further evidences for a phylogenetic analysis of the group. The species considered were representative of all traditional branchiobdellidan families, excluding the monotypic Caridinophilidae. Branchiobdellidan spermatozoa are complex cells, thus it was possible to analyse the variation of 20 characters within the group. A parsimony analysis has yielded nine minimal trees, eight of which are very similar to one another. The main conclusions of the phylogenetic analysis are: (a) the monophyly of the taxon Branchiobdellida is confirmed; (b) the most speciose branchiobdellidan genus, Cambarincola is polyphyletic; (c) none of the traditional 'families' are supported; (d) the genus Branchiobdella is monophyletic, but the position of one species, B. kobayashi, albeit basal to the whole genus, is not resolved; (e) the other two genera analysed for which more than one species was available, Pterodrilus and Xironogiton, are monophyletic; (f) there seems to be a 'trend' in the whole group towards an increase of acrosome length. Our results partly parallel those obtained by Gelder and Siddall (2000) with a combined analysis of molecular and somatic characters, and point to the need for a comprehensive revision of the Branchiobdellida based on a combination of molecular, somatic and spermatological data sets. (C) 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Micromechanics of High-Strength, High-Ductility Concrete. This paper reports the microscale investigation of a new fiber-reinforced cementitious composite, high-strength, high-ductility concrete (HSHDC), which possesses a rare combination of very high compressive strength (166 MPa [24.1 ksi]) and very high tensile ductility (3.4% strain capacity). The investigation involved experimental determination of fiber/matrix interaction properties using single-fiber pullout tests. A new mechanism of inclination-dependent hardening in fiber pullout unique for a high-strength cementitious matrix-is discovered. The existing fiber-pullout analytical model for strain-hardening cementitious composites (SHCCs) is modified to incorporate the new mechanism. The modeled fiber-pullout behavior is used in a scale-linking model to compute the crack bridging (sigma-delta) relation of HSHDC, which is also empirically verified through single-crack tests. The sigma-delta relation of HSHDC satisfies the micromechanics-based necessary strength and energy conditions of steady-state flat crack propagation that prevent localized fracture. The microscale investigation of HSHDC in this research thus demonstrates the rational basis for its design combining both high compressive strength and high tensile ductility.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
{"token": "Tick infestation risk and Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection-induced increase in host-finding efficacy of female Ixodes ricinus under natural conditions. An investigation of the risk of human tick infestation, together with the prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. infection, was conducted in a sylvatic habitat in western Germany to provide data needed for future risk-benefit evaluations of acaricides used for clothing impregnation. Additionally, data were collected on behavioural changes in Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.-infected adult female I. ricinus ticks and the possible impact of such changes on host-finding efficacy. The risk of I. ricinus-infestation was determined by collecting from the protective clothing of volunteers and by dragging in known tick-infested sites in the Kuhkopf Mountain area, Koblenz, Germany, from June through October 2006. The overall tick infestation rate per person per hour was 7.4 +/- 5.5, with the following sex- and stage-specific differences: males 0.32 +/- 0.37, females 1.1 +/- 1.2, nymphs 3.6 +/- 4.4, larvae 2.4 +/- 3.5. Concurrent dragging revealed an average 19.4 +/- 16.2 times higher infestation rate as well as a markedly lower infection rate with borreliae in adult I. ricinus ticks when compared to ticks collected from exposed human volunteers. Although the difference in infection rates was statistically significant (P < 0.023) only in adult female ticks, our data indicate that B. burgdorferi s.l. infection may increase host-finding efficacy in adult I. ricinus. The overall exposure risk was 1.0 B. burgdorferi s.l.-infected ticks per person per hour of exposure, or 0.25 ticks per 100 m walking distance in the study area.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Routing Games. This chapter studies the inefficiency of equilibria in noncooperative routing games, in which self-interested players route traffic through a congested network. Our goals are threefold: to introduce the most important models and examples of routing games; to survey optimal bounds on the price of anarchy in these models; and to develop proof techniques that are useful for bounding the inefficiency of equilibria in a range of applications.", "label": [4, 5, 49, 40, 41, 52]}
{"token": "Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: current status and future challenges. Warfarin is an anticoagulant that is difficult to use because of the wide variation in dose required to achieve a therapeutic effect, and the risk of serious bleeding. Warfarin acts by interfering with the recycling of vitamin K in the liver, which leads to reduced activation of several clotting factors. Thirty genes that may be involved in the biotransformation and mode of action of warfarin are discussed in this review. The most important genes affecting the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of warfarin are CYP2C9 ( cytochrome P-450 2C9) and VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1). These two genes, together with environmental factors, partly explain the interindividual variation in warfarin dose requirements. Large ongoing studies of genes involved in the actions of warfarin, together with prospective assessment of environmental factors, will undoubtedly increase the capacity to accurately predict warfarin dose. Implementation of pre-prescription genotyping and individualized warfarin therapy represents an opportunity to minimize the risk of haemorrhage without compromising effectiveness.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
{"token": "A Digital Signal Processing-Assisted Microfluidic PCB for On-Chip Fluorescence Detection. We report the use of digital signal processing (DSP) strategies to realize high-sensitivity on-chip fluorescence detection in microfluidic-opto-electronic printed circuit board (PCB) devices without requiring bulky high-quality optical components and filters. An isotachophoresis (ITP) assay was studied in a microfluidic PCB with an embedded standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor sensor array demonstrating a detection sensitivity of 10-nm initial concentration for fluorescein. The amplified ITP signal is processed with the DSP algorithms allowing the fluorescence signal extracted from noisy sensor output to achieve high signal-to-noise ratio. The DSP-assisted fluorescence detection system utilizes off-the-shelf, consumergrade electronics and lensless imaging to achieve high-level but also scalable integration on microfluidic PCBs.", "label": [1, 14, 15, 11]}
{"token": "The Duchenne muscular dystrophy population in Denmark, 1977-2001: prevalence, incidence and survival in relation to the introduction of ventilator use. Mechanical ventilation of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy continues to be a subject of study. The purpose was to estimate prevalence, incidence, mortality and use of mechanical ventilation in the total Duchenne muscular dystrophy population in Denmark between 1977 and 2001 and further, to reconstruct the introduction of mechanical ventilation to assess the role of the patient organization. Study objects were collected from five sources and verifiable cases identified. Negotiations between health authorities and the patient organization constituted main empirical data for the reconstruction. While overall incidence remained stable at 2.0 per 10(5), prevalence rose from 3.1 to 5.5 per 10(5), mortality fell from 4.7 to 2.6 per 100 years at risk and prevalence of Duchenne muscular dystrophy ventilator users rose from 0.9 to 43.4 per 100. We conclude that survival of Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients has increased and ventilator use is probably a main reason. The patient organization exercised a key role but acted upon preconditions created by other players. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Supporting the Language and Learning Development of EAL Students in Australian Higher Education. The role of learning advising in improving the educational outcomes of students for whom English is an additional language (EAL) in Australian universities has received significant attention in recent years. A combination of research findings, governmental pressure and media scrutiny has provided renewed impetus for universities to address issues of language proficiency and academic literacy amongst the growing population of onshore international students for whom English is an additional language (EAL). In this paper, I discuss the role of academic language and learning advising in the Australian university context, including how this practice is influenced by a range of political, pedagogical and practical factors. In doing so, I draw on Carson and Mynard's (2012) analysis of the aims, practices, skills, locations and discourses of advising in language learning to explore how the two fields might inform each other.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Long-term population genetic dynamics of the invasive ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, lately introduced to Puget Sound (Washington, USA) marinas. Invasive species are of increasing concern to biodiversity and the ecological functioning of a range of ecosystems, especially as the magnitude of biological invasions is increasing globally. The genetic structure of newly established populations may reveal insights into invasion processes, making population genetics an important tool for understanding current invasion pathways. Here, we studied newly established populations (non-existent < 10-20 years before the first sample) of the cosmopolitan alien ascidian Botryllus schlosseri in four Puget Sound marinas (Washington, USA) using eight polymorphic microsatellites. Up to seven sampling sessions over a period of 19 years revealed populations with fluctuating allelic richness (AR = 2.693-4.417) and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.362-0.589). The populations were well differentiated on spatial and temporal scales and were subject to moderate genetic drift (Fs' = 0.027-0.071). The significant heterozygote deficiencies that were obtained, positive inbreeding coefficients (Fis), and population structure measures (Fst) revealed that no population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Comparing these parameters with those from two Californian sites (Moss Landing and Santa Cruz, 1200 km south, invaded by Botryllus during the 1940s) revealed a connection between Moss Landing and Puget Sound, whereas Santa Cruz remained isolated. On the US West Coast scale, this study revealed no significant difference in introduced population dynamics between recently established populations and those established over 60 years ago, except for fewer alleles and lower He. When comparing ten worldwide sites, only a few microsatellite loci displayed strong regional differences. Globally, the Puget Sound Botryllus populations exhibit genetic characteristics of recently established populations, as they have the lowest number of alleles and lowest genetic indices, further emerging as one of the youngest B. schlosseri populations worldwide.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Stability of within-host - parasite communities in a wild mammal system. Simultaneous infection by multiple parasite species is ubiquitous in nature. Interactions among co-infecting parasites may have important consequences for disease severity, transmission and community-level responses to perturbations. However, our current view of parasite interactions in nature comes primarily from observational studies, which may be unreliable at detecting interactions. We performed a perturbation experiment in wild mice, by using an anthelminthic to suppress nematodes, and monitored the consequences for other parasite species. Overall, these parasite communities were remarkably stable to perturbation. Only one non-target parasite species responded to deworming, and this response was temporary: we found strong, but short-lived, increases in the abundance of Eimeria protozoa, which share an infection site with the dominant nematode species, suggesting local, dynamic competition. These results, providing a rare and clear experimental demonstration of interactions between helminths and co-infecting parasites in wild vertebrates, constitute an important step towards understanding the wider consequences of similar drug treatments in humans and animals.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Continuous two stage acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation with integrated solvent removal using Clostridium acetobutylicum B 5313. The objective of this study was to optimize continuous acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation using a two stage chemostat system integrated with liquid-liquid extraction of solvents produced in the first stage. This minimized end product inhibition by butanol and subsequently enhanced glucose utilization and solvent production in continuous cultures of Clostridium acetobutylicum B 5313. During continuous two-stage ABE fermentation, sugarcane bagasse was used as the cell holding material for the both stages and liquid-liquid extraction was performed using an oleyl alcohol and decanol mixture. An overall solvent production of 25.32 g/L (acetone 5.93 g/L, butanol 16.90 g/L and ethanol 2.48 g/L) was observed as compared to 15.98 g/L in the single stage chemostat with highest solvent productivity and solvent yield of 2.5 g/L h and of 0.35 g/g, respectively. Maximum glucose utilization (83.21%) at a dilution rate of 0.05 1/h was observed as compared to 54.38% in the single stage chemostat. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
{"token": "The impact of a national research assessment on the publications of sociologists in Italy. This article investigates the impact of the second national research assessment (VQR 2004-10), which was performed in 2011 by the Italian National Agency for the Evaluation of Universities and Research Institutes, on publication strategies by sociologists in Italy. We reconstructed all publications from Italian sociologists in Scopus between 2006 and 2015, that is five years before and after the assessment. We also checked academic tenure and promotions during the assessment. Our results showed the potentially distortive effect of institutional signals on publications given that Italian sociologists published more in journals that were considered influential for assessment, some, however, being of doubtful quality. Our findings would suggest that the use of informed peer review and ad hoc journal ranking could stimulate adaptive responses based on strategic journal targeting to ensure publication.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Development of Fracture Resistance Curves for Asphalt Concrete. To date, a significant portion of research investigating the fracture characteristics of asphalt concrete has consisted of calculating a single number. This number includes values such as the stress intensity factor, fracture energy, or the J-integral. Unfortunately, by using only a single number, it can be confounding to differentiate between different types of asphalt concrete mixtures, especially at different testing temperatures. This research used a common fracture analysis technique, called resistance curves, or R-curves, to construct fracture resistance curves that include fracture characteristics of asphalt concrete at multiple testing temperatures. Sets of R-curves were collected at three testing temperatures and joined together to form a single R-curve, encompassing fracture characteristics across a temperature range, similar to the concept of constructing master curves collected for dynamic modulus testing. The technique was developed using data collected from the disk-shaped compact tension testing geometry. The effect of polymer modification type, air voids, aggregate type, and asphalt cement content were analyzed. Using R-curves instead of a single number allowed for a deeper understanding of the fracture characteristics of asphalt concrete. Unlike previous research, it was found that the effect and type of polymer modification can be better understood using R-curves, 4% air voids have a higher cracking resistance versus 7% air voids, and energy specific turning points were found that can influence the choice of asphalt concrete material components by local and federal agencies. Although this study is a preliminary analysis of the use of fracture R-curves for the analysis of the cracking resistance of asphalt concrete, it does identify the potential power of this method.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Remote sensing of Macartney rose in the Texas Coastal Prairie. Macartney rose (Rosa bracteata) is an evergreen shrub that often creates a range management problem in southeastern Texas. A study was conducted to determine the potential of using remote sensing technology to distinguish Macartney rose on the Texas Coastal Prairie. Field reflectance measurements showed that Macartney rose had higher near-infrared reflectance than associated plant species and mixtures of species in February and March. Macartney rose had a bright red image tonal response on color-infrared aerial photographs obtained in late winter. Computer analysis of a color-infrared photographic transparency showed that Macartney rose populations could be quantified. An accuracy assessment performed on the classified image showed that both the user's accuracy and producer's accuracy for Macartney rose were 100%.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Your Politics Are Making me Sick! Political Identity-Based Workplace Incivility and Physical Health Complaints during Two US Presidential Elections. Two studies examined employee experiences of incivility based on their political identity, perceived political context of the workplace, and somatic physical health complaints during a presidential election (the 2008 and 2012 U.S. presidential elections; total N = 631). Results suggest that employees may be targeted for incivility because of their political identity, the political leanings of the workplace environment may be a key factor influencing the extent to which employees experience incivility based on their political identity, and there are some situations when political identity-based incivility, employee political identity, and the political leanings of the workplace combine to affect the physical wellbeing of targets. These findings highlight the relevancy of political identities in organizational interactions.", "label": [2, 5, 55, 24]}
{"token": "Phase field modeling of ductile fracture at large plastic strains using adaptive isotropic remeshing. In this paper, a phase field model of ductile fracture is described within the framework of large plastic strains. Most results dealing with phase field modeling of ductile fracture are carried out on a fixed mesh, which requires a fine mesh throughout all the computation. The aim of this paper is to introduce an adaptive isotropic remeshing strategy coupled with a phase field model of ductile fracture to achieve accurate results with a major decrease in computational time. A mixed velocity/pressure finite element formulation is used for the solution of mechanical fields. The plastic strain field needs to be transferred to the new mesh after each remeshing operation. This field transfer requires the use of a suitable remeshing-transfer operator. Different field transfer operators are tested and results are reported. In order to reduce the numerical diffusion associated with the field transfer operation, a volume quality based metric has been introduced. This paper presents different numerical examples with both qualitative and quantitative analyses in order to show the ability of the developed strategy in predicting crack evolution in ductile materials. The proposed framework is also able to predict crack paths in highly ductile materials while benefiting from space-adaptivity.", "label": [1, 4, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Modern Money Had and Received. The many manifestations of money had and received have come to be treated as a single claim, to reverse a defective transfer of value. I show here that this tendency towards unification has led us to exaggerate the role of value, thus obscuring the normative role played by the notion of a 'transfer' from claimant to defendant. I argue that 'transfer' labels the legal mechanism through which the parties' balance sheet positions are affected. For cases that involve physical cash, the legal mechanism properly associated with a claim in unjust enrichment is a title transfer. For cases that involve bank money, the legal mechanism is a bank transfer, effected by participating banks as agents for payor and payee. I argue that we should welcome the move in Investment Trust Companies v Revenue and Customs Commissioners towards a transactional test, but that we must draw and defend narrow parameters for it.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Breastfeeding triplets: The at-home experience. The unprecedented rise in higher-order multiple (HOM) births and the subsequent increase in parents who want to breastfeed their babies presents community health nurses (CHNs) with complex challenges. The extraordinary diversity of the triplet breastfeeding experience once all infants are settled at home is illustrated through findings from a survey of nine mothers of triplets. Parents revealed how they managed the feedings over the multiples' first year: type of feedings (breast, expressed breast milk [EBM], formula); scheduled and demand feedings; adequacy of milk supply; frequency and duration of feedings; consecutive and simultaneous feedings; nighttime with three; weaning; effects of breastfeeding on their bodies and well-being; challenges and stresses; and spousal, family, and health professional attitudes and support. A number of strategies that CHNs can utilize are suggested. These include working with individual families as well as forming partnerships with parents of multiples' support groups, multiple birth associations, interested health professionals, and the community sector. It is through these actions that the accessibility, coordination, and quality of health, multiple birth education, and social support services can be strengthened and healthy public policies implemented which address the unique and enormous demands experienced by HOMs' families.", "label": [2, 26, 24]}
{"token": "Parata hard red spring wheat. Parata is a hard red spring wheat developed at the University of Alberta. In three years of testing in the Parkland Cooperative Registration Test, Parata was higher yielding (P < 0.05) than AC Splendor (5.9 %) and CDC Teal (4.1 %) but similar to CDC Osler and AAC Connery. Parata matured earlier than CDC Teal, CDC Osler and AAC Connery and 1.6 days later than AC Splendor. Parata was shorter than all checks except AAC Connery and exhibited lodging resistance better than AC Splendor and CDC Osler. Test weight of Parata was greater than all checks by at least 1 kg hL(-1), while seed mass was within the range of the check cultivars. Parata was rated resistant to the prevalent races of stem and stripe rust in three years of testing. It was rated R/MR in two years and MS in one year for leaf rust; and was I in two years and MS in one year for common bunt. The FHB disease indices for Parata ranged from MS (1 rating) to MR in six station years. Three years of end-use quality evaluation has indicated that Parata is acceptable for the CWRS class, with improvements especially in flour yield and flour ash.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Cytopede: A Three-Dimensional Tool for Modeling Cell Motility on a Flat Surface. When cultured on flat surfaces, fibroblasts and many other cells spread to form thin lamellar sheets. Motion then occurs by extension of the sheet at the leading edge and retraction at the trailing edge. Comprehensive quantitative models of these phenomena have so far been lacking and to address this need, we have designed a three-dimensional code called Cytopede specialized for the simulation of the mechanical and signaling behavior of plated cells. Under assumptions by which the cytosol and the cytoskeleton are treated from a continuum mechanical perspective, Cytopede uses the finite element method to solve mass and momentum equations for each phase, and thus determine the time evolution of cellular models. We present the physical concepts that underlie Cytopede together with the algorithms used for their implementation. We then validate the approach by a computation of the spread of a viscous sessile droplet. Finally, to exemplify how Cytopede enables the testing of ideas about cell mechanics, we simulate a simple fibroblast model. We show how Cytopede allows computation, not only of basic characteristics of shape and velocity, but also of maps of cell thickness, cytoskeletal density, cytoskeletal flow, and substratum tractions that are readily compared with experimental data.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 40, 41, 42]}
{"token": "Robust STAP for MIMO Radar Based on Direct Data Domain Approach. The detection performance of direct data domain (D3) space-time adaptive processing (STAP) will be extremely degraded when there are mismatches between the actual and the presumed signal steering vectors. In this paper, a robust D3 STAP method for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar is developed. The proposed method utilizes the worst-case performance optimization (WCPO) to prevent the target self-nulling effect. An upper bound for the norm of the signal steering vector error is given to ensure that the WCPO problem has an admissible solution. Meanwhile, to obtain better detection performance in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environment, the proposed method gives a modified objective function to minimize the array noise while mitigating the interferences. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of our proposed method.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Gradual and complete delivery of a hydatid cyst of the brain through a single burr hole, a wrong happening!. Attempting for simple cannulation of the lesion through a burr hole drained a clear fluid. The cannula was removed promptly but the cyst wall came out little by little through the hole in a single piece which turned out to be the entire wall of a hydatid cyst. She was treated by antihelmintic medications for 6 months and there has been no sign of recurrence after a year. Odd paraclinical imaging characteristics and unique accidental surgical event makes this case the first reported pediatric brain hydatidosis with spontaneous complete delivery of the cyst through a single burr hole which can certainly be considered a wrong attempt if undertaken intentionally.Cerebral hydatidosis is a rare larval infection of the central nervous system affecting mostly the children and young adults.The authors report a case of a 5-year-old girl harboring a large right frontoparietal hydatid cyst. The imaging studies were not diagnostic for 'cerebral hydatidosis' and were interpreted as 'brain abscess'.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Rediscovering leaf optical properties: New insights into plant acclimation to solar UV radiation. The accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds (fiavonoids and other phenylpropanoid derivatives) and resultant decrease in the UV transmittance of the epidermis in leaves (T-UV), is a primary protective mechanism against the potentially deleterious effects of UV radiation and is a critical component of the overall acclimation response of plants to changing UV environments. Traditional measurements of T-UV were laborious, time-consuming and destructive or invasive, thus limiting their ability to efficiently make multiple measurements of the optical properties of plants in the field. The development of rapid, nondestructive optical methods of determining T-UV has permitted the examination of UV optical properties of leaves with increased replication, on a finer time scale, and enabled repeated sampling of the same leaf over time. This technology has therefore allowed for studies examining acclimation responses to UV in plants in ways not previously possible. Here we provide a brief review of these earlier studies examining leaf UV optical properties and some of their important contributions, describe the principles by which the newer non-invasive measurements of epidermal UV transmittance are made, and highlight several case studies that reveal how this technique is providing new insights into this UV acclimation response in plants, which is far more plastic and dynamic than previously thought. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Structure, Conduct and Performance of Indian Banking Sector. In the context of initiation of economic reforms in general and changes in policies and regulations of the banking sector in particular, the present paper attempts to examine the structure-conduct-performance relationships in Indian banking sector. It is observed that there have been changes in the market structure of Indian banking sector, conducts of the banks and their performance in the post-reform era, especially during the last decade, though the changes have not been significant in every aspect. Using a panel dataset of 59 banks operating in India during 1999-2000 to 2008-2009 and applying the two-stage least squares (2SL S) method of estimation, the paper finds that there exist strong inter-linkages amongst structure of the market, banks' conduct and their financial performance. While market share of a bank depends directly on its market size, asset base, selling efforts, and past financial performance, its selling efforts vary directly with market share, asset base, and past financial performance. On the other hand, returns on assets of a bank vary directly with its market share, but inversely with its asset base and selling efforts. The regression results essentially suggest for multidirectional and dynamic SCP relationships in Indian banking sector. It is also found that the nature of ownership has significant influence on market share, selling efforts and financial performance of the banks. As compared to the nationalised banks, market share of the private banks (both domestic and foreign) is found to be lower. But private banks make greater selling efforts and have better financial performance vis-avis their public sector counterparts.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Emergency response for evaluating SARS-CoV-2 immune status, seroprevalence and convalescent plasma in Argentina. The development of robust and specific serologic assays to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is essential to understand the pandemic evolution and establish mitigation strategies. Here, we report the emergency development, production and application of a versatile ELISA test for detecting antibodies against the whole spike protein and its receptor binding domain. Over half million tests have been freely distributed in public and private health institutions of Argentina for evaluating immune responses, convalescent plasma programs and for large seroprevalence studies in neighborhoods and health care workers. We are still learning how and when to use serologic testing in different epidemiological settings. This program allowed us to produce large amount of high quality data on antibody levels in symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and generate relevant information about IgM and IgG seroconversion time and kinetics. We also present standardized protocols for antibody quantification as guidance for convalescent donor plasma selection in hospitals throughout the country for compassionate use and clinical trials. Here, we provide a framework for generating widely available tools, protocols and information of antibody responses for pandemic management.Author summaryWe report the emergency development and application of a robust serologic test to evaluate acute and convalescent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Argentina. The assays, COVIDAR IgG and IgM, which were produced and provided for free to health authorities, private and public health institutions and nursing homes, use a combination of a trimer stabilized spike protein and the receptor binding domain (RBD) in a single enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate. Over half million tests have already been distributed to detect and quantify antibodies for multiple purposes, including assessment of immune responses in hospitalized patients and large seroprevalence studies in neighborhoods, slums and health care workers, which resulted in a powerful tool for asymptomatic detection and policy making in the country. Analysis of antibody levels and longitudinal studies of symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in over one thousand patient samples provided insightful information about IgM and IgG seroconversion time and kinetics, and IgM waning profiles. At least 35% of patients showed seroconversion within 7 days, and 95% within 45 days of symptoms onset, with simultaneous or close sequential IgM and IgG detection. Longitudinal studies of asymptomatic cases showed a wide range of antibody responses with median levels below those observed in symptomatic patients. Regarding convalescent plasma applications, a protocol was standardized for the assessment of end point IgG antibody titers with COVIDAR with more than 500 plasma donors. The protocol showed a positive correlation with neutralizing antibody titers, and was used for clinical trials and therapies across the country. Using this protocol, about 80% of convalescent donor plasmas were potentially suitable for therapies. Here, we demonstrate the importance of providing a robust and specific serologic assay for generating new information about antibody kinetics in infected individuals and mitigation policies to cope with pandemic needs.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
{"token": "Parametric analysis of multilayered unimorph piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters. The use of a multilayer piezoelectric cantilever beam for vibration-based energy harvesting applications has been investigated as an effective technique to increase the harvested electrical power. It has been shown that the multilayered energy harvester performance is very sensitive to the number of layers and their electrical connection due to impedance variations. The objective of this work is to suggest a comprehensive mathematical model of multilayered unimorph piezoelectric energy harvester allowing analytical solution for the harvested voltage and electrical power. The model is used to deeply investigate the influence of different parameters on the harvested power. A distributed-parameter model of the harvester using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and Hamilton's principle is derived. Gauss's law is used to derive the electrical equations for parallel and series connections. A closed-form solution is proposed based on the Galerkin procedure and the obtained results are validated with a finite element 3D model. A parametric study is performed to ascertain the influence of the load resistance, the thickness ratio, the number of piezoelectric layers on the tip displacement and the electrical harvested power. It is shown that this model can be easily used to adjust the geometrical and electrical parameters of the energy harvester in order to improve the system's performances. In addition, it is proven that if one of the system's parameter is not correctly tuned, the harvested power can decrease by several orders of magnitude.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Localization of non-specific X-linked mental retardation gene (MRX73) to Xp22.2. Clinical and molecular studies are reported on a family (MRX73) of live males with non-specific X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). A total of 33 microsatellite and RFLP markers was typed. The gene for this XLMR condition was:been linked :to DXS1195, with a lod score of 2.36 at theta = 0, The haplotype and multipoint linkage analyses suggest localization of the MRX73 locus to an interval of 2 cM defined by markers DXS8019 and DXS365, in, Xp22.2. This interval contains the gene of Coffin-Lowry syndrome (RSK2), where a missense mutation has been associated with a form of non-specific mental retardation Therefore, a search for RSK2 mutations was performed in the MRX73 family, but no causal mutation was found. We hypothesize that another unidentified XLMR gene is located near RSK2. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Aby Warburg's (1866-1929) dots and lines. Mapping the diffusion of astrological motifs in art history. The art theorist and intellectual historian Aby Warburg made it his life's goal to research the \\\\'Wanderstra beta en der Kultur,\\\\' conceived as the pathways of the mind. As \\\\'image historian\\\\' he traced the metamorphoses of ideas as translated into art, literature, and music over time and space, to probe what it meant to orient oneself in space. The Mnemosyne Atlas, a compilation of photographs to chart the development of particular symbols and images, is one such well-known tool of orientation. Less widely known is his quest, presented here, to understand astrological motifs and their shifting place in an evolving intellectual world view.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Resurrecting Proudhon's idea of justice. Much of the writing of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) is neglected within sociology. Yet building on the work of Auguste Comte, Proudhon was an influential, if controversial, social theorist throughout the 19th century. Proudhon, \\\\'the father of anarchism,\\\\' held an understanding of progress antagonistic toward that of Marx, his contemporary within the emerging socialist movement. While Comte and Marx focused on knowledge or class struggle respectively as the source of progress within society, Proudhon argued that only justice generates social progress. Several notable French sociologists have written on the importance of Proudhon's work, but contemporary sociology continues to neglect his ideas. In what follows, I first outline Proudhon's place in sociology. Then, I describe his law of progress and the \\\\'three revolutions in justice.\\\\' Next, I derive several theoretical propositions from Proudhon's idea of justice. Lastly, I examine what a serious study of Proudhonian justice can contribute to the discipline of sociology as a whole.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "NATURE OF THE RATE-DETERMINING STEPS OF THE REACTION CATALYZED BY THE YERSINIA PROTEIN-TYROSINE-PHOSPHATASE. Product inhibition and O-18 exchange experiments suggest that the Yersinia protein-tyrosine phosphatase-catalyzed phosphate monoester hydrolysis proceeds through at least two different chemical steps, i.e. the formation and breakdown of a covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate. The pH dependence of k(cat) values is bell-shaped, with the apparent pK(a) derived from the acidic limb of the profile at 4.6 for both p-nitrophenyl phosphate and beta-naphthyl phosphate, whereas the apparent pK(a), derived from the basic limb of the profile is substrate dependent, with apparent pK(a) values of 5.2 and 5.8 for p-nitrophenyl phosphate and beta-naphthyl phosphate, respectively. Twelve aryl phosphates with leaving groups having pK(a) values from similar to 7 to 10 are also examined as substrates at two pH values. At pH 4.0, the beta(lg) value is effectively zero, whereas at pH 7.5, a beta(lg) value of 0.16 is observed. Collectively, our results suggest that the rate-determining step under acidic conditions corresponds to the breakdown of the phosphoenzyme intermediate, whereas under more alkaline conditions, substrate effects also contribute to the rate-limiting step. A model is proposed for the mechanism of the Yersinia protein-tyrosine phosphatase-catalyzed reaction.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Leadership Challenges from the Deployment of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems How Erosion of Human Supervision Over Lethal Engagement Will Impact How Commanders Exercise Leadership. Lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) - robotic weapons that have the ability to sense and act unilaterally depending on how they are programmed - will be capable of selecting targets and delivering lethality without any human interaction. This technology may still be in its infancy, but both semi-autonomous and other precursor systems are already in service. This, argues Paddy Walker, requires a material step change in both hardware and software but, once deployed, posits a significant change in how humans wage war. This article considers the behavioural and leadership challenges that arise from the deployment of such weapons and how unsupervised engagements might degrade the commander's craft.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Remarks on the genus Sinochlora Tinkham (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae). Three new species are described, namely Sinochlora apicalis sp. nov., S. longipenis sp. nov. and S. cucullata sp. nov. A key to all known species of Sinochlora is presented and characters are illustrated, distribution maps of all Sinochlora species are provided. All specimens examined in this study are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Numerical study of the heat transfer of two fluid flow in partially heated enclosure. This investigation addresses a systematic numerical method based on the finite volume method and a full multigrid technique to study three-dimensional flow structures and heat transfer rates in partially heated 3D enclosures. The heating occurs with a central heated strip on a large vertical wall and the opposite vertical wall is cooled to a uniform low temperature. The remaining surfaces are thermally insulated. Two different fluids: one air (Pr = 0.7) and the other water (Pr = 6.8) are employed encompassing descriptive Rayleigh numbers Ra bounded by 10(3) and 10(7). Typical sets of streamlines and isotherms are presented to analyze the intricate circulatory flow patterns set up by the buoyancy force of the fluids. Monomial correlations are presented for the quantification of the total heat transfer in harmony with the prevalent Rayleigh numbers for the two dissimilar working fluids.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Higher weights for codes over rings. A generalized definition of higher weights for codes over finite chain rings and principal ideal rings and bounds on the minimum higher weights in this setting are given. Using this we generalize the definition for higher MDS and MDR codes. Computationally, the higher weight enumerator of lifted Hamming and Simplex codes over Z(4), the minimum higher weights for the lifted code of the binary [8,4,4] self-dual extended Hamming code, the lifted code of the ternary [12,6,6] self-dual Golay code and the lifted code of the binary [24,12,8] self-dual Golay code are given. Joint weight enumerators are used to produce MacWilliams relations for specific higher weight enumerators.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "An Essay on Distributive Justice and the Equal Ownership of Natural Resources. The article argues that, in seeking to establish criteria for distributive justice, consideration should be given to the manner in which Earth's natural resources are owned. The views of seven notable authorities on this issue are presented, ranging from an unrestricted right of private ownership to some form of public or collective ownership. The possibility of a system of ownership that is private but equal is discussed.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
{"token": "Ultrasonic vocalizations during intermittent swim stress forecasts resilience in subsequent forced swim and spatial learning tests. The examination of stress resilience has substantially increased in recent years. However, current paradigms require multiple behavioral procedures, which themselves may serve as secondary stressors. Therefore, a novel predictor of stress resilience is needed to advance the field. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) have been observed as a behavioral correlate of stress in various rodent species. It was recently reported that rats that emitted ultrasonic vocalizations during intermittent swim stress (ISS) later showed resilience when tested on an instrumental swim escape test. In the current study, we extend this earlier observation on two additional behavioral endpoints. Rats were subjected to ISS, and USVs were recorded. Twenty-four hours later, behavioral performance was evaluated in either the forced swim test or Morris water maze. Rats that emitted ultrasonic vocalizations were resilient to the effects of ISS as indicated by performance similar to controls on both measures. These results extend the original findings that ISS-induced USVs are associated with resilience and are related to subsequent aversively motivated behavior. Such a non-invasive forecast of stress responsivity will allow future work to utilize USVs to examine the neural correlates of initial stress resistance/resilience, thereby eliminating potential confounds of further behavioral testing. Future studies can utilize USVs to target potentially unappreciated neural systems to provide novel pharmacotherapeutic strategies for treatment-resistant depression. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
{"token": "Prenatally drug-exposed toddlers: Cognitive and social development. In a replication of an earlier study, 122 prenatally drug-exposed toddlers were assessed on four cognitive scales and rated by their caregivers on socialization, communication, and daily living skills. A significant number of the sample performed below age expectancy on the cognitive scales and on at least two of the three domains rated by caregivers.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 23]}
{"token": "Stimulatory Effects of Low Intensity Laser Therapy on the Healing of Rabbit Tibial Defects. The present study was to investigate the effects of low intensity laser therapy (LILT) on the healing of rabbit tibial defects. Circular defects were perforated at the medial site of tibial crests on both hind legs of 18 male New Zealand White rabbits. The defects were randomly allocated into 3 groups (n=12): 1) defects irradiated with LILT, at 4 J/cm(2) (LS4); 2) defects irradiated with LILT, at 20 J/cm(2) (LS20), and 3) defects receiving sham treatment (control group). Irradiation began 24 h after surgery, and repeated every 48 h, with a total of 8 sessions. In the 3rd and 6th weeks after surgery, the rabbits were euthanized, and the healing of defects was assessed by cone beam computed tomography, qualitative and quantitative histological techniques. Results showed that the 2 dosages of LILT similarly and significantly enhanced bone healing by increasing the bone area fraction in the 3rd week and the density of newly formed bone tissues in the 6th week after surgery. In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that LILT could improve the healing of the rabbit tibial defects via increased bone formation. The equal positive effects of the 2 settings suggest that the lower dosage of LILT may be more preferable and practical than the higher one in bio-stimulation of healing of bone fractures/defects.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Children with oculocutaneous albinism in Africa: Characteristics, challenges and medical care. Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an inherited condition characterised by significantly reduced pigment in skin, hair and eyes, visual defects and an increased risk of skin cancer. In the South African black population, 1 in 4 000 people is affected. Quality of life in children with albinism is influenced not only by health problems, but also by stigmatisation, rejection and cultural issues. This review aims to explore the latest literature available on the epidemiology, genetics, clinical characteristics, psychosocial issues and possible management strategies, focusing on affected children. The knowledge provided here is required of health professionals if a more fully informed service is to be offered to these children and their families.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Time Efficiency of Online Education in Technical Subjects Without Decreasing Didactic Effectiveness During the COVID-19 Pandemic. This contribution is about the time and didactic efficiency of electronic education in training of future specialists in the field of applied informatics. We created two groups of students within our research: experimental and control group. Both groups had to create a mutual goal during the educational process (1 semester) - to design and program a robotic arm controlled by Arduino. The experimental group worked in the TinkerCad environment which is an online simulation playground aimed directly for designing and programming projects based on the Arduino platform. The control group did the experiment the conservative way: the education process was done by giving the students physical equipment with the necessary electronic components. The results of this experiment show us the time efficiency in the favor of online education, while the didactic efficiency reached the same level in both groups.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 15]}
{"token": "Examining distinct carbon cost structures and climate change abatement strategies in CO2 polluting firms. Practical implications - From a managerial perspective, the study demonstrates that carbon efficiency improvements are generally not effective in triggering corporate CO2 emission reduction when firms pursue a growth strategy.Originality/value - The paper has high originality as it reports one of the first management accounting studies to explore the distinction between combustion-and process-related CO2 emissions. In addition, it provides distinctive support for the view that eco-efficiency is more consistent with the economic than the environmental pillar of sustainability.Social implications - Global warming signifies that CO2 emissions constitute a social problem. The study has the potential to raise societal awareness that the causality of the manufacturing sector's CO2 emissions is complex. Further, the study highlights that while more efficient use of environmental resources is a prerequisite of enhanced ecological sustainability, in isolation it fails to signify improved ecological sustainability in manufacturing operations.Findings - CO2 polluting firms exhibit differing carbon cost structures that result from distinctive drivers of carbon consumption (product output vs capacity level). Climate change abatement strategies also differ across carbon-intensive sectors (energy, manufacturing firms transforming non-fossil carbon-based materials, and other manufacturing firms) but are relatively homogeneous within them.Purpose - A management accounting perspective that underscores a quest for reducing conventionally appraised costs, negative output costs as well as heightened eco-efficiency has been used in pursuit of the study's two main study objectives. The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, the study seeks to further understanding of the relationship between product output volume, carbon costs, and CO2 emission volume in carbon-intensive firms. Second, it identifies factors affecting climate change abatement strategies pursued by these firms. Heightening appreciation of the climate change challenge, combined with minimal CO2 emission research undertaken from a cost management perspective, underscores the significance of the study.Design/methodology/approach - A triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data collected from Slovenian firms that operate in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme has been deployed.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Evaluation of Blood Levels of C-Reactive Protein Marker in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. (1) Introduction: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and CRP are inflammatory biomarkers associated with several inflammatory diseases. In both pediatric and adult individuals with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) higher hs-CRP and CRP were observed, compared to controls. With the present systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression we expand upon previous meta-analyses in four ways: (1) We included 109 studies (96 in adults and 13 in children); (2) we reported subgroup and meta-regression analyses in adults with OSA compared to controls on the serum and plasma levels of hs-CRP; (3) we reported subgroup and meta-regression analyses in adults with OSA compared to controls on the serum and plasma levels of CRP; (4) we reported serum and plasma levels of both hs-CRP and CRP in children with OSA, always compared to controls. (2) Materials and Methods: The PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched to retrieve articles published until 31 May 2020, with no restrictions. The data included basic information involving the first author, publication year, country of study, ethnicity of participants in each study, age, BMI, and AHI of both groups, and mean and standard deviation (SD) of plasma and serum levels of CRP and hs-CRP. (3) Results: A total of 1046 records were retrieved from the databases, and 109 studies were selected for the analysis (96 studies reporting the blood levels of hs-CRP/CRP in adults and 13 studies in children). For adults, 11 studies reported plasma hs-CRP, 44 serum hs-CRP, 9 plasma CRP, and 32 serum CRP levels. For children, 6 studies reported plasma hs-CRP, 4 serum hs-CRP, 1 plasma CRP, and 2 serum CRP levels. Compared to controls, the pooled MD of plasma hs-CRP levels in adults with OSA was 0.11 mg/dL (p < 0.00001). Compared to controls, the pooled MD of serum hs-CRP levels in adults with OSA was 0.09 mg/dL (p < 0.00001). Compared to controls, the pooled MD of plasma CRP levels in adults with OSA was 0.06 mg/dL (p = 0.72). Compared to controls, the pooled MD of serum CRP levels in adults with OSA was 0.36 mg/dL (p < 0.00001). Compared to controls, the pooled MD of plasma hs-CRP, serum hs-CRP, plasma hs-CRP, and serum hs-CRP in children with OSA was 1.17 mg/dL (p = 0.005), 0.18 mg/dL (p = 0.05), 0.08 mg/dL (p = 0.10), and 0.04 mg/dL (p = 0.33), respectively. The meta-regression showed that with a greater apnea-hypapnea index (AHI), serum hs-CRP levels were significantly higher. (4) Conclusions: The results of the present systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression showed that compared to healthy controls plasma and serum levels of hs-CRP and serum CRP level were higher in adults with OSA; for children, and compared to controls, just plasma hs-CRP levels in children with OSA were higher.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "A comparison of pyrosequencing and neuraminidase inhibition assays for the detection of oseltamivir-resistant pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 viruses. Currently most pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 (H1N1pdm) viruses are sensitive to oseltamivir, but a single point mutation (H275Y) in the neuraminidase (NA) gene of H1N1 pdm can lead to resistance and such viruses have been reported from several countries. In this study we compare the performance of a pyrosequencing-based method for the detection of the H275Y mutation in H1N1pdm viruses with a conventional NA inhibition assay. Pyrosequencing could detect as little as 5% H275Y mutants in a mixed viral population, while mixtures with 25% or greater mutant virus were required before a significant increase in IC50 value could be detected. However, the sensitivity of the NA inhibition assay could be enhanced by using a more sophisticated curve-fitting analysis to generate similar results to the pyrosequencing assay. Of 181 H1N1pdm clinical samples examined by pyrosequencing, nine samples from five patients were found to contain H275Y mutant viruses, four of whom were under oseltamivir treatment. Changes in the ratio of H275Y mutant to wild-type viruses were observed in serial clinical specimens from two patients over the duration of their treatment. This study highlights the need for close monitoring of the H275Y mutation in clinical samples, in particular from severely ill patients infected with H1N1pdm. The use of pyrosequencing and the NA inhibition assay provide powerful tools for the rapid detection and quantitation of resistant influenza viruses in mixed populations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 21]}
{"token": "French pastors in the Seventeenth century: a gentrification?. From the end of the seventeenth century, with the work of elie Benoist, historiography was shaped by a series of distortions in the presentation of French pastors under the regime of the Edict of Nantes. Initially described as the passive victims of the arbitrariness of Louis XIV, the ministers at the time of the \\\\'normalization\\\\' were then denounced, at the beginning of the twentieth century, as men without vocation, theologians with little concern for piety or for the aspirations of their flocks. Recent studies, since the 1960s, have given us a more nuanced picture of this socio-professional group, which is hard to identify with any precision because of its number and its heterogeneity. There is still much research to be done on the subject, and this contribution proposes some reflections for a typology of pastoral models.", "label": [3, 31, 28]}
{"token": "Transport of deer: A review with particular relevance to red deer (Cervus elaphus). Legislation covering transport of deer is already operative in many countries with the aim of safeguarding deer welfare. However, the responses of deer to commercial transportation have not yet been measured scientifically. This primary information is needed before a full assessment of the effects of transport on the welfare of deer can be made. Thermal conditions during transit are of importance for deer welfare and these have not been measured, either under experimental conditions or during commercial journeys.Farmed deer of which the predominant species is the red deer (Cervus elaphus), are increasingly transported to abattoirs for slaughter rather than being shot at pasture. In order to satisfy meat hygiene and marketing requirements, the welfare of deer is often reduced because all farmed animals are stressed by commercial transportation. Several recent experimental studies (reviewed here) have found the magnitude of behavioural and physiological responses of deer to many aspects of handling and transport to be similar to those measured in other farm species, particularly ruminants. Thus, their welfare appears not to be unduly compromised despite their comparatively recent domestication. Deer are, however, particularly flighty and require specialized handling facilities and equipment, the key features of which are summarized.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
{"token": "EXISTENCE OF SOLUTIONS FOR FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH DIRICHLET BOUNDARY CONDITIONS. a.e t is an element of [0, T],where D-0(t)-beta, D-t(T)-beta are the left and right Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals, respectively, of order 0 < beta < 1.u(0) = u(T) = 0,In this article, we apply the Nehari manifold to prove the existence of a solution of the fractional differential equationd/dt (1/2(0)D(t)(-beta)(u'(t)) + 1/2(t)D(T)(-beta)(u'(t))) = f (t, u(t)) + lambda h(t)vertical bar u(t)vertical bar(r-2) u(t),", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "National Program Scale-Up and Patient Outcomes in a Pediatric Antiretroviral Treatment Program, Thailand, 2000-2007. Conclusions: Pediatric ART has been successfully scaled-up in Thailand, including to district/community hospitals. Late entry to care is associated with poorer outcomes, and earlier ART initiation should be prioritized.Background: There are limited reports of public sector scale-up of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV-infected children. We describe patient outcomes for HIV-infected children initiating ART in Thailand from 2000 to 2005.Results: Analysis included 3409 children. Median follow-up time was 1.7 years (interquartile range = 1.0-2.5). Median age at ART initiation was 7.3 years, weight-for-age z score was -2.0, CD4% was 5.0%. ART was initiated in 1428 (41.9%) children at regional/university hospitals and in 689 (20.2%) at district/community hospitals. At last visit, 346 (10.1%) were LTFU and 305 (9.0%) had died. Age <1 (P = 0.008), weight-for-age z score <-2.0 (P < 0.001), CD4% <5% (P < 0.001), and clinical stage C (P < 0.001) were associated with death; district/community hospital patients had a lower hazard of death (P = 0.011). Clinical stage C (P = 0.052) and regional/university hospital (P < 0.001) were associated with increased LTFU.Methods: ART-naive patients,15 years old initiating ART from January 2000 to December 2005 were included; follow-up was through March 2007. Survival probabilities were estimated with Kaplan-Meier and hazard ratios for death and loss to follow-up (LTFU) with Cox proportional hazards models.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Can It Be That God Does Not Remember Me': A qualitative study on the psychological distress, suffering, and coping of Dominican women with chronic filarial lymphedema and elephantiasis of the leg. The psychological states of Dominican women with chronic lymphedema and elephantiasis of the leg and the coping strategies they used to ameliorate the negative psychological effects of this condition were explored using modified precepts of grounded theory method. Qualitative data were gathered through in-depth interviewing and focus group discussions held in the Dominican Republic. Thematic results found that compounding their physical disfigurement, functional limitations, and social losses were feelings of depression, embarrassment, social isolation, and despair. Adaptive problem solving and emotion focused coping strategies that emerged during analysis also are discussed. It is recommended that management of psychological distress should be a significant component of lymphedema management programs in developing countries.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Pulmonary nocardiosis caused by Nocardia cyriacigeorgica in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease: two case reports. Background: Pulmonary nocardiosis frequently occurs in immunocompromised hosts and in some immunocompetent hosts with chronic lung disease; however, few reports have described pulmonary nocardiosis with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung infection. Here we report for the first time two cases of pulmonary nocardiosis caused by Nocardia cyriacigeorgica associated with Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease caused by M. avium.Conclusion: We report two cases of pulmonary nocardiosis caused by N. cyriacigeorgica associated with MAC lung disease caused by M. avium and suggest that N. cyriacigeorgica may be a major infective agent associated with MAC lung disease.Case presentation: Case 1 is that of a 72-year-old Japanese man with untreated MAC lung disease, who was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and initiated on methotrexate. After 3 years of methotrexate therapy, the patient remained smear-negative and culture-positive for MAC, but also became smear-positive for Nocardia species. He received trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and his symptoms and lung infiltrates improved. Case 2 is that of an immunocompetent 53-year-old Japanese woman with MAC lung disease, who was treated with a combined therapy of clarithromycin, rifampicin, ethambutol, and levofloxacin. MAC sputum culture was negative after 1 year of combined treatment, which was maintained for 2 years. After four treatment-free years, Nocardia species were occasionally isolated from her sputum, although MAC was rarely isolated from sputum cultures over the same period. In both cases, the Nocardia species were identified as the recently defined N. cyriacigeorgica by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Cassava brown streak disease: a threat to food security in Africa. Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) has emerged as the most important viral disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Africa and is a major threat to food security. CBSD is caused by two distinct species of ipomoviruses, Cassava brown streak virus and Ugandan cassava brown streak virus, belonging to the family Potyviridae. Previously, CBSD was reported only from the coastal lowlands of East Africa, but recently it has begun to spread as an epidemic throughout the Great Lakes region of East and Central Africa. This new spread represents a major threat to the cassava-growing regions of West Africa. CBSD-resistant cassava cultivars are being developed through breeding, and transgenic RNA interference-derived field resistance to CBSD has also been demonstrated. This review aims to provide a summary of the most important studies on the aetiology, epidemiology and control of CBSD and to highlight key research areas that need prioritization.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
{"token": "Prolonged time to pregnancy in residents exposed to ionising radiation in cobalt-60-contaminated buildings. Methods This was a retrospective pregnancy-based study of 357 pregnancies born to 124 exposed couples. Both the cumulative dose and the dose rate for each pregnancy was estimated based on a physical dose reconstruction programme. The comparison population consisted of 612 pregnancies born to 225 couples randomly sampled from the Taiwan general population. Information on TTP was collected by personal interviews. Fecundability ratios (FRs) were calculated with a discrete proportional hazards model.Conclusions Our findings suggest that exposure to low-dose ionising radiation of cobalt-60-contaminated buildings may decrease fertility, especially in females. Fertility declined with increasing concurrent dose but not with cumulative dose.Objectives Radiation-induced cytogenetic damage in somatic cells has raised concern that low-dose ionising radiation can also damage germ cells and influence gamete production and/or function, resulting in decreased fertility. Time to pregnancy (TTP) was used to investigate whether exposure to g-radiation affected fertility among the residents of cobalt-60-contaminated buildings in Taiwan.Results For exposed mothers, fertility decreased significantly when unprotected intercourse began during the period of living in the radiation-contaminated buildings (FR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.92). The effect was borderline significant for fathers (FR 0.83, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.02). There was evidence that prolonged TTP was associated with the rate of exposure for both mothers and fathers (tests for trend: female, p = 0.0006; male, p = 0.03), especially evident for dose rates >= 10 mSv/year (female, FR 0.60, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.84; male, FR 0.68, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.96).", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Spay/neuter laws as a debated approach to stabilizing the populations of dogs and cats: An overview of the European legal framework and remarks. To reduce the (over) population of unwanted companion non human animals, namely dogs and cats. They are used to lower negative impacts on human societies and on the animals themselves, and opting for the neutering status is usually considered a demonstration of \\\\'responsible ownership.\\\\' In Western countries, however, such provisions are not uniform and must increasingly be balanced with the recognition of animals as sentient beings with interests under the law. Furthermore, there is no consensus on whether routine neutering benefits both human and nonhuman parties, and the veterinary profession progressively claims the need for case-by-case management. Such premises make deciding how to manage companion animals' reproductive lives legally challenging. The current work examines the European legal framework for companion animal protection and animal legal status after providing a brief overview of the global problem of overpopulation. Subsequently, the author discusses the main legal approaches to controlling companion animal reproduction, in European countries. Remarks about the legally binding option and on alternative approaches are provided, while highlighting the persistent need for appropriate and coherent European legislation.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Cold sensitivity gradient in tuber-bearing Solanum based on physiological and transcript profiles. Tuber-bearing Solanum species exhibit a wide variation with respect to cold sensitivity. Physiological evaluation based on the leakage of cellular electrolytes showed a continuous gradient of sensitivity among cultivated and wild species, which ranged from chilling sensitivity to freezing tolerance by cold acclimation (CA). Solanum trifidum Correll, a chilling-sensitive species, defines the baseline of cold tolerance within the genus, while S. commersonii Dunal, a cold-acclimating species, represents the hardiest end of the spectrum. Solanum species at the extreme ends of the sensitivity gradient exhibited distinct expression signatures for selected CA-associated genes (CBF1, ZAT12, COR47, and GolS3). Transcription factor (CBF1 and ZAT12) expression was positively correlated with CA but not with the sensitivity gradient among nonacclimating species. Variation across the sensitivity gradient was reflected by the differences in induction profiles of nonregulatory genes (COP47 and GolS3).", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "A school-based physical activity intervention for children with developmental coordination disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Conclusions and implications: The findings suggest that a school-based FMS training program has the potential to promote physical and psychological health in children with DCD in the long run.Background: Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have lower physical activity (PA) than children with typical development (TD). PA and fundamental movement skills (FMS) are positively associated so interventions that promote FMS of children with DCD are recommended.Aim: To examine the effects of a school-based FMS training program on motor functions, PA and other psychological outcomes.Methods and procedures: A total of 131 primary children were allocated to FMS training groups (DCD-FMS n = 35, TD-FMS n = 29), which received FMS training (eight weekly 40-min sessions), or to control groups (DCD-C n = 34, TD-C n = 33), which received conventional physical education lessons. Outcome measures, including accelerometer-assessed PA, motor functions, and self-perceived competence and enjoyment, were measured at baseline, 1-week (immediate effect), 3-months (short-term effect) and 12-months (longer-term effect) after the intervention.Outcomes and results: FMS training resulted in improved FMS proficiency and increased PA and enjoyment of activity participation in children. In particular, the DCD-FMS group reported greater enjoyment over time. Some effects were also evident for both short- and longer-term.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
{"token": "A Novel System of Cytoskeletal Elements in the Human Pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Pathogenicity of the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori relies upon its capacity to adapt to a hostile environment and to escape from the host response. Therefore, cell shape, motility, and pH homeostasis of these bacteria are specifically adapted to the gastric mucus. We have found that the helical shape of H. pylori depends on coiled coil rich proteins (Ccrp), which form extended filamentous structures in vitro and in vivo, and are differentially required for the maintenance of cellmorphology. We have developed an in vivo localization system for this pathogen. Consistent with a cytoskeleton-like structure, Ccrp proteins localized in a regular punctuate and static pattern within H. pylori cells. Ccrp genes show a high degree of sequence variation, which could be the reason for the morphological diversity between H. pylori strains. In contrast to other bacteria, the actin-like MreB protein is dispensable for viability in H. pylori, and does not affect cell shape, but cell length and chromosome segregation. In addition, mreB mutant cells displayed significantly reduced urease activity, and thus compromise a major pathogenicity factor of H. pylori. Our findings reveal that Ccrp proteins, but not MreB, affect cell morphology, while both cytoskeletal components affect the development of pathogenicity factors and/or cell cycle progression.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
{"token": "Structurally Reconstructed CsPbI2Br Perovskite for Highly Stable and Square-Centimeter All-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells. Although all-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demonstrate high thermal stability, cesium-lead halide perovskites with high iodine content suffer from poor stability of the black phase (alpha-phase). In this study, it is demonstrated that incorporating InCl3 into the host perovskite lattice helps to inhibit the formation of yellow phase (delta-phase) perovskite and thereby enhances the long-term ambient stability. The enhanced stability is achieved by a strategy for the structural reconstruction of CsPbI2Br perovskite by means of In3+ and Cl- codoping, which gives rise to a significant improvement in the overall spatial symmetry with a closely packed atom arrangement due to the crystal structure transformation from orthorhombic (Pnma) to cubic (Pm-3m). In addition, a novel thermal radiation heating method that further improves the uniformity of the perovskite thin films is presented. This approach enables the construction of all-inorganic InCl3:CsPbI2Br PSCs with a champion power conversion efficiency of 13.74% for a small-area device (0.09 cm(2)) and 11.4% for a large-area device (1.00 cm(2)).", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Clinical Presentation of Community-Acquired Legionella Pneumonia Identified by Universal Testing in an Endemic Area. The rapid identification of Legionella pneumonia is essential to optimize patient treatment and outcomes, and to identify potential public health risks. Previous studies have identified clinical factors which are more common in Legionella than non-Legionella pneumonia, and scores have been developed to assist in diagnosing cases. Since a Legionella pneumonia outbreak at VA Pittsburgh in 2012, nearly all patients with pneumonia have been tested for Legionella. The purpose of this study was to evaluate distinguishing characteristics between Legionella and non-Legionella pneumonia with the application of universal testing for Legionella in all cases of community-acquired pneumonia. We performed a retrospective case-control study matching Legionella and non-Legionella pneumonia cases occurring in the same month. Between January 2013 and February 2016, 17 Legionella and 54 non-Legionella cases were identified and reviewed. No tested characteristics were significantly associated with Legionella cases after Bonferroni correction. Outcomes of Legionella and non-Legionella pneumonia were comparable. Therefore, in veterans who underwent routine Legionella testing in an endemic area, factors typically associated with Legionella pneumonia were non-discriminatory.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Orphans and Political Instability. Objective. This study investigates the security implications of growing orphan populations, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Little has been written about the security implications of this especially vulnerable group of children. Are growing orphan populations associated with increases in political instability as has been suggested? Method. Using data from several sources, we employ regression analysis to test whether Sub-Saharan African countries with larger proportions of orphans and those with increasing orphan populations experience higher rates of political instability. Results. We find that the increase in the orphan population is related to an increasing incidence of civil conflict, but do not find a similar relationship for the proportion of orphans. In addition, we find that the causes of orphanhood matter. Conclusions. We conclude that increases in orphan populations (rather than simple proportions) are destabilizing. We suggest possible avenues for mediating the security risks posed by growing orphan populations.", "label": [5, 54, 57]}
{"token": "A Two-Stage Cepstral Analysis Procedure for the Classification of Rough Voices. Objectives. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of a two-stage method of cepstral peak identification to effectively discriminate rough vs breathy vs typical voice in sustained vowel productions. It was hypothesized that a dual-stage search for cepstral peak prominences (CPP's) above and below specified que-frency/F-0 cutoffs would result in a CPP difference that would be characteristic of the rough, diplophonic voice type.Methodology. Central one-second portions of sustained vowel /a/ productions were obtained from 90 subjects (rough, breathy, and normophonic voices). All voice samples were analyzed using a a two-stage cepstral analysis process in which a CPPHigh-Low difference value was obtained by identifying cepstral peaks above and below a lower limit for expected F-0 (150 Hz for females and 90 Hz for males), called CPPHigh and CPPLow respectively.Conclusions. Rough, diplophonic voices were consistently observed to have a subharmonic peak that was greater in amplitude than the cepstral peak obtained within the region of the expected F-0, resulting in a negative value for the CPPHigh-Low difference. The two-stage cepstral analysis process described herein is visually intuitive from the graphical display of a cepstrum and is a simple extended calculation derived from cepstral analysis procedures that have been recommended as essential in the acoustic description of vocal quality.Results. The CPPHigh-Low difference value was observed to be a highly significant predictor, with negative values for this parameter characteristic of a dominant subharmonic in the voice signal and the perception of diplophonic, rough voice. Correct classification of rough vs nonrough voice samples was 82.2% (sensitivity 0.80 and specificity 0.833). In the consideration of three group classification (breathy vs. normophonic vs. rough), models incorporating two predictors (the CPP obtained from a single search through a 60 to 300 Hz frequency range (CPPDefault) and the CPPHigh-Low difference value) correctly classified 78.88% of the voice samples.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Organisational interoperability characterisation and evaluation using enterprise modelling and graph theory. Today, enterprises have to cooperate to survive in an increasingly competitive environment. This cooperation is carried out using networked organisations. To cooperate in the best way possible, each enterprise must be interoperable with many other ones. From an engineering point of view, it is necessary to model the enterprises and their collaboration, to detect where interoperability is considered less than expected, to evaluate the effort necessary to fill the lack of interoperability and to propose solutions to improve the situation. This paper focuses on the modelling, detection of non-interoperability and evaluation of efforts issues.First, this paper exposes the problems of interoperability, focusing on organisational interoperability and the necessity of using enterprise modelling techniques. The second part of this paper is dedicated to the presentation of a method enabling the characterisation of organisational interoperability and the evaluation of effort needed to reach or maintain the targeted interoperability level. This method is based on enterprise modelling, graph theory and rules checking. The third part of the paper presents in detail the five main rules of the method. This presentation is proposed through a real case study to demonstrate its applicability. A discussion of the research results is presented at the end of parts two and three. Finally, a conclusion and some perspectives are presented at the end of this paper.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "HES PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS: THE COASE THEOREM LESSONS FOR THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT. The Coase theorem has occupied a prominent place in economic discourse for the last half-century. The debate over the theorem and the uses to which it has been put are important moments in the history of modern economics, and the analysis of them by the historians of economics sheds light on certain of the tensions in contemporary historiography. This article discusses several aspects of the intellectual history of the Coase theorem, arguing that the study of this history illustrates the necessity of a pluralistic approach, and that attempts to write history from a singular historiographic perspective leave us with histories that are both misleading and incomplete.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "In defence of generalized Darwinism. Darwin himself suggested the idea of generalizing the core Darwinian principles to cover the evolution of social entities. Also in the nineteenth century, influential social scientists proposed their extension to political society and economic institutions. Nevertheless, misunderstanding and misrepresentation have hindered the realization of the powerful potential in this longstanding idea. Some critics confuse generalization with analogy. Others mistakenly presume that generalizing Darwinism necessarily involves biological reductionism. This essay outlines the types of phenomena to which a generalized Darwinism applies, and upholds that there is no reason to exclude social or economic entities.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Estrogens and human cardiovascular physiology. The importance of estrogens for cardiovascular physiology in women is accepted, even if the clinical place for hormonal supplementation after menopause remains uncertain. However, although men produce significant quantities of estrogen, relatively little is known about the role of estrogens in the male cardiovascular system. Recent evidence about the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease, the mechanisms of action of estrogens, the biological actions of endogenously produced estrogens in men, and the acute and chronic effects of estrogens on the vasculature in both men and women, suggests that these hormones may well play an important role in normal male cardiovascular physiology. In addition, they may provide useful adjuncts to therapy in selected groups of men.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
{"token": "Iterologia de Micaela Feldman/Etchebehere tras la guerra civil espanola: entre el insilio melancolico y el exilio de imaginacion cosmopolita. RESUMENMicaela Feldman, autora de la obra bilingue Ma guerre d'Espagne a moi/Mi guerra de Espana (1976), y conocida por su heteronimo \\\\'Mika Etchebehere\\\\', participo en la guerra civil espanola en una milicia del Partido Obrero de Unificacion Marxista (POUM) que capitaneo hasta su disolucion. El articulo analiza las relaciones entre sus practicas de escritura y sus desplazamientos, a partir de la inquisicion teorica de Michel Butor que se pregunta acerca de la iterologia de escritores forzados al exilio. Este trabajo analiza entonces la iterologia de transicion de Micaela Feldman entre su insilio de posguerra en Buenos Aires (1940-1946) y su exilio posterior en Paris (1946-1992). El analisis se focaliza en su epistolario y sus publicaciones en Sur, y propone una lectura de cartas y \\\\'aguafuertes\\\\' a traves de textos claves de los estudios judios. Finalmente, la investigacion echa luz sobre el trabajo de la memoria de la guerra que se concreto en la autoficcion bilingue de 1976.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Sharing New Responsibilities in a Digital Age. Which legal instrument can effectively address current challenges in social media governance and how do companies take their share, shifting away from opaque enforcement of terms of services and increasingly copying governmental structures? In a first step, this article describes and analyzes the way that states address hate speech and misinformation in their respective regulatory projects. Secondly, it examines how social media platforms sanction unwanted content and integrate (or plan on integrating) procedural rules such as appeal and due process principles in their moderation policies. Large social media platforms tend to adopt new structures that resemble administrative law-an uncommon development for non-state actors.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "SSR-based genetic analysis of sweet corn inbred lines using artificial neural networks. Studies on genetic diversity and population structure provide basic information at the molecular level, which is a key input for breeding programs of crop species. This study evaluated the genetic diversity of 12 elite lines of sweet corn, using 20 microsatellite markers. To determine the genetic differentiation among lines, we used an artificial neural network with the self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm. This algorithm identified three genetically differentiated groups and produced relatively more accurate results than UPGMA, according to the indices of Davies-Bouldin and RMSSTD (Root Mean Square Standard Deviation). The expected heterozygosity was high (He>0.5) for 90% and the polymorphism information content high (PIC>0.6) for 40% of the SSR loci, indicating their potential to detect genetic differences among lines. The high genetic differentiation, detected by the neural network procedure, would allow the selection of promising divergent sweet corn genotypes.", "label": [0, 2, 7, 19]}
{"token": "Six-year follow-up study of combined type ADHD from childhood to young adulthood: Predictors of functional impairment and comorbid symptoms. Results: Persistent ADHD was associated with greater levels of anger, fatigue, sleep problems and anxiety compared to sub-threshold ADHD. Comorbid mental health problems were predicted by current symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, but not by childhood ADHD severity. Both persistent and subthreshold ADHD was associated with higher levels of drug use and police contact compared to population norms.Aims: To identify child and adult predictors of comorbid and psychosocial comorbid outcomes in ADHD in a UK sample of children with DSM-IV combined type ADHD.Method: One hundred and eighteen adolescents and young adults diagnosed with DSM-IV combined type ADHD in childhood were followed for an average of 6 years. Comorbid mental health problems, drug and alcohol use and police contact were compared for those with persistent ADHD, sub-threshold ADHD and population norms taken from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Study 2007. Predictors included ADHD symptomology and gender.Background: ADHD in childhood is associated with development of negative psychosocial and behavioural outcomes in adults. Yet, relatively little is known about which childhood and adulthood factors are predictive of these outcomes and could be targets for effective interventions. To date follow-up studies have largely used clinical samples from the United States with children ascertained at baseline using broad criteria for ADHD including all clinical subtypes or the use of DSM III criteria.Conclusions: Young adults with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD showed increased rates of comorbid mental health problems, which were predicted by current levels of ADHD symptoms. This suggests the importance of the continuing treatment of ADHD throughout the transitional years and into adulthood. Drug use and police contact were more common in ADHD but were not predicted by ADHD severity in this sample. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "The Background of the Term 'Son of Man' in Light of Recent Research. This article examines the philological and tradition-historical background of the Son of Man phrase and the mythological figure that it describes in light of recent research. While many studies for well over a century have interpreted the New Testament's tau omicron U ?nu theta rho omega pi omicron left-to-right mark phrase and its Aramaic equivalent (sic)left-to-right mark through the prism of Late Aramaic texts, as at least occasionally a non-titular circumlocution, this study engages the research of a number of Aramaic specialists to suggest that such an approach is diachronically incorrect. An argument is therefore made for a consistently titular deployment of the phrase in all stages of the New Testament tradition. Additionally, we suggest the influence of Enochic apocalyptic speculation, especially the book of Parables, on the possible deployment of the phrase by the historical Jesus of Nazareth or his earliest followers.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Programmed death-1 gene polymorphism (PD-1.5 C/T) is associated with colon cancer. Programmed death-1 (PD-1), expressed by activated T cells, is a negative regulator of T lymphocytes. The associations of the immune response-related genes with cancer have been demonstrated. In this study, the PD-1.5 C/T (+7785) polymorphism was investigated in 200 colorectal cancer patients and 200 healthy individuals as controls by nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The genotype and allele frequencies at PD-1.5 position were not significantly different between control individuals and the overall colorectal cancer patients. However, subdivision of the patients by the location (175 colon cancer and 25 rectal cancer) revealed a significant difference between colon cancer patients and healthy individuals (p = 0.026). and between colon and rectal cancer patients (p = 0.017). The frequency of the CT genotype was significantly higher in colon cancer patients than in control individuals (58.3% vs. 44.8%. Bonferroni corrected p-value = 0.024; OR = 1.74; 95% CI = 1.15-2.62), and in rectal cancer patients (58.3% vs. 28.0%, Bonferroni corrected p-value=0.012; OR = 3.59; 95% CI = 1.42-9.04). Characteristics of the patients including age, sex, tumor grade and stage were not associated with the PD-1.5 polymorphism. Our results show a significant association between PD-1.5 polymorphism and colon cancer. Larger numbers of patients are required to investigate comprehensively the association of rectal cancer with PD-1.5 polymorphism. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Creating Cellulose-Binding Domain Fusions of the Coenzyme A Biosynthetic Enzymes to Enable Reactor-Based Biotransformations. Coenzyme A (CoA) analogues are widely used as tools in chemical biology. Currently, most CoA analogues are prepared by biotransformation of pantothenic acid analogues using the three CoA biosynthetic enzymes (PanK, PPAT, and DPCK) that constitute the CoA salvage pathway. However, because the enzymes are usually lost or destroyed in the solution-based methods that are presently used, we created fusions of the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus PanK, PPAT, and DPCK enzymes with a cellulose-binding domain (CBD) which can be used to immobilize each of these proteins on cellulose. We show that all the CBD-fusion proteins can be expressed in soluble form, and that instead of impacting negatively on the activity of their enzyme partners, the presence of the CBD improves their kinetic profiles in some cases. We subsequently determined which combinations of the available enzymes are most effective in producing CoA and a typical CoA analogue, and used these to demonstrate that the rate of biotransformation is not severely affected even when the CBD-fusion enzymes are immobilized on cellulose. Finally, we constructed batch and column reactors from cellulose loaded with the CBD enzymes and tested these in the biocatalytic production of a fluorescent CoA analogue often used for protein labeling. Our results show that such reactors can successfully be used, and that the enzymes retain their activities upon storage in this format. This study is the first to showcase the use of a multienzyme reactor system based on CBD-fusion proteins in biocatalysis.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Searching Choices: Quantifying Decision-Making Processes Using Search Engine Data. When making a decision, humans consider two types of information: information they have acquired through their prior experience of the world, and further information they gather to support the decision in question. We show that statistics from Google search engine queries can help us estimate the statistical structure of prior experience; and, specifically, we outline how such statistics can inform psychological theories concerning the valuation of human lives, or choices involving delayed outcomes. We conclude that search engine data constitute a valuable new resource for cognitive scientists, offering a fascinating new tool for understanding the human decision making process.When making a decision, humans consider two types of information: information they have acquired through their prior experience of the world, and further information they gather to support the decision in question. Here, we present evidence that data from search engines such as Google can help us model both sources of information. We show that statistics from search engines on the frequency of content on the Internet can help us estimate the statistical structure of prior experience; and, specifically, we outline how such statistics can inform psychological theories concerning the valuation of human lives, or choices involving delayed outcomes. Turning to information gathering, we show that search query data might help measure human information gathering, and it may predict subsequent decisions. Such data enable us to compare information gathered across nations, where analyses suggest, for example, a greater focus on the future in countries with a higher per capita GDP. We conclude that search engine data constitute a valuable new resource for cognitive scientists, offering a fascinating new tool for understanding the human decision-making process.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "A comprehensive morphological analysis of talpid moles (Mammalia) phylogenetic relationships. Some talpid moles show one of the most specialized suites of morphological characters seen among small mammals. Fossorial and more generalized shrew-looking moles inhabit both North America and Eurasia but these land masses share none of the same genera. One of the central questions of mole evolution has been that of how many times specialized fossorial habits evolved. We investigated the origin of mole characters with a maximum parsimony analysis of 157 characters, mostly craniodental and postcranial, of representatives of all 17 living mole genera and three shrews and one hedgehog as outgroups. The result was one most-parsimonious tree and its most novel aspect was the position of a Japanese shrew mole clade (Urotrichus, Dymecodon), which branched off after Uropsilus and was not closely related to the American shrew mole (Neurotrichus). The desmans (Galemys and Desmana) were the next clade in the tree, followed by Neurotrichus. We confirmed the monophyly of the Eurasian fossorial mole clade Talpini (Euroscaptor, Parascaptor, Mogera, Scaptochirus and Talpa). Condylura, the star-nosed mole from North America, was sister group to a clade consisting of the Talpini plus Scaptonyx and the Scalopini (Scalopus, Scapanus, Parascalops, and Scapanulus). Based on our results and on the assumption that moles originated in Eurasia, it is most parsimonious to infer one migration from Eurasia to North America and two back-migrations to Eurasia. It is ambiguous if Talpini and Scalopini evolved their full fossorial habits independently or not. (c) The Willi Hennig Society 2006.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
{"token": "The Social Determinants of Trauma: A Trauma Disparities Scoping Review and Framework. The drivers of trauma disparities are multiple and complex; yet, understanding the causes will direct needed interventions. The aims of this article are to (1) explore how the injured patient, his or her social environment, and the health care system interact to contribute to trauma disparities and examine the evidence in support of interventions and (2) develop a conceptual framework that captures the socioecological context of trauma disparities. Using a scoping review methodology, articles were identified through PubMed and CINAHL between 2000 and 2015. Data were extracted on the patient population, social determinants of health, and interventions targeting trauma disparities and violence. Based on the scoping review of 663 relevant articles, we inductively developed a conceptual model, The Social Determinants of Trauma: A Trauma Disparities Framework, based on the categorization of articles by: institutional power (n = 9), social contextplace (n = 117), discrimination experiences (n = 59), behaviors and comorbidities (n = 57), disparities research (n = 18), and trauma outcomes (n = 85). Intervention groupings included social services investment (n = 54), patient factors (n = 88), hospital factors (n = 27), workforce factors (n = 31), and performance improvement (n = 118). This scoping review produced a needed taxonomy scheme of the drivers of trauma disparities and known interventions that in turn informed the development of The Social Determinants of Trauma: A Trauma Disparities Framework. This study adds to the trauma disparities literature by establishing social context as a key contributor to disparities in trauma outcomes and provides a road map for future trauma disparities research.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Optical transmission of greenhouse film prepared from composite of polyethylene and microsilica. In this work optical and mechanical properties involving transparency, IR absorption and tensile strength of greenhouse films prepared from the composite of polyethylene and micron-sized silica was investigated experimentally. Content of microsilica fillers exhibits significant effects on the IR absorption of the composite greenhouse film while the transparency and tensile strength of the composite films are insignificantly affected by the microsilica. Green bean plantation has been carried out to investigate the performance of the prepared composite film applied for actual plantation. It was found that the composite film with a microsilica content of 6 weight % exhibited the best performance to enhance the green bean growth of almost 2 times higher than the blank sample grown under the ambient condition. In addition, the photooxidation with exposure to the ambient for about 2 months could lead to a significant degradation in the composite film mechanical strength.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "INTERACTION OF GUANINE-NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING REGULATORY PROTEINS WITH CHEMOTACTIC PEPTIDE RECEPTORS IN DIFFERENTIATED HUMAN LEUKEMIC HL-60 CELLS. Human leukemic HL-60 cells were differentiated into neutrophil-like cells by treatment with dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO) or N6, O2'-dibutyryladenosine 3',5'-phosphate (Bt2cAMP), and membrane fractions were prepared from the differentiated cells.  Receptors for fMLF (fM, N-formylmethionine) and guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) serving as the substrate for pertussis toxin (islet-activating protein; IAP) were extracted from cell membranes then reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles.  The binding of fMLF to the reconstituted vesicles (or the membranes) was determined with 10 nM [H-3] fMLF.  In both cases, high-affinity binding to vesicle preparations from the Me2SO- and Bt2cAMP-induced cells was abolished following treatment with IAP, suggesting that fMLF receptors were functionally coupled to IAP-sensitive G proteins in each of the two vesicle types.  However, the high-affinity fMLF binding was much higher in vesicle preparations originating from Bt2cAMP-induced cells than in those from Me2SO-induced cells, although the amount of IAP-substrate G protein reconstituted into the each phospholipid vesicles preparation was not significantly different from the other.  The G proteins of the two differentiated cells were both identified as inhibitory forms G(i)-2 based on their electrophoretic mobilities and immunoblot analyses.  When purified G(i)-2 from rat brain was reconstituted in the two IAP-treated vesicles, high-affinity fMLF binding was restored in a similar manner in both.  IAP-substrate G proteins partially purified from the two differentiated HL-60 cells were also effective in restoring high-affinity fMLF binding to the IAP-treated vesicles.  However, a significant differences was observed that the reconstituted binding was higher with the G-protein-rich fraction.  from Bt2cAMP-induced cells than with that from Me2SO-induced cells, with each of the two IAP-treated vesicle types.  These results suggest that the different high-affinity binding of fMLF observed in the two differentiated HL-60 cells are due to a difference in the property of endogenous G proteins rather than fMLF receptors, though the two G proteins are indistinguishable from each other in terms of the subtype of G protein, G(i)-2.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Determining the optimal probing lot size for the wafer probe operation in semiconductor manufacturing. In this study, we reformulated the problem of wafer probe operation in semiconductor manufacturing to consider a probe machine (PM) which has a discrete Weibull shift distribution with a nondecreasing failure rate. To maintain the imperfect PM during the probing of a lot of wafers, a minimal repair policy is introduced with type 11 inspection error. To increase the productivity of the PM, this paper aims to find an optimal probing lot size that minimizes the expected average processing time per wafer. Conditions and uniqueness for the optimal lot size are explored. The special case of a geometric shift distribution is studied to find a tighter upper bound on the optimal lot size than in previous study. Numerical examples are performed to evaluate the impacts of minimal repair on the optimal lot size. In addition, the adequacy of using a geometric shift distribution is examined when the actual shift distribution has an increasing failure rate. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "What Do Pictures Know? Art, Appropriation, Cultural Triangulation. In the paper, we try to elucidate the procedures that need to be applied if we want to establish the consequences that occur when the sediments of meaning in images are deposited on top of each other, creating a specific pictorial epistemology. We will point out some interdisciplinary mechanisms of image analysis, such as \\\\'cultural symptomatology\\\\' and \\\\'cultural triangulation\\\\', together with drawing a typology of cultural-historical sediments of pictorial meaning that we call appropriation. We conclude that Bredekamp's theory of image acts, as well as Mitchell's concept of pictures as \\\\'desiring objects\\\\' and Belting's consideration of the human body as \\\\'image media\\\\', suggest that the interaction between a human and an image is a mirror of human's own desire to produce a parallel world in which, as Lambert Wiesing explained he or she does not have to participate. The image allows for different forms of participation or absence from participation in the event represented in the image. Therefore, what images \\\\'know\\\\' is a specific consequence of the fact that inanimate pictorial objects can possess memory but - unlike artificial intelligence - can activate their knowledge only in a reciprocal communicative relationship with people.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Relevant states and memory in Markov chain bootstrapping and simulation. Markov chain theory is proving to be a powerful approach to bootstrap and simulate highly nonlinear time series. In this work, we provide a method to estimate the memory of a Markov chain (i.e. its order) and to identify its relevant states. In particular, the choice of memory lags and the aggregation of irrelevant states are obtained by looking for regularities in the transition probabilities. Our approach is based on an optimization model. More specifically, we consider two competing objectives that a researcher will in general pursue when dealing with bootstrapping and simulation: preserving the \\\\'structural\\\\' similarity between the original and the resampled series, and assuring a controlled diversification of the latter. A discussion based on information theory is developed to define the desirable properties for such optimal criteria. Two numerical tests are developed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Negative voting - the concept of democratic voting procedure. The paper shall introduce the concept of negative voting, which is based on an endeavor to more freely show our personal preference during elections. A theoretical principle is derived from perception of Dahl's democratic process criteria, liberal concepts of freedom, equality and justice. In particular situations, this principle increases the rate of formal freedom for individual voter.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Constructing interorganizational collaboration The action researcher as boundary subject. This article aims to explore critically the role of an action research team in the social construction of interorganizational collaboration aimed at transgressing organizational and professional boundaries. We argue that the new relationships, actor conceptions and in some cases forms of work organization arising from the change process have been socially constructed through the discursive interventions of the researchers. This has largely occurred through informal interaction with and between the actors engaged in the development process. The action researcher, rather than being a neutral discursive gatekeeper in collaborative development projects, is an active constructor of the discourse shaping the collaboration. A case is presented showing how the researcher role is thus better seen as being an active boundary subject mediating across various professional and organizational perspectives rather than a passive boundary object. Accordingly, by focusing on the discursive role of active researchers as boundary subjects, we can reflect more critically on the roles we adopt in our intervention endeavours and their inevitably political nature.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "A TALE OF TWO THINKERS, ONE MEETING, AND THREE DEGREES OF INFINITY: LEIBNIZ AND SPINOZA (1675-8). The article presents Leibniz's preoccupation (in 1675-6) with the difference between the notion of infinite number, which he regards as impossible, and that of the infinite being, which he regards as possible. I call this issue 'Leibniz's Problem' and examine Spinoza's solution to a similar problem that arises in the context of his philosophy. 'Spinoza's solution' is expounded in his letter on the infinite (Ep. 12), which Leibniz read and annotated in April 1676. The gist of Spinoza's solution is to distinguish between three kinds of infinity and, in particular, between one that applies to substance, and one that applies to numbers, seen as auxiliaries of the imagination. The rest of the paper examines the extent to which Spinoza's solution solves Leibniz's problem. The main thesis I advance is that, when Spinoza and Leibniz say that the divine substance is infinite, in most contexts it is to be understood in non-numerical and non-quantitative terms. Instead, for Spinoza and Leibniz, a substance is said to be infinite in a qualitative sense stressing that it is complete, perfect and indivisible. I argue that this approach solves one strand of Leibniz's problem and leaves another unsolved.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Titanium Deoxidation Reaction of High Sulfur Molten Steel. The present modeling study suggested that the reduction rate of titanium in metal was not strongly affected by the initial CaO/SiO2 ratio or TiO2 composition of flux. The model was extended to handle both TiO2 and Ti2O3 simultaneously and the calculated results showed good agreements with the experimental results.Titanium deoxidation experiments of sulfur bearing molten steel were carried out with CaO-SiO2-TiO2-S slag at 1873K and the kinetic analysis on basis of the coupled reaction model was applied. Thermochemical software was introduced into the model to achieve the activity coefficient in wide range slag compositions. Sulfur contents in both metal and slag were calculated from the sulfide capacity based on the optical basicity model. The behavior of major components such as titanium, sulfur and so on in both metal and slag were clarified experimentally and analytically.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "The effect of drug arrest on subsequent drug offending and social bonding. An enduring legacy of the war on drugs is a law enforcement emphasis on arresting low-level drug offenders. Policymakers assert that drug arrests reduce subsequent drug offending; yet, scant research assesses the specific deterrent effects of drug arrest. Likewise, little research examines the collateral consequences of drug arrest on measures of social bonding. NLSY97 data were used to examine the effect of drug arrest on drug offending (marijuana use, hard drug use, drug sales) and social bonding (highest grade, weeks employed, annual income). Results indicate that drug arrest did not reduce any measure of drug offending but had considerable negative consequences on blacks' employment outcomes. These findings suggest that recent policy proposals to de-emphasize low-level drug arrests are unlikely to increase drug offending and may reduce the negative collateral consequences of drug arrest at least for blacks.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 57]}
{"token": "Generation of a Conditional Null Allele for Cftr in Mice. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene encodes a cAMP-regulated chloride channel that is important in controlling the exchange of fluid and electrolytes across epithelial cells. Mutation of CFTR can lead to cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common lethal genetic disease in Caucasians. CF is a systemic illness with multiple organ systems affected including pulmonary, gastrointestinal, pancreatic, immune, endocrine, and reproductive systems. To understand the role of CFTR in the various tissues in which it is expressed, we generated a murine conditional null allele of Cftr (Cftr(f/10)) in which IoxP sites were inserted around exon 10 of the Cftr gene. The Cftr(f/10) allele was validated by generating constitutive Cftr null (Cftr(Delta 10)) mice using the protamine-cre system. The Cftr(Delta 10/Delta 10) mice displayed almost identical phenotypes to previously published CF mouse models, including poor growth, decreased survival, intestinal obstruction, and loss of Cftr function as assessed by electrophysiology measurements on gut and nasal epithelium. Mice containing the conditional null Cftr allele will be useful in future studies to understand the role of Cftr in specific tissues and developmental time points and lead to a better understanding of CF disease. genesis 46:546-552, 2008. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "High-performance work practices do much, but HERO does more: an empirical investigation of employees' innovative behavior from the hospitality industry. Purpose Drawing motivation from Lawrence Bossidy's quote and leaning on the conservation of resources (COR) theory, in this study, the authors aim to investigate the role of high-performance work practices (HPWPs) and psychological capital (H.E.R.O) in employee innovative work behavior (EIB). Design/methodology/approach The study is banked on a hypothetico-deductive approach. The relationships were measured by gathering data from 375 frontline service employees through structural equation modeling. Findings The study results indicate a positive impact of HPWPs on EIB. Moreover, the association between HPWPs-EIB is mediated by psychological capital (PsyCap). Research limitations/implications The current study contributed to the innovation research stream by determining driving forces that encourage employees to exhibit innovative work behaviors. Originality/value Employee innovative behavior has become imperative for organizational survival and success in an ever-changing global business environment. Owing to this organizational significance, employee innovative behavior continues to gain burgeoning research attention. Despite the rising scholarly interest in studying employee innovative behavior, there is a dearth of knowledge about how innovation can be fostered at the individual level, particularly among frontline service employees. Hence, to bridge this research gap, the present study intends to analyze the influence of high-performance work practices on employee innovative work behavior, mediated by psychological capital.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Herbicidal potential (phytotoxic) of honey bee propolis extracts of the Brazilian northeast on weeds of cultivated pastures. Propolis is made up of complex mixtures of substances made by bees and has shown great potential for use in diverse human applications over the years, but studies reporting its herbicidal activity are still very scarce in the literature. This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition and the allelopathic potential activities of different propolis types from the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The extracts mixed in eluent 80% ethanol were tested on the seed germination and the growth of the radicle and hypocotyl weed areas of cultivated Mimosa pudica and Senna obtusifolia pastures. The extracts exhibited that the allelopathic activity intensities varied with the concentration, origin of the propolis, receptor plant, and examined plant part. The intensities of the inhibitions were positively associated with the concentration, reaching maximal inhibitions verified at 0.75% and 1.0%. The inhibition of germination was the most noticeably influenced factor. Malice was the test plant most sensitive to the effects of the extracts. In comparison, the extract of red propolis showed greater potential to inhibit the germination and development of the two receptor plants, particularly the seed germination, when the differences were most striking.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Rapid characterisation of landslide heterogeneity using unsupervised classification of electrical resistivity and seismic refraction surveys. The characterisation of the subsurface of a landslide is a critical step in developing ground models that inform planned mitigation measures, remediation works or future early-warning of instability. When a landslide failure may be imminent, the time pressures on producing such models may be great. Geoelectrical and seismic geophysical surveys are able to rapidly acquire volumetric data across large areas of the subsurface at the slope-scale. However, analysis of the individual model derived from each survey is typically undertaken in isolation, and a robust, accurate interpretation is highly dependent on the experience and skills of the operator. We demonstrate a machine learning process for constructing a rapid reconnaissance ground model, by integrating several sources of geophysical data in to a single ground model in a rapid and objective manner. Firstly, we use topographic data acquired by a UAV survey to co-locate three geophysical surveys of the Hollin Hill Landslide Observatory in the UK. The data are inverted using a joint 2D mesh, resulting in a set of co-located models of resistivity, P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity. Secondly, we analyse the relationships and trends present between the variables for each point in the mesh (resistivity, P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, depth) to identify correlations. Thirdly, we use a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), a form of unsupervised machine learning, to classify the geophysical data into cluster groups with similar ranges and trends in measurements. The resulting model created from probabilistically assigning each subsurface point to a cluster group characterises the heterogeneity of landslide materials based on their geophysical properties, identifying the major subsurface discontinuities at the site. Finally, we compare the results of the cluster groups to intrusive borehole data, which show good agreement with the spatial variations in lithology. We demonstrate the applicability of integrated geophysical surveys coupled with simple unsupervised machine learning for producing rapid reconnaissance ground models in time-critical situations with minimal prior knowledge about the subsurface.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "Vitamin E pretreatment prevents the immunotoxicity of dithiocarbamate pesticide mancozeb in vitro: A comparative age-related assessment in mice and chick. Pesticides used for crop protection cause life-threatening diseases affecting the immune system of non-target organisms including birds and mammals. Functionality of immune system is age-dependent; early- as well as old-life stages are more susceptible to toxic exposures because of less competent immune system. Vitamins are so far known to reduce toxic effect of several pesticides and/or xenobiotics. The present in vitro study elucidated immunotoxicity of fungicide mancozeb through comparable stages of immune system maturation in mice (1, 3, and 12 months) and chicks (4, 8, and 11 weeks). In vitro splenocytes viability on exposure to mancozeb was quantitatively assessed by MTT assay and qualitatively by acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO/EB) double fluorescence staining. Mancozeb exposure dose dependently (250, 500,1000, 2500, 5000 and 10,000 ng/ml) decreased the splenocytes viability. The in vitro preventive effect of Vitamin E has also been explored on toxicity induced by mancozeb. The increased susceptibility observed both in early and aged groups was due to less/decline competence of the immune system. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Description technique for component composition focusing on black-box view. As component-based software is developed by integrating components that are implemented independently, expressing the usage protocols of each component is essential. However, there is no known proper way to describe them comprehensibly from the point of component user or developer. Black-box (external) point of view of component composition sees component-based development from the user's or the system assembler's point of view. But a description technique necessary to specify the dynamic constraint explicitly is necessary to define the external view more precisely. The key contribution of this paper is to present a technique for describing the structure of components in black-box view using UML 2.0. First, we present the relevant UML notations for describing the black-box point of view and then provide diagrams showing their usage. We further illustrate how this leads to a component based software specification of the structure of composition focusing on the black-box view.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Legal Scholarship, Electronic Publishing, and Open Access: Transformation or Steadfast Stagnation?. This article uses a social shaping of technology perspective, which studies the complex interactions between technology and the culture of a discipline, to investigate the evolution of legal scholarship in the digital age, and to determine how the open access movement has influenced various forms of legal scholarship, particularly law reviews, their online companions, and legal blogs.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
{"token": "US young adults' perceived effectiveness of draft pictorial e-cigarette warning labels. Results For all outcomes, pictorial warnings were ranked higher than the text-only warning, and the warning using a yellow triangle caution icon was ranked highest for all outcomes. The text-only warning was ranked as the least likely to be effective for all four outcomes in which it was assessed. Trends were similar for current e-cigarette users and non-users.Significance Research shows that pictorial warning labels for cigarettes are more effective than text-only warnings, and preliminary work suggests that pictorial warnings could also be considered for electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Pictorial warnings may be important for maximising their effectiveness among young people and enhancing the salience of the single nicotine addiction warning required for e-cigarettes to date in the USA. This study collected pilot data about the perceived effectiveness of draft e-cigarette pictorial warnings.Methods Participants were 876 young adults (ages 18-29) recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk who completed an online e-cigarette survey in 2018. Participants viewed and ranked five versions of the same e-cigarette nicotine addiction warning message-four pictorial and one text-only-on their perceived noticeability, likelihood of capturing young people's attention, memorability, relevance to the addiction warning text and overall effectiveness in warning people about e-cigarette risks. For each outcome, presentation of the five warning versions was randomised. Pictorials included symbolic images of risk and addiction, and of priority audiences for the warning (ie, young people).Conclusions Future research should assess perceptions and the appropriateness of pictorial imagery for e-cigarette warnings and test their efficacy against text-only warnings experimentally.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Humor style differences across four English-speaking countries. Using three archival data sets, mean differences in the four humor styles of affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self-defeating were assessed for adults (n = 6404) across four English-speaking countries: Canada (n = 339), the USA (n = 165), the United Kingdom (n = 4012), and Australia (n = 1888). As age and sex varied greatly across the samples and had significant relationships with the humor styles (men scored higher on each scale, younger people scored higher on affiliative, aggressive, and self-defeating humor, and older people scored higher on self-enhancing humor), age and sex were regressed out of the humor style scores and the standardized residuals were examined. Significant differences were found for the four humor styles. Specifically, the Americans were the highest in affiliative and self-enhancing humor, and the British were the highest in both aggressive and self-defeating humor. As humor styles are an insight into human social interactions, the results provide a glimpse into the differences found between these countries.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 55]}
{"token": "Towards Internationalization: A Critical Assessment of China's Public Administration Research in a Global Context 2000-2014. Since the establishment of the Chinese Public Administration Society (CPAS) in 1988, public administration (PA) research and practice have grown considerably after a gap of more than 30 years. Emerging universities and local research institutes have established specialized departments/centers for PA. This study reports on mainland China's performance in PA research by examining publication size, impact, and scientometric indicators, including China's global publication share, growth rate, citation impact, and leading journals based on the last 15 years of publications data, as retrieved from the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) database; recognized international collaborators and domestic contributors are also considered. Findings suggest that the quantity and quality of mainland China's PA research has increased steadily, with mainland scholars playing equally as important roles as their international peers. Evidence suggests that mainland China scholars will continue to achieve international publishing success. Finally, opportunities and challenges brought about by internationalization are also discussed.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Effect of zinc supplementation on respiratory tract infections in children with cystic fibrosis. Zinc (Zn) has significant anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity Zn deficiency can occur in subsets of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) especially those with malabsorption and impaired growth. Although supplemental Zn has significantly reduced infections in various disorders, its efficacy has not been thoroughly investigated in CF We performed a double blind placebo controlled pilot study to investigate the effect of daily 30 mg elemental Zn for 1 year on the rate of respiratory tract infections (RTIs), use of antibiotics and plasma cytokines in 26 children with CF (ages 7-18 years). Plasma Zn, Cu, inflammatory cytokines and ex vivo generation of IL-2 were measured at baseline and at the end of the study The number of days of oral antibiotics was lower in Zn treated patients compared to placebo (P = 0.05). However, compared to placebo, the effect of Zn was greater in patients who exhibited low plasma Zn at baseline (P = 0.02) than those who had plasma Zn levels identical to normal subjects (P=0.55). Zn supplementation was marginally effective in reducing percentage increase in plasma IL-6 and IL-8 while increasing the percentage change in ex vivo generation of IL-2 in isolated mononuclear cell. In conclusion, oral intake of 30 mg/day of Zn reduced the number of days of oral antibiotics used to treat RTIs in children with CF. A higher daily Zn dose may be needed to decrease RTIs and modify immune responses.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Peanut bud necrosis tospovirus S RNA: Complete nucleotide sequence, genome organization and homology to other tospoviruses. The complete nucleotide sequence of the S RNA of peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV) has been determined. The RNA is 3057 nucleotides in length, contains inverted repeats and two open reading frames (ORFs) with an ambisense coding strategy that are separated by an A + U-rich intergenic region. One ORF (1 320 nucleotides in the viral sense strand) encodes a Mr 49.5 kDa protein, identified as the nonstructural (NSs) protein based on similarity to published tospovirus sequences. The second ORF (831 nucleotides in virus complementary strand) encodes a Mr 30.6kDa protein. This protein was identified as the nucleocapsid (N) protein based on sequence similarities. Amino acid sequence comparison of N and NSs proteins revealed identities of 22-34% with the reported tospovirus isolates of serogroups I, II, and III, whereas it had 82-86% identity with viruses in serogroup IV, watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMV) and tomato isolate of peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV-To). Two subgenomic RNA species detected in PBNV infected tissue corresponded to the predicted sizes (1.65 and 1.4 kb) of the NSs and N mRNAs. The data presented show conclusively that PBNV should be included in serogroup IV, along with WSMV and PBNV-To.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Understanding Nurse-led Case Management in Patients with Chronic Illnesses: A Realist Review. This realist review aims, with evidence from recent studies, to understand both how nurse-led case management interventions are implemented in the management of chronic illnesses, and in what circumstances these interventions are successful. The review followed the realist review methodology. From four electronic databases, twenty empirical and primary nurse-led case management intervention studies published between January 2011 and February 2020 were included. For each study, causality was explored, and findings were integrated. Three contexts, five mechanisms, and three major outcomes were found, and several context-mechanism-outcome strings were identified. Further analysis and synthesis of the studies showed that when duration of intervention, service delivery mode, and types of services are appropriate, as well as number of services with patients considering care is provided, case managment interventions change outcomes for patients with chronic illnesses. Finally, an explanatory conceptual framework based on the review results was developed to guide nurse managers and researchers.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Respiratory symptoms and lung function in Bangkok school children. Background: Previous epidemiological studies have shown acute effects of ambient air pollutants in children with respiratory disorders. Methods: The chronic effects of air pollution in Bangkok children were investigated. Children aged 10-15 years were examined for lung functions using spirometry tests and for respiratory symptoms by the American Thoracic Society's Division of Lung Diseases (ATS-DLD-78-C) questionnaire during May-August 2004. Effects of residential area were estimated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Of the 878 children, 722 (82%) had completed lung function test and ATS-DLD questionnaire. Results: In children, who live in roadside (R) and general (G) areas with high (H) pollution, the prevalence of respiratory symptoms increased significantly [odds ratios (95% confidence interval) in HR and HG are 2.44 (1.21-4.93) and 2.60 (1.38-4.91), respectively]. Children with normal lung function were less observed in H- and M-polluted roadside and general area [HR, OR = 1.41 (95% CI 0.89-2.22); HG, 1.08 (0.71-1.64); and MR, 0.99 (0.63-1.57)]. Residential locations and family members were associated with the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, whereas factors such as the responder of ATS-DLD, gender, age, residential years, home size, parental smoking habits, use of air conditioners, and domestic pets were not associated. Age was associated with the impaired lung function, whereas others factors were not associated. Conclusion: The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and impaired lung function were higher among children living in areas with high pollution than those in areas with low pollution.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Host preference of the sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis. Sheep scab mites, Psoroptes ovis, collected from a Merino donor sheep, were used to infest Merino and Dorper sheep, and Angora and Boer goats. Mites were placed on the sheep on I or 2 occasions and on 5 occasions on the goats. All the animals were examined at regular intervals for the presence of scab lesions and living mites. Both sheep breeds developed lesions, but those on the Merino sheep were always larger than those on the Dorper sheep at the same intervals after infestation. None of the goats developed lesions or showed signs of irritation, or harboured any mites.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Mineralogy of an active eolian sediment from the Namib dune, Gale crater, Mars. The Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, is using a comprehensive scientific payload to explore rocks and soils in Gale crater, Mars. Recent investigations of the Bagnold Dune Field provided the first in situ assessment of an active dune on Mars. The Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) X-ray diffraction instrument on Curiosity performed quantitative mineralogical analyses of the <150m size fraction of the Namib dune at a location called Gobabeb. Gobabeb is dominated by basaltic minerals. Plagioclase, Fo56 olivine, and two Ca-Mg-Fe pyroxenes account for the majority of crystalline phases along with minor magnetite, quartz, hematite, and anhydrite. In addition to the crystalline phases, a minimum similar to 42wt % of the Gobabeb sample is X-ray amorphous. Mineralogical analysis of the Gobabeb data set provides insights into the origin(s) and geologic history of the dune material and offers an important opportunity for ground truth of orbital observations. CheMin's analysis of the mineralogy and phase chemistry of modern and ancient Gale crater dune fields, together with other measurements by Curiosity's science payload, provides new insights into present and past eolian processes on Mars.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Effect of Calcium-Channel Blockade on the Cold-Induced Vasodilation Response. Conclusions-Pretreatment with 30 mg of oral nifedipine twice daily does not affect the CIVD response in healthy individuals under cold stress.Introduction-Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) is seen in the extremities during exposure to cold. A strong vasodilation response has been associated with a decreased risk of cold injury. Increasing CIVD might further decrease this risk. The calcium-channel blocker nifedipine causes vasodilation and is used to treat Raynaud 's syndrome and chilblains. Nifedipine is also used for high altitude pulmonary edema and could potentially serve a dual purpose in preventing frostbite. The effects of nifedipine on CIVD have not been studied.Methods-A double-blind crossover study comparing nifedipine (30 mg SR (sustained release) orally twice daily) to placebo was designed using 2 sessions of 4 finger immersion in 5 degrees C water, with 24 h of medication pretreatment before each session. Finger temperatures were measured via nailbed thermocouples. The primary outcome was mean finger temperature; secondary outcomes were mean apex and nadir temperatures, first apex and nadir temperatures, subjective pain ranking, and time of vasodilation onset (all presented as mean +/- SD).Results-Twelve volunteers (age 29 +/- 3 [24-34] y) completed the study. No significant difference in finger temperature (9.2 +/- 1.1 degrees C nifedipine vs 9.0 +/- 0.7 degrees C placebo, P=0.38) or any secondary outcome was found. Pain levels were similar (2.8 +/- 1.6 nifedipine vs 3.0 +/- 1.5 placebo, P=0.32). The most common adverse event was headache (32% of nifedipine trials vs 8% placebo).", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Down memory lane: Representations of domestic workers in middle class personal narratives of colonial Bengal. Salvaging information from the autobiographical narratives of middle-class men and women this paper explores an important aspect of employer-servant relationships in predominantly Hindu middle class families of colonial Bengal. The essay focuses on a selective sample of Bengali autobiographical writings by both the male and female members of the bhadralok population that describe the \\\\'strength\\\\' and \\\\'authority\\\\' of servants within colonial families. By juxtaposing the childhood recollections of mate writers with women's experiences of personal interactions with domestic workers, the paper documents how the dominant actors viewed, constructed, and maintained employer-servant relationships on a basis of difference and \\\\'otherness\\\\' through the simultaneously nurturing and oppressive aspects of familial ties. It probes the basis of the emotionality and sentiments that turned servants into \\\\'important\\\\' actors and points out the politics that lay behind such representations. Questioning the employers' memories that mediated the representations of the domestics the paper investigates not only how domestic workers were represented but what justified a particular kind of representation by male and female writers. The attempt of the paper is to demonstrate how the employer-servant relationship acted as a site of articulating Bengali middle-class cultural identity. (190 words)", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Malaria Infection Is Common and Associated With Perinatal Mortality and Preterm Delivery Despite Widespread Use of Chemoprevention in Mali: An Observational Study 2010 to 2014. Methods. Pregnant women of any gestational age enrolled at antenatal clinic into a longitudinal cohort study in Ouelessebougou, Mali, an area of high seasonal malaria transmission. Follow-up visits included scheduled and unscheduled visits throughout pregnancy. Blood smear microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were employed to detect both microscopic and submicroscopic infections, respectively. Intermittent preventative treatment in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) was documented and prompt treatment regardless of symptoms given upon malaria diagnosis.Background. In malaria-endemic areas, pregnant women and especially first-time mothers are more susceptible to Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria diagnosis is often missed during pregnancy, because many women with placental malaria remain asymptomatic or have submicroscopic parasitemia, masking the association between malaria and pregnancy outcomes. Severe maternal anemia and low birthweight deliveries are well-established sequelae, but few studies have confirmed the relationship between malaria infection and severe outcomes like perinatal mortality in high transmission zones.Conclusions. Malaria treatment after diagnosis, alongside IPTp-SP, is insufficient to prevent malaria-related stillbirth, early neonatal death and preterm delivery (PTD). Although IPTp-SP was beneficial in Mali during the study period, new tools are needed to improve pregnancy outcomes.Results. Of the 1850 women followed through delivery, 72.6% of women received 2 or more IPTp-SP doses, 67.2% of women experienced at least 1 infection between enrollment up to and including delivery. Malaria infection increased the risks of stillbirth (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-12.71) and preterm delivery (aHR 2.41, 95% CI: 1.35-4.29) in primigravidae, and early neonatal death (death within 7 days) in secundigravidae and multigravidae (aHR 6.30, 95% CI: 1.41-28.15).", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Halogenated closo-Dodecaborate Anions Stabilize Weakly Bound [(Me3NH)(3)X](2+) (X = Cl, Br) Dications in the Solid State. Cocrystallization of [Me3NH](2)[B12Y12] (Y = Cl, Br, I) with 1 equiv. of [Me3NH]X (X = Cl, Br) from acetonitrile/diethyl ether solution produced large colorless single crystals of [(Me3NH)(3)X][B12Y12]. Four different compounds of this type were prepared and structurally characterized. The compounds consist of weakly coordinating perhalogenated closo-dodecaborate [B12Y12](2-) dianions and unprecedented weakly bound discrete [(Me3NH)(3)X](2+) dications. The [(Me3NH)(3)X](2+) dications are built up from a central halide anion and three [Me3NH](+) cations bound by N-H center dot center dot center dot X hydrogen bonds. The cations have a pyramidal structure, as determined by X-ray diffraction, which is in contrast to quantum-chemical calculations, which predict a trigonal-planar structure. While the [(Me3NH)(3)Cl](2+) and [(Me3NH)(3)Br](2+) cations were easily prepared, attempts to synthesize the corresponding [(Me3NH)(3)F](2+) and [(Me3NH)(3)I](2+) cations failed. Three further crystal structures containing the angulated [(Me3NH)(2)X](+) cation stabilized by [B12Cl12](2-), [B12Br12](2-), or [Me3NB12Cl11](-) are reported as well.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Graduate Employment in the Knowledge Society Norwegian Master's Level Graduates. tIn this article, we intend to describe how the increased supply of graduates with a master's level education in humanities, law, economics and science and technology (S&T) are being utilised in the knowledge society. We compare employment for graduates in 2005/07 with employment for graduates in 1989/91, according to economic activity, sector and to some degree occupations (information-related occupations). We also give an indication of the competence level in these different work areas by looking at the level of wages. In the analysis, we have only included graduates who thought that they had made some use of their education. The results show that the main bulk of the increased number of graduates has been absorbed by knowledge- intensive economic activities. Especially important were the typical business sector economic activities, such as \\\\'professional and technical services\\\\' and \\\\'information and communication\\\\'. Of the growth in recruitment, 43 % occurred within these two economic activities, where the wage level was higher than that in higher education (HE), R&D and public administration, indicating that the skill level is no lower than in these economic activities. Also, other types of knowledge- intensive service activities had a large increase in recruitment, and in 2005/2007, such economic activities recruited 44 % of graduates. While recruitment to the traditional academic sector, the education system, research and development, and public administration also accounted in total for a considerable part of the increased recruitment, the proportion of graduates being employed in these economic activities was significantly reduced. The proportion of graduates working in low-skill economic activities remained roughly the same. The business sector absorbed three quarters of the growth in the supply of graduates. Finally, using information on occupation, the analysis also shows that one third of the growth in recruitment consisted of information-related jobs in the information sector or elsewhere, generally considered to be high-skilled work.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Postcommunist Oligarchs in Russia: Quantitative Analysis. The transition in Russia has not been a revolutionary jump to a market economy and democracy but an incremental process that has so far resulted in a hybrid system aptly called \\\\'oligarchic capitalism.\\\\' I study the evolution of the first postcommunist oligarchy by examining the careers of the 296 most prominent first-wave postcommunist business tycoons. Forty-three percent of them were insider oligarchs deriving their status from a privileged nomenklatura background dating back to the previous regime. The rest were outsider oligarchs with no such background. Compared with insider oligarchs, outsider oligarchs were younger, better educated, and disproportionately Jewish. Their initial business successes tended to happen in sectors neglected in the planned economy, but the overwhelming majority of them subsequently developed their own special relationship with the government. It appears that instead of changing the rules of the socioeconomic game, the new entrants were themselves changed by those rules.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 29]}
{"token": "Breastfeeding Communication Strategies, Challenges and Opportunities in the Twitter-Verse: Perspectives of Influencers and Social Network Analysis. Using social media is one important strategy to communicate research and public health guidelines to the scientific community and general public. Empirical evidence about which communication strategies are effective around breastfeeding messaging is scarce. To fill this gap, we aimed to identify influencers in the largest available Twitter database using social network analysis (n = 10,694 users), inductively analyze tweets, and explore communication strategies, motivations, and challenges via semi-structured interviews. Influencers had diverse backgrounds within and beyond the scientific health community (SHC; 42.7%): 54.7% were from the general public and 3% were companies. SHC contributed to most of the tweets (n = 798 tweets), disseminating guidelines and research findings more frequently than others (p < 0.001). Influencers from the general community mostly tweeted opinions regarding the current state of breastfeeding research and advocacy. Interviewees provided practical strategies (e.g., preferred visuals, tone, and writing style) to achieve personal and societal goals including career opportunities, community support, and improved breastfeeding practices. Complex challenges that need to be addressed were identified. Ideological differences regarding infant feeding may be hampering constructive communication, including differences in influencers' interpretation of the WHO International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and in perspectives regarding which social media interactions encompass conflict of interest.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Evolution of crack permeability during fluid-rock interaction. Example of the Brezouard granite (Vosges, France). Dissolution and precipitation of minerals during water-rock interaction influence the permeability of cracked rock (sealing or wide-opening of fractures). The fracture parameters have consequently to be considered as non-constant variables that can evolve with time and during the alteration. The aim of this study is to quantify these feedback effects using the meteoritic weathering of the Brezouard granite (Vosges, France). Chemical modifications of the rock and the resulting hydraulic evolution of the crack network are numerically quantified. A first permeability calculation is based on the geometrical description of the crack networks (theory of percolation). Each crack is assumed to be a thick disc defined by its radius, thickness, and orientation. The image analysis of oriented sections shows four crack families with different orientations, volumic densities, radii ad apertures. These crack parameters are used in the calculation of the initial crack porosity (4.5%), of the permeability tensor (0.180 mD for the maximum component) and of the surface area of the water rock interface (234 m(2)). The second approach is a geochemical modeling of the granite weathering at room temperature (25 degreesC). The rock alteration is modeled as a function of time using the computer code KINDIS and the quasi-stationary state approximation. A standard rain water enters and percolate the granite cracks (open water-rock system). The spatial extent of the alteration is deduced using the Washburn's equation assuming a capillary propagation of the fluid in the cracked rock. 23 yr of water rock interactions are simulated. 8 successive paragenesis of alteration are observed through 13 in of rock before a steady state is reached. Dissolution of the granite primary minerals is the main phenomenon that leads to an increase of the connected porosity (from 4.5 to 4.75%) as well as the permeability (from 0.180 to 0.215 mD). These effects decrease with depth. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION. four images to share with readers a selection of recent and upcoming publications issued by the journal. On the basis of this selection, she explains which types of publications the current editorial board aims to bring together. As Rutten argues, Russian Literature today acts as a) a platform for the publication of relevant archival finds and empirical analyses of Slavic literatures; b) a space for debates about the theoretical and methodological study of these materials; and c) a place for thinking about fan fiction, rap, and other practices that scholars may not yet have ranked as literature per se.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Reliable determination of tropane alkaloids in cereal based baby foods coupling on-line spe to mass spectrometry avoiding chromatographic step. Cereal based foods are a major part of the infant diet and they can be contaminated with Solanaceae and other plants containing tropane alkaloids. This study was focused on the optimisation of an extraction procedure based on a solid-liquid method and an online SPE system, directly coupled to different mass spectrometry analysers as Orbitrap and triple quadrupole (QqQ), removing the chromatographic separation step. Total running analysis time was 15.8 min (17.3 min in the QqQ system). The developed method was validated obtaining recoveries ranging from 66 to 98% and 68-97% for the Orbitrap and QqQ respectively (RSD lower than 14.3%) and limits of quantification from 0.5 to 5 mu g kg(-1) and 0.5-10 mu g kg(-1) for the QqQ and Orbitrap analyser respectively. The validated method was applied to several cereal based baby food samples, finding a positive sample containing atropine (11.5 mu g kg(-1)), scopolamine (2.8 mu g kg(-1)) and apoatropine (7.5 mu g kg(-1)).", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
{"token": "A diagnosis of the structure of technological innovation cell of the Brazilian navy: a case considering the technological innovation law. The Innovation Management, within the world stage, is seen as an important tool to achieve competitive advantage and ensure excellent strategic positions. The objective of this work is to promote the diagnosis Structure of Technological Innovation Cell of the Brazilian Navy under the aspect of the Innovation Law. This legislation has identified the requirement of intellectual property protection management in research institutions. The protection of inventions was concretized with the deposit and the grant of letters patent, enabling those institutions celebrate long-term licensing agreements. The study was guided by a methodology of bibliographical and documentary research marked by a case study. This bibliographic and documental case presents a diagnosis from the perspective of the Innovation Management and its results about the adaptation of a new administrative structure in Military Organizations considering factors such as the risk of the innovation process and the organizational culture. The relevance of the research lies in the contributions that may be offered in the analysis and improvement of processes relating to the management of innovation portfolios of the Brazilian Navy.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Why do public agencies seek accountability? The role of audiences. Accountability-seeking behaviors of public agencies are said to be motivated, among others, by attempts at pre-empting stricter mandatory provisions, logic of appropriateness motives, Machiavellian opportunism, reputational considerations, and a perceived need to compensate for the inadequacy of traditional arrangements. However, we do not know when a particular rationale, or a combination thereof, prevails. This study therefore examines how public agencies seek accountability, to whom and for what reason. Relying on data from 15 interviews with top-level managers/directors and 75 survey responses, it demonstrates that the type of audience to whom the account is rendered is a key explanatory factor as to why specific mechanisms become \\\\'activated.\\\\' This study furthermore uncovers why certain rationales are associated with specific types of audiences. Thus, rather than a \\\\'holy grail\\\\' of one set of driving motivations, our study suggests, one should look at the audience to understand why a public agency seeks accountability.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Detrimental effect of the rust Uromyces pencanus on the invasive species Nassella neesiana (Chilean needle grass). Nassella neesiana (Poaceae) is a perennial grass species indigenous to South America. While usually not troublesome and sometimes appreciated as a forage species within its native range, it is an unwanted species in other parts of the world, where it is considered a serious threat to native biodiversity and an important hindrance to agriculture. The difficulties encountered in controlling the species by chemical and cultural methods have led to investigate the feasibility of applying classical biological control in Australia and New Zealand. The rust Uromyces pencanus has been selected as a promising agent to this end. The effect of the disease caused by this fungus on growth of artificially inoculated N. neesiana plants was investigated. It was found that diseased plants incubated under controlled environmental conditions grew less, produced less green tissue and lost more aerial biomass than healthy control plants. The same tendency was observed under natural environmental conditions. Differences in growth pattern and resistance to disease were encountered between plants from different accessions reared under the same conditions during the experiments. The consequences such differences could have on the efficacy of the rust as a biological control agent are discussed.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "The motherhood choice: A decision aid for women with multiple sclerosis. Conclusion: The DA is a useful tool that can be used by women with MS contemplating motherhood.Objective: This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate a decision aid for women with multiple sclerosis deciding whether to start or enlarge their families.Practice implications: This DA is used as a resource by the MS Society illustrating how DAs may help with lifestyle choices complicated by illness. It represents a tool adaptable to suit other illnesses where reproductive decision-making may be compromised and should be of interest to health-care professionals who are consulted by women with family-planning concerns. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Method: Decision aid materials were mailed to participants, and their response materials returned by mail. One-hundred and ninety-four women with MS agreed to participate and were randomized to receive the DA or not. Participants completed questionnaires measuring decisional-conflict, self-efficacy, knowledge, depression and anxiety as well as their views regarding having children pre- and post-intervention.Results: Women who received the DA had a significant decrease in decisional-conflict, increase in self-efficacy and knowledge of NIS and pregnancy and more certainty in their choice than those in the control group. There were no adverse effects on depression or anxiety and women's decisions were not biased in either direction.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Job seekers' perceptions of teleworking: A cognitive mapping approach. The research reported here examines the claim that the concept of teleworking will attract well qualified individuals to join an organisation. A cognitive mapping technique was used to determine the extent to which negative perceptions were associated with teleworking. The findings have implications for the design and promotion of teleworking.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "CHANDRA HIGH-ENERGY GRATING OBSERVATIONS OF THE Fe K alpha LINE CORE IN TYPE II SEYFERT GALAXIES: A COMPARISON WITH TYPE I NUCLEI. We present a study of the core of the Fe K alpha emission line at similar to 6.4 keV in a sample of type II Seyfert galaxies observed by the Chandra high-energy grating. The sample consists of 29 observations of 10 unique sources. We present measurements of the Fe K alpha line parameters with the highest spectral resolution currently available. In particular, we derive the most robust intrinsic line widths for some of the sources in the sample to date. We obtained a weighted mean full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 2000 +/- 160 km s(-1) for 8 out of 10 sources (the remaining sources had insufficient signal to noise). From a comparison with the optical emission-line widths obtained from spectropolarimetric observations, we found that the location of Fe K alpha line-emitting material is a factor of similar to 0.7-11 times the size of the optical broad-line region. Furthermore, compared to 13 type I active galactic nuclei (AGNs) for which the best Fe K alpha line FWHM constraints were obtained, we found no difference in the FWHM distribution or the mean FWHM, and this conclusion is independent of the central black hole mass. This result suggests that the bulk of the Fe K alpha line emission may originate from a universal region at the same radius with respect to the gravitational radius, similar to 3 x 10(4) r(g) on average. By examining the correlation between the Fe K alpha luminosity and the [OIV] line luminosity, we found a marginal difference in the Fe K alpha line flux between type I and type II AGNs, but the spread in the ratio of L-Fe to L-[OIV] is about two orders of magnitude. Our results confirm the theoretical expectation that the Fe K alpha emission-line luminosity cannot trivially be used as a proxy of the intrinsic AGN luminosity, unless a detailed comparison of the data with proper models is applied.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Genome-wide association meta-analysis for total serum bilirubin levels. Variation in serum bilirubin is associated with altered cardiovascular disease risk and drug metabolism. We aimed to identify genetic contributors to variability in serum bilirubin levels by combining results from three genome-wide association studies (Framingham heart study, n = 3424; Rotterdam study, n = 3847; Age, Gene, Environment and Susceptibility-Reykjavik, n = 2193). Meta-analysis showed strong replication for a genetic influence on serum bilirubin levels of the UGT1A1 locus (P < 5 x 10(-324)) and a 12p12.2 locus. The peak signal in the 12p12.2 region was a non-synonymous SNP in SLCO1B1 (rs4149056, P = 6.7 x 10(-13)), which gives rise to a valine to alanine amino acid change leading to reduced activity for a hepatic transporter with known affinity for bilirubin. There were also suggestive associations with several other loci. The top variants in UGT1A1 and SLCO1B1 explain similar to 18.0 and similar to 1.0% of the variation in total serum bilirubin levels, respectively. In a conditional analysis adjusted for individual genotypes for the top UGT1A1 variant, the top SLCO1B1 variant remained highly significant (P = 7.3 x 10(-13)), but no other variants achieved genome-wide significance. In one of the largest genetic studies of bilirubin to date (n = 9464), we confirm the substantial genetic influence of UGT1A1 variants, consistent with past linkage and association studies, and additionally provide strong evidence of a role for allelic variation in SLCO1B1. Given the involvement of bilirubin in a number of physiological and disease processes, and the roles for UGT1A1 and SLCO1B1 in drug metabolism, these genetic findings have potential clinical importance. In analyses for association with gallbladder disease or gallstones, top bilirubin SNPs in UGT1A1 and SLCO1B1 were not associated.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "The incidence of smoking and risk factors for smoking initiation in medical faculty students: cohort study. Conclusion: The first 3 years of medical education are the most risky period for initiation of smoking. We found that factors such as being male, having a smoking friend in the same environment and having a high trait anxiety score were related to the initiation of smoking. Targeted smoking training should be mandatory for students in the Medical Faculty.Background: Medical education requires detailed investigation because it is a period during which the attitudes and behaviors of physicians develop. The purpose of this study was to calculate the yearly smoking prevalence and incidence rates of medical faculty students and to identify the risk factors for adopting smoking behaviour.Methods: This is a cohort study in which every student was asked about their smoking habits at the time of first registration to the medical faculty, and was monitored every year. Smoking prevalence, yearly incidence of initiation of smoking and average years of smoking were calculated in analysis.Results: At the time of registration, 21.8% of the students smoked. At the end of six years, males had smoked for an average of 2.6 +/- 3.0 years and females for 1.0 +/- 1.8 years ( p < 0.05). Of the 93 medical students who were not smokers at the time of registration, 30 (32.3%) were smokers at the end of the 6 years of the course.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Effect of cumulative traffic and statistical predictive modelling of field skid resistance. Skid resistance value (SRV) is a significant parameter representing the road safety condition. The measurement of SRV at different times after the construction is time-consuming and costly. To accurately predict the reduction of SRV, the SRV reduction model has been developed based on the aggregate and asphalt concrete mixture characteristics and field cumulative traffic volumes. In this study, three main types of aggregates typically used in pavements in Thailand, being limestone, granite and basalt were used to make asphalt concrete. The standard dense-grade asphalt concrete mixtures of 9.5 and 12.5 mm maximum aggregate sizes were designed and constructed at the studied sites (12 project sites located in 6 provinces). The SRVs were measured at every 50,000 passenger car unit (pcu) by the British pendulum tester for 3-4 years after the end of construction. Based on the statistical analysis of the test results, the SRV at various cumulative traffic volumes can be predicted using asphalt concrete mixture characteristics and initial SRV (after the end of construction) as prime parameters. The model will be recommended for inclusion in the Department of Rural Roads, Thailand preventive scheme for road safety management protocols.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "A Ten-Step Model for Academic Integrity: A Positive Approach for Business Schools. The problem of academic dishonesty in Business Schools has risen to the level of a crisis according to some authors, with the incidence of reports on student cheating rising to more than half of all the business students. In this article we introduce the problem of academic integrity as a holistic issue that requires creating aa cultural pound change involving students, faculty, and administrators in an integrated process. Integrating the extensive literature from other scholars, we offer a ten-step model which can create a positive culture for academic integrity. The successful implementation of a well-crafted academic integrity program can have a positive impact on business schools and improve the reputation of tomorrow's business leaders.", "label": [3, 5, 48, 30]}
{"token": "Prepubertal gonadectomy in cats: different surgical techniques and comparison with gonadectomy at traditional age. Feasibility, surgical time and complications of different surgical techniques for prepubertal gonadectomy (PPG; 8-12 weeks of age) in cats were studied and compared to gonadectomy at traditional age (TAG; 6-8 months of age). Kittens were randomly assigned to PPG or TAG. Ovarian pedicle haemostasis for PPG was achieved by ligatures (n=47), vascular clips (n=50), bipolar electrocoagulation (n=50), or pedicle tie (n=50); for TAG (n=34) ligatures were used. In male cats, PPG consisted of closed castration by spermatic cord knot (n=92) or ligature (n=91) while TAG (n=34) was an open castration by spermatic cord knot. A linear (surgical time) and a logistic regression (complications) model were designed. Significance was set at 0.05. For female PPG, clips and coagulation were the fastest procedures; placement of ligatures was most time-consuming. In male PPG, knot placement was significantly faster than ligation. In both sexes, very few intraoperative or wound complications were observed, irrespective of the surgical technique used. Surgical times in females (ligatures) as well as in males (knot) were significantly shorter for PPG than for TAG. PPG was as safe as TAG, yet took less time to perform and did not result in a greater rate of postoperative complications.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Cumulative effects of radioactivity from Fukushima on the abundance and biodiversity of birds. Species differ in their susceptibility to radiation because of differences in their ability to sustain toxic and genetic effects caused by radiation. We censused breeding birds in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, during 2011-2014 to test whether the abundance and diversity of birds became increasingly negatively affected by radiation over time. The abundance of birds decreased with increasing levels of background radiation, with significant interspecific variation. Even though levels of background radiation decreased over time, the relationship between abundance and radiation became more negative over time. The relationship between abundance and radiation became less negative with increasing trophic levels. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the negative effects of radiation on abundance and species richness accumulate over time.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "What influences rural women's choices in maternity care: A qualitative exploratory study. Rural women are likely to experience difficulties accessing maternity care that is readily available in metropolitan areas. This limited access can impede women's ability to make informed choices that enhance safety and minimize harm. This study explored the experiences of women who had given birth in a rural environment and the factors that influenced their choices regarding their maternity care. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 women for this qualitative, exploratory study. These women had birthed within rural areas of Victoria, Australia, between May 2016 and May 2017. Thematic analysis was undertaken. Three main themes emerged: (i) being influenced by previous childbirth experiences, (ii) feeling safe and supported with their maternity care provider, and (iii) being supported in their birthing choices. The availability of maternity care providers and travel time to facilities limited the choices of rural women. This study provided valuable insights into what was behind the decisions of rural women's choices regarding their maternity care. To assist with making informed decisions regarding their maternity care, all available models of maternity care should be presented to rural women.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Modal Reduction Technique for Predicting the Onset of Chaotic Behavior due to Lateral Vibrations in Drillstrings. Drillstrings used for oil and gas exploration and extraction consist of a drillpipe (slender columns on the order of 3-5 km long), drill collars (DCs) (thick-walled large-diameter pipes), stabilizers (cylindrical elements with short sections and diameter near that of the borehole), and a rock-cutting tool that uses rotational energy to penetrate the soil. Several types of vibrations ensue from these motions and play a major role in added costs resulting from unforeseen events such as abandoning holes, replacing bits, and fishing severed bottom-hole assemblies (BHAs). It is thus of critical importance to understand, predict, and mitigate the severe vibrations experienced by drillstrings and BHA to optimize drilling time while lowering fuel consumption and related emissions of NOX and/or other pollutants. In this paper, we present a dynamical analysis of the behavior of drillstrings due to the violent lateral vibrations (LVs) DCs may experience as a result of rotating drillstrings. The behavior is represented by a system of two coupled nonlinear ordinary equations that are integrated numerically with a finite element analysis based on Timoshenko beam (TB) formulation combined to a modal condensation technique to reduce the computational time. Various nonlinear dynamical analysis tools, such as frequency spectrum, Poincare maps, bifurcation diagrams, and Lyapunov exponents (LE), are used to characterizing the response. The DC section between two stabilizers is essentially modeled as a Jeffcott rotor with nonlinearity effects included. The model builds on two earlier models for the finite element formulation and the treatment of chaotic vibrations. Nonlinearity appears in the form of drillstring/borehole contact force, friction, and quadratic damping. The DC flexibility is included to allow investigation of bending modes. The analysis takes into account the length of time to steady state, number of sub-intervals, presence of rigid body modes, number of finite elements, and modal coordinates. Simulations results indicate that by varying operating conditions, a spectrum of behaviors from periodic to chaotic may be observed.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Biodiversity offsetting and restoration under the European Union Habitats Directive: balancing between no net loss and deathbed conservation?. Biodiversity offsets have emerged as one of the most prominent policy approaches to align economic development with nature protection across many jurisdictions, including the European Union. Given the increased level of scrutiny that needs to be applied when authorizing economic developments near protected Natura 2000 sites, the incorporation of onsite biodiversity offsets in project design has grown increasingly popular in some member states, such as the Netherlands and Belgium. Under this approach, the negative effects of developments are outbalanced by restoration programs that are functionally linked to the infrastructure projects. However, although taking into consideration that the positive effects of onsite restoration measures leads to more leeway for harmful project development, the EU Court of Justice has recently dismissed the latter approaches for going against the preventative underpinnings of the EU Habitats Directive. Also, the expected beneficial outcomes of the restoration efforts are uncertain and thus cannot be relied upon in an ecological assessment under Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive. Although biodiversity offsets can still be relied upon whenever application is being made of the derogation clause under Article 6(4) of the Habitats Directive, they cannot be used as mitigation under the generic decision-making process for plans and programs liable to adversely affect Natura 2000 sites. We outline the main arguments pro and contra the stance of the EU Court of Justice with regards to the exact delineation between mitigation and compensation. The analysis is also framed in the ongoing debate on the effectiveness of the EU nature directives. Although ostensibly rigid, it is argued that the recent case-law developments are in line with the main principles underpinning biodiversity offsetting. Opening the door for biodiversity offsetting under the Habitats Directive will certainly not reverse the predicament of the EU's biodiversity. A reinforcement of the preventative approach is instrumental to avert a further biodiversity loss within the European Union, even if it will lead to additional permit refusals for unsustainable project developments.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
{"token": "CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCUSTA-MIGRATORIA DIURETIC HORMONE. Locusta migratoria diuretic hormone (Lom-DH) is a linear 46 aminoacid peptide, amidated at the C-terminus. The purified native hormone and synthetic peptide similarly stimulate the secretion of cAMP by isolated Malpighian tubules in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The degree of stimulated fluid secretion in the isolated Malpighian tubule assay is similar for the native and synthetic hormone. Based on ELISA assay, Lom-DH is mainly found in the storage lobes of the corpora cardiaca (approximately 12 pmol per gland pair) and to a small extent in the brain. Marginal amounts can be detected in the hemolymph. No detectable amounts were found in the glandular lobes of the corpora cardiaca or in the corpora allata or subesophageal ganglion.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Routine and rupture: The everyday workings of abyssal (dis)order in the Palestinian food basket. A strategic method of governing Palestinian lives in the West Bank is to maintain a relationship between spectacular and routinized forms of violence. The dissonant interplay of these forms comprises a particular system of control and terror as Israeli authority employs both coercive and administrative methods, which rupture social life while becoming an ordinary part of it. Key to the administration of these dissonant practices is bureaucracy, which codifies a social order of racial supremacy through seemingly mundane measures. Order here is itself predicated on an abyssal national order, a dynamic enterprise that is remade through changing policies as well as soldiers' variable behavior. The combined effects of military (dis)ordering practices enact a systemic attempt to wear down both one's ability and will to live.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Thirty years of research in family business journals: Status quo and future directions. Family firms are the most ubiquitous form of business organization in any world economy. Family Business Re-view, Journal of Family Business Strategy, and Journal of Family Business Management are the three leading aca-demic journals exclusively dedicated to this type of firms. Since the inception of the first of the three journals in 1988, these outlets published 1381 articles dealing with family business. This study offers a comprehensive bibliometric overview of these contributions, thereby providing a complete overview of family business research conducted in the three dedicated journals in this field, and laying the ground for future developments. We do not limit our effort to describe the field from a bibliometric perspective, but furthermore unearth the most debated topics, link thematically the aspects emerging from our review, and offer promising avenues for future research.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Ugly Data in the Age of Weather Satellites. Three days before Hurricane Sandy's East Coast landfall, NASA released its first aerial, time-lapse video of the storm. Roughly 22,000 miles above Earth, NOAA's GOES-14 satellite scanned the hurricane's movement across the southern United States. NASA's video, produced through rapid-scanning technology, captured the enormity of the storm, its dynamic cloud structure, and the sharpening of the storm's eye as the continent dimmed under the setting sun. But despite the complicated process of data gathering and transmission that is involved in meteorological satellite sensing and imaging, satellite media often pass as uninterpreted weather reality for popular audiences, offering visual and textual narratives of weather crises that abstract the human from environmental disaster. This essay considers the twentieth-century turn toward uninterpreted and visually centered weather media by analyzing the meteorological satellite movement of the 1960s, contemporary GOES-14 experimental satellite technology, and the narratological and ontological ramifications of the visual satellite data and media that constitute a weather \\\\'movie\\\\' during storm crises.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "A PLEA FOR LEADERSHIP THEORIES. This article addresses the challenge of teaching theory to people who view theorising sceptically. This is often the case in the context of leadership trainings. In this article, I critically analyse the trivialisation of leadership, often based on success stories, and offer seven methods to include theory in leadership classes, namely electing students; reversing the order: practice-theory instead of theory-practice; creating aha experiences with theory; selecting \\\\'good\\\\' theory; pointing out the benefit of a special theory; viewing theories as eye-glasses, and suggesting eyeglasses from different disciplines. I then argue, first, that leadership theory is needed, because real leadership is nontrivial and, secondly, that we need to teach more than one leadership theory, in order to encourage critical thinking.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Emergency psychiatric management of borderline personality disorder: Towards an articulation of modalities for personalised integrative care. Building on existing literature, the authors draw the landscape of psychiatric emergencies, and focus on borderline personality disorder, frequently encountered, and strongly linked to death by suicide. A review of knowledge in terms of diagnosis, prognosis, etiology, and treatment, as well as their own experiences, lead them to propose areas of progress that would secure the patient's care pathway. The evolution of society has led psychiatric emergency departments to play the role of a safety net and an entry point to the mental health system. Borderline personality disorder is one of the most common pathologies encountered in psychiatric emergencies. It represents a major concern, long characterized by an often dramatic evolution, and by the human and economic stress it generates. However, since the 1990s, knowledge of this disorder has been refined, and today there are various means of evaluation, good clinical practices and psychotherapeutic treatments, thanks to which significant and lasting improvement is possible. Recent studies highlight the crucial role of hospital caregivers, and the benefit of consolidating their skills by providing them with the knowledge and tools specific to this disorder. They also converge on the interest of setting up specific emergency treatment modalities, particularly highly structured, safe and empowering for the patient, in order to improve their effectiveness. The authors suggest that a case formulation model for persons with borderline personality disorder in emergency would make it possible to activate these two levers of progress, while improving collaboration between hospital and outpatient care. This would also address their main concern of optimizing the patient's therapeutic pathway and reinforcing adherence to treatment that could bring remission, and should be supported by data from empirical research. (C) 2020 L'Encephale, Paris.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
{"token": "Thermodynamics of point defect disorder and off-stoichiometry in ThO2 and Th1-yUyO2. A thermodynamic model for point defect disorder was developed to investigate the off-stoichiometry of ThO2 and Th(1-y)UyO(2). The model shows that ThO2 mainly exists as a hypo-stoichiometric oxide from 1200 K to 2900 K for oxygen partial pressures ranging from 10 -50 to 10 5 atm. The addition of U expands the thermodynamic window over which Th(1-y)UyO(2) is hyper-stoichiometric, i.e., Th(1-y)UyO(2 + x) , illustrating the impact of U addition with its 5 f electrons on defect disorder in the mixed oxide. For instance, at 1473 K and 10( -5) atm, Th0.95U0.05O2 + x was found to accommodate an oxygen off-stoichiometry of x = 0.002 whereas Th(0.8)U(0.2)O(2 + x )accommodates an off-stoichiometry of x = 0.03. The extent of hyperstoichiometry of the mixed oxide was found to increase with reducing temperature and with increasing U content in the oxide up to a certain U content in the mixed oxide after which a plateau is reached in terms of the extent of hyper-stoichiometry achievable. With the inclusion of vibrational entropy of point defects in the defect disorder model, oxygen vacancies were found to dominate in the hypostoichiometric regime of Th(1-y)UyO(2). As for the hyper-stoichiometric regime, cation vacancies were found to dominate at low temperatures while anion interstitials dominate at high temperatures. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Two cases of suicidal electrocution. Two cases of suicidal electrocution are presented: one using a household lamp, the other using a homemade electrocution machine. The mechanisms of death and the histologic changes in electrocution are discussed.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 29]}
{"token": "Ischemic Heart Disease and Its Related Factors in Mongolia: A Nationwide Survey. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains one of the most important disorders associated with disability and mortality worldwide, and is one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases in Mongolia. The objective of the current study was to determine the prevalence of IHD and its related factors in a general population in Mongolia. We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey between March and September, 2009. General participants were recruited from urban to rural regions in a multistage random cluster sampling method. The diagnosis of IHD was based on the Rose questionnaire (World Health Organization) and electrocardiographic findings. A total of 369 (16.2 %) subjects with IHD were diagnosed among 2,280 participants. The prevalence of subjects with IHD was significantly increased by age: from 9.9 % in individuals age 40-44 years compared to 17.7 % in those over 60 years. Smoking habits (former and current) and non-frequent intake of fruits and vegetables were significantly positively associated with IHD in men, while heavy alcohol drinking habits and lower education period of time were significantly positively associated with IHD in women. IHD was found to be prevalent, especially among people aged over 40 years, in Mongolia. Statistical factors related to IHD were found to be significantly different based on sex. The current data may provide relevant information to prevent IHD in the Mongolian population.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Human-induced pluripotent stem cells generated from intervertebral disc cells improve neurologic functions in spinal cord injury. Introduction: Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have emerged as a promising cell source for immune-compatible cell therapy. Although a variety of somatic cells have been tried for iPSC generation, it is still of great interest to test new cell types, especially those which are hardly obtainable in a normal situation.Methods: In this study, we generated iPSCs by using the cells originated from intervertebral disc which were removed during a spinal operation after spinal cord injury. We investigated the pluripotency of disc cell-derived iPSCs (diPSCs) and neural differentiation capability as well as therapeutic effect in spinal cord injury.Conclusion: This study revealed that intervertebral discs removed during surgery for spinal stabilization after spinal cord injury, previously considered a \\\\'waste\\\\' tissue, may provide a unique opportunity to study iPSCs derived from difficult-to-access somatic cells and a useful therapeutic resource for autologous cell replacement therapy in spinal cord injury.Results: The diPSCs displayed similar characteristics to human embryonic stem cells and were efficiently differentiated into neural precursor cells (NPCs) with the capability of differentiation into mature neurons in vitro. When the diPSC-derived NPCs were transplanted into mice 9 days after spinal cord injury, we detected a significant amelioration of hindlimb dysfunction during follow-up recovery periods. Histological analysis at 5 weeks after transplantation identified undifferentiated human NPCs (Nestin(+)) as well as early (Tuj1(+)) and mature (MAP2(+)) neurons derived from the transplanted NPCs. Furthermore, NPC transplantation demonstrated a preventive effect on spinal cord degeneration resulting from the secondary injury.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
{"token": "An estimator for discrete-choice models with spatial lag dependence using large samples, with an application to land-use conversions. Economic problems that require micro-level analysis within a discrete-choice framework are often spatial processes, where standard models result in inconsistent parameter estimates. Existing methods for spatial discrete choice models become infeasible in micro-level data applications due to large sample sizes. We propose an extension of Klier and McMillen's (2008) generalized moments estimator to multinomial choice models with spatial lag dependence that is computationally simple. Simulations indicate that the proposed estimator captures accurately the degree of spatial dependence in the data, provided spatial dependence is not too high. The methodology is employed to analyze the conversion process to various land uses using parcel-level data from a rural-urban fringe county within a large metropolitan area. We find evidence of positive spatial dependence of about 0.36 a result consistent with the widely-accepted idea that land-use conversion is a spatial process. This suggests that uncoordinated local land-use policies designed at a small scale, while attempting to manage growth at a local level, may fragment urban development and result in suboptimal land-use patterns at a regional level.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Transcriptome profiling of the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica reveals genome-wide events that accompany major life cycle transitions. Background: The biphasic life cycle with pelagic larva and benthic adult stages is widely observed in the animal kingdom, including the Porifera (sponges), which are the earliest branching metazoans. The demosponge, Amphimedon queenslandica, undergoes metamorphosis from a free-swimming larva into a sessile adult that bears no morphological resemblance to other animals. While the genome of A. queenslandica contains an extensive repertoire of genes very similar to that of complex bilaterians, it is as yet unclear how this is drawn upon to coordinate changing morphological features and ecological demands throughout the sponge life cycle.Conclusions: This first genome-wide study of the developmental transcriptome in an early branching metazoan highlights major transcriptional events that accompany the pelagobenthic transition and point to a network of regulatory mechanisms that coordinate changes in morphology with shifting environmental demands. Metazoan developmental and structural gene orthologs are well-integrated into the expression profiles at every stage of sponge development, including the adult. The utilization of genes involved in metazoan-associated processes throughout sponge development emphasizes the potential of the genome of the last common ancestor of animals to generate phenotypic complexity.Results: To identify genome-wide events that accompany the pelagobenthic transition in A. queenslandica, we compared global gene expression profiles at four key developmental stages by sequencing the poly(A) transcriptome using SOLiD technology. Large-scale changes in transcription were observed as sponge larvae settled on the benthos and began metamorphosis. Although previous systematics suggest that the only clear homology between Porifera and other animals is in the embryonic and larval stages, we observed extensive use of genes involved in metazoan-associated cellular processes throughout the sponge life cycle. Sponge-specific transcripts are not over-represented in the morphologically distinct adult; rather, many genes that encode typical metazoan features, such as cell adhesion and immunity, are upregulated. Our analysis further revealed gene families with candidate roles in competence, settlement, and metamorphosis in the sponge, including transcription factors, G-protein coupled receptors and other signaling molecules.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
{"token": "WHEN DO FIRMS LEAVE CARTELS? DETERMINANTS AND THE IMPACT ON CARTEL SURVIVAL. We use a dataset of 615 firms which participated in 114 illegal cartels - convicted by the European Commission between 1999 and 2016 - to investigate the determinants of the duration of a firm's participation in a cartel. Applying a piecewise-constant exponential proportional hazard model with a particular focus on the impact of internal and external time-varying determinants, we find that firms show a higher probability to leave a cartel if prior exits occurred as well as in periods of high demand growth. However, we find a lower exit probability in situations of prior entries to the cartel or in periods of high interest rates, Additional estimations at the cartel level further suggest that firm exits increase the probability of a cartel breakdown substantially. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 29]}
{"token": "Low Damage Cryogenic Etching of Porous Organosilicate Low-k Materials Using SF6/O-2/SiF4. Low temperature plasma etching of porous organosilicate low-k films is studied, in an ICP chamber with cryo-cooled substrate holder, using Fluorine-based plasma discharges. It is demonstrated that plasma-induced damage is significantly reduced when the base temperature is below a threshold T-c that depends on pore size of low-k materials. For T < T-c, almost no carbon depletion is observed and the k-value degradation is negligible. It is shown that protection occurs mainly through the condensation of the etch by-products and their ability to seal the open pores against radical diffusion. By addition of SiF4 and O-2 into the gas discharge, plasma-induced damage is further reduced, as a result of SiOxFy deposition. Vertical trench profiles are obtained in patterned structures, using an inorganic hard mask. The damage reduction mechanism is discussed and a protection model is proposed. (C) 2013 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Changing Chaplaincy: a Contribution to Debate over the Roles of US and British Military Chaplains in Afghanistan. This article addresses the challenges presented to NATO military chaplains in conflicts waged in majority-Muslim countries, focusing on the British and US experience in Afghanistan. Though the two militaries have quite different formal guidelines for chaplains about relations with local populations, it is argued here that the challenges for chaplains relating with local religious actors are in many respects similar. Recent changes to chaplaincy guidelines in Afghanistan have reflected a recognition of their potential to act as interpreters for soldiers facing a religious 'frontier' with which they are ill-equipped to grapple. However, chaplain engagement with locals on a religious basis is not uncontroversial. With this in mind, this article focuses on the symbolic status of the military chaplain, both within the military and in encounters with locals. Though the symbolism of a Christian chaplain in this context is not unproblematic, it is argued that ultimately chaplains could contribute to the navigation of differences and commonalities between soldiers and civilians. However, at present military chaplains are inadequately trained to deal with the religious Muslim populations they encounter in Afghanistan, Iraq or elsewhere. The contribution closes with conclusions about likely developments in the roles and training of chaplains deployed in Muslim-majority countries in the future.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk Assessment. This study investigated the natural incidence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in corn and corn products from corn-producing districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector and immunoaffinity cleanup columns. The detection limit (LOD) and limit of quantification were 25 and 50 mu g/kg, respectively. A total of 1220 samples of corn and corn products were analyzed to detect DON, and 539 (44.2%) samples were observed to be contaminated with DON (n >= LOD). Furthermore, 92 (7.5%) samples of corn and corn products had DON levels that were higher than the proposed limits of the EU. The data are significantly different from a normal distribution of DON in samples of corn and corn products from different locations (p < 0.05) for Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov values. However, a significant difference in DON levels was found between corn and corn-derived products (p <= 0.05). The lowest and highest exposures, and hazard quotient (HQ) values of 0.92 and 9.68 mu g/kg bw/day, were documented in corn flour samples.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Juggalos-Whoop! Whoop! A Family or A Gang? A Participant-Observation Study on an FBI Defined 'Hybrid' Gang. This study examines the Juggalos and their controversial gang designation as defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Juggalos are devoted fans of the music group Insane Clown Posse, but law enforcement officials have identified Juggalos as a \\\\'hybrid\\\\' gang. A participant observation study was conducted in the fall of 2017 during the Juggalo March in Washington D.C. This protest rally was a response to challenge the gang classification and demonstrate to others that Juggalos are \\\\'a family and not a gang.\\\\' The authors observed Juggalo behaviors that were not consistent with a gang; but rather consistent with the characteristics of identifying a gang, as well as behaviors that were deviant.", "label": [5, 55, 57]}
{"token": "A shifted tree model for the efficient evaluation of options with fixed dividends. We consider the problem of evaluating options on a dividend-paying asset by means of a trinomial latticebased model.We propose a suitable construction of the lattice that guarantees the reconnecting property and so keeps the computational cost of the proposed algorithm to a reasonable level. The extensive numerical results obtained show that the model can efficiently compute accurate option prices.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 50, 41, 52]}
{"token": "Creative Approaches to Address Online Dating in Counseling. Within the last decade, online dating has become an increasingly popular method for meeting potential partners. Online dating comes with a unique set of opportunities and challenges that may affect the overall mental health of our clients. Hence, it is essential for counselors to be prepared and able to discuss online dating in counseling. The authors of this article introduce three potential creative interventions to assist in addressing online dating within counseling.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "New evidence for the symbiosis between Tuber aestivum and Picea abies. The Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.), an ectomycorrhizal fungus living in association with host plants, is one of the most exclusive delicacies. The symbiosis with deciduous oak, beech, and hazel dominates our concept of truffle ecophysiology, whereas potential conifer hosts have rarely been reported. Here, we present morphological and molecular evidence of a wildlife T. aestivum symbiosis with Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) and an independent greenhouse inoculation experiment, to confirm our field observation in southwest Germany. A total of 27 out of 50 P. abies seedlings developed T. aestivum ectomycorrhizae with a mean mycorrhization rate of 19.6 %. These findings not only suggest P. abies to be a productive host species under suitable biogeographic conditions but also emphasize the broad ecological amplitude and great symbiotic range of T. aestivum. While challenging common knowledge, this study demonstrates a significant expansion of the species' cultivation potential to the central European regions, where P. abies forests occur on calcareous soils.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "The Norm of Moral Assertion: A Reply to Simion. Mona Simion has recently argued for a function-first norm of moral assertion. According to function-first accounts, the norm of any kind of assertion is determined by the function of that kind of assertion. She argues that, on the assumption that moral understanding is the goal of moral inquiry, the function of moral assertion is reliably generating moral understanding in others and that the norm of moral assertion should fall out of that function. In particular, she thinks the norm should be such that satisfying it is the most reliable way for one's moral assertions to generate moral understanding in others-at least when all else goes well. With this in mind, she proposes The Explanation Proffering Account of Moral Assertion (EPNMA). First, I argue that satisfying EPNMA is not the only or most reliable way for one's moral assertion to generate moral understanding in one's audience. I propose an alternative norm on which one must accompany one'smoral assertions with a maieutic speech act, i.e., an utterance in the form of a question or assertion that aims to elicit knowledge or other epistemic states from an audience. Second, I present counterexamples to EPNMA wherein speakers make moral assertions that violate EPNMA and yet they are not intuitively epistemically criticizable for their assertion. I conclude by briefly sketching an alternative account that avoids the pitfalls of EPNMA.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Leveraging geotagged Twitter data to examine neighborhood happiness, diet, and physical activity. Results: For a random subset of tweets, manually labeled tweets and algorithm labeled tweets had excellent levels of agreement: 73% for happiness; 83% for food, and 85% for physical activity. Happy tweets, healthy food references, and physical activity references were less frequent in census tracts with greater economic disadvantage and higher proportions of racial/ethnic minorities and youths.Conclusions: Social media can be leveraged to provide greater understanding of the well-being and health behaviors of communities-information that has been previously difficult and expensive to obtain consistently across geographies. More open access neighborhood data can enable better design of programs and policies addressing social determinants of health. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Objectives: Using publicly available, geotagged Twitter data, we created neighborhood indicators for happiness, food and physical activity for three large counties: Salt Lake, San Francisco and New York.Methods: We utilize 2.8 million tweets collected between February August 2015 in our analysis. Geocoordinates of where tweets were sent allow us to spatially join them to 2010 census tract locations. We implemented quality control checks and tested associations between Twitter-derived variables and sociodemographic characteristics.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Skin care products: What do they promise, what do they deliver. The industry offers a vast armamentarium of skin care products to clean, soothe, restore, reinforce, protect and to treat our skin and hence to keep it in \\\\'good condition\\\\'. Skin care products are readily available and their promotions with fanciful claims are omnipresent. The promotions are based on effects, evoked by actives that are delivered through vehicles that rely on specific technologies. Due to the fact, that these products are in direct contact to the target tissue, their vehicle and ingredients are able to profoundly modulate the characteristics of the skin and some of its functions. This makes products for the skin absolute unique and versatile delivery systems. This paper discusses the concept of skin care and skin protection, the choice of skin care products, their vehicles,, their functionality and their regulatory status. (C) 2016 Tissue Viability Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "EVALUATION OF ACCOUNTING REGULATION EVOLUTION IN SELECTED COUNTRIES. Accounting forms a significant part of information on any enterprise and plays the most important role in different levels of enterprise' management as well as in country's. Accounting information is used by various information users, whose decisions may influence various spheres: from performance of enterprises to proceeding the state policy. Its role increased recently under conditions of modern global and competitive market economy, and will be increasing in the future. Importance of accounting information usage highlights the need of appropriate formation of such information. And accounting regulation plays the main role in the process of formation and presentation of accounting information as it determines requirements for accounting methodology, information performed in the single set of financial statements or consolidated financial statements. The purpose of the research is to evaluate evolution of accounting regulation for the period 1990 - 2017 and distinguish accounting regulation evolution phases and factors, which influenced development of the phases. Six countries, which are members of the European Union - the Republic of Croatia, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania and the Slovak Republic - were chosen for the evaluation of accounting evolution. For the research were used legislation analysis, systematisation, inductive and deductive, comparison and summary of information methods. Research results show, that evolution of accounting regulation in analysed countries may be distinguished in four general phases. The period of evolution started at the beginning of nineties (1990-1992) when the countries transformed from a central planned economy to market economy, this phase was followed by other phases (1993-2001-2005), when laws on accounting and additional legislation were issued. Accounting regulation evolution phase for alignment accounting legislation with Fourth and Seventh EU Directives started from 2002/2006 and the phase of the compliance with requirements of Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013, which started in all analysed countries in 2016, except Slovakia - in 2014, completes the accounting regulation evolution period till present.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "INTERPLANETARY DISCONTINUITIES AND ALFVEN WAVES. The rate of occurrence of interplanetary discontinuities (ROID) is examined using Ulysses magnetic field and plasma data from 1 to 5 AU radial distance from the Sun and at high heliospheric latitudes. It is found that there are two regions in interplanetary space where the ROID is high: in stream-stream interaction regions and in Alfven wave trains. This latter feature is particularly obvious at high heliographic latitudes when Ulysses enters a high speed stream associated with a polar coronal hole. These streams are characterized by the presence of continuous, large-amplitude (Delta (B) over bar/\\\\\\\\B\\\\\\\\-1-2,) Alfven waves and an extraordinarily high ROID value (similar to 150 discontinuities/day). In a number of intervals examined, it is found that (rotational) discontinuities are an integral part of the Alfven wave: they represent similar to 90 degrees phase rotation of the wave out of the full 360 degrees rotation of the wave. These large amplitude nonlinear Alfven waves thus appear to be phase steepened. The nonlinear Alfven waves are spherically polarized, i.e., the tip of the perturbation vector resides on the surface of a sphere (a consequence of constant \\\\\\\\B\\\\\\\\). The best description of this wave plus discontinuity is a ''spherical are polarization''.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Bradyarrhythmias in Repaired Atrioventricular Septal Defects: Single-Center Experience Based on 34Years of Follow-Up of 522 Patients. Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD) is a rare congenital heart defect (CHD) often associated with genetic syndromes, most commonly Down syndrome (DS). Over the last four decades, surgical repair has increased survival and improved quality of life in these patients. The prevalence of bradyarrhythmias namely, atrioventricular block (AVB) and sinus node dysfunction (SND) in AVSD is partially known. 522 cases with both partial and complete AVSD (38.7% with DS), undergoing intracardiac repair from 1982 to 2016at our institution, were reviewed from our system database. 38 (7.3%) patients received permanent PM implantation for AVB (early or late) or SND. On one hand, AVB requiring PM was found in 26 (4.98%). This was further subdivided into early-onset 14 (2.6%) and late-onset AVB 12 (2.2%) (median 4 [IQR 1-7] years). On the other hand, 12 (2.3%) experienced late SND requiring PM (median 11 [IQR 3.5-15.2] years). Early and late AVB were independent from the type of AVSD (partial or complete), whereas the late SND was remarkably observed in complete AVSD compared to partial AVSD (p=0.017). We classified the cohort into two main categories: DS (202, 38.7%) and non-DS (320, 61.3%). At Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, DS was significantly associated with late-onset bradyarrhythmias (p=0.024). At Cox regression analysis, we identified DS as an independent predictor of PM implantation (HR 2.17). In conclusion, about 7% of repaired AVSD patients need PM implantation during follow-up. There are no differences in early and late AVB occurrence according to the type of AVSD. There is a higher incidence of late SND in repaired complete AVSD, with a later timing onset in patients with associated DS. Moreover, DS seems to be an independent predictor of PM implantation.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Optimizing protease production from an isolate of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans using response surface methodology and its larvicidal activity on horse cyathostomins. Protease production from Duddingtonia flagrans (isolate AC001) was optimized and the larvicidal activity of the enzymatic extract was evaluated on infective horse cyathostomin larvae (L3). Duddingtonia flagrans was grown in liquid medium with eight different variables: glucose, casein, bibasic potassium phosphate (K2HPO4), magnesium sulphate (MgSO4), zinc sulphate (ZnSO4), ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), copper sulphate (CuSO4) and temperature. The Plackett-Burman analysis showed a significant influence of MgSO4, CuSO4 and casein (P < 0.05) on protease production by D. flagrans in liquid medium. Central composite design indicated that the highest proteolytic activity was 39.56 U/ml as a function of the concentrations of casein (18.409 g/l), MgSO4 (0.10 g/l) and CuSO4 (0.50 mg/l). A significant difference (P < 0.01) was found for the larval number between the treated and control groups at the end of the experiment. A reduction of 95.46% in the number of free-living larvae was found in the treated group compared with the control. The results of this study suggest that protease production by D. flagrans (AC001) in liquid medium was optimized by MgSO4, CuSO4 and casein, showing that the optimized enzymatic extract exerted larvicidal activity on cyathostomins and therefore may contribute to large-scale industrial production.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
{"token": "Tanzimat in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Establishment of Dual Kaim Makamate System in Lebanon and the 19th Century Balance of Power. One of the main purposes of the Tanzimat Edict (1839) was the centralization of the Ottoman provincial administration. However, in the port cities of the Eastern Mediterranean which were strategically important, such as Mount Lebanon, there were significant obstacles to the centralization policy at both local and international scale. This article aims to evaluate the establishment process of the dual kaim makamate (district governorship) system of Mount Lebanon (1845), within the framework of the 19th century balance of power system and the concert of Europe. In this context, after mentioning to the distinctive conditions of the region, the provincial reform program of Tanzimat has been underlined. And then, in order to carry out this policy in Mount Lebanon, Ottoman Porte's diplomacy towards European Concert has been examined.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Ephemeral work group formation of Jenu Kuruba honey collectors and late 19th Century Colorado silver prospectors. Humans frequently form short-lived cooperative groups to accomplish subsistence and economic tasks. We explore the ecological and cultural factors behind ephemeral work-group formation in two disparate cultural contexts: groups foraging for wild honey in present day South India and groups prospecting for silver ore in the Elk Mountain Mining District of Colorado in the late 19th century. Contrary to traditional economic foraging predictions, we find little evidence that per capita yields are the most important factor in determining size and composition of ephemeral work groups. We explore factors in each of these cultures that may be of importance for group formation such as kinship, reputation, and pleasure. Models that only incorporate economic parameters will make poor predictions of how humans interact with their environments.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
{"token": "The origin and early radiation of the therapsid mammal-like reptiles: a palaeobiological hypothesis. The replacement of the basal synapsid pelycosaurs by the more 'mammal-like' therapsids in the Permian was an important event in the history of tetrapods because it initiated the eventual transition to the mammals. It is also an example of taxon replacement in the fossil record that is unusually amenable to explanation, based on a combination of analysis of the biological significance of the inferred character changes, with the stratigraphic, palaeogeographic and palaeoecological circumstances of the time. An hypothesis is presented in which the origin of the therapsids resulted from a correlated progression of character evolution leading to higher levels of metabolic activity and homeostatic regulation of the body. it was a response to the availability of a seasonally arid, savanna-like biome. The subsequent explosive radiation of therapsids was associated with habitat expansion made possible by the Mid-Permian development of geographical continuity between that biome and the temperate biomes. The final extinction of the pelycosaurs was a case of incumbent replacement by the new therapsid lineages.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Trends in Overall and Menthol Market Shares of Leading Cigarette Brands in the USA: 2014-2019. Many factors can shift cigarette brand preference, and surveillance is an important tactic to inform regulatory strategy. The objective of this study was to identify shifts in top brands' overall and menthol market share from 2014 to 2019. We used data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health public use datasets, which are a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of people aged 12+ in the USA. In our analysis of top brands, we accounted for consumption patterns and computed the percent change in market share for each brand. We observed that overall market share declined for nearly all brands, though top moderately priced brands gained share. Half of the top brands with menthol styles grew in menthol market share. We observed three primary shifts in the cigarette market: brands that gained the most menthol market share were brands with both menthol and non-menthol in their product lineups; menthol contributed substantially to discount brands' market share increases; the two premium brands that employed \\\\'natural\\\\' descriptors experienced increased market share. Research should continue to focus on trends that influence cigarette market share, as the cigarette market in the USA is likely to look very different in five years than it does today.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Advanced Optimization Method for Spherical Aberration and Focus Offset for Optical Disc Drive. We developed an optimization method for spherical aberration and focus offset for an optical disc drive using an elliptical approximation. This method measures the small number of points that are located at specific positions. Furthermore, it approximates a characteristic distribution to an ellipse and calculates the center of the ellipse as the optimal point. The effectiveness of this method is experimentally confirmed using Blu-ray discs with three types of protective layer of various thicknesses. (C) 2014 The Japan Society of Applied Physics", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "The Law Wars in Massachusetts, 1830-1860: How a Band of Upstart Radical Lawyers Defeated the Forces of Law and Order, and Struck a Blow for Freedom and Equality Under Law. The article reframes the debate on the period of rebellion against the fugitive slave clause in Massachusetts in the period leading up to the Civil War. Traditionally this story has been framed as a battle between the Christian morality of the Garrisonians and the positivism of the law-and-order conservatives. In fact, there was a third alternative, one that prevailed for a brief time, grounded in legal principles of due process and equality before the law. We show how the radical lawyers confronted and defeated the conservative legal elite, including the likes of Joseph Story, Daniel Webster and Benjamin Robbins Curtis, using legal arguments and a comprehensive litigation strategy. The story we tell has implications for today, when lawyers and scholars debate the power of legal arguments to effect social change.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Psychometric properties of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Professional Student's version: An Italian validation study with nursing students. This methodological study was conducted to test the psychometric properties of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Professional Student's version (JSE-HPS), in a convenience sample of 797 Italian nursing students and to describe their empathic engagement. Data were subjected to exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, test-retest, correlation analysis, t-test, and analysis of variance method. Principal component factor extraction with Oblimin rotation on the first half of the sample was conducted. The analysis suggested a three-factor solution for 14 items: compassionate care/emotional engagement, perspective-taking, and standing in the patient's shoes. Confirmatory factor analysis on the second half of the sample showed good fit indexes for the 14-item solution, indicated by the exploratory factor analysis, and the 20 item solution of the scale, with the exception of one item. Test-retest correlation was 0.50 (P<0.001) for the overall scale. Results from group comparisons and correlations are also provided and discussed. The Italian version of the JSE-HPS is a psychometrically sound tool. The translated 20-item solution is also suitable to carry out cross-cultural comparisons.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "New Evidence of the Enhanced Elimination of a Persistent Drug Used as a Lipid Absorption Inhibitor by Advanced Oxidation with UV-A and Nanosized Catalysts. This work demonstrates new evidence of the efficient destruction and mineralization of an emergent organic pollutant using UV-A and titanium nanosized catalysts. The target compound considered in this work is the primary metabolite of a lipid regulator drug, clofibrate, identified in many studies as refractory during conventional wastewater treatment. The photocatalytic performance study was carried out in batch mode at laboratory scale, in aqueous suspension. Kinetic data showed that titanium dioxide P25 Aeroxide (R) exhibits the highest photocatalytic efficiency compared to the other investigated catalysts. Pollutant degradation and mineralization efficiencies strongly increased when decreasing the initial substrate concentration. Target molecules oxidized faster when the catalyst load increased, and the mineralization was enhanced under acidic conditions: 92% of mineralization was achieved at pH 4 after 190 min of reaction. Radical quenching assays confirmed that HO center dot and (hvb(+)) were the reactive oxygen species involved in the photocatalytic oxidation of the considered pollutant. In addition, further results revealed that the removal efficiency decreased in real water matrices. Finally, data collected through a series of phytotoxicity tests demonstrated that the photocatalytic process considerably reduces the toxicity of the treated solutions, confirming the process's effectiveness in the removal of persistent and biorefractory emergent organic water pollutants.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "COMPARISON OF COMPOSITION AND TEXTURE OF CALCITE-CEMENTED CONCRETIONS AND HOST SANDSTONES, NORTHERN APENNINES, ITALY. The intergranular volume of the sandstones indicates that in younger piggy-back units calcite cement was introduced after maximum burial or nearly so, whereas in older and more deeply buried piggy-back and foreland units minor compaction continued in host sandstones after concretion growth stopped.Thus, our data indicate that calcite-cemented concretions do not necessarily preserve unstable grains more readily than host sandstones, especially if cementation occurs late in the burial history of the sandstones. In the examined formations the main factors controlling the capability of concretions to preserve unstable framework grains seem to be (1) the types of unstable grains, (2) their susceptibility to dissolution by interstitial fluids or replacement by calcite, (3) burial depth and temperature during and after concretion development, and (4) time. Correct provenance reconstructions of sandstone units containing concretions must be preceded by assessment of any diagenetic alteration affecting the framework grains of both concretions and host rocks.Compositional and textural characteristics of 13 calcite-cemented concretions are compared with those in adjacent but essentially uncemented host sandstones to test the belief that concretions better preserve original detrital compositions than do host rocks. Sandstones sampled are from five upper Eocene to Pliocene clastic units deposited in a piggy-back setting and from one Miocene unit in the foreland basin of the northern Apennines.The concretions differ little from their host sandstones in bulk framework composition, abundance of detrital carbonate grains, and chemistry of feld-spars. Detrital grains in concretions, however, underwent a six-fold greater degree of calcite replacement than detrital grains in host samples. Four of six formations have no difference in relative abundance of heavy minerals between concretions and host sandstones. The two units showing significant differences in the heavy-mineral content are those that underwent deeper burial and higher temperatures, as shown by independent evidence. In the Ranzano Formation epidote is up to three times more abundant in concretions than in host samples, and other unstable species are present only in the concretions. In the Marnoso Arenacea Formation hornblende is twice as abundant in the concretions than in host sandstones. In these two units pore-occluding calcite cement in concretions probably prevented contact with corrosive formation water, whereas the host sandstones lost significant fractions of these unstable species.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Proteomic strategies for the discovery of novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for infectious diseases. Viruses have developed numerous and elegant strategies to manipulate the host cell machinery to establish a productive infectious cycle. The interaction of viral proteins with host proteins plays an important role in infection and pathogenesis, often bypassing traditional host defenses such as the interferon response and apoptosis. Host-viral protein interactions can be studied using a variety of proteomic approaches ranging from genetic and biochemical to large-scale high-throughput technologies. Protein interactions between host and viral proteins are greatly influenced by host signal transduction pathways. In this review, we will focus on comparing proteomic information obtained through differing technologies and how their integration can be used to determine the functional aspect of the host response to infection. We will briefly review and evaluate techniques employed to elucidate viral-host interactions with a primary focus on Protein Microarrays (PMA) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) as potential tools in the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. As many potential molecular markers and targets are proteins, proteomic profiling is expected to yield both clearer and more direct answers to functional and pharmacologic questions.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Modeling of Chloride Penetration into Concrete under Airborne Chloride Environmental Conditions Combined with Washout Effects. In marine environments, deterioration of concrete infrastructures under airborne chloride attack is a common problem, which raises the need for a reliable prediction model of airborne chloride penetration into concrete structures to evaluate the service life of concrete structures. This study proposes a time-dependent computational model for predicting the amount of airborne chloride ingress into concrete under actual environmental conditions. The proposed model calculates the amount of chloride penetration by considering the amount of advection and diffusion of airborne chloride on the concrete surface. To compute the amount of airborne chloride penetration, the proportion of dry and wet sections on the concrete surface is assumed, and to ensure accurate prediction of chloride penetration into concrete structures under actual environment conditions, the washout effect of rainfall is taken into account in the calculation. The proposed model was verified through comparison of the experimental and on-site measurement results.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Frequency of Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the blood of Southern Chinese blood donors and nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma is very common among Southern Chinese. While most patients have the disease detected and treated early, those who are diagnosed with advanced stages face a poor prognosis. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); it was suggested previously that a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)based therapy targeting EBV proteins may offer a possible new form of treatment for this disease. The most likely target of this treatment is latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2). To define further the preexisting level of anti-EBV immunity in Chinese subjects, the frequency of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) responding to peptide epitopes was determined using an ELISPOT assay in 50 healthy control blood donors and in 26 patients newly diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A total of 7 LMP2, 2 LMP1, 1 EBNA3A, and 1 EBNA3B epitopes were used in a HLA-restricted manner. As reported previously for healthy virus carriers in western countries, it was found that in both groups the strongest responses were to epitopes in the EBNA proteins with weaker responses to the LMP epitopes. It was found that LMP2 epitopes were recognized in a greater percentage of both groups than previously reported, due most likely to the greater sensitivity of the ELISPOT method. However, patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma demonstrated a weaker response than that displayed by healthy control subjects to several epitopes. The results demonstrate that LMP2 epitopes are recognized widely in an HLA-restricted manner in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and that immunotherapy to boost preexisting immunity to these epitopes may offer a viable method to treat such patients or to protect against recurrence. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "I am two distinct beings': Paul de Man's authenticating project. Belgian-American critic Paul de Man's postwar relationship to his wartime past has been fiercely debated since the 1987 discovery of almost 200 pro-German articles that he wrote in his youth during the Nazi occupation of his native Belgium. What were the reasons for his postwar silence over this and how did this relationship shape his deconstructionist writings? Here, it is argued that after his 1948 emigration to America, de Man, with single-minded, almost obsessional, determination pursued an authenticating project, the goal of which was to become an author who never (again) committed the mistakes of his youth. To realize his goal, de Man underwent a decades-long spiritual conversion that can be viewed as embodying the tension between two models of conversion in Western culture: metanoia - the transformation of one's way of thinking and being - and epistrophe - the return to the source of one's way of thinking and being. While de Man's conversion at first entailed the straightforward renunciation of and silence about his wartime life, his repudiation eventually fashioned an opposition between his present and past. This opposition remained undeconstructed' - his collaborationist identity became an unrepresented presence, a stowaway' that endured and in great part defined him. Evidence of the tension between de Man's opposed aims - his divided conversion - is perhaps most legible in his postwar writings.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of sulfentrazone in peanut, prickly sida (Sida spinosa), and pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa). Studies were conducted to evaluate uptake, translocation, and metabolism of root-absorbed C-14-sulfentrazone in peanut, prickly sida, and pitted morningglory. Peanut absorbed more than five and three times greater C-14-sulfentrazone than pitted morningglory and prickly sida, respectively. All plant species translocated appreciable amounts (>= 39%) of radioactivity to the leaves. The three plant species had some capacity to metabolize C-14-sulfentrazone. At 3 h after treatment, 7, 29, and 71% of the radioactivity in the shoots of peanut, prickly sida, and pitted morningglory, respectively, was sulfentrazone. Sulfentrazone levels in the shoots at 3 and 6 h after treatment correspond to reported tolerance levels, with peanut being the most tolerant of the three species, whereas prickly sida and pitted morningglory are moderately tolerant and completely susceptible to sulfentrazone, respectively. Levels of metabolites varied among species, plant part, and harvest timing. On the basis of these data, tolerance in peanut is largely due to its ability to rapidly metabolize sulfentrazone.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Drawing back the curtains on the actor's 'private place': a personal journey into ISTA 2016. This article describes a personal journey into the International School of Theatre Anthropology (ISTA) during its fifteenth session in Albino in April 2016. It reflects upon the common elements underlying the different approaches to training in the different traditions that were represented by actors who are considered as 'masters' in their specific art forms. It highlights different techniques from both the West and Asia that were demonstrated and discussed. It takes a look at daily life during ISTA, as well as the training that the participants were asked to undergo.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Mamawoh Kamatowin, 'Coming together to help each other in wellness': Honouring Indigenous Nursing Knowledge. This paper is the result of coming to know and better understand Indigenous nursing experience in First Nations, Inuit and Metis communities. Using an Indigenous research approach, I (first author) drew from the collective experience of four Indigenous nurse scholars and attended to the question of how Indigenous knowledge manifests itself in the practices of Indigenous nurses and how it can better serve individuals, families, and communities. This research framework centered on Indigenous principles, processes, and practical values as expressed in Indigenous nursing practice. The results were woven from key understandings and meanings of Indigeneity as a way of being. Central to this study was that Indigenous knowledge has always been fundamental to the ways that these Indigenous nurses have undertaken nursing practice, regardless of the systemic and historical barriers they faced in providing healthcare for Indigenous people. The results of this research demonstrated how Indigenous nurses consistently drew on their inherited Indigenous knowledge to deliver nursing care to Indigenous people. Their identity as Indigenous persons was integral to their identities as Indigenous nurses. Of significance is the personal and particular description of how these Indigenous nurse scholars developed their nursing approaches in relevance to how health and healthcare delivery must be integrated into healthcare systems as a pathway to reducing health disparities.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Using Computational Fluid Dynamics to determine suitable foredune morphologies in New Zealand. Pattanapol, W., Wakes, S. J. and Hilton, M., 2011. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics to determine suitable foredune morphologies in New Zealand. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 64 (Proceedings of the 11th International Coastal Symposium), 298 - 302. Szczecin, Poland, ISSN 0749-0208Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling has therefore been used to identify suitable future foredune morphologies in this situation. The scenarios modelled were; the current unfeasible Marram grass covered steep foredune system; the relatively untouched (1890) morphology; and interim positions that accommodate the coastal processes by retreating the foredune system. Additional three-dimensional simulations using LIDAR data to recreate the topography give a relationship between the dune system and the dominant direction of the wind flow. The success of these proposed dune morphologies is discussed in terms of sand transportation, fit to the council's ongoing management goals which includes protection of low lying houses and an analysis of the success of using such numerical simulation in coastal planning. Numerical simulation is shown to present the opportunity to help with future coastal management scenarios. This work has shown that the current dune morphology at the Ocean Beach Domain is unrealistic but that there are alternative profiles that could satisfy both public and council imperatives.The Ocean Beach Domain in Dunedin, New Zealand has an ongoing issue with persistent scarping leading to high maintenance, poor public access, and potential hazards due to the infill used to create the foredune. The ongoing cost of replacing sand and repairing erosion damage has led the local council to explore the possibility of a more sustainable long-term solution. A foredune will still be required but the question is how much space between the beach and foredune is needed to alleviate the current issues.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 52]}
{"token": "Metrizability on (semi)topological BL-algebras. In this paper we define the notion of quasifilter neighborhoods on (semi)topological BL-algebras and state and prove some of their properties. Finally, using the concept of quasifilter, we find some conditions under which a BL-algebra will become metrizable.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Willing Evil: Two Sixteenth-Century Views of Free Will and Their Background. In this article, I present two virtually unknown sixteenth-century views of human freedom, that is, the views of Bartolomaeus de Usingen (1465-1532) and Jodocus Trutfetter (1460-1519) on the one hand and John Mair (1470-1550) on the ocher. Their views serve as a natural context and partial background to the more famous debate on human freedom between Martin Luther (1483-1556) and Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) from 1524-1526. Usingen and Trutfetter were Luther's philosophy teachers in Erfurt. In a passage from Book III of John Mair's commentary on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics from 1530, he seems to defend a view of human freedom by which we can will evil for the sake of evil. Very few thinkers in the history of philosophy have defended such a view. The most famous medieval thinker to do so is William Ockham (1288-1347). To illustrate how radical this view is, I place him in the historical context of such thinkers as Plato, Augustine, Buridan, and Descartes.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Facadism' Returns, or the Advent of the 'Duck-orated Shed. Embedded in the culture of modern architecture is the directive that a facade ought to fit tightly around its building, like a well-fitting suit. \\\\'False facades,\\\\'\\\\'facadism,\\\\' and the \\\\'screen facade\\\\' have been derisive terms used by architects and critics to describe buildings whose facades appear either too big or too small for their buildings. Postmodernism changed this, so that facades relatively independent of their interiors were encouraged. The neo-modernism of the last two decades has integrated this \\\\'disconnected\\\\' facade into the practice of what otherwise is a revival of the system of the heroic period of the movement.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Protecting rare, little known, old-growth forest-associated fungi in the Pacific Northwest USA: A case study in fungal conservation. In 1994, 234 fungal species were listed for protection under the Survey and Manage Programme (SMP) guidelines of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP), an area encompassing 9.7 M ha of federal land in the states of Washington, Oregon, and northern California. The fungal species were presumed rare, associated with late-successional old-growth forests, and in need of protection not afforded by the major elements of the NWFP, including a vast system of forest reserves. The SMP guidelines thus called for protecting known sites while gathering information through surveys to learn more about species rarity, distribution, habitat requirements, and persistence concerns. if new information revealed that a species was not rare, not associated with late-successional old-growth forests, or that other aspects of the NWFP guidelines provided for their persistence (e.g. adequate protection provided by forest reserves), the species could be removed from the programme. The first assemblage of known site records from fungal herbaria yielded approximately 3500 records for all listed species. After 12 y of survey the total number of records increased four-fold to approximately 14400 records. Fifty-five percent of species were found at 20 or fewer sites and considered rare; 42 % were found at ten or fewer sites. over the life of the programme, 39 species were removed from the programme primarily because they were no longer considered rare; many were found at several hundred sites throughout the NWFP area. Mapped distributions of known sites varied among species. When viewed across species, however, known sites were well distributed throughout the NWFP area, thus indicating the importance of the entire NWFP area in maintaining this diverse array of fungi. The NWFP relies on a system of late-successional forest reserves to act as a coarse-filter conservation approach to provide protection for late-successional species. Ninety percent of fungal species had some portion of their known sites within reserves, but only 34 % of total sites occurred within reserves. Thus, for the rarest species, applying a fine-filter conservation approach that protects known sites outside of reserves becomes an important aspect of species protection. The SMP became a costly and controversial aspect of the NWFP and underwent several administrative revisions including attempts to end the programme in 2004 and 2007. Regardless of costs and controversy, this conservation programme represents an unprecedented attempt to conserve rare fungal species at a regional scale. One of the more important lessons learned is the absolute need for professional mycologists to develop long-term partnerships with resource managers and other scientists, and apply mycological expertise to complex species and habitat conservation issues in an interdisciplinary setting. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British Mycological Society.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "A comparative study of the magnetic properties of the 1/1 approximant Ag50In36Gd14 and the icosahedral quasicrystal Ag50In36Gd14. We report on measurements of the dc and ac magnetic susceptibility, Gd-155 Mossbauer spectra, and specific heat of the 1/1 approximant Ag50In36Gd14, and of the ac magnetic susceptibility of the icosahedral quasicrystal Ag50In36Gd14. These alloys are shown to be spin glasses. For the icosahedral quasicrystal Ag50In36Gd14, spin freezing occurs at T-f = 4.3 K, and the frequency dependence of T-f is well accounted for by the Vogel-Fulcher and power laws. Spin freezing in the 1/1 approximant Ag50In36Gd14 occurs in two stages: at T-f1 = 3.7 K, Gd spins develop short-range correlations but continue to fluctuate, and then long-range freezing is achieved at T-f2 = 2.4 K. The frequency dependences of T-f1 and T-f2 can be accounted for by means of the Vogel-Fulcher law and the critical slowing down dynamics. It is shown that the spin freezing in both alloys is a nonequilibrium phenomenon rather than a true equilibrium phase transition. The Gd-155 Mossbauer spectra of the 1/1 approximant Ag50In36Gd14 confirm that the Gd spins are frozen at 1.5 K and are fluctuating at 4.6 K. The magnetic specific heat exhibits a maximum at a temperature that is 30% larger than T-f1, but the temperature derivative of the magnetic entropy peaks at T-f1. The Debye temperature of the 1/1 approximant Ag50In36Gd14 is 199(1) K as determined from the Mossbauer data, and 205(2) K as determined from the specific heat data.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Ensuring accurate oral mucositis assessment in the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Prospective Oral Mucositis Audit. Oral mucositis (OM) has substantial negative clinical, quality-of-life, and economic consequences for patients with haematologic malignancies who require myetoablative chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Uniform training in OM assessment is infrequent in clinical practice, so the true incidence and duration of OM are unknown. Nurses and physicians from the European Group for Ellood and Marrow Transplantation recently undertook an audit of 214 patients (197 evaluable patients) treated at 25 centres, the Prospective Oral Mucositis Audit (POMA), to determine the incidence, severity, and duration of OM. To standardise the assessment of OM severity, the World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Toxicity Scale was used across centres. This article focuses on the quality control analyses that were conducted to ensure that OM was accurately assessed across all 25 centres. Twenty-two trainers, who received comprehensive training about POMA study design, pathobiotogy of OM, and endpoint assessment, educated staff at the 25 transplantation centres about OM assessment. The trained staff collected data by completing daily worksheets for each patient. Three quality control analyses, of 82, 1949, and 4111 worksheets respectively, showed a nurse assessment accuracy rate of 74%, 90%, and 90%. The most common errors were in assigning WHO grade 0 or 1. This analysis shows that training of nursing staff had a positive effect on assessment of OM severity, which should ultimately lead to improvement in the quality of supportive care. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. Alt rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Improvement of the optimally-weighted predictor-corrector method for nuclear fuel burnup calculations. A new burnup calculation method for burnable absorber-containing fuels called the Advanced Optimally-Weighted Predictor-Corrector (AOWPC) method is proposed based on the OWPC method. The AOWPC method can effectively reduce the time discretization errors in the burnup calculation. Verification calculations comparing with the conventional predictor-corrector (PC) and projected PC (PPC) methods are performed for the PWR and BWR fuel assemblies. The calculation accuracy of the AOWPC method is higher than the conventional PC method, whose burnup step is one third of the AOWPC method, and the PPC method, whose burnup step is two thirds of the AOWPC method. The additional computation time per time step for the AOWPC method is negligible compared to those for the conventional PC and PPC methods. Therefore, the computation time of the burnup calculation can be reduced using the AOWPC method.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Foundation to the measurement of environmental infractions in Ceara state: an applied study on mineral industries non-metallic. This research have as general objective to analyze the foundations used in the measurement of environmental infraction notices applied in the non-metallic minerals industries of the State of Ceara, from January 2011 to June 2012. The data were collected in December of 2014 in the CAOMACE database. In the possession of the file, it was used the content analysis as a qualitative technique of collecting the data of 58 infraction notices. The results showed that the use of unlicensed forest products and the operation of polluting factories without an environmental license are more frequent types of infraction; that there are cases in which the application of fixed fines does not correspond to the legally established; that most of the open infractions were valued within the legal limits, without technical details of the methodology used, and also that the criteria used as parameters for the calculation of the open fines were five (the size of the enterprise, the potential polluter, the severity of the infraction, the table for the application of an open fine and the economic capacity of the offender). It is concluded that there is a need for a methodology to define the amount of the fine charged in the environmental infraction notices.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Comparative genomic analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates reveals extensive genomic variation and diverse antibiotic resistance determinants. Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen that poses a serious health threat to immune-compromised patients. Due to its rapid ability to develop multidrug resistance (MDR), A. baumannii has increasingly become a focus of attention worldwide. To better understand the genetic variation and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of this bacterium at the genomic level, we reported high-quality draft genome sequences of 8 clinical isolates with various sequence types and drug susceptibility profiles.Conclusions: Our comparative genomic analysis revealed that extensive genomic variation exists in the A. baumannii genome. Transposons, genomic islands and point mutations are the main contributors to the plasticity of the A. baumannii genome and play critical roles in facilitating the development of antibiotic resistance in the clinical isolates.Results: We sequenced 7 MDR and 1 drug-sensitive clinical A. baumannii isolates and performed comparative genomic analysis of these draft genomes with 16 A. baumannii complete genomes from GenBank. We found a high degree of variation in A. baumannii, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and large DNA fragment variations in the AbaR-like resistance island (RI) regions, the prophage and the type VI secretion system (T6SS). In addition, we found several new AbaR-like RI regions with highly variable structures in our MDR strains. Interestingly, we found a novel genomic island (designated as GI(BJ4)) in the drug-sensitive strain BJ4 carrying metal resistance genes instead of antibiotic resistance genes inserted into the position where AbaR-like RIs commonly reside in other A. baumannii strains. Furthermore, we showed that diverse antibiotic resistance determinants are present outside the RIs in A. baumannii, including antibiotic resistance-gene bearing integrons, the bla(OXA-23)-containing transposon Tn2009, and chromosomal intrinsic antibiotic resistance genes.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
{"token": "Nationalising Fluid and Ambiguous Identities: Russia, Western Ukraine and Their Ukrainian and Russian Minorities, Diasporas and 'Compatriots Abroad'. This paper studies the transformation of ethnic and linguistic identities in the Russian Federation and Ukraine over the last two decades in a comparative manner on the examples of the Ukrainian minority in Russia and the Russian minority in western Ukraine. In both cases there has been the most important re-identification with the 'titular' nationality among all minorities of the two countries. The paper holds that this change can be understood only if the reality of mixed and fluid ethnic and linguistic identities is considered. Sociological surveys which do not constrain the respondents to choose one ethnic identification and in-depth interviews show a great degree of mutual influence and penetration of Ukrainian and Russian identities and languages even in the case when the separation between the two groups is most pronounced as in western Ukraine. The paper also considers the phenomenon of politicisation of ethnicity, which recently most vividly manifested itself in the seizure of Crimea by Russia and the proxy war in eastern Ukraine, and surviving Soviet legacies in the ways national identities and languages are treated in the political discourse and legislation. Political discourses of both countries continue to advance the vision of well-bounded and separate Ukrainian and Russian ethnic and linguistic identities, do not accept the 'localization' of their 'compatriots' in the neighboring country, problematise mixed and fluid identities and continue to treat citizens of other countries as their own by essentializing their ethnic belonging. The fluidity of identities and politicization has made the fulfillment of demands for political, educational or cultural rights of both minorities very challenging.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "MICROSATELLITE MARKERS ISOLATED FROM CABOMBA AQUATICA SL (CABOMBACEAE) FROM AN ENRICHED GENOMIC LIBRARY. Methods and Results: Using a selective hybridization method, we designed and tested 30 simple sequence repeat loci using two natural populations of C. aquatica s.l., resulting in 13 amplifiable loci. Twelve loci were polymorphic, and alleles per locus ranged from two to four across the 49 C. aquatica s.l. individuals. Observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and fixation index varied from 0.0 to 1.0, 0.0 to 0.5, and -1.0 to -0.0667, respectively, for the Manaus population and from 0.0 to 1.0, 0.0 to 0.6, and -1.0 to 0.4643 for the Virua population.Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were designed for the submersed aquatic plant Cabomba aquatica s.l. (Cabombaceae) and characterized to estimate genetic diversity parameters.Conclusions: The developed markers will be used in further taxonomic and population studies within Cabomba. This set of microsatellite primers represents the first report on rapid molecular markers in the genus.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Two new species of the genus Pergalumna (Acari, Oribatida, Galumnidae) from Northern Vietnam. Two new species of oribatid mites of the genus Pergalumna (Oribatida, Galumnidae) are described from the Tam Dao National Park of Northern Vietnam. Pergalumna kunsti sp. nov. differs from P. magnipora xishuangbanna Aoki & Hu, 1993 by the larger body size, barbed bothridial setae, peanut-shell shaped notogastral porose areas Aa, lamellar setae longer than interlamellar setae and smooth genital plates. Pergalumna storkani sp. nov. differs from P. paratsurusakii Ermilov, Shtanchaeva, Kaluz & Subias, 2013 by the larger body size, rounded rostrum, strong and erect adanal setae ad 2, lamellar setae longer than interlamellar setae, and the absence of a median pore.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Toughness enhancement of Al2O3/Ce-TZP functionally graded materials by annealing in inert atmosphere. CeO2-stabilised ZrO2-based functionally graded materials (FGMs) can be successfully produced using electrophoretic deposition and pressureless sintering in air. A cylindrical Al2O3/ZrO2 FGM, for instance, shows an ideal structure for applications such as drill blanks. It has a central hole with a diameter less than 0.5 mm, a tough Ce-ZrO2 core with a diameter of about 3 mm, a gradient layer of about 1 mm, and a hard Al2O3-rich surface layer. The Ce-ZrO2 core shows a Vickers hardness between 10 and 11 GPa and an excellent toughness (> 10 MPa m(1/2)). In the gradient layer, hardness and toughness vary continuously along the radius. The Al2O3-rich surface layer has a hardness of 15.2 GPa but a modest toughness of 2 MPa m(1/2). Annealing experiments of the air-sintered FGM in inert atmosphere (Ar + 5 vol % N-2) allows a significant toughness enhancement, especially in the surface layer (up to 8 MPa m(1/2)). The experimental results indicate that a proper controlled reduction of the Ce-TZP phase allows a modification of the toughness of the Ce-TZP phase. The influence of the annealing cycle on the properties of the FGM are reported and elucidated.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Medicalization and manhood: Is an ADHD diagnosis emerging for allegedly troublesome boys in Accra, Ghana?. Although mental health diagnoses and treatments are spreading across the globe, most medicalization research originates from the Global North, where diagnosis and treatment are well institutionalized. In this article, we examine the earliest possible emergence of ADHD diagnosis and treatment in the context of Ghanaian boys' transition towards manhood. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among boys from different class backgrounds in Accra in 2017, we identify how interactional troubles arising at the tricky transition to manhood provide a fertile or inhibiting context for medicalization. Torn between norms of obedience, autonomy and striving for societal achievements, boys face obstacles on the road towards manhood that are not yet medicalized. We demonstrate that boys and adults use specific idioms (in Ghanaian local language Twi) to describe issues around overactivity and inattention, but do not refer to medical categories. Instead, we witness an emerging shift towards psychological counselling, potentially supported by global mental health actions, and Pentecostalism. This psychologizing might constitute an intermediate step towards medicalization of troubling interactions. However, the colonial stigma of psychiatric labels and the limited reach of psycho-medical institutions in Ghana make medicalization unlikely. At the same time, there is a possibility for medicalization at the intersection of interactional problems, inequality, the global spread of psychiatry and transition to manhood. Medical labels and potentially ADHD might shift the blame from family to \\\\'disease\\\\'. The incipient introduction of diagnosis and treatment might engender a creolized notion of ADHD with disrespect being a core problem.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Prognostic Factors for Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Dogs. Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) develop from mesenchymal cells of soft tissues, and they commonly occur in the skin and subcutis of the dog. Although phenotypically diverse with frequently controversial histogenesis, STSs are considered as a group because they have similar features microscopically and clinically. Following resection, local recurrence rates are low in general but vary according to histologic grade and completeness of surgical margins. Complete margins predict nonrecurrence. Even most grade I STSs with ''close'' margins will not recur, but propensity for recurrence increases with grade. The frequency of metastasis has not been accurately estimated, but it is believed to be rare for grade I STSs and most likely to occur with grade III STSs. However, metastasis does not necessarily equate with poor survival. High mitotic index is prognostic for reduced survival time. Further research is needed to determine more precise estimates for recurrence rates and survival as related to completeness of surgical margins and to delineate potential differences in metastatic rate and median survival time between grades. Other potential indicators of prognosis that presently require further investigation include histologic type, tumor dimension, location, invasiveness, stage, markers of cellular proliferation, and cytogenetic profiles. Common issues limiting prognostic factor evaluation include biases from retrospective studies, small sample sizes, poor verification of metastasis, inconsistent STS classification and use of nomenclature, difficulties in differentiating STS phenotype, and diversity of the study population (stage of disease and treatment status).", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "INTEGRITY AND DISCIPLINE IN ACADEMIA: DEALING WITH STUDENTS' MISCONDUCT ON TWO ISRAELI CAMPUSES. Higher education underwent a huge massification process since the 2nd half of the 20th century. What used to be a reserve for the elite opened its gates to the middle, lower middle and the working classes. Consequently, students' profile changed dramatically. Integrity, honesty, discipline and violence became a major problem on campus. It is taken for granted that the prevalence of misconduct is the outcome of students' characteristics, institutional culture and environment, and faculty attitudes and behaviour. Mainly, it reflects society at large. The problem is bound to deepen in the 21st century. The article tries to outline the problem and its emergence, both in the world as well as in Israel. It then analyzes in detail an Israeli case study. It is based on minutes of two Israeli Disciplinary Committees on two different campuses: One university, the other- a public college. It tries to answer several questions: What is the volume of misconduct cases brought before the committees? Is it stable? Does it change over time? What is the breakdown of misconduct cases brought up before the committees? Does it change over time? Is there a difference between a university and college in this respect? What are the penalties imposed by the committees on the guilty students?", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "A climatological perspective on feedlot cattle performance and mortality related to the temperature-humidity index. This paper explores the climatology of high temperature-humidity index (THI) values (THI greater than or equal to 84) in the U.S. Central Plains. The THI is derived from the dry bulls and the dewpoint temperatures. High THI values are associated with increased stress among feedlot cattle, which leads to a decrease in the rate of weight gain. When high THI values are sustained for several days, the result can he an increase in feedlot cattle mortality. We found that high THI values have a general southeast to northwest gradient across the region. We also Introduce the concept of a THI-hour as a measure of the magnitude of a heat stress event The THI values for a major heat-wave in 1995 are presented as well as is climatology of recovery hears (THI less than or equal to 74) during a heat-wave. The length of the recovery time during a beat-wave can mean the difference between life and death for feedlot cattle.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Interfacial tension measurements and modelling of (carbon dioxide plus n-alkane) and (carbon dioxide plus water) binary mixtures at elevated pressures and temperatures. Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) is often used as a process fluid for enhanced oil recovery. The storage of carbon dioxide in underground formations is a potential way of mitigating climate change during a transition period to more sustainable energy sources. Combining injection with subsequent trapping of the non-wetting supercritical carbon dioxide phase in the pores of a depleted reservoir is a promising scheme for allowing the continued use of fossil fuels with minimal environmental consequences. The design of such processes is ultimately linked to the confined behaviour of the fluids in question at reservoir conditions, which is largely controlled by interfacial forces. Measurements of the relevant interfacial tensions for systems containing alkanes, carbon dioxide and water are currently limited and inconsistent while models usually fail to capture the pressure dependence of the interfacial tension. In this work, a density functional theory based on the SAFT-VR equation of state was used to predict the interfacial tension of (H2O+ CO2 + n-alkane) binary systems over wide ranges of temperature and pressure. The comparison with a new set of reported experimental data of three (n-alkane + CO2) systems at pressures up to the critical points, as well as with the (H2O + CO2) system at pressures up to 60 MPa, fora temperature range of (298-443)K, is discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier BM. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "MOFs-derived Co-C@C hollow composites with high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption. The composite composed of carbon materials and magnetic particles with the hollow structure is a promising electromagnetic wave absorption material. Herein, we synthesized Z67, Z67-8 and Z67-8@C derived from metal-organic frameworks (M0Fs) by a facile preparation method, and systematically investigated their electromagnetic wave absorption performances respectively. The results show that hollow structured Co-C@C (Z67-8@C) has the best performance. As-prepared Co-C@C achieves a maximum RL of -58.1 dB at 11.52 GHz with an effective absorbing bandwidth (RL less than -10 dB) of 4.56 GHz (9.36-13.92 GHz) when the thickness is only 2.5 mm. Subsequent research verified that such excellent microwave absorption performance of Co-C@C was benefited from the favorable impedance matching. And the cavity inside the material can enhance the absorption performance by multiple scattering and refraction of electromagnetic waves. It is believed that the unique magnetic hollow structure Co-C@C composite material has the potential as a highly efficient microwave absorption material. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR-CLONING OF 4 CYSTEINE PROTEINASE GENES FROM THE PATHOGENIC PROTOZOAN TRICHOMONAS-VAGINALIS. The parasitic protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis produces multiple forms of cysteine proteinase (CP). The molecular basis for this has now been examined by cloning DNA fragments encoding CPs. Using generic degenerate oligonucleotide primers based on two well-conserved regions within the central region of all eukaryotic CPs, several polymerase chain reaction fragments were isolated from T. vaginalis genomic DNA and shown to encode different CPs. One fragment with a well-represented sequence was used as a general probe to screen a T. vaginalis cDNA library at moderate stringency and five different cDNA clones were isolated. Preliminary sequencing showed that they encoded similar but distinct CPs. In the process of confirming the 5' end of one of these cDNA clones using RACE-PCR (rapid amplification of cDNA 5' ends-polymerase chain reaction), an additional sequence encoding a different CP was identified. The corresponding clone (TvCP3) and the three longest clones from the library screen (TVCP1, TvCP2 and TvCP4) were characterized further. TvCP1 and TvCP2 were full-length and TvCP3 and TvCP4 were apparently slightly less than full-length. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences of the four clones showed that TvCP1 and TvCP4 are related (72% identity). TvCP2 is closer to TvCP1 (60%) and TvCP4 (65%) than is TvCP3. which has 53%, 59% and 56% identity to TvCP1, TvCP2 and TvCP4, respectively. Comparison with the sequences of other known CPs indicated that the T. vaginalis gene products all belong to the cathepsin L/cathepsin H/papain branch of the papain superfamily. the TvCP1, TvCP2 and TvCP4 sequences are related (38-45% identity) to those of CPZ of Dictyostelium discoideum, human cathepsin L, three CPs from lobster and CPs from black gram, oilseed rape and rice (oryzains alpha and beta). TvCP3 shows less identity to the other eukaryotic CPs but is most similar to D. discoideum CP2 (38%). The four predicted amino acid sequences share some features distinct from the majority of CPs, which suggests they might have had a common evolutionary origin. The most striking feature of sequences TVCP1, TvCP2 and TvCP3 is the apparent lack of a pre-sequence (signal sequence) for TvCP1 and very short pre-sequences for TvCP2 and TvCP3. Southern analysis indicated that the organization of the genes corresponding to the TvCP cDNAs differs. The TvCP1, TvCP2 and TvCP3 genes are single-copy, whereas the TvCP4 gene appeared to be multiple-copy. Similarly sized, single abundant transcripts were present for all four sequences. Overall, the data show that we have identified a family of genes in T. vaginalis which encode a number of CPs. In total, seven distinct sequences have been recognized. This suggests that the multiplicity of CP activities seen in this organism is likely to be due, in part at least, to the presence of multiple genes.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "'He said, she said': assessing dyadic agreement of reported sexual behaviour and decision-making among an HIV sero-discordant couples cohort in Uganda. Conclusions Survey questions assessing condom use had the highest level of couple agreement and questions regarding sexual decision-making and fertility desire had low couple agreement. Questions with high agreement have increased reliability and reduced measurement bias; however, questions with low agreement between couples identify important areas for further investigation, particularly perceived relationship control and gender differences.Methods Data for this analysis come from baseline data from a cohort study of HIV sero-discordant couples in Jinja, Uganda. We examined the degree of agreement between male and female partners on standard measures of sexual behaviour using the kappa (.) statistic and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).Background The intimate nature of sexuality makes it challenging to accurately measure sexual behaviour. To assess response reliability, we examined agreement between couples in heterosexual HIV sero-discordant partnership on survey questions regarding condom use and sexual decision-making.Results Among 409 couples, the median age for the male partner was 41 [interquartile range (IQR) 35-48] years and the female partner was 35 (IQR 30-40) years. Among 58.2% of the couples, the male was the HIV-positive partner. Questions with high or substantial couple agreement included condom use at last sex (kappa=0.635, 95% CI 0.551-0.718) and frequency of condom use (kappa=0.625, 95% CI 0.551-0.698). Questions with low or fair couple agreement included decision-making regarding condom use (kappa=0.385, 95% CI 0.319-0.451), wanting more biological children (kappa=0.375, 95% CI 0.301-0.449) and deciding when to have sex (kappa=0.236, 95% CI 0.167-0.306).", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
{"token": "Building information modelling (BIM) and the return on investment: a systematic analysis. Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify and analyse the key measurable returning factors, value drivers and strategic benefits associated with building information modelling (BIM) return on investment (ROI). The findings of this study provide researchers and practitioners with up-to-date information in formulating appropriate strategies to quantify the monetary value of BIM. The suggested research agenda provided would also advance what is presently a limited body of knowledge relating to the evaluation of BIM ROI. Design/methodology/approach To fill the identified gap, this study develops a comprehensive systematic review of mainstream studies on factors affecting BIM ROI published from 2000 to 2020. A total of 23 academic records from different sources such as journals, conference proceedings, dissertation and PhD theses were identified and thoroughly reviewed. Findings The reported BIM ROI ranged greatly from -83.3% to 39,900%. A total of 5 returning factors, namely, schedule reduction and compliance, productivity improvement, request for information reduction, rework reduction and change orders reduction were identified as the most commonly reported factors that influence BIM ROI. Four quantification techniques including general assumptions-based theoretical model, perceived BIM ROI based on survey, factors affecting BIM ROI with no reported ROI and quantified BIM ROI based on a case study were observed and pointed out in the review, together with their limitations. Finally, three major gaps were raised as the lack of consideration on the likelihood of BIM assisting in a construction project, intangible returning factors influencing BIM-based projects and industry standards in benchmarking BIM ROI. Practical implications The outcomes of this study would assist practitioners by providing the current evaluation techniques that address the limitations with BIM investment and present issues relating to the economic evaluation of BIM in the construction industry. It is also expected that presenting a deeper and wider perspective of the research work performed until now will direct a more focussed approach on productivity improvement efforts in the construction industry. Originality/value This study identifies and analyses the key measurable returning factors, value drivers and strategic benefits associated with BIM ROI on an industry scale rather than a particular organisation or a project scale.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "High-Temperature Creep and Oxidation Behavior of Mo-Si-B Alloys with High Ti Contents. Multiphase alloys in the Mo-Si-B system are potential high-temperature structural materials due to their good oxidation and creep resistance. Since they suffer from relatively high densities, the current study focuses on the influence of density-reducing Ti additions on creep and oxidation behavior at temperatures above 1273 K (1000 A degrees C). Two alloys with compositions of Mo-12.5Si-8.5B-27.5Ti and Mo-9Si-8B-29Ti (in at. pct) were synthesized by arc melting and then homogenized by annealing in vacuum for 150 hours at 1873 K (1600 A degrees C). Both alloys show similar creep behavior at stresses of 100 to 300 MPa and temperatures of 1473 K and 1573 K (1200 A degrees C and 1300 A degrees C), although they possess different intermetallic volume fractions. They exhibit superior creep resistance and lower density than a state-of-the-art Ni-base superalloy (single-crystalline CMSX-4) as well as other Mo-Si-B alloys. Solid solution strengthening due to Ti was confirmed by Vickers hardness measurements and is believed to be the reason for the significant increase in creep resistance compared to Mo-Si-B alloys without Ti, but with comparable microstructural length scales. The addition of Ti degrades oxidation resistance relative to a Mo-9Si-8B reference alloy due to the formation of a relatively porous duplex layer with titania matrix enabling easy inward diffusion of oxygen.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Thermal effects on mass and spatial resolution during laser pulse atom probe tomography of cerium oxide. Cerium oxide (CeO2) is an ideal surrogate material for trans-uranic elements and fission products found in nuclear fuels due to similarities in their thermal properties; therefore, cerium oxide was used to determine the best run condition for atom probe tomography (APT) of nuclear fuels. Laser-assisted APT is a technique that allows for spatial resolution in the nm scale and isotopic/elemental chemical identification. A systematic study of the impact of laser pulse energy and specimen base temperature on the mass resolution, measurement of stoichiometry, multiple detector hits, and evaporation mechanisms are reported in this paper. It was demonstrated that using laser-assisted APT stoichiometric field evaporation of cerium oxide was achieved at 1 pJ laser pulse energy and 20 K specimen base temperature. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "THE FIRST SPEECH OF THE APOLOGY OF SOCRATES [17A-35D]. In the present study we will try to expose the argumentative lines of the defense that Socrates made in his first and most extensive discourse. As a textual basis, we will start with the analysis of the works of Plato, Xenophon, Diogenes Laertius and Aristophanes, without which we could not understand the uniqueness of Socratic thought, nor the criticisms leveled against him.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Density-dependent effects control the reproductive strategy and population growth of Aurelia aurita s.l. scyphistomae. Aurelia aurita s.l. scyphistomae are capable of developing different asexual modes for propagation and thus present a multi-mode reproductive strategy. The reproduction rates and the reproductive strategy they adopt depend on a combination of various environmental parameters. We investigated the A. aurita s.l. polyp-to-polyp reproduction strategy and population growth in relation to polyp density. Our results confirmed that density-dependent factors control population growth of A. aurita s.l. scyphistomae in three different ways: (1) decreasing the polyp reproduction rate, (2) triggering the production of motile bud-like tissue particles and (3) inducing the detachment of developed scyphistomae. Whereas the decrease in the reproduction rate reduces the number of recruits, the motile particles and the detachment of scyphistomae contribute to minimizing density-dependent effects by allowing reproductive products and scyphistomae to drift away. Thus, not only are the negative effects of intraspecific competition for space and food diminished but also the potential colonization of new substrates, and further increase in scyphistoma density is favoured on larger spatial scales. The potential capability to switch its polyp-to-polyp reproduction strategy in response to environmental clues and population density may give Aurelia high adaptability in the temperate coastal waters where they commonly live and where they may be exposed to wide-ranging and fluctuating environmental variables that affect their survival and longevity. Considering these features, as well as the wide tolerance of Aurelia scyphistomae (and medusae) to environmental parameters, it is not surprising that the species/lineages of Aurelia are cosmopolitan and exhibit the most frequent bloom events worldwide.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Optimizing procedures for shipping marine fish eggs using white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis, as a model. As marine finfish aquaculture expands, there is an increasing interest in the ability to ship early life stages from breeding centers to hatcheries. Here we conducted a 24 h air shipping simulation with eggs of white seabass (WSB; Atractoscion nobilis).We examined the effects of a pH buffer on water quality, post-shipping egg survival, and subsequent hatching success, at egg densities of 1000, 5000, 10,000, and 15,000 eggs/L. The pH buffer, 8.3 Trizma (R), was tested at varying concentrations of zero (NT = 0.00 g/L), low (LT = 0.75 g/L), medium (MT = 1.5 g/L) and high (HT = 3.0 g/L). Shipping densities up to 5000 eggs/L consistently yielded > 70% survival immediately after simulated shipment, hatching success > 70%, and > 45% survival 48 h after the simulations, when Trizma concentrations were under 1.5 g/L. At those densities, pH was maintained at similar to 8.0 when buffered at a minimum Trizma level of 0.75 g/L. The highest densities of 10,000 and 15,000 eggs/L yielded lower survival 0-6% after 24 h, regardless of pH buffer concentration.Based on the results from these air-shipping simulations, we recommend WSB eggs be shipped in seawater with a maximum of 0.75 g/L Trizma (R) at densities no > 5000 eggs/L. We believe this represents an important step in improving long distance transport protocols and provides useful guidance in air transport of other economically and ecologically important marine species.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "An intergenerational and semiotic exploration of hair combs as material culture. This study explores the value of hair combs as material culture, and their various traditions through the eyes of five intergenerational females (two women and three girls) who visited a retired couple to view examples of their hair comb collection and learn about its worth. A pre-questionnaire revealed the younger females' fascination with shiny details as worthy of attention and the practical considerations of the older women. The elicitation of participants' evolving questions led to the explanation of the importance of the combs by the collectors, an elderly couple. Based on Bolin's material culture categories, a semiotic analysis revealed that they learned about different comb forms, function, decoration, colouring, material, technique, trade practices (illegal poaching), style, date (acquisition), symbolism, condition, authenticity (determining fakes), attribution (cataloguing) and provenance (ownership). They were surprised that men made and wore combs (gender stereotype). Education on caring for these precious things goes beyond the museum walls and schools and should foster such intergenerational questioning and valuing even in classrooms.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Children of parents with mental illness in the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in China. Objective: Children of parents with mental illness (COPMI) are vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to assess the psychosocial impacts of the pandemic and identify potential factors influencing their mental health.Results: 16.1 % of participants were in abnormal range of mental health, with interpersonal relationship being the most common problem. 48.6 % of participants reported quite worried about the epidemic. All aspects of adverse effects of COVID-19 were more prevalent among COPMI in Wuhan than in other sites. Concerns about COVID-19 (OR = 1.7, p = 0.02), decreased family income (OR = 2.0, p = 0.02), being physically abused (OR = 2.1, p = 0.04), witnessing family members being physically abused (OR = 2.0, p = 0.03), and needs for promoting family members' mental health (OR = 2.2, p < 0.01) were independent risk factors for participants' mental health.Method: 665 COPMI from six sites including Wuhan in China were enrolled. COPMI's mental health and the impacts of COVID-19 were assessed by an online survey. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine the association between impact factors and participants' mental health.Conclusion: The findings raise our awareness of the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the wellbeing of COPMI. Multifaceted psychosocial support for COPMI is urgently needed to support them live through the pandemic.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "The status of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in Poland. The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is a very rare breeding species in Poland and it is included in the Polish Red Data Book. At the end of twentieth century, only 30-35 pairs were nesting in the country. It has had protected species status for several decades and its nests have also been protected since 1984. All types of human disturbance are forbidden within a radius of 200 m of nests throughout the whole year and all forestry activity is forbidden within a radius of 500 m of nests between 1 February and 31 August. This report presents the results of the activities of Eagle Conservation Committee (KOO) members.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "What it means to be a palliative care volunteer in eight European countries: a qualitative analysis of accounts of volunteering. This paper addresses the stories of volunteers in hospice and palliative care (HPC) from eight European countries. The aims of the paper are to explore the experiences of volunteers in HPC from their insider perspective, to understand why volunteers choose to work in this field and to understand what it means to them to be involved in palliative care in this way. Stories were collected by the European Association for Palliative Care (EAPC) Task Force for Volunteering contacts in each of the eight countries. The majority of stories (n = 32) came from volunteers involved in different settings including adult patient's homes, hospices, hospitals and care homes. Twenty volunteers were female, six were male, and ten did not give their gender. Stories were translated into English, and a qualitative framework analysis was performed. Volunteers were asked two questions: 'What do you do as a volunteer?' 'What does volunteering mean to you?' Three themes were identified from the data: (i) What volunteers do (ii) How volunteers approach their work and (iii) What working in HPC means to volunteers. The analysis revealed that common approaches to addressing and describing HPC volunteering in terms of tasks and roles could be expanded. To volunteers, it is not about tasks, but about a part of their life, the impact upon which can be significant. The results of this paper, therefore, add to the understanding of volunteers, in the sense of giving attention, being with, and of compassion as a community resource to patients and families in difficult situations. Theories about presence and presencing might have value in further underpinning this contribution to palliative care. Understanding the extent and depth of the volunteers' experience will help to prevent the undervaluing of their contribution and increase the impact of their involvement.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Rheological and structural characterization of acidified skim milks and infant formulae made from cow and goat milk. In this study, the viscoelastic properties of goat and cow skim milks and infant formula gels induced by acidification using Glucono-delta-Lactone (GDL) were investigated by small and large deformation rheology. The microstructures of the gels were characterized via the combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), ultra-small angle neutron scattering (USANS), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Compared to cow infant formula gels, goat infant formula gels displayed a lower elasticity and breaking stress. Similar differences were also observed in the gels of skim goat milk and skim cow milk. Moreover, for an infant formula from the same animal species, the one with a higher casein to whey ratio exhibited a stronger mechanical gel network. CLSM observations and USANS-SANS analysis indicated that thinner protein strands and more open protein networks with higher porosity were formed in the goat milk gels than in the cow milk gels, confirming the rheological findings. Finally, SAXS revealed that the internal structure of casein micelles from goat and cow milk are different and that as expected the calcium phosphate nanoclusters (CCP) are solubilized upon acidification. The observed differences in mechanical and microstructural properties may impact the digestive behavior, as reported in previous studies.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Improving eQTL Analysis Using a Machine Learning Approach for Data Integration: A Logistic Model Tree Solution. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis is an emerging method for establishing the impact of genetic variations (such as single nucleotide polymorphisms) on the expression levels of genes. Although different methods for evaluating the impact of these variations are proposed in the literature, the results obtained are mostly in disagreement, entailing a considerable number of false-positive predictions. For this reason, we propose an approach based on Logistic Model Trees that integrates the predictions of different eQTL mapping tools to produce more reliable results. More precisely, we employ a machine learning-based method using logistic functions to perform a linear regression able to classify the predictions of three eQTL analysis tools (namely, R/qtl, MatrixEQTL, and mRMR). Given the lack of a reference dataset and that computational predictions are not so easy to test experimentally, the performance of our approach is assessed using data from the DREAM5 challenge. The results show the quality of the aggregated prediction is better than that obtained by each single tool in terms of both precision and recall. We also performed a test on real data, employing genotypes and microRNA expression profiles from Caenorhabditis elegans, which proved that we were able to correctly classify all the experimentally validated eQTLs. These good results come both from the integration of the different predictions, and from the ability of this machine learning algorithm to find the best cutoff thresholds for each tool. This combination makes our integration approach suitable for improving eQTL predictions for testing in a laboratory, reducing the number of false-positive results.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 40, 41, 42]}
{"token": "Serologic and molecular characterization of Anaplasma species infection in farm animals and ticks from Sicily. Although Anaplasma marginale was known to be endemic in Italy, the diversity of Anaplasma spp. from this area have not been characterized. In this study, the prevalence of Anaplasma spp. antibodies in randomly selected farm animals collected on the island of Sicily was determined by use of a MSP5 cELISA for Anaplasma spp. and an immunofluorescence test specific for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Genetic variation among strains of Anaplasma spp. from animals and ticks was characterized using the A. marginale msg1 alpha and the Anaplasma spp. msp4 genes. Eight species of ticks were collected and tested by PCR. Seropositivity for Anaplasma spp. and A. phagocytophilum was detected in bovine and ovine samples. All the donkeys were seropositive for A. phagocytophilum but not for Anaplasma spp. FourA. marginale genotypes were identified by msp4 sequences from bovine and tick samples. Two new genotypes of Anaplasma ovis were characterized in sheep. The sequences of A. phagocytophilum from three donkeys proved to be identical to the sequence of the MRK equine isolate from California. Six A. marginale genotypes were found in cattle and one tick using the A. marginale msp1 alpha sequences. All genotypes had four repeated sequences in the N-terminal portion of the MSP1a, except for one that had five repeats. The Italian strains of A. marginale contained three repeat sequences that were not reported previously. Definition of the diversity of Anaplasma spp. in Sicily reported, herein is fundamental to development of control strategies for A. marginale, A. ovis and A. phagocytophilum in Sicily. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Functional characterization of a Niemann-Pick type C2 protein in the parasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator. Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2) is a type of small soluble protein involved in lipid metabolism and triglyceride accumulation in vertebrates and arthropods. Recent studies have determined that NPC2 also participates in chemical communication of arthropods. In this work, two novel NPC2 proteins (MmedNPC2a and MmedNPC2b) in Microplitis mediator were identified. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed that MmedNPC2a was expressed higher in the antennae than in other tissues of adult wasps compared with MmedNPC2b. Subsequent immunolocalization results demonstrated that NPC2a was located in the lymph cavities of sensilla placodea. To further explore the binding characterization of recombinant MmedNPC2a to 54 candidate odor molecules, a fluorescence binding assay was performed. It was found MmedNPC2a could not bind with selected fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and octadecenoic acid. However, seven cotton volatiles, 4-ethylbenzaldehyde, 3,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde, -ionone, linalool, m-xylene, benzaldehyde and trans-2-hexen-1-al showed certain binding abilities with MmedNPC2a. Moreover, the predicted 3D model of MmedNPC2a was composed of seven -sheets and three pairs of disulfide bridges. In this model, the key binding residues for oleic acid in CjapNPC2 of Camponotus japonicus, Lue68, Lys69, Lys70, Phe97, Thr103 and Phe127, are replaced with Phe85, Ser86, His87, Leu113, Tyr119 and Ile143 in MmedNPC2a, respectively. We proposed that MmedNPC2a in M. mediator may play roles in perception of plant volatiles.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "How Do Firms Become Different? A Dynamic Model. This paper presents a dynamic investment game in which firms that are initially identical develop assets that are specialized to different market segments. The model assumes that there are increasing returns to investment in a segment, for example, as a result of word-of-mouth or learning curve effects. I derive three key results: (1) Under certain conditions there is a unique equilibrium in which firms that are only slightly different focus all of their investment in different segments, causing small random differences to expand into large permanent differences. (2) If, on the other hand, sufficiently large random shocks are possible, firms over time repeatedly change their strategies, switching focus from one segment to another. (3) A firm might want to reduce its own assets in the smaller segment in order to entice its competitor to shift focus to this segment.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "A Cat Skeleton from the Balatlar Church Excavation, Sinop, Turkey. A cat skeleton was unearthed during the 2015 excavation season at the Early Byzantine Balatlar Church complex, by the northeastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. The cat was buried with a human individual. The inhumation was dated back to the period between the end of the 6th century AD and the first half of the 7th century AD. The sex of the human individual remains unknown and the cat has been identified as a female house cat. The skeletal remains in the region of the abdominal cavity, occupied by the stomach in living animal, revealed the remains of a rodent and a house sparrow, eaten only recently prior to cat's death. This can be interpreted as an indirect proof of the cat's role as an efficient pest controller, alongside that of being a pet animal. Presenting the zooarchaeological and archaeological evidence, we argue that the Balatlar cat and her possible owner in the \\\\'2015-Grave-14\\\\' burial chamber demonstrate the most significant direct archaeological evidence of a cat-human relationship in the Byzantine world so far.Simple SummaryIn the 2015 excavation season, an east-west oriented burial (2015-Grave-14) built with large dimension stone blocks was unearthed on the south edge of \\\\'Area IVi\\\\' at the Balatlar Church in Sinop, on the northeastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. In this grave, which is dated between the end of the 6th century AD and the first half of the 7th century AD, a human skeleton was found with the head to the west and a cat skeleton was carefully placed next to the right femur. This study on the burial and the cat skeleton within it shows that, compared to the Roman period, the status of cats reached a higher level during the Byzantine period. It was found that alongside of being a pet, the Balatlar cat was a young healthy female individual that instinctively hunted rodents and birds, given that the remains of a rat and a sparrow were found in the region of the abdominal cavity, corresponding with the stomach location in the living animal. The grave presents the most significant direct archaeological evidence of a pet-human bond recorded at any Byzantine site so far.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
{"token": "The Development of Interdental Consonants in the Neo-Aramaic Dialects of the Agra Region. This paper is a study of the reflexes of historically interdental consonants in the Neo-Aramaic dialects spoken in the region of Agra in northern Iraq. These dialects can be classified broadly into those of the villages lying to the north of the Agra mountain and those of the inhabitants of the region to the south of the mountain. It is shown that there are a wide range of reflexes in the various dialects of this region. Moreover, within individual dialects there is some degree of variation in the reflexes. Most of these can be explained as the result of articulatory phonetic processes. Some of the variations give us insight into the historical layering of the reflexes. There are a few cases of variation that are likely to be the result of dialect mixing.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Jules Verne's English translations. This article offers a detailed comparison of the original French editions of Jules Verne's Voyages Extraordinaires and their English translations. Many of Verne's most popular novels were severely abridged, simplified, and ideologically censored in their English-language versions. Several of these bowdlerized translations became the \\\\'standard\\\\' editions of Verne's works in the UK and the US and are still being published today. As a result, most anglophone readers of Verne have never had the opportunity to read the real Verne. It seems clear that these poor translations are largely responsible for Verne's reputation in anglophone countries as a prescient but non-literary writer of adventure stories for children. More modern and accurate English translations of Verne's oeuvre are needed to correct this misconception.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Molecular crystal structure and electron density distribution in the crystal of pentaethyl-1,5-dicarba-closo-pentaborane [C2B3(Et)(5)] at 120 K. The molecular and crystal structure and electron density distribution were studied for a single crystal of pentaethyl-1,5-dicarba-closo-pentaborane C2B3(Et)(5) by the high-resolution X-ray diffraction method at 120 K (5696 observed reflections, R = 0.056). The single crystal was grown by in situ crystallization with an IR-laser beam producing a molten zone in a Lindeman capillary. In crystal the molecule of the title compound has local C-1-symmetry with different orientations of the Et-groups with respect to the central trigonal-bipyramidal C2B3 fragment, mean B-C and B-B distances are 1.571 and 1.876 Angstrom, respectively, the axial C...C distance is 2.277 Angstrom. An ab initio calculations of the molecular structure indicated that rotation barriers of the Et groups with respect to the central frame are very small, that may be the reason of the low molecular symmetry and diffrerent orientation of the Et groups in molecule due to the crystal packing effects. Deformation electron density (DED) maps obtained via a conventional ''X-X'' method, and using a multipole refinement procedure, showed charge accumulation in the B-C bonds of the central frame, and these bonds were found to be essentially bent outward of the C2B3 cage. On the contrary, no charge accumulation was detected in the B-B bonds, thus indicating the absence of the direct B-B interactions. Positive and delocalized DED was also found in all B-C-B triangle faces of the central cage, that indicates the contribution of the multicenter bonding in the electronic structure of this formally electron-precise molecule. Topological analysis of the experimental charge density distribution has been performed including an analysis of the Laplacian maps, and these data confirmed all important features of the DED maps.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Baltic Sea datums and their unification as a basis for coastal and seabed studies. This paper presents examples of application of a common reference datum, such as NAP, within the elevation EVRS reference system for the Baltic Sea. A common reference datum allowed for setting the geographical pattern of occurrence of extreme sea levels in the Baltic Sea. The eastern Baltic coasts exposed to western air masses are vulnerable to extreme hydrological events (the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Bothnia). On the contrary, the Swedish coasts of the central and northern Baltic are the least threatened by extreme sea levels. The south-western coasts of the Baltic Sea (the Bay of Mecklenburg and the Bay of Kiel) cover the basins with the most frequent and the most severe storm falls and extremely low sea levels. Demonstration of the Baltic surface deformation magnitude during a storm event is another example of NAP application. The instantaneous height difference between the north-eastern and southwestern coasts was 356 cm, which resulted from the negative impact of pressure (water cushion) induced by a dynamic and deep low-pressure system moving through the Baltic Sea. The common reference datum allowed for visualization of the so-called \\\\'theoretical water\\\\' distribution which has a wide application in the hydraulic engineering within the coastal zone. In addition, the study provides examples of differences that may be observed during storm events between the real sea -level data and the hydrodynamic model forecast. This is of great practical significance in terms of forecasting storm surges in the Baltic Sea.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Assessment of implantable infusion pumps for continuous infusion of human insulin in rats: potential for group housing. Group housing is considered to be important for rats, which are highly sociable animals. Single housing may impact behaviour and levels of circulating stress hormones. Rats are typically used in the toxicological evaluation of insulin analogues. Human insulin (HI) is frequently used as a reference compound in these studies, and a comparator model of persistent exposure by HI infusion from external pumps has recently been developed to support toxicological evaluation of long-acting insulin analogues. However, this model requires single housing of the animals. Developing an insulin-infusion model which allows group housing would therefore greatly improve animal welfare. The aim of the present study was to investigate the suitability of implantable infusion pumps for HI infusion in group-housed rats. Group housing of rats implanted with a battery-driven pump proved to be possible. Intravenous infusion of HI lowered blood glucose levels persistently for two weeks, providing a comparator model for use in two-week repeated-dose toxicity studies with new long-acting insulin analogues, which allows group housing, and thereby increasing animal welfare compared with an external infusion model.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
{"token": "Experience with Host Cell Protein Impurities in Biopharmaceuticals. In the 40-year history of biopharmaceuticals, there have been a few cases where the final products contained residual host cell protein (HCP) impurities at levels high enough to be of concern. This article summarizes the industry experience in these cases where HCP impurities have been presented in public forums and/or published. Regulatory guidance on HCP impurities is limited to advising that products be as pure as practical, with no specified numerical limit because the risk associated with HCP exposure often depends on the clinical setting (route of administration, dose, indication, patient population) and the particular impurity. While the overall safety and purity track record of the industry is excellent, these examples illustrate several important lessons learned about the kinds of HCPs that co-purify with products (e.g., product homologs, and HCPs that react with product), and the kinds of clinical consequences of HCP impurities (e.g., direct biological activity, immunogenicity, adjuvant). The literature on industry experience with HCP impurities is scattered, and this review draws in to one reference documented examples where the data have been presented in meetings, patents, product inserts, or press releases, in addition to peer-reviewed journal articles. (C) 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
{"token": "Single Axioms and Axiom-Pairs for the Implicational Fragments of R, R-Mingle, and Some Related Systems. Various axiom sets for the implicational fragments R -> and RM -> of R and of R-Mingle have appeared in the literature over the last six-and-a-half decades, some of them in other guises well before the full systems with similar to, &, and V were even introduced. Most such sets are comprised of three or four axioms. For other logics of pure implication, the historical progression has typically been from longer axiom sets to the discovery of deductively equivalent two- and one-axiom bases. This paper continues in that pattern, presenting such bases for R -> and RM -> Along the way, new axiom pairs and new single axioms are given for a number of other implicational logics as well, some in the paper itself and many in the Appendix attached to it. Prominent among these is C.A. Meredith's system BCI. Though single axioms for BCI are of independent interest, one of them in particular also plays an invaluable role in the construction of those provided here for implicational R and R-Mingle.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
{"token": "The epipharynx of Ataenius Harold (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Aphodiinae). Presented is a descriptive study of the epipharynx of Ataenius regulus Balthasar, A. figurator Harold, A. glabriventris Schmidt, A. setiger Bates, A. imbricatus (Melsheimer), A. punctifrons Cartwright, A. nocturnus (Nomura), A. texanus Harold, A. confertus Fall, A. sculptor Harold, A. complicatus Harold and A. communis Hinton. The prototypical structure is as follows: the haptomerum is piriform, the nesium with a row of sensilla; the prophobae has a row of short setae surrounding the haptomerum from the acroparia to the plegmatium; and the crepis is fused to the pternotorma, which is sclerotized, asymmetric and has a midbasal diagonal projection attached to the mesophoba. The following variations are observed in the chaetotaxia: corypha with 2-3 setae and 0-7 sensilla, chaetopedia with 6-15 setae, chaetopariae with a longitudinal row of 16-27 setae, while the pternotorma is symmetric or asymmetric; there may or may not be a clithrum.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Improving the properties of recycled aggregate pervious pavement blocks through bio-mineralization. Pervious concrete (PC) comprised of cement, water, coarse aggregates are widely used nowadays for sustainable and low impact pavement. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the performance enhancement of pervious concrete blocks (PCB) containing recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) through microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). Two types of bacterial enhancement methods were adopted, which are PCB with pre-soaked RCA using bacteria solution and PCB with bacteria added mixing water. The properties of RCA, cement paste, and PCB were measured. The water absorption of RCA soaked in the bacteria and culture medium for 21 days was reduced by 10.41%. Meanwhile, the porosity of PCB decreased by 15.70%, and compressive strength increased up to 28.48% when incorporating pre-soaked RCA. There was an increase of 57.23% in compressive strength for hardened cement paste when bacteria were added in the mixing water. The compressive strength of PCB increased by 35.48% when compared with PCB with normal mixing water. Both enhancement methods show promising results and realize the purpose of enhancing the properties of PCB containing RCA. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Are You Still With Me? Continuous Engagement Assessment From a Robot's Point of View. Continuously measuring the engagement of users with a robot in a Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) setting paves the way towardin-situreinforcement learning, improve metrics of interaction quality, and can guide interaction design and behavior optimization. However, engagement is often considered very multi-faceted and difficult to capture in a workable and generic computational model that can serve as an overall measure of engagement. Building upon the intuitive ways humans successfully can assess situation for a degree of engagement when they see it, we propose a novel regression model (utilizing CNN and LSTM networks) enabling robots to compute a single scalar engagement during interactions with humans from standard video streams, obtained from the point of view of an interacting robot. The model is based on a long-term dataset from an autonomous tour guide robot deployed in a public museum, with continuous annotation of a numeric engagement assessment by three independent coders. We show that this model not only can predict engagement very well in our own application domain but show its successful transfer to an entirely different dataset (with different tasks, environment, camera, robot and people). The trained model and the software is available to the HRI community, at, as a tool to measure engagement in a variety of settings.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Public value of online financial transparency Financial sustainability and corruption of public officials in the US state governments. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to apply Moore's public value model into the context of e-government research by examining online financial transparency as both an organizational goal and as a driving force for financial sustainability and public officials' corruption. The empirical context comprises the state governments in the USA. Design/methodology/approach Structural equation modeling is used to examine the relationship between specific contextual factors of the authorizing environment, financial sustainability, public official corruption and online budget transparency. Findings The results show that contextual factors like population explain online financial transparency, while financial sustainability and corruption had moderating and negative effects. Originality/value The effects of financial transparency and financial sustainability on corruption have been studied separately. This study fills the gap of understanding the effects of both on corruption as one phenomenon.", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
{"token": "Primary male development of two sequentially hermaphroditic groupers, Epinephelus akaara and Epinephelus awoara (Perciformes: Epinephelidae). Gonad ontogeny of the Hong Kong grouper Epinephelus akaara (a bi-directional sex changer) and the yellow grouper Epinephelus awoara (a protogynous hermaphrodite) was examined for the first time from post-larval phase until first sexual maturation, by histology. Approximately 20 specimens of each species were collected randomly every 2-7weeks from rearing tanks with natural sea water and temperature between June 2013 and June 2014. The paired gonadal primordia (GP) were observed at 6weeks after hatching (wah) for both species; however, gonia were first observed in GP at 16wah for E. akaara and at 8wah for E. awoara. The timings for the appearance of primary-growth stage oocytes (O1) and the completion of ovarian lumen (OL) varied; both at 27wah for E. akaara, and at 18 and 23wah for E. awoara respectively. A bisexual-phase gonad with an OL, O1 and scattered spermatogenic cysts (SC) was observed at 27-29wah for both E. akaara and E. awoara. Sexual differentiation was subsequently observed from the bisexual-phase gonad at 34wah for E. akaara, and 41wah for E. awoara, with the appearance of cortical-alveolus stage oocytes (O2) for developing female and the proliferation of SC for developing primary male (i.e. from juvenile directly). Ovaries of mature females contained the vitellogenic stage oocytes (O3) and scattered SC; testes of mature primary males had sperm in sperm sinuses within the gonadal wall and remained O1. Minimum age of first sexual maturation for both female and primary male of E. akaara was at 41wah; minimum total length (L-T) of female (143mm) was larger than that of primary male (137mm L-T). Minimum age and size of first sexual maturation for female of E. awoara (47wah and 149mm L-T, respectively) were larger than those of E. akaara. Developing primary males of E. awoara were found at 41-58wah, however, mature males were not observed, indicating inconsistency in first sexual maturation for E. awoara. This study provided strong evidences of primary male pathway in E. akaara and E. awoara; the latter is confirmed to be diandric. (C) 2016 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "Phosphatase activity and nitrogen fixation reflect species differences, not nutrient trading or nutrient balance, across tropical rainforest trees. A fundamental biogeochemical paradox is that nitrogen-rich tropical forests contain abundant nitrogen-fixing trees, which support a globally significant tropical carbon sink. One explanation for this pattern holds that nitrogen-fixing trees can overcome phosphorus limitation in tropical forests by synthesizing phosphatase enzymes to acquire soil organic phosphorus, but empirical evidence remains scarce. We evaluated whether nitrogen fixation and phosphatase activity are linked across 97 trees from seven species, and tested two hypotheses for explaining investment in nutrient strategies: trading nitrogen-for-phosphorus or balancing nutrient demand. Both strategies varied across species but were not explained by nitrogen-for-phosphorus trading or nutrient balance. This indicates that (1) studies of these nutrient strategies require broad sampling within and across species, (2) factors other than nutrient trading must be invoked to resolve the paradox of tropical nitrogen fixation, and (3) nitrogen-fixing trees cannot provide a positive nitrogen-phosphorus-carbon feedback to alleviate nutrient limitation of the tropical carbon sink.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "In service and at home: Didactic texts for children and young people, c. 1400-1600. Until recently, literary texts produced either in manuscript or printed form between c. 1400 and 1600 were assumed to neglect the interests of children and young people. A selection of didactic texts from this period, however, discusses children and attitudes to the time of 'childhood', with these motifs relevant to both elite secular or ecclesiastical households. The interests of children and young people are addressed within these didactic examples, which in turn reveal developments occurring in the creation of non-elite, nuclear family audiences primarily in the late fifteenth century.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Performance of Machine Learning and Image Processing in Plant Leaf Disease Detection. The aim of this study is to evaluate infected leaf disease images. Precision agriculture's automatic leaf disease detection system employs image acquisition, image processing, image segmentation, feature extraction, and machine learning techniques. An automated disease detection system offers the farmer with a fast and accurate diagnosis of the plant disease. Automation of plant leaf disease detection system is essential for accelerating crop diagnosis. Using machine learning and image processing, this paper describes a framework for detecting leaf illness. An image of a leaf can be used as an input for this framework. To begin, leaf photographs are preprocessed in order to remove noise from their images. The mean filter is used to filter out background noise. Histogram equalization is used to enhance the quality of the image. The division of a single image into multiple portions or segments is referred to as segmentation in photography. It assists in establishing the boundaries of the image. Segmenting the image is accomplished using the K-Means approach. Feature extraction is carried by using the principal component analysis. Following that, images are categorized using techniques such as RBF-SVM, SVM, random forest, and ID3.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Psychometric Evaluation of the Nurses' Attitudes Toward eICU (R) Scale. The eICU (R) technology system has been implemented nationwide to facilitate efficient and safe care for patients. The purpose of this study was to provide psychometric evidence of the reliability and validity of an instrument, the Nurses' Attitudes Toward eICU (R) Scale (NATES). The study involved 117 registered nurses working in critical care units that had not yet implemented eICU (R) technology. The reliability for the total scale was .91. Factor analysis results supported construct validity and indicated that five factors accounted for 67.3% of variance in the data: Cost and Benefit; Patient Care and Quality; Anxiety and Confidence; Effort; and Anger and Fear. The NATES showed promise as a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing nurses' attitudes toward eICU (R) technology.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Weathering of sandstone clasts in a forest soil in Tuscany (Italy). The effects of weathering on clasts (rock fragments) in soil have not been investigated as widely as those on the less than 2-mm soil fraction (\\\\'fine earth\\\\') or on rock surfaces exposed to the atmosphere. In this work, a scanning electron microscope/X-ray diffraction investigation, integrated with some chemical analyses, was made on coarse (4-R cm as maximum length) clasts of sandstone from the three main horizons (A, Bw, and BC) of a sandstone-derived forest soil. The degree of alteration of the clasts varied considerably according to depth. Those collected from the A horizon were strongly colonised by fungal hyphae and showed abundant micro-cracks into which the hyphae often extended. Additionally, the surfaces of clasts appeared somewhat smoothed with only resistant grains of quartz and feldspars standing proud. Exposed particles of mica and chlorite often showed disrupted/exfoliated shapes. Evidence of alteration at the surface of clasts diminished with depth in the soil profile; in particular, little or no biological forms were detected by scanning electron microscopy in the BC horizon. In the A horizon, X-ray diffraction analysis on the external about 1-mm-thick yellowish layer of clasts and their grey interior, indicated some loss in quantity of micas in the surface rind. The alteration of the phyllosilicates was studied in more detail in the <20-mum fraction, which was known from visual inspection to include most of these minerals. Unexpectedly, there were no substantial differences in the degree of alteration of mica and chlorite between the interior and exterior of the clasts in any single soil horizon. There were, however, major differences in the degree of alteration of mica and chlorite between clasts from different horizons. These differences were consistent with the alteration of mica and chlorite by weathering throughout the whole volume of the clasts during soil profile development. Thus, from the base to the top of the soil profile, the clasts showed a marked decrease in chlorite content and the transformation of both mica and chlorite to vermiculite via mixed-layer phases. The presence in the external rind of the clasts from the topsoil of an interstratified chlorite/vermiculite with a higher degree of vermiculisation than in the interior was the only evidence of a stronger weathering confined to the surface of clasts. The fact that the effects of mineral alteration were rather homogeneously distributed throughout the volume of the clasts may be related to the porous nature of the original lithology but emphasises that rock fragments are actively involved in soil processes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "The effect of nest relocation on embryonic mortality and sex ratio of Loggerhead Turtles, Caretta caretta (Reptilia: Cheloniidae), at Dalyan Beach, Turkey. Marine turtles are globally endangered and one important conservation technique is nest relocation. This study assesses the relationship between nest site factors (wet nest depth, dry nest depth, total nest depth, nest diameter, distance to sea, moisture, clutch size and incubation duration) and embryonic mortality of natural and relocated nests at Dalyan beach, Turkey. Principal component analyses (PCA) revealed a three-factor structure for the natural nests and a four-factor structure for the relocated nests. The clutches in natural and relocated nests had a total of mortality ratio of 21% and 12%, incubation duration of 52 and 50 days, and estimated female ratio of 80% and 88%, respectively. Thus, mortality was lower and incubation faster in the relocated nests, but the proportion of females was higher. Hatching success in relocated nests (84.4%) was significantly higher than in natural nests (72.7%).", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Preliminary Examination of the Biological and Industry Constraints on the Structure and Pattern of Thoroughbred Racing in New Zealand over Thirteen Seasons: 2005/06-2017/18. Simple Summary:& nbsp;The training and racing schedules of Thoroughbred racehorses vary within a racing jurisdiction. Changes in regulation at a local or national level can alter the frequency of racing, age profile and the number of and duration of spells (rest periods) for horses in active race training. In order to consider any intervention to reduce injury risk at an industry level, it is important to understand all the parameters pertinent to the racing jurisdiction; both those constrained by biology and by the economics of the racing system. The number of horses and races in New Zealand is decreasing, with a concurrent increase in both the age of horses and the proportion of fillies racing. However, the pattern of race starts remained the same, highlighting the individual biological constraints of the horses in the system. If the industry is considered as a bio-economic system, then the racing system will converge towards efficiency and optimisation of resources. Within this framework, the described trend is likely to continue if the number of horses entering the system continues to decrease. Therefore, these data present a basis for the modelling of changes in racing regulations and injury intervention strategies within this conceptual framework to account for the economic and biological constraints.</p><br></p>This study aimed to examine thirteen seasons of flat racing starts (n = 388,964) in the context of an ecological system and identify metrics that describe the inherent characteristics and constraints of the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. During the thirteen years examined, there was a 2-3% per year reduction in the number of races, starts and number of horses. There was a significant shift in the racing population with a greater number of fillies (aged 2-4 years) having a race start, and subsequent longer racing careers due to the inclusion of one more racing preparation post 2008 (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was an increasingly ageing population of racehorses. These changes resulted in more race starts in a career, but possibly because of biological constraints, there was no change in the number of race starts per season, starts per preparation, or days spelling between preparations (p < 0.05). There was no change in the proportion of horses having just one race start (14% of new entrants), indicating that the screening for suitability for a racing career remained consistent. These data identify key industry parameters which provide a basis for future modelling of intervention strategies to improve economic performance and reduce horse injury. Consideration of the racing industry as a bio-economic or ecological model provides framework to test how the industry may respond to intervention strategies and signal where changes in system dynamics may alter existing risk factors for injury.</p>", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
{"token": "Constructing the grave: competing burial ideals in nineteenth-century England. During the first half of the nineteenth century in England, sanitary reformers applied themselves to the task of defining the ideal grave that would be capable of minimizing the supposedly deleterious public health consequences of dangerous miasmas from decomposing remains. Following the lead of Edwin Chadwick, officials at the General Board of Health drew up scientific guidelines for vestries that had established cemeteries under the new Burial Acts. These guidelines required the placing of each grave in a defined plot, and envisaged their re-use: rapid decomposition would be effected by attention to drainage and soil type and by placing just one body in each grave. This recommendation ran counter to a wider cultural preference for familial burial 'in perpetuity', which had been recognized and encouraged by new cemetery companies. A third type of grave was also in evidence in this period. Under the 'common grave system' multiple interments of unrelated individuals took place in exceptionally deep graves, running counter to both scientific and cultural preference. Regulation was largely permissive. Attention to actual grave management practice provokes re-evaluation of the Victorian cemetery. This space was not necessarily defined by scientific theory and the bodies of the poor were not invariably marginalized.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Stakeholder Theory: A Luhmannian Perspective. We explore the cross-fertilization potential between stakeholder theory and Niklas Luhmann's social systems theory. Social systems, such as corporations or nonprofits, are defined by complexity reduction and operational closure, which may render them insensitive to their environment and undermine their sustainability. This vision resonates with stakeholder theory's arguments on the importance of the corporate responsiveness to stakeholder interests. The suggested common ground between the theories yields novel insights into key concepts of stakeholder theory such as the contrast between the jointness of stakeholder interests and trade-off thinking, the normativity of the stakeholder idea, and the meaning of corporate social responsibility.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Europe's lack of structural transformation and necessary policy changes of EMU. Primary goal of stabilisation policy in the Treaty of European Union is price stability. That goal may be in conflict with the goal of full employment in the member states, particularly, then the union is hit by an asymmetric shock. Assuming perfect capital mobility an initial adverse shock [Lessons of Massachusetts for EMU, in: F. Torres, F. Giavazzi (Eds.), Adjustment and Growth in the European Monetary Union, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge] may have permanent effects by releasing a self-reinforcing process, which will result in lower relative growth. Given the specification of a model that captures the crucial element of efficient structural transformation it is easy to conclude the lack of necessary structural transformation within European Monetary Union (EMU). In addition, the basic foundation of economic policy by EMU, as manifested by the Treaty of European Union, is by latter research put into question. Therefore this paper suggest, it is necessary that the Treaty of European Union must be supplemented, changed, or both. (C) 2003 Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Pt - g-C3N4 - (Au/TiO2): Electronically integrated nanocomposite for solar hydrogen generation. A potential nanocomposite photocatalyst was designed by integrating Pt nanoclusters (co catalyst and electron sink) with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4 (gcn)) (charge diffusion) and 0.5 wt % Au containing Au-TiO2 (AuT) (plasmonic on semiconductor) for solar water splitting (SWS). Variety of Pt-gcn-AuTiO2 compositions has been evaluated for SWS under one sun conditions. Complexity of the photocatalyst was increased systematically from Au-TiO2, gcn-TiO2 to Pt-gcn-Au-TiO2 to explore the influence of different combinations. Electronic integration of charge separation/diffusion component (gcn) with light absorbing sensitizer components (Au and gcn), and co-catalyst (Pt) seems to be the critical factor to improve hydrogen yield (HY) or overall efficiency. Although addition of gcn increase the HY of composites, there is no SWS activity observed on bare TiO2 or gcn. Au or Pt on gcn enhances the charge separation effectively and interface between Au and/or Pt with gcn works as the Schottky barrier. A monodispersion of Au over TiO2 and Pt nanoclusters over gcn/AuTiO2 composite lead to the maximum solar hydrogen yield (1.52 mmol/h g) with an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 7.5%. Photoelectron and photoluminescence spectral studies confirm the electron transfer from Au to gcn, and Au and/or gcn to titania. A thorough physico-chemical investigation of various composites underscores the electronic integration aspects of the nanocomposite towards storage of electrons in the Pt co-catalyst and hence an effective charge separation and an increase in AQY. (C) 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15]}
{"token": "Patterns of p53, p73 and mortalin gene expression associated with haemocyte polyploidy in the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria. The molecular mechanisms by which haemocytes of clams are transformed in the course of haemic neoplasia remain by far unknown. The aim of this study was to quantify the expression of p53/p73 and mortalin genes, in relation with the ploidy status of clam haemocytes and to correlate the p53 expression with mortalin expression. For this purpose, soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, were collected from an endemic zone for neoplasia. The ploidy of haemocytes was assessed for each individual clam by flow cytometry using a propidium iodide protocol, while p53/p73 and mortalin gene expressions were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Results show that haemocytes of some clams with a moderate percentage (15-50%) of tetraploid cells have a significantly high level of p53 and p73 in comparison with clams belonging to categories with low (< 15%) or high levels (> 50%) of tetraploid cells, where low levels of expression of these genes were observed. Furthermore, mortalin gene expression. is strongly correlated (r(2) = 0.68, p < 0.01) with p53 gene expression level. This reinforces the hypothesis of a cytoplasmic p53 sequestration mechanism in clam haemic neoplasia. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results and further unravel the molecular pathways involved in this process. Our results are believed to provide phenotypic foundation for such studies to be undertaken. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Two concepts of culture in the early Nietzsche. Culture remains a divisive issue in liberal democracies, and this article argues Nietzsche offers a principled middle ground between the conservative and progressive camps of recent and ongoing 'culture wars'. Hence, this article challenges the 'aristocratic' versus 'democratic' Nietzsche debate by making the case that Nietzsche defended two opposed notions of culture in his early period work: a national or group culture and a cosmopolitan culture. This opposition is salutary, however, in that each form of culture moderates the excesses of the other so that both jointly can aim to perfect what Nietzsche claims is our bifurcated human nature.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Attraction to Male Facial Masculinity in Gay Men in China: Relationship to Intercourse Preference Positions and Sociosexual Behavior. Distinctions are commonly made regarding preferences for insertive or receptive anal intercourse within gay male communities. Three sexual self-labels are typically specified: \\\\'top,\\\\' meaning a man who prefers the insertive role, \\\\'bottom,\\\\' meaning a man who prefers the receptive role, and \\\\'versatile,\\\\' meaning a man willing to perform either role. In this study, we examined the association between intercourse position preference and preference for male facial masculinity among 447 gay men across multiple cities in China. Each participant was shown 10 pairs of male faces sequentially, with each pair consisting of a masculinized and feminized version of the same base face. Tops preferred the feminized male face over the masculinized face, bottoms preferred the masculinized male face over the feminized face, and versatiles did not have a preference. Tops preferred more feminized male faces than did bottoms and versatiles. Preferences for male facial masculinity were also associated with sociosexual orientation and the nature of the associations differed by sex role preferences. Among tops, men who were less restricted preferred more feminine male faces compared to men who were more restricted. Among bottoms, men who were less restricted preferred more masculine male faces compared to men who were more restricted. Among versatiles, there was no association between sociosexual orientation and preferences for male facial masculinity. These findings provide new evidence that less sociosexually restricted men have stronger preferences for sexual dimorphism in the sexual partners they prefer than do more restricted men.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "OSSOS. VII. 800+Trans-Neptunian Objects-The Complete Data Release. The Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS), a wide-field imaging program in 2013-2017 with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, surveyed 155 deg(2) of sky to depths of m(r) = 24.1-25.2. We present 838 outer solar system discoveries that are entirely free of ephemeris bias. This increases the inventory of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) with accurately known orbits by nearly 50%. Each minor planet has 20-60 Gaia/Pan-STARRS-calibrated astrometric measurements made over 2-5 oppositions, which allows accurate classification of their orbits within the trans-Neptunian dynamical populations. The populations orbiting in mean-motion resonance with Neptune are key to understanding Neptune's early migration. Our 313 resonant TNOs, including 132 plutinos, triple the available characterized sample and include new occupancy of distant resonances out to semimajor axis a similar to 130 au. OSSOS doubles the known population of the nonresonant Kuiper Belt, providing 436 TNOs in this region, all with exceptionally high-quality orbits of a uncertainty sigma(a) <= 0.1%; they show that the belt exists from a greater than or similar to 37 au, with a lower perihelion bound of 35 au. We confirm the presence of a concentrated low-inclination a similar or equal to 44 au \\\\'kernel\\\\' population and a dynamically cold population extending beyond the 2:1 resonance. We finely quantify the survey's observational biases. Our survey simulator provides a straightforward way to impose these biases on models of the trans-Neptunian orbit distributions, allowing statistical comparison to the discoveries. The OSSOS TNOs, unprecedented in their orbital precision for the size of the sample, are ideal for testing concepts of the history of giant planet migration in the solar system.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Bone Mass in Young Patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency. Background: The effects of hyperandrogenism and steroid treatment on bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are controversial. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to characterize BMD and fractures in patients with CAH and to identify whether there is an association between alterations in BMD, nutritional status, and variables related to the disease. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to explore clinical, hormonal, dairy consumption, physical activity, and BMD variables in patients with CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and controls matched by age, gender, skin color, body mass index, and Tanner scale. Results: Fifty subjects (CAH n = 25; females n = 42 [84%]) with a mean age of 15.9 +/- 5.8 years were included in the study. White skin color predominated in 34 subjects (68%), mestizo in 11 (22%), and black in 5 (10%). In patients with CAH, BMD lumbar spine was decreased compared to that in controls (0.83 +/- 0.23 vs. 0.98 +/- 0.26 g/cm(3), p = 0.004). BMD femur was also decreased in patients with CAH; however, this was not significant (0.95 +/- 0.20 vs. 1.04 +/- 0.24 g/cm(3), p = 0.17). There was a positive relationship between age at diagnosis, age of initiation of glucocorticoid treatment, and testosterone levels with all measurements of BMD. The daily glucocorticoid dose was negatively related to BMD. No fractures were found. Conclusions: Patients with CAH had decreased BMD, especially in lumbar spine. Increased androgen exposure seemed to improve, while increased glucocorticoid dose impaired BMD.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Establishment and characterization of two distinct malignant mesothelioma cell lines with common clonal origin. We describe two newly established malignant mesothelioma (MM) cell lines derived from a pleural effusion of a male. One cell line, designated as MM-Z03E, reveals an epithelioid cobblestone morphology, while the second one, designated as MM-Z03S and subcloned after in vivo selection, exhibits a sarcomatoid storiform growth pattern. Both cell lines showed the immunologic profile characteristic for MM (i.e., expression of cytokeratin, CK18, calretinin, and vimentin in both phenotypes). Cytogenetics, multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization, and oligonucleotide array CGH were performed on both cell lines. Aberrations shared by both cell lines included chromosomal losses of 1q34 similar to qter, 4, 9p, 10p, 13, 14, 16q, 18, and 22, as well as a complex structural aberration involving chromosome 17. Aberrations exclusive to MM-Z03E included gains of 3q11q27 and 5p, while gain of 9q and losses of 3q27qter, 11q, and 18 in MM-Z03S were exclusive to MM-Z03E. Both cell lines were able to develop solid transplant tumors in nude mice within 16 weeks, and immunophenotyping of tumor xenografts revealed an overall retained expression profile of the markers used. Remarkably, one xenograft from MM-Z03E revealed overexpression of p53 and widely invasive growth. In conclusion, both cell lines are useful in vivo and in vitro model systems to study the underlying genetic mechanisms of biphasic differentiation in MM, which can be of certain value considering the increasing relevance of assessing MM tumor biology for the clinical management of this disease. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
{"token": "ISOLATION OF 2 NOVEL RAS GENES IN DICTYOSTELIUM-DISCOIDEUM - EVIDENCE FOR A COMPLEX, DEVELOPMENTALLY-REGULATED RAS GENE SUBFAMILY. In Dictyostelium discoideum, three ras genes (rasD, rasG and rasB) and one uas-related gene (rap1) have been previously isolated and characterized, and the deduced amino acid sequence of their predicted protein products share at least 50% sequence identity with the human H-Ras protein. We have now cloned and characterized two additional members of the ras gene subfamily in Dictyostelium, rasC and rasS. These genes are developmentally regulated and unlike the previously isolated Dictyostelium ras genes, maximum levels of their transcripts were detected during aggregation, suggesting that the encoded proteins have distinct functions during aggregation. The rasC cDNA encodes a 189 amino acid protein that is 65% identical to the Dictyostelium RasD and RasG proteins and 56% identical to the human H-Ras protein. The predicted 194 amino acid gene product encoded by rasS is 60% identical to the Dictyostelium RasD and RasG proteins and 54% identical to the human H-Ras protein. Whereas RasD, RasG, RasB and Rap1 are totally conserved in their putative effector domains relative to H-Ras, RasC and RasS have single amino acid substitutions in their effector domains, consistent with the idea that they have unique functions. In RasC, aspartic acid-38 has been replaced by asparagine (D38N), and in RasS, isoleucine-36 has been replaced by leucine (I36L). In addition, both proteins have several differences in the effector-proximal domain, a domain which is believed to play a role in Ras target activation. In RasC, there is a single conservative amino acid change in the canonical sequence of the binding site for the Ras-specific monoclonal antibody Y13-259, and consequently, RasC is less immunoreactive with the antibody than either of the Dictyostelium RasD or RasG proteins. In contrast, RasS, which has three substitutions in the Y13-259 binding site, does not react with the Y13-259 antibody.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Fulminating fungal sinusitis caused by Valsa sordida, a plant pathogen, in a patient immunocompromised by acute myeloid leukemia. We describe a case in which a patient immunocompromised by acute myeloid leukemia experienced acute fulminating invasive fungal sinusitis followed by pneumonia and then death. Though the microbiology of the pneumonia could not be directly investigated, nasal lesions revealed fungal mycelium. Valsa sordida was consistently cultured from a biopsied sample. The fungus was identified to the genus level based on morphology in culture and DNA sequence homology, and then was placed at species level by means of phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region. The fungus is in the order Diaporthales, family Valsaceae in the Ascomycota and is distributed worldwide as a pathogen of trees in the genera Populus and Salix. Koch's postulates were demonstrated to apply in a neutropenic rat model. The fungus was susceptible to antifungals with MIC-0 scores of 0.0313 mu g/ml for amphotericin B, 0.25 mu g/ml for voriconazole, 0.0313 mu g/ml for caspofungin, and MIC-2 of 16 mu g/ml for fluconazole. This is the first substantiated report of an isolate in the genus Valsa (anamorph Cytospora) being identified in human disease.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 25, 42, 10]}
{"token": "Mantle Structure in the Central Mediterranean Region From P and S Receiver Functions. We investigate the upper mantle discontinuities in the central Mediterranean region by applying the P and S receiver function techniques on waveforms recorded at broadband stations located around the Tyrrhenian basin. P and S wave velocity profiles (down to 300-km depth) are calculated with joint inversion of P and S receiver functions. We could identify the Moho, lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, and an underlying low-velocity layer between similar to 60- and similar to 200-km depth. The low-velocity layer is interpreted as asthenospheric material, and its lower boundary is identified below the western Ionian and Tyrrhenian basins as a sharp Lehmann discontinuity. Although the stations are located on different lithospheric domains we find a strong correlation between Moho and the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary depths, which suggests ubiquitous coupling of the crust and lithospheric mantle, consistently with the southward opening of the Tyrrhenian basin. The Tyrrhenian and western Ionian basins present thinning of the transition zone of similar to 14 km, as inferred from a reduced P660s-P410s differential time. Below the southern Apennines we observe a standard differential time that implies an average mantle transition zone thickness. We explain these mantle transition zone thickness variations as due to temperature heterogeneity linked to the area's subduction history. Finally, under central Europe (the location of the deep S-to-P conversion points) two strong signals from nonstandard discontinuities within the mantle transition zone are observed. These signals can be explained as being generated at the boundaries of high seismic velocity layers that are spatially correlated with stagnant slabs in the transition zone detected by seismic tomography.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "At the Edge of Safety: Moral Experimentation in the Case of Family Therapy. \\\\'At the Edge of Safety\\\\' argues for thinking of structural family therapy as a \\\\'moral laboratory.\\\\' Borrowing a trope from Cheryl Mattingly's recent book Moral Laboratories, the article reconsiders a therapeutic style that was once controversial by analyzing personal stories of supervision-i.e. professional training-in light of Mattingly's suggestion that a social space in which people conduct experiments on themselves and their lives may be considered a moral laboratory. Family therapy is especially good to think with, because it is simultaneously a real and a metaphorical laboratory, physically lab-like in its use of visual technologies, yet moral in the way it puts the possibility for situational change in the hands of human actors. The technological apparatus stages evidence for sub-visible, interpersonal dynamics, while the provocative quality of not only therapeutic actions, but also of supervision, points to an ethos of experimentation. Stories of supervision reveal how personal of an experience being supervised can be. Trainees are pushed to become something otherwise, in learning to \\\\'expand\\\\' their styles. Sometimes the push is just right. Sometimes it goes too far. Whatever the case may be, the stories analyzed speak to anthropological questions concerning the uncertainty of human action and the many ways people can unknowingly injure one another with small hurts.", "label": [2, 5, 56, 52, 23]}
{"token": "Applying and comparing machine learning classification algorithms for predicting the results of students. The machine learning algorithms can be applied to educational domains for the prediction of results, analysis of weak students, to analyse other features in data apart from grades, technical education for calculating the attainments in outcome-based education etc. In this research the different classification machine learning algorithms are applied on datasets having features like student marks, family education, fathers' job, attendance in school etc and model's performance is calculated. Further, some features have been removed from the dataset in which the target value completely depends on student marks and further the models are evaluated. The results were very interesting, and it reveals that without knowing previous marks of students we can predict the future marks. The study would certainly helpful in educational institutions where we can find future grades which would help in finding the weak students. The execution time of different algorithms is also recorder on Graphics and Tensor processing units.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Beyond Melanin: Proteomics Reveals Virulence-Related Proteins in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii Yeast Cells Grown in the Presence of L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine. Species of the genus Paracoccidioides cause a systemic infection in human patients. Yeast cells of Paracoccidioides spp. produce melanin in the presence of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and during infection, which may impact the pathogen's survival in the host. To better understand the metabolic changes that occur in melanized Paracoccidioides spp. cells, a proteomic approach was performed to compare melanized and non-melanized Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii yeast cells. Melanization was induced using L-dihydroxyphenylalanine as a precursor, and quantitative proteomics were performed using reversed-phase nano-chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. When comparing melanized versus non-melanized cells, 1006 and 582 differentially abundant/detected proteins were identified for P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii, respectively. Functional enrichment and comparative analysis revealed 30 important KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways in melanized P. brasiliensis and 18 in P. lutzii, while differentially abundant proteins from non-melanized cells from these species were involved in 21 and 25 enriched pathways, respectively. Melanized cells presented an abundance of additional virulence-associated proteins, such as phospholipase, proteases, superoxide dis-mutases, heat-shock proteins, adhesins, and proteins related to vesicular transport. The results suggest that L-dihydroxyphenylalanine increases the virulence of Paracoccidioides spp. through complex mechanisms involving not only melanin but other virulence factors as well.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "Reachability analysis using dissipation inequalities for uncertain nonlinear systems. We propose a method to outer bound forward reachable sets on finite horizons for uncertain nonlinear systems with polynomial dynamics. This method makes use of time-dependent polynomial storage functions that satisfy appropriate dissipation inequalities that account for time-varying uncertain parameters, L-2 disturbances, and perturbations Delta characterized by integral quadratic constraints (IQCs) with both hard and soft factorizations. The use of IQCs in forward reachability analysis allows for various types of uncertainty, including unmodeled dynamics. The generalized S-procedure and Sum-of-Squares techniques are used to derive algorithms with the goal of finding the tightest outer bound with a desired shape. Both pedagogical and practically motivated examples are presented, including a 7-state F-18 aircraft model. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "p27(Kip1) Negatively Regulates the Activation of Murine Primordial Oocytes. In mice, small oocytes (primordial oocytes) are enclosed within flattened granulosa cells to form primordial follicles around birth. A small number of primordial oocytes enter the growth phase, whereas others are quiescent. The mechanism regulating this selection of primordial oocytes is not well understood. The objective of the present study was to understand the role of p27(Kip1), which regulates cell cycle progression in somatic cells, in the growth initiation of primordial oocytes in neonatal mice. We studied the localization of p27(Kip1) in 0-, 3-, 5-, 7- and 21-day-old mouse ovaries by immunohistochemistry. Ovaries from 3-day-old mice were treated with p27(Kip1) siRNAs (small interfering RNAs), and knockdown of p27(Kip1) was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Ovaries treated with siRNAs were organ-cultured for 6 days, and oocyte growth was estimated histologically.. Expression of p27(Kip1) was undetectable in the primordial oocytes of newborn mice. In the 3-day-old ovaries (n=3), p27(Kip1) was demonstrated in the nucleus of 36 +/- 6% primordial oocytes. The percentage of p27(Kip1)-positive primordial oocytes increased to 72 8 (n=3), 85 7 (n=3) and 93 5 (n=3) in the 5-, 7- and 21-day-old mouse ovaries, respectively. After knockdown of the p27(Kip1) protein by siRNAs, a higher proportion of oocytes entered the growth phase in cultured ovaries than those in the control. These results suggest that p27(Kip1) negatively regulates primordial oocyte growth and that knockdown of p27(Kip1) leads primordial oocytes to enter the growth phase in vitro.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 42]}
{"token": "Visual programming for modeling and simulation of biomolecular regulatory networks. In this paper we introduce our new tool BIOSKETCHPAD that allows visual progamming and modeling of biological regulatory networks. The tool allows biologists to create dynamic models of networks using a menu of icons, arrows, and pop-up menus, and translates the input model into CHARON, a modeling language for modular design of interacting multi-agent hybrid systems. Hybrid systems are systems that are characterized by continuous as well as discrete dynamics. Once a CHARON model of the underlying system is generated, we are able to exploit the various analysis capabilities of the CHARON toolkit, including simulation and reachability analysis. We illustrate the advantages of this approach using a case study concerning the regulation of bioluminescence in a marine bacterium.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Mouthparts and stylet penetration of the lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Hemiptera: Tachardiidae). Hitherto less known aspects on mouthpart morphology and penetration mechanism of the lac insect Kerria lacca have been explored. Unique details of the mouthparts, i.e. morphology of labium and stylets and salivary sheath have been brought out. The gross morphology of the mouthparts though resembled other plant sucking homopterans; a two-segmented labium with symmetrically distributed six pairs of contact-chemoreceptors on its surface was distinct; the mandibular stylets had serrations on its extreme apical region, while the maxillary stylets had their external surface smooth with parallel longitudinal grooves on their inner surface. Formation of flanges, salivary sheath and penetration pathway observed along with probing and penetration of the stylets intracellularly up to the phloem cells, as illustrated herein, are the addition to the existing knowledge on the structural details of the mouthparts and the feeding behavior thereupon. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "The effects of improved maize technology on household welfare in Buruku, Benue State, Nigeria. This study was carried out to determine the welfare effects of improved maize technology in Buruku Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. The study also examined the determinants of the adoption of improved maize technology. Structured questionnaires were used in collecting the primary data for the study. A multi-stage random technique was used in selecting 125 farm households for the study. The Logit and ordinary least square (OLS) models were used in analyzing the data. The OLS results show that adoption of improved maize varieties is positively and significantly related to household welfare and thus has contributed to moving farm households out of poverty. Other variables found to be statistically significant in explaining household welfare are education, household size, and landholding. The Logit results show that age, household size, off-farm income, and education were found to be significant in influencing farmers' adoption decisions. Some robustness checks were performed with different specifications of the Logit and OLS models as well as re-estimation with propensity matching score approach. Overall, the results are robust to different specifications.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Clarifying and Measuring Filial Concepts Across Five Cultural Groups. Literature on responsibility of adult children for aging parents reflects lack of conceptual clarity. We examined filial concepts across five cultural groups: African-, Asian-, Euro-, Latino-, and Native Americans. Data were randomly divided for scale development (n = 285) and cross-validation (n = 284). Exploratory factor analysis on 59 items identified three filial concepts: Responsibility, Respect, and Care. Confirmatory factor analysis on a 12-item final scale showed data fit the three-factor model better than a single factor solution despite substantial correlations between the factors (.82, .82 for Care with Responsibility and Respect, and .74 for Responsibility with Respect). The scale can be used in cross-cultural research to test hypotheses that predict associations among filial values, filial caregiving, and caregiver health outcomes. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 34:310-326, 2011", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Density functional theory study on the reaction between hematite and methane during chemical looping process. We present a first principles study using periodic density functional theory on the reaction between alpha-Fe2O3 and CH4 during chemical looping process. The sequential processes of methane dissociation, hydrogen formation, water production and dissociation, and carbon selective oxidation on alpha-Fe2O3 (001) surface were explored. It was found that the sequential dissociations of CH4 were the dominant rate-determining process. Although H-2 production was less favorable than H2O production, the formed H2O can be dissociated facilely to increase the surface H concentration at chemical looping conditions. CO production is more favorable than CO2 production, while CO2 can also be produced in the high-temperature process. Subsequently, the oxygen migration in alpha-Fe2O3 (001) surface was also investigated, indicating the O migration from inner bulk to surface layer is inherently a high-temperature process. Our results are consistent with the kinetic experiments. In order to improve the CO selectivity in CH4 chemical looping process for syngas production, we need to find promoters which could decrease the activation barrier of CH4 sequential dissociation steps and increase the oxygen migration ability of oxygen-carriers. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Israel's return migration industry. This article examines the emergence of Israel's return migration industry (RMI). It argues that alongside the state, repatriation projects of (mostly skilled) migrants are increasingly (co)-produced and carried out by a widening range of non-state actors (NSAs). Informed by a networked governance approach, which dictates greater collaborations between a loosely connected set of actors in both Israel and overseas, the new structure allows the state to delegate responsibility for selected functions to civic and private organisations and still govern repatriation efforts effectively. By highlighting the industry's involvement in two distinct, yet interrelated, phases of the migration process, namely recruitment and (re)integration, the article attends to the range of actors engaged in repatriation initiatives, analyses their roles and explores the geographical scales at which they operate. In so doing, it offers a more nuanced understanding of the industry in return, a traditionally less explored phase in the migratory process.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 57]}
{"token": "Large scale manufacture and properties of chromatographically purified albumin for therapeutic use. A new process for manufacturing albumin has recently been developed by the Bioplasma Division of CSL Limited. Albumin manufactured by this process is known under the trade name Albumex(R)(1). Albumex(R) solutions are provided to the Australian health care community through the Australian Red Cross and have been in use since July 1995. The Albumex(R) products are manufactured from human plasma using a combination of Cohn fractionation and chromatographic methods, This new process produces high quality albumin solutions using automated processes in closed systems, thus ensuring that sanitary conditions are maintained throughout processing. Albumex(R) has several favorable properties when compared with CSL's previous albumin product, NSA, which was prepared totally by Cohn fractionation. Since the introduction of Albumex(R) there has been a substantial decrease in adverse reactions reported to CSL associated with the use of albumin products.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Virus detection by electron microscopy: past, present and future. Viruses are very small and most of them can be seen only by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM has therefore made a major contribution to virology, including the discovery of many viruses, the diagnosis of various viral infections, and fundamental investigations of virus/host cell interaction. However, TEM has gradually been replaced by more sensitive methods, such as the polymerase chain reaction. In research, new imaging techniques for fluorescence light microscopy have supplanted TEM, making it possible to study live cells and dynamic interactions between viruses and the cellular machinery. Nevertheless, TEM remains essential for certain aspects of virology. It is very useful for the initial identification of unknown viral agents in particular outbreaks and is recommended by regulatory agencies for investigations of the viral safety of biological products and/or the cells used to produce them. In research, only TEM has a resolution sufficiently high for discrimination between aggregated viral proteins and structured viral particles. Recent examples of different viral assembly models illustrate the value of TEM for improving our understanding of virus-cell interactions.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Housing Policy in Slovenia - A Political Decision or Coincidence?. After Slovenia gained its independence and the privatization of the public housing stock took place, housing policy was considerably transformed. According to 1991 Constitution, the responsibility of the state has been only to provide appropriate conditions for citizens to settle housing situation. Although a number of housing policy documents were adopted by the Parliament, many of them did not take into account the genuine needs and situation in the country. Due to the austerity measures adopted by the Government, many social benefits have been restricted or cancelled, which in turn leads to a gradual decline in the level of welfare.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Membership Has Its Privileges: The Changing Benefits of Statehood. We argue that system-level international changes have made secessionism more attractive since 1945, and that this is one of the reasons for the recent proliferation of aspiring states. Using original data on secessionist movements between 1816 and 2011, we document that secessionism became significantly more common after 1945. Whereas much of the existing literature explains secessionism by pointing to local or unit-level factors, we contend that security, economic, and normative changes at the international level have effectively increased the benefits of independence, without a commensurate increase in the costs. We use interviews with representatives of new states, secessionist groups, and international organizations to provide empirical support for these claims. We conclude by considering three extensions of our argument: (i) Does the nature of the changing international environment affect the way in which secessionists attempt to achieve their goals? (ii) What future changes might amplify or depress this trend? (iii) Who are the specific people benefiting from statehood, and can their position within a would-be state help us understand the nature of secessionism today?", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Nine new species of Pseudobiceros (Platyhelminthes : Polycladida) from the Indo-Pacific. Nine new species of marine flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) belonging to the genus Pseudobiceros Faubel, 1984 are described from Indo-Pacific coral reefs including: the northern and southern Great Barrier Reef, eastern Australia; Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth, Western Australia; Madang, Papua New Guinea; and Koror, Palau, Micronesia. In addition, new records are given for seven recognised species from a range of Indo-Pacific locations.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Exploring changes in oral hygiene behaviour in patients with diabetes and periodontal disease: A feasibility study. Objective Exploring the feasibility to understand changes in oral hygiene behaviour using the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model applied to qualitative research interviews in patients with diabetes and periodontitis undergoing standard periodontitis treatment. Methods Patients with type 1/2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis (n = 8) received standard non-surgical periodontal treatment accompanied with personalized oral hygiene instructions by a dental hygienist. Clinical indices (% bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), % of sites with PD >= 5 mm, periodontal epithelial surface area (PESA) and periodontal inflammatory surface area (PISA) were recorded pre- and post-treatment. At 3 months post-treatment, patients were interviewed using a topic guide relating to oral health. A behaviour change framework was constructed from elements of the HAPA model and used directly to map interview data to evaluate oral hygiene behaviour in these patients. Results Data from this feasibility study suggest a clinical improvement in periodontal status, albeit only monitored for 3 months. Application of the HAPA model highlighted the behavioural change pathway that diabetes patients undertake before, during and after periodontal treatment. The data suggest that patients move through all elements of the motivation phase and all elements of the volition phase except for the recovery self-efficacy element. Conclusion The novel approach of applying the HAPA model to qualitative research data allowed for the collection of richer data compared to quantitative analysis only. Findings suggest that, in general, patients with periodontitis and diabetes successfully manage to incorporate new oral hygiene behaviours into their daily routine.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Tap Water Left-Sided Ante Grade Continence Enema Based On the Monti's Principle: A Suitable Alternative for the Fecally Soiled Child in a Developing Country?. Conclusion: In a motivated child, the LACE is an effective procedure for the problem of intractable constipation and fecal soiling. Addressing the left colon allows shortening of enema volume and duration, reduces enema related symptoms and offers a predictable bowel evacuation. Tap water is a safe, cheap and readily available irrigant that allows more compliance with the irrigation regimens in developing countries. The Monti's principle offers an efficient durable conduit and obviates the need for the currently popular stoma buttons with their high cost and need for regular replacement. Affected Children in developing countries can benefit from this procedure in their battle against a devastating pathology in a resource-constrained environment.Background/ Purpose In developing countries, conservative management of fecal soiling with intractable constipation often fails in a large proportion of children primarily due to lack of a constant supply of medications. The Malone antegrade continence enema (MACE) has provided independence and improved quality of life in this patient population, nevertheless, the long washout times, the unpredictable bowel movement and abdominal cramps are cited as drawbacks of the classic right-sided access. Herein we present our experience with a variation of this principle utilizing the left colon as a source of intestinal conduit and enema delivery portal with tap water as the sole irrigant. Our aim is to further validate the utility and feasibility of this recent modification to the classic MACE in our patient population with special reference to the negative socio-economic impact of managing this devastating problem in a developing country.Results: Twenty-two patients where available for follow up (16.7 +/- 7.5 months,5-30). Enema volume, duration and spacing were 776.3 +/- 315.5 cc (400-1500), 23.4 +/- 11.8 minutes (10-60) and 1.8 +/- 0.7days (1-3) respectively. Mean duration for adjustment was 3.6 +/- 1.7 months (1.5-8). LACE related complications occurred in 5(23%) patients (1 distal necrosis and fecal fistula, 2 proximal stenosis, 1 stomal stenosis, 1 intestinal obstruction). Fifteen (68%) achieved full fecal continence, 4(15%) had occasional \\\\'accidents\\\\' and 3 (14%) remained incontinent and diaper dependant. None had symptoms suggestive of hyponatremia from tap water. Overall, 19 patients (83%) reported improvement in their quality of life.Materials & Methods: From February 2003 to March 2006, we operated 23 children (11 boys, 12 girls, mean age 11.6 +/- 2.5 years, range 8-17) with organic intractable constipation and fecal soiling who failed conservative management. Original diagnosis was; neural tube defect (16), high anorectal malformation (4), persistent Cloaca (2) and perineal trauma (1). A left antegrade continence enema (LACE) was constructed utilizing the Monti's principle by detaching a ring of the left colon on its vascular pedicle, opening it at the antemesenteric border followed by longitudinal resuturing to create a long tube which is implanted in an antireflux tunnel to the left colon, and brought to the skin level on a VQZ stoma. Continence washouts were started 3 weeks thereafter with plain tap water. Assessment included washout volume, duration, spacing, ability to sustain soiling-free intervals, complications, enema related symptoms and the impact of the procedure on the lifestyle of the child.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Phylogenetic inferences based on nrDNA sequences support five morphospecies within the Peltigera didactyla complex (lichenized ascomycota). The Peltigera didactyla complex comprises species of section Peltigera with laminal and submarginal soredia. Three species (P. didactyla, P. lambinonii, and P. ulcerata) and one atypical variety (P. didactyla var. extenuate) are currently recognized within this complex. Phylogenetic inferences of the entire Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS) and the 5' half of the gene encoding the large subunit of the rRNA reveal a robust structure within the complex. Under both the maximum parsimony and the maximum likelihood criterion, P. didactyla is resolved as a polyphyletic entity, whereas P. ulcerata, P. lambinonii, and P. didactyla var. extenuate are delimited as monophyletic entities. Peltigera didactyla var. extenuate appears basal within the group, whereas var. didactyla is nested within a clade that also comprises P. lambinonii and P. ulcerata. The polyphyly of P. didactyla is further characterized by the existence of populations that resemble var. extenuate, but differ by their brownish upper cortex. There populations, all from the boreal zone of Canada, compose a monophyletic group sister to the P. didactyla-P. lambinonii Glade. For P didactyla to satisfy a phylogenetic species concept, the var. extenuate is reinstated at the species level, and a new species, P. castanea, is described. Three populations sampled are characterized by unique sequences that may indicate the presence of additional cryptic taxa within the complex. A key to the accepted species is provided. The presence of P. lambinonii in Australia is confirmed and P. ulcerata is reported as new for Chile.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Where Are the Gods of Hamath?' (2 Kings 18.34//Isaiah 36.19): The Use of Foreign Deities in the Rabshakeh's Speech. This article uses a range of critical approaches in order to provide new insights into the Rabshakeh's speech and its biblical context. On one level, it suggests a cluster of meanings relating to 2 Kgs 18.34 and the use of foreign gods. These include a possible reference to the Assyrian practice of plundering foreign divine statues, as well as the identification of a Deuteronomistic trope, Where are the gods?' On another level, this article demonstrates that the Rabshakeh's speech is an integral part of 2 Kings: it builds directly on the narrative of 2 Kings 17, thus contrasting the fall of Samaria with the deliverance of Jerusalem. Finally, this study reevaluates the tone of the speech: rather than being seen as an example of masterful rhetoric', it should be more properly viewed as superficial bluster, taking part in the larger Deuteronomistic (and prophetic) ridicule of false gods and divine statues.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "The influence of socioeconomic status, parents, peers, psychological needs, and task values on middle school student motivation for school music ensemble participation. There are a multitude of influences on adolescents' decisions to enroll in elective instrumental music ensembles. While some music teachers might rely on external rewards such as end-of-year trips to encourage retention from year to year, middle school students' sociocultural and psychological characteristics may best account for their intentions to continue in band or orchestra. I examined needs satisfaction variables from Self-Determination Theory and task values from Expectancy Value Theory alongside environmental factors such as parent and peer influence as well as socioeconomic status (SES) as predictors of adolescent instrumental students' elective intentions (N = 42). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Parents tended to exert a large amount of influence over the extent to which participants' needs were satisfied and a small amount of influence over the task values of their children. Concurrently, peers and SES played small but important roles in the development of elective intentions. Moreover, when parents and teachers were supportive of students' autonomy, competence, and relatedness, instrumental music learning tasks were valued. Task values, in turn, strongly predicted middle school instrumental students' intentions to persist and enroll in future instrumental music courses.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 55]}
{"token": "Ultraviolet light exposure and skin cancer in the city of Arica, Chile. An increase in the amount of solar ultraviolet light that reaches the Earth is considered to be responsible for the worldwide increase in skin cancer. Solar ultraviolet B (UVB) light (290-320 nm) has multiple effects that call be harmful to human beings. The city of Arica in Chile receives high UV levels. This call explain the high prevalence of skin cancer in the Arica population. In the present study, pathological reports of skin cancer were collected from an Arica hospital and retrospectively examined to investigate the possible effects of UV radiation. Among the malignant skin tumor types, basocellular and spinocellular carcinomas were more common in men (44.4 and 16.6%, respectively) than in women (24.9 and 10.7%, respectively). Basocellular carcinoma was observed in individuals 40-79 years of age. The incidence of skin cancer significantly increased (P<0.05) between 2000 and 2006 per 100,000 population. The factor of incidence of skin cancer per 100,000 population significantly increased (P<0.05) between 1980 and 2000 in both genders, but was higher in men (0.79-1.99) than in women (0.63-1.56). The results of the study indicate a steady increase in the incidence of skin cancer in Arica, Chile, most probably due to the high levels of ultraviolet light to which individuals are exposed throughout the year, and the cumulative effect of this type of radiation oil the skin.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Seismic Data Interpolation Using Dual-Domain Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks. Seismic data interpolation is an effective way to reconstruct missing seismic traces and to improve the quality of the seismic data set. In the field of deep learning, generative adversarial networks are capable of data generation and interpolation and have been widely used for high-quality image generations and image interpolations. In this letter, we propose a dual-domain conditional generative adversarial network (DD-CGAN) for seismic data interpolation. The DD-CGAN consists of a generator network and a discriminator network and uses the seismic data set and discrete Fourier transformed data set in the frequency domain as input vectors. The loss function of the DD-CGAN is defined by the generative-adversarial loss, the data loss function, and the total variation loss. Thus, the DD-CGAN can be trained more accurately. The discriminator is used to calculate the feature differences between the interpolated seismic data set and the complete seismic data set to drive the generator network for learning optimal parameters. The numerical results on the test data set and field seismic data set demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DD-CGAN.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "The politics of indigenous collaboration: The role of Chamorro interpreters in Japan's Pacific empire, 1914-45. Many studies, including work relating to the Pacific, have focused on agents of colonial resistance, yet have seldom addressed its various expressions. In order to complicate dichotomous understandings of resistance that are central to current studies, this essay explores indigenous forms of collaboration during the rise and fall of Japan's empire in the Pacific, from 1914 to 1945. Drawing on a range of Chamorro oral sources concerning the role of Chamorro interpreters and police assistants in the Mariana Islands, it discusses the conflicting, multiple and sometimes complementary modes of indigenous agency. The point is to situate 'collaboration' as an idea, like 'resistance', worth thinking about for its methodological, political and theoretical contributions to the study of Pacific history.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The influence of microwave heating on the characteristics of polyelectrolytes. Results obtained by microwave (MW) and simultaneous microwave and electron beam (MW+EB) application in the chemistry of acrylamide and acrylic acid co-polymers (PA type polyelectrolytes) are presented Comparative results concerning the molecular weight (M-W) and Huggins' constant for the acrylamide copolymers obtained by classical heating, MW heating, EB irradiation and simultaneous MW+EB treatment are reported MW heating produces high PA water solubility but median K values; EB irradiation gives high K values but associated with a cross-linked structure (poor water solubility) while MW energy addition to EB energy gives simultaneously high At values and high PA water solubility. A MW installation of 2.45 GHz and 2.5 kW, designed to provide small-scale commercial production of PA polyelectrolytes, is described.", "label": [1, 16, 14, 11]}
{"token": "Study of ABO and Rh (D) Blood Groups in Scheduled Caste of Jaunpur District. The distribution of ABO blood groups and Rh (D) factor has been studied among the Scheduled Caste (Chamar) population of Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh. The B, O, A, and AB blood group percentage are recorded as 31.4%, 30.9%, 29.4% and 8.2% respectively. The allele frequencies of O, B, and A groups are found to be 0.564, 0.224, and 0.212, respectively and Rh (D) allelic frequency is 0.793.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
{"token": "After rupture: Visions of history, African spirituality and theological repair in Nigerian Pentecostalism. How do Pentecostal Christians seek repair and renewal in their lives, after their efforts to rupture with the past and become born again? In this article, I wish to consider the ways that a group of Nigerian Pentecostals who belong to a deliverance church re-narrativise their lives by constructing and entering into new timelines of history after their attempts to break with the past. This discursive project works to insert a notion of 'Black Africa' into an authentically Christian historical chronology that stretches far back into the biblical past and forward to the eschaton. In this way, Africa's unique spiritual character is seen as reflected not only in its reasserted claim to Christian history, but also in its eschatologically driven destiny to re-evangelise the world. This tells us something about the theological way these Christians reframe their role in history, including how their understanding of a collective past shapes their vision of who they are in the present and will be in the future. In this article, I argue that more attention needs to be given to processes of repair, repositioning and realignment in discussions about how conversion to Pentecostalism can generate efforts to break away from what becomes conceptualised as 'the past'.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Worked example or scripting? Fostering students' online argumentative peer feedback, essay writing and learning. This study compared the effects of worked example and scripting on students' argumentative peer feedback, essay and learning qualities. Participants were 80 BSc students who were randomly divided over 40 dyads and assigned to two experimental conditions (worked example and scripting). An online peer feedback environment named EduTech was designed and students were tasked with writing an argumentative essay, engaging in peer feedback, and revising their essay. The results indicate that students in the scripting condition benefited more than students in the worked example condition regarding peer feedback quality. Furthermore, the scores of students in both conditions improved from pre-test to post-test in terms of argumentative essay writing and learning. This difference was significant, however, between the two conditions only with regard to argumentative essay writing favoring the scripting condition. We explain how each of these approaches can be used to improve students' argumentative peer feedback and essay writing and learning.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "A Review of Mechanisms Used to Improve Community Participation in the Integrated Development Planning Process in South Africa: An Empirical Review. In 1996, the government of South Africa introduced the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) policy process to transform municipal administration, integrated planning and service delivery. One of the IDP policy's key aspects is community participation in the planning process. South Africa is still struggling to achieve their duty of delivering basic services due to ineffective community participation. The article primarily appraises the mechanisms for improved community participation in the IDP process. It is underpinned by the New Public Management (NPM) theory, which promotes management reforms, participatory planning, and decentralising power among municipalities and communities. This study adopted a mixed-methods research approach. It is conducted in the Tzaneen municipal area in Limpopo Province. It is also found that some of the mechanisms to facilitate community participation are no longer relevant and effective in the COVID-19 pandemic era. Public meetings are no longer seen as an effective and safe means of public discussion due to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Disaster Management Act: Amendment of Regulation (Act 57 of 2002) that restricts the physical contact of large groups of people, which has implications for public meeting attendance. The study concludes by recommending that the Tzaneen municipal area should design mechanisms that make it easier for marginalised and previously disadvantaged people to participate in municipal planning and decision-making processes freely and without prejudice. Lastly, the study recommends that the municipality adopt the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and E-participation to facilitate effective community participation in the IDP process.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "School-Based Serosurveys to Assess the Validity of Using Routine Health Facility Data to Target Malaria Interventions in the Central Highlands of Madagascar. Conclusions. API performs reasonably well at identifying higher-transmission communes but sensitivity declined at lower transmission levels.Background. In low-malaria-transmission areas of Madagascar, annual parasite incidence (API) from routine data has been used to target indoor residual spraying at subdistrict commune level. To assess validity of this approach, we conducted school-based serological surveys and health facility (HF) data quality assessments in 7 districts to compare API to gold-standard commune-level serological measures.Methods. At 2 primary schools in each of 93 communes, 60 students were randomly selected with parents and teachers. Capillary blood was drawn for rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and serology. Multiplex bead-based immunoassays to detect antibodies to 5 Plasmodium falciparum antigens were conducted, and finite mixture models used to characterize seronegative and seropositive populations. Reversible catalytic models generated commune-level annual seroconversion rates (SCRs). HF register data were abstracted to assess completeness and accuracy.Results. RDT positivity from 12 770 samples was 0.5%. Seroprevalence to tested antigens ranged from 17.9% (MSP-1) to 59.7% (PF13). Median commune-level SCR was 0.0108 (range, 0.001-0.075). Compared to SCRs, API identified 71% (95% confidence interval, 51%-87%) of the 30% highest-transmission communes; sensitivity declined at lower levels. Routine data accuracy did not substantially affect API performance.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "The effectiveness of a patient at risk team comprised of predominantly ward experienced nurses: A before and after study. Results: The introduction of the PART resulted in a significant reduction in ward cardiac arrests per 1000 admissions (MD = 0.9, 95% CI: 0.3-1.5, p=0.009), hospital length of stay per 1000 admissions (MD = 294.4, 95% CI: 260.9-328.7, p <= 0.001) and direct ward admissions to ICU (95% CI: 0.7-5.2) but no change in the number of MET calls per 1000 admissions (MD= 1.3, 95% CI: -2.3-4.9, p=0.46).Conclusion: A PART comprising of experienced ward nurses was associated with reduced ward cardiac arrests but no change in the number of MET calls. This suggests this team composition may be effective in providing care to the deteriorating patient. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Method: The study used a single site before and after historical control design. The number of medical emergency team (MET) calls, cardiac arrest calls and hospital admissions occurring prior to the establishment of the PART (January-December 2008 inclusive) were compared to those occurring after the team was established (January 2011-December 2012 inclusive). Primary outcome was the number of MET and cardiac arrest calls per 1000 hospital admissions.Introduction: Improving care to deteriorating ward patients require systems to trigger a response and a response team. This paper describes the effectiveness of a Patient at Risk team (PART) comprised predominantly of experienced ward nurses.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Building Bridges: Using a Local Conference to Facilitate Conversations and Collaborations Around Applied Anthropology. Students' education in applied anthropology can occur through a variety of sources including classroom instruction, hands-on experience and professional mentorship. Anthropology programs, and especially those with an applied focus, can help facilitate these types of experiences. This article details one such attempt: the creation and implementation of a local conference. The Texas Applied Anthropology Summit (TAAS) was first developed in 2016. The purpose of this and subsequent TAAS events was to bring together anthropological practitioners, faculty and students in an effort to build and strengthen relationships around applied anthropology in Texas. Based on data collected from past TAAS events and additional outreach with anthropologist practitioners it was determined that while key differences in practitioner and student/faculty interests exist, TAAS serves as an important networking tool for all attendees. This article also details what is needed, including programmatic support, to organize and implement a local conference.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Shallow Radar (SHARAD), pedestal craters, and the lost Martian layers: Initial assessments. Since their discovery, Martian pedestal craters have been interpreted as remnants of layers that were once regionally extensive but have since been mostly removed. Pedestals span from subkilometer to hundreds of kilometers, but their thickness is less than similar to 500 m. Except for a small equatorial concentration in the Medusae Fossae Formation, the nearly exclusive occurrence of pedestal craters in the middle and high latitudes of Mars has led to the suspicion that the lost units bore a significant fraction of volatiles, such as water ice. Recent morphological characterizations of pedestal deposits have further supported this view. Here we employ radar soundings obtained by the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) to investigate the volumes of a subset of the pedestal population, in concert with high-resolution imagery to assist our interpretations. From the analysis of 97 pedestal craters we find that large pedestals (diameter > 30 km) are relatively transparent to radar in their majority, with SHARAD being able to detect the base of the pedestal deposits, and possess an average dielectric permittivity of 4 +/- 0.5. In one of the cases of large pedestals in Malea Planum, layering is detected both in SHARAD data and in high-resolution imagery of the pedestal margins. We find that clutter is a major issue in the analysis of radar soundings for smaller pedestals, and tentative detection of the basal reflection occurs in only a few of the cases examined. These detections yield a higher average permittivity of similar to 6. The permittivity value derived for the larger pedestals, for which a basal reflection is unambiguous, is higher than that of pure water ice but lower than that of most silicate materials. A mixture of ice and silicates or an ice-free porous silicate matrix can explain a permittivity of similar to 4, and radar alone cannot resolve this nonuniqueness. Data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer (CRISM) tentatively confirms a mafic component in at least one pedestal in Malea Planum. Interpretation of SHARAD results can support either a mixture of ice and silicates or a porous silicate. The former is compatible with a model where nonpolar ice is periodically deposited in the midlatitudes as a result of obliquity variations. The latter is compatible with ash deposits, at least in where pedestals appear in volcanic centers such as Malea Planum.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Principia iuris': a theoretical discussion. The author discusses the commentaries and criticisms presented in the \\\\'Brescia's Seminar\\\\' organized on FERRAJOLI'S last work, Principia iuris. FERRAJOLI'S answer is threefold: 1) Questions on meta-theory of law and democracy. The topics here discussed are connected to: the axiomatic method; his conception of legal theory, legal dogmatics, sociology of law and political philosophy; and FERRAJOLI'S understanding of constitutionalism in terms of legal positivism. 2) Questions on legal theory. Here, FERRAJOLI includes problems connected to his conception of legal gaps and legal contradictions, as well as the relationship between law and logic, specifically the topic of implicit norms. 3) Questions on theory of democracy: the foundations of human rights; constitutional democracy; the relationship between constitutional democracy, political power and sovereignty; the constitutive character of the employment contract and the techniques to fulfill legal gaps; separation of powers and garantism; war and international relations; and \\\\'methodological optimism\\\\'.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "AN ELEGY TO RANGAERIS, INCLUDING A DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW GENERA IN THE CYRTORCHIS-TRIDACTYLE CLADE (ORCHIDACEAE, ANGRAECINAE). The phylogenetic position of Rangaeris (Schltr.) Summerh. has been one of the most problematic issues of angraecoid orchid taxonomy. A recently published phylogenetic tree with nearly comprehensive taxon sampling of African angraecoid orchids suggested that this genus was polyphyletic, as its species appear nested within different subclades of the Cyrtorchis-Tridactyle Glade. However, the lack of DNA data for the generic type, R. muscicola (Rchb. f.) Summerh., and for the little-known species R. longicaudata (Rolfe) Summerh. and R. trilobata Summerh., has precluded an integrative reappraisal of the delimitation of this genus. Here we present the results of a new phylogenetic analysis of one nuclear (ITS) and five plastid markers (matK, rps16, trnC-petN intergenic spacer, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer, ycf1) for all six species of Rangaeris, including those recently transferred to Podangis Schltr. and Ypsilopus Summerh., together with a representative sampling of 14 other species of the genera Cyrtorchis Schltr., Listrostaehys Rchb. f., Plectrelminthus Raf., Summerhayesia P. J. Cribb, Tridactyle Schltr., and Ypsilopus. Based on molecular and morphological evidence, R muscicola is transferred to Podangis, wheie Rangaeris is reduced to the rank of section. In addition, R. longicaudata and R. trilobata are each moved to new monotypic genera, Planetangis Stevart & Farminhao and Aziza Farminhao & D'haijere, respectively. An identification key for all genera of the Cyrtorchis-Tridactyle Glade is presented, together with one for the three species of recircumscribed Podangis. Finally, taxonomic accounts of the new genera are presented, including amended descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and preliminary conservation status assessments of their species.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "On What Actually Is. The actually-operator, understood as a rigidifier, has been employed for a range of purposes in natural language semantics. In this article I argue that the properties of the operator do not correspond to any feature of natural language or feature natural language users have access to. Nor is it needed to provide a formal representation of natural language sentences-the examples usually provided to illustrate the indispensability of the operator are much more plausibly interpreted using plural quantifiers. This lack of connection to natural language is a serious worry for accounts that appeal to rigidifying operations to explain natural language phenomena, as well as a challenge to theories that appeal to the operator to capture the difference between different kinds of necessity expressed in natural language.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Multi-Agent Systems Orientated to Assist with Daily Activities in the Homes of Elderly and Disabled People. This chapter will describe the objectives and elements of a multi-agent system and in particular, the state-of-the-art of the multi-agents systems orientated to helping elderly and disabled people carry out their daily activities at home. The typical agent models and roles of these multi-agents systems, their requirements, their physical devices such as robots or programmes and their communication methods will be described. As an example, a particular case of a multi-agent system will be described. It is designed in order to assist elderly and disabled people living alone in their homes. Its main objective is to prevent risky situations by monitoring key variables of their daily life. This example will describe the methodology used for the development of the agents and their different roles related to the acquisition of information, the processing of it and the alternative methods used for communicating among the different human participants involved.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Comparison of Rock Varnish Bacterial Communities with Surrounding Non-Varnished Rock Surfaces: Taxon-Specific Analysis and Morphological Description. Rock varnish is a thin layer of Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides with embedded clay minerals that contain an increased Mn/Fe ratio compared to that of the Earth's crust. Even if the study of rock varnish has important implications in several fields, the composition of epilithic bacterial communities and the distribution of taxa on varnish surfaces are still not wholly described. The aim of this study was (i) to identify the bacterial taxa which show the greatest variation between varnish and non-varnish environments, collected from the same rock, and (ii) to describe the morphology of epilithic communities through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Triplicate samples of rock surfaces with varnish and triplicate samples without varnish were collected from five sites in Matsch Valley (South Tyrol, Italy). The V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was analyzed by Illumina sequencing. Fifty-five ubiquitous taxa have been examined to assess variation between varnish and non-varnish. Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria along with minor taxa such as Solirubrobacterales, Conexibaxter, and Rhodopila showed significant variations of abundance, diversity, or both responding to the ecology (presence/absence of varnish). Other taxa, such as the genus Edaphobacter, showed a more marked spatial variation responding to the sampling site. SEM images showed a multitude of bacterial morphologies and structures involved in the process of attachment and creation of a suitable environment for growth. The features emerging from this analysis suggest that the highly oxidative Fe and Mn-rich varnish environment favors anoxigenic autotrophy and establishment of highly specialized bacteria.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 43]}
{"token": "Cloning of an aquaporin-like cDNA and in situ hybridization in adults of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera : Culicidae). A cDNA encoding a putative water channel protein, aquaporin, was cloned from a cDNA library of Aedes aegypti Malpighian tubules. The cDNA encodes a 26.11 kDa protein similar to insect aquaporins from Haematobia irritans exigua (Diptera) and Cicadella viridis (Homoptera), and to mammalian aquaporin 4. Localization of the messenger RNA (mRNA) was performed by in situ hybridization of Malpighian tubules and analysed by fluorescence and confocal microscopy. The mRNA was localized in tracheolar cells associated with the Malpighian tubules. No signal was detected in the Malpighian tubule epithelium. The molecular mechanisms for water movement between tissues and tracheoles are not yet elucidated in insects. Our results suggest a model to explain fluid movements in tracheoles during insect respiration.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
{"token": "In-Situ Chemical Thinning and Surface Doping of Layered Bi2Se3. As a promising topological insulator, two-dimensional (2D) bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) attracts extensive research interest. Controllable surface doping of layered Bi2Se3 becomes a crucial issue for the relevant applications. Here, we propose an efficient method for the chemical thinning and surface doping of layered Bi2Se3, forming Se/Bi2Se3 heterostructures with tunable thickness ranging from a few nanometers to hundreds of nanometers. The thickness can be regulated by varying the reaction time and large-size few-layer Bi2Se3 sheets can be obtained. Different from previous liquid-exfoliation methods that require complex reaction process, in-situ and thickness-controllable exfoliation of large-size layered Bi2Se3 can be realized via the developed method. Additionally, the formation of Se nanomeshes coated on the Bi2Se3 sheets remarkably enhance the intensity of Raman vibration peaks, indicating that this method can be used for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The proposed chemical thinning and surface-doping method is expected to be extended to other bulk-layered materials for high-efficient preparation of 2D heterostructures.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Shifting paradigms, changing waters: Transitioning to integrated urban water management in the coastal city of Dunedin, USA. Issues related to growing urban populations, protecting the environment and adapting to the changing climate cannot be ignored, especially when it comes to providing reliable water supply to urban areas. Sustainable cities look to shift away from the traditional urban water management characterized by a fragmented approach, and transition to form a new paradigm; one that manages the urban water cycle in a more integrated way, as a single resource, satisfying contemporary issues and adapting to future needs.This paper presents Dunedin, a highly urbanized coastal city, as a case study which considers contemporary issues and future needs of urban water supply. Where most IUWM case studies in literature explore only greywater and wastewater reuse, this paper evaluates the entire urban water cycle beginning with the sustainable extraction of groundwater. Dunedin's challenges and responses illustrates IUWM's usefulness in sustainable water use in a nearly closed loop system while providing valuable lessons for cities on a similar trajectory toward improved resilience. Innovative groundwater management strategies, investment in infrastructure technology and aggressive conservation have contributed toward greater sustainability and resilience. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Alpha-Tocopherol-Induced Regulation of Growth and Metabolism in Plants Under Non-stress and Stress Conditions. Alpha-tocopherol (alpha-Toc) is a member of the vitamin E family and is lipid soluble. Its biosynthesis is by the reaction of isopentyl diphosphate and homogentisic acid in plastid membranes. The putative biochemical activities of tocopherols are linked with the formation of tocopherol quinone species, which subsequently undergo degradation and recycling within cells/tissues. alpha-Toc plays a key role in a variety of plant metabolic processes throughout the ontogeny of plants. It can maintain the integrity and fluidity of photosynthesizing membranes. It can also neutralize lipid peroxy radicals, consequently blocking lipid peroxidation by quenching oxidative cations. It preserves membrane integrity by retaining membranous structural components under environmental constraints such as water deficiency, high salt content, toxic metals, high/low temperatures, and radiations. alpha-Toc also induces cellular signalling pathways within biological membranes. Its biosynthesis varies during growth and developmental stages as well as under different environmental conditions. The current review primarily focuses on how alpha-Toc can regulate various metabolic processes involved in promoting plant growth and development under stress and non-stress and how it can effectively counteract the stress-induced high accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Currently, exogenous application of alpha-Toc has been widely reported as a potential means of promoting resistance in plants to a variety of stressful environments.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Time-dependent buckling analysis of SiO2 nanoparticles reinforced concrete columns exposed to fire. Time-dependent buckling of embedded straight concrete columns armed with Silicon dioxide(SiO2) nano-particles exposed to fire is investigated in the present study for the fire time. The column is simulated mathematically with Timoshenko beam model. The governing mass conservation equations to describe heat and moisture transport in concrete containing free water, water vapor, and dry air in conjunction with the conversion of energy are considered. The characteristics of the equivalent composite are determined using Mori-Tanaka approach. The foundation around the column is simulated with spring and shear layer. Employing nonlinear strains-displacements, energy methods and Hamilton's principal, the governing equations are derived. Differential quadrature method (DQM) is used in order to obtain the critical buckling load and critical buckling time of structure. The influences of volume percent of SiO(2)nano-particles, geometrical parameters, elastic foundation and concrete porosity are investigated on the time-dependent buckling behaviours of structure. Numerical results indicate that reinforcing the concrete column with SiO(2)nano-particles, the structure becomes stiffer and the critical buckling load and time increase.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 40, 11]}
{"token": "An Approach to Standardize Methods for Fluence Determination in Bench-Scale Pulsed Light Experiments. Pulsed light (PL) is a fast non-thermal technology for decontamination based on the application of pulses of high-intensity polychromatic light including UV-C light. Continuous-wave (CW) ultraviolet (UV) light technology is based on the application of monochromatic or polychromatic low-intensity light for long times. Appropriate UV dosimetry is fundamental in order to intercompare results and for scaling up. There are standard methods for bench-top CW UV treatments but not for tests involving PL dosimetry. The present article introduces the fundamentals of photochemistry and photophysics, adapts a protocol for CW UV dosimetry to PL tests, and critically revises current ways of reporting results of PL tests.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Existential and Psychological Problems of Aging: The Perspective of Ukrainian Lyrics' Art Representation. Purpose. Aging is intricate process of self-transformation in view of involution of body, loss of sexual attractiveness, but at the same time, old age is a time for reconsideration of self-existence in time and in the world within coherence of life sense targets and their (successful) realization. Unique individual experience of growing old implemented in Ukrainian literature (and lyrics) can complete the data received by gerontology. Moreover gender approach in literary gerontology highlights masculine / feminine phenotypical features of internal reverberating of aging. Theoretical basis. To inquire into existential and psychological problems of aging exemplified in the twentieth-century Ukrainian Lyrics it is seems to be the most effective to employ philosophical (A. Anhelova, V. Demidov, T. Dziuba, K. Pigrov, S. Lishaev, O. Khrystenko and others) and psychological (O. Berezina, S. Hamilton, V. Savchyn, Y. Sapogova and others) approaches in gerontology, as well as feministic studies on elder female body discrimination, in particular in literature (K. Woodward, J. King). Originality. This research paves the way to the development of gender and literary dimensions in Ukrainian gerontology and anthropology in general. Some of the existential and psychological problems of aging (as anxiety of body involution and decline of strength, as well as finding the compensatory pleasure in wisdom and spiritual treasures) are revealed on the material of 20th-century Ukrainian poetry (N. Livytska-Kholodna, B. Lepkyi, M. Zerov, Yurii Klen, Y. Malaniuk, Y. Tarnawsky, I. Zhylenko, S. Yovenko and others). The individual lyric experience of aging in different gender moods is anchored mostly in psychic, mental, sense-life strategies. Conclusions. Among the feminine strategies of aging self-reception there are observation of own elder body with anxiety and fear, its \\\\'invisibility\\\\', deepened feelings of loneliness, self-estrangement, but also finding the sense of life and soul harmony in own family, offspring. Masculine self-reception of aging deals with ideal spiritual model of Wise old man - more abstract than personal; masculine anxiety is caused by physical bodily declining, not attractiveness, but strength and power loosing.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Class I hydrophobin BcHpb1 is important for adhesion but not for later infection of Botrytis cinerea. Hydrophobins are small secreted proteins unique to filamentous fungi. In this study, we cloned and characterized the class I hydrophobin gene BcHpb1 in the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. The BcHpb1 protein consisted of 117 amino acids. Similar to class I hydrophobins from other fungi, BcHpb1 contains eight conserved cysteine residues. The hydropathy plot of the BcHpb1 amino acid sequence was characteristic of a class I hydrophobin. These results indicated that the BcHpb1 gene encodes a class I hydrophobin. Vegetative growth of Delta BcHpb1 strains, null mutants of BcHpb1, was similar to that of the wild-type strain as were the conidiophores, conidia, appressoria and virulence on host plants. However, adherence of Delta BcHpb1 strains to hydrophobic surfaces was greatly reduced, implying that BcHpb1 is important for the hydrophobicity of conidia and that BcHpb1 may be required to adhere to plant surfaces under certain environmental conditions.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Processing Therapy Delivered Sequentially to a Woman Veteran: A Promising Alternative to Concurrent Dialectical Behavior Therapy-Prolonged Exposure. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are complex and chronic conditions that result in impairment across a number of clinically significant domains. Although the two diagnoses reflect distinct clinical syndromes, they often present comorbidly. Furthermore, the comorbidity of the two diagnoses predicts increased symptomatology and may also result in treatment difficulties that would not arise when treating PTSD without a concurrent BPD diagnosis. The challenging nature of comorbid PTSD and BPD diagnoses has led to an increased interest in integrative approaches to treating both diagnoses together. Recent research has suggested that the integration of prolonged exposure (PE; an evidence-based therapy for PTSD) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT; an evidence-based therapy for BPD) into one treatment approach (CBT-PE) can offer superior outcomes when compared to treating each diagnosis separately. However, at this time, the literature does not document any such examinations with regards to cognitive processing therapy (CPT), another evidence-based therapy for PTSD. This paper reflects a first step towards exploring the integration of CPT and DBT. In this case, a female-identified military Veteran seeking care at a Veterans Affairs healthcare system was treated utilizing integrated, though sequential, CPT and DBT. The clinical results of this case are discussed, as are the implications for other clinicians considering integrating CPT and DBT.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Behavioral ecology of disturbed landscapes: the response of territorial animals to relocation. Intraspecific territorial interactions are common for a large variety of wildlife species. This often results in high-quality habitat being occupied by dominant individuals, with subordinates relegated to lower quality habitat. The role that these territorial interactions play in influencing the redistribution of animals that have been evicted from their native home ranges remains unclear. My goals were to determine (1) how the density of conspecifics in the new habitats impacts resettlement patterns and (2) to what extent prior dominance status is maintained when an animal is forced to relocate. I relocated white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) from high-quality, oak-dominated hardwood and lower quality, white pine forests to novel sites and released them along the ecotone of these two habitat types. I relocated mice first in the presence and then in the absence of a natural density of resident mice. Habitat selection and resource acquisition of relocated mice were assessed via,mark-recapture live-trapping and passive integrated transponder tagging. Relocated mice selected high-quality habitat significantly more often when resident mice were absent, illustrating the importance of territorial interactions for determining resettlement patterns of relocated individuals. Data on resource acquisition also reflected the competitive influence of resident mice-relocated mice were significantly more successful accessing food resources in the treatment without residents. The habitat of origin did not significantly impact habitat selection or resource acquisition, indicating that all relocated individuals were at a disadvantage compared to residents.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 42, 55, 47]}
{"token": "Origin of light volatile hydrocarbon gases in mud volcano fluids, Gulf of Cadiz - Evidence for multiple sources and transport mechanisms in active sedimentary wedges. Widespread mud volcanism across the thick (<= 14 km) seismically active sedimentary prism of the Gulf of Cadiz is driven by tectonic activity along extensive strike-slip faults and thrusts associated with the accommodation of the Africa-Eurasia convergence and building of the Arc of Gibraltar, respectively. An investigation of eleven active sites located on the Moroccan Margin and in deeper waters across the wedge showed that light volatile hydrocarbon gases vented at the mud volcanoes (MVs) have distinct, mainly thermogenic, origins. Gases of higher and lower thermal maturities are mixed at Ginsburg and Mercator MVs on the Moroccan Margin, probably because high maturity gases that are trapped beneath evaporite deposits are transported upwards at the MVs and mixed with shallower, less mature, thermogenic gases during migration. At all other sites except for the westernmost Porto MV, delta C-13-CH4 and delta H-2-CH4 values of similar to -50 parts per thousand and -200 parts per thousand, respectively, suggest a common origin for methane; however, the ratio of CH4/(C2H6 + C3H8) varies from similar to 10 to > 7000 between sites. Mixing of shallow biogenic and deep thermogenic gases cannot account for the observed compositions which instead result mainly from extensive migration of thermogenic gases in the deeply-buried sediments, possibly associated with biodegradation of C2+ homologues and secondary methane production at Captain Arutyunov and Carlos Ribeiro MVs. At the deep-water Bonjardim, Olenin and Carlos Ribeiro MVs, generation of C2+-enriched gases is probably promoted by high heat flux anomalies which have been measured in the western area of the wedge. At Porto MV, gases are highly enriched in CH4 having delta C-13-CH4 similar to -50 parts per thousand, as at most sites, but markedly lower delta H-2-CH4 Values < -250 parts per thousand, suggesting that it is not generated by thermal cracking of n-alkanes but rather that it has a deep Archaeal origin. The presence of petroleum-type hydrocarbons is consistent with a thermogenic origin, and at sites where CH4 is predominant support the suggestion that gases have experienced extensive transport during which they mobilized oil from sediments similar to 2-4 km deep. These fluids then migrate into shallower, thermally immature muds, driving their mobilization and extrusion at the seafloor. At Porto MV, the limited presence of petroleum in mud breccia sediments further supports the hypothesis of a predominantly deep microbial origin of CH4. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Modelling of gas-solid-liquid flow and particle mixing in a rotary drum. Solid-liquid rotary drums have been widely practised in various industries, while the complex multiphase hydrodynamics hinders the understanding and optimisation of these apparatuses. In this work, the computational fluid dynamics-discrete element methoddata (CFD-DEM) coupled with volume of fluid (VOF) is developed to describe the gas-solid-liquid flow and mixing behaviours in a rotary drum considering inter-particle collisions, inter-phase interactions, and interface morphology. A smoothing method is used to link the quantities between the particle and computational grids, allowing the fine grids to resolve flow details such as the gas-liquid interface position and curvature. After model validations, the typical mixing behaviours of gas-solid-liquid flow in a rotary drum are studied. The effects of liquid presence and rotating speed on particle-scale behaviours (e.g., repose angle, active-passive zone depth, solid residence time and contact force chain) and the time evolved mixing performance (e.g., mixing index and dispersion) are studied. The results show a positive correlation of the active depth, mixing degree, and particle dispersion with the rotating speed. The liquid presence leads to a deeper active depth, prolonged solid residence time in the active zone, and lower contact force. The work sheds light on the design and process optimization of rotary drums.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Embedded Coded Relay System for Molecular Communications. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) has urged scientists and industrialists to explore modern information and communication technology (ICT) as a means to reduce or even eliminate it. The World Health Organization recently reported that the virus may infect the organism through any organ in the living body, such as the respiratory, the immunity, the nervous, the digestive, or the cardiovascular system. Targeting the abovementioned goal, we envision an implanted nanosystem embedded in the intra living-body network. The main function of the nanosystem is either to perform diagnosis and mitigation of infectious diseases or to implement a targeted drug delivery system (i.e., delivery of the therapeutic drug to the diseased tissue or targeted cell). The communication among the nanomachines is accomplished via communication-based molecular diffusion. The control/interconnection of the nanosystem is accomplished through the utilization of Internet of bio-nano things (IoBNT). The proposed nanosystem is designed to employ a coded relay nanomachine disciplined by the decode and forward (DF) principle to ensure reliable drug delivery to the targeted cell. Notably, both the sensitivity of the drug dose and the phenomenon of drug molecules loss before delivery to the target cell site in long-distance due to the molecules diffusion process are taken into account. In this paper, a coded relay NM with conventional coding techniques such as RS and Turbo codes is selected to achieve minimum bit error rate (BER) performance and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while the detection process is based on maximum likelihood (ML) probability and minimum error probability (MEP). The performance analysis of the proposed scheme is evaluated in terms of channel capacity and bit error rate by varying system parameters such as relay position, number of released molecules, relay and receiver size. Analysis results are validated through simulation and demonstrate that the proposed scheme can significantly improve delivery performance of the desirable drugs in the molecular communication system.", "label": [1, 4, 40, 11]}
{"token": "Gamma, neutron shielding and mechanical parameters for lead vanadate glasses. Alkali lead vanadate glasses with moderate concentrations of PbO were prepared and analyzed to test their use as promising candidates for radiation shielding. The physical parameters of these glasses are specified and discussed in details. The code MCNPX was utilized to determine the mass attenuation coefficient mu(m) that is used to evaluate the interaction of radiation with shielding materials. The results were then compared with the values collected from the XMuDat program and XCOM. The simulation results overlaps and highly correlated with XMuDat and XCOM. In addition, the results showed that mu(m) the effective atomic number (Z(eff)), removal cross-sections, (Sigma(R)) and experimental results of the prepared glasses increase, while the half value layer (HVL), exposure and energy absorption build-up factor (EBF and EABF) values decrease with the increase of lead oxide (PbO) content from 30 to 45 mol%. In order to maximize the benefits from the determination of the radiation factors, the experimentally determined physical parameters and the elastic coefficients of this type of glass were also calculated.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "The Strategic Use of International Institutions in Dispute Settlement. How does the existence of an international institution change the strategic calculations of states engaged in an international dispute? This paper investigates the question by modeling an international institution as an alternative to bilateral bargaining for a dispute settlement. The equilibrium results show that only one of the two countries may find the option of appealing to an international institution attractive, and that the institution can influence the bargaining outcome even when it is not directly involved in settling the dispute. Moreover, the results show that countries condition their behavior on the type of the institution that they are dealing with: While a high capacity institution can induce cooperation, a low capacity institution does not. These findings have important implications for WTO reforms and provide an explanation for restrictive membership adopted by many significant international institutions.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "New configurations of a roof solar collector maximizing natural ventilation. The paper discusses the performance of a construction element: the Roof Solar Collector (RSC) with regard to maximizing the rate of induced natural ventilation, which contributes to the improvement of indoor thermal comfort of houses. The RSC configuration was made by using modern materials: CPAC monier concrete tiles on the outside and gypsum board on the inside. The comparison of numerical results with available experimental data validated the developed model. The effect of RSC parameters, mainly tilt angle and length, was analyzed numerically. Finally, new configurations of RSC were proposed and discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Order-restricted linear congruences. We call the congruence a(1)x(1)+ ... +a(k)x(k) equivalent to b (mod n) an order-restricted linear congruence if x(1) >= ... >= x(k). What can we say about the number of solutions of these congruences? In this paper we consider the special case of a(i) = 1 (1 <= i <= k), and using a result from the theory of partitions and also properties of Ramanujan sums and of the discrete Fourier transform of arithmetic functions, give an explicit formula for the number of solutions of such congruences. This generalizes the result of Riordan (1962) which gives an explicit formula for the special case of a(i) = 1 (1 <= i <= k), k = n, b = 0. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "A novel carbazole-based ratiometric fluorescent sensor for Zn2+ recognition through excimer formation and application of the resultant complex for colorimetric recognition of oxalate through IDAs. A new carbazole-based Zn2+ selective fluorescent sensor L has been developed. In CH3CN/H2O (1:1, v/v, HEPES 10 mM, pH=7.4) solution, L displays selective and ratiometric responses to Zn2+ through excimer formation. The Zn2+ recognition process has good anti-interference ability over other metal ions. The dinuclear complex Zn2L2 was further used as a receptor for oxalate. Through constructing a chemo-sensing ensemble with chromeazurol S, calorimetric recognition of oxalate in water solution was achieved via indicator displacement assays. The oxalate recognition process exhibits obvious color changes from blue to yellow and is naked eye detectable. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Gall-inducing species of Polycoccum (Ascomycota) on the lichen genus Placopsis. BRACKEL, W. V. & BERGER, F. 2010. Gall-inducing species of Polyeoccum (Ascomycota) on the lichen genus Placopsis. - Herzogia 23: 195-204.Three new gall-inducing species of Polycoccum, all dwelling on hosts of the genus Placopsis, are described: Polycoccum deformans on Placopsis lambii and P gelida, Polycoccum perrugosae on Placopsis perrugosa, and Polycoccum islandicum on Placopsis gelida. A key to the lichenicolous fungi currently known on Placopsis is presented.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Particle Dynamics in Ushuaia Bay (Tierra del Fuego)-Potential Effect on Dissolved Oxygen Depletion. This study examines the distribution and seasonal evolution of hydrographic, hydrodynamic, and nepheloid layers in Ushuaia Bay and the submerged glacial valley that connects it to the Beagle Channel. The hydrographic structure is highly seasonal, with a total mixing of the water column in winter and the appearance of a pycnocline between 50 and 70 m deep from spring to late autumn, mainly due to desalination. A counter-clockwise current sweeps the entire bay regardless of the season or phase of the tide. This current is at its maximum in the surface layer, allowing the rapid renewal of the bay's waters, while deep currents are weak and imply a slow renewal of the valley's waters. Turbid and oxygen-depleted structures are observed in summer in the valley. The combination of seasonal stratification, high organic matter inputs from planktonic production, oxygen consumption for remineralization, and sluggish circulation results in a decrease in near-bottom oxygen concentration in the glacial valley at the end of the stratified season, before mixing and re-oxygenation of the water column during the southern winter. The possible impact of dissolved oxygen depletion in the bottom waters of the valley on benthic organisms, like crustaceans, is discussed.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "At the end of the road? On differences between women and men in leadership behaviour. Design/methodology/approach - In order to eliminate any effects of organizational differences on leadership behaviour, this study had public managers responding to questionnaires that measured their leadership style, decision-making style, and motivation profile.Originality/value - A number of studies indicate that managers' behaviour is different in different types of organizations. This study suggests, therefore, that, independent of gender, organizational and demographic characteristics modify leadership behaviours, thus explaining similarities in leadership behaviour.Findings - Statistical analyses of data from three groups of Swedish public managers (n = 385) revealed virtually no significant differences in behaviour between female and male managers. Regardless of whether there is a female or male majority of employees or a female or male majority of managers, no effect on leadership behaviour occurs.Purpose - This study aims to explore behavioural differences between women and men in managerial positions and suggest explanations for differences and similarities.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "A Novel Marsupial Hepatitis A Virus Corroborates Complex Evolutionary Patterns Shaping the Genus Hepatovirus. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a ubiquitous cause of acute hepatitis in humans. Recent findings revealed the evolutionary origins of HAV and the genus Hepatovirus defined by HAV in mammals other than primates in general and in small mammals in particular. The factors shaping the genealogy of extant hepatoviruses are unclear. We sampled marsupials, one of the most ancient mammalian lineages, and identified a novel marsupial HAV (MHAV). The novel MHAV shared specific features with HAV, including hepatotropism, antigenicity, genome structure, and a common ancestor in phylogenetic reconstructions. Coevolutionary analyses revealed that host-independent evolutionary patterns contributed most to the current phylogeny of hepatoviruses and that MHAV was the most drastic example of a cross-order host switch of any hepatovirus observed so far. The divergence of marsupials from other mammals offers unique opportunities to investigate HAV species barriers and whether mechanisms of HAV immune control are evolutionarily conserved.The discovery of highly diverse nonprimate hepatoviruses illuminated the evolutionary origins of hepatitis A virus (HAV) ancestors in mammals other than primates. Marsupials are ancient mammals that diverged from other Eutheria during the Jurassic. Viruses from marsupials may thus provide important insight into virus evolution. To investigate Hepatovirus macroevolutionary patterns, we sampled 112 opossums in northeastern Brazil. A novel marsupial HAV (MHAV) in the Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) was detected by nested reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). MHAV concentration in the liver was high, at 2.5 x 10(9) RNA copies/g, and at least 300-fold higher than those in other solid organs, suggesting hepatotropism. Hepatovirus seroprevalence in D. aurita was 26.6% as determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Endpoint titers in confirmatory immunofluorescence assays were high, and marsupial antibodies colocalized with anti-HAV control sera, suggesting specificity of serological detection and considerable antigenic related ness between HAV and MHAV. MHAV showed all genomic hallmarks defining hepatoviruses, including late-domain motifs likely involved in quasi-envelope acquisition, a predicted C-terminal pX extension of VP1, strong avoidance of CpG dinucleotides, and a type 3 internal ribosomal entry site. Translated polyprotein gene sequence distances of at least 23.7% from other hepatoviruses suggested that MHAV represents a novel Hepatovirus species. Conserved predicted cleavage sites suggested similarities in polyprotein processing between HAV and MHAV. MHAV was nested within rodent hepatoviruses in phylogenetic reconstructions, suggesting an ancestral hepatovirus host switch from rodents into marsupials. Cophylogenetic reconciliations of host and hepatovirus phylogenies confirmed that hostindependent macroevolutionary patterns shaped the phylogenetic relationships of extant hepatoviruses. Although marsupials are synanthropic and consumed as wild game in Brazil, HAV community protective immunity may limit the zoonotic potential of MHAV.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Cold stress induces specific antioxidant responses in honey bee brood. Multiple harmful factors cause chronic sub-lethal stress in managed honey bee colonies. In weak colonies, worker bees may not efficiently maintain the optimum temperature (33-36 degrees C) in peripheral brood development areas. A short period at 25 degrees C induces physiological adjustments and increases the mortality in honey bee brood reared in vitro. Molecular damage due to oxidative imbalance can be one of the main causes of mortality when organisms are under stress. Here, we demonstrate that in vitro rearing honey bee brood exposed 3 days at sub-optimal temperature (25 degrees C) does not lead to H2O2 accumulation and oxidative protein damage. Cold-stressed honey bee brood showed increased levels of both total antioxidant status (TAS) and expression of peroxiredoxins PRX1 and PRX4, but not of catalase activity. Results indicate that specific antioxidant defenses induced in honey bee brood under moderated cold stress are enough to keep H2O2 levels under control and avoid major protein damages. It is concluded that the increase of mortality in cold-stressed brood are due to multifactor's, beyond uncontrolled oxidative injuries.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Is nanofiltration an efficient technology to recover and stabilize phenolic compounds from guava (Psidium guajava) leaves extract?. Guava leaves (Psidium guajava) are popularly known due to their effects antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, and functional properties. Processes for the concentration of these extracts are necessary since their pharmacological effects are dose-dependent. In this work, guava leaves aqueous extract (GE) concentration was carried out in nanofiltration (NF) equipment. Process performance was evaluated in terms of permeate flux, flux decline modeling, and extract quality (compounds characterization, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity). NF allowed an increase in phenolic compounds next to 20-times, retention coefficients of total phenolic compounds (99%) and enhanced antioxidant capacity (an increase of 4 and 9-fold for ABTS and DPPH, respectively) compared to the initial GE. Forty-two phenolic compounds were identified, being catechin (594.56 mg mL-1) and vescalagin (295.39 mg mL-1) the main compounds. All phenolics pre-sented a significant increase (p < 0.05) after the concentration suggesting that NF is efficient for the recovery and concentration of bioactive compounds and poses as an alternative to obtain functional products and improve added value in agro-industrial residues.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "The elusive sources of legitimacy beliefs: Civil society views of international election observers. When do members of civil society view international election observers as legitimate? Motivated by recent work on the legitimacy of international organizations, we evaluate what type of information affects non-governmental organizations' (NGOs) beliefs about international election observer groups, which include both intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) that seek to exercise authority, often regarding the same elections. Specifically, we examine the effects of two different types of information: information about the observers' objective substantive features versus information that serves as heuristic shortcuts. Three survey-based experiments - one in Kenya and the others global - prime NGO respondents with information about both real and hypothetical election observer groups in ways intended to affect their votes for which organizations should be invited to observe the next election in their countries. In general, the primes about the objective substantive sources of legitimacy beliefs failed to produce consistent, measurable changes in responses among NGOs across both the hypothetical and real-world observer groups. That is, telling NGOs about the qualities of the organizations work failed to change perceptions. What mattered instead, however, was an organizations' prominence or type, features that likely served as heuristic shortcuts. The findings, however, varied depending on whether we used hypothetical or real organizations. With hypothetical organizations, NGO respondents preferred other NGOs, suggesting an isomorphism heuristic. Conversely, with real organizations NGO respondents preferred more prominent and well-known intergovernmental organizations. This suggests that the isomorphism and prominence of observer organizations can drive legitimacy beliefs. Given the differences between using real versus hypothetical organizations, however, it also cautions against using hypothetical actors in survey experiments.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Effect of hyperosmotic stimulation on aquaporins gene expression in chick kidney. Birds can produce hyperosmotic urine, but their renal morphology differs from that of mammals. Recent studies in mammals, suggested that various aquaporins (AQPs) are present in the kidney and play crucial roles in urine production. To elucidate the role of AQPs; in the avian kidney, we first examined for the presence of AQP1, 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9 mRNAs in the chick (Gallus gallus) kidney by RT-PCR analysis. Next, we quantified variations of AQPs mRNAs levels in chick kidney after hyperosmotic stimulation (water-deprivation or salt-loading) by real-time RT-PCR analysis. Our study showed that in addition to AQP1, 2, 3, 4 and 7, chick kidney also expressed AQP9 and that hyperosmotic stimulation induced changes in AQPs; expression. In particular, water-deprivation increased AQP2 and AQP3 mRNAs levels. whereas salt-loading induced a significant increase in AQP1, AQP2 and AQP9 mRNAs levels. AQP4 and AQP7 mRNA levels were not affected by any hyperosmotic stimulation. Taken together, these results indicated that the presence of AQPs in chick kidney is similar to that in mammals, that the chick kidney has an additional AQP9 and that AQP1, 2, 3 and 9 may play a crucial but different role in water permeability in this organ. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42, 47]}
{"token": "Democracy and Elections amid the COVID 19 Pandemic: The Case of Burundi. How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected democratic processes? This paper seeks to examine the dilemma of public health crises during elections. We investigate how the pandemic and government-adopted measures to curb the spread of the virus have given room for abuse of democratic processes, especially in countries holding elections. Our study focuses on the May 2020 elections in Burundi, as it was one of the first countries to hold an election at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Burundi has experienced disputes in previous elections that have resulted in violence. The May 2020 election period thus became an opportunity to examine if the country had learned from its previous challenges. However, as global attention shifted to dealing with the deadly coronavirus, not only have election cycles been affected, but leaders have also found ways to close off the process from observers and the media. This study finds that the COVID-19 pandemic affects pre-and post-election processes by undermining efforts to instill sustainable democratic practices such as elections.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Habitat use and foraging behaviour of Mohua (Mohoua ochrocephala) in the podocarp forest of Ulva Island, New Zealand. The Mohua (Mohoua ochrocephala) is an endangered forest passerine endemic to New Zealand. We examined the habitat use and behaviour of Mohua in podocarp forest after their reintroduction to Ulva Island to determine the suitability of this forest type. When in podocarp forest mohua spent <75% of their time foraging, less than when in beech forest (90%). This suggests that podocarp forest provides more food resources than beech forest and is suitable for Mohua. The birds were frequently observed in the coastal scrub surrounding the island, but this habitat type was not used for foraging. We discovered a seasonal variation in foraging patterns: ripping through bark and epiphytes was predominant in spring, and gleaning in the foliage prevailed in summer. Miro, Rata and Rimu were the preferred foraging trees in the interior forest, and Hall's Totara and Kamahi were consistently avoided in both the forest and along the coast. Variation in the use of tree species throughout the season suggests that a structurally diverse forest community is an important habitat requirement for Mohua, as it provides sufficient resources for all seasons.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Public Organizations and Mission Valence: When Does Mission Matter?. Given the service- and community-oriented nature of organizational goals in the public sector, it is not surprising that public management scholars have highlighted the potential of the missions to be an asset of public organizations. To date, however, little empirical research has investigated ways in which these benefits can be cultivated. The present study of mission valence-based on a sample from a single organization-has formative and developmental value. The authors find that organizational goal clarity, public service motivation, and work impact can increase an organization's mission valence. In addition, the findings validate the importance of mission valence by illustrating its effect on two important human resource outcomes, job satisfaction and absenteeism.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Role of ultrasonography in the management of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: retrospective comparison with technetium-99m sestamibi scintigraphy. Objective Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common endocrine disorder that can be cured only by parathyroidectomy. Cervical ultrasonography and scintigraphy are the imaging studies most widely used for preoperative localization of the affected glands. The aim of this retrospective comparative study was to define the respective roles of ultrasonography and parathyroid scintigraphy in these cases.Conclusions In expert hands, the diagnostic yield of ultrasound is appreciably superior. It can therefore be used as the main and possibly sole method for preoperative localization of pathological parathyroid tissues. Combined use of ultrasound and scintigraphy is not cost-effective in these cases. Scintigraphy is indicated only when the ultrasound examination produces negative results.Results The operator dependency of ultrasonography was confirmed by marked variations in sensitivity related to the experience of the sonographer. When sonography was performed by an expert, the sensitivity of combined use of the two methods was not significantly higher than that of sonography alone.Materials and methods We analyzed 108 patients who had undergone parathyroidectomies for PHPT following cervical ultrasonographic and scintigraphic examinations. The ultrasound examinations were carried out by an expert physician sonographer in 61 cases and by various physician sonographers with different levels of experience in 47 cases. Sonographic and scintigraphic findings were compared with surgical findings and the diagnostic performance of the two imaging methods was evaluated by means of statistical analysis.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Hyperspectral Imaging to Assess the Presence of Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe necator) in cv. Carignan Noir Grapevine Bunches. Powdery mildew is a worldwide major fungal disease for grapevine, which adversely affects both crop yield and produce quality. Disease identification is based on visible signs of a pathogen once the plant has already been infected; therefore, techniques that allow objective diagnosis of the disease are currently needed. In this study, the potential of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology to assess the presence of powdery mildew in grapevine bunches was evaluated. Thirty Carignan Noir grape bunches, 15 healthy and 15 infected, were analyzed using a lab-scale HSI system (900-1700 nm spectral range). Image processing was performed to extract spectral and spatial image features and then, classification models by means of Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) were carried out for healthy and infected pixels distinction within grape bunches. The best discrimination was achieved for the PLS-DA model with smoothing (SM), Standard Normal Variate (SNV) and mean centering (MC) pre-processing combination, reaching an accuracy of 85.33% in the cross-validation model and a satisfactory classification and spatial location of either healthy or infected pixels in the external validation. The obtained results suggested that HSI technology combined with chemometrics could be used for the detection of powdery mildew in black grapevine bunches.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Peasant economy sustainability in peasant markets, Colombia. The primary objective of this research was to thoroughly assess the social, economic, and environmental sustainability of 10 peasant farming production systems linked to Peasant Markets by means of economic, monetary and energy balances, and social analysis. Semistructured interview techniques were employed for data collection during the year 2011. Only three farming production systemsEl Colegio, Villarrica, and Tutawere comprehensively sustainable. In sum, peasant valuation of social and environmental benefits, agroecology, family labor, food self-sufficiency, short food supply chains, market linkage, collective cooperation, peasant pluriactivity, and food processing were all related to the strong sustainability of the peasant economy.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 39]}
{"token": "Quantifying the reliance on different sublexical correspondences in German and English. The type of sublexical correspondences employed during non-word reading has been a matter of considerable debate in the past decades of reading research. Non-words may be read either via small units (graphemes) or large units (orthographic bodies). In addition, grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences may involve context-sensitive correspondences, such as pronouncing an \\\\'a\\\\' as /LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O/ when preceded by a \\\\'w\\\\'. Here, we use an optimisation procedure to explore the reliance on these three types of correspondences in non-word reading. In Experiment 1, we use vowel length in German to show that all three sublexical correspondences are necessary and sufficient to predict the participants' responses. We then quantify the degree to which each correspondence is used. In Experiment 2, we present a similar analysis in English, which is a more complex orthographic system.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Impaired microRNA processing enhances cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. MicroRNAs ( miRNAs) are a new class of small noncoding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of target mRNA transcripts. Many of these target mRNA transcripts are involved in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis(1,2), processes commonly altered during tumorigenesis. Recent work has shown a global decrease of mature miRNA expression in human cancers(3). However, it is unclear whether this global repression of miRNAs reflects the undifferentiated state of tumors or causally contributes to the transformed phenotype. Here we show that global repression of miRNA maturation promotes cellular transformation and tumorigenesis. Cancer cells expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting three different components of the miRNA processing machinery showed a substantial decrease in steady-state miRNA levels and a more pronounced transformed phenotype. In animals, miRNA processing - impaired cells formed tumors with accelerated kinetics. These tumors were more invasive than control tumors, suggesting that global miRNA loss enhances tumorigenesis. Furthermore, conditional deletion of Dicer1 enhanced tumor development in a K-Ras induced mouse model of lung cancer. Overall, these studies indicate that abrogation of global miRNA processing promotes tumorigenesis.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open-label pilot trial of escitalopram. Conclusion: Despite the small sample size and the open-label nature of this trial, these data suggest that escitalopram may be a useful option for patients with OCD.Introduction: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are considered the most effective and well-established pharmacotherapy for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a chronic and disabling condition. However, similar to 40% of patients do not have a significant improvement, suggesting that new medications are needed. This study was designed to investigate the treatment response to escitalopram in OCD patients.Methods: This open-label study involved 11 adult OCD outpatients diagnosed with the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Axis I Disorders. Data were collected and the treatment response was assessed by an experienced psychiatrist by using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Subjects received escitalopram 30 mg/day for 12 weeks starting at 10 mg/day. Dosage adjustments were made within 2 weeks, depending on the tolerability of the patient.Results: Six of the 11 patients (54.5%) presented a reduction of at least 40% in the baseline total Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale scores.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "HISTORIC AND TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF RECENTLY FOUND ARTWORK IN ARITHMETIC BOOKS OF STUDENTS OF WILSON,ALEXANDER. In 1991, The Gutman Library of Harvard University received four handwritten arithmetic books dating from 1800-1803. Two of the books were decorated with stylized birds and a watercolor drawing of a bird was found in one of the books. We conclude that the drawing is of a juvenile Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla), although other species are possible and are discussed. We further conclude that the artist was probably William Bartram. Notes found in the handwritten arithmetic books attribute the decorations to Alexander Wilson, but the evidence is circumstantial and open to alternative explanations. The decorations are mostly of stylized birds rendered in different colors of ink and completed before Wilson's decision to catalogue the birds of North America and his commitment to learn to paint birds under the guidance of William Bartram, an accomplished illustrator and naturalist. If Wilson's, the decorations indicate that he possessed considerable artistic ability and interest in birds prior to undertaking his remarkable ''American Ornithology.''", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Maternal and Child Ill Health as a Household Health Shock - Case Descriptions from a Vulnerability Perspective in Lao Pdr. Household coping strategies during maternal and child health shocks in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) are analysed in this paper. Vulnerability was the consequence of high and immediate medical costs, which forced households to borrow money or sell off assets, and also of poor access to health care as a result of these costs. This, in turn, resulted in income loss and health deterioration. Weaknesses in the health system contributed to vulnerability through low and unstable access to preventive services and limited monitoring of the conditions that threatened the health of women and children. Even when households received timely care, they could face long-term economic impacts as a consequence of their coping strategies. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Identification of vascular disruptor compounds by analysis in zebrafish embryos and mouse embryonic endothelial cells. To identify vascular disruptor compounds (VDCs), this study utilized an in vivo zebrafish embryo vascular model in conjunction with a mouse endothelial cell model to screen a subset of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ToxCast Phase I chemical inventory. In zebrafish, 161 compounds were screened and 34 were identified by visual inspection as VDCs, of which 28 were confirmed as VDCs by quantitative image analysis. Testing of the zebrafish VDCs for their capacity to inhibit endothelial tube formation in the murine yolk-sac-derived endothelial cell line C166 identified 22 compounds that both disrupted zebrafish vascular development and murine endothelial in vitro tubulogenesis. Putative molecular targets for the VDCs were predicted using EPA's Toxicological Prioritization Index tool and a VDC signature based on a proposed adverse outcome pathway for developmental vascular toxicity. In conclusion, our screening approach identified 22 novel VDCs, some of which were active at nanomolar concentrations (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Unequal quality of cancer pain management: Disparity in perceived control and proposed solutions. Purpose/Objectives: To examine poverty-related and racial and ethnic disparity in cancer pain management.Data Sources: Published articles, conference proceedings, testimony, and clinical case studies.Implications for Nursing: Oncology nurses and interdisciplinary teams must be aware of disparities in cancer pain management for vulnerable groups, intervene to empower patients through customized educational approaches, and simultaneously implement systemwide strategies to ensure effective pain management and targeted monitoring for high-risk patients.Data Synthesis: Disparity in the quality of cancer pain management exists resulting from interactions among patient, provider, and environmental factors. Irrespective of etiology, disparity results in inadequate management of cancer pain for vulnerable populations (poor patients, ethnic and racial group members, older adults) and is unacceptable in cancer care. Inadequate symptom management affects cancer treatment tolerance, exacerbating disparity in treatment outcomes and affecting end-of-life care.Conclusions: Evidence-based solutions include a systems approach, quality-improvement and quality-assurance processes that expose disparities and enforce evidence-based treatment per national guidelines, and statewide comprehensive cancer planning to target pain management outcomes.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "An example of dependence in a physical model. We consider a model, extensively studied by mathematical physicists, analysing the collective behaviour in the case of dependent random variables.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Dietary divergence in the most sexually size-dimorphic bird. In sexually size-dimorphic species, physiological constraints derived from differences in body size may determine different food requirements and thus a trophic niche divergence between males and females. These relationships between sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and dietary overlap are not well understood in birds. We analyzed differences between the sexes in diet composition, dietary diversity, diet selection, and volume and density of droppings, as well as the dietary overlap between sexes, in the Great Bustard (Otis tarda), the species showing the highest SSD among birds. We discuss the differences that we found in relation to various predictions derived from ecological and physiological differences between the sexes, under the hypothesis that these differences are ultimately determined by the strong SSD of this species. As expected, our best linear mixed-effects food selection models included sex as a main factor explaining differences in diet composition and dietary diversity of Great Bustards throughout the annual cycle. Both sexes were mostly herbivorous, consuming legumes when they were available. Males consumed fewer arthropods, but of significantly larger size, than females. The droppings of males were larger, heavier, and slightly denser than those of females. Males showed higher dietary diversity than females, except during the postmating season. The mean dietary overlap between the sexes was 0.7, one of the smallest values among birds. Overall, our results suggest that the species' extreme SSD along with the distinct reproductive role of each sex might explain the trophic niche divergence in the Great Bustard.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "LAND RETIREMENT AS A TOOL FOR REDUCING AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION. Cropland retirement is one option for reducing agriculturally generated nonpoint source water pollution. This research estimated the welfare effects of cropland retirement in addressing U.S. surface water pollution problems. The social costs of retirement were evaluated with a programming model of the U.S. agriculture sector and were compared to the water quality benefits from reduced soil erosion. Results indicate that land retirement as a primary pollution control tool is expensive, but if appropriately targeted, could generate sufficient benefits to outweigh social costs. The paper also explores shifts in production patterns within and across regions caused by land retirement, and the implications for changes in chemical use and government deficiency payments.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Resource use for reproduction depends on spring arrival time and wintering area in an arctic breeding shorebird. Resources for egg production may come from body reserves stored before breeding (\\\\'capital breeders\\\\') or from food acquired at the breeding site (\\\\'income breeders\\\\'). Arctic migrants were long thought to be capital breeders, because they often arrive at a time when local food availability is still limited. However, later evidence suggested that arctic breeding shorebirds are primarily income breeders, or that they use a mixed strategy depending on laying date. We explored the relationship between laying date and resource use for reproduction in the pectoral sandpiper Calidris melanotos breeding in the Alaskan arctic by contrasting carbon isotope (delta 13C) values of the local diet and of maternal plasma, cellular blood, feather and claw with those of the eggs produced. Our results revealed that early breeding females utilize resources for egg production that were acquired recently at staging areas, whereas later breeding females mostly relied on nutrients derived from local food sources. These findings suggest that the resource allocation strategy used for reproduction differs among females, and varies depending on the timing of arrival and the start of reproduction. The arrival date at the breeding ground and laying date may critically depend on non-breeding season events such as winter habitat choice, staging areas or migration routes. By comparing maternal feather delta 13C, claw delta 13C and feather delta D, we examined whether non-breeding season events influenced the use of resources for egg production through variation in capture date or clutch initiation date. Female pectoral sandpipers originating from moulting areas characterized by higher (more positive) delta D signatures were caught earlier and started laying earlier, and they used stored resources for reproduction. Using regional maps of delta D values for precipitation in the wintering sites in South America, we compared the spatial variation in the observed feather delta D signatures. This analysis indicated that female pectoral sandpipers with higher delta D signatures, presumably coming from more north-easterly wintering sites in southern America, started laying earlier and used mostly stored resources for egg production, compared to females that wintered (or at least moulted) further south. Our results thus show that winter moulting habitat is linked to breeding resource allocation strategy in this high-arctic breeding shorebird.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Niche segregation of Himalayan river birds. The Himalayan Mountains have more specialist river birds than anywhere on earth, but factors permitting their coexistence have not been evaluated. We examined potential ecological segregation of five sympatric insectivores based on diet, morphology, and foraging behavior during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons in central Nepal. Little Forktails (Enicurus scouleri) and Brown Dippers (Cinclus pallasii) were highly aquatic in habitat use and diet (89-96% of prey of aquatic origin), but took prey that differed in size and composition. Spotted Forktails (E. maculatus) foraged primarily along channel margins, and took more aquatic than terrestrial prey (59% vs. 40%). White-capped (Chaimorrornis leucocephalus) and Plumbeous (Rhyacornis fuliginosus) water redstarts took primarily terrestrial or aerial prey by gleaning marginal surfaces and flycatching over channels. Two species were similar morphologically (Little Forktail and Plumbeous Water Redstart), but had different diets. Our results illustrate clear ecological separation among this guild of co-occurring river birds on one or more niche dimensions that we suggest is mediated by the physical complexity of mountain, riverine habitats.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Real-Time Evaluation and Visualization of Learner Performance in a Mixed-Reality Environment for Clinical Breast Examination. We investigate the efficacy of incorporating real-time feedback of user performance within mixed-reality environments (MREs) for training real-world tasks with tightly coupled cognitive and psychomotor components. This paper presents an approach to providing real-time evaluation and visual feedback of learner performance in an MRE for training clinical breast examination (CBE). In a user study of experienced and novice CBE practitioners (n = 69), novices receiving real-time feedback performed equivalently or better than more experienced practitioners in the completeness and correctness of the exam. A second user study (n = 8) followed novices through repeated practice of CBE in the MRE. Results indicate that skills improvement in the MRE transfers to the real-world task of CBE of human patients. This initial case study demonstrates the efficacy of MREs incorporating real-time feedback for training real-world cognitive-psychomotor tasks.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Homeric thumos: The early history of gender, emotion, and politics. Although most political theories imply some view of the role of emotion in political life, some are hostile to emotion; and no general treatment of the emotional has yet been written in normative political theory. The theoretical study of political emotion should begin with the history of ancient Greek thumos as understood by Homer, who wrote free of the philosophical elevation of reason. Recent theorists have understood thumos as the angry and manly defense of one's own honor, family, and country. In Homer's Iliad, thumos motivates both men and women, participates in deliberation, and suggests nor one disposition or emotion, but many emotions. The typical readings of ancient thumos neglect these elements in Homer, and fail to investigate the relationship between political regime and emotion. Employing recent studies of emotion, I articulate the mutual effect of political organization, morality, and emotional character focusing particularly on the story of Achilles.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Sickness absence and return to work rates in women with breast cancer. Most women are diagnosed with breast cancer when they are of working age. How long are breast cancer patients absent? How many of them return to work?The mean +/- A standard error of mean duration of absence due to breast cancer was 349 +/- A 5 days. Thirty-seven percent of absences lasted longer than one year and 12% of absences lasted longer than 2 years particularly in women aged 25-34 years.The mean duration of sickness absence due to breast cancer was nearly a year, but most women returned to work. The results of the study can be used as a reference for return to work of women following breast cancer.ArboNed Occupational Health Services documents sickness absence data of 1 million workers of whom 40% were women. Between 2001 and 2005, 2,259 women had 2,361 episodes of sickness absence due to breast cancer. These absence episodes were followed for 2 years using Kaplan-Meier analysis.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Advanced breeding time in line with climate did not affect productivity of Great Reed Warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus despite the shortening of the nestling period. Recent climate warming has resulted in advancement in laying dates and changes in various bird breeding parameters. The study of the breeding biology of Great Reed Warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus was carried out at Milicz fishponds (SW Poland) during 18 discontinuous breeding seasons between 1970 and 2017. Over the study period, Great Reed Warblers started breeding progressively earlier; both the earliest and median first egg laying dates advanced, whereas the latest laying dates remained unchanged. Egg volume and clutch size did not change between 1972 and 2017. Mean clutch size of all nesting attempts was 4.8 (SD = 0.69, n = 1135). Nestling growth rates were similar in 1971 and 2016. Nestling period shortened during the study period. The decrease amounted to 0.7 days between 1970-1984 and 2004-2017. No temporal trends in fledgling production were observed. The proportion of successful broods varied considerably between years (range: 37% -76%) but did not show any consistent trend throughout the study period. More cases of Cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism were observed in 1997-2017 than in 1970-1984 (7% of nest losses versus 0 respectively), whereas starvation of nestlings was more frequent in 1970-1984 (10% versus 2% of nest losses). Breeding densities varied between seasons with no significant trend across the study years. This study concludes that the advanced start of breeding has not significantly influenced basic parameters of breeding ecology of the Great Reed Warbler.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Toward a Networks and Boundaries Approach to Early Complex Polities The Late Shang Case. The past 10 years have seen a reorientation of archaeological political theory from a focus on neoevolutionary classification and \\\\'state origins\\\\' to a focus on the operation of ancient polities. This trend, while promising, nonetheless frequently retains problematic habits of earlier approaches, including the tendency to slip into reductionist classificatory exercises. Furthermore, I argue that the naturalized experience of nation-states and the legacy of modernist political theory form an unexamined yet pernicious influence. In ancient contexts, the reified anachronism of \\\\'the state\\\\' is better understood in terms of a nexus of networks of power and authority and the imagined political communities with which they articulate. I suggest that both polity networks and polity ideas should then be analyzed in terms of their discursive, practical, and material aspects and the relationships between them. Relatively understudied and still undeservingly peripheral to the generation of ancient political models in archaeology, Shang China will form the basis of a case study in the application of the networks and boundaries approach proposed here. Drawing on archaeological, epigraphic, and transmitted textual sources, I will sketch an outline of Shang political geography, discursive structures, practices of power/authority, networks of capital, and boundaries of political identity.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "A halocarbon survey from a seagrass dominated subtropical lagoon, Ria Formosa (Portugal): flux pattern and isotopic composition. In this study we report fluxes of chloromethane (CH3Cl), bromomethane (CH3Br), iodomethane (CH3I), and bromoform (CHBr3) from two sampling campaigns (summer and spring) in the seagrass dominated subtropical lagoon Ria Formosa, Portugal. Dynamic flux chamber measurements were performed when seagrass patches were either air-exposed or submerged. Overall, we observed highly variable fluxes from the seagrass meadows and attributed them to diurnal cycles, tidal effects, and the variety of possible sources and sinks in the seagrass meadows. The highest emissions with up to 130 nmolm(-2) h(-1) for CH3Br were observed during tidal changes, from air exposure to submergence and conversely. Furthermore, during the spring campaign, the emissions of halocarbons were significantly elevated during tidal inundation as compared to air exposure.A rough global upscaling yields annual productions from seagrass meadows of 2.3-4.5 Gg yr(-1), 0.5-1.0 Gg yr(-1), 0.6-1.2 Gg yr(-1), and 1.9-3.7 Gg yr(-1) for CH3Cl, CH3Br, CH3I, and CHBr3 respectively. This suggests a minor contribution from seagrass meadows to the global production of CH3Cl and CH3Br with about 0.1 and 0.7 %, respectively. In comparison to the known marine sources for CH3I and CHBr3, seagrass meadows are rather small sources.Accompanying water sampling performed during both campaigns revealed elevated concentrations of CH3Cl and CH3Br, indicating productive sources within the lagoon. Stable carbon isotopes of halocarbons from the air and water phase along with source signatures were used to allocate the distinctive sources and sinks in the lagoon. Results suggest that CH3Cl was rather originating from seagrass meadows and water column than from salt marshes. Aqueous and atmospheric CH3Br was substantially enriched in C-13 in comparison to source signatures for seagrass meadows and salt marshes. This suggests a significant contribution from the water phase on the atmospheric CH3Br in the lagoon.", "label": [4, 37, 38]}
{"token": "Women in Defense of Workers: Ella Winter, the literary left, and labor journalism in California. Left-wing, middle-class journalists such as Ella Winter contributed decisively to the labor rebellion of the 1930s. In contrast to mainstream labor reporting, they practiced a form of anti-fascist, working-class journalism that consistently linked the drive for collective bargaining to a larger movement for social and economic justice. Winter and other writers such as Miriam deFord and Emily Joseph carried forward a tradition of labor defense, socialist feminism, and free speech advocacy that originated in the bohemian left of the early twentieth century. Rather than reducing women's activism to communist intrigue or the exigencies of the economic crisis, this essay seeks out the deeper roots of women's working-class journalism in the 1930s. It finds them in the democratic and aesthetic aspirations of the pre-Bolshevik left, even while it addresses the critical impact that the crisis of capitalism and the rise of fascism had on socialist feminist writers. Functioning as mediators, organizers, and witnesses to the movement, they bridged the gap between the middle and working classes, chronicling the experiences and articulating the aspirations of a multiracial proletariat. For these writers, radical commitment and responsible social commentary seemed entirely compatible. Out of this conviction, Winter and others helped build a cross-class coalition in California. In addition, they carved out lives of social purpose that allowed them to achieve a measure of female independence and professional achievement.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Characterization of human adipose-derived stem cells. RESULTS: Human ASCs were able to replicate in our culture conditions. The cells maintained their phenotypes throughout the studied period on different passages confirming they suitability for in vitro cultivation. We also induced their adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, verifying their mesenchymal stem cells potentiality in vitro. Flow cytometry results showed that these cells expressed CD73, CD90 and CD105, (mesenchymal stem-cells markers), contrasting with the lack of expression of CD16, CD34 and CD45 (hematopoietic cells markers).PURPOSE: There is a growing scientific interest in the plasticity and therapeutic potential of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), which are multipotent and abundant in adipose tissue and can differentiate in vitro into multiple lineages, including adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, neural cells, endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. The aim of this study was to isolate, cultivate and identify ASCs.METHODS: Human adipose precursor cells were obtained from subcutaneous abdominal tissue. Recently dispersed cells were separated by density centrifugation gradient, cultured and then analyzed.CONCLUSION: It was possible to isolate human adipose-derived stem cells by in vitro cultivation without adipogenic induction, maintaining their functional integrity and high proliferation levels. The cells demonstrated adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potential in vitro.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Priority setting for health technology assessment - Theoretical considerations and practical approaches - A paper produced by the priority setting subgroup of the EUR ASSESS project. This report is about setting priorities for health technology assessment (HTA). HTA examines systematically the consequences of the application of health technologies (broadly defined to include any health care intervention) to support decision making in policy and practice. Only a fraction of existing health technologies have been formally evaluated, and many more appear each year. Resources for HTA are, however, limited so that priorities have to be set, whether explicitly or implicitly. The aim of setting priorities for HTA should be to identify those assessments that offer the greatest benefits in relation to their cost, and thus to maximize the benefit derived from investments in HTA.Various theoretical models and practical systems have been developed for setting priorities for HTA. Few, however, have been formally evaluated, and this report does not recommend any single approach. Instead, it analyzes (in chapters 2 and 3) the process of setting priorities and offers (in chapter 4) some practical guidance to help those wishing to set priorities for HTA to develop a system suited to their particular needs and circumstances.HTA is an important tool in the identification of priorities for health care, but this report is not directly concerned with the identification of priorities for health care. It is intended to help those wishing to set priorities for HTA.Some approaches to priority setting can involve extensive analysis and discussion. Others may involve less extensive work. This report does not make any recommendation about the amount of effort that should be devoted to priority setting. The priority setting process is analyzed in some depth, but this is to help those involved understand the process and associated principles. It is not intended to imply that detailed work on priorities will be appropriate to all programs.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "The psychoanalytic critique of capitalism: Elements for an overview. This article provides a preliminary overview of the psychoanalytic critique of capitalism. It aims to fortify the recent psychoanalytic turn in-or return to-the study of capitalism and its alternatives. After identifying the main approaches to the psychoanalytic study of the economy, I present some of the key critical contributions along four broad thematic streams: libidinal repression ('Eros'), repetition compulsion ('Thanatos'), hedonistic will to power ('Ahriman'), and narcissistic rationalising ('Lucifer'). The Ahriman/Lucifer pair is proposed here as a new coupling able to capture wide-ranging trends in this literature. Over time, debates have changed in emphases and concepts, but a large part of the core questions has remained the same and as relevant as ever. While there have been complementarities as well as disagreements between the different contributions, the psychoanalytic study of the economy has regrettably never formed a self-conscious field of inquiry, something that this article seeks to remedy.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Homeless Policy as a Policy for Controlling Poverty in Tokyo: Considering the Relationship between Welfare Measures and Punitive Measures. In Japan, the increasing number of homeless people on the streets has been perceived as a social problem since the 1990s, and government policy regarding homeless people has been developed in an attempt to deal with it. This study examines the conditions of homeless people and describes how homeless policy started and developed in Tokyo, using the concept that homeless policy is a mixture of welfare measures and punitive measures. Examining the development process in three periods, it is pointed out that in the case of Tokyo, development of homeless measures has been influenced by the number of homeless people, reactions of homeless movement organizations, and public opinion. From the angle where punitive measures dominate, through to the point where welfare measures are superior, the aspect where punitive measures are dominant again supported by welfare measures.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Isolation and identification of a growth inhibitor from blue light-illuminated cress seedlings. A plant growth inhibitor was isolated from blue light-illuminated cress seedlings and identified as 4-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-2-nonen-4-olide from H-1 and C-13 NMR and ESI-MS spectra. It inhibited the hypocotyl growth of cress seedlings at concentrations higher than 100 muM.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "National Identity, Anomie and Mental Health in Latin America. This article suggests links between the construction of national identities in Latin America, anomie and mental health. Several issues in the process of national identification, including ambivalent independence movements, segregation and the emulation of Spanish social practices, have prevented the inclusion of all segments of the population into collective political projects. Due to exclusion and inequality, there is a persistent condition of anomie, in which social rules become ineffective to regulate the social behaviour of individuals. Dependency and in-group derogation are also counted among the effects of the dysfunctional processes of national identification. Given the influence of social determinants on the health of the population, anomie is considered an important cause of violence and psychosocial problems. The links between anomie and mental health call for a wider perspective to promote mental health and prevent violence and illness. Social participation, equity and citizenship are core themes within this broader perspective..", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Multicultural claims and equal respect. In this article the author intends to provide general normative guidelines which ought to inform policies concerning the most controversial multicultural claims for a liberal democracy. In order to do that, she proposes a general reconsideration of the struggle of cultures and identities which makes up the stuff of multiculturalism. She suggests that instead of focusing on the issue of compatibility, the adequate viewpoint from which considering multicultural claims should be justice and, within justice, the principle of equal respect (ER). The reference to ER is widespread in the literature on multiculturalism, but it does not specify what should be the object of ER: persons and their dignity, or cultures/religions/identities and their members? The alternative is then examined and the author argues in favour of an interpretation of ER for persons which considers persons as they are, given their identities and differences. Finally, the author provides a typology of multicultural claims, ranked on a scale of different levels of disrespect, which consequently require different kinds of response. As a result, one is invited to reflect on the how beside the what, on the procedures and attitudes beside the benefits and measures, and not only for the pragmatic reasons of finding a relatively easy way out, but also for principled reasons of justice.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
{"token": "A Critical Assessment of Industrial Coal Drying Technologies: Role of Energy, Emissions, Risk and Sustainability. Low-rank coals (LRCs) constitute about 45% of the total coal reserves and hence will soon be the fossil fuel of choice in many countries despite their high moisture content on mining, which varies from 30% to as high as 66%. It is important to reduce their water content to enhance the heating value and reduce transportation costs while enhancing combustion efficiency, safety, and reduction of emissions on combustion. The level of moisture to be achieved upon drying LRCs depends on the end application; it varies from as low as 0% for hydrogenation processes to 15% for briquetting and gasification processes. Numerous drying technologies have been proposed for drying coal; they include pulse combustion, vacuum, fluid bed, rotary, flash, microwave, and superheated steam drying. Each technology has some pros and cons, which are not always clearly spelled out in the literature. In addition, it is necessary to develop sustainable rather than just cost-effective drying systems for LRC. In this article we assess various coal drying techniques critically and identify their strengths and weaknesses. Some theoretical comparisons of different dryer types are carried out based on energy utilization and carbon footprints. The jury is still out on optimal drying technology for LRC and innovative design concepts should be evaluated before finalizing the selection.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Behind the Scenes and Screens Insights into the Human Dimension of Covert and Cyberbullying. This qualitative study explores the human dimension of two subtypes of bullying in an Australian schooling context. Individuals' knowledge, understanding, and experiences of covert (behind the scenes) and cyber (behind the screens) bullying were explored through stories of what has actually been occurring in and around their schools. Participants were adolescent students (n = 20), teachers (n = 10) and school counselors (n = 6) from a variety of schools across Adelaide, South Australia. They recounted stories about covert and cyberbullying from their social networks and schooling contexts, giving authentic \\\\'voice'' to these behaviors. Each narrative was uploaded to a dedicated website, contributing to an online \\\\'storybook,'' and providing information rich cases that enabled \\\\'issues of central importance'' (Patton, 1987) to emerge. Narrative and thematic analyses revealed that covert and cyberbullying have much in common, but that cyberbullying in particular evoked strong negative feelings and emotions which included fear, as well as disruption to and dislocation from the participants' relationships. Participants indicated that the power differential was clearly understood and there was a clear sense of helplessness associated with cyberbullying. In particular, cyberbullying was found to operate both covertly and overtly via e-technologies, across school and home boundaries.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Clinical, radiographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings of gastrocnemius musculo-tendinopathy in various dog breeds. Clinical significance: Gastrocnemius musculotendinopathy is a potential cause of chronic hindlimb lameness in medium to large breed dogs. A history of athletic activity must not necessarily be present. Magnetic resonance imaging shows signal changes and uptake of contrast agent in the region of the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle. A combination of T1 pre-and post-contrast administration and T2 weighted sequences completed by a fat-suppressed sequence in the sagittal plane are well-suited for diagnosis. Conservative treatment generally results in return to normal function.Objectives: To describe clinical, radiographic, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in 16 dogs diagnosed with gastrocnemius musculotendinopathy.Methods: Retrospective evaluation of medical records, radiographs, and MRI results, as well as follow-up completed by telephone questionnaire.Results: Most dogs had chronic hindlimb lameness with no history of trauma or athletic activities. Clinical examination revealed signs of pain on palpation without stifle joint instability. Seven dogs had radiographic signs of osteophyte formation on the lateral fabella. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed T2 hyperintensity and uptake of contrast agent in the region of the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle. Changes were found in the lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius. Conservative treatment resulted in return to full function in 11 dogs. Two dogs showed partial restoration of normal function, one dog showed no improvement. Two dogs were lost to follow-up.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
{"token": "Life cycle assessment of a novel biomass-based aerogel material for building insulation. There is a growing interest in accounting for the environmental externalities and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the building industry. This study examines the life cycle environmental impacts of a novel biomass-based aerogel building material manufactured via freeze drying method comprising of three process stages, i.e., gel preparation, aging and freeze drying. The main focus of this study is to evaluate the contribution of each stage to the environmental load using life cycle assessment tool, figure out the main stage that has the greatest impact on the environment and propose some potential improvements by critical analysis of the production process. Life cycle impact scores are quantified as per functional unit of 1 m(3) biomass-based aerogel for six midpoint impact categories (climate change potential, non-renewable energy potential, stratospheric ozone depletion, terrestrial acidification potential, terrestrial ecotoxicity and aquatic ecotoxicity). The respective LCA scores for these categories are depicted as 6.76E+02 kg CO2 eq., 1.65E+04 MJ, 4.21E-04 kg CFC-11 eq., 8.57E+00 kg SO2 eq., 2.07E+03 kg TEG soil and 9.87E+03 kg TEG. While comparing individual process substages, the freeze drying stage of the manufacturing process presents the highest overall impact contribution. Comparative environmental scoring with other aerogel types further reveals that the biomass-based aerogels are environmentally promising alternatives. Since the production is done at a laboratory scale, these results can be regarded as a conservative estimate, however they can act as steppingstones for process optimization for commercial scale manufacturing.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Induction temperature impacts the structure of recombinant HuGM-CSF inclusion bodies in thermoinducible E. coli. Background: The temperature upshift has been widely used as an induction system to produce recombinant proteins (RPs). However, thermoinduction could affect bacterial metabolism, RP production, and RP aggregation. Understanding the structure and functionality of those aggregates, known as inclusion bodies (IBs), is a research area of interest in bioprocesses being scarcely studied under thermoinduction. Here, we describe the effect of the thermoinduction (39 degrees C or 42 degrees C) on the production of the recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rHuGM-CSF) using Escherichia coli W3110 under the system lambda pL/cI857. Results: Results indicated that at 39 degrees C, the production of biomass was almost doubled as well as the acetate accumulation compared to 42 degrees C. Cultures thermoinduced at 42 degrees C improved 1.5-fold the total protein over biomass yield and 1.25-fold the RP over total protein yield. Furthermore, 42 degrees C accelerated the onset of IB formation, changing its architecture. Additionally, IBs formed at 42 degrees C were less soluble and presented higher disorderly structures compared with IBs formed at 39 degrees C, enriched in alpha-helix and amyloidal-like structures. Conclusions: This study highlights the observation that IBs attain different architecture in response to small changes in environmental conditions, such as the induction temperature, being this helpful information to improve thermoinduced bioprocesses. (c) 2022 Pontificia Universidad Cat & oacute;lica de Valparaiso. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Relationship between sociodemographic variables and attitudes of music teachers toward intercultural education. Intercultural music education becomes the need of all modern multicultural societies. It can no longer be based solely on introducing Western European art music. Intercultural reality implies the necessity of knowing musical traditions of different people, as well as the knowledge of a particular culture as a whole. Given its intercultural essence, music is an ideal area in which the intercultural competence of students can be developed and the precondition is an intercultural competent teacher. Within this paper, a research was conducted aiming to establish the link between different sociodemographic variables and attitudes of music teachers towards interculturalism in teaching music, its implementation and the support it receives from the school. An anonymous questionnaire survey examined attitudes of teachers of Music Culture (N=309) and teachers of Musical Arts (N=36) performing music teaching in elementary and high schools in the Republic of Croatia. According to research results, gender is the only sociodemographic variable that is significantly related to attitudes towards intercultural education, as well as the assessment of the possibilities of developing their own intercultural competence and the assessment of support that music teachers receive from schools in the implementation of intercultural education.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Relationship and Transaction Lending: New Evidence and Perspectives. In this article, I try to answer three questions: (1) How do relationship lending and transaction lending vary over the cycle? (2) How do economic systems that are more bank oriented perform compared to market-oriented systems? (3) What are the consequences on relationship banking of the recent structural bank regulation reforms adopted to separate specific investment and commercial banking activities? Building on some recent evidence, the main conclusions are as follows: (1) Relationship banks protect their clients in normal downturns; (2) when recessions coincide with a financial crisis, countries that rely relatively more on bank financing tend to be more severely hit; (3) the effects of structural bank regulation initiatives on relationship banking are uncertain.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Balearic islands tourism: a case study in demographic segmentation. Segmentation strategy has become increasingly important for successful marketing planning in the tourism industry. This paper examines the different behavior of two different groups of travelers visiting Majorca and the effects of these on the tourism policy of the Island. This effect is validated by reference to data collected by the survey made in 1995 for the Economics Department of the University of the Balearic Islands. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "The praxis of mathematics teaching: developing mathematical identities. Mathematics teaching as praxis recognises that teachers are required to continually make morally dense and value-laden decisions about their work. However, mathematics teachers' practice is constrained by the practice architectures of their field. Therefore, to facilitate effective mathematics pedagogy, it is not enough to attend only to the teachers' practices without also working to reform the practice architectures within which they work. In this paper, data from interviews and observations with effective mathematics teachers are used to identify and explore aspects of classroom practice where students' broader mathematical identities are engaged. A praxis lens is employed to examine these aspects and discuss the moral and ethical dimensions of the teacher's decisions and actions, highlighting the implications for the development of students' mathematical identities. Finally, the data are examined to identify practice architectures that enhance or constrain the teacher's capacity for praxis and the student's opportunities to develop robust mathematical identities.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Modeling, Simulation, and Validation with Measurements of a Heat Recovery Hot Gas Cooling Line for Electric Arc Furnaces. Waste heat recovery has a high potential for increasing the efficiency and sustainability of electric arc furnaces. In the present work, a dynamic model of a water cooled hot gas line is presented and validated with measurements of a newly installed electric arc furnace (EAF) with a waste heat recovery system. Due to necessary reconstruction work of the EAF, the cooling pass is upgraded to a heat recovery hot gas line. With hot water from the hot gas line saturated steam can be produced and fed into the existing steam net. The heart of the system is the water cooled hot gas line which is responsible for sufficient hot gas cooling on the one hand and adequate hot water generation for the steam generators on the other hand. The water cooled hot gas line is modeled in the commercial simulation software APROS and validated with measurements of the performance test during commissioning of the heat recovery plant. The simulation results are showing an excellent agreement to the measurements. The results embody that the model is both very reliable to estimate the transient behavior of the hot gas line and able to predict the operational process conditions.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Middle and Late Pleistocene glaciations in the southwestern Pamir and their effects on topography. Glacial chronologies provide insight into the evolution of paleo-landscapes, paleoclimate, topography, and the erosion processes that shape mountain ranges. In the Pamir of Central Asia, glacial morphologies and deposits indicate extensive past glaciations, whose timing and extent remain poorly constrained. Geomorphic data and 15 new Be-10 exposure ages from moraine boulders and roches moutonnees in the southwestern Pamir document multiple Pleistocene glacial stages. The oldest exposure ages, 113 +/- 10 ka, underestimate the age of the earliest preserved glacial advance and imply that the modern relief of the southwestern Pamir (peaks at similar to 5000-6000 m a.s.l.; valleys at similar to 2000-3000 m a.s.l.) already existed in the late Middle Pleistocene. Younger exposure ages (similar to 40-80 ka, similar to 30 ka) complement the existing Central Asian glacial chronology and reflect successively less extensive Late Pleistocene glaciations. The topography of the Pamir and the glacial chronologies suggest that, in the Middle Pleistocene, an ice cap or ice field occupied the eastern Pamir high-altitude plateau, whereas westward flowing valley glaciers incised the southwestern Pamir. Since the Late Pleistocene deglaciation, the rivers of the southwestern Pamir adjusted to the glacially shaped landscape. Localized rapid fluvial incision and drainage network reorganization reflect the transient nature of the deglaciated landscape. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "The Unbearable Failure of Decentralisation in Turkey. Due to the country's then drive towards European Union membership, a comprehensive administrative reform agenda had emerged in Turkey during early 2000s. But a brusque reversal of decentralisation reforms followed the 2010 constitutional referendum. The reform agenda adopted in the 2000s had been overturned to lead to an increasingly authoritarian and centralised power. This recentralisation movement had a direct impact on local governance, triggering a decline of local autonomy accompanied by the dismissal of elected mayors and city council members in some Kurdish-populated cities. The fast decay of democratic accountability was accompanied by clientelism and corruption. This paper tries to demonstrate how recentralisation in Turkey led to the erosion of local democracy through two analytical parameters used to assess the quality of democracy: the first parameter concerns the level of political autonomy, while the second pertains to whether local administrations' decisions are safeguarded from arbitrary interference by the central government.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "On a variational problem for a model of a Stieltjes string with a backlash at the end. In this paper, a model of deformations of a Stieltjes string with localized interactions with the environment (elastic supports and forces are concentrated at no more than countable set of points) is studied via variational methods. One of the boundary conditions is nonlinear and occurs due to a sleeve, which limits the movement of the right end of the string. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the extremum of the energy functional are established; the critical loads at which the contact of the end of the string with the sleeve occurs are determined; the dependence of the solution on the sleeve length is studied.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
{"token": "Sound Event Detection in the DCASE 2017 Challenge. Each edition of the challenge on Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events (DCASE) contained several tasks involving sound event detection in different setups. DCASE 2017 presented participants with three such tasks, each having specific datasets and detection requirements: Task 2, in which target sound events were very rare in both training and testing data, Task 3 having overlapping events annotated in real-life audio, and Task 4, in which only weakly labeled data were available for training. In this paper, we present three tasks, including the datasets and baseline systems, and analyze the challenge entries for each task. We observe the popularity of methods using deep neural networks, and the still widely used mel frequency-based representations, with only few approaches standing out as radically different. Analysis of the systems behavior reveals that task-specific optimization has a big role in producing good performance; however, often this optimization closely follows the ranking metric, and its maximization/minimization does not result in universally good performance. We also introduce the calculation of confidence intervals based on a jackknife resampling procedure to perform statistical analysis of the challenge results. The analysis indicates that while the 95% confidence intervals for many systems overlap, there are significant differences in performance between the top systems and the baseline for all tasks.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "Clinical and molecular characteristics of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients: Insights from SAFEHEART registry. OBJECTIVE: To describe molecular and clinical characteristics of HoFH enrolled at SAFEHEART registry and to evaluate the role of the type of mutation in clinical expression.BACKGROUND: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a rare genetic disorder associated with very high levels of cholesterol, accelerated atherosclerosis and very premature death, often secondary to occlusion of the coronary ostia by supravalvular atheroma in untreated individuals.METHODS: SAFEHEART is a registry of molecularly defined familial hypercholesterolemia patients. A standardized phone call is made every year for the follow-up. Patients with confirmed HoFH were selected. Molecular and clinical characteristics were analyzed.RESULTS: Thirty-four HoFH patients (27 true HoFH, 4 compound heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, and 3 autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia) have been enrolled in the period 2004-2015. Twenty different mutations in LDLR gene have been detected. Sixteen patients carry defective mutations (DMs), and 15 carry null mutations (NMs). Only patients with NMs met low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) criteria for clinical diagnosis. Patients with NMs had higher untreated LDL-C levels (P < .0001), more aortic valve stenosis (P < .05), and lower age at first cardiovascular event (P < .05) compared to patients with DMs. In the follow-up, 1 liver transplant patient died and 3 cases underwent revascularization procedures. Eight cases started LDL apheresis and 1 case had a liver transplant.CONCLUSIONS: HoFH phenotypic expression is highly variable. These patients have high atherosclerotic coronary artery disease risk including aortic valve stenosis and do not achieve the LDL-C treatment goals with standard therapy. (C) 2016 National Lipid Association. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Effects of genetic diversity of grass on insect species diversity at higher trophic levels are not due to cascading diversity effects. Genetic diversity in plant populations has been shown to affect the species diversity of insects. In grasses, infection with fungal endophytes can also have strong effects on insects, potentially modifying the effects of plant genetic diversity. We manipulated the genetic diversity and endophyte infection of a grass in a field experiment. We show that diversity of primary parasitoids (3rd trophic level) and, especially, secondary parasitoids (4th trophic level) increases with grass genetic diversity while there was no effect of endophyte infection. The increase in insect diversity appeared to be due to a complementarity effect rather than a sampling effect. The higher parasitoid diversity could not be explained by a cascading diversity effect because herbivore diversity was not affected and the same herbivore species were present in all treatments. The effects on the higher trophic levels must therefore be due to a direct response to plant traits or mediated by effects on traits at intermediate trophic levels.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Human herpes simplex viruses in benign and malignant thyroid tumours. To test the hypothesis that herpes viruses may have a role in thyroid neoplasia, we analysed thyroid tissues from patients with benign (44) and malignant (65) lesions for HSV1 and HSV2 DNA. Confirmatory studies included direct sequencing, analysis of viral gene expression, and activation of viral-inducible signalling pathways. Expression of viral entry receptor nectin-1 was examined in human samples and in cancer cell lines. In vitro experiments were performed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying thyroid cancer cell susceptibility to HSV. HSV DNA was detected in 43/109 (39.4%) examined samples. HSV capsid protein expression correlated with HSV DNA status. HSV-positive tumours were characterized by activation of virus-inducible signalling such as interferon-beta expression and nuclear NF kappa B expression. Lymphocyte infiltration and oncocytic cellular features were common in HSV-positive tumours. HSV1 was detected with the same frequency in benign and malignant thyroid tumours. HSV2 was significantly associated with papillary thyroid cancer and the presence of lymph node metastases. The expression of HSV entry receptor nectin-1 was increased in thyroid tumours compared to normal thyroid tissue and further increased in papillary thyroid cancer. Nectin-1 expression was detected in all examined thyroid cancer cell lines. Nectin-1 expression in cancer cells correlated with their susceptibility to HSV. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT or MAPK/ERK signalling did not affect the level of nectin-1 expression but decreased thyroid cancer cell susceptibility to HSV. These findings showed that HSV is frequently detected in thyroid cancer. During tumour progression, thyroid cells acquire increased susceptibility to HSV due to increased expression of viral entry mediator nectin-1 and activation of mitogenic signalling in cancer cells. Copyright (C) 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Visualizing the dose distribution and linear energy transfer by 1D and 2D ESR imaging: A potassium dithionate dosimeter irradiated with C6+ and N7+ ions. We report the application of one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) spectral-spatial electron spin resonance imaging (ESRI) for visualizing the dose distribution and linear energy transfer (LET) in a potassium dithionate, K2S2O6 (PDT), dosimeter irradiated with the heavy ions C6+ and N7+. The ESR spectrum in the irradiated PDT consists of a superposition of two isotropic signals assigned to two center dot SO3- radicals, R1 and R2, with no hyperfine splittings and slightly different g values. The 1D ESR1 profiles clearly indicate the spatial penetration of the beams and the location of the sharp maximum dose, the \\\\'Bragg peak\\\\', detected for each beam. The depth penetrations are different: approximate to 2.3 mm for C6+ and approximate to 1.8 mm for N7+ beams, +/- 0.1 mm; beyond these limits, no radicals were detected. 2D spectral-spatial ESRI images reflect both the dose distribution and the spatial dependence of the relative intensities of radicals R1 and R2, an effect that is assigned to the depth variation of the LET. This study has demonstrated that ESRI is a promising new method for dose and LET determination. Of particular interest are applications in the field of radiotherapy with heavy ions, because in this case the Bragg peak is pronounced and the dose can be focused at specific depths while the surrounding areas are protected.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Modelling net primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems in East Asia based on an improved CASA ecosystem model. By using a land cover map, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data sets, monthly meteorological data and observed net primary productivity (NPP) data, we have improved the method of estimating light use efficiency (LUE) for different biomes and soil moisture coefficients in the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach ( CASA) ecosystem model. Based on this improved model we produced an annual NPP map ( in 1999) for the East Asia region located at 10-70 degrees N, 70-170 degrees E ( about 19.66% of the terrestrial surface of the Earth). The results show that the mean NPP for the study area in 1999 was 374.12 g carbon ( C) m(-2) year(-1) and the total NPP was 1.096 x 10(14) kg C year(-1), making up 17.51-18.39% of the global NPP. Comparison between the estimated NPP obtained from this improved CASA ecosystem model and the observed NPP obtained from two NPP databases indicates that the estimated NPP is close to the observed NPP, with an average error of 5.15% for the study region. We used two different land cover maps of China to drive the improved CASA model by keeping other inputs unchanged to determine how the classification accuracy of the land cover map affects the estimated NPP, and the results indicate that an accurate land cover map is important for obtaining an accurate and reliable estimate of NPP for some regions, especially for a particular biome.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Gender-disaggregated Farmers Participatory Variety Selection in Amaranth Multilocation Trials in Kenya and Tanzania. Amaranths (Amaranthus sp.) are a popular leafy vegetable grown and consumed by resource-poor people in many African countries. Greater awareness of the importance of nutritious foods has increased demand by African consumers for amaranth. Presently, most African farmers grow low-yielding local varieties of variable seed quality. High-yielding amaranth varieties that are adapted to the major agro-ecologies of eastern and southern Africa possess key traits needed by male and female farmers and meet diverse market preferences are required. The objective of this study was to identify amaranth lines adapted to major amaranth production environments in Kenya and Tanzania using a gender-disaggregated farmers participatory approach to explore possible gender differences in trait and variety preferences. Twenty amaranth entries were evaluated for vegetable yield, agronomic traits, and organoleptic taste tests in replicated, farmer-participatory variety selection trials at one location in Kenya and at four locations in Tanzania. Differences among entries (G), locations (E), and G x E interaction were significant or highly significant for marketable vegetable yield. Location followed by entry was the most important factor that explained differences in yield. G and G x E interaction biplot analysis classified the five locations into two different mega-environments, mainly based on altitude, temperatures, and soil characteristics. Marketable vegetable yield was positively correlated with leaf length, plant height, and the selection scores of female and male farmers at almost all locations. Selection scores of female and male farmers were positively correlated, indicating that male and female farmers shared similar amaranth variety preferences. Farmers identified and ranked important traits that can be used by breeders to design amaranth product profiles and develop amaranth breeding objectives. Lines combining high yield with high farmer and consumer preference scores have been retained for distinctiveness, uniformity, and stability tests for possible release as commercial varieties.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Languaging a widened embodied repertoire. This article develops a languaging lens for analysing actor training with Mary Overlie's viewpoints to reveal an actor's widened embodied repertoire when privileging peer actors over spectators. I draw from interactional sociolinguistics to introduce the notion of a repertoire as a collection of embodied and linguistic resources that are known and unknown by the actor. Overlie's viewpoints are proposed as useful starting points for facilitating the actor to access such resources. A training example with third-year actors in an Australian acting conservatoire is the focus of the analysis. Within this context, languaging helps to conceptualise the moments that actors prioritise the intelligibility of their peer actors to draw more widely from their socio-cultural, linguistic and embodied resources. Facilitating these moments uncovers actors' increased access to resources that are otherwise omitted in actor training and devising contexts due to the hegemonic restraints of the spectator's gaze.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The association between budget inaccuracy and technical efficiency in Australian local government. Budgeting is a valuable anticipatory tool, able to support technically efficient production, manage financial vulnerability, and increase financial resilience. However, inaccuracies in the budgeting process can undermine these objectives. The authors investigated the sources of budget inaccuracy and the consequences for technical efficiency, employing a six-year panel of Australian local government data. The results suggest a reduction in technical efficiency of 0.6% for every 1% increase in expenditure inaccuracy.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Hyperimmunoglobulinemia in pediatric-onset type 1 Gaucher disease and effects of enzyme replacement therapy. Hyperimmunoglobulinemia, and other manifestations of B-cell stimulation, have been reported frequently in adults with type I Gaucher disease. We investigated the occurrence of hyperimunoglobulinemia in 23 pediatric patients with type I Gaucher disease and studied the effects of early initiation of alglucerase/imiglucerase therapy on these abnormalities. We found that the incidences of increased levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM at pediatric age, as observed in our patients, were 3.2-fold, 4.3-fold and 5.1-fold higher, respectively, than the incidence in adult patients, and correspond with disease severity. Seventy-one percent of our pediatric patients had elevation of more than I immunoglobulin isotype, and 38% had elevations in all 3 isotypes. With sustained enzyme replacement therapy, substantial improvement, or normalization of IgA and IgM levels were obtained in most patients, while decline in IgG levels was less likely to occur. The presence of hyperimmunoglobulinemia in the majority of our pediatric patients suggests that early-onset production of immunostimulatory mediators by activated macrophages may be an important contributing factor, rather than disarrangements caused by long-standing glucocerebrosidase accumulation. In theory, early enzyme replacement therapy initiation may prevent antigenic stimulation and cytokine production, and reduce hyperimmunoglobulinemia and lymphatic neoplastic diseases in patients with type I Gaucher disease.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "The Movement Marches Ruch Narodowy and Poland's Extreme Right. Poland's rightwing extremists were long ignored at home and abroad. And this although they rank among the most dynamic rightwing movements in Europe. In November 2013, 50,000 participants marched through Warsaw in the \\\\'March of Independence\\\\' (Marsz Niepodleglosci). The core of the movement is the National Movement (Ruch Narodowy), which is competing in the European elections in May 2014. This movement maintains ties with the Hungarian party Jobbik and other rightwing extremists and opponents of the European Union. Organized rightwing extremism in Poland has reached a new stage.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Modified Formulations of Particle Deposition and Removal Kinetics in Saturated Porous Media. Important revisions on the particulate deposition and removal rate equations are offered for flow of particulate suspensions through saturated porous media by distinguishing between the factors effecting the mechanisms of various particle deposition and removal processes, and their rate coefficients and parameters. Formulation considers particle transport by convection and dispersion toward open and partially jammed pores, flux of particles above a critical minimum in suspension, unblocked particles available for removal at the pore surface, shear-force below critical for deposition of suspended particles, shear-force above critical for entrainment of unblocked surface particles, active ion concentration below critical for spontaneous particle release from pore surface, critical pore-throat-to-particle diameter ratio for pore-throat jamming, deformation and pore-sealing effects of elastic particles, internal filter cake formation by particle accumulation behind pore throats, normal-force above critical for dislocation of deposits from pore throats, and thermal-, concentration-, stress-, and mobility-shock phenomena. Inherent limitations of previous outstanding rate equations are alleviated by means of theoretical reasoning and/or experimental observations.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Course of maternal anxiety disorders and their impact on child development in toddlers: a study with young mothers. This study aimed to verify the course of maternal anxiety disorders and its impact on child development of toddlers. This is a cohort study that followed 497 pregnant adolescents who received antenatal care in the public health service in a southern city in Brazil. We assessed maternal anxiety disorders during gestation, postpartum, and when children were 2-3 years old and we evaluated child development in toddlerhood. We performed a structured modelling approach to compare the effect of three different hypothesized life course models (accumulation, critical period, and mobility) of maternal anxiety on child development. The course of maternal anxiety manifests in different ways in each dimension of child development. However, only child cognitive development was directly impacted by maternal anxiety disorders (B -4.05; 95%CI -7.16; -0.93). Research on the impact of life course models of anxiety disorders is needed to help the implementation of interventions to prevent future negative outcomes.", "label": [5, 53, 55]}
{"token": "Large gravitational wave background signals in electroweak baryogenesis scenarios. The bubble wall velocity in an electroweak first order phase transition is a key quantity both for electroweak baryogenesis and for the production of a stochastic background of gravitational waves that may be probed in the future through gravitational wave experiments like LISA or BBO. We show that, contrary to the conclusion drawn from previous studies, it is actually possible to generate a potentially large gravitational wave signal while satisfying the requirements for viable electroweak baryogenesis, once the effects of the hydrodynamics of bubble growth are taken into account. Then, the observation of a large gravitational wave background from the electroweak phase transition would not necessarily rule out electroweak baryogenesis as the mechanism having generated the observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Hyaluronidase Injection in the Vocal Folds for Vocal Hemorrhage, Reinke Edema, and Hyaluronic Acid Overinjection: A Novel Application in the Larynx. Hyaluronidase (HAase) injection into the vocal folds is an off-label use of an enzyme for liquefaction of hyaluronic acid (HA). HAase injection was performed in 14 cases in 13 patients. Office and operative injections of HAase were performed. The indications were five cases of overinjection of HA, six cases of Reinke edema and polypoid corditis, and three cases of acute vocal hemorrhage with early fusiform polyp formation. All the patients tolerated the HAase without complications. Significant voice improvements were noted between pre- and postinjection procedures as evaluated by a self-rating of voice by the Voice Handicap Index-10. A marked decrement in the mass on the side of the injection of HAase was noted in all groups successfully injected upon viewing by videostroboscopy. HAase prevented an additional operative phonosurgery in 10 patients. In conclusion, HAase injection can be used in the vocal folds with good effect in patients. The indications are polypoid corditis with overproduction of HA, acute vocal hemorrhage, and correction of iatrogenic HA overinjection.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Thunderstorm and fair-weather quasi-static electric fields over land and ocean. Natural lightning and the associated clouds are known to behave differently over land and ocean, but many questions remain. We expand the related observational datasets by obtaining simultaneous quasi-static electric field observations over coastal land, near-shore water, and deep ocean regions during both fair-weather and thunderstorm periods. Oceanic observations were obtained using two 3-m NOAA buoys that were instrumented with Campbell Scientific electric field mills to measure the quasi-static electric fields. These data were compared to selected electric field records from the existing on-shore electric field mill suite of 31 sensors at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). Lightning occurrence times, locations and peak current estimates for both onshore and ocean were provided by the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network. The buoy instruments were first evaluated on-shore at the Florida coast, and the first system was calibrated for field enhancements and to confirm proper behavior of the system in elevated-field environments. The buoys were then moored 20 mi and 120 mi off the coast of KSC in February (20 mi) and August (120 mi) 2014. Diurnal fair-weather fields at both ocean sites matched will with each other and with those found during the Carnegie cruise, but mean values were 33% smaller, due at least inpart to constraints on the calibration procedure. Diurnal fair-weather fields variations at coastal and inland sites were a poorer match than offshore, likely because the offshore environment is \\\\'cleaner\\\\' with limited variations in local space charge, lower surface aerosol densities, little surface heating to disturb the surface charge layer during fair weather, and fewer local radioactive sources to modulate the near-surface electrical conductivity. Storm-related static fields were 4-5x larger at both oceanic sites than over land, likely due to decreased screening by near-surface space charge produced by corona current. The time-evolution of the electric field and field changes during storm approach are sufficiently different over land and ocean to warrant further study. This work shows the quality, accuracy, and reliability of these data, and has demonstrated the practicality of off-shore electric field measurements for safety- and launch-related decision making at KSC.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Role of collectins in innate immunity against aspergillosis. The protective role of lung surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-D and MBL in the host defense against both allergic and invasive aspergillosis was identified and established by a series of in vitro and in vivo studies. Therapeutic administration of SP-D and MBL proteins in a murine model of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis rescued mice from death. In mice mimicking human allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, SP-A and SP-D suppressed IgE levels, eosinophilia, pulmonary cellular infiltration and cause a marked shift from a pathogenic Th2 to a protective Th1 cytokine profile. SP-A and SP-D knock-out mice studies made significant contributions in understanding the mechanisms by which SP-A and SP-D modulate the host defense response in patients suffering from pulmonary allergies and infections. The results suggested that individuals with any structural or functional defects in these innate immune molecules due to genetic variations might be susceptible to aspergillosis. SNPs in SP-A2 and MBL genes showed significant associations with patients of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in an Indian population. The patients carrying either one or both of GCT and AGG alleles of SP-A2 and patients with A allele at position 1011 of MBL had markedly higher eosinophilia, total IgE antibodies and lower FEV1 (the clinical markers of ABPA). Our results show that collectins play an important role in Aspergillus mediated allergies and infections.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 25, 42, 10]}
{"token": "Use of refractory compounds in microelectronics. This article surveys the literature on the use of high-melting compounds to form thin films. The uses of these materials are classified on the basis of the following scheme: low-resistance connectors, ohmic contacts, Schottky barriers, electrooptic devices, magnetic materials, barrier layers. The set of properties and main parameters of films are discussed, and the most promising areas for the use of films of high-melting compounds in microelectronics are noted. The conditions are being created for the replacement of traditional metallic films by high-melting compounds.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Malicious paraquat poisoning in Oklahoma dogs. Paraquat is a restricted use herbicide which is extremely toxic to companion animals when ingested. This report details one incident of malicious poisoning involving 6 dogs. All dogs were from the same geographic area, and 5 had pulmonary and renal lesions consistent with paraquat toxicosis. Diagnosis was initiated by a modified dithionite spot test on vomitus from 1 dog. Subsequent tissue paraquat levels ranged from non-detectable to 1 ppm.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 10]}
{"token": "Community-based Participatory Research Examining the Health Care Needs of African Americans who are Homeless with Mental Illness. African Americans with mental illness who are homeless experience significant health risks and illnesses leading to high mortality and morbidity rates. A community-based participatory research (CBPR) team conducted a qualitative study to begin to describe these problems. Results from focus groups and key informant interviews of 42 individuals yielded 98 themes which were sorted into three categories: problems, solutions, and peer navigators. Results included a review of the problems and solutions which the community or people might adopt. An additional goal was to understand and develop impact of peer navigators for addressing health problems in this group. Results yielded a list of values in hiring peer navigators as well as skills and resources they might need to successfully do their job. Findings from the study are currently being used by the CBPR team to develop a peer navigator program for this community.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients: a single-center retrospective study. Purpose To investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the treatment of children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Methods We retrospectively collected and compared the data of patients with CDH admitted between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021(study group) with the CDH patients admitted before the pandemic between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2019 (control group). Results During the pandemic, 41 patients with CDH diagnosed prenatally were transferred to our hospital, and 40 underwent surgical repair. The number of patients treated in our hospital increased by 24.2% compared with the 33 patients before the pandemic. During the pandemic, the overall survival rate, postoperative survival rate and recurrence rate were 85.4%, 87.5% and 7.3%, respectively, and there were no significant differences compared with the control group (75.8%, 83.3% and 9.1%, respectively). The average length of hospital stay in patients admitted during the pandemic was longer than that in the control group (31 days vs. 16 days, P < 0.001), and the incidence of nosocomial infection was higher than that in the control group (19.5% vs. 3%, P = 0.037). Conclusions CDH patients confirmed to be SARS-CoV-2 infection-free can receive routine treatment. Our data indicate that the implementation of protective measures during the COVID-19 pandemic, along with appropriate screening and case evaluation, do not have a negative impact on the prognosis of children.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Strong Interaction Effects and Criticality of Bosons in Shaken Optical Lattices. We study the quantum phase transitions and identify a tricritical point between a normal Bose superfluid, a superfluid that breaks additional Z(2) Ising symmetry, and a Mott insulator in a recent shaken optical lattice experiment. We show that near the transition between normal and Z(2) symmetry breaking superfluids, bosons can condense into a momentum state with high or even locally maximum kinetic energies due to the interaction effect. We present a general low-energy effective field theory that treats both the superfluid transition and the Ising transition in a uniform framework. Using the perturbative renormalization group method, we find that the critical behavior of the quantum phase transition belongs to a universality class different from that of a dilute Bose gas.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Mortality rates of juvenile starfish Acanthaster planci and Nardoa spp measured on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia and in Okinawa, Japan. Acanthaster planci (L.) and Nardoa novaecaladoniae (Perrier, 1875) are two coral reef asteroids having planktotrophic and lecithotrophic larval development, respectively. Comparative sizes at metamorphosis are 0.5 to 0.7 mm for A. planci and 1.2 to 1.6 mm for N. novaecaladonine. Mortality rates of small juveniles (one month old) of each species were measured experimentally in the field on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mortality rates of N. novaecaladoniae were low (1.5 %.d(-1)) compared to 7.8 %.d(-1) for A. planci. Survival of the two species was similar between habitats. However, mortality rates of A. planci were highly variable both within-sites and between-sites within-habitats (fore reef 15 m depth, reef flat 2 m and back reef lagoon 12 m). There was no apparent effect of density of A. planci on mortality rates. Mortality is thought to be principally due to predation by infauna which are abundant in the coral reef rubble. A study of survival rates of newly metamorphosed Nardoa sp. (1.0 to 1.2 mm) in Okinawa, Japan, found very low mortality rates of just 0.2 %.d(-1). The abundance of potential predators among the rubble infauna was very low on the Okinawan reef compared to the Great Barrier Reef. These studies provide evidence of the importance of predation as a determinant of survival rates of small starfish and that a reproductive strategy providing for a large size at settlement facilitates greater survivorship.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Global warming to increase flood risk on European railways. For effective disaster risk management and adaptation planning, a good understanding of current and projected flood risk is required. Recent advances in quantifying flood risk at the regional and global scale have largely neglected critical infrastructure, or addressed this important sector with insufficient detail. Here, we present the first European-wide assessment of current and future flood risk to railway tracks for different global warming scenarios using an infrastructure-specific damage model. We find that the present risk, measured as expected annual damage, to railway networks in Europe is approx. (sic)581 million per year, with the highest risk relative to the length of the network in North Macedonia, Croatia, Norway, Portugal, and Germany. Based on an ensemble of climate projections for RCP8.5, we show that current risk to railway networks is projected to increase by 255% under a 1.5 degrees C, by 281% under a 2 degrees C, and by 310% under a 3 degrees C warming scenario. The largest increases in risk under a 3 degrees C scenario are projected for Slovakia, Austria, Slovenia, and Belgium. Our advances in the projection of flood risk to railway infrastructure are important given their criticality, and because losses to public infrastructure are usually not insured or even uninsurable in the private market. To cover the risk increase due to climate change, European member states would need to increase expenditure in transport by (sic)1.22 billion annually under a 3 degrees C warming scenario without further adaptation. Limiting global warming to the 1.5 degrees C goal of the Paris Agreement would result in avoided losses of (sic)317 million annually.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of porcine versus synthetic secretin for reducing symptoms of autism. Objective: To compare the effects of a single dose of biologic and synthetic porcine secretin to placebo on a variety of autism symptoms. Method: Eighty-five children with autism without other medical conditions and not taking other psychotropic medications participated (ages between 3 and 12 years, mean IQ = 55). Children were grouped into trios matched by age and communication level and then randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: biologic secretin (2 CU/kg), synthetic secretin (0.4 mug/kg), and placebo. Measures collected 1 week before and 4 weeks after infusion included autism symptoms, language skills, and problem behaviors, gathered from parents, teachers, and investigators, who were all blind to treatment. Two-factor, repeated-measures analyses of variance (3 treatment levels by 2 repeated measures, pre- and postinfusion) were used to examine efficacy. Results: Direct observation measures did not show change over time related to secretin. Parent reports showed an overall reduction of symptom severity for all treatment groups, including the placebo group. One teacher-report measure showed decreases in autism symptoms in the placebo and synthetic secretin groups. Conclusions: No evidence that either biologic or synthetic secretin provided amelioration of symptoms beyond placebo was observed. This held true when children with and without gastrointestinal problems were examined separately.", "label": [2, 5, 27, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Designing ergonomic interventions for EMS workers - Part II: Lateral transfers. The objective of the current work was to test ergonomic interventions aimed at reducing the low back musculoskeletal loads experienced by firefighters/paramedics (FFPs) providing emergency medical services (EMS) when performing lateral transfers between a bed and a stretcher or between a stretcher and a hospital gurney. The interventions, developed using focus groups, were a bridgeboard to reduce the frictional force resisting the lateral sliding of the patient, the use of rods along each side of the patient to facilitate the grasping and handling of the bedsheet on which the patient is typically transferred, and a single rod that, when rolled in the bedsheet, resulted in the task being changed from a lifting task to a pulling task. Eleven two-person teams laterally transferred a 75 kg dummy with each intervention between a bed and simulated stretcher. Two roles were defined. For the two-sided transfers, the FFP roles were termed \\\\'stretcher-side\\\\' and \\\\'bed-side.\\\\' Surface electromyographic (EMG) data were collected from 8 trunk muscles from each participant along with spine kinematic data. Additionally, kinetic data were obtained for the FFP in the stretcher-side role. Trunk flexion moments and Erector Spinae activity were reduced for the FFP in the stretcher-side role when using the bridgeboard and the single rod both individually and in combination. The single rod reduced the Erector Spinae activity in the FFP who typically would have been on the bed. For FFPs in both roles the single rod increased Latissimus Dorsi activation relative to the standard bedsheet transfer condition, although, this effect was moderated when the single rod was used in combination with the bridgeboard. Ratings of perceived exertion also supported the use of the single rod relative to the corresponding control condition. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 55]}
{"token": "Systemic Crisis of the Society and the State of Postcapitalism. The author defines the current socioeconomic state of a society as a state of postcapitalism. It is characterized by the failure of conventional financial, economic and cultural tools of society management. In order to maintain the social order and stability, the world's political centers of power have to resort to increasingly harsh forms of military coercion and create artificially inflated crises, conflicts and lines of tension around the world. But these are only short-term measures. The next step in the radicalisation and simultaneous archaization of the neoliberal sociopolitical regime was the transition to new totalitarian socio-political concepts, such as 'the conflict of civilizations', risk society' and 'digital society'.The author states that it has become impossible to control social processes within the framework of the old system, notes internal contradictions accumulating within the system, considers possible ways out of the ideological impasse, describes the dangers of radicalization and archaization of a society, points out the rise of authoritarian tendencies and draws a conclusion about the inevitable replacement of the modernist paradigm in the near future.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses in a Murine Model of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury and TNF-alpha-Stimulated NCI-H292 Cells. Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora (SP) is traditionally used as an herbal remedy to treat fever, malaria, and emesis. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract of SP leaves in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-stimulated NCI-H292 cells and in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model. SP decreased the number of inflammatory cells and the levels of TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and inflammatory cell infiltration in the lung tissues of SP-treated mice. In addition, SP significantly suppressed the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 in TNF-alpha-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. SP significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and p65-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) in LPS-induced ALI mice and TNF-alpha-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. SP treatment enhanced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) with upregulated antioxidant enzymes and suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress in the lung tissues of LPS-induced ALI model and TNF-alpha-stimulated NCI-H292 cells. Collectively, SP effectively inhibited airway inflammation and ROS-mediated oxidative stress, which was closely related to its ability to induce activation of Nrf2 and inhibit the phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-kappa B. These findings suggest that SP has therapeutic potential for the treatment of ALI.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 8, 42]}
{"token": "Glycogen Storage Disease Type IX due to a Novel Mutation in PHKA2 Gene. We report a case of a 17-month-old male with a history of developmental delay with poor muscle control, hepatomegaly, and transaminitis. Ultrasound of abdomen revealed hepatomegaly with a liver span of 13 cm, homogeneous parenchyma, and normal spleen size. Liver and muscle biopsies were obtained: the liver biopsy revealed distended hepatocytes with excessive glycogen accumulation and fine septate fibrosis. Biopsy of the right vastus lateralis muscle showed focal swollen glycogen containing mitochondria. For the developmental delay, a chromosomal microrarray was ordered. The chromosomal microarray revealed the patient to have 1q21 duplication syndrome and 16p11.2 deletion syndrome. Given the liver and muscle biopsy findings, a glycogen storage disease panel was sent which identified the patient to be hemizygous for a variant of uncertain significance denoted as p.Gly 131Val, c.392G > T in the PHKA2 gene. PKHA2 gene encodes the alpha subunit of hepatic phosphorylase kinase. This change in the PHKA2 gene was in a highly conserved region and had been reported in another patient with decreased enzymatic activity of the phosphorylase kinase and who had symptoms of GSD IX. Based on this, the patient was started on treatment for GSD IX, and his family met with a dietician.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Cell wall active antifungal compounds produced by the marine fungus Hypoxylon oceanicum LL-15G256 - III. Biological properties of 15G256 gamma. 15G256 gamma is a cyclic lipopeptide antifungal agent discovered in a mechanism of action screen for cell wall acting antifungal agents. The compound shows moderate activity in both greenhouse tests against plant disease caused by pathogenic fungi and in in vitro tests. against human fungal pathogens. Microscopic examination of treated fungi suggests that the compound acts by the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis. However, in vitro inhibition of Neurospora crassa glucan and chitin synthase were only observed at high drug concentrations suggesting that 15G256 gamma may dct on a novel cell wall target.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 22, 43]}
{"token": "UNRULY (DISRUPTIVE) PASSENGERS: PROBLEMS OF COUNTERACTION. Disruptive behavior of passengers that poses a real danger for air transportation is recognized as a serious problem both in Russia and abroad. A considerable volume of information on this problem is being accumulated, while international and national law systems are developing a complex of specific normative legal means of counteracting such behavior. As the number of legal instruments is growing, the number of debatable issues is also increasing, and they need to be settled at the international and national levels, as well as at the level of individual companies. Specifically, they include: the introduction of \\\\'zero tolerance\\\\' towards intoxicated persons (alcohol, drug, substance intoxication); specifying the rules of sobriety examination, strengthening control over the sale of alcohol in duty-free zones or the prohibition of such sale; changing the rules for keeping a register of persons guilty of air offences, designating a unified authorized body and providing for a possibility to enforce pre-trial restrictions on passengers; developing legal approaches to using airline security services to ensure the safety of flights; determining and institutionalizing the mechanism of compensating the damage inflicted by an undisciplined passenger on an airline or on other persons; developing the rules of qualifying crimes under Art. 213 and 267.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, or raising the question of de-criminalizing the latter. The authors present a statistical description of disruptive behavior of aircraft passengers, outline the key stages in the development of international legislation in this sphere, analyze most common ways of counteracting undisciplined passengers and offer their suggestions on improving the existing approaches to preventing disruptive behavior of passengers using international experience.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Composition and Technology of the 17th Century Stucco Decorations at Cervena Lhota Castle in Southern Bohemia. A high relief stucco decoration from the Great Chamber of the castle Cervena Lhota in the Southern Bohemia was surveyed and characterised as a part of its planned conservation. A detailed analytical work was undertaken in order to provide support for the repair works that aimed to be based on a good knowledge of the original materials and application techniques. The main research focus was on the fruit pieces decorating the ribs of vaults. Altogether, over 20 mortar samples were collected from the vault bedding mortar, plaster, stucco elements and the stucco pieces themselves. Additionally, some pieces of stucco (fruits), that were loose and had to be temporarily removed, were studied macroscopically and by X-ray CT. The characterisation of binder, aggregate and additives was carried out using OM, SEM, TA, acid attack, sieve analysis of insoluble residue, XRD, FTIR and nL-MS. It led to an understanding of the uses of various mortar mixes and determination of their composition. The results are discussed as an example of an analytical procedure that aimed at understanding in detail of this historically significant technique from a material and technological standpoint.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Automatic HVAC fault detection and diagnosis system generation based on heat flow models. This article introduces a new graph-based modeling methodology called heat flow modeling (HFM) for the purpose of mapping building information model (BIM) of HVAC systems automatically into fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) systems that can be integrated into HVAC control systems. The goal is an efficient and effective support of the maintenance of HVAC systems to detect and locate faults that may reduce energy efficiency, user comfort, or system lifetime. The nodes of the HFM model have a one-to-one relationship with HVAC system components and related building entities. The nodes are connected by arcs that model the flows in the HVAC systems, e.g., air, water and information flows. The functionality of the nodes includes state variable estimations and failure rule evaluations. The failure rule outputs can be fed to an associative network based diagnosis engine to locate the faults. Since HFM nodes are instances of generic classes derived from small libraries, HVAC FDD systems can be automatically generated. The simulation result has shown the effectiveness of a proposed FDD approach and two software prototypes demonstrating the reduced engineering effort of fault detection for a small bank HVAC system.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 35]}
{"token": "VOICING DISSENT: HERESY TRIALS IN LATER MEDIEVAL ENGLAND. Recent work on medieval heresy has emphasized the 'constructedness' of heresy by orthodox power, thus undermining the coherence of heretical sects and tending to suggest that those tried as heretics were essentially unwitting victims. This article examines the evidence from the entire range of surviving Lollard trials, and argues that we can see consciously 'dissenting' speech alongside the standard theological positions associated with (and perhaps imposed upon) Lollardy. In each area of dissent anticlerical, sceptical, disputational and rebellious a wider cultural context is explored, demonstrating that the language of dissent is not limited to 'Lollardy'; at the same time however it is argued that it is precisely through the voicing and reception of such wider referents that a heretical movement comes to exist. The article traces trends in medieval speech through which specific opinions and beliefs are voiced as a challenge, and the linguistic and social contexts within which they give rise to wider meanings-including collective identifications. Thus, whilst we may wish to foreground the impositions of power and orthodoxy that 'made' heresy, we should not make 'heretics' disappear completely. Through the records of prosecution, we can still hear something of the voices of those who chose to voice dissent; and we can give recognition to that choice as a form of dissenting agency-dependent also however on the reception and interpretation of those voices by neighbours, witnesses and inquisitors.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Drawing from Grotowski and beyond: Kuo Pao Kun's discourse on audiences in Singapore in the 1980s. Much has been researched on Kuo Pao Kun's multilingualism and multiculturalism. However, the analysis of Kuo's discourse on audiences remains largely unexplored. Given his engagement with state policies on culture and identity formation, examining his discourse on audiences offers a better understanding of both Singapore theatre and the Singapore state. Additionally, there is a need to make sense of the ways which theatre practitioners imagine audiences as it points to issues of subjectivity, audience participation and social engagement, especially in an economically driven society like Singapore where people are often positioned as economic subjects. Among the many Asian and Western dramatists Kuo drew inspiration from, Jerzy Grotowski was pivotal. This essay will also examine the impact of the latter's ideas on how Kuo envisioned theatre and audiences.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30, 52]}
{"token": "EVOLUTION OF SHORT-PERIOD METEOROID STREAMS. The dynamical evolution of meteoroid streams associated with comets Encke, Halley, Machholz 1986 VIII and asteroid Phaethon is discussed. It is shown that the planetary perturbations can greatly increase the streams thickness and each stream may produce several couples of meteor showers active in different seasons of the year. The theoretical and observed data are in a satisfactory accordance.", "label": [4, 34, 41]}
{"token": "Worst-case analysis for flow shop scheduling problems with an exponential learning effect. A real industrial production phenomenon, referred to as learning effects, has drawn increasing attention. However, most research on this issue considers only single machine problems. Motivated by this limitation, this paper considers flow shop scheduling problems with an exponential learning effect. By the exponential learning effect, we mean that the processing time of a job is defined by an exponent function of its position in a processing permutation. The objective is to minimize one of the four regular performance criteria, namely, the total completion time, the total weighted completion time, the discounted total weighted completion time, and the sum of the quadratic job completion times. We present heuristic algorithms by using the optimal permutations for the corresponding single-machine scheduling problems. We also analyse the worst-case bound of our heuristic algorithms. Journal of the Operational Research Society (2012) 63, 130-137. doi:10.1057/jors.2011.40 Published online 1 June 2011", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Utility of electrodiagnostic testing and computed tomography myelography in the preoperative evaluation of neonatal brachial plexus palsy Clinical article. Results. Twenty-one patients (8 male amd 13 female) met inclusion criteria for this study. The sensitivity of EDSs and CTM for detecting a postganglionic rupture was 92.8% (CI 0.841-0.969) and 58.3% (CI 0.420-0.729), respectively. The sensitivity for EDSs and CTM for preganglionic nerve root avulsion was 27.8% (CI 0.125-0.509) and 72.2% (CI 0.491-0.875), respectively. In cases in which both CTM and EDSs gave concordant results, the sensitivity for both modalities combined was 50.0% (CI 0.237-0.763) for avulsion and 80.8% (CI 0.621-0.915) for rupture. Overall, EDSs were most useful in identifying ruptures, particularly in the upper plexus, whereas CTM was most sensitive in identifying avulsions in the lower plexus.Object. The rate of neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) remains 0.4%-4% despite improvements in perinatal care. Among affected children, the extent of brachial plexus palsy differs greatly, as does the prognosis. Controversial elements in management include indications and timing of nerve repair as well as type of reconstruction in patients in whom function will ultimately not be recovered without surgical intervention. Differentiating preganglionic (avulsion) from postganglionic (rupture) lesions is critical because preganglionic lesions cannot spontaneously recover motor function. Distinguishing between these lesions at initial presentation based on clinical examination alone can be difficult in infants. The purpose of the present study was to determine the sensitivity of preoperative electrodiagnostic studies (EDSs) and CT myelography (CTM) in determining the presence of nerve root rupture and avulsions in infants with NBPP.Conclusions. Knowledge of the spinal nerve integrity is critical for early management of patients with NBPP. Surgical management, in the form of nerve repair/reconstruction, and optimal prognostication of NBPP depend on the accurate diagnosis of the level and type of lesion. Both EDSs and CTM scans must always be interpreted in the context of a comprehensive evaluation of the patient. They provide supplemental information (in addition to the physical examination) for early detection of nerve root rupture and avulsion injuries, aiding surgical decision making and preoperative planning for NBPP. Continued advances in imaging, EDSs, and microsurgical nerve repair techniques will allow surgeons to achieve greater success for functional recovery in management of NBPP. (http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2011.12.PEDS11416)Methods. After receiving institutional review board approval, the authors conducted a retrospective review of patients referred to the Neonatal Brachial Plexus Program between 2007 and 2010. Inclusion criteria included children who underwent brachial plexus exploration following preoperative EDSs and CTM. The CTM scans were interpreted by a staff neuroradiologist, EDSs were conducted by a single physiatrist, and intraoperative findings were recorded by the operating neurosurgeon. The findings from the preoperative EDSs and CTM were then compared with intraoperative findings. The sensitivities and 95% confidence intervals were determined to evaluate performance accuracy of each preoperative measure.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Chasms and Their Causes Xenophobia and Rightwing Violence in Ukraine. For a long time, Ukraine, as a multiethnic society marked by tolerance, was considered a model in the post-Soviet realm. Since 2005, reports on anti-Semitic and racially motivated criminal acts have increased. The offences range from vandalism to bodily harm and murder. Most victims are Roma and Jews. Acts of violence are increasingly directed against people from Asia and Africa. International pressure is forcing the Ukrainian government to act.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Settling and Ovipositional Behavior of Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) on Solanaceous Hosts Under Field and Laboratory Conditions. Potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc), is a seasonal insect pest in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, where it transmits the bacterial pathogen \\\\'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum\\\\' that causes zebra chip disease of potato. Studies were conducted to evaluate host preference of B. cockerelli adults for different plant species, and plant size and density. Settling and oviposition behavior of B. cockerelli was studied on its wild and cultivated solanaceous hosts, including potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant, and silverleaf nightshade, under both field and laboratory conditions. Naturally occurring B. cockerelli were used to evaluate host preference under open field conditions throughout the growing season. Settling and oviposition preference studies in the laboratory were conducted as cage-release experiments using pairs of plants, and observations were recorded over a 72-h period. Results of field trials indicated that naturally occurring B. cockerelli preferred potato and tomato equally for settling and oviposition, but settled on pepper, eggplant, and silverleaf nightshade only in the absence of potato and tomato. Under laboratory conditions, B. cockerelli adults preferred larger host plants, regardless of the species tested. Results also showed that movement of B. cockerelli was minimal after initial landing and settling behavior was influenced by host plant density. Lone plants attracted the most psyllids and can be used as sentinel plants to monitor B. cockerelli activity. Information from both field and laboratory studies demonstrated that not only host plant species determined host selection behavior of B. cockerelli adults, but also plant size and density.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Sequence Diversity of VP4 and VP7 Genes of Human Rotavirus Strains in Saudi Arabia. Group A rotavirus is responsible for inducing severe diarrhea in young children worldwide. Rotavirus vaccines are used to control the disease in many countries. In the current study, the sequences of human rotavirus G and P types in Saudi Arabia are reported and compared to different relevant published sequences. In addition, the VP4 and VP7 genes of the G1P[8] strains are compared to different antigenic epitopes of the rotavirus vaccines. Stool samples were collected from children under 2 years suffering from severe diarrhea. Screening of the rotavirus-positive samples was performed with rapid antigen detection kit. RNA was amplified from rotavirus-positive samples by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for both VP4 and VP7 genes. Direct sequencing of the VP4 and VP7 genes was conducted and the obtained sequences were compared to each other and to the rotavirus vaccines. Both G1P[8] G1P[4] genotypes were detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the detected strains belong to G1 lineage 1 and 2, P[8] lineage 3, and to P[4] lineage 5. Multiple amino acid substitutions were detected between the Saudi RVA strains and the commonly used vaccines. The current findings emphasize the importance of the continuous surveillance of the circulating rotavirus strains, which is crucial for monitoring virus evolution and helping in predicting the protection level afforded by rotavirus vaccines.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Reality according to Hegel Marx, Bakunin and the Question of the Relationship between Philosophy and Reality. Despite their later conflictual relationship, the social criticisms of the scientific socialist Karl Marx and the anarchist Mikhail Bakunin developed with a striking parallelism. The aim of this paper is to outline those philosophical similarities of both protagonists of the workers' movement in their early work. Starting from a critique of hegemonic idealistic philosophy in their respective milieus, both Bakunin and Marx problematize the relationship between philosophy and reality and finally develop a reflected concept of practice that can mediate between reason and reality and thereby closing a gap of idealism. This thesis is discussed on the basis of Bakunin's Vorwort zu den Gymnasialreden Hegels and Marx's Kritik der Hegelschen Staatsphilosophie.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "TOWARDS RELIGIOUS-SPIRITUALITY: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL MATRIX OF RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY. In the contemporary study of religion there seems to be an exaggeration of the distinction between religion and spirituality, not only to the point of separation, but worse still, in terms of a superiority-inferiority hierarchy that gives rise to a value judgement between spirituality and religion. Could this be a sign of the persisting Western hegemony in the study of religion? This article suggests that the consideration of religion and spirituality as disparate entities may be necessary in some societies but not sufficient for a global perspective. Could there be an integrative model that would lend itself for an inclusive exchange in the study of religion and spirituality? Basing itself particularly within the literature of the psychological study of religion, this essay develops a multidimensional matrix of religion and/or spirituality that attempts to be, at the same time, parsimonious and comprehensive, which includes constructs like 'religious-spirituality'. Religious-spirituality is suggested to be similar to Allport's concept of 'intrinsic religiosity', having a three dimensional movement marked by an upwardlydirected vertical spirituality, inwardly-directed interior spirituality, and outwardly-directed horizontal spirituality.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Analysis of Allelic Imbalance in Rice Hybrids Under Water Stress and Association of Asymmetrically Expressed Genes with Drought-Response QTLs. Information on the effect of stress on the allele-specific expression (ASE) profile of rice hybrids is limited. More so, the association of allelically imbalanced genes to important traits is yet to be understood. Here we assessed allelic imbalance (AI) in the heterozygote state of rice under non- and water-stress treatments and determined association of asymmetrically expressed genes with grain yield (GY) under drought stress by in-silico co-localization analysis and selective genotyping. The genotypes IR64, Apo and their F1 hybrid (IR64 x Apo) were grown under normal and water-limiting conditions. We sequenced the total RNA transcripts for all genotypes then reconstructed the two chromosomes in the heterozygote.We are able to estimate the transcript abundance of and the differential expression (DE) between the two parent-specific alleles in the rice hybrids. The magnitude and direction of AI are classified into two categories: (1) symmetrical or biallelic and (2) asymmetrical. The latter can be further classified as either IR64- or Apo-favoring gene. Analysis showed that in the hybrids grown under non-stress conditions, 179 and 183 favor Apo- and IR64-specific alleles, respectively. Hence, the number of IR64- and Apo-favoring genes is relatively equal. Under water-stress conditions, 179 and 255 favor Apo- and IR64-specific alleles, respectively, indicating that the number of allelically imbalanced genes is skewed towards IR64. This is nearly 40-60 % preference for Apo and IR64 alleles, respectively, to the hybrid transcriptome. We also observed genes which exhibit allele preference switching when exposed to water-stress conditions. Results of in-silico co-localization procedure and selective genotyping of Apo/IR64 F-3:5 progenies revealed significant association of several asymmetrically expressed genes with GY under drought stress conditions.Our data suggest that water stress skews AI on a genome-wide scale towards the IR64 allele, the cross-specific maternal allele. Several asymmetrically expressed genes are strongly associated with GY under drought stress which may shed hints that genes associated with important traits are allelically imbalanced. Our approach of integrating hybrid expression analysis and QTL mapping analysis may be an efficient strategy for shortlisting candidate genes for gene discovery.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "A Molecular Dynamics Based Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of Three Polytypes of Cubic BC3. In this work molecular dynamics simulations are employed to compare the mechanical properties and hardness of three polytypes of cubic BC3. Firstly, two interatomic Tersoff potentials, with different parameterizations, were identified from the literature for the boron-carbon system. Based on cohesive energies and structural properties from existing ab-initio studies, the suitability of the two potentials for predicting the properties of BC3 was analyzed. Secondly, using the better interatomic potential, more detailed molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to estimate and compare the elastic, yield, post-yield behavior and hardness of the three polytypes. The elastic constants compare well with existing abinitio values and vary by at most by 15% amongst the three polytypes. Response to indentation showed considerable qualitative differences in yield and post-yield response. One of the polytypes showed lower yield strength and seemed more ductile than the other two. The hardness also showed a complex dependence on both the material and the indentation depths. A peculiar, indenter-size dependent pile-up behavior was also seen. Specifically, for lower radii, pile-up was seen on indentation. As the radius of the indenter was increased, pile-up was seen only on retracting the indenter. The higher volume occupied by the indentation-amorphized material was found to be the reason for pile-up on retracting the indenter.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "The hitchhiker's guide to Europe: the infection dynamics of an ongoing Wolbachia invasion and mitochondrial selective sweep in Rhagoletis cerasi. Wolbachia is a maternally inherited and ubiquitous endosymbiont of insects. It can hijack host reproduction by manipulations such as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) to enhance vertical transmission. Horizontal transmission of Wolbachia can also result in the colonization of new mitochondrial lineages. In this study, we present a 15-year-long survey of Wolbachia in the cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi across Europe and the spatiotemporal distribution of two prevalent strains, wCer1 and wCer2, and associated mitochondrial haplotypes in Germany. Across most of Europe, populations consisted of either 100% singly (wCer1) infected individuals with haplotype HT1, or 100% doubly (wCer1&2) infected individuals with haplotype HT2, differentiated only by a single nucleotide polymorphism. In central Germany, singly infected populations were surrounded by transitional populations, consisting of both singly and doubly infected individuals, sandwiched between populations fixed for wCer1&2. Populations with fixed infection status showed perfect association of infection and mitochondria, suggesting a recent CI-driven selective sweep of wCer2 linked with HT2. Spatial analysis revealed a range expansion for wCer2 and a large transition zone in which wCer2 splashes appeared to coalesce into doubly infected populations. Unexpectedly, the transition zone contained a large proportion (22%) of wCer1&2 individuals with HT1, suggesting frequent intraspecific horizontal transmission. However, this horizontal transmission did not break the strict association between infection types and haplotypes in populations outside the transition zone, suggesting that this horizontally acquired Wolbachia infection may be transient. Our study provides new insights into the rarely studied Wolbachia invasion dynamics in field populations.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "INVESTIGATING THE BENEFICIAL ROLE OF BUSINESS LANGUAGE IN HEALTHCARE. The importance of business language in health care is changing from output or outcome-based to a system-based procedure. Physicians and managers primarily focus on processes to obtain better health system performance due to the financial crisis. The formation, optimization, restructuring, and improvement of business language is taking place along with the introduction of applied systems (most often, on 1C: Enterprise platform). The primary objective of this study is to analyze the beneficial role of business language in healthcare. In the methodology context, business language improvement is considered in the framework of progressive improvement or reengineering of business processes (global, large-scale revision of the system). Based on the results obtained, language obstacles in healthcare result in miscommunication between the medical professionals and patients, deteriorating both parties' satisfaction and the quality of healthcare delivery and patient safety.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "FLOOD: VISIONS ON A STREAM. This paper is dedicated to recognize and discuss the ways that inhabitants of Porto Alegre narrate the Diluvio, since, despite the hard circulation around it, most of passers-by seems to ignore this environment importance. To this end, I used qualitative research method, interviewing, with help of photographs of Diluvio, workers and residents of the neighborhood; also I investigated as this stream is reported by major newspapers of the city since 1970. From the speech of interviewed people and the news reporting, which were interpreted in the perspective of concepts and nature views produced by Philosophy and History of Science, I could verify anthropocentric that view predominates. It is important to build a different view about this brook through environmental education programs for the population.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Treatment of an Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Relapse Using Arsenic Trioxide and All-Trans-Retinoic in a 6-Year-Old Child. In adult therapy, arsenic trioxide (ATO) and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) are recognized as active treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). The efficacy of this combination in pediatric APL has not yet been well established. We report the case of a 6-year-old girl with relapsed APL, with a PML-RAR alpha mutation, treated with a combination of ATO and ATRA. Over a period of 5 months, she received in total, 75 doses of intravenous ATO and 40 doses of oral ATRA. Currently, 22 months after relapse, she is still in complete remission. Here, we describe treatment of a relapsed APL in a child with limited treatment of ATO and ATRA and review the literature.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "STADL Up! The Spatiotemporal Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model for TSCS Data Analysis. Time-series cross-section (TSCS) data are prevalent in political science, yet many distinct challenges presented by TSCS data remain underaddressed. We focus on how dependence in both space and time complicates estimating either spatial or temporal dependence, dynamics, and effects. Little is known about how modeling one of temporal or cross-sectional dependence well while neglecting the other affects results in TSCS analysis. We demonstrate analytically and through simulations how misspecification of either temporal or spatial dependence inflates estimates of the other dimension's dependence and thereby induces biased estimates and tests of other covariate effects. Therefore, we recommend the spatiotemporal autoregressive distributed lag (STADL) model with distributed lags in both space and time as an effective general starting point for TSCS model specification. We illustrate with two example reanalyses and provide R code to facilitate researchers' implementation-from automation of common spatial-weights matrices (W) through estimated spatiotemporal effects/response calculations-for their own TSCS analyses.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Diarrhea and fever as risk factors for anemia among children under age five living in urban slum areas of Indonesia. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 58.7%. In separate multivariate models, after adjusting for age, sex, stunting, maternal age and education, and weekly per capita household expenditure, current diarrhea (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.07-1.35, p = 0.002), current fever (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.18-1.75, p < 0.0001), and a history of diarrhea in the previous seven days (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03-1.23, p = 0.024) were associated with an increased risk of anemia.Methods: We characterized risk factors for anemia in a sample of 32 873 children, aged 6-59 months, from poor families in urban slum areas of Indonesia from 2000 to 2003.Objectives: To characterize diarrhea and fever as risk factors for anemia among children in developing countries.Conclusions: Diarrhea and fever are important risk factors for anemia among young children living in urban slum communities in Indonesia. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Influence of a tone's tonal function on temporal change detection. Music cognition research has provided evidence that the tonal function of a musical event influences perception and memory. Our study investigated whether tonal function influences a basic temporal judgment, notably the detection of a temporal change disrupting a sequence's regularity. The sequences consisted of six musical events presented in isochrony (or with the fifth event occurring earlier or later): Three chords (instilling a tonal context) were followed by a tone (repeated three times). The tones fulfilled one of two tonal functions in the tonal context. Participants had to detect whether the sequence contained a temporal change and were not informed about tonal manipulations. Discrimination performance (as measured by d') showed an influence of tonal function on temporal change detection: Performance was better for the tonic tone (having the most important tonal function in the key) than for the unstable leading tone, the less stable mediant tone, and even than the stable dominant tone. The outcome shows the influence of listeners' tonal knowledge on a perceptual time judgment and suggests that processing of tonal and temporal structures interact at some stage of processing.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Geographically Weighted Multinomial Logit Models for Modelling the Spatial Heterogeneity in the Bike-Sharing Renting-Returning Imbalance: A Case Study on Nanjing, China. Bike-sharing systems have promoted transportation sustainability in cities. Shared bikes can be used for short distance trips or accessing public transport systems. However, the asymmetric spatiotemporal distribution of bikes across stations has become a major barrier that hinders bike-sharing adoption in cities. Before implementing policies to tackle this issue effectively, it is necessary to understand the unevenly distributed shared bikes across stations. This study proposed methods to identify the renting-returning imbalance at the station level using Nanjing bike-sharing trip dataset. Next, this study compared the spatiotemporal characteristics of imbalanced bike-sharing usage during different periods (morning peak, evening peak, and non-peak). Finally, geographically weighted multinomial logit models (GWMNL) were established to reveal the influence of exogenous variables on the renting-returning imbalance. Model results suggested that work-related points of interest (POI) could positively impact the renting-returning imbalance during peak periods. Higher population density could result in the bike-sharing renting-returning imbalance in the morning peak, and it contributed to the balance of bike-sharing in the evening. In the morning peak, higher land use mix and older people could ease the imbalance of bike-sharing. In the evening peak, longer travel time has negative impacts in most places in the study area. Based on these findings, this study provided implications for transportation planners and policy makers to balance bike-sharing systems and improve the overall service quality.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 39]}
{"token": "High Temperature and Humidity Affect Pollen Viability and Longevity in Olea europaea L.. Olea europaea L. is a crop typical of the Mediterranean area that has an important role in economy, society, and culture of this region. Climate change is expected to have significant impact on this crop, which is typically adapted to certain pedo-climatic characteristics of restricted geographic areas. In this scenario, the aim of this study was to evaluate the time-course response of pollen viability to different combinations of temperature and humidity. The study was performed comparing flowering time and pollen functionality of O. europaea from twelve cultivars growing at the same site belonging to the Campania olive collection in Italy. Pollen was incubated at 12 degrees C, 22 degrees C, and 36 degrees C in combination with 50% RH or 100% RH treatments for 5 days. The results highlighted that a drastic loss of pollen viability occurs when pollen is subjected to a combination of high humidity and high temperature, whereas 50% RH had less impact on pollen thermotolerance, because most cultivars preserved a high pollen viability over time. In the ongoing climate change scenario, it is critical to assess the effect of increasing temperatures on sensitive reproductive traits such as pollen viability to predict possible reduction in crop yield. Moreover, the results highlighted that the effect of temperature increase on pollen thermotolerance should be evaluated in combination with other environmental factors such as humidity conditions. The screening of olive cultivars based on pollen thermotolerance is critical in the ongoing climate change scenario, especially considering that the economic value of this species relies on successful fertilization and embryo development, and also that production cycle of Olea europaea can be longer than a hundred years.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Fatigue Performance of Double-Layered Asphalt Concrete Beams Reinforced with New Type of Geocomposites. The reinforcement of asphalt layers with geosynthetics has been used for several decades, but proper evaluation of the influence of these materials on pavement fatigue life is still a challenging task. The presented study investigates a novel approach to the reinforcement of asphalt layers using a new type of geogrid composite, in which square or hexagonal polypropylene stiff monolithic paving grid with integral junctions is bonded to polypropylene non-woven paving fabric. The laboratory fatigue tests were performed on large asphalt concrete beams reinforced with the new type of geocomposite. Unreinforced samples were used as reference. Test results were analysed in several aspects, including the standardised approach based on stiffness reduction, but also using energy dissipation. The effect of reinforcement on pavement fatigue life was also estimated. Based on the obtained final results of fatigue life calculations, it can be concluded that the evaluated geogrid composites have an evident positive effect on pavement performance and have a significant potential to extend the overall pavement life, especially in the case of hexagonal grid.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Magnetocaloric effect in nano- and polycrystalline manganites La0.5Ca0.5MnO3. Structure, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of poly- and nanocrystalline La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 manganites prepared by the citrate sol-gel method are studied in a broad temperature range. The Arrott plots show that the phase transition is of the second order. The cooling efficiency of 93-97J/kg is found for the poly- and nanocrystalline samples. The relatively weaker magnetocaloric effect in nanocrystalline La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 is spread over temperature range almost three times broader than for the polycrystalline one. Charge ordering effects decay in manganites with grain sizes below 150 nm. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Psychological Consciousness of Non-Psychological Contents Aspects of a Phenomenology of Sensations and Thoughts. This article phenomenologically contrasts the experience of sensations and concepts as two forms of psychological awareness of non-psychological content. While the contents of sensations inform us about physical states and processes, concepts inform us about essences and essential structures. In conscious awareness, thus, the fields of physics, psychology, and logic become intertwined. This article uses phenomenology to distinguish between these different fields based on the way we experience them. While investigating the experiences of the related act types of sensing and thinking, parallels are discovered between sensing and thinking and between imagining and judging. The article concludes with a closer examination of the conscious awareness of essences.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Biophysical regions of the Southern Highlands, Tanzania: regionalization in a data scarce environment with open geospatial data and statistical methods. Spatially explicit, evidence-based and regionally contextualized data on biophysical landscape characteristics is an essential basis for regionally sustainable landscape management schemes. In many regions of the Global South, the availability of such information is poor, especially at the subnational level, and the spatial management is often based on generic and outdated information, leading to severe threats for land sustainability. We have developed a biophysical regionalization of the Southern Highlands area of Tanzania. The map is based on open-source global datasets depicting climate, soil, topography and vegetation. Through replicable statistical and geospatial analyses, we have identified 7 regions and 18 subsections with biophysically similar and spatially distinctive environmental conditions. The regions provide spatially contextualized support for understanding and managing the landscapes of the Southern Highlands. The applications for such data sets are numerous, from screening suitability areas for e.g. afforestation schemes to evaluating the distinctiveness and vulnerability of landscapes to degradation.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 52]}
{"token": "Contrasting the use of space in post-Roman Exeter: geoarchaeology of dark earth and medieval deposits below Exeter Cathedral. European urban dark earth investigations have aided our understanding of Late Roman and early medieval populations and their activities. Deposits from two locations below Exeter Cathedral were compared in a geoarchaeological study and contrasting uses of space were identified. This supports the need for case-by-case investigations of urban deposits.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Agricultural Health and Safety Performance in Australia. This study aimed to determine the proportion of Australian farming enterprises with systems and processes that meet current regulatory and industry standards for health and safety. Data from 683 farming enterprises were drawn from a nationally stratified random sample representing seven commodity sectors: beef cattle, cotton, dairy, horticulture, grain growing, sheep, and sugar cane. Results indicated low levels of implementation for farm health and safety plans as well as induction for new workers and contractors. Improvements to control major safety hazards are required for farm machinery and implements, farm vehicles, reducing exposure of children to hazards, and the use of helmets when riding quad bikes, motorbikes, and horses. There were considerable variations between commodity sectors. There remains significant scope to enhance the safety of farmers in Australia.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Anticlerical Motifs in the Illustrations of Martin Luther's Hauspostille. Drawing on the example of the editions of a Protestant bestseller, Martin Luther's Hauspostille, printed several times in Nuremberg between 1544 and 1548 by Johann vom Berg and Ulrich Neuber, the study examines the sources, location, and function of the anticlerical motifs in the Protestant postils. Prominent in the first editions of the Hauspostille of 1544 and 1545, the anticlerical scenes were eliminated in 1548. The authors argue that both the usage and subsequent removal of these woodcuts was dependent not on the direct religious context in Luther's sermons, but on pragmatic political considerations as they affected the religious situation in the city of Nuremberg. The deployment of antipapal imagery in the mid-1540s coincided with Nuremberg's strong engagement in the aggravating conflict between the emperor and the Protestants, whereas its elimination was triggered by the defeat of Protestants and the introduction of the Augsburg Interim.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Peracetic Acid Treatment Generates Potent Inactivated Oral Vaccines from a Broad Range of Culturable Bacterial Species. Our mucosal surfaces are the main sites of non-vector-borne pathogen entry, as well as the main interface with our commensal microbiota. We are still only beginning to understand how mucosal adaptive immunity interacts with commensal and pathogenic microbes to influence factors such as infectivity, phenotypic diversity, and within-host evolution. This is in part due to difficulties in generating specific mucosal adaptive immune responses without disrupting the mucosal microbial ecosystem itself. Here, we present a very simple tool to generate inactivated mucosal vaccines from a broad range of culturable bacteria. Oral gavage of 10(10) peracetic acid-inactivated bacteria induces high-titer-specific intestinal IgA in the absence of any measurable inflammation or species invasion. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate that this technique is sufficient to provide fully protective immunity in the murine model of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonellosis, even in the face of severe innate immune deficiency.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Saponins and phenolic content in plant dietary additives of a traditional subsistence community, the Batemi of Ngorongoro District, Tanzania. Reports of plants added to milk and meal-based soups by the Maasai and Batemi in Last Africa support a role for phenolic antioxidants and hypocholeslerolemic agents in the diet, and provide explanation of the low incidence of cardiovascular disease of populations that traditionally consume high levels of dietary fat and cholesterol. Plant food additives used by the Batemi of Ngorongoro District, Tanzania, were tabulated, based on interviews with 22 informants, while 17 specimens were collected in the field and analyzed for saponin and phenolic content. A total of 81% of the Batemi additives and 82% of those known to be used by the Maasai contain potentially hypocholesterolemic saponins and/or phenolics. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "Ice detection using thermal infrared radiometry on wind turbine blades. Icing detection is a complex procedure for example, low temperatures are not a guaranty of ice formation, and other variables may affect. Different techniques have been recently proposed to detect ice in wind turbine blades. They are mainly based on damping of ultrasonic waves on the blade surface, or measuring the resonant frequency of a probe. But these methods have some drawbacks that may cause the system to fail, e.g. the behaviour of ultrasonic waves in composite materials is difficult to predict due to different fibre orientations, and the ice detection by changes in the resonance frequency could lead to false alarms due to variations in working conditions.Wind farms are located in areas with a high probability of ice occurrence. Icing involves problems such as energy losses, mechanical failures and downtimes. The priority is to detect icing in order to avoid these problems.This paper takes advantage of the remote sensing techniques to propose a novel approach for icing detection without physical contact. The approach is based on the drastic emissivity change that it is produced over a surface characterized with a low emissivity value when ice appears. An experiment was conducted using a broad-band thermal radiometer and a section of a wind turbine blade. Radiometric temperature measurements were collected over the blade with and without an aluminium foil patch. The piece of blade was cooled down and different scenarios were considered, including frozen with and without ice. This study was completed with a sensitivity analysis of the approach to dust accumulation, accounting for real operation conditions. Results show the feasibility of this technique to detect ice formation and discern between frozen and icing conditions. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Biocatalytic transesterification of Eruca sativa oil for the production of biodiesel. The utilization of Eruca sativa oil for the biosynthesis of biodiesel by lipase catalyzed transesterification was appraised. The produced biodiesel was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, HPLC and GC-MS. For optimization of reaction conditions Response Surface Methodology was employed and maximum biodiesel produced was depicted to be 98.3% and 56.4% catalyzed by Novozyme-435 and Aspergillus niger (AN) lipase, respectively. The optimum reaction conditions for Novozyme-435 catalyzed transesterification of E. sativa oil were found to be 0.75% Novozyme-435 concentration, 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 32.5 degrees C reaction temperature and 60 h reaction time, whereas for transesterification reactions catalyzed by A. niger lipase, the optimized conditions were, 1.0% enzyme concentration, 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 32.5 degrees C reaction temperature and 60 h reaction time. Furthermore, the biodiesel was combusted in diesel engine and exhaust emission levels such as PM, CO, NOx etc. were evaluated which showed considerable reductions as compared to the conventional diesel. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Antibacterial Activities of Homemade Matrices Miming Essential Oils Compared to Commercial Ones. The increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a worldwide concern. Essential oils are known to possess remarkable antibacterial properties, but their high chemical variability complicates their development into new antibacterial agents. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to standardize their chemical composition. Several commercial essential oils of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) and thyme (chemotype thymol) (Thymus vulgaris L.) were bought on the market. GC-MS analysis revealed that thyme essential oils have a chemical composition far more consistent than ajowan essential oils. Sometimes thymol was not even the major compound. The most abundant compounds and the homemade mixtures were tested against two Staphylococcus aureus strains. The antibacterial property of beta-caryophyllene presented no direct activity against S. aureus LMG 15975, but in association with thymol or carvacrol at equal percentages an MIC of 125 mu g/mL was observed. The mixture of those three compounds at equivalent percentages also decreased by 16-fold the MIC of the penicillin V. Against S. aureus LMG 21674, beta-caryophyllene presented an MIC of 31.3 mu g/mL and decreased by 267-fold the MIC of the penicillin V. These observations led us to question the benefits of using a complex chemical mixture instead of one active compound to fight bacterial resistance.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Accessing transcriptomic data for ecologically important genes in the goose barnacle (Pollicipes pollicipes), with particular focus on cement proteins. In this study 4310 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were used to identify potentially useful transcripts for future studies in the gooseneck barnacle Pollicipes pollicipes (Gmelin, 1789). 119 ESTs were obtained in this work and 4191 were taken from Meusemann et al. (2010). The gooseneck barnacle is a sessile pedunculate cirripede of great economic importance that occurs in dense aggregations, and is harvested for human consumption. The assembly of these ESTs yielded 1805 unigenes (461 contigs and 1344 singlets). The identification of cement proteins in our data is particularly interesting for cirripedes. Only a small part of the assembled unigenes could be functionally annotated. However, our results greatly improve our understanding of the biological features of P. pollicipes. In addition to this, a large number of potentially interesting genes were identified in order to serve as the base for future evolutionary studies in P. pollicipes. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 45]}
{"token": "Introducing an Intermediate Band into Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by W6+ Doping into TiO2 Nanocrystalline Photoanodes. The novel concept of introducing intermediate band into the mesoporous TiO2 backbone of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is proposed to take full advantage of the sunlight and enhance the power conversion efficiency. Nominal trace amount W-doped TiO2 nanocrystralline films were prepared with the purpose of forming intermediate band in the bandgap of TiO2. A notable improvement of the device performance was obtained when N-type W-doped TiO2 films were applied as the photoanode of DSSCs. The short-circuit current density (J(sc)) increased from 12.40 mA cm(-2) to 15.10 mA cm(-2), and the conversion efficiency increased from 6.64 to 7.42% when nominal 50 ppm (ppm) W-doped TiO2 was adopted.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
{"token": "HIV-1 elite controllers: Beware of super-infections. Super- and co-infection with HIV-1 are generally associated with accelerated disease progression. We report on the outcome of super-infection in two HIV-1 infected individuals previously known as elite controllers. Both presented an acute retroviral syndrome following super-infection and showed an immuno-virological progression thereafter. Host genotyping failed to reveal any of the currently recognized protective factors associated with slow disease progression. This report indicates that elite controllers should be informed of the risk of super-infection, and illustrates the complexity of mounting broad anti-HIV immunity. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Payments for ecosystem services and the gift paradigm: Sharing the burden and joy of environmental care. In response to the limited success of command-and-control interventions to ensure environmental stewardship, policy makers and practitioners have turned to financial payments to incentivize conservation. Many scholars and practitioners, including ecological economists, have cautioned that market-based approaches might modify human ways of relating to nature that are counterproductive to long-term conservation goals. Moving beyond critique, this article invites attention to the reconceptualization of environmental care labor and human-environment relations using the ideas of gift, reciprocity, and affect. Using the case of forest conservation by rural communities in Odisha, India, I discuss how the paradigm of the gift helps us to rethink transactions in ecosystem services, which Might lead to more equitable and empowering ways of sharing of the burden and joy of environmental care. I argue that instead of framing conservation as a burdensome activity that entails sacrifice and costs alone, we need to pay attention to the joyful and life-affirming aspects of conservation care labor and its transformative potential. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Preventing 'peace': The British Government and the Second World Peace Congress. The Cold War demonstrated that perception was critical in the decision making of states as it underpinned the reasoning behind many of the decisions made during the Cold War. This paper examines the British Government's response to the Second World Peace Congress. The response was influenced by the understanding of Communist ideology related to the peace movement, the possible effect of the Congress on other NATO members, and the legal limits on the response to the Congress. These factors combined to create a reaction that was based on the Government's perception of this episode as part of a greater Communist ideologically motivated security threat, not only to Britain, but to the West in general.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Influence of infection route and virulence factors on colonization of solid tumors by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Administration of facultative anaerobic bacteria such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium as anticancer treatment holds a great therapeutic potential. Here, we tested different routes of application of S. typhimurium with regard to tumor colonization and therapeutic efficacy. No differences between intravenous and intraperitoneal infection were observed, often leading to a complete tumor clearance. In contrast, after oral application, tumor colonization was inefficient and delayed. No therapeutic effect was observed under such conditions. We also showed that tumor invasion and colonization were independent of functional Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) 1 and SPI 2. Furthermore, tumor invasion and colonization did not require bacterial motility or chemotactic responsiveness. The distribution of the bacteria within the tumor was independent of such functions.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Redissolution and long-term transport of radionuclides released from a contaminated sediment: a numerical modelling study. A numerical model based upon residual circulation has been developed to simulate the long-term (years) transport of non conservative radionuclides in the English Channel. The transfer of radionuclides between water, suspended matter and bottom sediments has been described in terms of kinetic transfer coefficients, so that the model can be applied in situations out of equilibrium. The model has been used to study and compare the effects of direct discharges of radionuclides, the case of a continuous release and the redissolution of radionuclides from a contaminated sediment. These numerical experiments have been carried out for two radionuclides with a different geochemical behaviour: Cs-137 and Pu-239,Pu-240. It has been found that natural equilibrium in the partition of radionuclides between the liquid and solid phases is reached in the case of instantaneous releases and in the case of redissolution from a contaminated sediment. However, in the case of a continuous release such partition remains out of natural equilibrium. Also, the behaviour of Cs-137 and Pu-239,Pu-240 is similar, but the time scales of the processes are clearly different due to the different affinities of both radionuclides to remain fixed to the solid phases. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Single-Crystal Diamond Needle Fabrication Using Hot-Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition. Single-crystal diamonds in the form of micrometer-scale pyramids were produced using a combination of hot-filament (HF) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and thermal oxidation processes. The diamond pyramids were compared here with similar ones that were manufactured using plasma-enhanced (PE) CVD. The similarities revealed in the morphology, Raman, and photoluminescent characteristics of the needles obtained using the hot-filament and plasma-enhanced CVD are discussed in connection with the diamond film growth mechanism. This work demonstrated that the HF CVD method has convincing potential for the fabrication of single-crystal diamond needles in the form of regularly shaped pyramids on a large surface area, even on non-conducting substrates. The experimental results demonstrated the ability for the mass production of the single-crystal needle-like diamonds, which is important for their practical application.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Leafhopper(1) Species Associated with Avocados at Morelos, Mexico. The incidence of leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on avocado, Persea americana Mill., is a phytosanitary problem of interest because of diverse damage to the leaves. Through direct sampling with aspirators and yellow sticky traps, diversity, damage, and abundance of leafhoppers were evaluated at six localities with different altitude gradients at Morelos, Mexico. Five leafhopper species belonging to the Typhlocybinae family were identified. Joruma krausi Ruppel & DeLong was the most abundant species and fed on and deformed vegetative buds. Idona minuenda (Ball) fed on and induced chlorotic spots on the face of mature leaves. Empoasca deskina DeLong & Guevara and Empoasca angustella DeLong caused chlorosis and curling with later necrosis and defoliation. Alconeura candida Ruppel & DeLong was collected from mature leaves and found only at one location, unlike the others that were found in the entire study area. We observed a tendency for a greater number of individuals at higher altitudes. With the exception of I. minuenda, the other leafhopper species are newly associated with avocadoes at Mexico.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Spatial Variation of Haloacetic Acids in Indoor and Outdoor Desalinated Household Drinking Water in Kuwait. The present study reveals spatial variability of haloacetic acids and the basic physiochemical properties of drinking water samples through visualization based on the Kriging algorithm and hierarchical cluster analysis. Both projection and statistical method contributed to the logical classification of the indoor and outdoor water samples collected from various governorates covering more than 95% of the residential areas in Kuwait. Clustering of the variables led to the formation of several significant clusters corresponding to the effect of chlorine concentration and its residence time on the formation potential of chlorinated acetic acid derivatives in desalinated drinking water as well as to the total ionic composition of water samples and to the effect of the formation of brominated acetic acid derivatives. Clustering of samples, both indoor and outdoor, indicated that all of governorates located in the northern part of Kuwait are supplied with water containing high concentrations of chlorinated acetic acid derivatives, whereas significantly lower amounts of chlorinated or monobrominated acetic acids were found in water samples in the central and southern parts of the country.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Auditory lateralization in bushcrickets: a new dichotic paradigm. Pair formation in the bushcricket Gampsocleis gratiosa is achieved through acoustic signalling by the male and phonotactic approaches of the female towards the calling song. On a walking belt in the free sound field, females tracked the position of the speaker broadcasting the male calling song with a remarkable precision, deviating by no more than 10 cm in either direction from the ideal course. Starting with stimulus angles of 6-10 degrees the females significantly turned to the correct side, and with stimulus angles greater than 25 degrees no incorrect turns were made. Using neurophysiological data on the directionality of the ear we calculated that with such stimulus angles the available binaural intensity difference is in the order of 1-2 dB. We developed a dichotic ear stimulation device for freely moving females with a cross-talk barrier of about 50 dB, which allowed to precisely apply small binaural intensity differences. In such a dichotic stimulation paradigm, females on average turned to the tronger stimulated side starting with a 1 dB difference between both ears. The significance of such a reliable lateralization behaviour with small interaural intensity differences for phonotactic behaviour under natural conditions is discussed.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 18, 55, 47]}
{"token": "CSM Murray Award Lecture - Functional studies of the Lyme disease spirochete - from molecules to mice. Lyme borreliosis, also known as Lyme disease, is now the most common vector transmitted disease in the northern hemisphere. It is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and related species. In addition to their clinical importance, these organisms are fascinating to study because of the wide variety of unusual features they possess. Ongoing work in the laboratory in several areas will be described. (1) The segmented genomes contain up to two dozen genetic elements, the majority of which are linear with covalently closed hairpin ends. These linear DNAs also display a very high degree of ongoing genetic rearrangement. Mechanisms for these processes will be described. (2) Persistent infection by Borrelia species requires antigenic variation through a complex DNA rearrangement process at the vlsE locus on the linear plasmid lp28-1. Novel features of this recombination process will be presented. (3) Evidence for a new global regulatory pathway of B. burgdorferi gene expression that is required for pathogenicity will be described. The DEAH box RNA helicase HrpA is involved in this pathway, which may be relevant in other bacteria. (4) The mechanism of B. burgdorferi to effectively disseminate throughout its host is being studied in real time by high resolution intravital imaging in live mice. Recent work will be presented.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 43, 42]}
{"token": "A politics of respect: Reconfiguring democracy in Afro-Brazilian religious activism in Salvador, Brazil. Alternative politics of democracy shape and are shaped by dominant forms of democracy in circular fashion. In 2009 practitioners of Brazil's many Afro-Brazilian religions gathered in Salvador to develop a religiously grounded mode of democratic politics. Mobilizing a religious formulation of respect, participants in the gathering subsumed government ideals of democratic practice under Afro-Brazilian religious norms of hierarchy and the social order that they presupposed. These efforts were predicated on an artful combining and adapting of democratic and religious discourses and interactional practices. The Afro-Brazilian religious politics of democracy that was articulated by this political project did not only reflect religious valorizations of hierarchy but it also established a new foundation for democratic politics in Brazil.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Impacts of Climate, Land Use, and Biological Invasion on the Ecology of Immature Aedes Mosquitoes: Implications for La Crosse Emergence. Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) cause many diseases worldwide and their transmission is likely to change with land use and climate changes. La Crosse virus (LACV) is historically transmitted by the native mosquito Aedes triseriatus (Say) in the upper Midwestern US, but the invasive congeners Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and A. japonicus (Theobald), which co-occur with A. triseriatus in water-holding containers, may be important accessory vectors in the Appalachian region where La Crosse encephalitis is an emerging disease. This review focuses on evidence for how climate, land use, and biological invasions may have direct abiotic and indirect community-level impacts on immature developmental stages (eggs and larvae) of Aedes mosquitoes. Because vector-borne diseases usually vary in space and time and are related to the ecology of the vector species, we propose that the ecology of its mosquito vectors, particularly at their immature stages, has played an important role in the emergence of La Crosse encephalitis in the Appalachian region and represents a model for investigating the effects of environmental changes on other vector-borne diseases. We summarize the health effects of LACV and associated socioeconomic costs that make it the most important native mosquito-borne disease in the US. We review of the transmission of LACV, and present evidence for the impacts of climate, land use, and biological invasions on Aedes mosquito communities. Finally, we discuss important questions about the ecology of LACV mosquito vectors that may improve our understanding of the impacts of environmental changes on LACV and other arboviruses.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Specific Features of the Study of Nonautonomous Differential Equations with Exponential-Type Matrices. An algorithm for the spectral analysis of nonautonomous systems of differential equations on the semiaxis whose matrix can be presented as the sum of exponential-type matrices is developed. This method, which is based on a version of the splitting method, allows us to prove a theorem stating that the initial system is almost reducible to a simpler equivalent system and to formulate a sufficient condition for the asymptotic stability and the stability of its trivial solution.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Tests of rigid composite joints subjected to bending moment combined with tension. Catenary action plays an important role in redistributing the internal loads and preventing progressive collapse of structures from happening when the structures are subjected to a sudden loss of a column. When catenary action is triggered, the beams are subjected to axially tensile forces. Thus the joints are under the state of bending moment combined with tensile force. To study the behavior of column-beam joints subjected to column failure, this paper presents an experimental study of five composite joints. In the test, three loading conditions are considered: bending moment, tensile force, and combination of bending moment and tensile force. The results indicate that the rigid composite joint possesses good ductility and rotation capacity which meet the requirements for the formation of \\\\'catenary action\\\\'. The joint also possesses good tensile capacity and deformation ability, which provides a reliable alternate load path. For joints subjected to a bending moment combined with a tensile force, the bending moment capacity of the joint linearly decreases with the increase of the tensile force. An envelope curve of the bending moment-tensile force is obtained which represents the plastic behavior of the joint under the combination of a bending moment and a tensile force. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Near-surface secondary-ion-mass-spectrometry analyses of plasma-based B ion implants in Si. Numerous experimental studies for near-surface analyses of B in Si have shown that the B distribution within the top few nanometers is inaccurately characterized by secondary-ion-mass-spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling with O-2 flooding or normal-incidence O-2 bombardment. Furthermore, the presence of surface oxide adversely affects the X-j determination as well as the B profile shape when SIMS analyses are conducted while fully oxidizing the analytical area. Many comparisons of SIMS analyses with techniques such as elastic recoil detection, nuclear reaction analysis, and high-resolution Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, which are known to provide an accurate profile shape near the surface, have shown that SIMS analyses without fully oxidizing the analytical area agree well with these high-accuracy techniques at sufficiently high concentrations. The ability to measure both the B profile and an oxide marker with this SIMS technique also allows accurate positioning of the B profile with respect to the SiO2/Si interface. This SIMS analysis protocol has been used to study the differences in near-surface dopant distribution for plasma-based implants (plasma doping). This study specifically focuses on the ion energy distribution behavior of BF3 and B2H6 implants, where the effects of the implant species chemistry were of interest, as well as studying the differences of the applied electric field. (c) 2006 American Vacuum Society.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Molecular phylogeny of Discosporangium mesarthrocarpum (Phaeophyceae) with a reinstatement of the order discosporangiales. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the little-studied filamentous brown alga Discosporangium mesarthrocarpum (Meneghini) Hauck using rbcL and partial 18S rDNA sequences revealed that the species forms a monophyletic clade with Choristocarpus tenellus (Kutz.) Zanardini that is sister to all other brown algae. Although D. mesarthrocarpum has unique disk-shaped plurilocular reproductive organs, D. mesarthrocarpum and C. tenellus share the following basic morphological features, which are considered to be plesiomorphic characters in the brown algae: (1) apical (and diffuse) growth; (2) uniseriate, subdichotomously branched filaments; (3) multiple chloroplasts per cell without pyrenoids; and (4) lack of heterotrichy and of phaeophycean hairs. The rbcL DNA sequence of an Australian D. mesarthrocarpum specimen showed considerable deviation from Mediterranean and Macaronesian specimens. Therefore, the presence of a second species in the genus is suggested; however, the taxonomic treatment of this putative species is not pursued in the present report. Regarding the higher-ranking systematic position of D. mesarthrocarpum, reinstatement of Discosporangiaceae and Discosporangiales is proposed, and the inclusion of Choristocarpaceae in the order is also suggested. Under short-day and long-day culture conditions at 15 degrees C-25 degrees C, Mediterranean D. mesarthrocarpum exhibited a direct type of life history, with a succession of uniseriate filamentous thalli bearing characteristic disk-shaped plurilocular zoidangia, but thalli did not survive at 10 degrees C and below.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
{"token": "Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Rugosa emeljanovi (Anura: Ranidae). In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of Rugosa emeljanovi (Anura: Ranidae) is first determined using long PCR. It is a circular molecule of 17,733 bp in length (GenBank accession no. KU641020). Similar to the typical mtDNA of amphibians, the complete mtDNA sequence of R. emeljanovi contained 2 rRNA genes (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 22 tRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), and a control region (D-loop). The nucleotide composition was 28.1% A, 26.8% C, 14.8% G, and 30.3% T. Mitochondrial genome analyses based on the NJ method yield phylogenetic trees, including the 13 already reported Ranidae family frogs. The molecular data presented here provide a useful tool for systematic analyses of genus Rugosa and Glandirana.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "TRADEABLE EMISSION PERMITS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE IMPERFECT COMPETITIVE MARKETS. In this article, we consider firths competing in an imperfectly competitive international market. These firms are not all submitted to a pollution permit market. We show that a dominant firm being part of the pollution pennit market can use it to obtain an advantage in the product market. This result enlarges assumptions about exclusionary manipulation. We also show that the government acts strategically as well, using two instruments to increase welfare: the pollution cap and the initial allocation. The resulting pollution cap is higher with respect to the one achieved without, trategic behavior.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "A Sight of the Diagnostic Value of Aberrant Cell-Free DNA Methylation in Lung Cancer. Background. Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. As one of the liquid biopsy analytes, alternations in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methylation could function as promising biomarkers for lung cancer detection. Methods. In this study, differential methylation analysis was performed to identify candidate markers, and lasso regression with 10-fold cross-validation (CV) was used to establish the diagnostic marker panel. The performance of the binary classifier was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the precision-recall (PR) curve. Results. We identified 4072 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) based on cfDNA methylation data, and then a 10-DMR marker panel was established. The panel achieved an area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of 0.922 and an area under the PR curve (AUPR) of 0.899 in a cfDNA cohort containing 29 lung cancer and 74 normal samples, showing outstanding performance. Besides, the cfDNA-derived markers also performed well in primary tissue datasets, which were more robust than the tissue-derived markers. Conclusion. Our study suggested that the 10-DMR marker panel attained high accuracy and robustness and may function as a novel and promising target for lung cancer detection.", "label": [2, 18, 19, 20]}
{"token": "A TEMPERATURE-PROGRAMMED SURFACE-REACTION STUDY OF THE CATALYTIC EPOXIDATION AND TOTAL OXIDATION OF ETHYLENE ON SILVER. The influence of the interaction temperature between oxygen and the catalyst, on the ethylene reactions over silver was studied. Catalytic effect of the different oxygen species was detected.", "label": [4, 5, 48, 36]}
{"token": "Determining the model order of nonlinear input/output systems. A method for determining the proper regression vector for recreating the dynamics of nonlinear systems is presented The false nearest neighbors (FNN) algorithm, originally developed to study chaotic time series, is used to determine the proper regression vector for input/output system identification and inferential prediction using only time-series data. The FNN algorithm for solving these problems is presented, and the problem of analyzing noise corrupted time series is discussed. The application of the algorithm to a number of examples including an electrical-leg stimulation experiment, an industrial pulp-digester model, a polymerization model, and a distillation-column simulation is presented and the results are analyzed.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Hydrodynamics of a floating barge adjacent to fixed structure in transient wave fronts. Physical experiments are carried out in the wave flume to investigate the effects of transient wave fronts acting on multiple floating bodies. Two identical barges are considered with one being allowed to sway freely and the other fixed. A time-frequency analysis method based on the improved empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert-Huang transform is developed to help analyze the localized characteristics of non-stationary wave fronts and the corresponding barge responses. A series of problems of particular concern are investigated systematically, and rich results and discussions are provided. Transient wave fronts behaving in a chirp waveform are observed. Two types of wave peaks with respect to transversal waves are recognized in the gap between two barges, whose occurrence locations are derived mathematically. The barge motion is found to be composed of the mean trend and oscillatory components, where the trend component is largely determined by the mooring system, and the oscillatory component is more relevant to the wave property. In shorter incident waves, the motion of weather-side barge can evidently amplify the wave amplitude between two barges. Both amplitudes of the barge motion and maximum wave elevation in the gap generally increase with the reduction in the gap width. Physical understandings revealed in this study are significant to help guarantee the operation safety of offshore side-by-side floating structures in practice.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Effect of Composition on Waterproofing Property of Silicone Modified Polyacrylate Emulsion-Sulphoaluminate Cement Composite Coating: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology. Polymer-modified cementitious coatings are considered to be one of the most promising waterproofing materials. In this paper, response surface methodology (RSM) is used to optimize composition of silicone modified polyacrylate emulsion (SPA)-sulphoaluminate cement (SAC) composite coating (SSCC) based on improvement of waterproofing property. Being considered as the most important factors, the ratios of SAC to SPA, REP (redispersion emulsion powder) to SPA and SiO2 to SPA are studied. The results show that the quadratic polynomial model fits experiment data fairly well, and R-2 and Adj-R-2 values for water absorption are 0.9852 and 0.9662, respectively. The differences observed from variation of SAC/SPA and REP/SPA are extremely significant. The water absorption of SSCC decreases first and increases afterwards with increasing the ratio of SAC to SPA. And a trend caused by REP/SPA is gradually decreasing. By contrast, the factor of SiO2/SPA is not that significant. The optimal ranges, taken all factors into consideration, are 0.8-1.0 for SAC/SPA, 0.10-0.11 for REP/SPA and 1.1-1.3 for SiO2/SPA. In this case, the water absorption ratio can drop to 4.25%.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Fabrication and characterization of inner selective antibiofouling forward osmosis hollow fiber membranes for simultaneous wastewater treatment and desalination. Forward osmosis (FO) hollow-fiber membranes were prepared by in situ thin layer assembly of polyethyleneimine (PEI) on antifouling PES-based porous nanocomposite membranes during membrane formation by spinning and phase inversion, via incorporation of surface-modified silver nanoparticles (NPs) in the dope solution and addition of PEI in the bore liquid; after cross-linking with glutaraldehyde the FO selective layer was obtained at the lumen surface while the shell surface had ultrafilter (UF) properties. This design enabled the utilization of the FO membranes in active layer facing draw solution (DS) orientation to employ maximum effective osmotic pressure, while the UF layer in combination with the antibacterial NPs was supposed to reduce fouling by the wastewater used as feed solution (FS). The quality of the active layer assembly was characterized using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses, as well as salt rejection, structural parameter (S), and molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) measurements. The separation performance of these membranes was evaluated in an osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) system, showing for the best FO nanocomposite membranes less than 10% fouling and flux reduction over 5 cycles of operation over a total period of 5 days. The best-suited membrane showed promising separation performance in the OMBR system by providing 43.4 LMH water flux and only around 0.2 g/l specific reverse salt flux (SRSF) with 1 M NaCl and DI water serving as DS and feed, respectively. This study focused also on distinctive performance criteria in combined FO and OMBR systems, such as the membrane's potential in a pretreatment step of brine streams (used as DS) to provide proper feed composition for RO units and introduced a new specific performance index (SPI) for better characterization of FO membranes which summarizes all essential characteristics of the membrane application, instead of using existing structural parameter equations for membrane characterization. The best-suited FO membrane offered an SPI of 778.2 gl(-1) m(-2) h(-1), meaning 778.2 g/l reduction of TDS in DS per unit membrane surface area per hour.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in Scotland - demography of a declining population. Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus numbers declined in Scottish forests between 1992 and 1997, although the rate (mean 16% per year, 95% CL 1-30%) differed among forests. Hens declined more quickly than cocks despite the sex ratio in chicks favouring females. A probable explanation is that adult cocks lived longer. Juvenile survival was less than adult survival, largely because juveniles were more likely to die from hitting fences. Although poor reproduction was probably the main cause of the decline, this might not have occurred had fence strikes been substantially fewer.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "COVID-19, lockdown and peasants in Zimbabwe. The exploration of COVID-19 in Zimbabwe and the consequent responses have blind spots in relation to peasant communities. Despite the peasantry featuring in Zimbabwe's agrarian reform literature, such literature is lacking when it comes to the interrogation of how this diverse and sometimes less recognised group responded to the novel virus. The article explores peasant life in a time of COVID-19 and lockdown in Zimbabwe, paying special attention to the impact of the pandemic on their 'total way of life', their agency in responding to the pandemic in an agrarian context, and implications for the present and future.", "label": [5, 56, 57]}
{"token": "Direct comparison of enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical methods to localize an enzyme. Immunohistochemical localization of enzymes is compared directly with localization of enzyme activity with (catalytic) enzyme histochemical methods. The two approaches demonstrate principally different aspects of an enzyme. The immunohistochemical method localizes the enzyme protein whether it is active or not whereas the catalytic method visualizes the functionally active enzyme only. Furthermore, enzyme histochemical methods appear to be highly sensitive in comparison with immunohistochemical methods. Finally, the catalytic methods are simple and last 5-60 min at room temp, whereas immunohistochemical methods take hours at least. It can be concluded that enzyme histochemical methods are the methods of choice to localize enzymes because they detect the functional activity of an enzyme, they are relatively simple and their sensitivity is high. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 22, 45, 52]}
{"token": "The city and the ladies: Politics, religion and female benevolence in mid-nineteenth-century Hamilton, Canada West. Although Hamilton City Council committed regular financial support to the Ladies Benevolent Society's Orphan Asylum, several members of council objected to a new appropriation of public money for the institution in 1852. Roman Catholic council members accused the Ladies Benevolent Society of proselytism and called the city's relationship with the society into question. The public debates that ensued illuminate the role of religious and gender identities in the constitution of a \\\\'public sphere\\\\' in mid-nineteenth-century Hamilton. These debates also reveal that the formation of new social institutions by private associations was subject to contest and negotiation in the political and public sphere.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Cooperative Heterogeneous Framework for Spectrum Harvesting in Cognitive Cellular Network. With the proliferation of mobile devices and emerging data-hungry applications, mobile data has been increasing dramatically. To accommodate massive mobile data, the cellular network has been straining to meet the need due to the scarcity of spectrum. As a promising technology, cognitive radio can be leveraged by the cellular network to harvest spectrum holes on demand. By employing cognitive radio, the cellular network becomes a cognitive cellular network. In this article, we first provide an overview of the cognitive cellular network, including the network architecture and main applications. Then existing spectrum harvesting approaches are reviewed, and the limitations are identified. To better explore spectrum access opportunities, three types of cooperation-based approaches are introduced for different scenarios, based on which an integrated cooperative framework is devised to fully harvest spectrum holes. Simulation results are provided to evaluate the performance of the proposed cooperative approaches.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Retarded growth of an Escherichia coli mutant deficient in spermidine synthase can be unspecifically repaired by addition of various polyamines. The Escherichia coli mutant speE deficient in the gene encoding for spermidine synthase has no absolute requirement for spermidine but shows a retarded growth rate. This growth retardation could be unspecifically restored to the respective wild type level by exogenously supplied polyamines such as spermidine, spermine and homospermidine as well as the diamines putrescine and cadaverine. In comparison to the respective wild type, the mutant shows a two-fold increased level of endogenous putrescine but displays a reduced ability to accumulate the diamines putrescine and cadaverine. The ability to accumulate polyamines is not affected. The deleted spermidine synthase gene of the mutant was substituted by heterologous expression of the hss gene from Rhodopseudomonas viridis encoding homospermidine synthase.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Social network sites, privacy and the blurring boundary between public and private spaces. With social network sites (SNS) becoming a pervasive phenomenon, already existing conflicts with privacy are further intensified. As shown in this paper, online and (once) offline contexts increasingly conflate, thereby posing new challenges to the protection of the private sphere. SNS quickly evolve their features and challenge privacy preferences, often without user consent; 'social graphs' make social relations highly transparent; social plugins interconnect user traces from within and outside the SNS. As the large amounts of personal information available in SNS are processed with context-rich information, the individual's informational self-determination is heavily strained. These data attract potential and real observers for behavioural advertising and also for profiling by security authorities. We argue that the emerging usage of SNS (social plugins, increasing role of biometrics and mobile computing) multiplies privacy challenges as all types of privacy become affected. This raises additional demand for public policy to foster privacy-by-design combined with awareness-raising mechanisms to improve informational self-determination.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Turning experience into expertise: technologies of the self in Finnish participatory social policy. This article investigates the micro-level practices of subjectconstruction in Finnish participatory social policy. Through a governmental ethnography on projects that invite former beneficiaries to become 'experts-by-experience' in social welfare organizations, I discern the possibilities for freedom in the participants' self-construction. By making use of Michel Foucault's conceptual tools of care of the self and confession, I illustrate how, contrary to the projects' emancipatory promise of providing the service users the freedom to reconstruct themselves, the projects entail practices that curb the participants' way of 'knowing themselves'. They require the service users to reframe their raw experiences as neutral and objective knowledge, making alternative ways of knowing appear 'irrational', and hence easily discountable. I conclude that despite the user involvement initiatives' promise of incorporating different forms of knowledge, the participants are in practice required to realign their way of knowing with the dominant knowledge paradigm in order to be accepted as participants.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Financial reports and decentralization in municipal governments. Some reforms implemented in the Spanish municipal sector have led to an increasing managerial decentralization. This decentralization has made municipal financial statements lose relevance, since devolved entities are not disclosed in these statements. Accordingly, we have made an empirical analysis of 54 big Spanish municipalities in order to evaluate the impact of decentralization on the municipal financial statements. The survey shows a great concern among practitioners about the importance of global reports. Furthermore, devolved entities should be included in the global reports if the municipality has the authority to approve their budget. This feature shows a legal/budgetary bias of municipal officials, who focus on legal and budgetary constraints more than on managerial indicators. We think this bureaucratic approach should evolve to another one with a higher degree of private sector management techniques.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "DALLA PARTE DI MEDEA' ON THE FRENCH-ITALIAN MUSICAL STAGES, FROM CICOGNINI TO MILCENT (1649-1813). The article offers a critical analysis of non-traditional finals of Medea Myth on the Italian and French musical stages in the period between the mid-17th and the early 19th century.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Effects of tenuiorin and methyl orsellinate from the lichen Peltigera leucophlebia on 5-/15-lipoxygenases and proliferation of malignant cell lines in vitro. The orcinol derivatives tenuiorin (1) and methyl orsellinate (2) were identified as active components of an extract from the lichen Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln. showing in vitro inhibitory activity against 15-lipoxygenase from soybeans. The compounds were subsequently tested for in vitro activity against 5-lipoxygenase from porcine leucocytes and proved to be moderately active, with IC50 values of 41.6 muM and 59.6 muM respectively. Tenuiorin is a known constituent of several Peltigera species but has not previously been isolated from P leucophlebia. As correlation between 5-lipoxygenase inhibition and antiproliferative effects has earlier been witnessed for related lichen metabolites, tenuiorin and methyl orsellinate were further tested for antiproliferative activity on cultured human breast (T-47D)-, pancreatic (PANC-1)- and colon (WIDR) cancer cell lines. The monomeric methyl orsellinate exhibited no detectable antiproliferative activity whereas the trimeric tenuiorin caused moderate/weak reduction in [H-3]-thymidine uptake of the pancreatic and colon cancer cells, with ED50 values of 87.9 and 98.3 muM respectively.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "Calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcite as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of guaiacol. The use of calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcite as an efficient catalyst for the selective O-alkylation of catechol with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to guaiacol in a continuous fixed bed flow reactor is described. A maximum guaiacol yield of 80% is obtained at 573 K under optimized conditions with a stable catalytic activity. A concerted mechanism involving acid-base pair sites in which a nucleophilic attack at the methyl carbon atom of DMC by the oxygen atom of the H-bonded phenolic compound or phenolate anion is proposed.", "label": [4, 36, 39]}
{"token": "The linear stability of dilute particulate rings. Irregular structure in planetary rings is often attributed to the intrinsic instabilities of a homogeneous state undergoing Keplerian shear. Previously these have been analysed with simple hydrodynamic models. We instead employ a kinetic theory, in which we solve the linearised moment equations derived in Shu and Stewart 1985 for a dilute ring. This facilitates an examination of velocity anisotropy and non-Newtonian stress, and their effects on the viscous and viscous/gravitational instabilities thought to occur in Saturn's rings. Because we adopt a dilute gas model, the applicability of our results to the actual dense rings of Saturn are significantly curtailled. Nevertheless this study is a necessary preliminary before an attack on the difficult problem of dense ring dynamics. We find the Shu and Stewart formalism admits analytic stability criteria for the viscous overstability, viscous instability, and thermal instability. These criteria are compared with those of a hydrodynamic model incorporating the effective viscosity and cooling function computed from the kinetic steady state. We find the two agree in the 'hydrodynamic limit' (i.e., many collisions per orbit) but disagree when collisions are less frequent, when we expect the viscous stress to be increasingly non-Newtonian and the velocity distribution increasingly anisotropic. In particular, hydrodynamics predicts viscous overstability for a larger portion of parameter space. We also numerically solve the linearised equations of the more accurate Goldreich and Tremaine 1978 kinetic model and discover its linear stability to be qualitatively the same as that of Shu and Stewart's. Thus the simple collision operator adopted in the latter would appear to be an adequate approximation for dilute rings, at least in the linear regime. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Unethical practices within medical research and publication - An exploratory study. The data produced by the scientific community impacts on academia, clinicians, and the general public; therefore, the scientific community and other regulatory bodies have been focussing on ethical codes of conduct. Despite the measures taken by several research councils, unethical research, publishing and/or reviewing behaviours still take place. This exploratory study considers some of the current unethical practices and the reasons behind them and explores the ways to discourage these within research and other professional disciplinary bodies. These interviews/discussions with PhD students, technicians, and academics/principal investigators (PIs) (N=110) were conducted mostly in European higher education institutions including UK, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, Czech Republic and Netherlands. Through collegiate discussions, sharing experiences and by examining previously published/reported information, authors have identified several less reported behaviours. Some of these practices are mainly influenced either by the undue institutional expectations of research esteem or by changes in the journal review process. These malpractices can be divided in two categories relating to (a) methodological malpractices including data management, and (b) those that contravene publishing ethics. The former is mostly related to \\\\'committed bias\\\\', by which the author selectively uses the data to suit their own hypothesis, methodological malpractice relates to selection of out-dated protocols that are not suited to the intended work. Although these are usually unintentional, incidences of intentional manipulations have been reported to authors of this study. For example, carrying out investigations without positive (or negative) controls; but including these from a previous study. Other methodological malpractices include unfair repetitions to gain statistical significance, or retrospective ethical approvals. In contrast, the publication related malpractices such as authorship malpractices, ethical clearance irregularities have also been reported. The findings also suggest a globalised approach with clear punitive measures for offenders is needed to tackle this problem.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Energy generation from grey water in high raised buildings: The case of India. Energy consumption in developed as well as developing countries is high, especially in the residential and commercial building sectors. Researchers have been working on several technologies for the reduction of energy consumption in buildings; among them, energy-harvesting techniques are quite promising. In this paper, we explore a possibility of harnessing energy from grey water, while it flows down through high-raised buildings. We propose the usage of a micro/pico hydro turbine installed at the ground floor of a high rise building that utilizes the energy of grey water falling from floors above, to generate electricity. The electrical energy generated from the turbine can be utilized further in numerous ways. Scaled prototype of the same has been developed and tested. The proposed design of a gravity-energized wastewater system in high-rise buildings for generation of hydroelectricity is being checked for its feasibility in Indian markets. Calculation shows that the proposed system is commercially promising for most of the major cities in India. We also discuss cost benefits analysis of the proposed system to support our claims for possible commercialization of this technology. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Test-Retest Reliability of EQ-5D-5L Valuation Techniques: The Composite Time Trade-Off and Discrete Choice Experiments. Objectives: To explore the test-retest reliability of the composite time trade-off (C-TTO) and discrete choice experiment (DCE) used in the Indonesian five-level EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) valuation study. Methods: A representative sample aged 17 years and older was recruited from the Indonesian general population by stratified quota sampling with respect to residence, sex, and age. Trained interviewers conducted computer-assisted face-to-face interviews using the EuroQol valuation technology. Each respondent valued 10 health states using C-TTO and 7 pairs of health states in a DCE exercise. The retest interview was conducted after 2 weeks by the same interviewer. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test, intraclass correlation coefficient, and multilevel regression were applied in comparing the C-TTO test and retest data. For DCE, the analysis of proportions was used. Results: A total of 226 respondents with characteristics similar to the Indonesian population completed the retest interview. For C-TTO, 82 (95.3%) of 86 health states had no significant mean value differences between test and retest. The mean value of the second test was statistically significantly higher than that of the first test by 0.042. For DCE, 72.5% of responses were identical. DCE retest showed a different pattern concerning the relative importance of the dimensions, whereas the C-TTO remained the same. Conclusions: C-TTO is stable over time, whereas in DCE the relative values of the dimensions shift. The results support the use of the C-TTO, in particular the Indonesian EQ-5D-5L value set, and suggest a critical examination of the reliability of DCE results over time.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 49]}
{"token": "The identification of multi-hazard situations in elementary school. This study aimed to identify various hazard risks which are related to children in schools. This study used a quantitative descriptive design. The sampling technique used was four stage stratified random sampling, with 329 elementary schools as the sample. The results identified various dangerous situations which are related to children and schools ranging from infectious diseases, natural disasters, violence against children and the dangers due to the absence of adequate safety at school. Dangers from natural disasters which could be identified were earthquake, volcano, flood, hurricane landslide, and drought as well as potential biological hazards such as contagion and caterpillar outbreak. Additionally, the dangers related to violence against children were fighting, extortion, physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, bullying, and stealing. Related to safety aspects at schools, there were dangerous situations caused by the activities of the children themselves which caused injuries, or other technical causes, such as fire, falling buildings/falling trees, food poisoning, and infectious diseases.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "APPROACHES TO PREDICTING THE INTERACTION OF COMPONENTS IN PRINTING SYSTEM. One of the important tasks of design and operation of any machines is to ensure reliable operation of each node. In printing machines, much attention is paid to the sheet transfer system. The most common way to transfer a sheet in a cylinder is by means of grippers. In this case, a large role is played by the support rollers, which are subject to significant wear during operation.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Experimental studies of interfacial instabilities in multilayer pressure-driven flow of polymeric melts. The interfacial deformation and stability of two-(A-B) as well as three-layer symmetric (A-B-A) and asymmetric (A-B-C) pressure-driven flow of viscoelastic fluids has been investigated. Flow visualization in conjunction with digital image processing has been used to observe and measure the rate of encapsulation and interfacial stability/instability of the flow. Specifically, the encapsulation behavior as well as stability/instability of the interface and the corresponding growth or decay rate of disturbances as a function of various important parameters, namely, number of layers and their arrangement, layer depth ratio, viscosity and elasticity ratio as well as disturbance frequency, have been investigated. Based on these experiments, we have shown that the encapsulation phenomena occurs irrespective of the stability/instability of the interface and in cases when both encapsulation and instability occur simultaneously their coupling leads to highly complex and three-dimensional interfacial wave patterns. Moreover, it has been shown that the simple notion that less viscous fluids encapsulate more viscous fluids is incorrect and depending on the wetting properties of the fluid as well as their first and second normal stresses the reverse could occur. Additionally, in two-and three-layer flows it has been shown that by placing a thin, less viscous layer adjacent to the wall longwave disturbances can be stabilized while short and intermediate wavelength disturbances are stabilized when the more elastic fluid is the majority component. Furthermore, in three-layer flows it has been demonstrated that in the linear instability regime no dynamic interaction between the two interfaces is possible for short and intermediate wavenumber disturbances. However, in the nonlinear stability regime dynamic interactions between interfaces have been observed in this range of disturbance wavenumbers leading to highly chaotic flows. Finally, in the parameter space of this study no subcritical bifurcations were observed while supercritical bifurcations resulting in waves with a pointed front and a gradual tail were observed.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Exploring the Meanings of Globalization in Beijing. The purpose of this article is to investigate the meaning of globalization from the Chinese point of view. Managerial and organizational cognition literature suggests that the decisions of individuals (for example, managers) are the basis for understanding organizational strategy and behaviour. Therefore, the concept of meaning is vital to the understanding of why and how managers, policymakers and policy influencers react to a phenomenon such as globalization. In other words, it might be possible, within reason, to predict managers', policymakers' and policy implementers' decisions and actions by understanding the meaning they attach to globalization rather than explain their decisions or actions afterwards. Our investigation of the meaning of globalization using a sample of Chinese professionals, managers and business people is an attempt to explore this possibility.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Accessing SDG Information in Nigeria: the Place of Collaboration. With the adoption of the new 17 SMART Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), access to government information becomes essential for these goals to be realised. This view was corroborated by IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions) at its 2015 Cape Town Declaration. In Nigeria, the drastic reduction in the revenue accruable to the government following the sharp decline in the price of crude oil and the subsequent impact on the nation's economy have made it imperative for citizens of the country to insist on transparency and accountability regarding the activities of the government. Otherwise, the SDGs could end up like the much-talked-about MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) whose records were unimpressive despite the oil boom of that era. Public libraries could serve as useful channels for providing government information to citizens. However, their managers lack the necessary technical skills. This article considers how public libraries in Nigeria could provide access to government information for its users. This study is based on existing literature, international binding documents and observations, as well as drawing on the wealth of experience of the researchers themselves and their interactions with public librarians. It is recommended that the scope of the curricula of library schools in Nigeria be broadened to include the mandatory teaching of management of government information to budding librarians. Also, there should be collaboration between public librarians and law librarians. Such collaboration would help provide more access to government information for the citizens of Nigeria. Law librarians could also benefit from the collaboration and devise better skills to help improve their services to users.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Slow Positron Annihilation in Ion-Implanted Silicon. The mechanism of slow positron annihilation in ion-implanted Si has been discussed in terms of the Diffusion-Trapping model (DTM). The trapping of positron has been considered in native vacancies (monovacancies) and ion induced vacancies i.e. vacancy clusters. The model has been used to calculate the Doppler broadening line shape parameter (S-parameter) as a function of incident positron energy for different ion-implanted Si. It has been found that at lower energies the monovacancies and vacancy clusters both contribute to the S-parameter while, with the increase in positron energy the vacancy clusters are reduced. The S-parameter is found to be dependent on the fluency of the implanted ions.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Attachment ligands of viable Toxoplasma gondii induce soluble immunosuppressive factors in human monocytes. Previous studies have demonstrated that surface antigen proteins, in particular SAG-1, of Toxoplasma gondii are important to this parasite as attachment ligands for the host cell. An in vitro assay was developed to test whether these ligands and other secretory proteins are involved in the immune response of human cells to toxoplasma. Human monocytes were infected with tachyzoites in the presence of antiparasite antibodies, and their effect on mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation was examined. The presence of antibody to either parasite excreted proteins (MIC-1 and MIC-2) or surface proteins (SAG-1 and SAG-2) during infection neutralized the marked decrease seen in mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation in the presence of infected monocytes, Conversely, antibodies to other secreted proteins (ROP-1) and cytoplasmic molecules had no effect on parasite-induced, monocyte mediated downregulation, Fluorescence microscope analysis detected microneme and surface antigen proteins on the monocyte cell surface during infection. These results suggest that microneme and surface antigen proteins trigger monocytes to downregulate mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Kant on truth. This essay discusses Kant's account of truth, arguing that he offers us a weak coherence theory: weak for his insistence on an independent, sensuous content for intuition, coherentist for the transcendental apparatus supporting experience. While Kant is free to use the language of correspondence within experience, \\\\'empirical truth\\\\' will always be limited by the formative requirements set by \\\\'transcendental truth.\\\\' The difficulty, for Kant, is the role played by sensuous content since the sameness of this content in intersubjective experience seems to point outside the conditions of synthesis to a transcendentally real object. While the consequence of this would seem to leave Kant in a contradiction-denying transcendental realism at the same time that he must affirm it-we must read Kant's insistence on a merely negative use of noumena as evidence that he adopts the role of the skeptic as a means for maintaining his epistemic goals.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "The paradoxes of interdisciplinarity: the Annales, between History and the Social Sciences. The analysis in this article emerges from the encounter between a general reflection on the shared epistemology of the Social Sciences and the examination of a specific body of work, in this case a reading of the journal Annales. The article offers a criticism of disciplinary boundaries and explores a contradiction that characterizes the Annales project. On the one hand, the reading affirms that nothing, in principal or practice, allows one to determine the essential area or method of History, Sociology, Anthropology, or Geography as autonomous disciplines. On the other, the authors of the Annales were known for their strong commitment to the discipline of History, and one can conclude that they did little to breakdown disciplinary divisions.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Progress of Cognitive Component of Adolescent Readiness for Project Activity. The article deals with the results of scientific research with the objective of studying adolescent readiness for the project activity and its cognitive element, in particular. As an effective means helping to develop cognitive component, we propose fine arts, which efficiency is proved during pilot experiments, arranged in three successive stages: stating, forming and testing.To determine evidence of cognitive component of adolescent readiness for the project activity, the levels and indices were defined. On the basis of detected indices, there were selected the diagnostic methodologies towards determination of levels of progress of cognitive component of adolescent readiness for project activity. The authors developed and implemented an optional author's program \\\\'Art-Crossroads\\\\', which promotes the growth of the need for communication with art, the formation of adolescents sustainable interest in the study of works of art and the implementation of creative project activities. The organized project activity made it possible within three years term to achieve consistency and systematic character in developing teenager readiness for project activity, overall, and developing cognitive element, in particular.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Genetic Analysis of Visually Scored Orange Kernel Color in Maize. Increasing levels of provitamin A carotenoids in maize (Zea mays L.) grain through plant breeding has potential to help humans suffering from vitamin A deficiency. In parts of Africa where this deficiency is prevalent, there is a consumer preference for white maize grain and an avoidance of yellow maize grain. White grain has minimal levels of carotenoids whereas yellow grain can have appreciable levels of carotenoids. There is a new effort to introduce orange maize that contains high levels of provitamin A, which appears to be a more acceptable color than yellow to consumers in Africa. The implementation of this program requires backcross selection to convert African-adapted germplasm with white grain to orange. We conducted a study to assess the heritability of visual scores for relative intensity of orange kernel color and identify genetic markers associated with orange color across and within 10 families of the maize nested association mapping population. We found visually scored kernel color to have a moderately high heritability and identified five common quantitative trait loci (QTL) and six rare QTL for intensity of orange color. Notably, half of them coincided with carotenoid biosynthetic genes. Our results indicate that breeders in Africa, Asia, and throughout the world would have flexibility to select for orange kernel color visually and/or with gene-specific markers. Such selection can be combined with marker-assisted selection efforts to increase provitamin A levels in maize grain.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "On the Permissibility of Free-Riding on the Global Lingua Franca. English today seems to be emerging as a global lingua franca. And a global lingua franca would be a global public good. Characteristically, being non-excludable, public goods are susceptible to free-riding: absent targeted distributive policies, some individuals can accrue a good's benefits without having contributed to the costs of its production. In this paper, I make two arguments. First, I argue, against Philippe Van Parijs, that Anglophones are not unfairly free-riding on the efforts of non-Anglophones of producing English as a global lingua franca. I defend the view that instances of what counts as unfair free-riding should be limited to free-riding on public goods that are co-operatively produced. Second, I suggest an alternative claim that is available for Van Parijs to make. Van Parijs believes a global lingua franca is required by global justice. This is a highly controversial claim. But if he is right, then Anglophones' free-riding on the global lingua franca while not an instance of unfair free-riding, may be objectionable nonetheless.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Dynamical mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of cemented tailings backfill considering coupled strain rates and confining pressures effects. This paper discusses the relationship between the average strain rate (ASR), confining pressure, dynamic peak compressive strength (DPCS), and cemented tailings backfill (CTB) crack volume through the SHPB test and microscopic computed tomography (CT). The CTB samples with a water-cement ratio of 1:4 and a slurry concentration of 75% were prepared to carry out SHPB tests with different ASR (25.6 similar to 104.73 sD(-1)), different ASR (12.16 similar to 152.05 s(-1)) at different confining pressures (0.5 similar to 2 MPa). The results show that with the increase of ASR when there is no confining pressure, the DPCS shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. However, when the confining pressure is 0.5 and 1 MPa, the DPCS increases linearly. When the confining pressure is 1.5 and 2 MPa, the DPCS increases exponentially and logarithmically, respectively. The micro-CT analysis shows that the total crack volume generated after the SHPB rises first and then falls with the increase of the ASR under confining pressure of 1 MPa. When the impact amplitude is 150 mV, the crack volume also decreases with the improvement of the confining pressure (0.5-2 MPa). The internal cracks of the CTB change from shear cracks to tensile cracks, and the initial pores of the samples first decrease and then increase. The failure pattern of all CTB samples by SHPB was mainly shear, tensile, and hybrid failure (shear and tensile). The research results can provide a valuable reference for the dynamic performance of CTB under confining pressure and the design of mining backfill.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Immune response to enzyme replacement therapies in lysosomal storage diseases and the role of immune tolerance induction. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and National Organization for Rare Disease (NORD) convened a public workshop titled \\\\'Immune Responses to Enzyme Replacement Therapies: Role of Immune Tolerance Induction\\\\' to discuss the impact of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) on efficacy and safety of enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) intended to treat patients with lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Participants in the workshop included FDA staff, clinicians, scientists, patients, industry, and advocacy group representatives. The risks and benefits of implementing prophylactic immune tolerance induction (ITI) to reduce the potential clinical impact of antibody development were considered. Complications due to immune responses to ERT are being recognized with increasing experience and lengths of exposure to ERTs to treat several LSDs. Strategies to mitigate immune responses and to optimize therapies are needed. Discussions during the workshop resulted in the identification of knowledge gaps and future areas of research, as well as the following proposals from the participants: (1) systematic collection of longitudinal data on immunogenicity to better understand the impact of ADAs on long-term clinical outcomes; (2) development of disease-specific biomarkers and outcome measures to assess the effect of ADAs and ITI on efficacy and safety; (3) development of consistent approaches to ADA assays to allow comparisons of immunogenicity data across different products and disease groups, and to expedite reporting of results; (4) establishment of a system to widely share data on antibody titers following treatment with ERTs; (5) identification of components of the protein that are immunogenic so that triggers and components of the immune responses can be targeted in ITI; and (6) consideration of early ITI in patients who are at risk of developing clinically relevant ADA that have been demonstrated to worsen treatment outcomes. Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Contested policymaking in Russia: industry, environment, and the 'best available technology' debate. The centralized nature of the Russian political system and the dominance of the executive can obscure the role played by other actors in the policymaking process. This article aims to further our understanding of the Russian policy process by examining the ability of industry to determine policy outcomes. An example from the environmental policy process concerning the introduction of the best available technology will be presented. This highly contested policy led to significant opposition from industry groups and disputes between government actors. The case demonstrates that industrial interests in Russia are able to exert considerable influence on the policy process; however, this influence is not absolute and requires closer scrutiny. Political leadership was found to be an important factor in achieving policy outcomes. However, for the most part, the policy process was found to be heavily bureaucratized, and dominated by a range of competing interests.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
{"token": "NUMERICAL MODELLING OF HUMAN BODY FOR BLUETOOTH BODY-WORN APPLICATIONS. The human body has got a pivotal role in portable devices operating in Body-centric Wireless Networks (BCWNs). Electromagnetic interaction between lossy human body tissues and wearable antennas degrades the system performance. Efficient deployment of such systems necessitates thorough understanding of these effects. Numerical analysis is a powerful tool that provides useful information of such scenarios fairly quicker than the actual measurements giving the user full control of the design environment. This paper investigates usefulness of numerical analysis based on the comparison of three different homogeneous models of the human body. Effectiveness of a numerical model is evaluated in terms of its resolution, computational efficiency, time consumption and accuracy of the results in software followed by experimental verifications.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "DAS HIPPOCRATISCHE GESCHAFT'. MEANING, SENSE AND STRUCTURAL STATUS OF MEDICINE IN KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY. The present paper aims to show the structural link between Medicine and the moral-practical concerns of Kantian work, laying emphasis on the late critical period. It begins by clarifying the meaning of the expression 'hippocratical question' and distinguishing the disciplines that are part of it. Following this, the procedures through which Medicine strives to restore or to maintain health are presented; they lead to two agency models that link with two heterogeneous facets of the human being. The so delineated place of Medicine within the entirety of knowledge about man is revealed to occupy a crucial place of transition.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Textiles as the Face of Modernity: Artistry and Industry in Mid-Century America. This article examines the rise of a new profession of textile designer-intermediary in mid-twentieth-century America in light of the nation's advancements in textile production, design, display and promotion. Unlike William Morris's nineteenth-century call for a return to handcrafts to combat the evils of the British Industrial Revolution, American textiles were promoted as the face of modernity to reflect and exploit the miracles of technology. Emerging from these developments came the 'Super Designers' and 'Techno-Craftsmen', as designers Jack Lenor Larsen and Boris Kroll referred to them, who united handcraft sensibilities with good design and mass production.(1) These traits were also shared by weavers such as Anni Albers, Dorothy Liebes and Marianne Strengell, and designers of printed textiles such as Alexander Girard and Alvin Lustig. Despite an increasing reliance on mechanization, their textiles provided a human element - through texture, colour, pattern and connections to the past - to foil the threat of robotic mass production and mindless monotony. Working as corporate heads, industrial consultants, cultural ambassadors and textile collectors and connoisseurs, these designers emphasized in their work and writing the value of well-designed textiles for both visual and utilitarian purposes, collectively advancing contemporary textiles as ideal representatives of modern American design.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "NATURAL SURFACTANT INSTILLED IN PREMATURE LAMBS INCREASES LUNG-VOLUME AND IMPROVES VENTILATION HOMOGENEITY WITHIN 5 MINUTES. The immediate effects on lung volume, ventilation homogeneity, and lung mechanics of tracheal instillation of surfactant were studied in premature lambs, gestational age 120-122 d, with respiratory distress syndrome. Six lambs received surfactant by tracheal instillation 25 min after delivery by cesarean section; five received only vehicle and served as controls. The lambs were studied for 60 min thereafter. Functional residual capacity was measured with a computerized tracer gas washin-washout technique using sulfur hexafluoride as tracer gas. A measure of ventilation inhomogeneity (pulmonary clearance delay) was also calculated from the washout curves. Pressure-volume curves were studied with an interrupter technique during deflation of the lungs from an airway pressure of 30 CM H2O. In the surfactant group, arterial oxygenation and ventilation homogeneity improved within 5 min of giving surfactant; major increases in functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and compliance occurred within 5 to 20 min and were followed by gradual further improvements. The pressure-volume curve thus increased in amplitude and became steeper, but the lung volumes at various inflation pressures, and compliance, remained constant when expressed as fractions of total lung capacity volume. It is concluded that an improvement in lung volume, respiratory mechanics, and ventilation homogeneity occurs very soon after surfactant instillation and that there is a phase of successive further improvement over the next hour. Although the amplitude of the pressure-volume curve varied considerably, its basic shape varied little. This suggests that opening of new distal airways by surfactant predominated over changes in the mechanics of already aerated lung regions.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Ordered Pair Semantics and Negation in LP. This paper presents a novel semantic framework for the many-valued para-consistent logic LP. By using this framework, we can preserve a significant classical intuition about negation, namely that the negation operator reverses truth-value.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Teacher Autonomy Support and Internalizing Problems of Adolescents from Divorced and Intact Families: Moderation by Personality Typologies. The present research compared internalizing problems of adolescents who experienced parental divorce with those of adolescents who remained in intact families. Furthermore, this research investigated the association of teacher autonomy support with adolescents' internalizing problems for the whole sample and further ascertained whether this association was moderated by distinctive personality profiles using a person-centered approach and family structures (divorced vs. intact families). A sample of 2756 Chinese adolescents (8.5% from divorced families), aged 13-18 years, participated in the present research. They completed a set of self-reported questionnaires during school hours. Results based on ANCOVA showed that adolescents who experienced parental divorce reported higher internalizing problems than did those who remained in intact families. Moreover, latent profile analysis revealed three personality profiles: psychopathic (22.7%), normative (56.4%), and resilient (20.9%). In addition, teacher autonomy support was negatively related to adolescents' internalizing problems in the overall sample. However, interaction analyses further exhibited that this association was insignificant for psychopathic adolescents who experienced parental divorce. The current findings indicate that although teacher autonomy support may protect adolescents from internalizing problems, psychopathic adolescents whose parents got divorced should be paid exceptional attention by mental health professionals and school counselors.", "label": [2, 5, 27, 23, 55]}
{"token": "A Meta-analysis of the Antecedents and Outcomes of Consumer Foreign Country Image Perceptions: The Moderating Role of Macro-level Country Differences. We propose a conceptual model of the key antecedents and outcomes of consumer perceptions of the two components of foreign country image (CI), namely, general country image (GCI) and product country image (PCI), which we meta-analytically tested with input derived from 253 studies included in 176 empirical articles published in the last five decades. Our meta-analysis revealed that both GCI and PCI were positively influenced by foreign brand-, product-, and country-familiarity. Both GCI and PCI were negatively driven by consumer ethnocentrism and animosity, while patriotism generated a negative effect on PCI, but not on GCI. Consumer demographics rarely exhibited a significant association with each of these two image dimensions, with the exception of education that positively affected PCI and income that positively impacted GCI. GCI exhibited a positive effect on PCI perceptions, while both of them had a strong positive impact on evaluation, attitude, and purchase intention associated with foreign products. With a few exceptions, the previous construct associations were moderated by differences between reference and focal countries with regard to their level of economic development, degree of innovativeness, level of industrial performance, and degree of political risk. Finally, study-related time period, focal fieldwork country, and product involvement type exhibited strong control effects.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Experimental study of temperature and airflow distribution inside an urban street canyon during hot summer weather conditions - Part I: Air and surface temperatures. This paper describes the measurements and analysis of an experimental campaign performed in an urban street canyon in Athens, Greece. A number of field and indoor experimental procedures were organized during summer 2002 aiming at the investigation of the impact of urban environment on the potential of natural and hybrid ventilation. The present study is focused on the experimental investigation of thermal characteristics of a typical street canyon, oriented in ESE-WNW direction, under hot weather conditions. The temporal and spatial distribution of air and surface temperatures is examined. Emphasis was given on the vertical distribution of air and surface temperatures and the air temperature profile in the centre of canyon under different weather conditions. The measured surface temperature differences across the street reached almost 30 degrees C and this favored the overheating of lower air levels. Buoyancy generated mainly from asphalt-street heating resulted in the development of the predominant recirculation inside the street canyon. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "ROTATION IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS OF ZAMBIA: EFFECTS ON SOIL QUALITY AND WATER RELATIONS. Conservation agriculture (CA) systems are based on minimal soil disturbance, crop residue retention and crop rotation. Although the capacity of rotations to break pest and disease cycles is generally recognized, other benefits of crop rotations in CA systems are seldom acknowledged and little understood. We monitored different conventional and CA cropping systems over the period from 2005 to 2009 in a multi-seasonal trial in Monze, southern Zambia. Both monocropped maize and different maize rotations including cotton and the green manure cover crop sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) were compared under CA conditions, with the aim of elucidating the effects of crop rotations on soil quality soil moisture relations and maize productivity. Infiltration, a sensitive indicator of soil quality, was significantly lower on conventionally ploughed plots in all cropping seasons compared to CA plots. Higher water infiltration rate led to greater soil moisture content in CA maize treatments seeded alter cotton. Earthworm populations, total carbon and aggregate stability were also significantly higher on CA plots. improvements in soil quality resulted in higher rainfall use efficiency and higher maize grain yield on CA plots especially those in a two- or three-year rotation. lit the 2007/08 and 2008/2009 season, highest yields were obtained from direct-seeded maize after sunnhemp, which yielded 74% and 136% more than maize in the conventionally ploughed control treatment with a continuous maize crop. Even in a two-year rotation (maize-cotton), without a legume green manure cover crop, 47% and 38% higher maize yields were recorded compared to maize in the conventionally ploughed control in the two years, respectively This suggests that there are positive effects from crop rotations even in the absence of disease and pest problems. The overall profitability of each system will, however, depend on markets and prices, which will guide the farmer's decision on which, Wally, rotation to choose,", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "The career progression of women in state government agencies. Design/methodology/approach - The design included an online survey instrument sent to a purposive sample of 600 female administrative agency executives in 50 states. A standard multilinear regression model tests the predictive power of three composite explanatory utilization variables on the dependent variable, career progression of women to upper level management. The composite predictor variables are: utilization of work/family practices; utilization of diversity practices; and utilization of promotional practices.Originality/value - This research is distinct from previous studies in that it considers the relationship between the utilization of practices and women's attainment of executive-level positions.Findings - Contrary to expectations, the relationship between career progression of women and family-friendly utilization does not appear to be statistically significant. However, the time it takes respondents who utilized family-friendly practices in their organizations to reach upper-level management decreased by 0.037 years. And contrary to expectations, women who utilize promotion practices are more likely to achieve executive-level status, even though it does not necessarily take them less time to do so.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the impact of the utilization of organizational practices on the career progression of women to executive positions in state-level government organizations in the USA.", "label": [5, 48, 50, 52]}
{"token": "A Theology of the Spirit in the Letter to the Hebrews. In 1908, H. B. Swete determined that \\\\'in Hebrews there is no theology of the spirit.\\\\' Nearly a century later, Barnabas Lindars concluded that \\\\'the Spirit plays no part in the argument of the letter [to the Hebrews].\\\\' This study, in contrast, demonstrates that the pneumatology of Hebrews is coherent, integral to the letter's argument, rooted in Israelite literature, and closely related to other NT conceptions of the Spirit, though with a creative bent. Three references to the Holy Spirit (Heb 3:7-8; 9:8; 10:15) are of a piece in their portrayal of the Spirit as the active interpreter of Scripture for the community of the letter. In the other four references (Heb 2:4; 6:4; 9:14; 10:29), ancient phrases are interpreted afresh and contemporary concerns are embedded in ancient traditions. In all seven references, the Spirit plays an essential role in the salvation to Which the author so urgently calls the letter's recipients. There exists, therefore, an indispensable pneumatology in Hebrews that must be taken into careful consideration in all future studies of early Jewish and Christian pneumatology.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Microbiological evaluation of four enteral feeding systems which have been deliberately subjected to faulty handling procedures. The present study was designed to investigate the levels of contamination in four currently used 1000 mL, 'ready-to-hang', enteral feeding systems-Osmolite (Ross Ready-To-Hang), Steriflo, Dripac-flex and Easybag, when faulty handling procedures were used during assembly of the systems. The top of the nutrient container and the proximal (container) end of the pump set of each system were touched during assembly by a researcher whose hands had been deliberately contaminated with Klebsiella aerogenes. Once assembled systems were run continuously for 24 h delivering 1000 mL of feed. Feed samples for microbiological analysis were taken from the distal (patient) end of the feeding tube at 0 h and 24 h and from the feed remaining in the nutrient container at the end of administration (24 h). Five systems of each type were run. Five controls were a;so run for each type of system, where all procedures were carried out wearing sterile gloves. Eighty-seven percent of feed samples collected from the Osmolite systems and 80% of those from the Steriflo systems were found to contain K. aerogenes, with 13% of feed samples from both systems containing greater than or equal to 10(4) cfu/mL, a level of contamination, considered by many, as that above which feed is unacceptable for patient consumption. The percentage of feed systems containing the test organism was much lower in the Dripac-flex and Easybag systems, with K. aerogenes being detected in 27% and 13% of samples respectively. No feed samples from either of these systems contained greater than or equal to 10(4) cfu/mL. From the results it can be concluded that deviation from the manufacturers instructions when assembling enteral feeding systems can lead to bacterial contamination of these systems. The results also highlight the effect that system design, such as recessed pump set spikes and recessed nutrient container seals (both of which prevent care workers accidentally touching parts of the feeding system which may come into contact with the feed) have on reducing the number of bacteria gaining entry to the feed in the systems.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "Improving the assessment of student learning: Advancing a research agenda in sociology. In the last two decades, formal assessment of student learning in higher education has become institutionalized. This paper summarizes current research and writing about the key components of assessment plans (statement of purpose, goals and outcomes objectives, and assessment mechanisms) and about the work involved in conducting an annual assessment program. We discuss the evolution of assessment within sociology and the paucity of both descriptive and explanatory research on assessment of student learning. We also pose important research questions that sociologists could pursue to enhance understanding of the context, content, process, and effects of assessment. The paper also examines the assessment movement itself: forces that have stimulated the movement, the demonstrated benefits of conscientious assessment of student learning, sources of resistance to assessment, and the general status of assessment in higher education today.", "label": [5, 53, 57]}
{"token": "A new spectral variable selection pattern using competitive adaptive reweighted sampling combined with successive projections algorithm. The competitive adaptive reweighted sampling-successive projections algorithm (CARS-SPA) method was proposed as a novel variable selection approach to process multivariate calibration. The CARS was first used to select informative variables, and then SPA to refine the variables with minimum redundant information. The proposed method was applied to near-infrared (NIR) reflectance data of nicotine in tobacco lamina and NIR transmission data of active ingredient in pesticide formulation. As a result, fewer but more informative variables were selected by CARS-SPA than by direct CARS. In the system of pesticide formulation, a multiple linear regression (MLR) model using variables selected by CARS-SPA provided a better prediction than the full-range partial least-squares (PLS) model, successive projections algorithm (SPA) model and uninformative variables elimination-successive projections algorithm (UVE-SPA) processed model. The variable subsets selected by CARS-SPA included the spectral ranges with sufficient chemical information, whereas the uninformative variables were hardly selected.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Ignition Delay Characteristics and Kinetic Investigation of Dimethyl Ether/n-Pentane Binary Mixtures: Interpreting the Effect of the Equivalence Ratio and Dimethyl Ether Blending. Measurements of the autoignition delays of dimethyl ether (DME)-enriched n-pentane mixtures were conducted at the equivalence ratios of 0.5-2.0, pressure of 20 atm, and temperatures of 1100-1600 K using a shock tube, and new data were provided for dual-fuel engine design, kinetic model development, and computational simulation. A recently published pentane isomer model was validated and used for kinetic analysis. It is found that the autoignition delay of n-pentane becomes longer as the equivalence ratio (fuel/air) increases. However, for DME, the dependence upon the equivalence ratio is inverse to that of n-pentane. Autoignition delays of DME/n-pentane mixtures become shorter with the increased DME proportion, except for the phi = 0.5 conditions, where the autoignition delays of DME and n-pentane are identical.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Membrane targeting of an alpha-like tetravirus replicase is directed by a region within the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain. The members of the family Tetraviridae are small positive-sense insect RNA viruses that exhibit stringent host specificity and a high degree of tissue tropism, suggesting that complex virus host interactions are likely to occur during infection and viral replication. The alpha-like replicase of Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus (HaSV) (genus Omegatetravirus) has been proposed to associate with membranes of the endocytic pathway, which is similar to Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus and rubella virus. Here, we have used replicase-EGFP fusion proteins and recombinant baculovirus expression to demonstrate that the HaSV replicase associates strongly with cellular membranes, including detergent-resistant membranes, and that this association is maintained through a novel membrane targeting domain within the C-terminal region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain. We show a similar subcellular localization and strong association with detergent-resistant membranes for the carmo-like replicase of another tetravirus, Providence virus, in replicating cells, suggesting a common site of replication for these two tetraviruses.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
{"token": "Soundscape elicitation and visually impaired cricket: using auditory methodology in sport and physical activity research. This article examines the development of soundscape elicitation, an innovative method for eliciting rich and captivating accounts of sport and physical activity. This method uses composed auditory 'tracks' of the players' participation and then introduces these recordings during semi-structured interviews to prompt sensorial discussions. The creation of this approach was underpinned by two major considerations: firstly, how to create an accessible and inclusive approach that prioritises the visually impaired participants' frequently marginalised voices and, secondly, how best to elicit their multi-sensory experiences of such a fleeting and fast-paced activity such as visually impaired cricket. Over the course of this article, the methodological practicalities and innovations required when conducting research into the sensory experiences of visually impaired cricket players are established. Given the paucity of research in this area, there is a lack of methodological precedent thus the successes and limitations of this method are analysed with reference to ethnographic field notes and interview extracts.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "Electron-Beam and Plasma Oxidation-Resistant and Thermal-Barrier Coatings Deposited on Turbine Blades Using Cast and Powder Ni(Co)CrAlY(Si) Alloys Produced by Electron-Beam Melting II. Structure and Chemical and Phase Composition of Cast CoCrAlY Alloys. The structure and chemical and phase composition of oxidation-resistant CoCrAlY alloys produced by electron-beam melting and used in aircraft engineering, in particular, in the development of thermal-barrier coatings for aircraft engine blades, were studied. As the CoCrAlY alloy consists of components with significantly different vapor elasticity and density, the main attention was paid to changes in the chemical and phase composition along the alloy ingots studied by scanning electron microscopy with quantitative X-ray microanalysis. The analysis showed qualitatively similar distribution of components in the main alloy phases in the lower and middle ingot parts. Cobalt, chromium, and aluminum were uniformly distributed throughout the material. Harmful impurities, such as iron, carbon, or oxygen, were not found in the alloy. The alloy mainly consisted of the intermetallic beta-CoAl solid solution phase that contained dispersed chain and globular inclusions of the gamma-CoCr solid solution phase depleted in aluminum. The highest content of yttrium (12-13 wt.%)) was observed in small globular inclusions with the minimum amount of aluminum and chromium. Increase in the chromium content to 20-26 wt.% at a relatively constant amount of aluminum (5 wt.%) led to decrease in yttrium in the gamma-Co-based solid solution. Increase in the yttrium content of the ingot above 0.4 wt.% would be unreasonable because yttrium amount in the coating did not exceed 0.1-0.15 wt.%.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "THE CONVENT OF JERICHO IN BRUSSELS AND ITS LITERARY NETWORK. The Augustinian convent of Jericho in Brussels was one of the main centres of textual, literary, and spiritual culture in the late medieval Low Countries. In addition to the large collection of manuscripts which the canonesses wrote for themselves, the sisters produced several books for people and institutions outside the convent walls. Thus the sisters were both important recipients as well as significant producers of texts. This article will focus on the question of the origin of the texts and books that the sisters used to build their library. Additionally, attention will be paid to the external recipients of the books that the Jericho scribes made, in order to shed light on the as yet understudied exchange of texts and books to and from (female) convents and the literary networks in which these religious institutions functioned.", "label": [3, 31, 30]}
{"token": "Serum LDH isoenzymes activity and other constituents to predict liver damage in dairy cows. Serum constituents of blood samples, collected from the multiporous dairy cows at weekly intervals starring from wk 2 before calving, at calving and 7 wks after calving were determined. Mean serum free fatty acid concentration was much higher at calving and slightly elevated at the 1st wk after calving (0.63 +/- 0.37; 0.47 +/- 0.41. respectively). Serum level of ketone bodies at wk 2 before calving, at calving and at wks 4, 5, 6, 7 after calving was higher than normal (1.11 +/- 0.19; 1.10 +/- 0.15; 1.03 +/- 0.14; 1.05 +/- 0.14; 1.00 +/- 0.04; 1.01 +/- 0.08, respectively). At wk 2 before calving serum ketone bodies concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) comparing to the concentrations at wk 2 and 3 after calving. While concentration of ketone bodies at wk 2 and 3 after calving was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those at wk 4. 5, 6 and 7 after calving. Serum triglyceride level was found to be lower (P < 0.05) at calving and during the following 7 wks after calving. By the histopathological analyses of the liver biopsy samples less marked perilobular lipid dystrophy of liver was repeatedly found in two of the three cows. Mean serum total activity of LDH was higher at the 6th wk after calving than after this at the 7th wk after calving, at calving, at wk 2 before calving and at the 5th wk alter calving (7.88 +/- 1.59; 7.82 +/- 1.67, 7.50 +/- 2.10: 7.35 +/- 4.81; 7.32 +/- 1.57, respectively). Since LDH4 and LDH5 isoenzymes besides skeletal muscle originate from the liver, the sum of LDH4 and LDH5 (LDH4+5) was used to determine the health state of liver. Relatively increased percentage of mean serum activities of liver LDH4+5 isoenzymes was observed at wk 1 before calving and at wks 1, 4, 5, 6 after calving (6.30 +/- 3.16: 6.06 +/- 4.49; 5.76 +/- 2.41; 5.72 +/- 3.30; 5.68 +/- 2.85, respectively). Total serum AST increased in activity starting from the calving day to the 7th wk after calving and reached its peak at calving. Serum activity of ALP was considerably increased at calving, at wk 1 before calving and at wk 5 after calving (1.66 +/- 0.52; 1.57 +/- 0.67; 1.47 +/- 0.64, respectively). Total activity of GGT showed a moderate increase. Although there was guile wide individual variation, mean serum bilirubin at calving was far above the range of reference values (10.10 +/- 9.29). Statistically significant increases in mean serum bilirubin levels were found between the blood samples taken at wks before calving and samples collected at wks 1.3 (P < 0.05) and wk 6 (P < 0.01) after calving. Despite the extent of EMD in this study was nor apparently sufficient to alter greatly the concentrations of blood metabolites during the follow-up study period, it stimulates to carry out. Further experiments and is possible to conclude that higher concentration of liver LDH4+5 isoenzymes appeared at wks 1, 4, 5 and 6 after calving in association with higher concentration of ketone bodies, apart from at wk 6 with lower serum concentration of urea, relatively lower albumin concentration and with higher concentration of bilirubin at wks 1 and 6 after calving. Therefore, according to our results it seems likely that dairy cows at wks 1, 4, 5 and 6 after calving are at risk of liver injury due to EMD.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "A randomised prospective comparison of Rotecno versus new Gore occlusive surgical gowns using bacterial air counts in ultraclean air. Ultraclean air (UCA) in operating theatres is defined as <10 colony-forming units (cfu)/m(3). The current European standards for surgical gowns are contained in EN13795 but these do not include containment of bacterial dispersal as a standard test. A trial in 2003 found that there were bacterial air counts of 1 cfu/m(3) with Rotecno owns and 0.5 cfu/m(3) with body exhaust suits in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study compared bacterial air counts using Rotecno gowns with a new type of occlusive gown made from Gore liquid-proof fabric, which were superior to the Rotecno gowns on standard EN 13795 laboratory testing. Fifty-six joint replacements were allocated randomly either to Rotecno or to Gore gowns with stratification into TKA, total hip arthroplasty (THA) or revision THA. Airborne bacteria were collected from within 30 cm of the wound for the first 10 min of surgery using a Casella slit sampler. The new gowns were associated with higher air counts (3.7 cfu/m(3)) than the Rotecno gowns (1.2 cfu/m(3)) (P < 0.001). Three of the Gore samples exceeded the clean air standard of 10 cfu/m(3). In TKA patients, the existing Rotecno gowns, now many years old, had higher air counts (2.0 cfu/m(3)) than in the 2003 trial (0.8 cfu/m(3)) (P < 0.001). The new gowns were superior in standard laboratory tests but not superior at preventing airborne bacterial dispersal. Rotecno gowns, although many years old, were still effective. This study highlights the importance of testing new materials in a clinical environment with UCA; in-vitro testing alone is probably not an adequate assessment. (C) 2009 The Hospital Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "State control of civil society organizations: the case of Turkey. Over the past few decades there has been a great deal of interest in the academic literature on the relationship between civil society organizations (CSOs) and the state, and the impact of state power on CSOs in the Middle East North Africa (MENA) region. Yet, despite this interest, very few detailed empirical explorations of these issues have been conducted to date. Of the detailed empirical work that does exist, none has focused on state-CSO relations in a democratic context in the MENA. This paper contributes to filling this gap by examining these relations and their implications in the Turkish context. More specifically, this paper explores the democratizing role of independent women's organizations in Turkey and the ways in which the state has sought to exert power over and control these organizations. The methodology consists of a series of 38 in-depth interviews with both registered and unregistered women's organizations from across the seven administrative regions of Turkey. The findings show that while CSOs do challenge the state in some regards, the state is by far the more powerful actor and very effective at moderating and de-radicalizing civil society. The state does this by controlling the areas in which CSOs can operate and be effective, and through the use of repressive measures. The results show that thease measures have the effect of tempering the demands of CSOs and reducing their capacity to challenge and counterbalance state power.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "A future for small business? Prospective scenarios for the development of the economy based on current policy thinking and counterfactual reasoning. Scenarios represent future possibilities or descriptions of 'what might be'. This paper generates a series of possible futures based on an identified policy priority, namely the encouragement of increased levels of small business activity. Counterfactual thinking is used to challenge this policy objective and to formulate alternative possibilities. Specific consideration is made of the nature of the future economy in terms of business linkages and market integration, as are the likely strategic responses of businesses and government. Eight scenarios are developed based on these drivers of change in economic structure and business activity. Data on the world economy are then applied to 19 developed and developing economies to test the scenarios. How these 'externally generated' scenarios can be applied to and made relevant to businesses, and in particular smaller enterprises, is examined, as are the broader implications for the future nature and structure of economic activity. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Merging of Pedicularis exaltata and P-hacquetii in the Carpathians: from local history to regional phylogeography based on complex evidence. The disjunct occurrence of Pedicularis exaltata in the White Carpathians (Czech Republic), isolated by more than 500 km from the nearest populations in the Eastern Carpathians, has been considered one of the mysteries of the Western Carpathian flora. We used molecular methods (AFLP, ITS and cpDNA sequencing) to reconstruct a possible scenario of the evolution of P. exaltata and its closely related congener P. hacquetii and to evaluate their differentiation. We paid particular attention to the origin of the isolated population in the White Carpathians. We also analysed the vegetation composition at the sampling sites to characterize the habitat preferences of the Pedicularis species and compare different sites. The pattern of molecular variability does not support a species boundary between P. exaltata and P. hacquetii. These assumed species should be merged into one bearing the name Pedicularis hacquetii following the priority rule, as also proposed by several early morphology-based taxonomic studies. The cpDNA variability pattern supports an evolutionary scenario involving a distribution centre (refugium) in the Eastern Carpathians from which the species expanded to the more westerly parts of its extant geographical range. Low population differentiation in AFLPs, high gene diversity and high DW index in isolated populations indicate that this expansion was contiguous rather than based on long-distance dispersal. Under such a scenario, the White Carpathian population is considered one of isolated relict populations scattered throughout the Carpathians and the East European Plain. A complete phylogeographic reconstruction of P. hacquetii s.l., however, requires ancient DNA analysis of herbarium specimens of nowadays extinct populations of the East European Plain. Extant habitats of P. hacquetii s.l. consist of species-rich dry-mesic to mesic (sub)montane grasslands and subalpine tall-herb growths, which may be relics of vegetation widespread in the late Glacial/early Holocene, when the contiguous expansion of the species possibly proceeded. The analysis of species with high fidelity to P. hacquetii s.l. throughout its range indicated that middle altitudes of south-western White Carpathians belong to the regions most suitable for the taxon within the Czech Republic and Slovakia. We found no support for the late introduction/long-distance dispersal scenarios and consider the relic survival scenario most parsimonious for the White Carpathians.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "The epistemological conceptions of a research professor in history: the Constructivism as an epistemological position. This article aims to investigate the epistemological conceptions of a research professor in history of a Mexican public university research institute, since one of the goals of this institution is to train human resources competent to perform historical research, able to use the theoretical and methodological tools for the study of local, regional and international processes. So it is important to know these concepts because it will affect the future image of the graduate students and future researchers about research in this discipline and we do not know if that is socializing the most appropriate. The qualitative method is the narrative inquiry assisted interview at depth. Results showed ten categories that describe the epistemological concepts that make up its research practice: origins and influences in the epistemological formation, training and professional development, research practice and policy institutional, epistemological position, conception of the past, the observation in the history, interpretation of the sources, history and other disciplines and history and concepts. Finally, we conclude that the researcher be conceived as constructivist, giving priority to the observation and the historicity of concepts, position that gives security and paradigmatic clarity in its empirical research, but that Unfortunately neglected research and theoretical creation. Finally, we conclude that these factors will impact on practice teaching and research under the assumptions of this epistemological paradigm.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Philopatry and dispersal within a Black Guillemot colony. We suggest that potential recruits select their breeding site based on an assessment of quality as expressed by conspecific breeding success, and also that philopatry occurs because this information acquisition is less than perfect and birds bias their search towards their natal site.We studied patterns of dispersal and philopatry within a Black Guillemot (Cepphus grylle) colony, based on a 22-year capture-recapture study of individually-marked birds. The study colony in western Iceland was divided into 15 subcolonies. Out of 356 local recruits, 122 settled in their natal subcolony, a far higher proportion than expected from a random distribution. The western part of the colony attracted significantly more recruits than did the eastern part. Breeding dispersal among subcolonies only occurred in one percent of all cases in which a bird as captured in two successive years.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Children Deserve Smoke Free World. Tobacco smoke, active or passive exposure was the major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the world during twentieth century and will continue to be the same in the twenty-first century also if the current trends continue. Both active and passive smoking are having significance in relation to child health. Exposure starts antenatally from placenta to the fetus and later phases through passive exposure to experimental and regular smoking and ultimately addiction and habitual smoking. Evidences are in favour of causal relationship with intrauterine growth restriction, sudden infant death syndrome, decreased pulmonary function, increased risk for respiratory tract infection, otitis media, wheeze, asthma, neurobehavioral disorders, cleft palate and triggering pathogenesis of fetal and childhood onset of adult diseases, especially pulmonary and cardio vascular diseases. All these facts stress the importance of behavioral changes in the population as well as stringent public health measures and legislation for ensuring smoke free work places, public places and households for children. M POWER- Package by WHO is a novel global initiative taking us closer to the target of achieving tobacco free environment for children in the near future.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "The British Nutrition Transition and its Histories. This paper argues that food has become an increasingly important topic in British historiography. To frame this historiographical analysis, the paper focuses on the ''nutrition transition'' in Britain, which took place between around 1750 and 1950. This transition marked a shift towards a diet rich in refined wheat, sugar, dairy and meat. The paper explores various phenomena related to the nutrition transition, notably changes in the standard of living, the relationship between the state and the economy, the impact of war, and the development of globalization. These various historical developments have all become rich areas for historiographical analysis and debate. In general, we can observe a historiographical drift from ''social'' approaches to the history of food through ''cultural'' ones to today's situation, which is one of methodological innovation and profusion. This situation suggests that some of the most interesting writing on British history is currently about food.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "A differential evolution algorithm to solve redundancy allocation problems. To improve system reliability without changing its nature, three methods are proposed. The first method uses more reliable components and the second method provides redundant components within the system. The third method is a combination of these two methods. The redundancy allocation problem (RAP) finds the appropriate mix of components and redundancies within a system to maximize its reliability or minimize its cost due to several constraints, such as cost, weight, and volume. This paper presents a methodology to solve the RAP, which is an NP-hard problem, modeled with discrete variables. In this paper, we use a metaheuristic to solve the RAP of a seriesparallel system with a mix of components. Our metaheuristic offers a practical method with specific solution encoding, and combines a penalty function to solve large instances of the relaxed RAP, where different types of components can be used in parallel. The efficiency of the algorithm was tested through a set of well-known benchmark problems from the literature. Testing of the algorithm achieved satisfactory results in reasonable computing time.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "SEQUENTIAL CULTURING METHOD IMPROVES RECOVERY OF LEGIONELLA SPP FROM CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES. Investigations were undertaken to improve detection and isolation of Legionella spp. from samples containing a large number of non-legionellae isolates.  The direct fluorescent antibody staining technique was used in conjunction with a sequential culturing method which was developed to improve the recovery rate of Legionella spp. from such samples.The technique for enrichment and isolation of Legionella spp. from environmental samples includes storage at 4-degrees-C and repeated culture on freshly prepared media.  Heat and acid treatments were included when deemed appropriate.  A DNA probe was used for confirmation of Legionella.  Treatment of the water samples, as described, and co-cultivation with amoebae naturally present in the samples are concluded to be responsible for increased success in recovery of Legionella isolates.", "label": [2, 4, 43, 21]}
{"token": "Trends in Domestic Animal Medico-Legal Pathology Cases Submitted to a Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory 1998-2010. Pathologists at veterinary diagnostic laboratories receive medico-legal cases from a variety of animal species for postmortem examination. A search of computerized records of the Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada from 1998 to 2010 identified 1706 medicolegal cases. These were categorized according to the history as criminal investigations, anesthetic-related deaths, insurance, litigation, malpractice cases, and regulatory cases. Statistically significant linear trends in the proportion of medicolegal cases for all animals and criminal cases for companion animals were identified over the 12 year period. Companion animals had significantly greater odds of being a medicolegal case in all categories except for insurance and regulatory cases, compared to noncompanion animals. Based on pathology reports for the 271 criminal cases, 43.1% were consistent with neglect, 29.2% were compatible with non-accidental injury, 4.80% were poisonings, 10.7% were deemed to be due to natural disease, and 11.43% were inconclusive.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Multiple Controlled Antirandom Testing (MCAT) for High Fault Coverage in a Black Box Environment. Among the black-box approaches to digital circuit testing, Random testing is popular due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness. Unfortunately, available evidences suggest that Random testing is equipped with a number of redundant patterns that increase test length without significantly raising the fault coverage. An extension to Random testing is Antirandom that removes redundancy by introducing a divergent pattern with every subsequent test pattern selection. A divergent pattern is induced by maximizing the Hamming distance and Cartesian distance of every subsequent test pattern from the set of previously applied test patterns. However, an enumeration of input combinations is required for the selection of a divergent pattern. Therefore, selection of a divergent pattern from all input combinations restricts the scalability of an Antirandom test pattern generation. One of the recently considered approaches is the stacking of locally optimized short sequences to generate a complete test sequence. Locally optimized short sequences originate from randomly chosen patterns instead of divergent patterns to avoid enumeration of input space. Seeding of random patterns for short sequences affects global diversity of the generated test sequence and hence, fault coverage is compromised. Therefore, this paper firstly proposes a tree traversal search based selection of divergent patterns that eliminates the search space. Ease in divergent pattern selection is used to generate optimal short sequences for divergent patterns instead of random patterns. Consequently, Multiple Controlled Antirandom Tests (MCATs) are generated that maximize distance between locally optimal short sequences to elevate the fault coverage. Fault simulation results on both ISCAS'85 and ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits prove the scalability and effectiveness of the proposed approach. Moreover, the comparison shows that up to 12% of fault coverage is improved as a result of proposed MCAT test pattern generation.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Model expectations of public safety in microentrepreneurs in central Mexico. Limitations: Design limits results to the search scenario.Conclusions: an exploratory factorial structure was established that will allow its study from the inclusion and contrast of other variables such as quality of life and subjective well-being reported in the literature.Objective: to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument that measures expectations of public safety in a context of low local development.Study value: the instrument can be compared with other scenarios and study samples with similar conditions.Methodology: a non-experimental study was carried out with a non-probabilistic selection of microentrepreneurs, considering their participation in business development and social entrepreneurship programs.Results: three factors related to recruitment, technology and training were established, which accounted for 74% of the total variation.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Malnutrition, Child Health, and Water Quality: Is There a Role for Private Sector Participation in South Asia?. This article discusses the potential of private sector participation (PSP) to improve the urban water supply in South Asia. I first provide background on the literature linking a safe and adequate water supply with malnutrition, morbidity, and mortality. To better understand the selection mechanism underlying the decision to undergo PSP, I then analyze factors associated with the award of private water contracts worldwide. I next present empirical evidence that PSP in water is associated with a lower incidence of diarrheal disease and higher rates of access to piped water among young children in urban Africa. Finally, I conclude by reviewing the South Asian context and its limited experiences with PSP in water, raising questions for future research. (JEL codes: L33, L95, H51, 118).", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "The interface of ecological novelty and behavioral context in the formation of ecological traps. Ecological traps occur when rapid environmental change causes animals to actually prefer inferior habitats. Traps increase the likelihood of species extinction, but our understanding of how evolved behavioral algorithms interface with increasingly novel ecosystems to trigger them remains limited. Both polarized and unpolarized light are increasingly common forms of light pollution known to cause maladaptive behavior for both water-seeking and entirely terrestrial insects by maladaptively triggering innate habitat selection and navigation preferences, respectively. We designed a nocturnal, field-based experiment to investigate how diverse nocturnal insect taxa use and contextualize these cues when they are placed in evolutionarily novel proximity, and so test the hypothesis that cues that originally evolved to guide navigation behavior can enhance or hinder the ability of different nocturnal insects to avoid maladaptive behavior within the context of habitat selection. Unpolarized light created more attractive ecological traps, even for aquatic taxa known to use polarized light as their sole habitat selection cue. We found that these cues could, in aquatic taxa, act both additively and synergistically to increase the attraction of ecological traps. While one family showed evidence of partitioning their response to these 2 forms of light within their respective behavioral contexts (navigation, habitat selection), our results indicate that the novel proximity of cues from separate behavioral contexts can act to enhance the attractiveness of ecological traps within a focal context.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 42, 55, 47]}
{"token": "The Evolution of Salted Paper Printing During the 1850s: Published Recipes. A close reading of sources in Britain, Europe, and the United States published during the early years of photography produces a timeline of developments in the processes used to make positive prints on paper. This serves to indicate the most prominent innovators in the early evolution of photographic printing and to mark the first appearance of significant modifications in the printing process, particularly the use of albumen.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Chlorogenic Acid Ameliorates High-Fat and High-Fructose Diet- Induced Cognitive Impairment via Mediating the Microbiota-Gut- Brain Axis. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) displays cognition-improving properties, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, CGA supplementation (150 mg/kg body weight) for 14 weeks significantly prevented obesity and insulin resistance, cognitive-behavioral disturbances, and synaptic dysfunction induced by a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD). Moreover, CGA supplementation enhanced the expression of genes enriched in the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway and reduced inflammatory factor expressions. Furthermore, CGA treatment increased gut microbiota diversity and the level of bacterial genera producing SCFAs. CGA also decreased the concentration of energy metabolism substrates, while it increased phosphorylcholine. Finally, we observed a significant correlation among synaptic transmission genes, gut microbiota, and neurotransmission in the CGA supplementation group by targeted multiomics analysis. Together, our results supported that the alteration of gut microbiota and metabolite composition is the underlying mechanism of CGA improving cognitive function. CGA is also a promising intervention strategy to prevent HFFD-induced cognitive impairment.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Anaemia and iron deficiency in cardiac patients: what do nurses and allied professionals know?. Background: Cardiac nurses and allied professionals often take care of patients who also have anaemia or iron deficiency. To deliver optimal care, professionals should be knowledgeable about the prevalence, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and therapeutic management of these conditions. We therefore set out a survey to get a first impression on the current knowledge of nurses and allied professionals on anaemia and iron deficiency.Results: Most respondents had general knowledge on the definition of anaemia and iron deficiency and 54% of the respondents rated anaemia and iron deficiency as important when evaluating a cardiac patient. Specific knowledge regarding anaemia and more prominently of iron deficiency was not optimal.Conclusion: Although cardiac nurses and allied professionals have basic knowledge of anaemia and iron deficiency, they would benefit from additional knowledge and skills to optimally deliver patient care.Method: A questionnaire was designed for this study by the Undertaking Nursing Interventions Throughout Europe (UNITE) Study Group. Data were collected from 125 cardiovascular nurses and allied professionals visiting the 11th Annual Spring Meeting of the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professionals of the European Society of Cardiology.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Erythrocyte Adhesion of Merozoite Surface Antigen 2c1 Expressed During Extracellular Stages of Babesia orientalis. Babesia orientalis, a major infectious agent of water buffalo hemolytic babesiosis, is transmitted by Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides. However, no effective vaccine is available. Essential antigens that are involved in parasite invasion of host red blood cells (RBCs) are potential vaccine candidates. Therefore, the identification and the conduction of functional studies of essential antigens are highly desirable. Here, we evaluated the function of B. orientalis merozoite surface antigen 2c1 (BoMSA-2c1), which belongs to the variable merozoite surface antigen (VMSA) family in B. orientalis. We developed a polyclonal antiserum against the purified recombinant (r)BoMSA-2c1 protein. Immunofluorescence staining results showed that BoMSA-2c1 was expressed only on extracellular merozoites, whereas the antigen was undetectable in intracellular parasites. RBC binding assays suggested that BoMSA-2c1 specifically bound to buffalo erythrocytes. Cytoadherence assays using a eukaryotic expression system in vitro further verified the binding and inhibitory ability of BoMSA-2c1. We found that BoMSA-2c1 with a GPI domain was expressed on the surface of HEK293T cells that bound to water buffalo RBCs, and that the anti-rBoMSA2c1 antibody inhibited this binding. These results indicated that BoMSA-2c1 was involved in mediating initial binding to host erythrocytes of B. orientalis. Identification of the occurrence of binding early in the invasion process may facilitate understanding of the growth characteristics, and may help in formulating strategies for the prevention and control of this parasite.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Analysis of Dynamic and Transient Response of Frequency Modulated Class E Amplifier. The dynamic characteristics of the class E power amplifier with frequency modulation are derived. Such an analysis is essential for designing amplitude and frequency modulated amplifier systems such as an EER scheme. Conventionally, an analytical expression for the frequency response of a frequency modulated class E amplifier has not been derived yet. This omission is rectified here by modeling the circuit with both a low-frequency model and a high-frequency model. Further, a time domain waveform is derived from the frequency domain transfer function for some typical time varying drive signals. The analytical results for the frequency response of a 1-MHz class E amplifier are shown to match PSpice simulations and measured values well.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Can't beat me own drum in me own native land: Calypso music and tourism in the Panamanian Atlantic coast. The connection between music and identity is especially evident in the African diaspora. In the Caribbean, music is particularly important to the cultural and ethnic identities of black populations. This article discusses the multiple meanings of music for Panamanian Afro-Antillean identity in the Caribbean, by placing musical genres such as calypso, soka, and reggae, in the context of tourism development. I argue that Afro-Antillean musical genres as well as appropriations of \\\\'national\\\\' musical genres have provided black populations in the Panamanian Caribbean with ways to assert distinctive identities in the Panamanian cultural mosaic. Afro-Antilleans are experiencing a cultural revival of their Antillean identities, through the process of tourism consumption. They are also asserting their identities as a cosmopolitan group, with enough transnational connections to access musical worlds that are not the domain of other ethnic groups in the country. Consequently, Afro-Antilleans are using music to reposition themselves nationally through participation in transnational circuits.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Bare particulars and individuation - Reply to Mertz. Now long ago, one of us has clarified and defended a bare particular theory of individuation. More recently, D.W. Mertz has raised a set of objections against this account and other accounts of bare particulars and proffered an alternative theory of individuation. He claims to have shown that 'the concept of bare particulars, and consequently substratum ontology that requires it, is untenable.' We disagree with this claim and believe there are adequate responses to the three arguments Mertz raises against bare particulars. To substantiate this assertion, we clarify the nature of bare particulars as individuators, state Mertz's objection, and respond to them. We conclude that Mertz has failed to show that bare particular theory is untenable.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Comparative Analysis of Statistical and Supervised Learning Models for Freshness Assessment of Oyster Mushrooms. Automatic assessment of the quality of fruits and vegetables is a growing field of research in this modern era in order to enable faster processing of good quality foods. In this work, we have analyzed ten major colour variant features of two sets of oyster mushrooms in terms of histograms of each layer of the red-green-blue colourmap, hue-saturation-vital component colourmap, luminance-chrominance colourmap and the greyscale image. Besides, texture analysis has been carried out using entropy window filtering. Apart from that, five other minor features, such as mean, standard deviation, entropy, kurtosis and skewness of each of these layers, and four other greyscale features, such as contrast, correlation, energy and homogeneity are analyzed in this work. Two different freshness assessment models employing statistical methods like principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised learning algorithms such as artificial neural network (ANN) have been used here to investigate the different features of the mushroom images and classify the same into fresh and deteriorated classes. Analysis revealed that the ANN classifier outperforms the PCA threshold classifier with almost all the features. The highest classifier accuracy is obtained as 94.4% using the ANN model and 93.3% using the PCA threshold freshness detector. Most importantly, the use of smartphones ensures portability, as well as the possibility of widespread application of the proposed models.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "SAMPLING QUACKGRASS (ELYTRIGIA-REPENS) POPULATIONS. This work was initiated to develop a method of sampling quackgrass populations. Shoot and bud distribution of 36 field populations was obtained. The results demonstrated that shoot count was inappropriate in assessing quackgrass bud populations and that bud sampling depth should be at least 20 cm if an accurate estimate is required. When shoot count is the only possibility, quadrat size should be as large as possible to minimize the error. Descriptive statistics of the field populations were used to generate a series of 24 simulated quackgrass bud populations. The field and simulated data were computer sampled with a program designed to compare the effects of varying sample size (number of quadrats) and sample shape (quadrat size and form). The intensity of sampling must be a function of resources and cost, since sampling precision increased linearly with sample size. Precision of sampling was generally higher when a large number of small quadrats were used compared to a small number of large quadrats. Sampling intensity per unit area must be increased when bud density increases to maintain a given degree of precision, but it can be decreased when plot size increases.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Prenatal Cocaine and Cocaine Consumption in Young Adult Mice. To evaluate the effects of Prenatal Exposure of Cocaine-EPC-(25 or 50 mg / kg / day) from 8-21 day of gestation, on oral cocaine use in female and male mice in early adulthood, was used the test of \\\\'free choice of two bottles\\\\' that measures the oral cocaine consumption in milliliters. This was evaluated for 14 consecutive days from the 7th week of age. Repeated measures MANOVA was used for the analysis of consumption. It was found that EPC 50mg/kg/day increased oral cocaine consumption in female and young adult male mice both in the acquisition and maintenance phases. And the EPC 25mg/kg/day increased the consumption only in the males in the maintenance phase, showing the greater susceptibility of these to the EPC, whereas the high cocaine consumption observed in the females was not dose-related, which can be attributed to situational factors. In this way, it is seen how the EPC in the two doses evaluated increases oral cocaine consumption in early adulthood in mice; the high dose (50mg / kg) the consumption of females and males and the low dose (25mg / kg) increases the consumption only in males. It is observed that the effects are related to the dose, and that males are more vulnerable to the EPC effects.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "SPIRITUAL ACCOMPANIMENT DEMAND SURVEY. Conclusion: Findings from our spiritual accompaniment demand survey undoubtedly show that the interest in spiritual accompaniment competence prevails to disinterest among respondents under investigation. Our respondents made it as clear as possible that there is the need for such a competence among university teachers of theology, religious studies, and related fields in Slovakia.Background: The current study is an outcome of the first phase of the project on spiritual accompaniment titled The Spiritual Accompaniment Program for University Teachers, which is aimed at examination of demand of university teachers of theology, religious studies, and related fields to acquire or/and develop the competence of spiritual accompaniment. The demand is researched by the means of a questionnaire survey. The aim of the study is to present the results of this survey and to interpret them regarding the overall objective of the project.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Analysis of the infectivity of monomeric clones of pepper huasteco virus. The infectivity of several monomeric clones of pepper huasteco virus was investigated. All clones were infectious when inoculated excised from the plasmid DNA. However, only certain clones were infectious when inoculated in the non-excised form. Constructs in which the cloning site lies inside regions or genes involved in replication (e.g. Rep-binding site, rep and AC2-AC3 genes) were not infectious whereas constructs in which the site was located inside the CP or BC1 genes were infectious. A clone that interrupts the BV1 gene was not infectious suggesting an early role of BV1 during the establishment of the infection. Linear viral clones containing different DNA fragments at both extremes were also infectious although with a lower efficiency. Analysis of the progeny suggested a precise excision mechanism since in most cases only wild type virus was recovered. The results suggest that excision could be linked to replication through a very specific recombination process.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
{"token": "Gender differences in the meanings consumers infer from music and other aesthetic stimuli. Music can convey two meanings: one referential that consists of descriptive associations, and another embodied that is purely hedonic. We reasoned that consumer characteristics such as one's gender and Need for Cognition (NFC) can affect which meaning(s) of ad background music people use when forming product perceptions. Yet, are such meanings and their use unique to music, or could they extend to other forms of aesthetics? Two studies explore these issues, revealing parallel outcomes when background materials contain either music or graphic art designs: high (low) NFC males are sensitive to only referential (embodied) meaning, whereas females use both meanings. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Society for Consumer Psychology.", "label": [5, 48, 55]}
{"token": "Progress in chloroplast genome analysis. Being organelles present in higher plants and algae, and containing the entire machinery for the process of photosynthesis and their own genetic system, chloroplasts have played important roles in plant evolution. With the help of molecular approaches, the structure and sequences of chloroplast genomes have been studied to a large extent. The valuable chloroplast genomic information has been utilized in investigating plant evolution, diversity and phylogenetic relationships between different species. At the same time, chloroplast genome sequences are the essential information paving the road for successful chloroplast genetic engineering, which has shown considerable advantages compared with nuclear transformation and demonstrated its great potential in genetic improvement and the production of biopharmaceuticals. The latest developments in chloroplast genome analysis are reviewed, providing readers with insight into the fast growing field and facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the evolution, genetics and phylogenetic relationships among plants. It is also hoped to promote the further development of chloroplast technology and the commercial application of chloroplast transformation.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "How increasing CO2 leads to an increased negative greenhouse effect in Antarctica. CO2 is the strongest anthropogenic forcing agent for climate change since preindustrial times. Like other greenhouse gases, CO2 absorbs terrestrial surface radiation and causes emission from the atmosphere to space. As the surface is generally warmer than the atmosphere, the total long-wave emission to space is commonly less than the surface emission. However, this does not hold true for the high elevated areas of central Antarctica. For this region, the emission to space is higher than the surface emission; and the greenhouse effect of CO2 is around zero or even negative, which has not been discussed so far. We investigated this in detail and show that for central Antarctica an increase in CO2 concentration leads to an increased long-wave energy loss to space, which cools the Earth-atmosphere system. These findings for central Antarctica are in contrast to the general warming effect of increasing CO2.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "hBMSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate IL-1 beta-Induced Catabolic Effects on OA-Chondrocytes by Regulating Pro-inflammatory Signaling Pathways. Conclusion: EVs derived from hBMSCs alleviated IL-1 beta-induced catabolic effects on OA-CH via promoting proliferation and migration and reducing apoptosis, probably via downregulation of IL-1ss-activated pro-inflammatory Erk1/2, PI3K/Akt, p38, TAK1, and NF-kappa B signaling pathways. EVs released from BMSCs may be considered as promising cell-free intervention strategy in cartilage regenerative medicine, avoiding several adverse effects of cell-based regenerative approaches.Background: Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) provide a promising therapeutic approach in the cell-based therapy of osteoarthritis (OA). However, several disadvantages evolved recently, including immune responses of the host and regulatory hurdles, making it necessary to search for alternative treatment options. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by multiple cell types and tissues into the extracellular microenvironment, acting as message carriers during intercellular communication. Here, we investigate putative protective effects of hBMSC-derived EVs as a cell-free approach, on IL-1 beta-stimulated chondrocytes obtained from OA-patients.Methods: EVs were harvested from the cell culture supernatant of hBMSCs by a sequential ultracentrifugation process. Western blot, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) were performed to characterize the purified particles as EVs. Intracellular incorporation of EVs, derived from PHK26-labeled hBMSCs, was tested by adding the labeled EVs to human OA chondrocytes (OA-CH), followed by fluorescence microscopy. Chondrocytes were pre-stimulated with IL-1 beta for 24 h, followed by EVs treatment for 24 h. Subsequently, proliferation, apoptosis, and migration (wound healing) were analyzed via BrdU assay, caspase 3/7 assay, and scratch assay, respectively. With qRT-PCR, the relative expression level of anabolic and catabolic genes was determined. Furthermore, immunofluorescence microscopy and western blot were performed to evaluate the protein expression and phosphorylation levels of Erk1/2, PI3K/Akt, p38, TAK1, and NF-kappa B as components of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in OA-CH.Results: EVs from hBMSCs (hBMSC-EVs) promote proliferation and reduce apoptosis of OA-CH and IL-1 beta-stimulated OA-CH. Moreover, hBMSC-EVs attenuate IL-1 beta-induced reduction of chondrocyte migration. Furthermore, hBMSC-EVs increase gene expression of PRG4, BCL2, and ACAN (aggrecan) and decrease gene expression of MMP13, ALPL, and IL1ss in OA-CH. Notably, COL2A1, SOX9, BCL2, ACAN, and COMP gene expression levels were significantly increased in IL-1 beta(+) EV groups compared with those IL-1 beta groups without EVs, whereas the gene expression levels of COLX, IL1B, MMP13, and ALPL were significantly decreased in IL-1 beta(+) EV groups compared to IL-1 beta groups without EVs. In addition, the phosphorylation status of Erk1/2, PI3K/Akt, p38, TAK1, and NF-kappa B signaling molecules, induced by IL-1 beta, is prevented by hBMSC- EVs.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Intellectual disabilities and power spectra analysis during sleep: a new perspective on borderline intellectual functioning. MethodsEighteen BIF (12 males) (mean age 11.04; SD +/- 1.07) and 24 typical developing children (14 men) (mean age 10.98; SD +/- 1.76; P = 0.899) underwent an overnight polysomnography (PSG) recording in the Sleep Laboratory of the Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, after one adaptation night. Sleep was subdivided into 30-s epochs and sleep stages were scored according to the standard criteria and the power spectra were calculated for the Cz-A2 channel using the sleep analysis software Hypnolab 1.2 (SWS Soft, Italy) by means of the Fast Fourier Transform and the power spectrum was calculated for frequencies between 0.5 and 60 Hz with a frequency step of 1 Hz and then averaged across the following bands delta (0.5-4 Hz), theta (5-7 Hz), alpha (8-11 Hz), sigma (11-15 Hz), and beta (16-30 Hz), gamma (30-60 Hz) for S2, SWS and REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep stages.ResultsBIF have a reduced sleep duration (total sleep time; P < 0.001), and an increased rate of stage shifts (P < 0.001) and awakenings (P < 0.001) and WASO (wakefulness after sleep onset) % (P < 0.001); the stage 2% (P < 0.001), and REM% (P < 0.001) were lower and slow-wave sleep percentage was slightly higher (P < 0.001). All children with BIF had an AHI (apnoea-hypopnea index) less than 1 (mean AHI = 0.691 +/- 0.236) with a mean oxygen saturation of 97.ConclusionThe role of sleep in cognitive processes has been confirmed by a growing number of reports for all ages of life. Analysing sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) spectra may be useful to study cortical organisation in individuals with Borderline Intellectual Functioning (BIF), as seen in other disturbances even if it is not considered a disease. The aim of this study was to determine if the sleep EEG power spectra in children with BIF could be different from typically developing children.Our findings shed light on the importance of sleep for cognition processes particularly in cognitive borderline dysfunction and the role of EEG spectral power analysis to recognize sleep characteristics in BIF children.Background6% and a periodic leg movement index (PLMI) less than 5 (mean PLMI = 2.94 +/- 1.56). All sleep stages had a significant reduction in gamma frequency (30-60 Hz) (P < 0.001) and an increased delta frequency (0.5-4.0 Hz) (P < 0.001) power in BIF subjects compared with typically developing children.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53, 20, 23]}
{"token": "BAND-LIMITED RADIATION SENSING USING THE RADIATION-INDUCED MAGNETO-RESISTANCE OSCILLATIONS. Tuned narrow-band-sensing of microwave and terahertz radiation can be realized by subjecting an irradiated two-dimensional electron system to both a static and a time varying magnetic field, and detecting at the harmonics of the modulation.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Optical imaging of in vivo gene expression: a critical assessment of the methodology and associated technologies. Following and quantifying the expression of reporter gene expression in vivo is very important to monitor the expression of therapeutic genes in targeted tissues in disease models and/or to assess the effectiveness of systems of gene therapy delivery. Gene expression of luminescent or fluorescent proteins can be detected directly on living animals by simply observing the associated optical signals by means of a cooled charged-coupled device camera. More accurate resolution can be obtained with more sophisticated technologies. Time-course and quasi-quantitative monitoring of the expression can be obtained on a given animal and followed on a large time window. The present paper describes the physical and technological methodologies and associated problems of in vivo optical imaging. Several examples of in vivo detection of gene delivery are described.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Multidisciplinary Studies on Canvas Nature of Paintings at IFIN-HH Romania. Radiocarbon dating of pictorial support is usually less used. It is accepted for paintings with the estimated age older than the Stradivarius limit (ca. 1600 - 1650 CE) as stated by A.J.T. Jull in 1997, and not as an authentication method. Considering this, a seventeenth century oil-based painting (Main Case Study) is reported. Based on the results obtained as terminus post quem , the painting cannot be attributed to the famous painter from the classical period, considered to be the author, according to the signature. Two other recently solved cases (Sample 1 and Sample 2) are briefly recorded and the information obtained was used for a more accurate interpretation of the Main Case Study. The multidisciplinary research aimed to put together, for the first time in the RoAMS Laboratory Romania, the information obtained through elemental analysis, ATR-FTIR, FT-Raman and XRF spectrometry. Radiocarbon dating process includes a comparative description of pictorial fragment pretreatments, of the textile fiber graphitization stage, and of AMS measurements used for determinations of isotopic ratio of carbon species, and general process parameter delta 13 C, of percent of Modern Carbon, and Conventional Radiocarbon Age, and of the Standard Deviations. The fragment of (Main Case Study) was first investigated using both FT-Raman and ATR-FTIR spectrometry. The spectra obtained reveal that the painting surface was covered with a thick layer of linseed oil, which hinders a complete analysis of the pigments through FT-Raman and ATR-FTIR spectrometry. However, the white pigment (lead white) and primer (calcium carbonate) were successfully identified. The findings from ATR-FTIR and FT-Raman spectra provide reliable information about the contaminants, information that is further used to select the most appropriate dating strategy. Before the AMS measurements, the cleaned textile fibers were investigated by elemental analysis, ATR-FTIR and micro-DRIFT spectrometry. The data obtained were compared with known natural and artificial textile fibers. The results reveal an almost complete decontamination, which additionally underlines the assumption that the textile support used exhibits a synthetic nature. Most likely, the canvas was made of synthetic nylon 6.6 fibers on a texture close to sailboat, used for sailing in the mid-twentieth century. The findings were finally confirmed by radiocarbon dating. 14 C/ 12 C isotopic ratios were close to RoAMS Laboratory background level, certifying a raw material from fossil deposits. The other fragments of canvas, those from recently solved cases (Sample 1 and Sample 2) are supposed to belong to the first part of the seventeenth, or to nineteenth / twentieth centuries (where the presumptions were made, and where the final results are placed, for Main Case Study). The compara tive data reveal different particularities observed for each situation, offering pro and con arguments in determining the fibers age(s). The information provided by radiocarbon dating, elemental analysis and XRF spectrometry is in good agreement and demonstrates that it is unlikely that the authors designated for each case were those who created the paintings. The XRF spectrometry investigation highlighted the use of primers or pigments that generally appeared in the painting technique after the date when the painting creation was estimated. (c) 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 3, 4, 36, 35, 38, 11, 30]}
{"token": "ESTIMATION OF CENSORED PANEL-DATA MODELS WITH SLOPE HETEROGENEITY. This paper considers estimation of censored panel-data models with individual-specific slope heterogeneity. The slope heterogeneity may be random (random slopes model) or related to covariates (correlated random slopes model). Maximum likelihood and censored least-absolute deviations estimators are proposed for both models. The estimators are simple to implement and, in the case of maximum likelihood, lead to straightforward estimation of partial effects. The rescaled bootstrap suggested by Andrews (Econometrica 2000; 68: 399-405) is used to deal with the possibility of variance parameters being equal to zero. The methodology is applied to an empirical study of Dutch household portfolio choice, where the outcome variable (portfolio share in safe assets) has corner solutions at zero and one. As predicted by economic theory, there is strong evidence of correlated random slopes for the age profiles, indicating a heterogeneous age profile of portfolio adjustment that varies significantly with other household characteristics. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Sperm-Driven Micromotors Moving in Oviduct Fluid and Viscoelastic Media. Biohybrid micromotors propelled by motile cells are fascinating entities for autonomous biomedical operations on the microscale. Their operation under physiological conditions, including highly viscous environments, is an essential prerequisite to be translated to in vivo settings. In this work, a sperm-driven microswimmer, referred to as a spermbot, is demonstrated to operate in oviduct fluid in vitro. The viscoelastic properties of bovine oviduct fluid (BOF), one of the fluids that sperm cells encounter on their way to the oocyte, are first characterized using passive microrheology. This allows to design an artificial oviduct fluid to match the rheological properties of oviduct fluid for further experiments. Sperm motion is analyzed and it is confirmed that kinetic parameters match in real and artificial oviduct fluids, respectively. It is demonstrated that sperm cells can efficiently couple to magnetic microtubes and propel them forward in media of different viscosities and in BOF. The flagellar beat pattern of coupled as well as of free sperm cells is investigated, revealing an alteration on the regular flagellar beat, presenting an on-off behavior caused by the additional load of the microtube. Finally, a new microcap design is proposed to improve the overall performance of the spermbot in complex biofluids.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Psychometric evaluation of the Informed Consent Process Scale in Chinese. Background: Informed consent is essential for the ethical conduct of clinical research and is a culturally sensitive issue. But, a measurable Chinese version of the scale to evaluate the informed consent process has not yet been explored in the existing literature. Research objectives: This study aimed to develop and psychometrically test the Chinese version of the Informed Consent Process Scale. Research design: Back-translation was conducted to develop the Chinese version of the questionnaire. A cross-sectional survey was administered, after which an exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Participants: We recruited a total of 375 participants who had experience in signing an informed consent form within the previous 3 years in Taiwan. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by two Institutional Review Boards and the autonomy of the participants was respected. Findings: The Chinese version of the Informed Consent Process Scale is composed of three factors with 23 items showing evidence of acceptable reliability and validity. Three major factors were extracted and labeled: Factor 1 - 'Understanding of the research', Factor 2 - 'Trust and confidence' and Factor 3 - 'Doubt and uncertainty'. The three factors accounted for is 52.954 of the total variance with Cronbach's alpha of .917. Discussion and conclusion: The finding corroborates previous studies showing that participants had too little understanding on the informed consent forms they signed and implied the need to clarify the critical points in clinical research. The psychometric results indicated good internal consistency and validity for this newly constructed instrument, and it was found worthy of conducting further testing and application.", "label": [2, 3, 26, 30]}
{"token": "Clinical analysis of a case of neonatal exfoliative esophagitis in an 18-day-old neonate. Background This study aims to provide guidance for clinical work through analysis of the clinical characteristics, endoscopic and pathological manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of an 18-day-old neonate with exfoliative esophagitis. Case presentation The patient presented with vomiting but the parents did not pay too much attention. The pathological report revealed numerous fibrinous exudative necrotic, and inflammatory cells, as well as a small amount of squamous epithelium. Furthermore, milk allergy factors were considered. Conservative treatments, such as fasting, acid suppression, mucosal protection, parenteral nutrition, and the replacement of anti-allergic milk powder were given. Thereafter, endoscopic examination revealed that the patient returned to normal, and was discharged after 21 days. Conclusions Exfoliative esophagitis has multiple causes; and has characteristic clinical and endoscopic manifestations. Endoscopic examination after 18 days presentation and conservative therapy revealed that the esophagus had returned to a normal appearance and the patient was discharged. Following discharge, the parents were advised to feed the patient ALFERE powder. Attention should be given to the timely detection of complications and corresponding treatment.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Sporicidal activity of disinfectants as one possible cause for bacteria in patient-ready Endoscopes. Four encloscopes were cleaned by an experienced endoscopy technician using an enzyme detergent solution with brushing, rinsing with tap water, and then high-level disinfection in an automatic encloscope reprocessing machine using CIDEX orthophthalaldehyde solution (CIDEX OPA). After disinfection, the channels of these patient-ready endoscopes were flushed with sterile neutralizing medium, brushed with a sterile brush, and then flushed again with sterile medium. The effluent from each flush was collected in sterile bottles, immediately returned on ice to a laboratory, and tested for the presence of bacteria. An average of about 200 colony-forming units of bacteria were recovered from each encloscope. Upon staining and microscopic examination, 3 of these colonies were spore-forming bacteria, and 7 colonies were nonspore-forming bacteria. These results suggest that the endoscopes might have been contaminated with a biofilm.Bacterial biofilms have been speculated to commonly occur in encloscopes as a result of the many possible inadequacies of cleaning, disinfecting, rinsing, drying, storage, and other functions associated with the difficulties of reprocessing encloscopes. As one possible cause for a biofilm, three high-level disinfectants (CIDEX activated dialdehyde solution, CIDEX OPA, and Aldahol high-level disinfectant) were tested for their sporicidal activity against high-protein or low-protein cultures of spore-forming bacteria in suspension. The potential importance of killing spore-forming bacteria within a practical exposure time in order to prevent the formation of biofilms is discussed.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Morphometric analysis of the hominin talus: Evolutionary and functional implications. The adoption of bipedalism is a key benchmark in human evolution that has impacted talar morphology. Here, we investigate talar morphological variability in extinct and extant hominins using a 3D geometric morphometric approach. The evolutionary timing and appearance of modern human-like features and their contributions to bipedal locomotion were evaluated on the talus as a whole, each articular facet separately, and multiple combinations of facets. Distinctive suites of features are consistently present in all fossil hominins, despite the presence of substantial interspecific variation, suggesting a potential connection of these suites to bipedal gait. A modern human-like condition evolved in navicular and lateral malleolar facets early in the hominin lineage compared with other facets, which demonstrate more complex morphological variation within Homininae. Interestingly, navicular facet morphology of Australopithecus afarensis is derived in the direction of Homo, whereas more recent hominin species such as Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus sediba retain more primitive states in this facet. Combining the navicular facet with the trochlea and the posterior calcaneal facet as a functional suite, however, distinguishes Australopithecus from Homo in that the medial longitudinal arch had not fully developed in the former. Our results suggest that a more everted foot and stiffer medial midtarsal region are adaptations that coincide with the emergence of bipedalism, whereas a high medial longitudinal arch emerges later in time, within Homo. This study provides novel insights into the emergence of talar morphological traits linked to bipedalism and its transition from a facultative to an obligate condition. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
{"token": "DHEA levels and social dominance relationships in wintering brent geese (Branta bernicla bernicla). After testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the main hormone involved in aggressive behaviour in birds. While the role of DHEA has been verified for wintering territorial passerines, it has not been shown for gregarious species. In wintering geese species, both sexes present very low testosterone levels and aggression in a non-sexual context is not testosterone-related. Therefore, testosterone does not seem to be responsible for aggressive behaviour by geese during winter and the role of DHEA must be explored. We used brent geese (Branta bernicla bernicla) to examine the roles of testosterone and DHEA in dominance relationships. For the first time, we highlighted the presence of plasma DHEA in free-living geese. As the level of DHEA was lower than that of testosterone, and there was no obvious impact of DHEA level on dominance status, our results failed to confirm the role of plasma DHEA in the social hierarchies of this species during winter. Nevertheless, because DHEA levels were greater in singletons than in paired birds, we discuss the need to explore hormonal and/or behavioural mechanisms implicated within dominance status acquisition and maintenance within each reproductive status class, to underline the role of the presence of relatives as a signal of dominance abilities. We also acknowledge and discuss the possibility that the long handling time may have affected DHEA levels and masked subtle differences between individuals. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
{"token": "CAPUT IN IECORE NON FUIT. THE 'HEAD' OF THE CONSULS FOR THE SAFEGUARD OF THE REPUBLIC. The Gods of Rome were regarded by the Romans as their fellow citizens and their interests were fully and completely identified with those of the city. Their role was to serve as guides and counsellors on the actions of the men, particularly the statesmen. When war altered the natural course of civic life and threatened the social peace, the gods took over control of the situation, preventing the Romans from the major and serious calamities that were looming and warning of the extraordinary efforts that they would have to make in order to tackle them and minimize their effects. In the course of certain military campaigns against foreign peoples or during periods of struggle for political leadership, the gods considered that the key to preserving Rome was through sacrificing their consuls. Such announcement came 'imprinted' on the liver of an animal to be sacrificed and its fatal end affected the personal fate of the chief magistrates of the state. This signum was recognized in the absence of the 'head' of the liver (caput iecoris) of the animal sacrificed. Research on the eleven known cases in the Republic-including that of Julius Caesar himself-and the study of the nature of the signum mortis are the main objectives of this paper.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
{"token": "Identification of human adenovirus replication inhibitors from a library of small molecules targeting cellular epigenetic regulators. Human adenovirus (HAdV) can cause severe disease in certain at-risk populations such as newborns, young children, the elderly and individuals with a compromised immune system. Unfortunately, no FDA-approved antiviraldrug is currently available for the treatment of HAdV infections. Within the nucleus of infected cells, the HAdV genome associates with histones and forms a chromatin-like structure during early infection, and viral gene expression appears to be regulated by cellular epigenetic processes. Thus, one potential therapeutic strategy to combat HAdV disease may be to target the cellular proteins involved in modifying the viral nucleoprotein structure and facilitating HAdV gene expression and replication. We have screened a panel of small molecules that modulate the activity of epigenetic regulatory proteins for compounds affecting HAdV gene expression. Several of the compounds, specifically chaetocin, gemcitabine and lestaurtinib, reduced HAdV recovery by 100 to 1000-fold, while showing limited effects on cell health, suggesting that these compounds may indeed be promising as anti-HAdV therapeutics.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Translocation and hand-rearing techniques for establishing a colony of threatened albatross. Many breeding colonies of Procellariiformes have been threatened with extinction. Chick translocation has been shown to be an effective method for establishing new \\\\'safer\\\\' colonies of burrow-nesting species, but techniques for surface-nesting species have not been fully developed. The entire breeding population of the threatened Short-tailed Albatross Phoebastoria albatrus is restricted to two sites, Torishima Island and the Senkaku Islands, and neither site is secure due to volcanic activity or political instability. The Short-tailed Albatross Recovery Team has recommended facilitating the recovery of this species by establishing at least one additional colony through the translocation and hand-rearing of chicks at a safe historical breeding site. To evaluate the feasibility of this approach, we hand-reared 10 post-guard phase chicks of two related species in 2006-2007: Laysan Albatross P. immutabilis translocated from Midway Atoll to Kaua'i Island, Hawai'i and Black-footed Albatross P. nigripes translocated from a nearby islet in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands to Mukojima Island, Japan. In these pilot studies, 40% of Laysan Albatross chicks and 90% of Black-footed Albatross chicks fledged successfully. Following this groundwork, 40 post-guard phase Short-tailed Albatross chicks were translocated from Torishima Island to Mukojima Island in February 2008-2010 and hand-reared to fledging. Their fledging success has been 100% in all three years. Fledging body sizes were similar or greater in hand-reared chicks at the release site than parent-reared chicks on Torishima Island. There were significant differences in levels of some blood chemistry parameters between pre-fledging hand-reared and parent-reared chicks. The techniques developed in our studies have broad-reaching implications for the future conservation of threatened populations of other surface-nesting seabirds.", "label": [4, 46, 39]}
{"token": "Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome in Humans and Animals. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), defined as the presence of altered organ function in an acutely ill patient such that homeostasis cannot be maintained without intervention, is a cause of high morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Many advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of this syndrome in human medicine, but much still is unknown. This comparative review will provide information regarding the history and pathophysiology of MODS in humans and discuss how MODS affects each major organ system in animals.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "The Outdoor Renaissance: Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic upon Outdoor Recreation Visitation, Behaviors, and Decision-Making in New England's National Forests. The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly changed outdoor recreation. As a result of the pandemic, parks and protected areas around the world have witnessed dramatic increases in recreation visitation. While various studies have examined this premise, this is one of the first to examine the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic upon recreation visitation across an entire parks and protected areas system in New England, utilizing both spatial and temporal scales. Study findings provide empirical evidence to inform future research and theory related to the social-ecological systems and recreation opportunity spectrum frameworks. A unique combination of primary, secondary, and geospatial data was used to explore recreation visitors' decision-making, behaviors, and visitation trends during the pandemic. Inferential and regression analyses suggest overall recreation visitation increased by similar to 61% (2+ million additional site visits) during the summer of 2020 at the height of the pandemic. Moreover, significant changes in visitation, site, and geo-spatial characteristics were observed for both in-state and out-of-state visitors during the pandemic. This research validates the influence of the pandemic upon parks and protected areas in the United States.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Fault detection observer design for networked control system with long time-delays and data packet dropout. Focusing on the networked control system with long time-delays and data packet dropout, the problem of observer-based fault detection of the system is studied. According to conditions of data arrival of the controller, the state observers of the system are designed to detect faults when they occur in the system. When the system is normal, the observers system is modeled as an uncertain switched system. Based on the model, stability condition of the whole system is given. When conditions are satisfied, the system is asymptotically stable. When a fault occurs, the observers residual can change rapidly to detect the fault. A numerical example shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "EMERGING ELECTRONIC PROCUREMENT IN RUSSIA'S REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS. This paper examines the results of the first year of the new Russian state procurement law, 94-FZ, through the lens of the 88 regional government web portals created to implement it. Benchmarks are developed and applied to them, comparing results with two contemporaneous Russian studies. Almost all regions have provided core information provision functions, but other missing features and the lack of automation mean that more than half may have done little more than fulfill formal requirements. More website features do seem to correspond to more transparency, but the law and the web portals have done little so far to combat endemic, institutional corruption of the state procurement process.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "'My parents never read my papers, but they watched my film': documentary filmmaking as feminist pedagogy. Feminist classrooms employ a variety of teaching strategies that empower students and inspire equity and justice. In this paper, we argue that integrating student-made documentary filmmaking into the college classroom is a powerful and effective form of feminist teaching. Specifically, feminist pedagogy views students as knowledge creators and demands collaborative, non-hierarchical learning experiences. These outcomes suggest that documentary filmmaking is a compelling and effective way to engage students in our increasingly visual and video-based culture. Based on our experiences teaching sociology at a women's college in the U.S., we illustrate the impact that documentary filmmaking has for student learning, empowerment, and justice work. We also develop and strengthen students' technical, multi-media skills, arguing this outcome expands feminist pedagogy to meet contemporary culture.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Fluorine-Substituted pi-Bridge through a Simple Method for Efficient Polymer Donor. Herein, a novel fluorinated conjugated polymer, PM7-F, as the donor material for polymer solar cells (PSCs) is developed. In contrast to previously reported synthetic methods for 3-fluorothiophene, a crucial intermediate, 3-fluoro-2-iodothiophene, is utilized, to shorten the synthetic route and ensure lower synthetic costs via a simple approach. The effects of fluorine substituent on the pi-bridge unit are systematically investigated. PM7-F displays great planarity and a nearly linear backbone via its strong intramolecular noncovalent conformation locks. Due to the strong noncovalent contacts of F-S, F-pi, and F-Cl, as well as the large dipole moment of carbon-fluorine (C-F), the fluorinated polymer PM7-F possesses redshifted absorption, a much deeper highest occupied molecular orbital level (-5.65 eV), better crystallinity, enhanced nanoscale morphology, efficient charge transport properties, and reduced recombination behaviors than its nonfluorine counterpart. As a result, the PM7-F:ITIC-based PSCs exhibit a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 13.46% with a open-circuit voltage of 0.94 V, a short-circuit current of 20.79 mA cm(-2), and an fill factor of 68.87%. Herein, it is indicated that fluorination pi-bridge provided a feasible approach to obtain low-cost and high-efficiency polymer donors.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Comparison of fattening performance and slaughter value of local Hungarian cattle breeds to international breeds. The objective of the trial is to compare fattening performance, slaughter results and meat quality of bulls from international cattle breeds with local Hungarian breeds fattened under the same conditions. Altogether 62 growing bulls - Angus, Charolais, Holstein, Hungarian Grey, Hungarian Simmental, Charolais x Hungarian Grey - were fattened in small groups. The daily gain varied from 897 (Hungarian Grey) to 1 240 g/day (Angus). In general, the lower gain value is caused by the semi-intensive fattening system with low concentrate supplementation. The slaughter weight showed a similar tendency as final weight, there was a significant difference between Angus and Hungarian Grey. The killing out of Charolais (59.50%), Angus (56.80%) and Hungarian Simmental (57.84%) was significantly higher than Hungarian Grey (55.13%) and Holstein (55.03%). Due to Charolais crossing the dressing percentage of Hungarian Grey was developed by about 1.5%.The EU conformation scores of Charolais (9.50) and Hungarian Simmental (9.33) and the fatness scores of Angus (8.33) and Charolais x Hungarian Grey (7.33) were significantly higher than that of the other genotypes. The tissue composition of dissected carcass as well as ribs joint composition determined by X-ray computerised tomography method showed the lean meat of Hungarian Simmental and bone proportions of Holstein to be the highest, whilst Angus had the highest fat content. Charolais und Hungarian Simmental had significant higher longissimus muscle area in ribs joint compared to Angus, Holstein and Charolais x Hungarian Grey. Angus and Hungarian Grey had the highest intramuscular fat level of the three examined muscles.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Finnur Jonsson's Image of Iceland: Writing History in Changing Conditions. This article charts the role of Finnur Jonsson's Historia Ecclesiastica Islandi AE in the development and display of proto-nationalist ideas in eighteenth-century Iceland through the formation of a national identity based on an idealized past. The research presents an analysis of how contemporary ideas about science, freedom and the North came to be projected onto Iceland, a country that found itself in a state of dependency within the Danish realm, in order to constitute its identity within and across the boundaries of that realm. The study outlines the changing environment in which this could happen, the methods used to guarantee its acceptance, and the overwhelming acclaim the work received internationally, anchoring a positive image of Iceland for the next century.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 54]}
{"token": "Impacts of Deepwater Horizon oil and associated dispersant on early development of the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil platform resulted in large amounts of crude oil and dispersant Corexit 9500A (R) released into the Gulf of Mexico and coincided with the spawning season of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica. The effects of exposing gametes and embryos of C. virginica to dispersant alone (Corexit), mechanically (HEWAF) and chemically dispersed (CEWAF) DWH oil were evaluated. Fertilization success and the morphological development, growth, and survival of larvae were assessed. Gamete exposure reduced fertilization (HEWAF: EC20(1 h) = 1650 mu g tPAH50 L-1; CEWAF: EC20(1 h) = 19.4 mu g tPAH50 L-1; Corexit: EC20(1 h) = 6.9 mg L-1). CEWAF and Corexit showed a similar toxicity on early life stages at equivalent nominal concentrations. Oysters exposed from gametes to CEWAF and Corexit experienced more deleterious effects than oysters exposed from embryos. Results suggest the presence of oil and dispersant during oyster spawning season may interfere with larval development and subsequent recruitment. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "The ecological challenge to biblical studies. The increasing prominence of environmental issues, together with the suspicion that the Bible, both through its creation stories and its eschatological expectations, may discourage a sense of Christian environmental responsibility, raise a challenge to which biblical scholars have responded in various ways. Some attempt to recover a positive ecological message from the Bible, while others read the Bible critically through the framework of a set of ecojustice principles. This essay reviews some of these contributions and argues for a theological approach to interpretation which avoids some of the weaknesses of either of these two alternatives.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Evaluating quality management of road construction projects: a Delphi study. Purpose There are various methods to assess the failure of a road construction project that does not meet quality and performance standards. This study aims to evaluate the factors affecting the quality management of road construction projects in Indonesia by identifying the critical challenges in implementing quality management processes and examining the countermeasures to address these problems. Design/methodology/approach In this research, the quality management processes in Indonesian road construction projects are evaluated using a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. Quantitative data obtained from two rounds of Delphi questionnaire surveys as the primary data source, and focus group interviews as the qualitative data are used to achieve the aims of this study. Findings It is found that from as early as in the preconstruction stage of a project, the availability of quality standards and documentation is problematic when implementing quality management processes. The critical factor of the quality control activities of a project and the quality management roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders during road construction is the project team. This constraint deals with the interaction of the competency, commitment, and mutual cooperation among the main stakeholders to ensure that quality management processes are implemented. This implementation is a part of controlling the road pavement materials, supervising the project activities according to a specified standard, and reporting the project performance. The findings of this study add parameters relating to quality management and quality processes in a road construction project area. Originality/value This study is the first to evaluate the quality management processes in the construction of Indonesian road projects. The investigation identifies and evaluates the causes of the persistence of poor road quality. All revealed constraints are substantial factors that hinder the implementation of quality management processes when delivering quality road products. This study addresses the key influencing factors and scenarios related to quality management during road construction projects in Indonesia and other developing countries as practical examples and provides case-based insights for construction practitioners and civil engineering academics in developed countries.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Effects of Photoperiod, Light Intensity and Electrical Conductivity on the Growth and Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in a Closed-type Plant Factory System. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a plant native to the Andean region that has become increasing popular as a food source due to its high nutritional content. This study determined the optimal photoperiod, light intensity, and electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution for growth and yield of quinoa in a closed-type plant factory system. The photoperiod effects were first analyzed in a growth chamber using three different light cycles, 8/16, 14/10, and 16/8 hours (day/night). Further studies, performed in a closed-type plant factory system, evaluated nutrient solutions with EC (salinity) levels of 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 dS.m(-1). These experiments were assayed with two light intensities (120 and 143 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1)) under a 12/12 and 14/10 hours (day/night) photoperiod. The plants grown under the 16/8 hours photoperiod did not flower, suggesting that a long-day photoperiod delays flowering and that quinoa is a short-day plant. Under a 12/12 h photoperiod, the best shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights) was observed at an EC of 2.0 dS.m(-1) and a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 120 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1). With a 14/10 h photoperiod, the shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights), plant height, leaf area, and light use efficiency were higher when grown with an EC of 2.0 dS.m(-1) and a PPFD of 143 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1). Overall, the optimal conditions for producing quinoa as a leafy vegetable, in a closed-type plant factory system, were a 16/8 h (day/night) photoperiod with an EC of 2.0 dS.m(-1) and a PPFD of 143 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1).", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "THE INVASION OF THE SANDS. PROJECTS TO CLEAN THE MOAT OF FORT SAINT FERNANDO IN CARTAGENA OF INDIAS. This article analyses the solutions proposed by various sects of the spanish military in order to resolve one of the principal issues which affected the fortifications of Cartagena de Indias: the issues created by the sands which intermittently filled the moat surrounding the fort of San Fernando of Bocachica, which compromised its defence. The implementation of engineered solutions, and their application in the bay of Cartagena, afforded a more detailed contemporary understanding of the American territory, and the analysis of such, as undertaken in this article, contributes new scholarship concerning the work carried out by Spanish military engineers in New Granada at the end of the 18th century.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Single K+ channels in endocrine cells dispersed from the cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) corpora allata. Single channel currents were recorded from cell-attached patches of endocrine cells of the adult male cricket corpora allata. Three distinct types of K+ channels were identified; a weak inward rectifier (Type 1), a strong inward rectifier (Type 2) and a weak outward rectifier (Type 3). The type 1 channel had a slope conductance of 191 +/- 9 pS (n = 4) at negative membrane potentials (Vm) and 101 +/- 6 pS (n = 6) at positive Vm. In addition, the channel showed fast open-closed kinetics at negative Vm and slow open-closed kinetics at positive Vm. The open probability (Po) of this channel was strongly voltage-dependent at positive Vm, but less voltage-dependent at negative Vm. The reversal potential was not modified significantly by the substitution of gluconate for external Cl- but was modified after N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG(+)) was substituted for external K+, according to the Nernst equation for a K+-selective channel. The type 2 channel had a slope conductance of 44 +/- 2 pS (n = 5) at negative Vm, but no detectable outward current was observed at positive Vm. This channel showed very slow open-closed kinetics at negative Vm and its Po was not voltage-dependent. The type 3 channel had a limit conductance of 55 +/- 12 pS (n = 3) at negative Vm and 88 +/- 10 pS (n = 3) at positive Vm. This channel showed slow open-closed kinetics at negative Vm and fast open-closed kinetics at positive Vm. The Po for the channel was voltage-dependent at positive Vm but was voltage-independent at negative Vm. These three types of K+ channels may be important for the control of the resting membrane potential, and may thus participate in the regulation of Ca2+ influx and juvenile hormone secretion in corpora allata cells.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
{"token": "Adsorption of diclofenac sodium onto commercial organoclay: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic study. The presence of pharmaceutic compounds has been widely detected in water and wastewater due to the increase in their production and consumption. Since conventional treatments are not able to totally remove these microcontaminants, more efficient technologies, such as adsorption, must be investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the adsorption of diclofenac sodium (DS) onto commercial organoclay (Spectrogel (R) Type C) in static system. Process optimization was performed through Central Composite Design (CCD) and the adsorbent mass of 0.5 g and agitation speed of 200 rpm were selected as the optimum conditions. The variable initial concentration of DS was not statistically significant. Pseudo-first order model showed the best correlation to kinetic experimental data and the investigation of adsorption mechanism revealed that external mass transference was the main rate-controlling step. Equilibrium data obtained at 15 degrees C and at 30 degrees C were best described by Freundlich isotherm model and at 50 degrees C by Temkin isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity from Langmuir was of 0.133 mmol/L at 50 degrees C. Thermodynamically, the process is spontaneous and endothermic. Characterization analysis depicted that DS adsorption takes place on the surface of Spectrogel, which is not significantly modified by the process. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Determinants of intercultural adjustment among expatriate spouses. The adaptation of expatriate families to a host country seems crucial to successful fulfilment of international business assignments. The present study focused on personality, family characteristics and characteristics of expatriates' work life as determinants of the intercultural adjustment of expatriate spouses. Among a sample of 247 expatriate spouses it was first shown that in particular the traits of open-mindedness and emotional stability were associated with expatriate spouses' adjustment. In addition, family cohesion and family adaptability were found to have an impact on the spouses' adjustment. Of the work related variables, both support from the company and work satisfaction were related to indicators of adjustment. These effects sustained after controlling for the influence of demographic variables such as duration of expatriation, command of the local language, having visited the country prior to relocation and economic situation that were also found to contribute to spouses' adjustment. The implications of these findings are discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52, 55, 57]}
{"token": "REPORT ON NATIONAL SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATIONS IN EUROPE. This report presents the results of a survey on the National Associations of Sociology in Europe conducted in the years 2012-2013 by the European Sociological Association (ESA) under the auspices of its Committee for National Associations. The National Associations of Sociology were progressively established and institutionalized throughout the twentieth century, each one reflecting the political circumstances of the European Continent at the time. Of the 40 associations surveyed, 10% were in existence in 1950, which shows that the consolidation of the associative movement of sociologists in Europe is generally quite recent and gradually built up over the course of a century or more. The size of each association in terms of numbers of members is a key dimension in understanding how sociology is organized throughout Europe. The same may be said of the difficulties encountered when establishing the ESA as recently as 1992. The results of the survey show that the European sociological community is the aggregate of several parallel currents going back well over a hundred years. Each current has generated as many tributaries as there are individual academic and professional corporations operating in the dozens of countries where sociology has been able to take root and develop, whilst favoured - or sometimes opposed - by university and social policies, governments and public or private bodies. Moreover, each country has its own story to tell about the particular claims and losses, its ups and downs, advances and set-backs that sociology as a discipline has experienced.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Tacrolimus ointment is effective for psoriasis on the face and intertriginous areas in pediatric patients. Children with psoriasis often have involvement of the face and intertriginous areas. While corticosteroids have been the mainstay of treatment for plaque-type psoriasis, the face and intertriginous areas are more sensitive to local effects of topical steroid use such as cutaneous atrophy. Topical tacrolimus has shown promise in adult patients as an alternative antiinflammatory without the cutaneous side effects of steroids. Eleven patients between 6 and 15 years of age with facial or inverse psoriasis were evaluated in a 6-month, single-center, open-label trial. Clinical evaluations were made at baseline and days 30, 90, and 180. Severity was assessed using the physician's global assessment of improvement relative to baseline, a 6-point rating scale for signs of disease (erythema, infiltration, desquamation), and an overall severity score. Within the first 30 days of treatment, every patient had cleared or achieved excellent improvement with the use of tacrolimus ointment. Statistically significant improvement was achieved in each sign of disease and the overall severity score. The only adverse event reported in 6 months of observation was significant pruritus in one patient. We therefore conclude that tacrolimus ointment is an effective treatment for psoriasis on the face or intertriginous areas in children.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Intellectual Property Infringements & 3D Printing: Decentralized Piracy. By drastically reducing the role of intermediaries in manufacturing, 3D printing is likely to set about the next wave of decentralized, non-commercial infringements of intellectual property rights. Drawing upon the lessons from the entertainment industry's litigation campaign against illegal file sharing, this paper describes some of the common characteristics of decentralized piracy. I show that, like copyright enforcement on file-sharing networks, intellectual property enforcement of 3D printing faces economic and social norm complications that make traditional, litigation based enforcement ineffective and possibly counterproductive.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Use of pooled urine samples and automated DNA isolation to achieve improved sensitivity and cost-effectiveness of large-scale testing for Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women. The success of large-scale screening for Chlamydia trachomatis depends on the availability of noninvasive samples, low costs, and high-quality testing. To evaluate C. trachomatis testing with pregnant women, first-void urine specimens from 750 consecutive asymptomatic pregnant women from the Rotterdam area (The Netherlands) were collected. Initially, we investigated the performance of three different DNA isolation methods with 350 of these urines and 70 pools of 5 of the same subset of urine samples. The routinely used COBAS AMPLICOR test was compared to the COBAS AMPLICOR test with prior DNA isolation by use of the MagNA Pure large-volume kit and the MagNA Pure bacterial DNA isolation kit. The latter combination provided the best DNA test for pooled urines, with a sensitivity twice that of the other methods. Next, using all 750 urines, the COBAS AMPLICOR performance for individual testing was compared to pooled testing with the standard COBAS AMPLICOR procedure and subsequently to pooled testing with COBAS AMPLICOR in combination with the MagNA Pure bacterial DNA isolation kit. The sensitivity of COBAS AMPLICOR was 65% on individual and 42% on pooled urines but improved to 92% on pooled urines with the MagNA Pure bacterial DNA isolation kit, making this combination the best screening method. The C. trachomatis prevalence in this population appeared to be 6.4%. Additionally, the cost of the combined MagNA Pure bacterial DNA isolation kit and COBAS AMPLICOR method on pooled urines was only 56% of the cost of the standard COBAS AMPLICOR test applied to individual urines. Costs per positive case detected in the combined method were 39% of standard costs.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Studies on microstructure and performance of SnAgCuY lead-free solders doped with rare earth Y. In the present paper the effect of trace amount rare earth Y on the microstructure and the performance of Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder alloy has been systematically investigated Through measurement of melting temperature, wettability and joint shear strength, and observation of microstructure, it is indicated that the SnAgCuY alloy containing rare earth Y is a lead-free solder with excellent performances. At the same time the best content of Y was deter-mined.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Influence of the substitution of V by Nb in the structure and properties of hydrogen absorption/desorption of TiCr1.1V0.9 alloy. The partial substitution of V by Nb in the TiCr1.1V0.9 alloy was performed generating four different compounds. The thermal stability, the hydrogen storage capacity as well as the kinetics of absorption/desorption were studied. It was observed that the addition of Nb decreases the hydrogen absorption capacity from 3.6 wt% to 2.5 wt%, but it increases the kinetic. The desorption performance improves above 373 K. (c) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Quantities, composition, and sources of beach debris in Korea from the results of nationwide monitoring. This study assessed the levels of marine debris pollution and identified its main sources in Korea. The surveys were bimonthly conducted by NGO leaders and volunteers on 20 beaches from March 2008 to November 2009. The quantities of marine debris were estimated at 480.9 (+/- 267.7) count . 100 m(-1) for number, 86.5 (+/- 78.6) kg . 100 m(-1) for weight, and 0.48 (+/- 0.38) m(3) . 100 m(-1) for volume. The level of marine debris pollution on the Korean beaches was comparable to that in the coastal areas of the North Atlantic ocean and South Africa. Plastics and styrofoam occupied the majority of debris composition in terms of number (66.7%) and volume (62.3%). The main sources of debris were fishing activities including commercial fisheries and marine aquaculture (51.3%). Especially styrofoam buoy from aquaculture was the biggest contributor to marine debris pollution on these beaches. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Homing behaviour in Polyergus rufescens Latr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Homing mechanisms of the European slave-making ant Polyergus rufescens Late. are investigated by field experiments. The analysis of the behaviour and paths of both homing scouts and raiders after passive displacement showed that: i. Scouts probably home by using a path integration system based on celestial cues; and ii. Displaced raiders do not seem to adopt such a vectorial orientation mechanism. Moreover, we found that passively displaced scouts exhibit a systematic search strategy for the nest after a rectilinear path. By contrast, raiders perform a similar search pattern just after release. Similarities between Cataglyphis and Polyergus homing behaviour are discussed.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
{"token": "A mutation in ELA1, an age-dependent negative regulator of PAP1/MYB75, causes UV- and cold stress-tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. UV light is one of several severe abiotic stresses encountered by terrestrial plants. It is impairing cellular metabolism and causing cell death by damaging DNA, proteins, and lipids. Phenolics including various flavonoids serve as \\\\'sunscreens\\\\' to UV exposure: in particular, flavonoids play pivotal roles in absorbing free radicals, quenching singlet oxygen, and decomposing peroxides. Here. we screened Arabidopsis thaliana for a UV-tolerant mutant with elevated flavonoid levels, and identified the recessive ela1 mutant. We demonstrate that the enhanced UV stress-tolerance shown in the ela1 mutant seems to be conferred by high levels of UV-absorbing pigments such as anthocyanins. The ela1 mutant exhibited novel characteristics as a negative regulator of PAP1 and cold stress-tolerance, and its role is specific to early stages of A. thaliana development. Our results clearly suggest that flavonoid biosynthesis is regulated by a developmental program where ELA1 participates as an important regulatory component. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Application of statistical design strategies to optimize the conductivity of electro synthesized polypyrrole. Fractional factorial design (FFD) and response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with central composite design (CCD) were used to optimize the electrical conductivity of polypyrrole (PPy) synthesized through an electrochemical route and constant current electrolysis. Current density of polymerization, monomer concentration, electrolyte (lithium perchlorate) concentration and temperature were selected as variables to study the effect on electronic conductivity of PPy through FFD. The temperature and concentration of the electrolyte are identified as the key variables which influence the conductivity of PPy. An empirical equation for the conductivity of PPy with variables is obtained via regression analysis. A contour plot is generated Which predicts that a high value for the conductivity for PPy (ca. 34.3 S cm(-1)) can be obtained with the LiClO4 concentration of 0.826 M and a temperature of 14.9degreesC. The results from confirmation experiments justify the prediction from the statistical approach. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Galerkin-based modal analysis on the vibration of wire-slurry system in wafer slicing using a wiresaw. Wiresaws have been widely used in industries to slice semiconductor ingots into thin wafers for semiconductor fabrication. However, the surface roughness of a wiresaw-sliced wafer is usually not uniform which can be a concern in the subsequent lapping and polishing processes. It is sometimes observed that poor surface finish can occur at the beginning and the end of sliced round wafers when contact spans are short. In this paper, the dynamics of a coupled wire/slurry non-conservative vibration system is analyzed according to the rolling-indenting floating machining mechanism of typical wiresaw processes. Basic approaches adopted are the linearization of the coupled nonlinear governing equations with respect to the equilibrium, Galerkin-based discretization of the distributed non-conservative system, and the subsequent modal analysis. For the purpose of model verification, a numerical scheme of direct-time integration to an alternative finite element (FE) semi-discretized system is performed using the one-step Newmark's method. The results from the eigenanalysis of the Galerkin-based model are presented. These simulation results indicate that the wire/slurry system consists of both real and paired complex eigenvalues, which correspond to the over-damped modes and other vibration modes of the system. Parametric studies show that the vibration displacement of the wire decreases when the contact span expands, which explains the typical distribution of the surface roughness of a round wiresawn wafer. From the parametric studies, the tension and bow angle of the wire are found to play important roles in the response of the wire. Finally, in order to reduce the differential saw damage caused by the vibration of the wire, adaptive vibration control strategies are proposed for the wiresaw slicing processes. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "IMMUNOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS WITHIN RAT COCHLEAR AND VESTIBULAR TISSUES. A monoclonal antibody, BuGR2, to liver glucocorticoid receptor sites was tested for its reactivity and specificity in inner ear tissue supernatants by an Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay (ELISA) and a Western blotting technique. Results demonstrated that this antibody specifically recognized a protein of 93 kDa in inner ear supernatant fractions, which conformed to the reported molecular weights of the glucocorticoid receptor in other tissues. Antigenic sites were determined to be higher within cochlear supernatant fractions compared to vestibular supernatant fractions by ELISA. This anti-glucocorticoid receptor antibody combined with the quantitative ELISA provides a sensitive means to further investigate the inner ear glucocorticoid receptor system.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 22, 28]}
{"token": "TWO NEW SPECIES OF EUSCORPIOPS VACHON, 1980 FROM THAILAND AND MYANMAR (SCORPIONES: EUSCORPIIDAE: SCORPIOPINAE). Euscorpiops artemisae sp. nov. from Myanmar and Euscorpiops orioni sp. nov. from Thailand are described and compared with other species of the genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980. A key to the species of Euscorpiops is provided. Sexual dimorphism is present, as males of some species have a narrower pedipalp chela than females, while in other species the shape of the chela is the same in both sexes. Males of both new species have the pedipalp chela very narrow, in the male holotype of E. artemisae sp. nov. the chela length to width ratio is 4.13 and in the male holotype of E. orioni sp. nov. it is 4.58. In addition to morphological analysis, we describe also the karyotype of male holotype and paratype of E. orioni sp. nov. Both analyzed specimens have achiasmatic meiosis and the same number of chromosomes (2n=103) with predominance of acrocentric chromosomes gradually decreasing in size. During the first meiotic division we observed one trivalent in both males. This type of multivalent indicates centric fusion or fissions that may cause the differentiation of the karyotypes within the genus Euscorpiops.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Optimization of a Cytochrome P450 Oxidation System for Enhancing Protopanaxadiol Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ginsenosides, the major bioactive components of Panax ginseng, are regarded as promising high-value pharmaceutical compounds. In ginseng, ginsenosides are produced from their precursor protopanaxadiol. Recently, an artificial biosynthetic pathway of protopanaxadiol was built in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by introducing a P. ginseng dammarenediol-II synthase, a P. ginseng cytochrome P450-type protopanaxadiol synthase (PPDS), and a Arabidopsis thaliana NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (ATR1). In this engineered yeast strain, however, the low metabolic flux through PPDS resulted in a low productivity of protopanaxadiol. Moreover, health of the yeast cells was significantly affected by reactive oxygen species released by the pool coupling between PPDS and ATR1. To overcome the obstacles in protopanaxadiol production, PPDS was modified through transmembrane domain truncation and self-sufficient PPDS-ATR1 fusion construction in this study. The fusion enzymes conferred approximately 4.5-fold increase in catalytic activity, and 71.1% increase in protopanaxadiol production compared with PPDS and ATR1 co-expression. Our in vivo experiment indicated that the engineered yeast carrying fusion protein effectively converted 96.8% of dammarenediol-II into protopanaxadiol. Protopanaxadiol production in a 5 L bioreactor in fed-batch fermentation reached 1436.6mg/L. Our study not only improved protopanaxadiol production in yeast, but also provided a generic method to improve activities of plant cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. This method is promising to be applied to other P450 systems in yeast. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Social representation of hearing aids among people with hearing loss: an exploratory study. Conclusions424 participants with hearing lossDesignThe aim of the current study was to examine the social representation (SR) of hearing aids in people with hearing loss (PHL) in India, the Republic of Korea (ROK), the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (US).ObjectiveThe current results highlight the main aspects that PHL report spontaneously when they think about hearing aids. The findings will help to further inform public health campaigns and will contribute to develop culturally appropriate media materials regarding hearing aids.ResultsStudy sampleThe most commonly reported categories across all countries were \\\\'beneficial,\\\\' \\\\'cost and time,\\\\' and \\\\'appearance and design.\\\\' Approximately 50% of the associations reported were negative. There were variations in terms of the categories that were predominant in the SR of each country. \\\\'Others actions and attitude\\\\' category was predominantly reported by PHL in India. \\\\'Disturbance\\\\' and \\\\'dissatisfaction\\\\' of hearing aids and the \\\\'repairs and maintenance of hearing aids\\\\' categories were mainly reported from the ROK and the US, respectively.The study used a cross-sectional survey design. The data collected by using a free association task were analysed qualitatively (i.e. content analysis) and quantitatively (i.e. chi-square analysis, similarities analysis, prototypical analysis).", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Sea passages: cultural flows in Caribbean poetry. In Caribbean poetry, it is time and again the sea, as site of the Middle Passage and as a marker of island experiences, of displacement and belonging, which gives shape to an inherently polyvalent poetics of location. The sea pervades many Caribbean poems, both as a historical contact zone and as an imaginative principle of a new kind of nomadic and mobile epistemology. While the \\\\'Black Atlantic\\\\' paradigm fruitfully emphasizes transit and transcultural exchange, recent scholarship has also explored the sea as a site of dwelling and a more localized Caribbean place. Ecocritical readings in particular have highlighted the role of regional environments. Moreover, they have pinpointed a long-standing intellectual concern by which Caribbean writers have turned to land and sea as a way of reconstituting poetic traditions and historical narratives. Similarly, this article will discuss \\\\'sea passages\\\\' in a double, though always complementary, sense: passages across and to the sea, that is, precisely in order to accommodate the complex cultural flows to, fro and within the Caribbean, rather than reiterating spatial binaries which writing from and about the region frequently deconstructs itself. Taking current reappraisals of poetry and place in the Caribbean as a point of departure, the article will analyse a range of little discussed and more recent works in which the sea supplies poetic themes, fluid metaphors and symbolic forms that are in the process of becoming.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Epidemiological study of canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) in Brazil, 2000-2020. Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a contagious neoplasm, mainly transmitted through coitus. This round cell mesenchymal tumor is common in Brazil, often located in the genitalia although extragenital presentations may also occur, such as cutaneous, oral, and nasal forms. The objective of this study was to perform an epidemiological analysis of CTVT from published data in the recent academic literature to systematically demonstrate the distribution of CTVT in Brazil, identify the frequency of this neoplasm and its main diagnostic tests, and characterize its main clinical manifestations in Brazil. For such purpose, it was analyzed the scientific publications with cases of CTVT in Brazil, in English or Portuguese, published between 2000-2020. The CTVT was identified in 19 Brazilian states plus the Federal District, totaling 3,622 cases across the national territory, with the largest number of cases recorded in the Southeast region. The cytological exam was the most used for the diagnosis of CTVT (89.2 %), followed by histopathological (37.8 %) and immunohistochemistry (13.5 %)1 . Predominant epidemiological aspects of CTVT identified in the study were: Mixed breed dogs (75.2 %), females (62.5 %), in adulthood (between 2 and 7 years) and dogs with free extra outdoor access (91.1 %). Genital presentation was the most frequent in the literature (86 %), followed by cutaneous (21.8 %), nasal (10 %), oral and lymph nodes presentations (10-5 %) and less frequent manifestations as ocular and anal/perianal (< 5 %). CTVT is a neoplasm widely distributed in Brazil, highly frequent and with several forms of clinical presentation, which can be underdiagnosed if there is no adequate knowledge of this tumor and its epidemiological characteristics. The extragenital manifestations of the neoplasm need further studies for its better characterization and more precise definition of its frequencies.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Adaptive changes of inner retina function in response to sustained pattern stimulation. We have characterized adaptive changes of inner retina function in response to sustained pattern stimulation in 32 normal subjects with an age range 23-77 years by measuring changes of the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) as a function of time. Contrast-reversal stimuli had square-wave profile in space and time, with peak spatial and temporal frequency and high contrast to maximize response amplitude. The PERG signal was sampled over 5 min with a resolution of 15 s. PERG signals were non-stationary, resulting in either progressive amplitude decline or even enhancement to a plateau, with a time course that could be well described by an exponential function with a time constant of 1-2 min. Higher initial amplitudes were generally associated with amplitude decline, and lower initial amplitudes with enhancement. The delta amplitude (plateau minus initial) was a linear function of the initial amplitude. The magnitude of delta decreased with decreasing initial amplitude and inverted its sign for initial amplitudes about 1/3 lower than the maximum initial amplitude measured, but still about 3-4 times larger than the noise. Amplitude decline was generally associated with phase lag, whereas amplitude enhancement was associated with phase advance. Altogether, PERG generators appear to slowly adjust their gain in order to keep their sustained activity at an intermediate level that is rather independent of the level of activity at stimulus onset. This behavior is reminiscent of a buffering mechanism, where glial cells may play a primary role. An energy-budget model of neural-vascular-glial interaction is provided together with an equivalent electrical circuit that accounts for the results. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 22, 55]}
{"token": "Detection of active human herpesvirus-6 infection in the brain: Correlation with polymerase chain reaction detection in cerebrospinal fluid. One-half of bone-marrow transplant (BMT) and stem-cell transplant recipients have reactivation of latent human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 2-4 weeks after transplant. Although the detection of viral DNA, RNA, and antigen in brain material confirmed active HHV-6 variant B infection, peak viral loads in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum occurred 2-4 weeks before death and decreased to low levels before or at autopsy. All autopsy samples consistently demonstrated HHV-6 active infection in the hippocampus. Astrocytic cells positive for viral antigen provided support for an HHV-6-specific tropism for hippocampal astrocytes. HHV-6 DNA in CSF and serum may not reflect the level of active viral infection in the brain after BMT.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "I Am Burnt but Beautiful: Translating Song 1:5a. The translation of Song 1:5a as \\\\'I am black and beautiful\\\\' in the NRSV racializes a passage that is not about race or ethnicity. It is the translator's version of cheap grace. Although the battle against racist language is ongoing, this verse is not the right battleground. Positive images of Africans fill the Hebrew Bible/Tanak/Old Testament, but misleading illustrations, translations, maps, and commentaries obscure them. Rather than misconstruing the plain meaning of Song 1:5a, we should highlight the vital role of Africans in the Bible and expose the cover-up in much past scholarship that minimizes it. The Shulamite is ethnically no different from her Jerusalemite sisters. This verse is more about class distinctions than ethnic or racial ones. Her brothers have forced her temporarily to do work considered lower class due to the sun's harmful effects. Nevertheless, nobody will dictate the terms of beauty, class, or honor and shame to her. Accordingly, a contextual rendering for Song 1:5a is: \\\\'I am burnt but beautiful.\\\\'", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Uses of Opuntia species and the potential impact of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) in Mexico. In Mexico, cactus pears (Opuntia spp.) are regarded as very important plants, especially in semi-arid and arid regions where few crops can be cultivated. Historically, Mexicans have used cactus pears for food, as fodder fur cattle, for medicinal purposes, in cosmetics, to produce dyes, and as natural fences. Cactus pears are also an important component of native ecosystems. Central Mexico is considered to be one of the main centers of cactus diversity. Approximately 200 species of Opuntia are recognized worldwide, 114 of which occur in Mexico. Because most Opuntia species are thought to be susceptible to attack by the cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Borg), spread of this moth into Mexico would likely have significant economic and social impacts, A number of the most widely used and/or distributed species, including O. compressa Macbride, O. ficus-indica (L,) Miller, O. megacantha Salm-Dyck, O. stricta (Haw.) Haworth and O. tomentosa Salm-Dyck, are known hosts of the cactus moth.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Expense based performance analysis and resource rationalization: Case of Indian Railways. With rapid economic growth in India, lot of emphasis has been given on railway infrastructure development in last few years. Indian Railways has been striving hard to bring down the costs and improve upon the operating ratio. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency performance of different railway zones and suggest cost saving strategies for its zones. The paper employs the Constant Return to Scale (CRS) and Variable Return to Scale (VRS) data-envelopment methods as well as performs sensitivity analysis with the set of variables to analyze the efficiency of sixteen railway zones over Indian Railways network. The study is based upon the data published by Ministry of Railways in Indian Railways Annual Statistical Statements. The results highlight the inefficiencies of different zones and suggest the changes that may be incorporated in inputs, by comparing the performance of underperforming units with that of best practice units. The study mainly suggests the importance of operating and working expenses as input parameters in benchmarking analysis while considering output in terms of passenger-kilometer and net ton-kilometers. Results obtained from Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)Malmquist Index show that technological innovation and staff management are important factors in cost reduction. The paper further highlights the important issues for consideration of different stakeholders in railway sector i.e. rail operators, policy makers, customers and infrastructure managers. The results give valuable insight on performance evaluation to Indian railway industry as well as comparable railway systems existing in other parts of globe.", "label": [1, 5, 49, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Electroluminescence and space charge measurements for the study of pen ageing under UV irradiation. UV irradiation is one of the possible sources of electrical insulator degradation. Their origin can be partial discharges, parasitic discharges (environmental) or ambient light. Our intention is to determine the degree of UV interaction, according to the material photosensitivity, on the electric properties in the bulk as well as at the surface, and on the space charges creation. The presence of space charge is now recognized as one of the causes of the electrical insulating material ageing leading to their dielectric breakdown. To highlight this phenomenon, we used a space charge measurement technique in association with the results obtained by electroluminescence in the study of PEN used in the insulation of the certain rotating machines subjected to an UV irradiation. Space charge measurements were carried out using FLIMM (Focused Laser Intensity Modulation Method). This nondestructive technique permits realization of 3D cartographies [1] and localized space charge detection in a solid dielectric. Moreover, electroluminescence (EL) measurements carried out simultaneously emphasize the irradiated zone emission level variations compared to that of unirradiated part. Photoluminescence measurements confirm that the irradiation mainly involves surface modifications of the treated samples.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Why isn't the whole of Spain industrialized? New economic geography and early industrialization, 1797-1910. Spain provides an opportunity to study the causes of regional differences in industrial development over the nineteenth century. As transportation costs decreased and barriers to domestic trade were eliminated, Spanish manufacturing became increasingly concentrated in a few regions. This article combines Heckscher-Ohlin and economic-geography frameworks and finds that comparative-advantage and increasing-return effects were economically very significant and practically explained all differences in industrialization levels across regions. The deficits of some regions in terms of industrialization appear to have been largely attributable to their factor endowments and the absence of home-market effects for modem industries.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Presence and species identity of rumen flukes in cattle and sheep in the Netherlands. Using a semi-quantitative RF density score as a gold standard, sensitivity and specificity of a modified quantitative Dorsman egg counting method were estimated at 82.6% and 83.3%, respectively.Of 14 collected adult rumen flukes, twelve (8 bovine and 4 ovine specimens) were identified as Calicophoron daubneyi. The other two, of bovine origin, were identified as Paramphistomum leydeni, which was unexpected as in other European countries all recently collected rumen flukes in both cattle and sheep were identified as C. daubneyi. The findings implicate that multiple rumen fluke species, intermediate host species and transmission cycles may play a role in rumen fluke infections in the Netherlands.The purpose of the study was to gain knowledge about the prevalence and identity of rumen flukes (RF) in cattle and sheep in the Netherlands. Routine faecal examinations of diagnostic submissions between May 2009 and September 2014 showed a mean annual herd or flock RF prevalence of 15.8% for cattle and 8.0% for sheep. Prevalence in cattle was higher after 2012 than before, which may reflect a change in detection method as well as an increase in true prevalence. During November and December 2014, an abattoir survey was conducted to allow for scoring of rumen fluke burden and to obtain specimens for molecular species characterization. Over 8 visits to 5 abattoirs in areas deemed to pose a high risk for trematode infection, 116 cows and 41 sheep from 27 herds and 10 flocks were examined. Prevalence of RF was higher in beef cattle than in dairy cattle and higher in cattle than in sheep. Median fluke burden was > 100 specimens per animal for most positive animals.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Divisive Politics of the Inner Line Permit in Three Stories from Manipur in India's Northeast. In the context of the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019, and the National Register of Citizens in Assam, this paper interrogates the xenophobic dimensions of Meitei nationalism that translated into a demand for the implementation of the Inner Line Permit (ILP) regime in Manipur in India's Northeast. The ILP was extended to Manipur in 2019, regulating the entry of 'outsiders'. Moreover, the recent pandemic has also visibilised the figure of a migrant worker. This paper, however, goes back several years earlier to examine literary representations of the anti-migrant ILP demand. It also highlights its gendered aspect by looking at three texts by 'dominant' Meitei women: Ngaseppam Nalini (Nee) Devi's 'Mukti' (2002), Huirongbam Benubala's 'Blockade' (2000) and Kshetrimayum Subadani's 'The Heat and the Agony' (2007). Drawing on theorisations by Anne McClintock and Rosemary Marangoly George, and focussing on the figure of the migrant worker, these stories open up the question of belonging beyond the scope of the nation.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Snap-curing electrically conductive formulation for solder replacement applications. Pb-free soldering and the use of electrically conducive adhesives in the electronics industry are a segment of the global trend towards a lead-free environment. In comparison to lead-free solders, current commercial isotropic conductive adhesives are characterized by lower conductivity and need much more time for curing. Usually. a few minutes at 150 degrees C are enough only for precuring. In this paper we describe the developed family of formulations with a curing time of several seconds at 150 degrees C. There are single-component formulations, solvent-free type, prepared in a special way on the base of the common, accessible resins. They have very convenient handling properties; e.g., no drying on open screen during printing process. Viscosity depends on the resin and may be intentionally changed. Shelf life for all these formulations is about 12 months at room temperature in closed containers. Refrigeration is not necessary. Unfortunately, the material needs the highest quality and purity of electronic grade silver fillers. The total permitted level of impurities is estimated as less than 10 ppm. However this is, rather an advantage of the silver-filled adhesives.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Solvent extraction based reclaiming technique for the removal of heat stable salts (HSS) and neutral degradation products from amines used during the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial flue gases. This work used a modified OH-aliquat mixed with a new diluent, namely, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol to separate heat stable salts (HSS), namely, formate, glycolate and oxalate as well as neutral degradation products (i.e. imidazole, N-acethylethanolamine, 2-oxazolidone, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-succinimide) from monoethanolamine (MEA), 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), and N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and their blends which are amines/amine blends typically used for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from industrial flue gases. The new diluent, which has a branched-chain structure, increased the extraction performance of the OH-aliquat up to 50% HSS removal from MEA solution compared to our previous straight-chained 1-octanol diluent. The extractant also performed very well in removing HSS from MDEA and AMP with the ease of HSS extraction increasing in the order of AMP < MEA < MDEA for which the oxalate was removed by nearly 100% regardless of the type of amine and concentration. In blended MEA, AMP and MDEA, the extractant had a higher chemical affinity in removing all HSS when compared with single MEA. The extractant could also remove major neutral degradation products found in MEA solution. High temperature and low CO2 loading conditions were found to be favorable in maximizing the ability of the extractant to remove both product types. This finding revealed that the exact location where the amine slipstream should be taken for simultaneous extraction of all degradation products is at the exit point of the lean-rich amine heat exchanger. The regeneration of extractant using sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) also indicated the reusability of the extractant as long as its reactive molecules remained. The results obtained from this study are being used for further development of the extraction process that can be used as a permanent replacement for conventional reclaiming techniques.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Towards a New Model: the Globally Integrated Enterprise. Globalization of the economy has multiple effects on society, the way in which we live, consumer habits, the environment, professional expectations. But, above all, it is impacting over the business organization models. We are living in a period of time when it is forced to surpass the multinational business model in order to rich a new one. It is the Globally Integrated Enterprise model (GIE). The article analyzes this model and exposes the IBM transformation experience.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Testing sources of variation in nestling-stage nest success of Florida Scrub-Jays in suburban and wildland habitats. Human modification of habitats can reduce reproductive success by providing novel cues to which birds may respond with behaviors that are actually maladaptive in those environments. Ad libitum human-provided foods may provide the perception that urban habitats are food-rich even as natural food availability decreases. Similarly, human activity may increase the perception that predation risk is high even as natural predators may decrease in abundance. In response, birds may reduce parental care with a subsequent cost to successful reproduction. Florida Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) in suburban areas have lower nest success during the nestling period than do wildland jays, possibly the result of such maladaptive responses, but maybe because of ecological differences with wildlands. We manipulated adult perception of predation risk and the availability of nestling foods in suburban and wildland areas to determine if these factors influenced parental care and nestling begging, and if the behavioral responses of adults influence nest survival during the nestling stage. Experimentally increasing perception of predation risk reduced parental care by both suburban and wildland females, but did not influence care by males. Increasing food availability, but not predation risk, had little influence on parental care, but resulted in decreased nestling begging rates and an increase in the frequency (pitch) of begging calls in both habitats. However, neither parental care nor food availability influenced nest survival during the nestling stage. Instead, the presence of helpers was the most important variable in nest survival analyses, suggesting that habitat-specific differences in nest survival during the nestling stage were not simply the result of maladaptive parental behavior or shortage of nestling food resources in the suburban habitat. The lack of helpers combined with ecological differences, such as the abundance of nest predators, may be why fewer nests of Florida Scrub-Jays survive during this stage in suburban areas.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Characterization of reproductive gene diversity in the endangered Tasmanian devil. Interindividual variation at genes known to play a role in reproduction may impact reproductive fitness. The Tasmanian devil is an endangered Australian marsupial with low genetic diversity. Recent work has shown concerning declines in productivity in both wild and captive populations over time. Understanding whether functional diversity exists at reproductive genes in the Tasmanian devil is a key first step in identifying genes that may influence productivity. We characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 214 genes involved in reproduction in 37 Tasmanian devils. Twenty genes contained nonsynonymous substitutions, with genes involved in embryogenesis, fertilization and hormonal regulation of reproduction displaying greater numbers of nonsynonymous SNPs than synonymous SNPs. Two genes, ADAMTS9 and NANOG, showed putative signatures of balancing selection indicating that natural selection is maintaining diversity at these genes despite the species exhibiting low overall levels of genetic diversity. We will use this information in future to examine the interplay between reproductive gene variation and reproductive fitness in Tasmanian devil populations.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "The effects of histamine H1 type receptor (H1R) in regulating osteoblastic cell differentiation and mineralization. Osteoblastic bone formation is important for maintaining the balance of bone turnover. However, the underlying mechanisms are still needed to be elucidated. Histamine H1 type receptor (H1R) is a major subtype of histamine membrane receptors family, which has displayed diverse biological functions in various tissues and cells. In the current study, we have identified a novel physiological function of H1R in regulating osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of the MC3T3-E1 cells. We found that H1R is expressed in the MC3T3-E1 cells. Interestingly, H1R is up-regulated in the process of differentiation and mineralization of the MC3T3-E1cells induced by osteogenic medium (OM). Blockage of H1R using its specific antagonist Loratadine prevented differentiation and mineralization of the MC3T3-E1 cells by reducing ALP activity, bone matrix deposition, and the expressions of osteogenic marker genes including ALP, OCN, Osx, and type I collagen as well as the transcriptional factor RUNX-2, which is a central regulator of osteoblastogenesis. In contrast, we found that activation of H1R with Histamine exerts opposite actions by increasing the expressions of RUNX-2. Finally, we found that the effects of H1R in osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization are mediated by the AMPK/eNOS signaling. Based on these findings, we concluded that H1R might be an important therapeutic target for the treatment of skeletal disorders.", "label": [1, 2, 19, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Estimating Health Literacy in Family Medicine Clinics in Metropolitan Detroit: A MetroNet Study. Conclusions: Self-administration of the 3 screening questions demonstrated high performance compared with the 36-item S-TOFHLA interview instrument. These screening questions should help providers identify patients who may need extra support to follow health prescriptions.Methods: A convenience sample of patients in clinics in the Detroit area were recruited to complete a questionnaire that included the S-TOFHLA and 3 items similar to the Chew screening questions. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curves compared the test characteristics of the screening questions to the S-TOFHLA.Results: The participation rate was 92% (N = 599). Most participants were women (65%) and African American (51%); 51.8% had a household annual income of <$20,000. Almost all (96.7%) had an adequate score on the S-TOFHLA. The screening question with the largest AUROC (0.83; 95% CI, 0.70-0.95) was \\\\'How often do you have someone help you read instructions, pamphlets or other written materials from your doctor or pharmacy?\\\\'; the AUROC for all 3 questions was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85-0.95).Objective: Assessing health literacy during the clinical encounter is difficult. Many established instruments are lengthy and not practical for use in a busy practice setting. Our objective was to compare the performance of 3 health literacy screening questions against the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy for Adults (S-TOFHLA) in an urban, ethnically diverse primary care practice-based research network.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Acceptance of cravings: How smoking cessation experiences affect craving beliefs. Metacognitive models theorize that more negative appraisals of craving-related thoughts and feelings, and greater efforts to avoid or control these experiences, exacerbate suffering and increase chances the person will use substances to obtain relief. Thus far, little research has examined how attempts to quit smoking influence the way people perceive and respond to cravings. As part of a larger study, 176 adult smokers interested in quitting participated in two lab sessions, four days apart. Half the sample began a quit attempt the day after the first session; craving-related beliefs, metacognitive strategies, and negative affect were assessed at the second session. Participants who failed to abstain from smoking more strongly endorsed appraisals of craving-related thoughts as negative and personally relevant. Negative appraisals correlated strongly with distress and withdrawal symptoms. Attempting to quit smoking increased use of distraction, thought suppression and re-appraisal techniques, with no difference between successful and unsuccessful quitters. Negative beliefs about cravings and rumination predicted less change in smoking one month later. Results suggest that smoking cessation outcomes and metacognitive beliefs likely have a bidirectional relationship that is strongly related to negative affect. Greater consideration of the impact of cessation experiences on mood and craving beliefs is warranted. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Digestibility of prey by the White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) under experimental conditions. Food composition of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia has been widely studied by pellet analysis throughout Europe, but the effect of digestibility on pellet contents has remained unclear. We studied the effect of digestion on the composition of pellets (N=480) under experimental conditions in Poznan Zoological Garden in 2004-2005. Twenty-four captive wild-born White Storks were fed mammals, birds, amphibians, fish, insects and earthworms. Only the remains of mammals, birds and insects were found in the regurgitated pellets. Bones were present in 13.1% of pellets. Three chosen osteological pellet components (skulls, mandibles and innominate bones) were analyzed to determine the amount of bone loss by digestion. The digestive efficiency was greater than 95%. Based on a literature review, we compared results of pellet analyses with methods not affected by digestion (direct observations and prey remains). The invertebrate : vertebrate ratio in the White Stork diet differed significantly between methods. Prey biomass rather than the number of prey items should be considered a better reflection of the diet.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Comparison between tracheal foreign body and bronchial foreign body: A review of 1007 cases. Objective: To determine the differences between tracheal foreign body aspiration and bronchial foreign body aspiration.Methods: This retrospective study includes 1007 patients with the diagnosis of foreign body aspiration according to rigid bronchoscopy. Patients were divided into two groups: tracheal and bronchial foreign body groups. Age, sex, clinical presentation, pre-operative radiographic findings, rigid bronchoscopy findings, types of foreign body, and the complications of each group were observed and analyzed.Conclusions: The nature of tracheal foreign body aspiration is different from bronchial aspiration. Clinical presentation and pre-operative radiographic findings are helpful for diagnosis. The clinician should understand the differences between tracheal and bronchial FB cases and provide the appropriate management when either is presented. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: Out of 989 study patients, there were 146 patients (14.5%) in the tracheal foreign body group and 843 patients (83.7%) in the bronchial foreign body group. Eighteen patients with FBs located in the larynx and presenting with multiple FBs located in the tracheal and bronchial regions were excluded from this study. The majority of the patients were under the age of three for both groups. The male to female ratio was significantly higher in the bronchial foreign body group (P < 0.001). More patients in the bronchial foreign body group were misdiagnosed upon first clinical visit (P = 0.001), referred from another hospital (P < 0.05), or had delayed diagnosis (P < 0.05). The most prominent symptom in both groups was cough, followed by decreased breath sounds, wheezing, and dyspnea. More patients in the bronchial foreign body group experienced decreased breath sounds (P < 0.001), while more patients in the tracheal foreign body group experienced dyspnea (P < 0.05). Chest fluoroscopy abnormalities were observed at a higher frequency in the bronchial foreign body group (P < 0.001). Lateral neck X-ray results showed higher frequencies of abnormalities in the tracheal foreign body patients. Out of 30 patients in the tracheal foreign body group received a CT scan, 27 had abnormal scan results, while all 253 patients in the bronchial foreign body subgroup had abnormal results. The majority of foreign bodies were organic materials and were removed by rigid bronchoscopy at the first clinical session in 96.6% of tracheal foreign body cases and 96.0% of bronchial foreign body cases (P = 0.727). Major complications, including One death, were observed only in the bronchial foreign body group.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Inner ear anatomy is a proxy for deducing auditory capability and behaviour in reptiles and birds. Inferences of hearing capabilities and audition-related behaviours in extinct reptiles and birds have previously been based on comparing cochlear duct dimensions with those of living species. However, the relationship between inner-ear bony anatomy and hearing ability or vocalization has never been tested rigorously in extant or fossil taxa. Here, micro-computed tomographic analysis is used to investigate whether simple endosseous cochlear duct (ECD) measurements can be fitted to models of hearing sensitivity, vocalization, sociality and environmental preference in 59 extant reptile and bird species, selected based on their vocalization ability. Length, rostrocaudal/mediolateral width and volume measurements were taken from ECD virtual endocasts and scaled to basicranial length. Multiple regression of these data with measures of hearing sensitivity, vocal complexity, sociality and environmental preference recovered positive correlations between ECD length and hearing range/mean frequency, vocal complexity, the behavioural traits of pair bonding and living in large aggregations, and a negative correlation between ECD length/rostrocaudal width and aquatic environments. No other dimensions correlated with these variables. Our results suggest that ECD length can be used to predict mean hearing frequency and range in fossil taxa, and that this measure may also predict vocal complexity and large group sociality given comprehensive datasets.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Adaptive model predictive control of nonlinear systems with state-dependent uncertainties. This paper studies adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) of systems with time-varying and potentially state-dependent uncertainties. We propose an estimation and prediction architecture within the min-max MPC framework. An adaptive estimator is presented to estimate the set-valued measures of the uncertainty using piecewise constant adaptive law, which can be arbitrarily accurate if the sampling period in adaptation is small enough. Based on such measures, a prediction scheme is provided that predicts the time-varying feasible set of the uncertainty over the prediction horizon. We show that if the uncertainty and its first derivatives are locally Lipschitz, the stability of the system with AMPC can always be guaranteed under the standard assumptions for traditional min-max MPC approaches, while the AMPC algorithm enhances the control performance by efficiently reducing the size of the feasible set of the uncertainty in min-max MPC setting. Copyright (C) 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 41]}
{"token": "The quality of greenways planning in northwest Indiana: a focus on sustainability principles. Although the development of greenways is an increasingly popular trend, little research has focused on evaluating plans to determine how well they address sustainability principles. For this study, the authors completed a qualitative analysis of 32 plans, and a quantitative analysis of 27 plans from jurisdictions in northwest Indiana that address greenways and open space. Evaluations were based upon an established system to evaluate sustainability that the researchers modified for greenways. Plans are ranked based upon their quality and a qualitative analysis and description of each ranking are provided. Results from an ordered logit model show that the most significant determinants of plan-rank in relation to greenways are the population size of the planning jurisdiction, ratio of the population that is white, and population residing in the same house for five or more years. A spatial analysis of plan-rank reveals that there is no clustering of highly ranked plans.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Nonlinear stage of the benjamin-feir instability: Three-dimensional coherent structures and rogue waves. A specific, genuinely three-dimensional mechanism of rogue wave formation, in a late stage of the modulational instability of a perturbed Stokes deep-water wave, is recognized through numerical experiments. The simulations are based on fully nonlinear equations describing weakly three-dimensional potential flows of an ideal fluid with a free surface in terms of conformal variables. Spontaneous formation of zigzag patterns for wave amplitude is observed in a nonlinear stage of the instability. If initial wave steepness is sufficiently high (ka > 0.06), these coherent structures produce rogue waves. The most tall waves appear in turns of the zigzags. For ka < 0.06, the structures decay typically without formation of steep waves.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Paying forward and paying back. Twenty years after the conclusion of a fieldwork study, a member of the family that once served as my informant came to live with me. This reflexive account of Ari's stay in our home juxtaposes his socialist kibbutz life with that of my own hypercommodified individualistic urban life. His experiences of working in the illegal economy raise questions about my own hiring practices. In short, we confront ourselves through our respondents' cultural vision. Ultimately, in revisiting a study I had thought complete, this account raises the question of what we owe those people who help us to gain knowledge about their culture, the currency of our careers.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Formation and structure of egg capsules in scale insects (Hemiptera, Coccinea) - I. Ortheziidae. The paired ovaries of the investigated species are composed of 20-30 ovarioles of a telotrophic-meroistic type. Each ovariole is subdivided into an apical tropharium (= trophic chamber) and a vitellarium. that contains a single developing oocyte. This oocyte is surrounded by a mono-layered follicular epithelium that is responsible for synthesis of precursors of egg envelopes. In Orthezia, synthesis and secretion of precursors of egg envelopes ( = choriogenesis) and accumulation of reserve substances in the oocyte cytoplasm ( = vitellogenesis) start at the same time. The egg capsule is composed of two envelopes: an internal, thick vitelline envelope and an external, very thin chorion. The egg surface is covered with numerous, irregularly arranged waxy filaments of spiral shape. Eggs are devoid of the micropylar, aeropylar and hydropylar openings. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Augustine's Interpretation of the Imprecatory Psalms in his Enarrationes in Psalmos. The paper presents Augustine's exegesis of curses and imprecations in the Psalms, as present in his Enarrationes in Psalms. Firstly, the early stage of his interpretation of curses as prophecy is exhibited. Secondly, a major broadening of Augustine's hermeneutics is shown, due to his acquaintance with Tyconius's exegetical rules. Thirdly, a study of exemplary verses demonstrates that all seven of Tyconius's rules are present in Augustine's interpretation of the Psalms. This attests that Augustine's allegorical exegesis of the cursing psalms is not arbitrary, but remains faithful to the Bishop's approach to the interpretation of other difficult biblical texts.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Quenching vibration along a harmonically excited linear structure using lumped masses. Undamped oscillators consisting of spring-mass systems are commonly deployed as vibration absorbers to quench excess vibration in structural systems. While masses can be easily made to specification, it is often costly and more difficult to manufacture springs with the desired stiffness values precisely. In this paper, lumped masses only are used to suppress vibration by imposing points of zero displacement or nodes anywhere along an arbitrarily supported elastic structure during harmonic excitations. An efficient approach is developed that can be used to tune the required lumped-mass parameters and their attachment locations so that nodes are induced at the desired locations. Instead of solving for lumped masses directly, one solves for the restoring forces exerted by the lumped masses, which can be easily obtained using Gauss elimination. These restoring forces are then used to tune the required mass parameters. Design plots are proposed that show all the feasible attachment locations, and numerical experiments are performed to validate the proposed scheme of quenching vibration using lumped masses only.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "POSEIDON/RODOS models for radiological assessment of marine environment after accidental releases: application to coastal areas of the Baltic, Black and North Seas. In the framework of the developments of the European system RODOS (Real-time Online DecisiOn support System) for emergency response to nuclear accident, the computer code POSEIDON, that was developed to assess the radiological consequences of radioactive releases into marine environment, was adapted to cope with emergency conditions, in situations of radioactive discharges into the oceans from direct deposition from the atmosphere, sunken ships and containers, from discharges of rivers and estuaries and from coastal runoff. Based on the box model developed within the 'Marina' project, POSEIDON can calculate the dose effects from radionuclide releases in the coastal waters of Europe integrated over long time periods. A dynamic food chain model was implemented to deal with the short-term dynamical uptake of radioactivity by specific marine plants and organisms. POSEIDON has been installed on a UNIX platform to be fully compatible with RODOS input/output databases and on a Windows platform with an interface based on web technology. The 3D hydrodynamic model THREETOX is a part of the POSEIDON/RODOS system. It has been applied to coastal areas of the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, and the North Sea, to derive the parameters for a flexible system of well-defined model compartments to be adapted to emergency conditions. The activity concentrations in water and in the marine food web were calculated by means of POSEIDON for radioactive fallout resulting from bomb testing, from the Chernobyl accident, and from routine discharges from nuclear facilities. POSEIDON's model results were compared with measurement data, and with calculation results from THREETOX. The model results agreed with the measurement data sufficiently. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Weaving nets: Housing and leadership in two Italian cities. As part of local welfare in Italy, housing policies underwent reforms that emphasized the role of local governments-and cities in particular-in the definition of the problem and in the elaboration of possible solutions. Housing is quite neglected in the political debate, but it is increasingly important for responding to citizens' demands in times of economic crisis. This paper reconstructs the policy process in two Italian cities, Turin (1997-2011) and Florence (1995-2011). The paper argues that policy change in housing can be fostered by a local political leadership that invests ideational, relational, and positional resources in policy making to spread new ideas, build networks of public and private actors at the local level, and attract fiscal resources while taking advantage of windows of opportunity at different institutional levels. Moreover, collaboration with local bureaucratic leadership proves fundamental to promoting innovative policies.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Are Introduction to Sociology and Social Problems Morphing into Each Other? What Syllabi Can Tell Us. Given that so many college students take Introduction to Sociology or Social Problems or both, we wondered about the amount of content overlap in these courses. We designed a study that used content analysis of syllabi from these courses in order to measure the amount of convergence between the two classes. In our sample, nearly 70 percent of the content was similar. More worrisome, some significant concepts, such as research methods and symbolic interactionism, were barely mentioned in either course. Given the new political economy of general education and more specifically higher education, we raise questions about the implications of such course content convergence and encourage the discipline to begin to address these issues.", "label": [5, 53, 57]}
{"token": "Evaluation of a new X-ray stepper XRA. A new X-ray stepper XRA, which is equivalent to beta -machine for proximity X-ray lithography (PXL), was installed at ASET Amagasaki-branch, and we have started the evaluation of its performance. The present alignment accuracy using global alignment method is 5.3 +/- 18.2 mn (x) and 3.8 +/- 30.5 run (y). We evaluate the magnification correction function installed on XRA, and obtain a good linearity between the magnification and the applied force. By considering the dependence of the beam position and its size to the stored current, the critical dimension (CD) repeatability is improved from 15.5 to 5.5 run (3 sigma). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science BY All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Overcoming Bandwidth Limitations in Wireless Sensor Networks by Exploitation of Cyclic Signal Patterns: An Event-triggered Learning Approach. Wireless sensor networks are used in a wide range of applications, many of which require real-time transmission of the measurements. Bandwidth limitations result in limitations on the sampling frequency and number of sensors. This problem can be addressed by reducing the communication load via data compression and event-based communication approaches. The present paper focuses on the class of applications in which the signals exhibit unknown and potentially time-varying cyclic patterns. We review recently proposed event-triggered learning (ETL) methods that identify and exploit these cyclic patterns, we show how these methods can be applied to the nonlinear multivariable dynamics of three-dimensional orientation data, and we propose a novel approach that uses Gaussian process models. In contrast to other approaches, all three ETL methods work in real time and assure a small upper bound on the reconstruction error. The proposed methods are compared to several conventional approaches in experimental data from human subjects walking with a wearable inertial sensor network. They are found to reduce the communication load by 60-70%, which implies that two to three times more sensor nodes could be used at the same bandwidth.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 14, 15]}
{"token": "The performance of the Australian welfare system in a time of neoliberal economic reform. \\\\'Neoliberalism\\\\', both as a body of theory and as a set of policies and practices, is commonly seen as unsympathetic, even antagonistic, to the welfare state. In the period from the mid-1980s to the global financial crisis of 2007-08, Australia underwent very considerable \\\\'neoliberal\\\\' economic policy reform. What happened to the Australian welfare system and to Australia's socioeconomic egalitarianism in this period? To shed light on that question three kinds of trend are tracked. The first is household taxes and social expenditure in both cash and kind, using fiscal incidence analysis where the main metric is \\\\'net benefits\\\\'. The second is economic inequality, as measured by the distribution of incomes and wealth. The third is the performance of the labor market, as measured by earned incomes and unemployment rates. The article concludes with an attempt to integrate the evidence collected from these three sources. The general conclusion is that the Australian welfare system did not follow the pessimists' predictions. The welfare system grew in size and redistributive quantum. Wage levels rose strongly, while unemployment rates fell. Overall, income inequality increased to a small extent, though mainly before the full economic reform process was in place, while wealth inequality changed little.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Alastrim smallpox variola minor virus genome DNA sequences. Alastrim variola minor virus. which causes mild smallpox, was first recognized in Florida and South America in the late 19th century. Genome linear double-stranded DNA sequences (186,986 bp) of the alastrim virus Garcia-1966, a laboratory reference strain from an outbreak associated with 0.8% case fatalities in Brazil in 1966, were determined except for a 530-bp fragment of hairpin-loop sequences at each terminus. The DNA sequences (EMBL Accession No. Y16780) showed 206 potential open reading frames for proteins containing greater than or equal to 60 amino acids. The amino acid sequences of the putative proteins were compared with those reported for vaccinia virus strain Copenhagen and the Asian variola major strains India-1967 and Bangladesh-1975. About one-third of the alastrim viral proteins were 100% identical to correlates in the variola major strains and the remainder were greater than or equal to 95% identical. Compared with variola major virus DNA, alastrim virus DNA has additional segments of 898 and 627 bp, respectively, within the left and right terminal regions. The former segment aligns well with sequences in other orthopoxviruses, particularly cowpox and vaccinia viruses, and the latter is apparently alastrim-specific. (C) 2000 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Property rights protection and access to bank loans - Evidence from private enterprises in China. Poor protection of private property has limited the access to bank loans by private enterprises in developing and transition economies. Under those circumstances, private entrepreneurs have resorted to various ways of enhancing the de facto protection of private property. Using a dataset of 3,073 private enterprises in China, this paper empirically investigates the impact of political participation and philanthropic activities - informal substitutes for the lack of formal protection of private property - on the access to bank loans.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Kinetics of moisture expansion in fired clay ceramics: A (time)(1/4) law. We report the results of experiments to estimate the moisture expansion of several modern and ancient clay brick ceramics from the time of manufacture. From these data we propose a new expansion law, in which the expansive strain increases as (age)(1/4) approximately. Such time dependence is consistent with a mechanism in which expansion arises from a diffusion-controlled rehydration reaction on a linear or low-dimension structure. Our results provide new guidance for the engineering design of masonry and suggest a possible new method for archaeological dating of ceramics.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Newtonian flow in a triangular duct with slip at the wall. We consider the Newtonian Poiseuille flow in a tube whose cross-section is an equilateral triangle. It is assumed that boundary slip occurs only above a critical value of the wall shear stress, namely the slip yield stress. It turns out that there are three flow regimes defined by two critical values of the pressure gradient. Below the first critical value, the fluid sticks everywhere and the classical no-slip solution is recovered. In an intermediate regime the fluid slips only around the middle of each boundary side and the flow problem is not amenable to analytical solution. Above the second critical pressure gradient non-uniform slip occurs everywhere at the wall. An analytical solution is derived for this case and the results are discussed.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "ADDING HANDLES TO THE HELICOID. There exist two new embedded minimal surfaces, asymptotic to the helicoid. One is periodic, with quotient (by orientation-preserving translations) of genus one. The other is nonperiodic of genus one.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Seasonal expressions of androgen receptor, P450arom and estrogen receptors in the epididymis of the wild ground squirrel (Citellus dauricus Brandt). The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal expressions of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ER alpha and ER beta) and aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) in the epididymis of the wild ground squirrel. Histologically, the epididymis was with larger duct diameter and cell population during the breeding season. AR was presented in the peritubular smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells in the whole epididymis with stronger staining in the breeding period. P450arom was intensely localized in epithelial cells and spermatozoa during the breeding season, absent in the non-breeding season and moderately stained in pre-hibernation. During the breeding season, ER alpha was intensely expressed in epithelial cytoplasm and/or nucleus, whereas in the non-breeding season and pre-hibernation, weaker staining signal was found in nucleus of epithelial cells. ER beta was absent in the entire annual cycle by immunohistochemical and Real-time PCR detection. The mRNA levels of AR, P450arom and ER alpha were higher in the epididymis of the breeding season when compared to those of the non-breeding season and pre-hibernation. Taken together, these results suggest that epididymis of the wild ground squirrel is a primary target for androgen and estrogen, and the expression of P450arom represents that epididymis may be a potential source of estrogen.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 47]}
{"token": "Technological diversity of patent applications and decision pendency. This study focuses on the duration of the patent examination process to develop a theoretical framework that explains how the effect of an important characteristic, technological diversity of patent applications, influences the duration of patent examination. Drawing on an information-processing perspective, we propose a U-shaped relationship between the level of technology diversity of a patent application and the pendency time for patent office decisions, including both grants and refusals. We run Cox proportional hazard models on a sample of all pharmaceutical patent applications filed between 1985 and 2017 at China's State Intellectual Property Office. Our results support the hypothesized U-shaped relationship between technology diversity and decision pendency. We also theorize and find partial support for the moderating effects of patent agency and inventor team size. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Static Crosses and Working Spirits: Anti-Syncretism and Agricultural Animism in Catholic West Flores. In southern Manggarai, in the west of the Indonesian island of Flores, Catholicism has a long history and people assert the importance of their identity as Catholics. Nevertheless, they also continue to engage, both pragmatically and in ritual contexts, with a landscape that they experience and describe as full of spirits and energies. As an example of this, I consider a ritual to renew the fertility of a river feeding into wet-rice fields. Despite attempts by the Catholic Church to 'inculturate' the faith in Manggarai, many people adopt an attitude best described as anti-syncretism, in which they reject the possibility of a fully Catholic landscape. I argue that the resilience of this anti-syncretic spiritual landscape can be explained both by the particular nature of the Catholic mission on Flores and local adherence to a strict separation of 'religion' (agama) from the 'custom' (adat) associated with the land. Drawing on recent literature reviving the concept of animism, I suggest that Manggarai people's engagements with their spiritual landscape are a form of 'agricultural animism'. However, like all animisms, this has a specific history, including responses to shifts in spiritual potency occasioned by state-sponsored resettlement.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Nonlinear genetic-based simulation of soil shear strength parameters. New nonlinear solutions were developed to estimate the soil shear strength parameters utilizing linear genetic programming (LGP). The soil cohesion intercept (c) and angle of shearing resistance (phi) were formulated in terms of the basic soil physical properties. The best models were selected after developing and controlling several models with different combinations of influencing parameters. Comprehensive experimental database used for developing the models was established upon a series of unconsolidated, undrained, and unsaturated triaxial tests conducted in this study. Further, sensitivity and parametric analyses were carried out. c and (I) were found to be mostly influenced by the soil unit weight and liquid limit. In order to benchmark the proposed models, a multiple least squares regression (MLSR) analysis was performed. The validity of the models was proved on portions of laboratory results that were not included in the modelling process. The developed models are able to effectively learn the complex relationship between the soil strength parameters and their contributing factors. The LGP models provide a significantly better prediction performance than the regression models.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Mercury contamination in Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in coastal Washington, 2001-2016. Mercury (Hg) is a naturally occurring widespread and persistent contaminant globally, and its organic form is highly toxic to living organisms and is known to impact humans and wildlife. Our primary goal was to use feathers to establish a contemporary baseline of total Hg contamination levels in Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) that occur on the outer coast of Washington. We document concentrations of total Hg in feathers of 151 peregrines primarily captured on beaches from 2001 to 2016. Peregrines were captured throughout the year, with breeding and natal areas of most individuals undetermined. The bulk of our samples consisted of fourth secondary (s4) feathers, but we include fourth primary and undertail covert feathers for comparison. All s4 feather samples contained detectable concentrations of total Hg (range =0.7-69.83 mu g/g), with mean concentrations in hatch-year (HY) feathers (mean =6.05 mu g/g) significantly lower than in second-year (mean = 22.55 mu g/g) and after-second-year (mean = 24.48 mu g/g) feathers. We captured 23 individuals more than once to track total Hg concentrations over time (up to 12 years between first and last capture), detecting an increasing trend through their third year before stabilizing in subsequent years. All individuals first captured while in HY plumage and later recaptured (n = 20) exhibited an increased concentration of total Hg in later years (mean maximum difference over time = 25.39 mu g/g). Our 16-year study illustrates widespread contamination of total Hg in peregrines captured in coastal Washington, with evidence of bioacctunulation within individuals and between age classes. Encouragingly, peregrines in HY plumage sampled during the final third of our study period exhibited a significantly lower mean total Hg concentration than the first two-thirds of our study. We detected greater total Hg concentrations in coastal Washington peregrines than in nearly all known published studies involving peregrines of various subspecies in North America and Europe, although additional research is needed to establish toxic effects levels in this species.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Regeneration of roots and seedlings from Eugenia involucrata seeds under water deficit conditions. The aim of this study was to analyze the regenerative capacity of Eugenia involucrata seeds as a possible strategy to ensure the production of new seedlings when they are going through a period of water deficit. Progressive water deficit conditions over time (up to 60 days for seeds and 270 days for seedlings) and in intensity (up to-5 MPa for seeds and-10 MPa for seedlings) were simulated, and seedling regeneration was analyzed. The results showed that these seeds can survive even under the most extreme conditions (-5 MPa for 60 days) and some seedling tissues as well (-5 MPa for 270 days). Furthermore, roots and seedlings continued to develop from apparently necrotic tissue on the seed surface, showing that, when necessary, these seeds use their mechanism of formation of new roots and seedlings to ensure species survival under water stress conditions.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Long-term pediatric hematological morbidity of the early-term newborn. Children born at early term (37 0/7 to 38 6/7weeks' gestation) are at an increased risk for long-term respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and developmental morbidities as compared with children born at full term (39 0/7 to 40 6/7weeks' gestation). In this population-based cohort analysis, we sought to evaluate the long-term hematological morbidity of early-term born children. The cohort consisted of 223,242 term singleton deliveries. Hospitalizations of the offspring up to 18years of age involving hematological morbidity were evaluated, including hereditary and acquired anemias, immunodeficiency disorders, coagulation disorders, white blood cell disorders, cytopenias, polycythemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Hematological hospitalizations were significantly more common in children delivered at early term as compared with those born at later gestational ages. A Kaplan-Meier survival curve demonstrated a significantly higher cumulative incidence of hematological-related hospitalizations in the early-term born group (logrank p<0.001). Using a Cox regression model, early-term delivery was found to be an independent risk factor for childhood hematological morbidity with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.15 (95%CI 1.01-1.30, p=0.027).Conclusion: Early-term delivery appears to be independently associated with pediatric long-term hematological morbidity of the offspring.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Kinetics of the inhibition of Fusarium serine proteinases by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) inhibitors. Fungal infections of barley and wheat cause devastating losses of these food crops. The endogenous proteinase inhibitors produced by plant seeds probably defend the plants from pathogens by inhibiting the degradation of their proteins by the pathogen proteases. We have studied the interactions of barley grain inhibitors with the subtilisin-like and trypsinlike proteinases of Fusarium culmorum. The inhibition kinetics of three inhibitor proteins, chymotrypsin/subtilisin inhibitor 2 (CI-2), barley alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (BASI), and Bowman-Birk trypsin inhibitor (BBBI), have been studied in detail for the first time using fungal enzymes. The kinetic studies were performed at physiological pH values to mimic in vivo conditions. Numerical approaches to kinetic analyses were used to calculate the inhibition constants, because the data analyses were complicated by some inhibitor turnover and the instability of enzymes and substrates. All were slow, tight-binding inhibitors that followed either a two-step mechanism (CI-2 and BASI) or a single-step mechanism (BBBI) under the conditions investigated. The overall K-i values derived were approximately 50 pM, 1 nM, and 0.1 nM for CI-2, BASI, and BBBI, respectively. The main difference between the CI-2 and the BASI inhibitions was accounted for by the stabilities of their final complexes and the rate constants for their second dissociation steps (9 x 10(-6)/s and 3 x 10(-4)/s, respectively). Understanding the inhibition mechanisms will be valuable in designing improved strategies for increasing the resistance of the grains to fungal infections.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Forty Years of American Sentencing Guidelines: What Have We Learned?. Since 1980, 22 state and federal jurisdictions have adopted sentencing guidelines. Nineteen still have them. No two systems are alike. Experience suggests that any well-designed system requires five core features: a permanent, balanced, independent, and adequately funded sentencing commission; typical-case presumptive sentences and departure criteria; a hybrid sentencing theory that recognizes both retributive and crime control purposes; balance between the competing benefits of rules and discretion; and sentence recommendations informed by resource and demographic impact assessments. Balance is needed in terms of commission composition, between conflicting sentencing purposes, between rules and discretion, and between the influence of the commission, the legislature, and case-level actors. Guidelines proponents disagree about a number of important issues. Some relate to which crimes and sentencing issues should be regulated. Others concern the design details that determine how the system actually works. It is clear, however, that preguidelines regimes of unstructured, highly discretionary sentencing are unacceptable and that commission-drafted guidelines, endorsed by the American Bar Association and the American Law Institute, are the only successful sentencing reform model. In four decades, no competing model of comparable detail and scope has been seriously proposed.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 57]}
{"token": "Similar Gut Bacterial Microbiota in Two Fruit-Feeding Moth Pests Collected from Different Host Species and Locations. Simple SummaryThe peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii, and the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta are two co-occurring pests in orchards. Larvae of both species bore into fruits and cause damage to fruit production. Understanding the gut microbes, as well as the influencing factors between these co-occurring pests, may provide insight into their occurrence and control. In this study, we found that the two pests shared many bacteria in their gut from the genera Pseudomonas, Gluconobacter, Acetobacter, and Pantoea. The composition of the gut microbiota is similar between the two species collected from the same host plant and orchard; however, the gut microbiota of individuals collected from different orchards of the same host plant can be different within pest species. These results show that the two fruit moth pests have similar gut bacteria and varied environment in orchards can influence their gut microbiota.Numerous gut microbes are associated with insects, but their composition remains largely unknown for many insect groups, along with factors influencing their composition. Here, we compared gut bacterial microbiota of two co-occurring agricultural pests, the peach fruit moth (PFM), Carposina sasakii, and the oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta, collected from different orchards and host plant species. Gut microbiota of both species was mainly composed of bacteria from Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes. The two species shared bacteria from the genera Pseudomonas, Gluconobacter, Acetobacter, and Pantoea. When we compared two pairs of PFM and OFM populations collected from the same host species and the same orchard, there is no difference in alpha and beta diversity in gut microbiota. When we compared gut microbiota of the same species and host plant from different orchards, alpha and beta diversity was different in populations of PFM collected from two pear orchards but not in other comparisons. Our study suggests that the two pests share many features of gut microbiota and environment in orchards is a main factor influencing their gut microbiota.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "A cartography of delay risks in the Australian construction industry: impact, correlations and timing. Purpose The purpose of this research is to identify the most impactful delay risks in Australian construction projects, including the associations amongst those risks as well as the project phases in which they are most likely present. The correlation between project and organisational characteristics with the impact of delay risks was also studied. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from 118 delayed construction projects in Australia. Data were analysed to rank the most impactful delay risks, their correlation to project and organisational characteristics and project phases where those risks are likely to emerge. Association rule learning was used to capture associations between the delay risks. Findings The top five most impactful delay risks in Australia were changes by the owner, slow decisions by the owner, preparation and approval of design drawings, underestimation of project complexity and unrealistic duration imposed to the project, respectively. There is a set of delay risks that are mutually associated with project complexity. In addition, while delay risks associated with resources most likely arise in the execution phase, stakeholder and process-related risks are more smoothly distributed along all the project phases. Originality/value This research for the first time investigated the impact of delay risks, associations amongst them and project phases in which they are likely to happen in the Australian context. Also, this research for the first time sheds light on the project phases for the individual project delay risks which aids the project managers to understand where to focus on during each phase of the project.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "STUDY ON THE ACTUAL EUROPEAN COMPETITIVENESS. The competitiveness is defined as a \\\\'set of institutions, policies and factors which determine a comity's level of productivity\\\\'. On its turn, the level of productivity establishes a lasting level of prosperity which can be reached by an economy. In other words, the competitive economies tend to be able to produce a higher level of income for their citizens. The level of productivity determines as well the rates of profitability obtained by investments (physical, human and technological), in an economy. Because the rates of profitability are fundamental factors of the economic increase rates, a competitive economy is that which increases faster on long term. The World Economic Forum has founded the analysis of the competitiveness based on the Global Competitiveness index (GCI) since 2005, an extremely comprehensive index for the measuring of national competitiveness, which includes the microeconomic and macroeconomic aspects of the national competitiveness. The competitiveness is almost always restricted to the international price competitiveness, measured by indicators of the exchange, deflated in many ways. Such an analysis focuses only on the results of the exports. Europe has learned many lessons from the recent financial and economic crisis. It is very clear now that in a very well integrated Union, and much more in a monetary union, the economies and successes of the member states are interconnected.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Vitamin A-coupled liposome system targeting free cholesterol accumulation in hepatic stellate cells offers a beneficial therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis. AimLiver fibrosis is a life-threatening disorder for which no approved therapy is available. Recently, we reported that mouse hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation increased free cholesterol (FC) accumulation, partly by enhancing signaling through sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and microRNA-33a (miR-33a), which resulted in HSC sensitization to transforming growth factor- (TGF)-induced activation in a vicious cycle of liver fibrosis.ResultsIn human activated HSCs obtained from patients with liver fibrosis, FC accumulation was enhanced independently of serum cholesterol levels through increased signaling by both SREBP2 and miR-33a. This increased FC accumulation enhanced Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein levels and lowered the TGF-pseudoreceptor Bambi (bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor) mRNA levels in HSCs. Notably, in a mouse liver fibrosis model, reduction of FC accumulation, specifically in activated HSCs by suppression of SREBP2 or miR-33a expression using SREBP2-siRNA- or anti-miR-33a-bearing vitamin A-coupled liposomes, downregulated TLR4 signaling, increased Bambi expression, and consequently ameliorated liver fibrosis.MethodsHuman HSCs were isolated from surgical liver specimens from control patients and patients with liver fibrosis. C57BL/6 mice were treated with carbon tetrachloride for 4weeks and concurrently given SREBP2-siRNA- or anti-miR-33a-bearing vitamin A-coupled liposomes.ConclusionsOur results suggest that FC accumulation in HSCs, as an intracellular mediator promoting HSC activation, contributes to a vicious cycle of HSC activation in human and mouse liver fibrosis independent of serum cholesterol levels. Targeting FC accumulation-related molecules in HSCs through a vitamin A-coupled liposomal system represents a favorable therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Water balance in artificial on-farm agricultural water reservoirs for the irrigation of intensive greenhouse crops. The present work provides a monthly balance of the water deficit that could be overcome in an AWR over an irrigation season considering the rainwater directly received by the AWR, the losses due to direct evaporation from the AWR, and the water demand that must be met to provide sufficient irrigation. These water balances were compared with those that would occur if the AWR had been covered with shading material to reduce direct evaporation and if the rainwater from the greenhouse roofs had been collected in the AWR. When applying both of these management approaches, the annual water deficit decreased by 53.02% (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Several public and private initiatives have attempted to optimise the distribution of the water from wells and desalinating plants to avoid losses in the delivery network. However, the AWR water loss to evaporation could be dramatically reduced with the use of plastic shade materials. In addition, simple water-collection devices for capturing rainwater from the greenhouse roofs, which are currently used in more than half of the greenhouses of the study zone, recirculate water to the irrigation AWRs, significantly improving the water balance of the system.The intensive-cropping system used in southeastern Spain is one of the most productive of the European Union. It is based on the efficient use of irrigation water using localised irrigation systems with water obtained mostly from small artificial on-farm agricultural water reservoirs (AWRs) that meet the evapotranspiration demands of the intensive greenhouse crops.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 39]}
{"token": "Combination of Blood Routine Examination and T-SPOT.TB Assay for Distinguishing Between Active Tuberculosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Background Distinguishing between active tuberculosis (ATB) and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remains challenging. Methods Between 2013 and 2019, 2,059 (1,097 ATB and 962 LTBI) and another 883 (372 ATB and 511 LTBI) participants were recruited based on positive T-SPOT.TB (T-SPOT) results from Qiaokou (training) and Caidian (validation) cohorts, respectively. Blood routine examination (BRE) was performed simultaneously. Diagnostic model was established according to multivariate logistic regression. Results Significant differences were observed in all indicators of BRE and T-SPOT assay between ATB and LTBI. Diagnostic model built on BRE showed area under the curve (AUC) of 0.846 and 0.850 for discriminating ATB from LTBI in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. Meanwhile, TB-specific antigens spot-forming cells (SFC) (the larger of early secreted antigenic target 6 and culture filtrate protein 10 SFC in T-SPOT assay) produced lower AUC of 0.775 and 0.800 in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. The diagnostic model based on combination of BRE and T-SPOT showed an AUC of 0.909 for differentiating ATB from LTBI, with 78.03% sensitivity and 90.23% specificity when a cutoff value of 0.587 was used in the training cohort. Application of the model to the validation cohort showed similar performance. The AUC, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.910, 78.23%, and 90.02%, respectively. Furthermore, we also assessed the performance of our model in differentiating ATB from LTBI with lung lesions. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the AUC of established model was 0.885, while a threshold of 0.587 yield a sensitivity of 78.03% and a specificity of 85.69%, respectively. Conclusions The diagnostic model based on combination of BRE and T-SPOT could provide a reliable differentiation between ATB and LTBI.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43]}
{"token": "Analysis on Physical-Layer Security for Multi-Cell Coordination Aided Ultra-Dense Heterogeneous Networks. In order to satisfy the very high traffic demand in crowded hotspot areas and realize adequate security in future fifth-generation networks, this paper studies physical-layer security in the downlink of a two-tier ultra dense heterogeneous network, where a ubiquitous array formed by ultra dense deployed small-cells surrounds a macrocell base station. In this paper, the locations of legitimate users and eavesdroppers are drawn from Poisson point processes. Then, the cumulative distribution functions of the receive signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio for legitimate users and eavesdroppers are derived. Further, the average secrecy rate and secrecy coverage probability for each tier as well as for the whole network are investigated. Finally, we analyze the influences on secrecy performance caused by eavesdropper density, transmit power allocation ratio, antenna number allocation ratio, and association area radius.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Fatigue damage monitoring and analysis of aged asphalt concrete using acoustic emission technique. This paper presents an Acoustic Emission characterisation of the damage behaviour of asphalt concrete subjected to bending fatigue loading. An experimental campaign is carried out on an old asphalt concrete extracted from an in-service highway pavement, built-in 2001. Tests were performed in strain-controlled mode with an amplitude of 175 mu strain, a frequency of 25 Hz, and at 10 degrees C. Failure criteria based on modulus decrease are analysed to determine the fatigue lifespan. Acoustic emission measurements are used to investigate the damage and failure processes. A network of eight piezoelectric sensors was used to acquire the acoustic signals. Therefore, different fatigue stages are identified based on the temporal evolution of acoustic activity. Hence, the event's spatial location is presented to show the crack path propagation. The results show that sensors located at the bottom of the sample register more acoustic activity. The locations of acoustic events were in good agreement with the mechanical background calculations.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "An integrating framework for modeling and simulation for incident management. A number of modeling and simulation tools have been developed and more are being developed for incident management applications. Each of these tools has focused on a specific aspect of the selected problem, for example, the simulation of plume dispersion. A set of tools that can help develop and evaluate coordination among plans for multiple aspects can substantially improve incident management capabilities. These tools need to be made interoperable and integrated together to reduce the time and effort for their use. A framework is proposed to facilitate application of modeling and simulation to incident management. The framework addresses incident management on three axes - incident, domain and lifecycle phase. It can help identify the gaps in existence of modeling and simulation tools and help define the integration needs. It is designed to allow use of modeling and simulation across the incident management lifecycle including prevention, preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation. The framework can be rapidly implemented with the development of interoperability standards for modeling and simulation tools for incident management. Together, the framework and interoperability standards can significantly increase the use of modeling and simulation for incident management. In turn, it will help improve the nation's incident management capabilities.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Leaf reflectance spectroscopy captures variation in carboxylation capacity across species, canopy environment and leaf age in lowland moist tropical forests. Understanding the pronounced seasonal and spatial variation in leaf carboxylation capacity (V-c,V-max) is critical for determining terrestrial carbon cycling in tropical forests. However, an efficient and scalable approach for predicting V-c,V-max is still lacking. Here the ability of leaf spectroscopy for rapid estimation of V-c,V-max was tested. V-c,V-max was estimated using traditional gas exchange methods, and measured reflectance spectra and leaf age in leaves sampled from tropical forests in Panama and Brazil. These data were used to build a model to predict V-c,V-max from leaf spectra. The results demonstrated that leaf spectroscopy accurately predicts V-c,V-max of mature leaves in Panamanian tropical forests (R-2 = 0.90). However, this single-age model required recalibration when applied to broader leaf demographic classes (i.e. immature leaves). Combined use of spectroscopy models for V-c,V-max and leaf age enabled construction of the V-c,V-max-age relationship solely from leaf spectra, which agreed with field observations. This suggests that the spectroscopy technique can capture the seasonal variability in V-c,V-max, assuming sufficient sampling across diverse species, leaf ages and canopy environments. This finding will aid development of remote sensing approaches that can be used to characterize V-c,V-max in moist tropical forests and enable an efficient means to parameterize and evaluate terrestrial biosphere models.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Morphological characterization, biomass and pharmaceutical compounds in Italian globe artichoke genotypes. Globe artichoke [Cynara cardunculus var. scolynuts (L.) Fiori] is a perennial herbaceous plant cultivated principally in the Mediterranean basin for its immature inflorescences (heads). Among the other possible uses of this species, biomass production may be considered. In this work, 17 Italian globe artichoke genotypes have been studied for two years in the field in order to evaluate their biomass production for pharmaceutical active compound extraction and to select the genotypes more suitable for this purpose. Biomass has been characterized agro-morphologically, using five of the UPOV (International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants) descriptors (i.e. plant height, number of lateral shoots, floral stem diameter, first fully developed leaf length and leaf lobe number) along with other six traits explaining biomass production (i.e. lateral shoot number, first fully developed leaf width, main floral stem leaf number, dry leaf number, plant diameter and plant dry weight), and biochemically to determine by HPLC analysis the phenolic compound content. Genotypes were significantly different for many of the morphological and biochemical traits evaluated. The results indicated that globe artichoke dry biomass yield of some Italian spring genotypes is worth considering (9.7 t ha(-1), as average value of all genotypes evaluated in the two growing seasons). Chlorogenic acid (ranging from 0.22 g kg(-1) DM to 27.85 g kg(-1) DM) and 1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid (ranging from 0.42 g kg(-1) DM to 2.10 g kg(-1) DM) were the main phenolic compound detected using HPLC analysis. Two genotypes were selected for high biomass and phenolic compound production. This may open new horizons to the industrial use of the crop, which could represent a potential for the increase of the farmers' income. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Microbial Inoculants: Silver Bullet or Microbial Jurassic Park?. The appeal of using microbial inoculants to mediate plant traits and productivity in managed ecosystems has increased over the past decade, because microbes represent an alternative to fertilizers, pesticides, and direct genetic modification of plants. Using microbes bypasses many societal and environmental concerns because microbial products are considered a more sustainable and benign technology. In our desire to harness the power of plant?microbial symbioses, are we ignoring the possibility of precipitating microbial invasions, potentially setting ourselves up for a microbial Jurassic Park? Here, we outline potential negative consequences of microbial invasions and describe a set of practices (Testing, Regulation, Engineering, and Eradication, TREE) based on the four stages of invasion to prevent microbial inoculants from becoming invasive. We aim to stimulate discussion about best practices to proactively prevent microbial invasions.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "Optimized Cas9:sgRNA delivery efficiently generates biallelic MSTN knockout sheep without affecting meat quality. Background CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing systems have been used to efficiently engineer livestock species with precise genetic alterations intended for biomedical and agricultural applications. Previously, we have successfully generated gene-edited sheep and goats via one-cell-stage embryonic microinjection of a Cas9 mRNA and single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) mixture. However, most gene-edited animals produced using this approach were heterozygotes. Additionally, non-homozygous gene-editing outcomes may not fully generate the desired phenotype in an efficient manner. Results We report the optimization of a Cas9 mRNA-sgRNA delivery system to efficiently generate homozygous myostatin (MSTN) knockout sheep for improved growth and meat production. Firstly, an sgRNA selection software (sgRNAcas9) was used to preliminarily screen for highly efficient sgRNAs. Ten sgRNAs targeting the MSTN gene were selected and validated in vitro using sheep fibroblast cells. Four out of ten sgRNAs (two in exon 1 and two in exon 2) showed a targeting efficiency > 50%. To determine the optimal CRISPR/Cas9 microinjection concentration, four levels of Cas9 mRNA and three levels of sgRNAs in mixtures were injected into sheep embryos. Microinjection of 100 ng/mu L Cas9 mRNA and 200 ng/mu L sgRNAs resulted in the most improved targeting efficiency. Additionally, using both the highly efficient sgRNAs and the optimal microinjection concentration, MSTN-knockout sheep were generated with approximately 50% targeting efficiency, reaching a homozygous knockout efficiency of 25%. Growth rate and meat quality of MSTN-edited lambs were also investigated. MSTN-knockout lambs exhibited increased body weight and average daily gain. Moreover, pH, drip loss, intramuscular fat, crude protein, and shear force of gluteal muscles of MSTN-knockout lambs did not show changes compared to the wild-type lambs. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of in vitro evaluation for the optimization of sgRNAs and microinjection dosage of gene editing reagents. This approach enabled efficient engineering of homozygous knockout sheep. Additionally, this study confirms that MSTN-knockout lambs does not negatively impact meat quality, thus supporting the adoption of gene editing as tool to improve productivity of farm animals.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
{"token": "Establishment of an equine tetanus antitoxin reference standard for veterinary use in Japan. To establish the first National Veterinary Assay Laboratory (NVAL) equine tetanus antitoxin reference standard for veterinary use, we manufactured vials of a candidate antitoxin. These were quality tested for moisture content, vacuum, colour, clarity, and the presence of foreign objects. Ultimately, 115 quality controlled vials were prepared. To estimate the antitoxin potency of the candidate standard, three different laboratories conducted parallel line assays alongside the existing antitoxin standard. These potency estimates ranged from 38 to 42 IU. This activity was maintained for two years after manufacture, as compared with a fresh vial. No statistically significant non-linearity or non-parallelism of the regression lines was observed (p > 0.05). Statistical assessment of inter- and intra-laboratory variability revealed acceptable coefficients of variation of 3.2% and 2.4-3.1%, respectively. Based on these results, the potency of the potential reference standard was calculated at 40 units of antitoxin activity per 1-mL vial. Vials of this preparation were distributed for use as the first equine tetanus antitoxin reference standard for veterinary use in September 2015. (C) 2016 International Alliance for Biological Standardization. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Illegal Trafficking of Ammunition Along the Iran-Caucasian Border in the Early 20th Century. In the early years of the 20th century, unprecedent waves of Iranian subjects poured into Russia, especially to the Southern Caucasus region, in search of better income and better life. Most of them experienced extremely difficult life, which passed in search of food for themselves and their families. However, among the vast majority of the Iranian emigres, there were those few who were able to succeed in gaining fortune, through business and their personal skills, but there were also those who did it through illegal activities. This ar-ticle delves on two such Iranians, Piyadadi Jafar Mashadi Jafar-Ogli (Piyadadah Ja'far Mashhadi Ja'far-Oglu) and Yusif Gadji Karbalai (Haji Yusif Karbala'i), who were involved in cross-border smuggling activity, with ammunition from Russia to Iran being one of them. Their cases shed light on the dark and secretive corners of the illegal interaction between Russian administrative and military authorities in the Southern Caucasus region and some of the Iranian migrants. In turn, these interactions enable us to ponder on their exception-al expressions in comparison with the interactions with most of the Iranian migrants.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Excitation and density mapping of NGC 3587. We have acquired narrowband imaging of NGC 3587 (the Owl Nebula) in the transitions [O II] lambda lambda 3727, 3729, H I lambda 4861, [O III] lambda 5007, H I lambda 6563, [N II] lambda 6584, [S II] lambda 6717, and [S II] lambda 6731. As a result, we are able to evaluate the variation of excitation and electron density over the projected envelope of the source. We propose that the Owl Nebula consists of four primary shells: an internal, tilted, barrel-like component responsible for higher excitation emission; two much more uniform, spherically symmetric structures, CSCI and CSCII. These, finally, are enveloped by a much lower intensity, lower excitation halo, dubbed CSCIII. A large proportion of the low-excitation emission appears to be associated with the periphery of CSCI, and it is conceivable that this is, physically speaking, a relatively thin-shelled structure. [S II] density mapping appears to indicate that n(e) is preferentially enhanced toward the northern periphery of the shell, in a regime where low-excitation line strengths are also preferentially enhanced. We suggest that such trends may arise through northerly shocking of the shell CSCI. There is, in addition, some evidence for an east-west dichotomy in density structure, which may reflect variable sampling of the higher density, barrel-like component. Mean densities are low, and of the order <n(e)> = 590 cm(-3).", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum to lambs in successive pregnancies of naturally infected sheep in Southern Brazil. This study aims to report the detection of N. caninum DNA in a newborn lamb (1) with neurological signs and congenital neosporosis and in a stillborn lamb (2), both born from the same ewe in a herd of Southern Brazil. The lambs were born during different pregnancies of a Suffolk ewe seropositive to N. caninum and seronegative to T. gondii. Histopathological lesions were observed only in the central nervous system of the lambs. The newborn lamb (1) showed mild and focal gliosis in the frontal lobe. In the hippocampal region of the stillborn lamb (2), lymphoplasmacytic perivascular cuffs and N. caninum cysts were observed in the cytoplasm of neurons and confirmed by IHC. PCR was performed using brain samples to detect the protozoa N. caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. The infection with N. caninum was confirmed in the newborn lamb (1) by PCR and in the stillborn lamb (2) by histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and PCR tests.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Bulk metallic glass composites. Metallic glasses have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties. The recent discovery of new glass-forming compositions makes it possible to produce metallic glasses in bulk shapes. Bulk metallic glasses offer an opportunity to revolutionize the field of structural materials with combinations of strength, elastic limit, toughness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The main current technical barrier is their limited ductility. Forming a composite containing ductile crystal phase in a bulk metallic glass matrix has been proven as an effective approach to increase their ductility. Three types of bulk metallic glass composites are discussed: extrinsic composites, in-situ composites and nanocrystalline composites. The paper also lists the key issues in the development of bulk metallic glass composites.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Effects of Aquaculture on Lakes in the Central Yangtze River Basin, China, III: Heavy Metals. Fish culture in lakes is an important component of aquaculture in some countries, but little is known about its impact on the ecosystem of the impacted lake. In summer 2015, we measured concentrations of 11 heavy metals, including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and manganese (Mn), in water and sediment from 23 lakes of different aquaculture classifications in the middle reach of the Yangtze River basin, China. These lakes represented the following four lake aquaculture management strategies: fish ranching in lakes classified as receiving low (LOW; used for backup drinking water and irrigation), medium (MEDIUM), or high (HIGH; fish fed commercial feed) stocking rates or as fallow (FALLOW), in which previously ranched HIGH lakes had not been stocked for 2years. Results showed a positive relationship between most heavy metal concentrations and fish culture intensity. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and aluminum (Al) in the water column were significantly greater in the HIGH lakes than in the LOW lakes. Heavy metals in the FALLOW lakes did not appear to fully recover from past aquaculture activities. In sediment, the concentration of As in LOW lakes was significantly lower than those in MEDIUM and HIGH lakes, whereas no among-group significant differences in the other heavy metal concentrations were detected. Metals in sediments of all four lake types were at the low ecological risk level. We speculate that these results may be applied to lakes in other regions globally with similar fish stocking and management strategies.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "The Use of Added Salt and Sugar in the Diet of Polish and Austrian Toddlers. Associated Factors and Dietary Patterns, Feeding and Maternal Practices. Children aged <2 years should not be given meals with the addition of salt and sugar due to health risks and to promote healthier dietary habits. The aims of this study were: to assess the prevalence of the use of added salt (AS), sugar (ASu) and both salt and sugar (AS&Su) in the diets of Polish and Austrian toddlers aged 12-24 and 25-36 months; to explore the sociodemographic and early nutritional factors associated with the use of AS and ASu; to investigate the difference in dietary habits and maternal concerns about toddlers' eating regarding the use of AS and ASu in toddlers' diet. This cross-sectional anonymous study was conducted in 5893 mothers of children aged 12-36 months, recruited through social media in 2017-2019. The questionnaire consisted of questions about sociodemographics, early feeding practices and current children's nutrition (e.g., use of AS and ASu, food frequency questionnaire). Multivariate logistic regression and cluster analyses were applied. Austrian mothers more often used AS than mothers from Poland (at 2 years old: 74.8% vs. 52.8%; at 3 years old 87.4% vs. 74.4%,p <= 0.001), however Polish mothers were more prone to use ASu (at 2 years old: 34.7% vs. 27.7%; at 3 years old: 59.0% vs. 45.8%,p <= 0.001). In younger toddlers (12-24 months), the odds of using of AS, ASu, and AS&Su increased with toddlers' age, when the mother was a multipara, was not currently breastfeeding, or had exclusively breastfed for 4-5 months. This risk decreased when older toddlers (25-36 months) were introduced to solids by baby-led weaning (BLW). Toddlers from both countries who consumed meals with AS or ASu more often a followed Western-like dietary pattern. Our study emphasizes the need for parental nutritional education when beginning to introduce solid foods.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Some environmental factors affect growth and antibiotic production by the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans. The effects of temperature and pH on growth and antibiotic production by three isolates of Coniothyrium minitans (Conio, Contans and IVT1), known to produce the macrolide antibiotic macrosphelide A, were examined in modified Czapek Dox broth (MCD). Antibiotic production was determined by incorporating heated (60 degrees C for 5 min) C. minitans spent culture filtrates of MCD (10%, v/v) into potato dextrose broth and assessing the ability of the filtrates to inhibit growth of S. sclerotiorum. All isolates grew over the temperature range of 10-30 degrees C, with the optimum at approximately 15-20 degrees C. Antibiotics were produced by all isolates at 10-30 degrees C. Culture filtrates of MCD from all isolates incorporated into PDB inhibited growth of S. sclerotiorum by > 50%, whereas there was a reduction in inhibition at 30 degrees C for Conio and IVT1 but not Contans. All three isolates grew over the pH range of 3-7, with greater biomass production in buffered pH 3-5 than the unbuffered control (pH 4.8) media. Antibiotics were produced by all isolates at pH 3-5. Culture filtrates of MCD from all three isolates grown at pH 3-5 inhibited growth of S. sclerotiorum, with the greatest effect on inhibition observed at pH 3. There were no differences in growth inhibition between isolates at pH 3 and 4, but culture filtrates from Conio grown at pH 5 inhibited S. sclerotiorum more than those of IVT1 grown at the same pH. The significance of these results for biocontrol and optimizing antibiotic production by C. minitans is discussed.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
{"token": "A comprehensive study of biofilms growing on the built heritage of a Caribbean industrial city in correlation with construction materials. Biodeteriogens growing on constructions belonging to the built heritage is one of the leading natural pathologies that cause aesthetical and in some cases, physical-geochemical problems in the materials. In this study, for the first time, the chemical composition of construction materials of the built heritage from an industrialized city (Barranquilla) of Colombia have been evaluated in correlation with the algal, cyanobacterial and fungal biodeteriogens present in biofilms by applying a multianalytical methodology. To achieve this objective, samples of biofilms and construction material were taken from different historical and modern constructions. For the mineralogical characterization of the construction materials, X-ray diffraction, Raman microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) were used. In addition, microscopic observations and cultures were employed for the microbiological characterization. Most of the construction materials analyzed belong to calcareous mortars, and others to different types of cement (portlandite, ettringite and larnite identification). The EDXRF analysis through single point and imaging strategies allowed to identify differences in the elemental composition of the external and internal parts of the materials. The role of certain elements in the mortars, which will assist the growth of specific microorganisms, is also discussed in this work. The main biodeteriogens identified in the biofilms were cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp., Lyngbya sp., Leptolyngbya sp. and Ascomycota Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp fungi. These microorganisms promote biodeterioration processes causing aesthetic, physical and chemical damage to the facades of the studied buildings. The mineralogical composition of the construction material together with environmental conditions contributes to the development of biofilms on the constructions and monuments of Barranquilla city. The results obtained in this study will be used in the future to design and implement conservation protocols and strategies useful to preserve the built heritage of Caribbean cities with similar climate conditions, geographical position and kind of construction materials.", "label": [2, 5, 19, 52]}
{"token": "Modified CSRR Based Dual-Band Four-Element MIMO Antenna for 5G Smartphone Communication. A four-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna based on a modified Complementary Split Ring Resonator (MCSRR) is presented in this paper for dual-band 5G smartphone applications. An inverted L-shaped radiator is used with MCSRR as an open stub in the ground, where MCSRR is responsible for dual operating bands and enhances the impedance matching. The MCSRR as an open stub in the ground plane creates a notch band that minimizes the interference in 5G wireless communication. The four elements of the antenna are placed in such a way that minimum isolation between antenna elements is obtained, 16.5 dB, without any decoupling, whereas more than 20 dB isolation is achieved by using T-shaped decupling. The antenna achieves dual 10 dB bandwidths from 3.40 GHz to 3.625 GHz and from 3.90 GHz to 4.525 GHz. Envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) is extracted from far-field results to analyse the MIMO antenna performance in practical design consideration.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Students involvement into social and cultural activity: modeling and motivation. At present, higher education is undergoing major changes related to the implementation of the Bologna process ideas, education informatization, integrative processes in society, increasing competition, and globalization. In this regard, the problem of student involvement formation acquires exceptional importance in the university educational activity. The focus on student involvement formation in higher education's social and cultural activity process is conditioned by the necessity to improve professional personality development and raise social competencies. We consider the social activity as a person's integral quality which is realized in various types of self-activity, in the process of which the personality self-realization occurs, conditioned by objective and subjective factors. Also, the structure of motives for young people's social activity is considered. Students' involvement is seen as a person's property, which externalizes in activity and shows the person's attitude to its various spheres. Particular importance is paid to the research of the students' extracurricular organization. It is shown that the students free time is needed to organize in the process of educational activity to create conditions for self-realization and self-actualization of the student's personality. The submissions of the article can be useful for Faculty and Administration of higher education institutions.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Pentagalloylglucose, a highly bioavailable polyphenolic compound present in Cortex moutan, efficiently blocks hepatitis C virus entry. ZBDHW, its component Cortex Moutan and the compound PGG efficiently block entry of HCV of all major genotypes and also of the related flavivirus Zika virus. PGG does not disrupt HCV virion integrity and acts primarily during virus attachment. PGG shows an additive effect when combined with the well characterized HCV inhibitor Daclatasvir. Analysis of bioavailability in mice revealed plasma levels above tissue culture IC50 after a single intraperitoneal injection.In conclusion, PGG is a pangenotypic HCV entry inhibitor with high bioavailability. The low cost and wide availability of this compound make it a promising candidate for HCV combination therapies, and also emerging human pathogenic flaviviruses like ZIKV. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.We tested the antiviral properties of a mixture of different Chinese herbs/roots named Zhi Bai Di Huang Wan (ZBDHW) and its individual components on HCV. One of the ZBDHW components, Penta-OGalloyl-Glucose (PGG), was further analyzed for its mode of action in vitro, its antiviral activity in primary human hepatocytes as well as for its bioavailability and hepatotoxicity in mice.Approximately 142 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Although potent direct acting antivirals are available, high costs limit access to treatment. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection remains a major cause of orthotopic liver transplantation. Moreover, re-infection of the graft occurs regularly. Antivirals derived from natural sources might be an alternative and cost-effective option to complement therapy regimens for global control of hepatitis C virus infection.", "label": [2, 22, 21]}
{"token": "Consumer knowledge and use of information about fish and aquaculture. This paper explores consumers' knowledge about fish and aquaculture and assesses the use and importance of different information cues about fish. Cross-sectional data were collected in 2008 through a consumer survey (n = 3213) in the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Sweden and the UK. Consumers' knowledge about fish generally, and about aquaculture in particular, was relatively low and differed significantly between countries. Consumers from all countries reported an indication of quality and/or food safety as an information cue when buying fish. The information sources most frequently used by Europeans were labelling and sellers in retail or supermarkets. The Internet was identified by consumers in all of the countries as one of the most important sources of information about sea and freshwater fish products. Policy makers and food marketers are encouraged to develop a simple and easily recognisable mark (relating to quality, food safety and nutrition) to assist consumer decision-making. Information campaigns focusing on issues such as the nutritional benefits of eating fish are also recommended. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 5, 6, 22, 49, 8]}
{"token": "The effect of fat temperature on heat energy consumption during frying of food. An apparatus for frying food, such as pork loin, tenderloin, sirloin or potatoes was presented. In order to design such a fryer, a general mathematical model was formulated for heat energy consumption during the process of frying food. On the basis of a general mathematical model, a model of heat energy consumption was developed using an example the production of French fries. The problem was investigated both theoretically and empirically. The theoretical studies involved computer simulation of heat energy consumption, whereas experiments were conducted to measure heat energy consumption during French fries frying in the apparatus designed by the author. The theoretical heat energy consumption was 14.5-15.7% lower than the actual one. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 16, 8]}
{"token": "Rousseau's Post-Liberal Self:Emileand the Formation of Republican Citizenship. This article discusses Rousseau's theory of the genesis and development of a \\\\'post-liberal self\\\\' and its political implications. In hisEmile, or Education, Rousseau explores the distinctive features of the post-liberal self through Emile's growing capacity to think in terms of his social interdependence with others and yet to maintain his critical autonomy. For Rousseau it is only such individuals with a highly developed moral and civic consciousness who are capable of articulating the general will and of properly participating in a modern republic. I argue that the general will for Rousseau is therefore not a property of the community but of the post-liberal self, for whom the common good is a larger dimension of the individual good. I then discuss the political implications of this theory by relating it toThe Social Contractwhere Rousseau urges us to examine the legitimacy of existing social norms, laws and practices. Rousseau, I conclude, is one of the great radical thinkers of self-transformation as the prerequisite for overcoming the pathologies and limitations of liberal society.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "CHEMICAL CONTROL OF 'ERGOT'(Claviceps africana Frederickson, Mantle & de Milliano) OR SUGARY DISEASE AND THE MAIN FOLIAR DISEASES OF SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The efficiency of fungicides in the control of sugar disease of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) was evaluated in a seed production field of the sorghum hybrid BR 304. The following fungicides and doses (g a.i./ha) were evaluated : captan (1250.0), fenarimol (80.0), fentin hydroxide (166.7), prochloraz (450.0), chlorothalonil (1500.0), iprodione (750.0), azoxystrobin (150.0), thiabendazole (360.0), procimidone (750.0), ziram (1500.0) and tebuconazole (200.0). A control plot without fungicide application was included in this assay. Applications were performed with a back sprayer, covering the whole panicle, and using 4 days intervals between applications at the anthesis. Seven days after the end of the applications, the percentage of diseased panicles varied of 5.4 for the fungicide tebuconazole and 100 for the most of the other treatments. For the percentage of diseased flowers for panicle, the values varied from 0.3 to 65.0 for the fungicide tebuconazole and check, respectively. No significant difference among the percentages of diseased flowers for panicles in the treatments tebuconazole (0.3), chlorothalonil (2.5) and prochloraz (3.0), being those the most efficient fungicides in the control of the ergot. However, the fungicide prochloraz was the most efficient in the control of foliar disease casel by Colletotrichum graminicola, while for the fungi Puccinia purpurea, and Cercospora fusimaculans the best control were obtained with the tebuconazole. There was not an increase of the germination in none of the treatments, however the increase in the weight of a thousand seeds was significant for the treatments with prochloraz, chlorothalonil and tebuconazole.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Interaction of a tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus with a betasatellite enhances symptom severity in field-infected tomato plants. Two field-collected tomato plants, with severe and mild tomato leaf curl disease symptoms, were shown to be infected with tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus. The plant with severe symptoms was shown to additionally contain tobacco leaf curl betasatellite (TobLCuB). Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana plants with the cloned components showed the severe symptoms to be due to the presence of TobLCuB. A shorter latent period was associated with the presence of TobLCuB except in the presence of the DNA-A and DNA-B components of the severe type. The DNA-B component from the mild type also reduced the latent period, more so than the DNA-B from the severe type, except in the interaction with the DNA-A from the mild type. These differences in the effects of the virus components from the two isolates may possibly be due to mutations in the DNA-B from the severe type. The results show that betasatellites can enhance the virulence of bipartite begomoviruses, even for isolates that induce quite mild symptoms.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Ecosystem services and tradeoffs in the home food gardens of African American, Chinese-origin and Mexican-origin households in Chicago, IL. With increasing urbanization and environmental degradation, urban landscapes are increasingly expected to provide a wide range of ecosystem services typically associated with rural areas, including biodiversity conservation and food production. Because residential landscapes constitute the largest single urban land use, domestic gardens have emerged as a topic of research interest and planning concern. The ecosystem services (or disservices) these landscapes provide, however, have not been rigorously measured, nor have tradeoffs between the services they provide been assessed. In this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 59 African American, Chinese-origin or Mexican-origin households with on-lot or vacant lot food gardens in Chicago. Crop plants and cultivated ornamental plants on the lot were inventoried and mapped at the species level. A total of 123 edible plant taxa from 25 families and 288 ornamental plant species from 85 families were identified, for a combined total of 387 species from 90 families. Cumulatively, the gardens of African American households were relatively rich in ornamental plant species and families, while those of Chinese-origin households had a depauperate flora. Crop plant richness was more even across sample types. Shade trees and a developed shrub layer were absent from most gardens, possibly representing a trade off in ecosystem services in favor of food production. The richness of the aggregate 2.1 ha of residential property inventoried in this study was comparable with or exceeded that of a 34 ha prairie remnant west of Chicago. However, only 35 (9.6%) of the inventoried species were native to the Chicago area.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Relationship between perceived service quality and client satisfaction indicators of engineering consultancy services in building projects. Purpose Service quality is a major determinant of business performance. Empirical evidence from the literature indicates that, to attain a high level of customer satisfaction, a high standard of service quality should be provided by the service provider. This study aims to examine the relationship between the perceived service quality and the indicators of client satisfaction with particular reference to engineering consultancy services in building projects. Design/methodology/approach A survey research approach was adopted using a semi-structured questionnaire as an instrument of data collection. The questionnaire survey formed the basis for the descriptive and inferential (Pearson correlation and multiple regression) statistics that were used to evaluate the relationship between engineering consultants' service quality and clients' satisfaction indicators. Findings The study identified 10 key technical indicators and 10 key managerial indicators for measuring client satisfaction. Statistical analysis shows a positive significant relationship between the perceived service quality and all the indicators of client satisfaction. The positive correlation values show that as perceived service quality increases, both technical and management indicators of client satisfaction equally increase. Originality/value The results offer opportunity for professional service providers to continuously develop the technical and management indicators, embrace personnel training and key into continuous professional development for better service quality.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Optimal-maintenance modeling on finite time with technology replacement and changing repair costs. By allowing for special exponential cost function forms, we can find local cost minimums for exponentially growing costs, or include the time value of money.When replacing one technology with a new, there are conditions under which the optimal replacement cycles are completely interrelated, and other conditions where we can calculate one from an independent calculation of another.Under Weibull hazard functions, we can express the optimal replacement rate simply.For systems in use, we can monitor the marginal cost, and replace the system when this marginal cost equals the expected average cost for the replacing system.To apply optimal replacement planning in industry, we must consider finite time missions, net present value of costs, and replacing obsolete equipment with new technology.In budget constrained times, use present value estimates such as the ones we provide.We explore maintenance models for finite time missions. Motivated by real world applications, and models which are lacking in literature, we include exponential cost forms that allow for net present value analysis, and explore replacing obsolete equipment with new.By using simple search methods, we can find optimal replacement intervals for systems under a general finite time mission.In this paper, we demonstrate through mathematical modeling that:", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "National climate change mitigation legislation, strategy and targets: a global update. Global climate change governance has changed substantially in the last decade, with a shift in focus from negotiating globally agreed greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets to nationally determined contributions, as enshrined in the 2015 Paris Agreement. This paper analyses trends in adoption of national climate legislation and strategies, GHG targets, and renewable and energy efficiency targets in almost all UNFCCC Parties, focusing on the period from 2007 to 2017. The uniqueness and added value of this paper reside in its broad sweep of countries, the more than decade-long coverage and the use of objective metrics rather than normative judgements. Key results show that national climate legislation and strategies witnessed a strong increase in the first half of the assessed decade, likely due to the political lead up to the Copenhagen Climate Conference in 2009, but have somewhat stagnated in recent years, currently covering 70% of global GHG emissions (almost 50% of countries). In comparison, the coverage of GHG targets increased considerably in the run up to adoption of the Paris Agreement and 89% of global GHG emissions are currently covered by such targets. Renewable energy targets saw a steady spread, with 79% of the global GHG emissions covered in 2017 compared to 45% in 2007, with a steep increase in developing countries.Key policy insights The number of countries that have national legislation and strategies in place increased strongly up to 2012, but the increase has levelled off in recent years, now covering 70% of global emissions by 2017 (48% of countries and 76% of global population).Economy-wide GHG reduction targets witnessed a strong increase in the build up to 2015 and are adopted by countries covering 89% of global GHG emissions (76% not counting USA) and 90% of global population (86% not counting USA) in 2017.Renewable energy targets saw a steady increase throughout the last decade with coverage of countries in 2017 comparable to that of GHG targets.Key shifts in national measures coincide with landmark international events - an increase in legislation and strategy in the build-up to the Copenhagen Climate Conference and an increase in targets around the Paris Agreement - emphasizing the importance of the international process to maintaining national momentum.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Purification of Saline Water Using Desalination Pellets. This study establishes that processed zero valent iron can be pelletised and used to desalinate water. The pellets desalinate water using a zero-order reaction, where: product water salinity = -[a][Reaction Time] + Feed Water Salinity. Desalination using the pellets requires no onsite energy, no onsite infrastructure, and produces no reject brine. Potential applications for the pellets, include desalination of saline impoundments, desalination of agricultural water, desalination of irrigation water, desalination of irrigated salinized soils, and aquifer desalination. The examples demonstrate 30% to 60% desalination for saline feed water within the salinity range of 4 to 10 g L-1. The product water has a low outcome variability for a specific pellet charge. The achievable desalination increases as the pellet weight: water volume ratio increases. The pellets can also be used for water purification, wastewater desalination, treatment of domestic wastewater, treatment of industrial wastewater, treatment of livestock feed water, treatment of oil field and mining wastewater, water purification to allow reuse, and the treatment of polluted soils. This study addresses the manufacture of the pellets, their effectiveness in desalinating water, and the outcome variability associated with desalination.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Time-frequency composition of mosquito flight tones obtained using Hilbert spectral analysis. Techniques for estimating temporal variation in the frequency content of acoustic tones based on short-time fast Fourier transforms are fundamentally limited by an inherent time-frequency trade-off. This paper presents an alternative methodology, based on Hilbert spectral analysis, which is not affected by this weakness, and applies it to the accurate estimation of mosquito wing beat frequencies. Mosquitoes are known to communicate with one another via the sounds generated by their flapping wings. Active frequency modulation between pairs of mosquitoes is thought to take place as a precursor to courtship. Studying the acoustically-based interactions of mosquitoes therefore relies on an accurate representation of flight frequency as a time-evolving property, yet conventional Fourier spectrograms are unable to capture the rapid modulations in frequency that mosquito flight tones exhibit. The algorithms introduced in this paper are able to automatically detect and extract fully temporally resolved frequency information from audio recordings. Application of the technique to experimental recordings of single tethered mosquitoes in flight reveals corroboration with previous reported findings. The advantages of the method for animal communication studies are discussed, with particular attention given to its potential utility for studying pairwise mosquito interactions. (C) 2014 Acoustical Society of America.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
{"token": "Mastermind-like transcriptional co-activators: emerging roles in regulating cross talk among multiple signaling pathways. A family of Mastermind-like (MAML) genes encodes critical transcriptional co-activators for Notch signaling, an evolutionarily conserved pathway with numerous roles in both development and human diseases. Notch receptors are cleaved upon ligand engagement and the intracellular domain of Notch shuttles to the nucleus. MAMLs form a functional DNA-binding complex with the cleaved Notch receptor and the transcription factor CSL, thereby regulating transcriptional events that are specific to the Notch pathway. Here, we review recent studies that have utilized molecular, cellular and physiological model system strategies to reveal the pivotal roles of the MAML proteins in Notch signaling. Unexpectedly, however, emerging evidence implicate MAML proteins as exciting key transcriptional co-activators in other signal transduction pathways including: muscle differentiation and myopathies (MEF2C), tumor suppressor pathway (p53) and colon carcinoma survival (beta-catenin). Thus, the MAML family appears to function in transcriptional co-activation in a multitude of cellular processes. It is hypothesized that MAML proteins mediate cross-talk among the various signaling pathways and the diverse activities of the MAML proteins converge to impact normal biological processes and human diseases, including cancers.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Youth satisfaction with the employment: a survey. Mistakes as to the motivational stimuli were uncovered: exaggeration of the influence of such factors as discipline control, professional development on the job activity evaluation and the underestimation of such factors as job stability, pay rate increase.The most powerful leverages that activate the working behaviour of young people towards productivity growth are: employment stability; financial rewards; comfortable working environment; favourable working conditions and professional development.Factors behind de-motivation of young employees were studied: the absence of the economic and social interest in outcomes due to the inadequate pay rate that lowers the work productivity; unemployment; conflicts; unfavourable working conditions and professional development; formalism of the negotiation of the collective agreement; poor work relationships that levels the collective and individual responsibility for collective results.Socialization is unalienable from the economic growth thus precluding management of the social interactions within economic activities. The purpose of the research is to find out whether social factors prevail among other factors in contemporary development of the youth-oriented values to create the basis for effective human capital management. With this regard, a survey was conducted among 253 employees aged 18-29 at the 54 enterprises of different sectors in Chernivtsi region of Ukraine in December, 2015 aimed at analysing the ways to satisfy the youth in the employment sphere.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "The effect of caffeine consumption and nausea on the risk of miscarriage. Evidence for a harmful effect of caffeine intake on risk of miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) is inconsistent and nausea during pregnancy has been claimed to explain any association seen. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether caffeine consumption both before and during pregnancy influenced the risk of miscarriage in a group of pregnant women in the UK. We examined the association with maternal caffeine intake in a case-control study of 474 nulliparous women. Participants were recruited during the years 1987-89 from the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading and from a large group practice situated within the hospital's catchment area. Cases were 160 women with a clinically diagnosed miscarriage and controls were 314 pregnant women attending for antenatal care. Information on coffee/tea/cola consumption and potential confounders was collected by interview and caffeine content was assigned to individual drinks according to published data on caffeine content of beverages. Compared with a maternal caffeine intake of < 151 mg/day, we found evidence that caffeine consumption > 300 mg/day doubled the risk of miscarriage. Adjusted odds ratios were 1.94 [95% CI 1.04, 3.63] for 301-500 mg/day and 2.18 [95% CI 1.08, 4.40] for > 500 mg/day. This effect could not be explained by nausea in pregnancy. Nausea appeared to be strongly independently associated with a reduced risk of miscarriage (test for trend P < 0.0001). There was no evidence that prepregnancy caffeine consumption affected the risk. Our results indicate that high caffeine consumption during pregnancy (>300 mg/day), in particular coffee consumption, is an independent risk factor for increased risk and nausea is an independent protective factor for a lower risk of miscarriage.", "label": [2, 22, 27, 24]}
{"token": "Improvement of nitrate-leaching control technology using an anion exchange compound on agriculture 1: synthesis of a Mg-Fe system layered double hydroxide and its anion exchange characteristics. A hydrotalcite-like compound for reducing the leaching of nitrogen from farmland was prepared via a new synthesis procedure, and its chemical structure and anion exchange characteristics were described. The advantage of this new synthesis method is that it is a simple, inexpensive process that involves the mixing of only two types of materials, followed by a hydrothermal reaction that does not require pH or gas control. The materials for synthesis are MgO and FeCl3. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were used to confirm an Mg-Fe system hydrotalcite-like compound. The anion exchange capacity was 166 cmol(c) kg(-1), which was determined using NO3- ion as an exchangeable anion. That capacity is equivalent to 23g N kg(-1). The nitrate adsorption isotherm of this compound approximately matched to the isotherm that was predicted by the Langmuir formula. The anion exchange selectivity coefficients of the compound were in the following order: NO3- > Cl- > SO42- > HPO42-. The developed compound is a prospective material for reducing leaching of NO3-N from farmland.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 52, 9]}
{"token": "Does organization citizenship behavior really benefit the organization? Study on the compulsory citizenship behavior in China. Originality/value - This empirical study provides preliminary evidence of the mediation effect of psychological contract violation and the moderating effect of Chinese traditionality in the relationship between CCB and employees' attitudes and behaviors. Additionally, the findings highlight the necessity of study on CCB in the context of China to help advance our theoretical understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the effect of CCB on employees' attitudes and behaviors.Findings - Results reveal that: CCB measurement tool of Western is also suitable for the situation in China; CCB has negative impact on contextual performance and organizational commitment, but it has no significant relationship with task performance; psychological contract violation has an partial mediation role between CCB and employees' contextual performance; Chinese traditionality has obvious function of adjusting the relationship between CCB and employees' contextual performance. For the employees with low level of Chinese traditionality, it was found that the relationship between CCB and employees' contextual performance was significantly related with each other, whilst for the employees with high level of Chinese traditionality, the relationship was not significant.Design/methodology/approach - The study sample comprised matched surveys from 450 supervisor-subordinate dyads in the People's Republic of China. The subordinates completed measures of CCB, psychological contract violation, organizational commitment and Chinese traditionality. The supervisors were asked to rate subordinates' task performance and contextual performance.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of compulsory citizenship behavior (CCB) on employees' attitudes and behaviors in the context of Chinese organizations, especially the mediating role of psychological contract violation and the moderating role of Chinese traditionality.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "SPANTAMICVS AT SEGOBRIGA AND VSSEITIO AT CLUNIA. Short study of two non-Celtiberian names of the Hispano-Celtic corpus. The first one, borne in particular by the rich man who paid for the pavement of the Segobriga forum, is the adjectival family name derived from an idionym containig panto- 'sorrow', whose p- is the product of an initial *k(w)-. The second, whose bearer was buried in Clunia, shows the same palatalization observed in Celtiberian, but lacks -with respect to Cib. Us(e)izu- the affrication of the nexus contained in its derivational morpheme. Some evidence of tyo-affrication in the Continental Celtic corpus is added to the previous discussion of Usseitio by Gonzalez & Gorrochategui in Veleia 28, 2011, even if it must be stressed that the relationship of Usseitio to the Celtiberian form Us(e)izu can be actually accounted for in three different ways.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "A trivariate T-spline based framework for modeling heterogeneous solids. We present a robust framework to conduct material modeling suitable for continuously varying materials with a local material composition control. The geometry and attribute representations are defined using two trivariate T-splines based on the same parametric domain. The optimization process decreases the mismatch of geometry and attribute between the input tetrahedral mesh and the trivariate T-splines, which consists of two alternately executed procedures: progressive fitting and octree-based adaptive refinement. Control points are dynamically updated without constructing large matrices as used in finite element method. To improve computational efficiency of the optimization, adaptive refinement is carried out only in those regions that undergo fine-scale deformation and an octree-based subdivision is directly used to insert control points in the parametric domain. The proposed framework was implemented on medical and synthetic examples to show the robustness of the material modeling framework. The comparison between trivariate T-splines with adaptive refinement and trivariate NURBS with uniform refinement demonstrates the computational efficiency. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "Inclusion of a third soil layer in a land surface scheme using the force-restore method. The inclusion of a third soil layer in the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) model is presented in this paper. The soil water content between the base of the root zone and the deep soil layer is described using a generalized form of the force-restore method. The new force-restore coefficient is calibrated using a detailed high-resolution soil water transfer model and then is related to the soil textural properties using simple regression relationships. It is shown that the use of a calibrated coefficient gives better results, in general, than a direct solution method when using similar model geometry with the same number of layers.In the initial two-layer version of ISBA, it was not possible to distinguish the root zone and subroot zone soil water reservoirs. With the three-layer version, the deep soil layer may provide water to the system through capillary rises only, and the available water content (for transpiration) is clearly defined. Three test cases are examined in which atmospheric forcing, a good description of the soil properties and vegetation cover, and measured soil moisture profile data are present for an annual cycle. Use df the three-layer version of ISBA gives general improvement in modeling results, and values for key parameters that relate evapotranspiration to soil moisture are more consistent with those inferred from observations, compared with the two-layer version.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Influence of plant-hardiness zone, shoot length, and crown class on the incidence of gouting by the balsam woolly adelgid on balsam fir. We collected midcrown branches of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae), at six different sites located in five different plant-hardiness zones, along a north south transect in New Brunswick, Canada, to evaluate the effect of plant-hardiness zone, crown class (overstory versus understory), and shoot length during the previous 10 years on the annual incidence of gouting by the balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Site, crown class, and their interaction, along with the square of shoot length, explained 78% of the variation in gouting. Variations in gouting attributed to plant-hardiness zone were probably primarily due to variation in mean January temperature: at each site, the mean January temperature was positively and closely related to the mean level of gouting. The level of gouting was consistently higher on trees in the understory than on those in the overstory. Shoot length was parabolically related to the proportion of shoots with gout. The parabolic relationship between shoot size and the level of gouting is similar to that previously reported for galling adelgids, and suggests that gouting by A. piceae may be greatest on trees with an intermediate growth rate.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "The new Latin American constitutionalism and the decolonial turn : Bolivia and Ecuador. The object of the present paper is to begin a comparative analysis of the bolivian and ecuatorian new constitutions, making emphasis in its innovative aspects for constitucional theory and human rights systems in our region.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Monte Carlo burnup code development based on multi-group cross section method. A multi-group cross section method was developed based on MOBAT code to save computing time. First, three PWR pin cell benchmark cases were computed by MOBAT, MCODE and SCALE. The results of the separate benchmark cases are consistent with each other; the maximum deviation of reactivity at a bumup depth of 100 MWd/kgU is less than 600 pcm, and the difference in nuclide concentrations is within 5%. Next, the same benchmark case was calculated by MOBAT using the multi-group cross section method. The results indicate that the method can give credible results while greatly reducing the computing time. Comparing the original MOBAT benchmark case to the results of the multi-group cross section method, the reactivity difference at a burnup depth of 100 MWd/kgU is about 100, the difference of nuclide concentrations is within 1%, and computation time was 3.5 times faster.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "A comparison of US and European university-industry relations in the life sciences. We draw on diverse data sets to compare the institutional organization of upstream life science research across the United States and Europe. Understanding cross-national differences in the organization of innovative labor in the life sciences requires attention to the structure and evolution of biomedical networks involving public research organizations (universities, government laboratories, nonprofit research institutes, and research hospitals), science-based biotechnology firms, and multinational pharmaceutical corporations. We use network visualization methods and correspondence analyses to demonstrate that innovative research in biomedicine has its origins in regional clusters in the United States and in European nations. But the scientific and organizational composition of these regions varies in consequential ways. In the United States, public research organizations and small firms conduct R&D across multiple therapeutic areas and stages of the development process. Ties within and across these regions link small firms and diverse public institutions, contributing to the development of a robust national network. In contrast, the European story is one of regional specialization with a less diverse group of public research organizations working in a smaller number of therapeutic areas. European institutes develop local connections to small firms working on similar scientific problems, while cross-national linkages of European regional clusters typically involve large pharmaceutical corporations. We show that the roles of large and small firms differ in the United States and Europe, arguing that the greater heterogeneity of the U.S. system is based on much closer integration of basic science and clinical development.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Comparison of tobamovirus coat protein structural features that affect elicitor activity in pepper, eggplant, and tobacco. Specific mutations designed to affect the tertiary, quaternary, and surface structures of the tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV) coat protein (CP) were compared for their effect on CP elicitor activity in pepper (L-1 gene), eggplant, and tobacco (N' gene). Recognition by all three hosts was dependent upon the maintenance of the CP's a-helical bundle. However, variations in recognition resulted from mutations that affected different CP surface features and/ or quaternary configurations. The relationship between CP structure and recognition in these hosts is discussed.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 19, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Big Data Prosecution and Brady. Prosecutors are joining the big data revolution, adopting \\\\'intelligence-driven\\\\' strategies to target crime patterns. Structured and unstructured datasets are collecting information to track offenders, places, and groups, allowing prosecutors to link crimes by time, location, associations, or other connections. But as powerful as these new forms of centralized data systems might be for investigators, there remains a critical open issue: the systems were not designed to identify the exculpatory and impeaching material prosecutors are required to disclose under Brady v. Maryland. This Article examines the design flaw at the core of the intelligence-driven prosecution model-a flaw that creates a due process problem that threatens to undermine this innovation. The Article also explores how big data prosecution necessitates a new theory of Brady and suggests a way to engineer a theoretical and technological solution to current Brady practice consistent with due process principles.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Lung inflammation after exposure to nonfibrous silicates increases with chelatable [Fe3+]. Lung exposures to complexes of coordinated iron can be associated with a neutrophilic alveolitis. We tested the hypothesis that lung inflammation after intratracheal instillation of mineral oxides in rats increases with surface-complexed [Fe3+]. The 10 mineral oxides employed had measurable [Fe3+] complexed to the dust surface. The metal was incompletely coordinated, as demonstrated by the ability of the particles to catalyze electron transfer and generate thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive products of deoxyribose. After exclusion of those silicates containing structural iron within the crystal lattice, there was a significant correlation between the concentration of chelatable metal and TBA-reactive products (r = 0.82; p = .04). Four days after intratracheal instillation of the 10 mineral oxide particles into rats, lavage neutrophils and protein were significantly increased for all dusts compared to injected saline. Among those dusts with no structural iron, the correlation between chelatable iron concentrations and percentage neutrophils did not reach significance (r = 0.73; p = .10), but that between metal and lavage protein did (r = 0.80; p = .05). We conclude that (1) mineral oxides complex iron cations at the surface, (2) in vitro measures of oxidant generation increase with the concentration of surface iron among those dusts with no structural iron, and (3) acute inflammation following introduction of these particles into the lower respiratory tract also increases with surface iron concentrations among those mineral oxides with no structural iron.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Improvingblood-borne viral diagnosis; clinical audit of the uptake of dried blood spot testing offered by a substance misuse service. The diagnosis of blood-borne viral infection amongst drug injectors in Wales is limited by a poor uptake of diagnostic testing; recent research suggests that dried blood spot (DBS) sample collection, rather than venepuncture, may improve diagnostic rates. We carried out an audit of the uptake of DBS testing for hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV amongst drug injectors attending a substance misuse service (SMS) in the first year of DBS testing being routinely offered to clients (1 May 2007 to 30 April 2008) and compared the uptake to venepuncture testing of SMS clients in the previous year. Uptake of DBS testing for hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV was almost six times greater than the uptake of venepuncture testing amongst clients of the SMS in the previous year. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that DBS testing can increase the uptake of blood-borne viral testing amongst current and ex-drug injectors. We accept that part of the almost sixfold increase in diagnostic testing observed in the first year of DBS testing may be due to an increase in awareness amongst drug injectors of testing opportunities and a prioritization of testing by the SMS. Nonetheless the dramatic increase in uptake demonstrates that DBS testing is acceptable to drug injectors and should be subject to more rigorous trials to evaluate its potential impact on diagnosis.", "label": [2, 22, 25, 21]}
{"token": "Supreme Court of Canada Addresses Admissibility of Posthypnosis Witness Evidence: R. v. Trochym (2007). In February of 2007, the Supreme Court of Canada issued its ruling in R. v. Trochym, a case in which the Court addressed the admissibility of posthypnosis witness testimony. The holding by a majority of five Justices establishes a presumption of inadmissibility for posthypnosis evidence that is very unlikely to be overcome. Although not a clear bar against this form of testimony, this ruling makes it extraordinarily difficult for such testimony to be admitted in the future. The authors discuss the case, the relevant empirical literature, and implications for the Canadian psychology community, including some general recommendations for improved integration of psychology and law.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Misalignment between coronavirus financial aid and public health policies: negative incentives for outpatient clinics in the United States. The United States Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) led to creation of the Paycheck Protection Program, as well as an expansion of reimbursements for telemedicine. CARES Act drafters over emphasized maintaining employment and overlooked negative downstream effects the policies had on outpatient clinics. The misalignment between this financial aid package and public health policy is most apparent in the pressure administrators face to maintain clinic operations, without a transition plan to adopt telemedicine and associated best practices. If this continues, the result will be suboptimal clinical practices and an increased risk of COVID-19 infection to both staff and patients. Particularly in times of crisis, financial aid packages should not be evaluated in isolation; policymakers should consider their implications for public health while designing, enacting, and implementing such measures.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "When the hospitalized child's everyday life is shared in social media. Background: Parents share their experiences of having their hospitalized child exposed in social media. Little knowledge exists about this, and as far as we know this is the first study to explore Norwegian pediatric nurses experience of parents' exposure of ill children in social media. Purpose: Explore and describe pediatric nurses' experiences and views of parents exposing their sick children in social media through pictures and stories. And to gain insight into whether and in what way, the exposure affects the patient/parent- and the pediatric nurse relationship. Method: Two focus group interviews were conducted with totally 11 pediatric nurses from two hospitals. The analysis was based on Giorgis principles of categorization and meaningful entities. Results: The study revealed 5 main findings: Pediatric nurses experience; parents expose their children in order to get support from the outside world. Pediatric nurses experience and opinion; parents' exposure could be detrimental for the child. Pediatric nurses' opinion of parents' exposure of premature and newborn children in social media, differed. Pediatric nurses could be reluctant to take responsibility for patients whose parents have a blog. Pediatric nurses follow parents' blogs for various reasons. Conclusion: This study suggests that the relationship between patient/parent and pediatric nurses is affected when parents expose their ill child in social media.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "South Africa's transformative Constitution: from civil and political rights doctrines to socio-economic rights promises. This article discusses the post 1994 rights-based approach to transformation. Civil and political rights and socio-economic rights are conceived as central tenets to South Africa's transformative Constitution, 1996. The Constitution was fundamentally tasked with transforming society to bring about substantive social and legal justice, peace, political stability and reconciliation among South Africans. This culminated in a new legal culture, elevating hopes that socio-economic problems largely inherited from the past would be altered. Thus, this article examines the extent to which norms and the law in the Constitution normalizes people's socio-economic conditions. It utilizes notable entrenchment and eventual justiciability of socio-economic rights as noticeable attempt to proffer a panacea to prevailing socio-economic instabilities. It has been observed that first and second generation rights are interrelated and mutually supportive towards the course of transformation. However, it is asserted that the commended normative framework is struggling to ward off the country's social and economic problems owing to persistent poverty problem. Thus, real transformation will remain an elusive dream if poverty is not eliminated.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "The Professionalization of Spanish Naval Officers, 1750-1800: Approaching its Bright Spots from its Shadows. During the eighteenth century, one of the most important objectives of the chief European monarchies was naval strategy, and consequently, great efforts were made to consolidate navies and to create a prestigious naval officer class. Since these naval officer corps had special features, they had to be provided with relatively new attributes; this is why some European navies applied more marked measures of professionalization than other institutions. In this study, we consider the development of the Spanish case in the second half of the eighteenth century, offering to this end the portrait of the Spanish naval officer that was forged in the early nineteenth century, a critical period for the Spanish navy and the country in general. The study of this literature reveals some interesting issues which are at the core of an analysis of the eighteenth century.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Clinical assessment of early language development: A simplified short form of the mandarin communicative development inventory. Results: Developmental trajectories characterizing the rate of receptive and expressive vocabulary growth between 6 and 32 months of age are reported. These trajectories allow the equivalent age corresponding to a score to be determined after a brief structured interview with the child's parents that can be conducted in a busy clinical setting.Methods: Simplified short form versions of the Words and Gestures and Words and Sentences vocabulary inventories in the Mandarin Communicative Development Inventory [1] were developed and used to assess early language development in developmentally normal children from 6 to 32 months of age during routine health checks.Conclusion: The simplified short forms of the Mandarin Communicative Development Inventories can serve as a clinically useful tool to assess early child language development, providing a practical mean of objectively assessing early language development following early interventions to treat young children with hearing impairment as well as speech and language delays. Objective evidence of language development is essential for achievement of effective (re)habilitation outcomes. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a practical mean for clinical evaluation of early pediatric language development by establishing developmental trajectories for receptive and expressive vocabulary growth in children between 6 and 32 months of age using a simple, time-efficient assessment tool.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Agnostic Science. Towards a Philosophy of Data Analysis. In this paper we will offer a few examples to illustrate the orientation of contemporary research in data analysis and we will investigate the corresponding role of mathematics. We argue that the modus operandi of data analysis is implicitly based on the belief that if we have collected enough and sufficiently diverse data, we will be able to answer most relevant questions concerning the phenomenon itself. This is a methodological paradigm strongly related, but not limited to, biology, and we label it the microarray paradigm. In this new framework, mathematics provides powerful techniques and general ideas which generate new computational tools. But it is missing any explicit isomorphism between a mathematical structure and the phenomenon under consideration. This methodology used in data analysis suggests the possibility of forecasting and analyzing without a structured and general understanding. This is the perspective we propose to call agnostic science, and we argue that, rather than diminishing or flattening the role of mathematics in science, the lack of isomorphisms with phenomena liberates mathematics, paradoxically making more likely the practical use of some of its most sophisticated ideas.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Insulin action, type 2 diabetes, and branched-chain amino acids: A two-way street. Scope of review: More recently, human metabolomics and genetic studies have confirmed and expanded upon these observations, accompanied by a surge in preclinical studies that have identified mechanisms involved in the perturbation of amino acid homeostasis- how these events are connected to dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism, and how elevations in branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) may participate in the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and other cardiometabolic diseases and conditions.Background: A strong association of obesity and insulin resistance with increased circulating levels of branched-chain and aromatic amino acids and decreased glycine levels has been recognized in human subjects for decades.Major conclusions: In human cohorts, BCAA and related metabolites are now well established as among the strongest biomarkers of obesity, insulin resistance, T2D, and cardiovascular diseases. Lowering of BCAA and branched-chain ketoacid (BCKA) levels by feeding BCAA-restricted diet or by the activation of the rate-limiting enzyme in BCAA catabolism, branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), in rodent models of obesity have clear salutary effects on glucose and lipid homeostasis, but BCAA restriction has more modest effects in short-term studies in human T2D subjects. Feeding of rats with diets enriched in sucrose or fructose result in the induction of the ChREBP transcription factor in the liver to increase expression of the BCKDH kinase (BDK) and suppress the expression of its phosphatase (PPM1K) resulting in the inactivation of BCKDH and activation of the key lipogenic enzyme ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY). These and other emergent links between BCAA, glucose, and lipid metabolism motivate ongoing studies of possible causal actions of BCAA and related metabolites in the development of cardiometabolic diseases. (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Symptom Cluster Composition, Associated Factors, and Methodologies: A Systematic Review. This systematic review details symptom clusters, their compositions, and associated factors and appraises the methodologies of studies that reported symptom clusters in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Ten studies were eligible for inclusion in this study. Four common symptom clusters were identified. Two theoretical frameworks, four statistical methods, and various symptom assessment tools were used to identify symptom clusters. Factors associated with symptom clusters included demographic, clinical, and biological factors. No studies examined the subjective experiences of symptom clusters. Overall, inconsistencies were identified in the composition of symptom clusters across studies. This may be due to variations in study design, assessment tools, and statistical methods. Future studies should attempt to arrive at a common definition, especially that is theoretically derived, for symptom clusters, standardize the criteria for symptoms for inclusion in the clusters, and focus on patients' subjective experience to inform which clusters are clinically relevant.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Backtesting the solvency capital requirement for longevity risk. Originality/value - The backtesting approach for measuring the consistency of SCR calculations for life insurance policies represents the main contribution of the research. In fact this kind of model performance is generally specified in the VaR validation analysis. Recently, Dowd et al. have proposed it for verifying the goodness of mortality models and now, in this paper, this approach is considered for testing the ex post performance of SCR calculation methodology.Practical implications - The paper shows that the forecasting performance is an important aspect to assess the effectiveness of the model, a poor performance corresponding to a biased allocation of capital.Findings - The backtesting framework is able to measure, from time to time, if the insurer has allocated more or less capital to support his in-force business, with adverse effects on free reserves and profitability or solvency.Design/methodology/approach - A multiperiod approach is suggested for correctly calculating the SCR in a risk management perspective, in the sense that the amount of capital necessary to meet company future obligations year by year until the contract will be in force has to be assessed. The backtesting approach for measuring the consistency of SCR calculations for life insurance policies represents the main contribution of the research. In fact this kind of model performance is generally specified in the VaR validation analysis. In this paper, this approach is considered for testing the ex post performance of SCR calculation methodology.Purpose - The determination of the capital requirements represents the first Pillar of Solvency II. The main purpose of the new solvency regulation is to obtain more realistic modelling and assessment of the different risks insurance companies are exposed to in a balance-sheet perspective. In this context, the Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) standard calculation is based on a modular approach, where the overall risk is split into several modules and submodules. In Solvency II, standard formula longevity risk is explicitly considered. The purpose of this paper is to look at the backtesting approach for measuring the consistency of SCR calculations for life insurance policies.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "A novel method for determining Young's modulus of thin films by micro-strain gauges. This work presents a novel method for in-situ determining Young's modulus of thin films at the wafer level by using a set of compact micromachined test structures and without any extra load applied to test such structures. The test structures comprise of a pair of micro-strain gauges with known Young's modulus and a cantilever beam made of the measured film. The method utilizes inexpensive and available optical measuring equipment. An analytical model is derived to extract the Young's modulus of the measured film. A conventional surface-sacrificial layer micromachining technique is used to fabricate the structures. The micro strain gauges employed in the measurement are made of low-pressure chemical-vapor deposition (LPCVD) undoped polycrystalline silicon films produced by Semiconductor Research Center (SRC) and the measured film is made of PECVD silicon nitride for demonstration. The average value of the obtained Young's modulus of PECVD silicon nitride SiNx is 170 +/- 3 GPa by using strain gauges with a residual stress of 211 +/- 10 MPa.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Targeting of the Small GTPase Rab6A ' by the Legionella pneumophila Effector LidA. When the bacterium Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages, it delivers a large number of effector proteins through its Dot/Icm type IV secretion system into the host cell cytosol. Among those proteins is LidA, an effector that interacts with several host GTPases of the Rab family, including Rab6A', a regulator of retrograde vesicle trafficking within eukaryotic cells. The effect of LidA on Rab6A' function and the role of Rab6A' for L. pneumophila growth within host cells has been unclear. Here, we show that LidA preferentially binds Rab6A' in the active GTP-bound conformation. Rab6 binding occurred through the central region of LidA and followed a stoichiometry for LidA and Rab6A' of 1:2. LidA maintained Rab6A' in the active conformation by efficiently blocking the hydrolysis of GTP by Rab6A', even in the presence of cellular GTPase-activating proteins, suggesting that the function of Rab6A' must be important for efficient intracellular replication of L. pneumophila. Accordingly, we found that production of constitutively inactive Rab6A'(T27N) but not constitutively active Rab6A'(Q72L) significantly reduced the ability of L. pneumophila to initiate intracellular replication in human macrophages. Thus, the presence of an active pool of Rab6 within host cells early during infection is required to support efficient intracellular growth of L. pneumophila.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "The effects of conditional cash transfers on schooling and child labor of nonbeneficiary siblings. This paper evaluates the existence of spillover effects of the \\\\'Mas Familias en Accion\\\\' program on eligible children who are not beneficiaries of the subsidy while their siblings are. Using a nonexperimental design, through a propensity score matching and a difference-in-differences model, we found a negative effect on the school enrollment of nonbeneficiary siblings, as well as an increase in their absenteeism. Furthermore, we found heterogeneous spillover effects on child labor by gender and age. Based on the results, we recommend redesigning the conditional cash transfer program by expanding the coverage to a household level, instead of limiting the number of beneficiary children per household.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Specimen processing and concentration of Chlamydia trachomatis added can influence false-negative rates in the LCx assay but not in the APTIMA combo 2 assay when testing for inhibitors. Inhibitors in clinical specimens can be detected by adding the target of nucleic acid amplification to the sample. Introduction of a Chlamydia trachomatis L2 434 preparation containing 12 elementary bodies (EBs) into first-void urine (FVU) from 225 nonpregnant women and 190 pregnant women before specimen processing by the assays produced false-negative rates of 0.48% (2 of 415 specimens) and 13% (44 of 338 specimens) by the APTIMA Combo 2 and the Chlamydia LCx tests, respectively. Reducing the amount of C. trachomatis added to one EB, a concentration closer to the APTIMA Combo 2 test cutoff, for a subset of 244 FVU specimens increased the number of specimens with false-negative results by the APTIMA Combo 2 assay to 7 (2.9%), suggesting that the strength of the input C. trachomatis per specimen has an influence on the number of specimens with false-negative results. Repeat testing after overnight storage and dilution decreased the APTIMA Combo 2 test false-negative rates to 0% (0 of 415 specimens) with the stronger inoculum and 0.8% (2 of 244 specimens) with the weaker inoculum; the false-negative rate of the LCx assay was reduced to 5.4% (18 of 334 specimens). When an additional 70 FVU specimens from women to which 12 EBs were added before specimen processing were tested by the LCx assay, 34 specimens had false-negative results, whereas 21 specimens had false-negative results when the C. trachomatis EBs were introduced after processing. Nine of the 21 specimens to which EBs were added after processing and all of the 34 urine specimens to which the target was added before processing remained falsely negative on repeat testing at a 1:2 dilution, suggesting that input C. trachomatis DNA was lost during processing by the LCx assay. In contrast, the APTIMA Combo 2 assay appears to have a higher sensitivity and either lost little nucleic acid during processing or demonstrated few problems with inhibitors of transcription-mediated amplification.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Agency, paratextuality, and queer pedagogy: analysing Javier Saez del alamo's translator's notes. This study explores the use of paratexts as a means of translator's agency and queer pedagogy in the translations made by Javier Saez del alamo, a Spanish sociologist who has translated authors such as Judith Butler, Jack Halberstam, and Lee Edelman. Translator's notes are generally understood as a strategy which connects the target text to the reference framework provided by the source text. Yet, translator's notes also make up a textual or paratextual dimension with its own functions and effects regarding the core contents of the text. Translator's notes may have a considerable influence on the reception of a text, guiding the readers in representing alterity, promoting a particular understanding or reception of translation, or representing the values, ideas, and attitudes of the translator, be it explicitly or implicitly. This article analyses Saez del alamo's Spanish translations of three books by Jack Halberstam - Female Masculinity (1998), The Queer Art of Failure (2011) and Trans* (2018a) - and considers to what extent Saez del alamo's notes become effective micro-political actions of queer pedagogy.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "The effect of positive interactions on community structure in a multi-species metacommunity model along an environmental gradient. Positive interactions are widely recognized as playing a major role in the organization of community structure and diversity. As such, recent theoretical and empirical works have revealed the significant contribution of positive interactions in shaping species' geographical distributions, particularly in harsh abiotic conditions. in this report, we explore the joint influence of local dispersal and an environmental gradient on the spatial distribution, structure and function of communities containing positive interactions. While most previous theoretical efforts were limited to modelling the dynamics of single pairs of associated species being mutualist or competitor, here we employ a spatially explicit multi-species metacommunity model covering a rich range of interspecific interactions (mutualism, competition and exploitation) along an environmental gradient. We find that mutualistic interactions dominate in communities with low diversity characterized by limited species dispersal and poor habitat quality. On the other hand, the fraction of mutualistic interactions decreases at the expense of exploitation and competition with the increase in diversity caused by higher dispersal and/or habitat quality. Our multi-species model exemplifies the ubiquitous presence of mutualistic interactions and the role of mutualistic species as facilitators for the further establishment of species during ecosystem assembly. We therefore argue that mutualism is an essential component driving the origination of complex and diverse communities. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "A survey of machine translation competences: Insights for translation technology educators and practitioners. This paper describes a large-scale survey of machine translation (MT) competencies conducted by a non-commercial and publicly funded European research project. Firstly, we highlight the increased prevalence of translation technologies in the translation and localisation industry, and develop upon this by reporting on survey data derived from 438 validated respondents, including freelance translators, language service providers, translator trainers, and academics. We then focus on ascertaining the prevalence of translation technology usage on a fine-grained scale to address aspects of MT, quality assessment techniques and post-editing. We report a strong need for an improvement in quality assessment methods, tools, and training, partly due to the large variance in approaches and combinations of methods, and to the lack of knowledge and resources. We note the growing uptake of MT and the perceived increase of its prevalence in future workflows. We find that this adoption of MT has led to significant changes in the human translation process, in which post-editing appears to be exclusively used for high-quality content publication. Lastly, we echo the needs of the translation industry and community in an attempt to provide a more comprehensive snapshot to inform the provision of translation training and the need for increased technical competencies.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Ticks feeding on northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) in central Saskatchewan and the unexpected detection of Ixodes scapularis larvae. Morphological examination of ticks feeding on northern pocket gophers, Thomomys talpoides, near Clavet (Saskatchewan, Canada) revealed the presence of two genera, Ixodes and Dermacentor. All adult ticks collected were identified as I. kingi. Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses and DNA sequencing of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene confirmed the species identity of most Ixodes immatures as I. kingi (two nymphs and 82 larvae), and the Dermacentor immatures as D. variabilis (one nymph and one larva) and D. andersoni (three larvae). Six Ixodes larvae feeding on three T. talpoides individuals were identified as four different 16S haplotypes of I. scapularis, which was unexpected because there are no known established populations of this species in Saskatchewan. However, flagging for questing ticks and further examination of the ticks feeding on T. talpoides in two subsequent years failed to detect the presence of I. scapularis near Clavet, suggesting that there is no established population of I. scapularis in this area. Nonetheless, since I. scapularis is a vector of pathogenic agents, passive and active surveillance needs to be conducted in Saskatchewan on an ongoing basis to determine if this tick species and its associated pathogens become established within the province.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Cost of illness for outpatients attending public and private hospitals in Bangladesh. Conclusion: Overall, public hospital patients, who tend to be the poorest, bear a larger economic burden of illness and treatment than relatively wealthier private hospital patients. The large economic impacts of illness need a public policy response which at a minimum should include a national health insurance scheme as a matter of urgency.Results: The costs of illness are significant for many of Bangladesh citizens. The direct costs are relatively minor compared to the large indirect cost burden that illness places on households. These indirect costs are mainly the result of time off work and foregone wages. Private hospital patients have higher average direct costs than public hospital patients. However, average indirect costs are higher for public hospital patients than private hospital patients by a factor of almost two. Total costs of outpatients are higher in public hospitals compared to private hospitals regardless of patient's income, gender, age or illness.Methods: The study used face to face interviews at three hospitals (one public and two private) to elicit cost data from presenting outpatients. Other socio-economic and demographic data was also collected. A sample of 252 outpatients were randomly selected and interviewed. The total cost of outpatients comprises direct medical costs, non-medical costs and the indirect costs of patients and caregivers. Indirect costs comprise travel and waiting times and income losses associated with treatment.Background: A central aim of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is protection for all against the cost of illness. In a low income country like Bangladesh the cost burden of health care in tertiary facilities is likely to be significant for most citizens. This cost of an episode of illness is a relatively unexplored policy issue in Bangladesh. The objective of this study was to estimate an outpatient's total cost of illness as result of treatment in private and public hospitals in Sylhet, Bangladesh.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Common use of dietary supplements for bipolar disorder: a naturalistic, self-reported study. Methods: Data were obtained from an ongoing, naturalistic study of patients with bipolar disorder who received pharmacological treatment as usual. The patients self-reported their daily mood, sleep, and medications taken, including all drugs prescribed for bipolar disorder or that the patient felt impacted their mood. These included other prescribed drugs, over-the-counter drugs and dietary supplements. Drugs that received premarketing approval from the FDA were not included as dietary supplements. Patient demographics and daily medication use were characterized.Conclusions: Many patients with bipolar disorder use dietary supplements in addition to prescribed drugs. Physicians should obtain detailed information about all dietary supplements taken by patients with bipolar disorder.Results: Data were available from 348 patients in the US who returned a mean 249.5 days of data. In addition to prescribed psychiatric drugs, 101 of the 348 patients (29 %) used a dietary supplement for at least 7 days and 69 (20 %) used a supplement long term (for at least 50 % of days). Of the 101 supplement users, 72 (71.3 %) took one supplement daily. The 101 patients tried over 40 different supplements, and the long-term users took 19 different supplements. The most commonly taken supplements for both groups were fish oil, B vitamins, melatonin, and multivitamins. Patients using supplements were more likely to be white (p < 0.001), older (p = 0.009), and ill for more years (p = 0.025).Background: Dietary supplements are taken by about half of Americans. Knowledge of dietary supplement use is important because they may interact with prescription drugs or other supplements, cause adverse reactions including psychiatric symptoms, or contain inherently toxic ingredients or contaminants. This study explores the use of dietary supplements by patients with bipolar disorder in the US.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Variation in the stopover duration of Reed Warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus in Morocco: effects of season, age and site. To test the prediction that stopover duration reflects the rate of body mass gain during stopover, the relationship between these two parameters was investigated in the Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus at two sites in Morocco, Sidi Bou Ghaba on the Atlantic coast, and Kerbacha on the Mediterranean coast. Estimation of stopover duration was made using the recently published method by M. Schaub et al. We investigated effects of age and site on stopover parameters during autumn and spring migration. Stopover duration was longer for juveniles than for adults, longer at the Atlantic site than at the Mediterranean site and longer in autumn than in spring. Altogether, estimated stopover duration was longer than expected from previous studies based on minimum stopover duration. Body mass gain varied inconsistently among site, season and age classes, without a clear relation to stopover duration. This suggests that stopover duration is not dependent only on the rate of body mass gain.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Negative cooperativity in Root-effect hemoglobins: role of heterogeneity. In some animals, the oxygen transport capacity of blood decreases when pH is lowered, yielding oxygen binding curves with Hill-coefficients smaller than unity. This so-called Root effect is observed in several fishes and is important for creating large oxygen partial pressures locally, for example in the swim bladder. While there is general agreement on the physiological advantages of this effect, its molecular basis remains ambiguous. Various studies show that isoforms of hemoglobins usually are present in the hemolymph, when the Root effect is observed. Here, we show that in such a case the mixture of these isoforms can exhibit apparent negative cooperativity, although each component taken separately can be described by the MWC model. In other cases, isolated isoforms exhibit true negative cooperativity. The well established MWC model describes many cooperative phenomena of enzymes and respiratory proteins but is not capable of describing negative cooperativity. In order to model negative cooperativity within a single molecular species a decoupling model might be employed, as pointed out previously. However, simulations show that it is not mandatory to have species with negative cooperativity, in order to obtain the binding curves typically seen for whole blood. These two aspects of the Root effect will be discussed on the basis of data from the literature.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Checkpointing-Aware Loop Tiling for Energy Harvesting Powered Nonvolatile Processors. As power failures often occur in energy harvesting powered nonvolatile processors (NVPs), checkpointing is needed during program execution. It is observed that checkpointing is implemented with high overhead in applications with loops, because a large amount of data needs backup during loop execution. As such, we are motivated to reduce the amount of checkpointing data by analyzing data locality and shortening data lifetime in loops. This paper proposes a checkpointing-aware loop tiling technique which targets to reduce the checkpointing and recovering overheads for loops. Specifically, we first derive the optimal tile size for nested loops considering checkpointing distance and data dependencies. Then, the implementations of checkpointing and recovering for tiled loops are presented. Finally, the experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results show that compared to the no-tiling method, the checkpointing-aware loop tiling method reduces the checkpointing and recovering data by 36.2% on average and reduces the total execution time and dynamic energy for checkpointing and recovering by 27.2% and 22.9% on average, respectively.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Triorchidism in a Hummingbird. We report a Great-billed Hermit (Phaethornis malaris) with three testes, a condition known as triorchidism. This is the first case to our knowledge of triorchidism in Neoaves, the clade that contains similar to 95% of avian species diversity. Triorchidism is inferred to be an exceptionally rare congenital abnormality in wild birds with developmental cause and evolutionary implications that are distinct from testicular asymmetry. Received 16 November 2010. Accepted 21 March 2011.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Agglomeration and innovation effort: A longitudinal study on small and medium manufacturing enterprises in Vietnam. This paper analyzes agglomeration effects on innovation behavior by small and medium manufacturing enterprises in Vietnam. We use a novel data set of 1,520 small and medium enterprises from 2011 to 2015. We focus on the spatial concentration of economic activities that influence firms' innovation outcomes. Moreover, we outline firms' and owners' characteristics as we examine the role of entrepreneurs and other covariates such as firm size, age, and the number of establishments in fostering their firm's innovation. Empirical results show the following: agglomeration contributes to the firms' innovation. Firms were less likely to innovate when they become larger in size, but microfirms were less innovative than others. Firms were found to be more innovative if they produce more than one product and operate in different cities or provinces. In contrast to the strong effects of agglomeration on firm innovation, firm-level characteristics, especially that of owners, exhibit a weaker or insignificant role.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
{"token": "Frequency of Gastroenteritis and Gastroenteritis-Associated Mortality With Early Weaning in HIV-1-Uninfected Children Born to HIV-Infected Women in Malawi. Results: The frequency of at least one GE-related hospitalization was greater in PEPI vs. NVAZ after age 6 months (respectively, 2.9% vs. 0.1%, at 7-9 months and 1.6% vs. 0.2% at 10-12 months, P < 0.001). Cumulative GE-related mortality was significantly higher in PEPI than in NVAZ after age 6 months; at ages 9 and 12 months GE-related mortality was 19 and 24 per 1000 infants in PEPI vs. 7 and 12 per 1000 infants in NVAZ (P = 0.0002).Background: We assessed gastroenteritis (GE) burden in 2 randomized trials conducted in Malawi to reduce postnatal HIV transmission before and after World Health Organization recommendations regarding exclusive breastfeeding for HIV-exposed infants were adopted. The 2 trials. were the nevirapine/AZT (NVAZ, 2000-2003 with prolonged breastfeeding) and the Postexposure Prophylaxis to the Infant (PEPI, 2004-2007 with breastfeeding cessation by 6 months).Conclusions: Early weaning was associated with increased risk of severe GE and GE-related mortality among HIV-exposed infants. Strategies are urgently needed which allow longer breastfeeding while reducing the risk of HIV breast milk transmission in resource-limited settings.Methods: From NVAZ and PEPI trials data, GE frequency through age 12 months among HIV-negative exposed infants was evaluated. Overall and GE-related cumulative mortality rates were estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Skeletal Material from the Cemetery of the 19th Century Copenhagen Hospital for the Poor: Autopsies, Surgical Training and Anatomical Specimens. The skeletal material of 299 individual skeletons was recovered from 78 graves in central Copenhagen in 2006. The graves were part of a temporary cemetery serving the Copenhagen Hospital for the Poor in the period 1842-1858. It is known that the hospital supplied cadavers for teaching and dissection. Fifty-two skeletons and bones were found to have cut marks and saw marks, indicative of post mortem surgical interventions: dissection, autopsy, anatomical specimens and surgical practice. The material was closely examined for healing at the sawn edges and signs of diseases. It was attempted to differentiate the surgical procedures from one another and give an overview of the material and historical context. We were mostly unable to attach a specific post mortem surgical procedure to the skeletal elements; however, we present some cases that most likely represent a specific surgical intervention. An excavation of similarly processed bone material from London Hospital from the same time period was used as the main reference material. The skeletal material described here offers a view upon the medical development, teaching and training amongst surgeons and anatomists in mid-19th century. Copyright (c) 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Microbial Species Isolated from Infected Wounds and Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis: Data Emerging from a Three-Years Retrospective Study. The antimicrobial resistance is a topic of global interest in the treatment of wound infections. The goal of this retrospective study was both the identification of the microorganisms responsible for wound infections and the determination of their drug susceptibility pattern. The study was performed from 2017 to 2019 and included 239 patients. Thirty-four species were isolated by culture methods and identified and analysed for their susceptibility patterns to antimicrobials through the Walk Away automated system. The presence of one species was the most frequent condition (75.3%), whereas a co-infection was detected in 24.7% of samples. The most common species were Gram-negative (57.9%), amongst which the most prevalent were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (40.2%), Escherichia coli (20.7%), Proteus mirabilis (11.2%), and Acinetobacter baumannii/haemolyticus (9.5%). Gram-positive bacteria were observed in 36.6%, Staphylococcus aureus (79.4%) being the most predominant species. At least one resistance to antibiotics was detected in 88.2% of isolates, while a multi-drug-resistance versus no less than 6 antimicrobials was detected in 29.2% of isolates. Although multi-drug resistant species and co-infections were observed, those were less frequently observed at the wound site. These conditions make the microorganisms eradication more difficult. The detection of a polymicrobial infection and multi-drug resistant microorganisms followed by a proper therapeutic treatment would lead to the resolution of the infection, promoting wound healing and the limitation of the spread of antibiotic resistance.</p>", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Examining sources of Social Support and Depression Prevention Among Pregnant Youth Experiencing Homelessness: Outcomes of a Seven-City Study. Using a subsample of data collected from YAEH in seven US cities that were collected through REALYST, we conducted stratified logistic regression models (by pregnancy history) to identify support sources associated with depression. Logistic regression analysis including the interaction term (i.e., pregnancy history x support sources) using the full sample was then conducted.Home-based social support is protective against major depression for YAEH with pregnancy experience. Findings of this study suggest that interventions addressing depression among YAEH should take their pregnancy history and social support sources into consideration. Specifically, for YAEH with pregnancy history, facilitating supportive social ties with home-based peers may be promising in reducing their depression risks.Young adults experiencing homelessness (YAEH) with pregnancy history are at higher depression risk. Receiving social support is protective for depression in pregnancy. This study differentiates social support sources associated with depression by pregnancy history among YAEH.A higher proportion with pregnancy history reported depression compared to those without. Support from home-based peers was significantly associated with reduced depression risks among YAEH with pregnancy history, but not among youth without. Home-based supports were less frequently indicated by homeless female youth with pregnancy experience.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Edge-combining multi-phase DLL frequency multiplier with reduced static phase offset and linearized delay transfer curve. An edge-combining delay-locked loop (ECDLL) frequency multiplier with multi phase outputs is presented. In contrast to architectures based on phase-locked loop, the proposed frequency multiplier produces outputs with 25 % duty cycle without operating at multiple times of the required output frequency. Level of reference spurs at the DLL outputs is reduced by a static phase error suppression technique. In this technique, reset pulse of phase detector (PD) is used to steer charge pump (CP) currents to a dummy branch during idle interval of PD and eliminate CP current mismatch effect. This paper also presents a delay cell with linear transfer curve to increase control range of delay line and provide rather constant loop parameters in a rail-to -rail tuning voltage range. Employing the mentioned techniques, an ECDLL with a frequency multiplication factor of N = 14 and 4-phase outputs has been designed in a 0.18 mu m CMOS technology. Post-layout simulation results of the designed ECDLL have been provided in this technology. At 1.4 GHz output frequency, static phase offset simulation result shows a reference spur level reduction of about 18 dB compared to conventional PD/CP circuit. From Monte Carlo simulations, which consider effect of delay mismatch among the delay cells, mean spur level is about -40 dBc. Phase noise analysis, based on a discrete-time (Z-domain) model, for the multiphase ECDLL has been provided and its predictions are close to the simulation results. Phase noise at 10, 100 kHz and 1 MHz frequency offsets is -102.7, -112.5 and -120.1 dBc/Hz, respectively. The circuit consumes 20 mW from a 1.8 V supply.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Cuticular hydrocarbons distinguish cryptic sibling species in Euglossa orchid bees. Cuticular lipid profiles have been shown to be species specific within many insect genera, allowing a chemotaxonomic classification of individuals. In this study, we analysed the cuticular lipids of the orchid bees Euglossa viridissima Friese and Euglossa dilemma Bemb, & Eltz, cryptic sibling species whose taxonomic status has only recently been clarified. Male individuals of both species were obtained from two locations on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, both in the dry and wet seasons. Their hydrocarbon profiles proved to be species specific, irrespective of location and season. They also allowed a correct assignment of a rare morph of E. viridissima which had long obscured the distinction of the two species. Our results suggest that cuticular hydrocarbon profiles may be suited for chemical taxonomy of orchid bees and might provide an additional clue for difficult species distinctions.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Bioenergetics of acquired cisplatin resistant H1299 non-small cell lung cancer and P31 mesothelioma cells. Acquired cisplatin resistance is a common feature of tumours following cancer treatment with cisplatin and also of non-small cell lung cancer (H1299) and mesothelioma (P31) cell lines exposed to cisplatin. To elucidate the cellular basis of acquired cisplatin resistance, a comprehensive bioenergetic analysis was undertaken. We demonstrate that cellular oxygen consumption was significantly decreased in cisplatin resistant cells and that the reduction was primarily due to reduced mitochondrial activity as a result of reduced mitochondrial abundance. The differential mitochondrial abundance was supported by data showing reduced sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), peroxisome-proliferator activator receptor-gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC1 alpha), sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) protein expression in resistant cells. Consistent with these data we observed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increased hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1 alpha) stabilization in cisplatin resistant cells when compared to cisplatin sensitive controls. We also observed an increase in AMP kinase subunit alpha 2 (AMPK alpha 2) transcripts and protein expression in resistant H1299 cells. mRNA expression was also reduced for cisplatin resistant H1299 cells in these genes, however the pattern was not consistent in resistant P31 cells. There was very little change in DNA methylation of these genes, suggesting that the cells are not stably reprogrammed epigenetically. Taken together, our data demonstrate reduced oxidative metabolism, reduced mitochondrial abundance, potential for increased glycolytic flux and increased ROS production in acquired cisplatin resistant cells. This suggests that the metabolic changes are a result of reduced SIRT3 expression and increased HIF-1 alpha stabilization.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Mimosine in Leucaena as a potent bio-herbicide. Mimosine [alpha-amino-beta-(3-hydroxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl)-propanoic acid] is a major constituent of Leucaena ( Leucaena leucocephala de Wit) and responsible for the strong allelopathic potential of the legume tree. Mimosine showed strong herbicidal activities on six plants in a bioassay. All plant parts of Leucaena contain mimosine. The quantity of mimosine in the young leaves and mature seeds was the greatest, 2.66 and 2.38% of dry weight, respectively, while the quantity in the root xylems and xylems was the lowest: 0.18 and 0.11% of dry weight, respectively. Younger plant parts of Leucaena contained greater amounts of mimosine than the mature parts. Mimosine released from young parts and the seeds of Leucaena was proportional to the quantity of soaking water. Compared with the mature seeds, other mature parts of the plant did not give any mimosine through exuding. In soil to which mimosine was added, about 60% of the mimosine was adsorbed in 1-5 days, and only a minor volume of mimosine was decomposed: 5.30 and 0.16% after 1 and 5 days, respectively. Using a mixture of FeCl3 and mimosine in a 4:6 ratio may be the most effective and economical method of lowering the toxicity of mimosine in Leucaena leaves, giving a safer cattle feed and decreasing the soil toxicity caused by mimosine in areas where Leucaena is grown. On the other hand, the incorporation of mimosine leaves into cultivated soils may be helpful for the biological control of weeds. The findings of this research reveal that mimosine may be useful for the development of bio-herbicides.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 39]}
{"token": "Development and Process Evaluation of the e-Mental Health Portal www.psychenet.de for the Hamburg Network for Mental Health. Discussion: Using psychenet.de attempts to raise awareness, to inform about mental disorders, and to engage patients in the course of their treatment.Objective: The purpose of this project was to develop a user-centered web-portal for empowerment in mental disorders.Methods: The development of the portal included mixed-methods techniques for needs assessment to identify user-relevant content. Exposure and use of the portal was investigated as part of a process evaluation.Results: psychenet.de informs about mental disorders and treatment option. Results of the process evaluation showed a highly accessed website, the portal was assessed as good or very good by 73% of the respondents.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Perceptions of superwoman schema and stress among African American women with pre-diabetes. Three focus groups were conducted with African American women with elevated cardiometabolic risk to better understand how Superwoman Schema/the strong Black woman role influences their stress and how this cognitive-emotional aspect of health may need to be targeted in future research on cardiometabolic health disparities, such as prediabetes and diabetes. Results from this study revealed that participants' descriptions of stress and the superwoman role were consistent with the Superwoman Schema Conceptual Framework, including specific emphasis on 1) an obligation to manifest strength, 2) an obligation to suppress emotions and 3) an obligation to help others. Implications for targeting Superwoman Schema and stress as social determinants of health are described.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
{"token": "The 'Schism' of 1054 and the First Crusade. Over the past sixty years, scholars have consistently argued against the idea that the excommunication of the patriarch of Constantinople by three papal legates in July 1054 marked the final break between the Churches of East and West. Rather the breach between Catholic and Orthodox should be dated to after 1096 when the crusades increased tension and misunderstanding between Latins and Greeks. While that broad conclusion is probably correct as far as dogmatic and liturgical matters are concerned, the ideological significance of the events of 1054 has been neglected. This article argues that they were both a symptom and, to some extent, a cause of a process of change whereby the ideological claims of the Byzantine emperor became unacceptable to an ever wider section of influential western European opinion. That change manifested itself very strongly at the time of the First Crusade but it had been developing long before that as a result of the widely disseminated propaganda of the reforming papacy.", "label": [3, 31, 30, 33]}
{"token": "Artistic activities and psychological well-being perceived by patients with spinal cord injury. This study aimed to determine whether engaging in artistic activities affected the psychological wellbeing of patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI). 19 hospital patients with SCI regularly engaged in arts based activities such as painting, woodworking and working with clay. The psychological general wellbeing index (PGWBI) was used to measure the subjective well-being of participants during two periods. The first period coincided with the reactivation phase, in which individual physical and psychological health conditions began to improve, allowing them to participate in the activities; the second phase coincided with the pre-discharge period, after the patients carried out the artistic activities. The results showed a statistically significant change of the PGWBI global score from a moderate distress level to the absence of distress, while 4 domains out of the 6 PGWBI domains (general health, vitality, depressed mood and positive well-being) demonstrated a statistically significant change. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
{"token": "Toxoplasmosis in the fetus and newborn: an update on prevalence, diagnosis and treatment. Toxoplasma gondii is an unicellular coccidian parasite with worldwide distribution. It is estimated that more than a third of the world's population has been infected with the parasite, but seroprevalence is unevenly distributed across countries and different socioeconomic strata. The majority of newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis do not have any clinical signs of the disease at birth; however, 30-70% of those with clinical abnormalities were not detected initially, and are found to have new retinal lesions consistent with toxoplasmicchorioretinitis later in life. Congenital toxoplasmosis can also cause fetal death, stillbirths or long-term disabling sequelae, particularly among untreated infants. The disease appears to be more frequent and severe at certain latitudes. Congenital toxoplasmosis can be prevented and treated during gestation. Less severe disease is commonly reported in countries where prenatal screening and treatment have been systematically implemented. By contrast, severe disease appears to be observed primarily in infants born to untreated mothers. For definition purposes, it is best to use the term toxoplasma or Toxoplasma gondii infection when referring to asymptomatic patients with primary or chronic infection, and toxoplasmosis when referring to patients with symptoms or signs.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 25, 43]}
{"token": "What Secular Age?. After asserting that the title of Charles Taylor's book A Secular Age is misleading-since around the world religious communities of belief are still quite robust-this paper argues that the most important tension in contemporary societies, is not, as Taylor thinks, that between believers and so-called unbelievers, but rather that between monists and pluralists, between advocates of closed communities and advocates of open communities, be they religious or secular.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Optimal Data Center Scheduling for Quality of Service Management in Sensor-Cloud. The proposed work concentrates on the networking facets of sensor-cloud infrastructures-one of the first attempts of its kind. In a sensor-cloud, multiple sets of physical sensor nodes that are activated based on an application demand, in turn give rise to multiple distinct virtual sensors (VSs). The VSs are considered to span across multiple geographical regions; thereby, depositing the data (from each of the VS) to the closest cloud data center (DC). Quite obviously, multiple geospatial DCs get involve with an application. However, the principle of sensor-cloud is to store and conglomerate the data from various VSs, before they can be provisioned as Sensors-as-a-Service (Se-aaS). The assortation of data occurs within a single Virtual Machine (VM) (or in some cases multiple VMs) residing inside a particular DC. This work addresses the problem of scheduling a particular DC that congregates data from various VSs, and transmit the same to the end-user application. The work follows the general pairwise choice framework of the Optimal Decision Rule. The scheduling of the DC is performed under several network constraints, such as data migration cost, data delivery cost, and service delay of an application that ensures the preservation of the Quality-of-Service (QoS) and maintenance of the user satisfaction. The work quantifies the effective QoS of Se-aaS and determines an optimal decision rule for electing a particular DC. While arriving at a collective decision, the work incorporates the fallible decision making ability of a DC; thereby, excluding the loss of generality. Experimental results depict that the proposed algorithm for generating the optimal decision rule finds applicability in real-time cloud computing scenarios.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Elbow Dysplasia in German Shepherd in Turkey. Clinical and radiographic diagnostic methods and incidence of elbow dysplasia in German shepherds has been discussed in this study. About 284 elbow joints of 142 German shepherd dogs (different age and sex) consisted the material of the study. After radiological examinations types and the degrees of the dysplasia were identified. Out of 142 dogs, 29 dogs (20.42%) were found to be dysplasied. The results of the present study show that elbow dysplasia is a significant problem in German shepherd dogs in Turkey.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Epigenetic Silencing of Tumor Suppressor lncRNA NKILA: Implication on NF-?B Signaling in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. The long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) NKILA, localized to 20q13.31, is a negative regulator of NF-kappa B signaling implicated in carcinogenesis. As a CpG island is embedded in the promoter region of NKILA, it is hypothesized as a tumor suppressor lncRNA silenced by promoter DNA methylation in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). By pyrosequencing-verified methylation-specific PCR, NKILA methylation was detected in 1/10 (10%) NHL cell lines, but not in normal peripheral blood buffy coats or tonsils. NKILA methylation correlated with the repression of NKILA in cell lines. Hypomethylation treatment with 5-Aza-2 & PRIME;-deoxycytidine resulted in promoter demethylation and the re-expression of NKILA. In 102 NHL primary samples, NKILA was methylated in 29 (51.79%) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and 4 (20%) peripheral T-cell lymphoma cases, but unmethylated in all 26 mantle cell lymphoma cases. Mechanistically, the knockdown of NKILA resulted in promoting IkB alpha phosphorylation, associated with nucleus translocation of total p65 and phosphorylated p65 in SU-DHL-1 cells, hence constitutive NF-kappa B activation. Functionally, the knockdown of NKILA in SU-DHL-1 cells led to decreased cell death and increased cellular proliferation. Collectively, NKILA was a tumor suppressor lncRNA frequently hypermethylated in DLBCL. Promoter DNA methylation-mediated NKILA silencing resulted in increased cellular proliferation and decreased cell death via the repression of NF-kappa B signaling in NHL.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA 1 Associates with Orf Virus OV20.0 and Enhances Viral Replication. IMPORTANCE Viruses evolve specific strategies to counteract host innate immunity. ORFV, an important zoonotic pathogen, encodes OV20.0 to suppress PKR activation via multiple mechanisms, including interactions with PKR and two PKR activators. In this study, we demonstrated that OV20.0 interacts with ADAR1, a cellular enzyme responsible for converting adenosine (A) to inosine (I) in RNA. The RNA binding domains, but not the catalytic domain, of ADAR1 are required for this interaction. The OV20.0-ADAR1 association affects the functions of both proteins; OV20.0 suppressed the A-to-I editing of ADAR1, while ADAR1 elevated OV20.0 expression. The proviral role of ADAR1 is likely due to the inhibition of PKR phosphorylation. As RNA editing by ADAR1 contributes to the stability of the genetic code and the structure of RNA, these observations suggest that in addition to serving as a PKR inhibitor, OV20.0 might modulate ADAR1-dependent gene expression to combat antiviral responses or achieve efficient viral infection.Orf virus (ORFV) infects sheep and goats and is also an important zoonotic pathogen. The viral protein OV20.0 has been shown to suppress innate immunity by targeting the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) by multiple mechanisms. These mechanisms include a direct interaction with PKR and binding with two PKR activators, dsRNA and the cellular PKR activator (PACT), which ultimately leads to the inhibition of PKR activation. In the present study, we identified a novel association between OV20.0 and adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1). OV20.0 bound directly to the dsRNA binding domains (RBDs) of ADAR1 in the absence of dsRNA. Additionally, OV20.0 preferentially interacted with RBD1 of ADAR1, which was essential for its dsRNA binding ability and for the homodimerization that is critical for intact adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I)-editing activity. Finally, the association with OV20.0 suppressed the A-to-I-editing ability of ADAR1, while ADAR1 played a proviral role during ORFV infection by inhibiting PKR phosphorylation. These observations revealed a new strategy used by OV20.0 to evade antiviral responses via PKR.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CO-RICH COMET C/2009 P1 (GARRADD) AT R-h=2.4 and 2.0 AU BEFORE PERIHELION. We quantified 10 parent volatiles in comet C/2009 P1 (Garradd) before perihelion, through high-dispersion infrared spectra acquired with CRIRES at ESO's Very Large Telescope on UT 2011 August 7 (R-h = 2.4 AU) and September 17-21 (R-h = 2.0 AU). On August 7, water was searched for but not detected at an upper limit (3 sigma) of 2.1 x 10(28) s(-1), while ethane was detected with a production rate of 6.1 x 10(26) s(-1). On September 17-21, the mean production rate for water was 8.4 x 10(28) s(-1), and five trace species (CO, C2H6, CH4, HCN, and CH, OH) were securely detected, and (3 sigma) upper limits were retrieved for NH3, C2H2, OCS, and HDO. Given the relatively large heliocentric distance, we explored the effect of water not being fully sublimated within our field of view and identified the \\\\'missing\\\\' water fraction needed to reconcile the retrieved abundance ratios with the mean values found for \\\\'organics-normal\\\\' comets. The individual spatial profiles of parent volatiles and the continuum displayed rather asymmetric outgassing. Indications of H2O and CO gas being released in different directions suggest chemically distinct active vents and/or the possible existence of polar and apolar ice aggregates in the nucleus. The high fractional abundance of CO identifies comet C/2009 P1 as a CO-rich comet.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "GIORDANO BRUNO READER OF PHYSICS BY ARISTOTLE. The Commentary on Aristotle's Physics, wrote by Giordano Bruno, is extremely important to understand Author's Anti-Aristotelianism. Focusing on the concept of physis, we aim to identify the originality of Bruno's interpretation about Aristotle's natural philosophy and the Neoplatonic sources of it. Bruno assumes the Aristotelian theory of the four causes, asserting that nature is principle, purpose, mover and element of all things. In particular, it is material principle, immanent to generated beings. Despite the Aristotelian background of Bruno's discussion, his peculiar approach consists in defining matter and form as the two species of the nature and in asserting the ontological primacy of matters against form. In fact, since matter is absolute potentiality and actuality, it is not different from the form; as a consequence, matter does not become divine by mean of an external efficient cause, but matter is divine as such.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Closing the mycetoma knowledge gap. On 28th May 2016, mycetomawas recognized as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. This was the result of a 4-year journey starting in February 2013 with a meeting of global mycetoma experts. Knowledge gaps were identified and included the incidence, prevalence, and mapping of mycetoma; the mode of transmission; the development of methods for early diagnosis; and better treatment. In this review, we review the road to recognition, the ISHAM working group meeting in Argentina, and we address the progress made in closing the knowledge gaps since 2013. Progress included adding another 9000 patients to the literature, which allowed us to update the prevalence map on mycetoma. Furthermore, based on molecular phylogeny, species names were corrected and four novel mycetoma causative agents were identified. By mapping mycetoma causative agents an association with Acacia trees was found. For early diagnosis, three different isothermal amplification techniques were developed, and novel antigens were discovered. To develop better treatment strategies for mycetoma patients, in vitro susceptibility tests for the coelomycete agents of black grain mycetoma were developed, and the first randomized clinical trial for eumycetoma started early 2017.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 25, 42, 10]}
{"token": "Randomized Controlled Trial of Symptom Management Patient Education for People With Acute Coronary Syndrome. Background: Poorly managed acute coronary syndrome symptoms increase the risk of subsequent cardiovascular events. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of symptom management patient education on the knowledge of sublingual nitroglycerin for people with acute coronary syndrome. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was used to evaluate the 3-resource intervention. The study was conducted in a 448-bed Australian public hospital. The instrument used was the modified Sublingual Nitroglycerin Interview Schedule. Results: A total of 169 participants completed the study. The intervention group significantly improved their knowledge of sublingual nitroglycerin when compared with the control group (P = .002). Conclusion: This 3-resource symptom management patient education shows promise in improving sublingual nitroglycerin knowledge for people with acute coronary syndrome.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Improvement of hepatitis B virus DNA vaccines by plasmids coexpressing hepatitis B surface antigen and interleukin-2. DNA vaccines encoding a viral protein have been shown to induce antiviral immune responses and provide protection against subsequent viral challenge. In this study, we show that the efficacy of a DNA vaccine can be greatly improved by simultaneous expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Plasmid vectors encoding the major (S) or middle (pre-S2 plus S) envelope proteins of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were constructed and compared for their potential to induce hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific immune responses with a vector encoding the middle envelope and IL-2 fusion protein or with a bicistronic vector separately encoding the middle envelope protein and IL-2. Following transfection of cells in culture with these HBV plasmid vectors, we found that the encoded major protein was secreted while the middle protein and the fusion protein were retained on the cell membrane. Despite differences in localization of the encoded antigens, plasmids encoding the major or middle proteins gave similar antibody and T-cell proliferative responses in the vaccinated animals. The use of plasmids coexpressing IL-2 and the envelope protein in the fusion or nonfusion context resulted in enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition, the vaccine efficacy in terms of dosage used in immunization was increased at least 100-fold by coexpression of IL-2. We also found that DNA vaccines coexpressing IL-2 help overcome major histocompatibility complex-linked nonresponsiveness to HBsAg vaccination. The immune responses elicited by HBV DNA vaccines were also modulated by coexpression of IL-2. When restimulated with antigen in vitro, splenocytes from mice that received plasmids coexpressing IL-2 and the envelope protein produced much stronger T helper 1 (Th1)-like responses than did those from mice that had been given injections of plasmids encoding the envelope protein alone. Coexpression of IL-2 also increased the Th2-like responses, although the increment was much less significant.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Peptides in the hemolymph of Hermetia illucens larvae completely inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumonia in vitro and in vivo. Extensive use of antibiotics has caused the microbial resistance to rise drastically within the last few decades, and new approaches are therefore needed to develop effective antibacterial substances. In this study, we identified peptide in the hemolymph of Hermetia illucens larvae using reverse-phase chromatography, HPLC and Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS system. We investigated the antibacterial effect of HP/F9 peptides against Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo. The peptide effectively inhibited the growth of K. pneumoniae in vitro and completely removed K. pneumoniae from the lungs of mice. Importantly, peptides (22,000 Da, HP/F9) successfully reduced lung inflammation upon K. pneumoniae infection. These results indicate that the HP/F9 peptide from H. illucens larva can effectively protect the mouse from K. pneumoniae infection. HP/F9 could be a new candidate for the development of effective antibacterial substance.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Dynamics of bean dwarf mosaic geminivirus cell-to-cell and long-distance movement in Phaseolus vulgaris revealed, using the green fluorescent protein. The cell-to-cell and long-distance movement of the bipartite geminivirus, bean dwarf mosaic (BDMV), in Phaseolus vulgaris plants was examined with the noninvasive reporter, the green fluorescent protein (GFP), A modified GFP gene (mGFP4) was inserted into the BDMV DNA-A component in place of the coat protein gene (BDMVA-mGFP4), and particle bombardment was used to introduce viral DNA into bean seedlings (radicle and hypocotyl tissues), Fluorescence analysis of GFP expressed from BDMVA-mGFP4 established that particle bombardment introduced viral DNA only into epidermal cells, and the requirement for the DNA-B-encoded proteins (BV1 and BC1) in the cell-to-cell movement of BDMVA-mGFP4, This GFP reporter system was used to follow the viral infection process from the seedling stage throughout the entire plant life cycle, In inoculated hypocotyls, BDMV moved from cell to cell through the cortex and showed a striking phloem tropism, Upon entry into phloem tissues, BDMV moved rapidly toward the root via the long-distance transport system, and toward the shoot apex by a combination of cell-to-cell and long-distance movement, Analysis of GFP distribution in systemically infected tissues revealed that BDMV was restricted to phloem cells in both roots and stems, In systemically infected primary and trifoliolate leaves, BDMV infected phloem cells associated with all vein orders (first through fifth), and the capacity of BDMV to exit from phloem tissue into nonphloem cells was correlated with the stage of plant development, Finally, fluorescence analysis of GFP in reproductive tissues established that BDMV infected flower, pod, and seed-coat tissues, but was excluded from the embryo.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 19, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Designing a tax to discourage unhealthy food and beverage purchases: The case of Chile. The global shift towards diets high in sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and energy dense ultra-processed foods is linked to higher prevalence of obesity, diabetes and most other non-communicable diseases (NCDs), causing significant costs to societies and individuals. Chile has the highest SSB consumption in the world, very high junk food intake and very rapid increases in these poor components of the diet plus obesity prevalence. This study's purpose is to compare the effect of different tax policies for SSBs and ultra-processed foods on nutrient availability, utilizing price-elasticities, which are estimated from a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System model, using the 2011-2012 Income and Expenditure survey from Chile. We take into account the high proportion of households not purchasing various food and beverage groups (censored nature of data) and endogeneity on total expenditures. The food groups considered were: sweets and desserts; salty snacks and chips; meat products and fats; fruits, vegetables and seafood; grain-based staples; ready-to-drink SSB; SSB from concentrate; plain water, coffee and tea; and milk, which together represent 90% of food expenditures. The simulated taxes were: (1) 18% price tax on all foods and beverages exceeding thresholds on sodium, saturated fat, and added sugar and for which marketing is restricted (based on a Chilean law, effective June 16, 2016); (2) 40% tax on SSBs (22% above the current tax level); and (3) a 1 Chilean peso (0.2 US cents) per gram of sugar tax on products with added sugar. Unhealthy beverages and foods are price-elastic (1.95 for salty snacks and chips, 1.30 for ready-to drink SSBs, and 1.27 for SSBs from concentrate), meaning that the change in consumption is proportionally larger with respect to a change in price. Results are robust to different model specification, and consistent among different socioeconomic sub-populations. Overall, the tax on foods and beverages high in fat, salt and sugar is associated with the largest reduction in household purchases of sodium, added sugar, saturated fat and calorie purchases. Chile is unique in currently having instituted a small current SSB tax as well as marketing controls and front-of-package labelling of unhealthy foods and beverages. The design of a more comprehensive tax to enhance the overall effect of these policies on healthier diets is a next critical step. This study shows that a tax on the same foods and beverages already delineated as unhealthy by the marketing controls and front-of-pack labelling should promote a healthier diet.", "label": [0, 2, 5, 6, 22, 49, 8]}
{"token": "Modeling of mechanical response of NiTi shape memory alloy subjected to combined thermal and non-proportional mechanical loading: a case study on helical spring actuator. Textured polycrystals of NiTi-based shape memory alloys (SMA) exhibit pronounced anisotropic properties which significantly influence their response to mechanical and thermal loading. In this work, a constitutive model tailored for non-proportional multi-axial loading of NiTi SMA exhibiting two-stage phase transformation via R-phase is enhanced so that the anisotropy of martensitic structure is captured. Numerical simulations of the mechanical response of a NiTi SMA helical spring subjected to thermal cycling at a constant applied force are performed and compared with experimental data. Quantitative correspondence between experiments and simulations demonstrates the predictive potential of the model. Simulations also provide detailed information on the evolution of distributions of phase fractions and stress within a cross-section of the wire forming the spring. Because the loading is non-proportional, the evolution is rather complex and intriguing.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Partial characterization of a bipartite begomovirus infecting yellow passion flower in Brazil. During the spring of 2001, approximately 10 000 yellow passion flower plants, from two orchards in the county of Livramento de Nossa Senhora, Bahia State, Brazil, exhibited intense yellow mosaic symptoms and drastic reduction of the leaf lamina and plant development. A large population of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) was also found colonizing the plants. All field samples collected tested positive for Passion fruit woodiness virus in DAS-ELISA. Five out of 20 passion flower plants inoculated with adult whiteflies collected from diseased plants in the field developed symptoms 20-30 days after inoculation. Two of these plants gave a positive reaction in TAS-ELISA using antiserum against a begomovirus. Degenerated PCR primers amplified viral DNA fragments from the DNA-A and DNA-B components of a begomovirus infecting these plants. The fragment corresponding to the core region of the coat protein (DNA-A) was cloned and sequenced. A phylogenetic analysis placed this begomovirus isolated from passion flower in the same clade of the New World begomoviruses as several other species from Brazil. Based on the symptoms induced by this virus alone, the disease was tentatively named passion flower little leaf mosaic.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Blast simulator testing of structures: Methodology and validation. The blast simulator at the University of California, San Diego is a unique tool for conducting full-scale testing of blast effects on structures without the use of explosive materials. This blast simulator uses high speed hydraulic actuators to launch specially designed modules toward the specimen, thereby imparting impulse in a blast-like manner. This method of testing offers numerous advantages over field tests with actual explosives, including cost, turn-around time, repeatability, and a clear view of the progression of damage in the specimen. The viability of this method is established by comparing results obtained in the blast simulator with results obtained with actual explosives. The process by which the impulse is imparted to the specimen is then described by a detailed model based on the equivalent single degree of freedom method. Impulse calculated by the model is found to be in good agreement with the experimentally recorded values. Calculated impulse is found to be relatively insensitive to assumptions made about the specimen's resistance function (often not well known before a test) implying that the model can be used with confidence in designing an experimental study.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Factors influencing Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus numbers on the Isle of Tiree, Argyll, Scotland. Annual peak counts of Icelandic Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus on the mesotrophic lochs of the Isle of Tiree in winters 2001/02-2020/21 varied between 106 and 502 birds in autumn and between 45 and 186 in January, with no significant trends over time. Swans were present in nationally important and sometimes internationally important numbers at Loch a' Phuill during 2001-2018 but counts dropped below the 1% threshold of nationally important numbers when this figure was revised upwards in 2019. Peak numbers of swans in both autumn and winter were significantly negatively correlated with recent rainfall. Periods of dry weather reduced loch levels by up to 0.5 m, which improved the swans' access to submerged macrophyte food supplies. A significant positive correlation between summer rainfall and peak autumn counts implied that autumn macrophyte food supplies were lower after dry summers, in which large parts of the lochs dried out completely. The annual proportion of cygnets recorded ranged from 5.6% to 29.9% and did not differ significantly from the rest of the UK. The proportion of cygnets did not correlate with peak swan numbers in either autumn or January, reinforcing the view that variation in swan numbers on the island was affected by external factors such as food supply, rather than annual variation in demographics.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Acoustic mitigation. These notes correspond to two lectures given by Bruno Cochelin at the CISM course on \\\\'Modal Analysis of Nonlinear Mechanical Systems\\\\' held at Udine, from 25 to 29 june 2012. The first part is devoted to describe experimental results obtained by Romain Bellet to analyse Target Energy Transfer (T.E.T.) between a thin visco-elastic membrane and an acoustic medium. This study paves the way for a new technic of passive sound control in the low frequency regime, where no effective dissipative material exists. Then, an overview of several extentions and applications of the T.E.T. concept in acoustics is given. All these results have been obtained with the collaboration of R. Bellet, S. Bellizzi, R. Cote, P. Herzog, R. Mariani., P.O. Mattei and J. Shao.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Knockdown of sphingomyelinase (NlSMase) causes ovarian malformation of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal). Sphingomyelinases (SMases) are a group of enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of sphingomyelins into ceramides and phosphorylcholine. They have been intensively investigated for their pathophysiological roles in mammals whereas much remains unclear about their counterparts in insects. Herein we report the cloning and functional characterization of four SMase homologue genes, designated NlSMase1-4, from brown planthopper (BPH). The phylogenetic analysis revealed that NlSMase1 and NlSMase2 were clustered into acid SMase family, and NlSMase3 and NlSMase4 with neutral SMase family. NlSMase1, NlSMase3 and NlSMase4 were highly expressed in BPH females, and NlSMaes2 in the 5th instar nymph. All four NlSMases had the lowest transcription in BPH males. NlSMase1 and NlSMase4 were highly expressed in BPH ovaries, while NlSMase2 and NlSMase3 in midgut and wings, respectively. Knocking-down of each NlSMase individual by RNA interference (RNAi) caused the ovarian malformation in BPH. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that NlSMase4 knockdown could strongly affect diacylglycerol (DAG)-related metabolisms and their downstream pathways. Further, qRT-PCR analysis of vitellogenin (Vg) genes indicates that the DAG metabolism disorder could interrupt the essential Vg accumulation for BPH oogenesis. Our study demonstrates the vital role of NlSMases in BPH reproductive development and provides new insights into the mediated mechanism of how SMases function.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Effects of abiotic stresses on sorbitol biosynthesis and metabolism in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Polyols such as sorbitol and ribitol are a class of compatible solutes in plants that may play roles in tolerance to abiotic stresses. This study investigated the effects of water stress on sorbitol biosynthesis and metabolism and sorbitol and ribitol accumulation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Water stress induced by withholding water and by using polyethylene glycol as a root incubation solution to mimic water stress, and NaCl stress were applied to wild-type (WT) and three genetically-modified lines of tomato (cv. Ailsa Craig), a control vector line TR22, and 2 sorbitol dehydrogenase (sdh) antisense lines TR45 and TR49. Sorbitol and ribitol content, as well as the enzymatic activities, protein accumulation, and gene expression patterns of the key sorbitol cycle enzymes aldose-6-phosphate reductase (A6PR), aldose reductase (AR), and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), were measured in mature leaves. In response to the stresses, both sorbitol and ribitol accumulated in leaf tissue, most significantly in the sdh antisense lines. A6PR, characterised for the first time in this work, and AR both exhibited increased enzymatic activity correlated with sorbitol accumulation during the stress treatments, with SDH also increasing in WT and TR22 to metabolise sorbitol, reducing the content to control levels within 3 days after re-watering. In the sdh antisense lines, the lack of significant SDH activity resulted in the increased sorbitol and ribitol content above WT levels. The results highlighted a role for both A6PR and AR in biosynthesis of sorbitol in tomato where the high activity of both enzymes was associated with sorbitol accumulation. Although both A6PR and AR are aldo-keto reductases and use NADPH as a co-factor, the AR-specific inhibitor sorbinil inhibited AR only indicating that they are different enzymes. The determination that sorbitol, and perhaps ribitol as well, plays a role in abiotic responses in tomato provides a cornerstone for future studies examining how they impact tomato tolerance to abiotic stresses, and if their alteration could improve stress tolerance.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Building multiple sequence alignments with a flavor of HSSP alignments. Homology-derived secondary structure of proteins (HSSP) is a well-known database of multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) which merges information of protein sequences and their three-dimensional structures. It is available for all proteins whose structure is deposited in the PDB. It is also used by STING and (Java)Protein Dossier to calculate and present relative entropy as a measure of the degree of conservation for each residue of proteins whose structure has been solved and deposited in the PDB. However, if the STING and JavaProtein Dossier are to provide support for analysis of protein structures modeled in computers or being experimentally solved but not yet deposited in the PDB, then we need a new method for building alignments having a flavor(1) of HSSP alignments (myMSAr). The present study describes a new method and its corresponding databank (SH(2)Q(S) - database of sequences homologue to the query [structure-having] sequence). Our main interest in making myMSAr was to measure the degree of residue conservation for a given query sequence, regardless of whether it has a corresponding structure deposited in the PDB. In this study, we compare the measurement of residue conservation provided by corresponding alignments produced by HSSP and SH(2)Q(S). As a case study, we also present two biologically relevant examples, the first one highlighting the equivalence of analysis of the degree of residue conservation by using HSSP or SH(2)Q(S) alignments, and the second one presenting the degree of residue conservation for a structure modeled in a computer, which, as a consequence, does not have an alignment reported by HSSP.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Miners and wives in Romania's Jiu Valley: Perspectives on postsocialist class, gender, and social change. Theories of postsocialism posit great variability, uncertainty, and change in developing gender relationships. This article, using the case of Romania's Jiu Valley coal miners, suggests that gender change in postsocialism is somewhat more predictable than assumed as it is most typically dependent on changing class hierarchies and conditions. Due to large-scale economic restructuring in Romania's Jiu Valley coal-mining region and the denigration of the once-celebrated worker, gender relations between miners and their wives, highly differentiated, dependent, but distanced during socialism, have become much more closely intertwined, to mixed effect. In some instances, these relations disintegrate, leaving extreme social problems in their wake. In other instances spouses switch roles to enable income-producing activity but cause gender uncertainty and problematic behavior. Whatever the response, these changes both result from changing labor and class conditions and produce identity crises for both Valley men and women and, by implication, for other postsocialist workers.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Toward a System Dynamics Modeling Framework for Effective Political Organization Management Strategies. In the face of the high complexity and uncertainty in the political market landscape, developing effective strategies becomes the greatest challenge for political organization managers. Traditional tools for strategy analysis become obsolete in front of the dynamic complexity that governs political organizations and their environments. Drawing knowledge from a literature review on political marketing strategies and models, this paper employs systems thinking and system dynamics principles in order to develop a political marketing modeling framework, whereby the systemic effects of various strategies and policies may be analyzed dynamically. The developed framework gives the opportunity to the researcher or political practitioner to model and simulate the feedback structure of the political marketing problem situation. The framework model draws the interrelationships of the political offer, the adoption rates, and the political market growth and the main influences, such as the sources of attractiveness for the new political product, the competition levels, as well as the cultural context and decision making processes of the actors in the system. The work presented in this paper could provide a common communication platform for political party managers, consultants, practitioners, and researchers in order to analyze the political marketing process in a holistic way.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Women and couples' work: Practices and representations in dairy farms in Uruguay and France. We investigate the diversity of practices and representations of women's work on family dairy farms, based on interviews with twenty women, both French (in the Segala area of Aveyron) and Uruguayan (in the Salto dairy basin). Family dairy farming represents a relatively homogeneous work environment (heavy routine work, a couple's activity), but with differences between the two countries on the issues of professional status and on the place of women in society. Interview analysis shows that the norms of sexual division of labour are strongly interiorized despite the differences between the two countries. Women's work remains linked to the domestic sphere, notably care of animals, milking, and administrative work. The recognition of the legal status of \\\\'farmer\\\\' present in France but absent in Uruguay, is translated in the perception of the role within the couple: French women emphasize the choices they have made, whereas Uruguayan women speak of an attributed role. Having a legal status does not assure professional recognition. In both countries, they profess recognition for their work in the family sphere, but little recognition in the context of essentially masculine professional groups (dairy technical service, cooperatives, farmers'unions). Creative artisanal activities in Uruguay and local civic organizations in France constitute spaces of socialization and recognition for women.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "The influence of stress and gonadal hormones on neuronal structure and function. This article is part of a Special Issue \\\\'SBN 2014\\\\'.The brain is highly plastic, allowing us to adapt and respond to environmental and physiological challenges and experiences. In this review, we discuss the relationships among alterations in dendritic arborization, spine morphology, and behavior due to stress exposure, endogenous hormone fluctuation, or exogenous hormonal manipulation. Very few studies investigate structure-function associations directly in the same cohort of animals, and there are notable inconsistencies in evidence of structure-function relationships in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, little work has been done to probe the causal relationship between dendritic morphology and neuronal excitability, leaving only speculation about the adaptive versus maladaptive nature of experience-dependent dendritic remodeling. We propose that future studies combine electrophysiology with a circuit-level approach to better understand how dendritic structure contributes to neuronal functional properties and behavioral outcomes. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
{"token": "The influence of the fasting period on the number of nymphal instars and on the sex ratio of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus (Acari: Argasidae). The current study investigated the biology of nymphs of the first and second instars of Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Nymphs were deprived of food for 15, 30 or 60 days and held at 27 +/- 1 degrees C and 80 +/- 10% relative humidity (controlled conditions) or at room conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Nymphs of first instar deprived of food for 15 or 30 days molted to second and third instars in both controlled and room conditions. Nymphs of the first instar deprived of food for 60 days had 28 and 37% mortality in controlled and room conditions, respectively; and survivors did not attach to the host. Nymphs of the second instar, deprived of food for 60 days, molted either to the third instar or to males after feeding on Gallus gallus, and the nymphs of the third instar developed to adults (42.42% males and 36.36% females when nymphs were held in controlled temperature and humidity conditions, and 40.54% males and 48.65% females when nymphs were held in room conditions). The remainder of the nymphs molted to the fourth instar and then molted to females. In conclusion, the nymphal starvation period of 60 days determined the number of nymph instars in the life cycle of A. miniatus under the experimental conditions studied.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Precipitation of chitosan from ionic liquid solution by the compressed CO2 anti-solvent method. The utilization of compressed CO2 as an anti-solvent to precipitate chitosan from acetate-based ionic liquid (IL) solution is presented. Volume expansion and solvatochromic behavior of IL are investigated to explain the precipitation mechanism. The regenerated chitosan is characterized and utilized as a catalyst in the formation of imines efficiently.", "label": [4, 36, 39]}
{"token": "Human Trafficking in Ethiopia: A Scoping Review to Identify Gaps in Service Delivery, Research, and Policy. The purpose of this review is to integrate evidence on human trafficking in Ethiopia and identify gaps and recommendations for service delivery, research and training, and policy. A scoping literature review approach was used to systematically search nursing, medical, psychological, law, and international databases and synthesize information on a complex, understudied topic. The search yielded 826 articles, and 39 met the predetermined criteria for inclusion in the review. Trafficking in Ethiopia has occurred internally and externally in the form of adult and child labor and sex trafficking. There were also some reports of organ trafficking and other closely related human rights violations, such as child marriage, child soldiering, and exploitative intercountry adoption. Risk factors for trafficking included push factors (poverty, political instability, economic problems, and gender discrimination) and pull factors (demand for cheap labor). Trafficking was associated with poor health and economic outcomes for victims. Key recommendations for service delivery, research and training, and policy are identified, including establishing comprehensive services for survivor rehabilitation and reintegration, conducting quantitative health outcomes research, and reforming policy around migration and trafficking. Implementing the recommendations identified by this review will allow policy makers, researchers, and practitioners to take meaningful steps toward confronting human trafficking in Ethiopia.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Yield loss in spring-sown cereals related to the weed flora in the spring. Yield loss was related to weed species composition and density in permanent plots, recorded several weeks after sowing of spring cereals in southern Sweden. A range of agronomic situations was included by experimentally varying fertilizer application and sowing density in 33 field trials in different locations during 3 yr. Direct gradient analysis, using yield loss as the sole predictor, arranged weed community composition in the spring along a gradient of small to large yield losses. Yield loss could be explained, to some extent, by the species composition in the spring. Species associated with situations with large losses were hempnettle and wild radish, whereas several benign species were identified based on their association with lack of yield loss. The results suggest that possible predictive tools using spring species composition would be improved if they also considered soil type and seed rate. Some agronomically important weed species were not identified as associated with yield loss when assessed in terms of their abundance in the spring, which may limit the possibilities of basing management decisions on weed plant density in the spring.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Patient perspectives: Barriers to complementary and alternative medicine therapies create problems for patients and survivors. There are multiple barriers to better understanding of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches and the use of natural substances to reduce cancer risk. CAM approaches are not patentable, and the pharmaceutical industry has no interest in the area. Research generally approaches concepts from the deconstructionist side: there may he interest in herbal mixtures but its \\\\'active\\\\' constituents are explored one at a time, missing any synergistic or even additive effects. Little attention has been paid to environmental pollutants and exposures. Most patients believe these are active causes of their disease, but researchers are still exposing animals to one chemical one time, which fails to duplicate human exposures. Attention to lifestyle issues is presented almost solely in terms of obesity-a concept that is a barrier to change by itself. Research animals rarely if ever are fed dietary components that humans normally cat, such as soda or diet soda, potato chips, and high-fructose corn syrup, artificial colors, artificial flavors, other additives, or combinations of bad fats with too much sugar, too much salt, and artificial ingredients. Long-term treatment effects on survivors may not necessarily require a solely pharmaceutical approach. Drugs to treat each condition separately may require even more drugs to offset the unwanted effects of each. Whole systems approaches to research are urgently needed. A final barrier is that once a treatment is accepted in mainstream, it ceases to be considered \\\\'alternative.\\\\' The genesis is soon forgotten and the remaining alternative modalities continue to be viewed with suspicion, doubt, and misunderstanding, to the detriment of both patients in treatment and cancer survivors.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Plasticity in Vulnerability to Cavitation of Pinus canariensis Occurs Only at the Driest End of an Aridity Gradient. Water availability has been considered one of the crucial drivers of species distribution. However, the increasing of temperatures and more frequent water shortages could overcome the ability of long-lived species to cope with rapidly changing conditions. Growth and survival of natural populations adapted to a given site, transferred and tested in other environments as part of provenance trials, can be interpreted as a simulation of ambient changes at the original location. We compare the intraspecific variation and the relative contribution of plasticity to adaptation of key functional traits related to drought resistance: vulnerability to cavitation, efficiency of the xylem to conduct water and biomass allocation. We use six populations of Canary Island pine growing in three provenance trials (wet, dry, and xeric). We found that the variability for hydraulic traits was largely due to phenotypic plasticity, whereas, genetic variation was limited and almost restricted to hydraulic safety traits and survival. Trees responded to an increase in climate dryness by lowering growth, and increasing leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity by means of increasing the Huber value. Vulnerability to cavitation only showed a plastic response in the driest provenance trial located in the ecological limit of the species. This trait was more tightly correlated with annual precipitation, drought length, and temperature oscillation at the origin of the populations than hydraulic efficiency or the Huber value. Vulnerability to cavitation was directly related to survival in the dry and the xeric provenance trials, illustrating its importance in determining drought resistance. In a new climatic scenario where more frequent and intense droughts are predicted, the magnitude of extreme events together with the fact that plasticity of cavitation resistance is only shown in the very dry limit of the species could hamper the capacity to adapt and buffer against environmental changes of some populations growing in dry locations.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Lophotrochozoa internal phylogeny: new insights from an up-to-date analysis of nuclear ribosomal genes. Resolving the relationships among animal phyla is a key biological problem that remains to be solved. Morphology is unable to determine the relationships among most phyla and although molecular data have unveiled a new evolutionary scenario, they have their own limitations. Nuclear ribosomal genes (18S and 28S rDNA) have been used effectively for many years. However, they are considered of limited use for resolving deep divergences such as the origin of the bilaterians, due to certain drawbacks such as the long-branch attraction (LBA) problem. Here, we attempt to overcome these pitfalls by combining several methods suggested in previous studies and routinely used in contemporary standard phylogenetic analyses but that have not yet been applied to any bilaterian phylogeny based on these genes. The methods used include maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, the application of models with rate heterogeneity across sites, wide taxon sampling and compartmentalized analyses for each problematic clade. The results obtained show that the combination of the above-mentioned methodologies minimizes the LBA effect, and a new Lophotrochozoa phylogeny emerges. Also, the Acoela and Nemertodermatida are confirmed with maximum support as the first branching bilaterians. Ribosomal RNA genes are thus a reliable source for the study of deep divergences in the metazoan tree, provided that the data are treated carefully.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "The XMM-Newton view of AGN with intermediate-mass black holes. We have observed with XMM-Newton four radiatively efficient active type 1 galaxies with black hole masses < 10(6) M-circle dot, selected optically from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and previously detected in the ROSAT All Sky Survey. Their X-ray spectra closely resemble those of more luminous Seyferts and quasars, powered by accretion on to much more massive black holes and none of the objects is intrinsically absorbed by cold matter totally covering the source. We show here that their soft X-ray spectrum exhibits a soft excess with the same characteristics as that observed ubiquitously in radio-quiet Seyfert 1 galaxies and type 1 quasars, both in terms of temperatures and strength. This is highly surprising because the small black hole mass of these objects should lead to a thermal disc contribution in the soft X-rays and not in the ultraviolet (as for more massive objects) with thus a much more prominent soft X-ray excess. Moreover, even when the soft X-ray excess is modelled with a pure thermal disc, its luminosity turns out to be much lower than that expected from accretion theory for the given temperature. While alternative scenarios for the nature of the soft excess (namely smeared ionized absorption and disc reflection) cannot be distinguished on a pure statistical basis, we point out that the absorption model produces a strong correlation between absorbing column density and ionization state, which may be difficult to interpret and is most likely spurious. Moreover, as pointed out before by others, absorption must occur in a fairly relativistic wind which is problematic, especially because of the enormous implied mass outflow rate. As for reflection, it does only invoke standard ingredients of any accretion model for radiatively efficient sources such as a hard X-rays source and a relatively cold (though partially ionized) accretion disc, and therefore seems the natural choice to explain the soft excess in most (if not all) cases. The reflection model is also consistent with the additional presence of a thermal disc component with the theoretically expected temperature (although, again, with smaller-than-expected total luminosity). We also studied in some detail the X-ray variability properties of the four objects. The observed active galaxies are among the most variable in X-rays and their excess variance is among the largest. This is in line with their relatively small black hole mass and with expectations from simple power spectra models.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Generic Scheduling Optimization Model for Multiple Construction Projects. In the construction industry, contractors usually manage and execute multiple projects simultaneously. Typically, this situation involves sharing different types of resources, including cash, equipment, and manpower. The management of resources becomes a major challenge in these problems. In this situation, contractors are concerned with optimizing a number of different objectives which often conflict with one another. These objectives include duration, total cost, financing cost, required cash, profit, and resource fluctuations. This paper presents the development of a multiobjective scheduling optimization model for multiple construction projects using the fast elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The purpose of the proposed model is to obtain optimal trade-offs between different projects' objectives. The scheduling optimization model comprises submodels of project scheduling, resource allocation and leveling, and cash flow forecasting. The optimization model was successfully implemented and tested using different case studies of multiple projects of different sizes. The developed model is expected to help construction companies in solving the problems of prioritizing projects under resource-conflict conditions, allocating limited resources, and optimizing all the projects' multiple objectives under certain funding limits.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Delays and Pathways to Final Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Patients from a Referral Hospital in Urban China. China is among the countries with the largest epidemic of drug susceptible and resistant tuberculosis globally. We investigated the locations tuberculosis patients visited before being diagnosed, total diagnostic delay, and risk factors associated with total delay from a large tuberculosis referral hospital in Nanjing, China. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among tuberculosis patients who initiated anti-tuberculosis treatment within 3 months prior to the study date. Patient information regarding time and locations visited while seeking care for tuberculosis-related symptoms was collected through face-to-face interviews. Crude and adjusted Cox proportional hazard ratios of factors associated with time to diagnosis were calculated. Of 179 bacteriologically confirmed patients, 37% were women and median age was 41 (interquartile range [IQR], 26-62). Public hospitals were the most commonly visited health-care institution and repeated visits to them were common. The mean days to tuberculosis diagnosis were 50.3. Female patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.48) or patients who contacted a health-care provider 2 weeks after becoming symptomatic (HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.43-1.70) were significantly less likely to have a timely diagnosis. In a referral hospital in urban China, we found that female tuberculosis patients took significantly more time to reach diagnosis than males and patients often cycled in public hospitals for multiple visits before reaching final diagnosis. Health professionals at public hospitals in Nanjing should be encouraged to refer potential tuberculosis patients as soon as possible to avoid nosocomial transmission.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Assessment of Tobacco Addiction in Adolescents. The first case series on nicotine addiction provided insight into how nicotine addiction develops. Physical dependence involves characteristic symptoms that develop in a characteristic pattern: wanting, craving, then needing. Once physical dependence develops, the duration of relief from withdrawal that is provided by smoking a cigarette shortens progressively, driving a relentless escalation in smoking frequency. Combined, these processes explain a great deal about the trajectory of nicotine addiction over a lifetime. No available measure of nicotine dependence adequately captures this biological aspect of nicotine addiction. Our review discusses a new approach to diagnosing nicotine addiction and new and old measures of nicotine addiction for adolescents. We outline a research strategy designed to sort out which of many potential contributors to nicotine addiction are integral to the process and which are epiphenomena.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Feeling Good by Doing Good: A Selfish Motivation for Ethical Choice. This paper examines the question of why consumers engage in ethical consumption. The authors draw on self-affirmation theory to propose that the choice of an ethical product serves a self-restorative function. Four experiments provide support for this assertion: a self-threat increases consumers' choice of an ethical option, even when the alternative choice is objectively superior in quantity (Study 1) and product quality (Study 2). Further, restoring self-esteem through positive feedback eliminates this increase in ethical choice (Studies 2 and 3). As an additional test of the robustness of our results, a final study examined the effect of self-threat on choice in a field setting (Study 4). The findings indicate that ethical purchases are not just altruistic. They hold purposeful individual value and can help in the self-restorative process. Implications for managers making decisions regarding investment in ethical product features are discussed.", "label": [3, 5, 48, 30]}
{"token": "The Stringent Stress Response Controls Proteases and Global Regulators under Optimal Growth Conditions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. IMPORTANCE Microorganisms need to adapt rapidly to survive harsh environmental changes. Here, we showed the broad influence of the highly studied bacterial stringent stress response under nonstressful conditions that indicate its general physiological importance and might reflect the readiness of bacteria to respond to and activate acute stress responses. Using RNA-Seq to investigate the transcriptional network of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells revealed that >30% of all genes changed expression in a stringent response mutant under optimal growth conditions. This included genes regulated by global transcriptional regulators and novel downstream effectors. Our results help to understand the importance of this stress regulator in bacterial lifestyle under relatively unstressed conditions. As such, it draws attention to the consequences of targeting this ubiquitous bacterial signaling molecule.The bacterial stringent stress response, mediated by the signaling molecule guanosine tetraphosphate, ppGpp, has recently gained attention as being important during normal cellular growth and as a potential new therapeutic target, which warrants detailed mechanistic understanding. Here, we used intracellular protein tracking in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, which indicated that RelA was bound to the ribosome, while SpoT localized at the cell poles. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to investigate the transcriptome of a ppGpp-deficient strain under nonstressful, nutrient-rich broth conditions where the mutant grew at the same rate as the parent strain. In the exponential growth phase, the lack of ppGpp led to >1,600 transcriptional changes (fold change cutoff of +/- 1.5), providing further novel insights into the normal physiological role of ppGpp. The stringent response was linked to gene expression of various proteases and secretion systems, including aprA, PA0277, impA, and clpP2. The previously observed reduction in cytotoxicity toward red blood cells in a stringent response mutant appeared to be due to aprA. Investigation of an aprA mutant in a murine skin infection model showed increased survival rates of mice infected with the aprA mutant, consistent with previous observations that stringent response mutants have reduced virulence. In addition, the overexpression of relA, but not induction of ppGpp with serine hydroxamate, dysregulated global transcriptional regulators as well as >30% of the regulatory networks controlled by AlgR, OxyR, LasR, and AmrZ. Together, these data expand our knowledge about ppGpp and its regulatory network and role in environmental adaptation. It also confirms its important role throughout the normal growth cycle of bacteria.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Ants as predators of the Spinose Ear Tick, Otobius megnini (Duges) in Sri Lanka. Many pathogens, parasitoids and predators have been documented as natural enemies of ticks, but their impact on tick populations are rarely evaluated. Here, we report the predatory behaviour of ants on the spinose ear tick, Otobius megnini. Ticks were collected from the ear canal of stabled horses in Nuwara Eliya racecourse and were brought to the laboratory. Eggs, unfed and engorged larvae, engorged nymphs and adults were naturally exposed to ants under laboratory conditions and the predatory behaviour of the different species and their feeding preferences were observed. Five ant species were found feeding on different life stages of O. megnini including eggs, larvae (fed/unfed) and adults; ants did not feed on the nymphal stages. Ant species were identified as Tapinoma melanocephalum, two species of Monomorium, one species of Pheidole and one species of Crematogaster. The predatory preference differed among the five ant species, with T. melanocephalum being identified as the best predator as it fed on eggs and adults, the non-parasitic stages of O. megnini. Different strategies have been used to control the infestations of O. megnini in the stabled horses but none of them were successful. Although we cannot extrapolate our empirical findings to a natural context, observations suggest that these ant species may be potential bio-suppressors of this tick species.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Bacteremia associated with pressure ulcers: a prospective cohort study. The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical and microbiological characteristics of bacteremia associated with pressure ulcers (BAPU) and factors associated with mortality. This study was a prospective observational cohort study of patients with BAPU at a teaching hospital between January 1984 and December 2015. Fifty-six episodes were included. The incidence of BAPU decreased from 2.78 cases per 10,000 hospital discharges in the period from 1984 to 1999 to 1.05 cases per 10,000 hospital discharges in the period from 2000 to 2015 (p < 0.001). In 20 cases (35.7%), the bacteremia was hospital-acquired, since it occurred more than 48 h after the hospital admission. The most frequent microorganisms isolated in blood culture were Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus spp., and Bacteroides spp. The bacteremia was polymicrobial in 14 cases (25.0%). Overall mortality was observed in 23 episodes (41.1%). The risk factors independently associated with mortality were hospital-acquired bacteremia (odds ratio [OR] 5.51, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.24-24.40), polymicrobial bacteremia (OR 6.88, 95%CI 1.22-38.89), and serum albumin < 23 g/L (OR 8.00, 95%CI 1.73-37.01). BAPU is an uncommon complication of pressure ulcers and is mainly caused by S. aureus, Proteus spp., and Bacteroides spp. In our hospital, the incidence of BAPU has declined in recent years, coinciding with the implementation of a multidisciplinary team aimed at preventing and treating chronic ulcers. Mortality rate is high, and hospital-acquired bacteremia, polymicrobial bacteremia, and serum albumin < 23 g/L are associated with increased mortality.", "label": [2, 4, 25, 43]}
{"token": "The Emergence of the Notion of Predetermined Fate in Early China. This essay depicts the emergence of the notion of predetermined fate in early China by focusing on the changing meaning of the word ming (sic). Many scholars have long interpreted the term ming in the Lunyu (sic) as a kind of inevitable fate, but I show that it is still subject to change depending on the will of an anthropomorphic Heaven. In the Warring States period, however, Heaven became increasingly conceived as following fixed patterns in its behavior, and the growing belief in the validity of these patterns lead to the idea that the course of the future is more or less fixed and predictable. I argue that the idea of predetermined and predictable ming was a result of these changed conceptions of Heaven and the future.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
{"token": "Redefining the Conceptual Framework for Quality of Care. The study saw how the control tool is useful and necessary to carry out this evaluation continuous process, the survey of the most relevant variables, identifying the critical areas and the related corrective actions.The purpose of this work is to provide a case study on quality care. More specifically, the study wants to confirm the following hypotheses: HP1, the attribution of quality features provided by the main actors involved in the multidisciplinary auditing process in healthcare; HP2, confirm the process characteristics related to quality auditing conducted at a multidisciplinary level in healthcare.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "TEMPORAL INTERPRETATION OF MONADIC INTUITIONISTIC QUANTIFIERS. We show that monadic intuitionistic quantifiers admit the following temporal interpretation: \\\\'always in the future\\\\' (for for all) and \\\\'sometime in the past\\\\' (for there exists). It is well known that Prior's intuitionistic modal logic MIPC axiomatizes the monadic fragment of the intuitionistic predicate logic, and that MIPC is translated fully and faithfully into the monadic fragment MS4 of the predicate S4 via the Godel translation. To realize the temporal interpretation mentioned above, we introduce a new tense extension TS4 of S4 and provide a full and faithful translation of MIPC into TS4. We compare this new translation of MIPC with the Godel translation by showing that both TS4 and MS4 can be translated fully and faithfully into a tense extension of MS4, which we denote by MS4.t. This is done by utilizing the relational semantics for these logics. As a result, we arrive at the diagram of full and faithful translations shown in Figure 1 which is commutative up to logical equivalence. We prove the finite model property (fmp) for MS4.t using algebraic semantics, and show that the fmp for the other logics involved can be derived as a consequence of the fullness and faithfulness of the translations considered.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
{"token": "Nocturnal activity in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Evidence for flexible sleeping patterns and insights into human evolution. DiscussionChimpanzee terrestrial nocturnal activity appears widespread yet infrequent, which suggests a consolidated sleeping pattern. Nocturnal activity may be driven by the stress of high daily temperatures and may be enabled at low levels of human activity. Human activity may exert a relatively greater influence on chimpanzee nocturnal behavior than predator presence. We suggest that chimpanzee nocturnal activity is flexible, enabling them to respond to changing environmental factors.MethodsData were extracted from terrestrial camera-trap footage and ecological surveys from 22 chimpanzee study sites participating in the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. We described videos demonstrating nocturnal activity, and we tested the effects of the percentage of forest, abundance of predators (lions, leopards and hyenas), abundance of large mammals (buffalos and elephants), average daily temperature, rainfall, human activity, and percent illumination on the probability of nocturnal activity.ObjectivesWe investigated occurrences and patterns of terrestrial nocturnal activity in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and modelled the influence of various ecological predictors on nocturnal activity.ResultsWe found terrestrial nocturnal activity to occur at 18 of the 22 study sites, at an overall average proportion of 1.80% of total chimpanzee activity, and to occur during all hours of the night, but more frequently during twilight hours. We found a higher probability of nocturnal activity with lower levels of human activity, higher average daily temperature, and at sites with a larger percentage of forest. We found no effect of the abundance of predators and large mammals, rainfall, or moon illumination.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
{"token": "Probing the Effect of Wettability on Transport Behavior of Foam for Enhanced Oil Recovery in a Carbonate Reservoir. Foam for enhanced oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs is generally challenging because the oil-wet formation is not favorable for generating and stabilizing the lamellae. With an alkyl-polyglucoside surfactant, a series of foam core flooding experiments both in the absence and in the presence of crude oil were performed on Estaillades limestone, a dual porosity and heterogeneous carbonate presenting reasonable similarities with the reservoir formation. The effects of wettability, surfactant concentration, and foam quality on foam strength were systematically investigated. It is found that the foam strength in the presence of oil is generally smaller than that in the absence of oil, and the foam strength in the oil-wet condition is typically lower than that in the water-wet condition. However, for the water-wet condition, the foam strength can be greatly improved by increasing the surfactant concentration, which is getting closer to that in the absence of crude oil at a sufficiently high surfactant concentration. The combined effect of a high remaining oil saturation and the disadvantageous wettability can further destabilize foam, thereby greatly reducing the foam strength at oil-wet conditions. As a result, the foam flooding under the water-wet condition outperforms that at the oil-wet condition. Furthermore, it is found that the foam behavior at a high gas fraction is more sensitive to the wettability of rock and the foam hysteresis effect.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Fission Yeast CENP-C (Cnp3) Plays a Role in Restricting the Site of CENP-A Accumulation. The centromere is a chromosomal locus where a microtubule attachment site, termed kinetochore, is assembled in mitosis. In most eukaryotes, with the exception of holocentric species, each chromosome contains a single distinct centromere. A chromosome with an additional centromere undergoes successive rounds of anaphase bridge formation and breakage, or triggers a cell cycle arrest imposed by DNA damage and replication checkpoints. We report here a study in Schizosaccharomyces pombe to characterize a mutant (cnp3-1) in a gene encoding a homolog of mammalian centromere-specific protein, CENP-C. At the restrictive temperature 36 degrees, the Cnp3-1 mutant protein loses its localization at the centromere. In the cnp3-1 mutant, the level of the Cnp1 (a homolog of a centromere-specific histone CENP-A) also decreases at the centromere. Interestingly, the cnp3-1 mutant is prone to promiscuous accumulation of Cnp1 at non-centromeric regions, when Cnp1 is present in excess. Unlike the wild type protein, Cnp3-1 mutant protein is found at the sites of promiscuous accumulation of Cnp1, suggesting that Cnp3-1 may stabilize or promote accumulation of Cnp1 at non-centromeric regions. From these results, we infer the role of Cnp3 in restricting the site of accumulation of Cnp1 and thus to prevent formation of de novo centromeres.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Infantile midaortic syndrome with aortic occlusion. Mid aortic syndrome (MAS) is a rare condition often presenting with severe hypertension. It is characterized by narrowing of the abdominal aorta. We here describe a case of complete occlusion of the abdominal aorta presenting in infancy. This child presented at four months of age with heart failure and hypertension. CT angiogram showed total narrowing of the abdominal aorta. This was initially felt to be too severe for surgical treatment and he was planned for palliative care. We were however able to improve his blood pressure with antihypertensive agents and he underwent succesful angioplasty at five and a half months of age. He has required three further angioplasty procedures and still needs two antihypertensive agents to control his blood pressure. His renal function remains normal and at age six years he has excellent quality of life with normal growth and development. This case illustrates that the combination of medical treatment and angioplasty can give an excellent long-term treatment response even in children with extremely severe MAS. This boy now has normal blood pressure and has experienced normal growth, development and quality of life.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Winter to summer oceanographic observations in the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard. Oceanographic observations from the Eurasian Basin north of Svalbard collected between January and June 2015 from the N-ICE2015 drifting expedition are presented. The unique winter observations are a key contribution to existing climatologies of the Arctic Ocean, and show a approximate to 100 m deep winter mixed layer likely due to high sea ice growth rates in local leads. Current observations for the upper approximate to 200 m show mostly a barotropic flow, enhanced over the shallow Yermak Plateau. The two branches of inflowing Atlantic Water are partly captured, confirming that the outer Yermak Branch follows the perimeter of the plateau, and the inner Svalbard Branch the coast. Atlantic Water observed to be warmer and shallower than in the climatology, is found directly below the mixed layer down to 800 m depth, and is warmest along the slope, while its properties inside the basin are quite homogeneous. From late May onwards, the drift was continually close to the ice edge and a thinner surface mixed layer and shallower Atlantic Water coincided with significant sea ice melt being observed.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Surface strengthening of building tiles by ion exchange with adding molten salt of KOH. The surface strengthening by ion exchange technology was used to improve the strength of thin building tiles. The effects of exchange time, exchange temperature, and content of KOH additive on strengthening of building tiles were investigated by analyzing the flexural strength and distribution of K+ in the samples. The results showed that the addition of .3 mol% KOH to the molten salt of industrial KNO3 at 450 degrees C for 5 h resulted in a maximum flexural strength of 86.53 MPa, which was 50.3% higher than that of the sample without ion exchange and 8.9% higher than without KOH addition. After ion exchange, the concentration of K+ ion in cross-section of the sample decreased with increasing distance from the sample surface, and the diffusion coefficient changed with the change of the content of KOH additive in the molten salt, increasing the diffusion coefficient of K+ ion from .93 x 10(-15) to 1.8 x 10(-15) m(2)/s by adding .3 mol% KOH.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Hydrated cement paste constituents observed with Atomic Force and Lateral Force Microscopy. Engineers have frequently used microscopy to better understand the structure of materials. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy have been used for several decades to better understand the microstructure of cementitious composites. Very limited work has been performed to date in the cement area to study the structural characteristics of cementitious materials by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). This technical note describes observations from a series of images acquired using AFM as well as Lateral Force Microscopy (LFM). The objective of this work is to better understand how AFM and LFM techniques can be used as tools to better understand the nano and microstructure of cementitious materials. In this work the AFM and LFM techniques could distinguish between CSH particles and crystals of CH on the microscale. The LFM appears to be more sensitive to topographic changes and could more clearly distinguish between the different phases. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Faith-inspired praxis of love: a framework for helping. Jane Addams, Dorothy Day, Martin Luther King, Jr., Jean Vanier, and Mary Jo Leddy were, and are, people of faith whose lives reflected that faith. This article presents a framework entitled faith-inspired praxis of love, grounded in the work of these five individuals. The framework's foundational concepts (i.e., faith, love, and praxis) are illustrated in its six operational dimensions: (a) in God and with people, (b) whole relationships, (c) community, (d) hospitality, (e) nonviolence, and (f) change-making. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the framework for social work and helping professions.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Refining the Preschool Self-regulation Assessment for Use in Preschool Classrooms. To aid in understanding preschoolers' self-regulation and refinement of measurement, we examined properties of a field-based assessment battery of preschooler's self-regulation, the Preschool Self-regulation Assessment (PSRA). The PSRA, which includes seven age-appropriate tasks that tap children's executive control, was administered to 313 preschoolers and then to 261 of these children approximately 3?months later. Teachers reported on children's school readiness (social competence and classroom adjustment) at the end of preschool and kindergarten years, and on academic success in kindergarten. PSRA tasks were examined for ceiling effects at 3565?months; Pencil Tap, Balance Beam, Toy Wrap and Snack Delay were retained for lack of such effects. Confirmatory factor analyses showed two components at each time point hot and cool executive control and cross-time correlations showed significant stability of individual differences. Four-year-old girls and children of higher socioeconomic status outperformed 3-year-old boys and those at socioeconomic risk. Children, especially girls, scored higher on hot executive control. Finally, aspects of executive control differentially predicted teacher-reports of school readiness at both times of assessment, with age, gender and risk status controlled. These selected PSRA tasks, as a shortened battery, have potential for research and applied usage, and findings speak to theoretical understanding of preschoolers' self-regulation. Copyright (C) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Organic content and maturation effects on elastic properties of source rock shales in the Central North Sea. We have investigated the effects of organic content and maturation on the elastic properties of source rock shales, mainly through integration of a well-log database from the Central North Sea and associated geochemical data. Our aim is to improve the understanding of how seismic properties change in source rock shales due to geologic variations and how these might manifest on seismic data in deeper, undrilled parts of basins in the area. The Tau and Draupne Formations (Kimmeridge shale equivalents) in immature to early mature stages exhibit variation mainly related to compaction and total organic carbon (TOC) content. We assess the link between depth, acoustic impedance (AI), and TOC in this setting, and we express it as an empirical relation for TOC prediction. In addition, where S-wave information is available, we combine two seismic properties and infer rock-physics trends for semiquantitative prediction of TOC from V-p/V-s and AI. Furthermore, data from one reference well penetrating mature source rock in the southern Viking Graben indicate that a notable hydrocarbon effect can be observed as an addition to the inherently low kerogen-related velocity and density. Published Kimmeridge shale ultrasonic measurements from 3.85 to 4.02 km depth closely coincide with well-log measurements in the mature shale, indicating that upscaled log data are reasonably capturing variations in the actual rock properties. Amplitude variation with offset inversion attributes should in theory be interpreted successively in terms of compaction, TOC, and maturation with associated generation of hydrocarbons. Our compaction-consistent decomposition of these effects can be of aid in such interpretations.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "An analysis of the factors contributing to the settling potential of fine fluvial sediment. The settling. potential Of fine sediment is known to be influenced by particle size, shape. density and porosity. and is commonly predicted Stokes's law. despite its known limitations for modelling the behaviour of natural particles. In order to develop an improved Understanding of the potential for tine sediment to settle out Of suspension or undergo transport by hydraulic processes. it is important to examine the role of particle structure in detail. In this study, stepwise regression was used to identify which structural properties of particles exert an important control on fine sediment behaviour in river systems. The presence of composite particles and then associated particle size. Porosity and fractal dimension were shown to be the most important controls oil settling potential. Composite particles that form in the aquatic environment (flocs) were shown to have significantly different form and behaviour form composite particles of terrestrial origin (aggregates). Importantly, it was demonstrated that particle structure and bahviour exhibited consistencies between contrasting river catchments in different locations. All Understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the formation of composite particles is viewed as providing a valuable input to efforts to model the mobilisation. transport and fate of fine sediment. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Parent-provider communication and parental satisfaction with care of children with psychosocial problems. Results: Overall, parents reported good communication with their child's provider. Eighty-two percent of parents were very satisfied with the care received and 68% reported a very high quality of care. Parent-provider communication (e.g., collaboration and mutual understanding) was strongly related to parental reports of both satisfaction and quality of care.Conclusions: Parent-provider communication is an important correlate of parental report of satisfaction and quality of care. Involvement of parents in the treatment planning process was particularly important in determining satisfaction and quality ratings within this sample.Practice implications: When working with families with identified psychosocial concerns, the use of collaboration and an empathic style by providers may enhance the quality of care parents report receiving from their primary care clinicians. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Methods: A sample of 804 parents of children with psychosocial concerns enrolled in the Child Behavior Study (CBS) was used for the present analyses. As part of the CBS, parents of children with psychosocial problems answered questions that assessed parent-provider communication and parent ratings of satisfaction and quality of care.Objective: The objective of the present paper was to determine the association between parent-provider communication and parent ratings of satisfaction and quality of care for a group of parents of children identified with a psychosocial problem.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "A hybrid artificial intelligence method to classify trichotillomania and obsessive compulsive disorder. Classification of psychiatric disorders is becoming one of the major focuses of research using artificial intelligence approach. The combination of feature selection and classification methods generates satisfactory outcomes using biological biomarkers. The use of quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) cordance has enhanced the clinical utility of the EEG in psychiatric and neurological subjects. Trichotillomania (TTM), a kind of body focused repetitive behavior, is defined as a disorder characterized by repetitive hair pulling that results in noticeable hair loss. Phenomenological observations underline similarities between hair-pulling behaviors and compulsions seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Despite the recognized similarities between OCD and TTM, there is evidence of important differences between these two disorders. In order to dichotomize the subjects of each disorder, artificial intelligence approach was employed using quantitative EEG (QEEG) cordance values with 19 electrodes from 10 brain regions (prefrontal, frontocentral, central, left temporal, right temporal, left parietal, occipital, midline, left frontal and right frontal) in 4 frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha and beta). Machine learning methods, artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) and Naive Bayes (NB), were used in order to classify 39 TTM and 40 OCD patients. SVM, with its relatively better performance, was then combined with an improved ant colony optimization (IACO) approach in order to select more informative features with less iterations. The noteworthy performance of the hybrid approach underline that it is possible to discriminate OCD and TTM subjects with 81.04% overall accuracy. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Integrative analysis of miRNA-mRNA network in high altitude retinopathy by bioinformatics analysis. High-altitude retinopathy (HAR) is an ocular manifestation of acute oxygen deficiency at high altitudes. Although the pathophysiology of HAR has been revealed by many studies in recent years, the molecular mechanism is not yet clear. Our study aimed to systematically identify the genes and microRNA (miRNA) and explore the potential biomarkers associated with HAR by integrated bioinformatics analysis. The mRNA and miRNA expression profiles were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. We performed Gene Ontology functional annotations and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. Potential target gene analysis and miRNA-mRNA network analysis were also conducted. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the results of the bioinformatics analysis. Through a series of bioinformatics analyses and experiments, we selected 16 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) and 157 differentially expressed genes related to acute mountain sickness (AMS) and constructed a miRNA-mRNA network containing 240 relationship pairs. The hub genes were filtered from the protein-protein interaction network: IL7R, FOS, IL10, FCGR2A, DDX3X, CDK1, BCL11B and HNRNPH1, which were all down-regulated in the AMS group. Then, nine up-regulated DE-miRNAs and eight hub genes were verified by qRT-PCR in our hypoxia-induced HAR cell model. The expression of miR-3177-3p, miR-369-3p, miR-603, miR-495, miR-4791, miR-424-5p, FOS, IL10 and IL7R was consistent with our bioinformatics results. In conclusion, FOS, IL10, IL-7R and 7 DE-miRNAs may participate in the development of HAR. Our findings will contribute to the identification of biomarkers and promote the effective prevention and treatment of HAR in the future.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Low-frequency ionospheric sounding with Narrow Bipolar Event lightning radio emissions: regular variabilities and solar-X-ray responses. We present refinements of a method of ionospheric D-region sounding that makes opportunistic use of powerful (10(9)-10(11) W) broadband lightning radio emissions in the low-frequency (LF; 30-300 kHz) band. Such emissions are from \\\\'Narrow Bipolar Event\\\\' (NBE) lightning, and they are characterized by a narrow (10-mu s), simple emission waveform. These pulses can be used to perform time-delay reflectometry (or \\\\'sounding\\\\') of the D-region underside, at an effective LF radiated power exceeding by orders-of-magnitude that from man-made sounders. We use this opportunistic sounder to retrieve instantaneous LF ionospheric-reflection height whenever a suitable lightning radio pulse from a located NBE is recorded. We show how to correct for three sources of 'regular' variability, namely solar zenith angle, radio-propagation range, and radio-propagation azimuth. The residual median magnitude of the noise in reflection height, after applying the regression corrections for the three regular variabilities, is on the order of 1 km. This noise level allows us to retrieve the D-region-reflector-height variation with solar X-ray flux density for intensity levels at and above an M-1 flare. The instantaneous time response is limited by the occurrence rate of NBEs, and the noise level in the height determination is typically in the range +/- 1 km.", "label": [4, 34, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Measuring partner choice in plant-pollinator networks: using null models to separate rewiring and fidelity from chance. Recent studies of mutualistic networks show that interactions between partners change across years. Both biological mechanisms and chance could drive these patterns, but the relative importance of these factors has not been separated. We established a field experiment consisting of 102 monospecific plots of 17 native plant species, from which we collected 6713 specimens of 52 bee species over four years. We used these data and a null model to determine whether bee species' foraging choices varied more or less over time beyond the variation expected by chance. Thus we provide the first quantitative definition of rewiring and fidelity as these terms are used in the literature on interaction networks. All 52 bee species varied in plant partner choice across years, but for 27 species this variation was indistinguishable from random partner choice. Another 11 species showed rewiring, varying more across years than expected by chance, while 14 species showed fidelity, indicating that they both prefer certain plant species and are consistent in those preferences across years. Our study shows that rewiring and fidelity both exist in mutualist networks, but that once sampling effects have been accounted for, they are less common than has been reported in the ecological literature.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Type II familial synpolydactyly: report on two families with an emphasis on variations of expression. Type II familial synpolydactyly is rare and is known to have variable expression. However, no previous papers have attempted to review these variations. The aim of this paper was to review these variations and show several of these variable expressions in two families. The classic features of type II familial synpolydactyly are bilateral synpolydactyly of the third web spaces of the hands and bilateral synpolydactyly of the fourth web spaces of the feet. Several members of the two families reported in this paper showed the following variations: the third web spaces of the hands showing syndactyly without the polydactyly, normal feet, concurrent polydactyly of the little finger, concurrent clinodactyly of the little finger and the 'homozygous' phenotype. It was concluded that variable expressions of type II familial synpolydactyly are common and awareness of such variations is important to clinicians. European Journal of Human Genetics (2011) 19, 112-114; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.127; published online 18 August 2010", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "EXPERIENCING CATE - THE IMPACT OF ACCREDITATION UPON INITIAL TRAINING INSTITUTIONS IN ENGLAND. In 1984, the British Government introduced a new system of accreditation for all courses of initial teacher training, administered by the Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (CA TE). This paper examines the impact of that system on teacher training institutions in England in the late 1980s. Drawing upon interview data from seven institutions, three of which are discussed in detail, the paper identifies a range of responses to the demands of accreditation. It goes on to explore some of the contradictions presented by the accreditation exercise and to discuss ways in which institutions have exploited those contradictions. Finally, the paper points to the irony of the Government's introduction of a new route into teaching, with minimal training requirements, at the same time as it is engaged in the detailed prescription of the content of courses of initial training provided by higher education institutions.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Health Behaviors of Operating Engineers. Operating Engineers (heavy equipment operators in construction) may be at particular risk for heart disease and cancer related to their exposure to environmental dust and smoking, the sedentary nature of their job, and long hours of exposure to the sun. The aim of this study was to characterize the health behaviors of Operating Engineers. This cross-sectional survey from a convenience sample of Operating Engineers (N = 498) used validated instruments to measure smoking, drinking, diet, exercise, sleep, and sun exposure. Univariate and bivariate analyses to detect differences by age were conducted. The sample scored significantly worse on all five health behaviors compared to population norms. Those who were older were less likely to smoke and chew tobacco and more likely to eat fruits and vegetables. Many were interested in services to improve their health behaviors. Health behavior interventions are needed and wanted by Operating Engineers.", "label": [2, 26, 24]}
{"token": "Maternal and Fetal Outcomes Associated With Infective Endocarditis in Pregnancy. Results. We identified 12 602 reproductive-aged female patients with a diagnosis of IE, of which 382 (weighted national estimate, 748) were maternity-associated. Of these cases, 117 (weighted national estimate, 217) occurred during a delivery admission. Compared with patients with nonmaternity-associated IE, maternity-associated infection was associated with younger age (mean, 29.0 vs 36.6 years; P <.001), Medicaid coverage (72.5% vs 47.2%; P <.001), and drug use (76.2% vs 59.8%; P <.001). Mortality was comparable (8.1% vs 10.6%; adjusted rate ratio [aRR], 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI]:.71-1.48). Compared with patients who delivered without IE, IE complicating delivery was associated with worse maternal and fetal outcomes, including maternal mortality (17.2% vs <0.01%; aRR, 323.32; 95% CI: 127.74-818.37) and preterm birth (55.7% vs 10.1%; aRR, 3.61; 95% CI, 2.58-5.08).Conclusions. Maternity-associated IE does not appear to confer additional risk for adverse outcome over nonmaternity-associated infection. Patients who deliver with IE have worse maternal and fetal outcomes than those whose deliveries are not complicated by IE.Methods. The National Readmissions Database was used to obtain data between October 2015 and October 2018. Billing codes identified admissions for IE in female patients of reproductive age. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes were compared between patients with maternity-associated and nonmaternity-associated IE and obstetric patients who delivered with and without IE. Weighted regressions were used to examine outcomes in adjusted models.Background. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare but serious infection that complicates pregnancy. Little is known about IE management and outcomes in this population.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "A dynamics based view of atmosphere-fire interactions. Current research on severe fire interactions with the atmosphere focuses largely on examination of correlations between fire growth and various atmospheric properties, and on the development of indices based on these correlations. The author proposes that progress requires understanding the physics and atmospheric dynamics behind the correlations. A conceptual 3-stage model of fire development, based on atmospheric structure, is presented. Using parcel theory and basic atmospheric dynamics equations, the author proposes possible causal explanations for some of the known correlations. The atmospheric dynamics are discussed in terms of the 3-stage model, but can also be viewed more generally. The overall goal is to reframe fire-atmosphere interactions in a way that will allow better understanding and progress in fire science, prediction, and safety.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "LIBOR MARKET MODEL UNDER THE REAL-WORLD MEASURE. This paper consists of two parts. The first part aims to construct a LIBOR market model under the real-world measure (LMRW) according to the Jamshidian framework. Then, LIBOR rates, bond prices and a state price deflator are explicitly described under the LMRW. The second part aims to estimate the market price of risk, as well as to investigate the fundamental properties of real-world simulations. Then, the following subjects are theoretically investigated: (1) a method for determining the number of factors for real-world simulations, (2) the properties of real-world simulations, and (3) the value of the market price of risk in connection with sample data. Numerical examples demonstrate our results.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Mass balance of lead through a small macrotidal estuary: The Morlaix River estuary (Brittany, France). Dissolved and particulate lead were measured over an annual cycle (12 surveys between February 1998 and January 1999) in the Morlaix River estuary (Brittany, France). The concentrations were investigated in both the water column and the sediment of the river bottom in relation to hydrological conditions. In the water column, dissolved and particulate lead concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 4.4 nM and from 0.04 to 1.9 mu mol g(-1), respectively. Lead concentrations in surface sediment varied from 0.04 to 0.19 mu mol g(-1) and concentrations in the sediment pore water of the estuary were below the detection limit. Compared with the ranges known for pristine estuaries, concentrations of Pb in the water column of the Morlaix River estuary were found to be much higher. Concentrations of Pb also exceeded the lower range of those known for industrialized estuaries. Extensive agricultural activities in the drainage basin may be responsible for Pb levels above pristine conditions, Furthermore, the sediment appeared not to be contaminated. A mass balance was constructed quantifying all known sources and sinks for the Pb in the estuary. Riverine input accounts for most of the total annual metal flux. Burial in sediments was the major sink within the estuary, which acts as a trap especially for the particulate lead. The mass balance shows that the metal accumulation ranged between 414.6 and 446.0 kg year(-1). (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 39]}
{"token": "A Diplomatic Tightrope: The Whitlam Government and the Diego Garcia Dilemma. This article focuses on Australia's response to the joint Anglo-American effort to expand military facilities on the island of Diego Garcia in early 1970s. The primary emphasis will be on the Whitlam government's rationale behind its diplomatic manoeuvre towards great power rivalries in the Indian Ocean and its supportive position towards the concept of building the Indian Ocean as a peace zone. It argues that the Whitlam government's policy towards the international diplomacy around Diego Garcia contributed to the shaping of a unique Australian foreign policy, one free from attachment to British and American considerations, although still mindful of the need to factor the interests of the UK and the USA into Australia's calculations of its own best interests.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The V410L knockdown resistance mutation occurs in island and continental populations of Aedes aegypti in West and Central Africa. The extensive use of insecticides for vector control has led to the development of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti populations on a global scale, which has significantly compromised control actions. Insecticide resistance, and its underlying mechanisms, has been investigated in several countries, mostly in South American and Asian countries. In Africa, however, studies reporting insecticide resistance are rare and data on resistance mechanisms, notably knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, is scarce. In this study, the recently described V410L kdr mutation is reported for the first time in old world Ae. aegypti populations, namely from Angola and Madeira island. Two additional kdr mutations, V1016I and F1534C, are also reported for the first time in populations from Angola and Cape Verde. Significant associations with the resistance phenotype were found for both V410L and V1016I individually as well as for tri-locus genotypes in the Angolan population. However, no association was found in Madeira island, probably due to the presence of a complex pattern of multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in the local Ae. aegypti population. These results suggest that populations carrying the same kdr mutations may respond differently to the same insecticide, stressing the need for complementary studies when assessing the impact of kdr resistance mechanisms in the outcome of insecticide-based control strategies.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Revising the Population History of the Kingdom of Kongo. Research conducted into the demography of the Kingdom of Kongo some forty years ago, employing baptismal statistics left by missionaries, has been in need of revision thanks to challenges by more recent scholarship. This article revises the estimated population of Kongo by addressing these challenges, drawing on newly discovered documentary sources. Using this new evidence, the estimate for the kingdom's population in the mid-seventeenth century has been elevated from 509,000 to around 790,000. The original article's claims about levels of fertility and mortality have been retained. The article also addresses questions concerning the validity of missionary statistics and the impact of the slave trade, which was small before 1700 but then increasingly large thereafter, reaching very high levels by the early nineteenth century. While a quantitative estimate of the later population is not possible given the limitations of sources for this period, it is likely that the population of the kingdom fell as slave exports peaked.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Two New Species of the Genus Cunaxa (Acari: Cunaxidae) from District Nankana. Among the predatory mites Cunaxidae is an important family which is reported to predate upon other harmful mites and soft bodied insects. As a result of survey of taxonomic exploration, two new species of the genus Cunaxa viz., leuros and rafiqi, were collected from rice husk from District Nankana. These two new species raised the total number of known species from Pakistan to 9. A key to all the known species of the genus Cunaxa is prepared to incorporate these new species. Types are deposited in the Acarology Research Laboratory, Department of Agri. Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Light enhances the unfolded protein response as measured by BiP2 gene expression and the secretory GFP-2SC marker in Arabidopsis. Disruption of the protein-folding capacity in the ER induces the accumulation of unfolded proteins and ER stress, which activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). Although UPR has been extensively studied in yeast and mammals, much less is known about UPR and its relationship with light in plants. Here, we examined the effects of chemically induced UPR and light on a molecular marker of UPR (binding protein, BiP2, gene expression) and a secretory green fluorescent protein marker (GFP-2SC) that is trafficked from the ER to vacuole in Arabidopsis thaliana (L). UPR, which was induced by DTT and tunicamycin (TM), increased Bip2 mRNA levels and decreased the levels of microsomal and vacuolar forms of GFP-2SC. Treatment with protease inhibitors lessened the effects of DTT and TM on GFP-2SC, indicating the decrease in GFP levels partially involved protein degradation. Light treatments synergistically enhanced the decrease in GFP levels in both the ER and vacuole and induced the expression of UPR marker genes for BiP2 and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI, EC 5.3.4.1). DTT and TM treatments required light for maximal induction of the UPR. Light-induced UPR occurred during the daily dark to light cycle and when dark-adapted plants were exposed to light. We propose that light activates the UPR to increase the protein folding capacity in the ER to accommodate an increase in translation during dark to light transitions.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Fast dust in the heliosphere. The dynamics of dust particles in the solar system is dominated by solar gravity, by solar radiation pressure, or by electromagnetic interaction of charged dust grains with the interplanetary magnetic field. For micron-sized or bigger dust particles solar gravity leads to speeds of about 30 to 40 km s(-1) at the Earth's distance. Smaller particles that are generated close to the Sun and for which radiation pressure is dominant (the ratio of radiation pressure force over gravity F-rad/F-grav is generally termed beta) are driven out of the solar system on hyperbolic orbits. Such a flow of beta-meteoroids has been observed by the Pioneer 8, 9 and Ulysses spaceprobes. Dust particles in interplanetary space are electrically charged to typically +5 V by the photo effect from solar UV radiation. The dust detector on Cassini for the first time measured the dust charge directly. The dynamics of dust particles smaller than about 0.1 mum is dominated by the electromagnetic interaction with the ambient magnetic field. Effects of the solar wind magnetic field on interstellar grains passing through the solar system have been observed. Nanometer sized dust stream particles have been found which were accelerated by Jupiter's magnetic field to speeds of about 300 km s(-1).", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Reassortment and concerted evolution in Banana bunchy top virus genomes. The nanovirus Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) has six standard components in its genome and occasionally contains components encoding additional Rep (replication initiation protein) genes. Phylogenetic network analysis of coding sequences of DNA 1 and 3 confirmed the two major groups of BBTV, a Pacific and an Asian group, but show evidence of web-like phylogenies for some genes. Phylogenetic analysis of 102 major common regions (CR-Ms) from all six components showed a possible concerted evolution within the Pacific group, which is likely due to recombination in this region. The CR-M of additional Rep genes is close to that of DNA 1 and 2. Comparison of tree topologies constructed with DNA 1 and DNA 3 coding sequences of 14 BBTW isolates showed distinct phylogenetic histories based on Kishino-Hasegawa and Shimodaira-Hasegawa tests. The results of principal component analysis of amino acid and codon usages indicate that DNA 1 and 3 have a codon bias different from that of all other genes of nanoviruses, including all currently known additional Rep genes of BBW, which suggests a possible ancient genome reassortment event between distinctive nanoviruses.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Effect of Power Ultrasound and Pulsed Vacuum Treatments on the Dehydration Kinetics, Distribution, and Status of Water in Osmotically Dehydrated Strawberry: a Combined NMR and DSC Study. The effect of power ultrasound and pulsed vacuum (PV) treatments on the dehydration kinetics and the status of water during osmotic dehydration of strawberries was investigated. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to determine the spatial distribution and status of water within the cellular and intercellular spaces. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the freezing point depression and the amount of frozen water. Osmotic treatment was performed by immersing the samples in 25 and 50 % (w/w) sucrose solutions at 40 A degrees C for 3 h. Water loss and solid gain of strawberry samples were measured and the data were fitted by Peleg's model. The Peleg's model fitted the experimental water loss and solid gain kinetics data well (R (2) > 0.98). At a given sucrose concentration, the highest water loss and the highest decrease in firmness occurred while using ultrasound treatment, while the highest solid gain and the highest firmness values were achieved by pulsed vacuum treatment. LF-NMR signals were able to quantify the effect of water-osmotic solute exchange on the cell compartments (vacuole, cytoplasm plus intercellular space, and cell wall). The LF-NMR data showed that the relative space occupied by the vacuole decreased and the relative space occupied by the cytoplasm and intercellular space were increased due to these osmotic treatments. MRI results indicated that a bright \\\\'water strip\\\\' appeared in the periphery of all the osmotically dehydrated samples. DSC results showed that the decrease in water content and the increase in the osmotic solutes depressed the initial freezing point and the freezable water content in osmotically dehydrated strawberry.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Extended AMR-WB for high-quality audio on mobile devices. This article presents the architecture, performance, and application scenarios of the AMR-WB+ (Extended AMR-WB) audio codec, which provides high quality at exceptionally low rates, and consistent quality over all audio types. This codec was recently selected by 3GPP and DVB to support low-bit-rate audio and audiovisual applications on mobile networks.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Optimal control systems governed by second-order ODEs with Dirichlet boundary data and variable parameters. Optimal control systems governed by second-order ODEs with boundary data and variable parameters are considered. Using variational methods a theorem on existence of optimal processes is proven and a sufficient condition for continuous (or semicontinuous) dependence of optimal trajectories and controls on parameters is given.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Phase space analysis of planar channeled MeV protons. A phase space analysis framework is used for Monte Carlo channeling simulations of the passage of 3 MeV protons through thin silicon layers. The results show the relationship between the spatial location of the protons across the channeling planes, their emergent angle and their energy loss. It is shown how the energy spread of the transmitted beam depends on the ratio of the layer thickness to the channeling oscillation wavelength. For a layer thickness of half a wavelength, or a multiple thereof, the energy spread of the transmitted beam is smallest. By collimating the emergent: angle it can be reduced to a value of the same order as that obtained in beams from van de Graaff accelerators. This is important in understanding the limitations on the subsequent transport and focusing of MeV ion beams after passing through thin crystals. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Purification and identification of new acyl-conjugated teasterones in lily pollen. Typical brassinosteroid activity was found in the alkaline hydrolysate of the n-hexane fraction of lily pollen, Two acyl conjugates of teasterone were purified from the n-hexane fraction by HPLC and analyzed by GC-MS and/or LC-MS, resulting in the identification of teasterone esters,vith lauric acid and myristic acid, Syntheses of the teasterone esters are also reported. The acyl conjugates of typhasterol, castasterone, and brassinolide did not occur in lily pollen, This is the first time that acyl conjugates have ever been discovered among naturally occurring brassinosteroids.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 19, 36, 8, 42]}
{"token": "Octave and Decade Printed UWB Rectifiers Based on Nonuniform Transmission Lines for Energy Harvesting. Ambient RF energy harvesting is a potential energy source for low-power and battery-less wireless sensors, enabling a range of applications from monitoring to security as part of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) scenario. One of the main challenges of ambient RF energy harvesting is the requirement of operation over a multitude of frequency bands of low ambient power densities resulting in a very wide aggregate operating bandwidth. In this paper, design examples of novel ultra-wideband energy harvesters are demonstrated with octave and decade bandwidths in the UHF and low microwave spectrum. The RF-dc conversion efficiency is maximized by tailoring the dimensions of a nonuniform transmission line used to provide broadband impedance matching. The design challenges in terms of impedance matching based on the Bode-Fano theoretical limit, losses and miniaturization are highlighted. Two prototypes are presented and their performance is evaluated. The octave band rectifier showed a measured RF-dc conversion efficiency of more than 60% over a frequency band of 470 to 860 MHz at 10-dBm input power. The decade band rectifier fabricated on Kapton substrate using inkjet printing featured a higher than 33% efficiency over a frequency band from 250 MHz to 3 GHz at 10-dBm input power.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Synthesis, molecular structure and magnetic properties of a rhenium(IV) compound with catechol. A novel Re(IV) complex containing catechol as ligand has been prepared and characterized. The crystal structure of (HNEt3)(NBu4)[ReCl4(cat)]center dot H(2)cat was determined. The rhenium ion presents a distorted octahedral geometry, being bonded to a bidentate catecholate group and four chloride anions. The magnetic properties of the complex were studied, a |2D| (the energy gap between +/- 3/2 and +/- 1/2 Kramers doublets) value of 190(10) cm(-1). This is the largest |2D| value reported for Re(IV) up to now. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation analysis using only high performance liquid chromatography. Currently, sample analysis of Acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation in Clostridium acetobutylicum is performed through the simultaneous use of both High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC). In this study, a novel method was developed for the quantification of substrate (glucose) and products (acetic acid, ethanol, butyric acid, acetone, and butanol) of ABE fermentation using only HPLC. The most favorable characterization of peaks of tested compounds were observed in a refractive index (RI) detector maintaining a flow rate of 0.5 ml min(-1) with a column temperature of 30 degrees C. However, an overlap between butyric acid and acetone peaks was detected, and therefore a methodology was developed accounting for respective peak heights for the quantification of these compounds. During validation of the method, linear regression analysis of the calibration plot illustrated that there was a good linear relationship (correlation coefficient R-2 > 0.9981) between peak area and concentration in the range of 0.31-5.0 mg ml(-1). The quantitative recoveries of tested components were very close in range, 97.99-103.46%, and Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) values were lower than 4.90%. The results of statistical analysis proved that the method is precise, repeatable, reproducible, accurate, and sensitive, and hence can be employed for the quantification of components involved in ABE fermentation. This method was also used to quantify the products and substrates of fermentation samples using individual glucose and a combination of sugars.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8, 35]}
{"token": "Revisiting the black hole masses of soft X-ray-selected active Galactic nuclei. In our previous work, using luminosity and the H beta FWHM as surrogates for black hole mass (M-BH), we compared the black hole masses of narrow- line Seyfert 1 galaxies ( NLS1s) and broad- line Seyfert 1 galaxies ( BLS1s) in a sample of soft X- ray- selected active galactic nuclei. We found that the distributions of black hole masses in the two populations are statistically different. Recent work shows that the second moment of the H beta emission line ( the line dispersion) is a better estimator of black hole mass than FWHM. To test whether changing the width measure affects our results, we calculate line dispersion - based black hole masses for our soft X- ray- selected sample. We find that using the line dispersion rather than the FWHM as a measure of the gas velocity shifts NLS1 and BLS1 virial product distributions closer together, but they remain distinct. On the M-BH-sigma(*) plane, we find that using the line dispersion leaves NLS1s below the M-BH-sigma(*) relation, but to a less significant degree than when FWHM is used to calculate black hole masses ( the [ O III] lambda 5007FWHM is used as a surrogate for the bulge stellar velocity dispersion). The level of significance of our findings is such that we cannot draw firm conclusions on the location of the two samples on the M-BH-sigma(*) plane. We are still left with two alternative scenarios: either ( 1) NLS1s lie below the M-BH-sigma(*) relation, indicating that their black hole masses are growing, or ( 2) NLS1s lie on the M-BH-sigma(*) relation, so they preferentially reside in smaller mass, less luminous galaxies; the present data do not allow us to choose one over the other. More trustworthy stellar velocity dispersions and accurate black hole mass measurements with reverberation mapping are required for a firmer statement about the locus of NLS1s on the MBH-sigma(*) plane.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Artemisinin-Naphthoquine Combination Therapy for Uncomplicated Pediatric Malaria: a Tolerability, Safety, and Preliminary Efficacy Study. Artemisinin-naphthoquine (ART-NQ) is a fixed-dose coformulated antimalarial therapy recommended as a single-dose treatment and marketed in Papua New Guinea among other tropical countries. We conducted a tolerability, safety, and efficacy study of ART-NQ for Papua New Guinean children aged 5 to 12 years with uncomplicated malaria, comparing single-dose ART-NQ (15 and 6 mg/kg of body weight) given with water (group 1; n = 15), single-dose ART-NQ (22 and 9 mg/kg) given with milk (group 2; n = 17), or two daily doses of 22 and 9 mg/kg given with water (group 3; n = 16). Of the 48 children (45 with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, 2 with Plasmodium vivax malaria, and 1 with mixed-species malaria), 2 in group 2 did not attend all follow-up assessments. All regimens were well tolerated, with no serious adverse events. There were no clinically significant changes in pulse, blood pressure, rate-corrected electrocardiographic QT, routine biochemistry/hematology, or hearing after treatment. Fever clearance was prompt. Mean 50% parasite clearance times were 4, 4, and 5 h for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. One group 1 patient had PCR-confirmed P. falciparum recrudescence at day 23; four had PCR-confirmed P. falciparum reinfections on day 28 or 42; and three had P. vivax infections detected on day 42. The only recurrent parasitemia in groups 2 and 3 occurred in a group 2 child who developed a P. vivax infection on day 42. Day 14 gametocyte positivity levels were 20%, 27%, and 9% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The lower single ART-NQ dose was associated with relatively frequent recurrence of parasitemia, but the prolonged gametocytemia in all three groups has implications for the transmission of malaria.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 43]}
{"token": "Characterization of the major secreted zinc metalloprotease-dependent glycerophospholipid: Cholesterol acyltransferase, PlaC, of Legionella pneumophila. Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular pathogen causing a severe pneumonia, possesses distinct lipolytic activities which have not been completely assigned to specific enzymes so far. We cloned and characterized a gene, plaC, encoding a protein with high homology to PlaA, the major secreted lysophospholipase A of L. pneumophila and to other hydrolytic enzymes belonging to the GDSL family. Here we show that L. pneumophila plaC mutants possessed reduced phosphollipase A and lysophospholipase A activities and lacked glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in their culture supernatants. The mutants' reduced phospholipase A and acyltransferase activities were complemented by reintroduction of an intact copy of plaC. Additionally, plaC conferred increased lysophospholipase A and glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acytransferase activities to recombinant Escherichia coli. Furthermore, PlaC was shown to be another candidate exported by the L. pneumophila type II secretion system and was activated by a factor present in the bacterial culture supernatant dependent on the zinc metalloprotease. Finally, the role of plaC in intracellular infection of Acanthamoeba castellanii and U937 macrophages with L. pneumophila was assessed, and plaC was found to be dispensable. Thus, L. pneumophila possesses another secreted lipolytic enzyme, a protein with acyltransferase, phospholipase A, and lysophospholipase A activities. This enzyme is distinguished from the previously characterized phospholipases A and lysophosphollipases A by its capacity not only to cleave fatty acids from lipids but to transfer them to cholesterol. Cholesterol is an important compound of eukaryotic membranes, and an acyltransferase might be a tool for host cell modification to fit the needs of the bacterium.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "A SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT APPROACH APPLIED TO A MOBILE AUTHENTICATION TECHNIQUE BASED ON GESTURES. In this paper, a biometric technique based on gesture recognition is proposed to improve the security of operations requiring authentication in mobile phones. Users are authenticated by making a gesture invented by them holding a mobile phone embedding an accelerometer on their hand. An analysis method based on sequence alignment is proposed and evaluated in different experiments. Firstly, a test of distinctiveness of gestures has been proposed obtaining an equal error rate (EER) of 4.98% with a database of 30 users and four repetitions. With the same database, a second experiment representing the unicity of accessing attempts has resulted in an EER value of 1.92%. Finally, a third experiment to evaluate the robustness of the technique has examined a database of 40 users with eight repetitions and real falsification attempts, performed by three impostors from the study of recordings of the carrying out of the original gestures, resulting in an EER of 2.5%.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "A review of Brucella seroprevalence among humans and animals in Bangladesh with special emphasis on epidemiology, risk factors and control opportunities. Brucellosis is a neglected bacterial zoonotic disease in many countries affecting both humans and animals. The aim of this paper is to review published reports of the seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans and animals (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and dogs) in Bangladesh. The prevalence studies are based primarily on the following serological tests: rose bengal plate agglutination test (RBT), plate agglutination test (PAT), tube agglutination test (TAT), mercaptoethanol agglutination test (MET), standard tube agglutination test (STAT), slow agglutination test (SAT), milk ring test (MRT), indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (I-ELISA), competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) and fluorescent polarization assay (FPA). Seroprevalences of brucellosis were found to be affected by the sensitivity and specificity of serological tests employed. Brucellosis prevalence varied based on occupations of people (2.5-18.6%) and species of animals (3.7% in cattle, 4.0% in buffalo, 3.6% in goats and 7.3% in sheep). The prevalence of brucellosis in humans was reported in livestock farmers (2.6-21.6%), milkers (18.6%), butchers (2.5%) and veterinarians (5.3-11.1%) who have direct contact with animal and its products or who consume raw milk. According to published reports brucellosis does affect people and livestock of Bangladesh. There is an immediate need for a concerted effort to control and eradicate brucellosis from domesticated animals in Bangladesh. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 43, 10]}
{"token": "The role of subsidies in managing the operating risk of agricultural enterprises. The paper examines the relationship between the farmers' operating risk and current subsidies. Focused at the commodity level, the analysis is based on a sample survey of costs and yields of two crops (winter wheat and rapeseed) and two livestock commodities (cow milk and fattening cattle) carried out in 2005-2007 in the Czech Republic. The risk analysis relates to the growing conditions, crop yields and the livestock productivity. The future role of the Subsidies as the risk management tool in the farming business, as well as the position of this instrument against the other risk management instruments is analysed. The break even analysis and the Monte Carlo simulation are used as analytical tools. The results indicate that the current subsidies have an impact on the stability of the farmers' income. Partially or fully decoupled payments serve as a \\\\'financial pillow\\\\' increasing the level of the farmers' income and extending the farmers' decision-making possibilities. Furthermore, the current subsidies reduce the variability of the farmers' income. The Current subsidies Are a suitable complement to other commonly used risk management tools primarily designed to reduce the farmers' and farm income variability.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
{"token": "Modelling the salt rejection of nanofiltration membranes for ternary ion mixtures and for single salts at different pH values. Zeta potential measurements were performed to gain more insight in the rejection mechanisms of nanofiltration membranes. The zeta potential as well as the calculated surface charge increased at pH 7 with increasing salt concentration in the bulk. The isoelectric point of both membranes investigated (PVD1, Desal 5DK) is at a pH of about 4. The membranes are positively charged below this pH-value and are negative at higher pH-values. Rejection measurements were performed for both membranes. The rejection of single salt solutions at different concentrations, the rejection of ternary ion mixtures as well as the rejection at different pH-values were determined experimentally. For the modelling of the rejection by nanofiltration membranes, the zeta potential measurements were used to calculate the surface charge of the membrane. An empirical approach was proposed to incorporate the change of the dielectric constant between bulk and pore solution to calculate the ion distribution between bulk and pore solution. The decrease of the NaCl rejection as well as the increase of the CaCl2 rejection was well described by the model. The rejection of ternary ion mixtures of NaCl/Na2SO4 and NaCl/CaCl2 were determined experimentally and were predicted by the model except for the NaCl/CaCl2 mixture in the case of the Desal 5DK membrane, where the negative rejections of Na+ were not predicted. The rejections at different pH-values exhibit a minimum, which coincides in the case of the PVDI with the isoelectric point of the membrane surface. The pH of the rejection minimum for the Desal 5DK is one pH unit higher than the isoelectric point.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
{"token": "Return Migration and Transnationalism: How Are the Two Connected?. Return migration and migrant transnationalism are key phenomena in research on international migration. Here we examine how the two are connected. The article introduces a special section and draws partly upon this selection of papers and partly upon the broader literature. First, we argue that there is often a blurred boundary between mobility as a transnational practice, for instance in the form of return visits, and purportedly permanent or long-term return migration. Second, we examine the effects of transnationalism on return migration intentions and experiences. Third, we explore how migration trajectories, involving various forms of 'return' moves, create different forms of transnationalism. Examples include the 'reverse transnational' practices of returnees and the 'residual transnationalism' of migrants who have had an unsuccessful return experience and decided to settle permanently abroad. We end by considering how both return migration and transnationalism exist in the interplay between the personal and the social.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Dynamic competition and binding of concepts through time and space. Models of implicit stereotypes (e.g., association of male with math or female with language) usually explain the faster responses observed for stereotype-congruent trials in the Implicit Association Test (IAT) by requiring a fundamental opposition between the male and female concepts (or math-language), limiting the decision-making dynamics to abstract dimensions. This paper introduces alternate models exploiting the sensorimotor dimensions of the IAT, which naturally account for the opposition between concepts, because typically mapped on opposite corners of the screen space and on different response actions. In addition to the emergence of the IAT effect, dynamic characteristics of the decision-making process within these models are tested against human data, obtained with a mouse-tracking adapted IAT procedure.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Rapidly mutating Y-STRs study in Chinese Yi population. Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) have been widely used in forensic analysis and population genetics. With low to moderate mutation rates, conventional Y-STR panels, including commercially available Y-STR kits, enable the identification of male pedigrees but typically fail to differentiate related male individuals. The introduction of rapidly mutating Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (RM Y-STRs) with higher mutation rates (>10(-2)) has been demonstrated to increase the discrimination capacity of unrelated men and the differentiation rate of related men compared with standard Y-STRs. To date, several studies have been performed worldwide. Here, 260 father-son pairs from Chinese Yi population were investigated, and 18.8% of them were differentiated with the 13 RM Y-STR markers, which was close to the theoretical estimate of 19.5% based on the mutation rates of these markers. Among the 57 mutations observed, repeat gains were more common than repeat losses (1.48:1), and one-step mutations were more common than two-step mutations (27.5:1). Locus-specific mutation rates ranged from <3.85x10(-3) (95% CI 0.00-1.41x10(-2)) to 3.85x10(-2) (95% CI 1.86x10(-2)-6.96x10(-2)), with an average mutation rate of 1.46x10(-2) (95% CI 1.11x10(-2)-1.89x10(-2)). Furthermore, we combined the father-son pair data from the present study with the data from the previous studies, generating an overall mutation rate of 1.70x10(-2). The high differentiation rate obtained in the present study indicates the suitability of RM Y-STRs to distinguish paternal lineages in Chinese Yi population.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Impacts of steel mill slag leachate on the water quality of a small Pennsylvania stream. Leachate from a 20 million ton steel mill slag dump significantly influenced the chemistry of a small western Pennsylvania stream, Nine Mile Run. Alkalinity, acidity, pH, calcium, and magnesium were significantly altered by the alkaline leachate that seeped from the toe of the 95 hectare slag dump. These leachates increased the mean pH of the receiving stream from 7.7 to 9.3, and the maximum pH measured was 11.1. Alkalinity decreased, and Ca++ and Mg++ came out of solution forming carbonate flowstone-like layers over the streambed.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Thermal requirements and fertility life table of the Amblyseius largoensis. Amblyseius largoensis (Muma) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a species widely spread and naturally occurring in the tropics and subtropics regions. This species is also associated with perennial plants and considered an important predator of Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae) in coconut trees (Cocos nucifera L). The objective of this research was to determinate the thermal requirements of A. largoensis fed with a combination of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), pollen of Ricinus communis L. and a 10% honey solution. The stud), was conducted at 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 degrees C, 70 +/- 10% relative humidity and 12 h photophase. At these temperatures, the period from egg-adult lasted 14.0, 8.6, 6.1, 5,0 e 3.9 respectively. At those temperatures, the threshold temperature for the development of larva, protonynph, deutonymph and egg-adult were 13.3, 13.3, 13.5, 11.9 and 13.3 degrees C, and the thermal constants were 20.9, 13.5, 14.9, 18.9 and 66.1 degree-days, respectively. The fertility life table parameters were better in the 27 and 30 degrees C.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Diadinoxanthin cycle of the bottom ice algal community during spring in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Using the ice algal community growing at the bottom of the annual sea ice in McMurdo Sound Antarctica, the response of the photoprotective diadinoxanthin (DD)-cycle to exposure to light was investigated. Changes in pigment concentration were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography. A light mixing simulator (LMS) was developed and used to simulate the pigment response to mixing in the upper water column. No DD-cycle was detected under the sea ice under natural light conditions. The DD-cycle was activated after exposure to surface natural light conditions and artificial light conditions. The first-order kinetic rates of the DD-cycle under constant artificial irradiance, natural irradiance and simulations with the LMS were found to be similar to other studies suggesting that ice algae do not vary the rate of deepoxidation depending on light history. Simulations under natural light using the LMS demonstrated that the response of the DD-cycle to static incubations and when subject to vertical mixing was not similar, and that static incubations overestimate DD-cycle activity over the long term. Algae in a simulated vertically mixed environment were able to increase the pool of xanthophyll pigments compared to static conditions where the pool remained the same or decreased. The recovery of DD in the dark or under low light was found to be significantly faster than in temperate algal communities. These results suggest that ice algae at the sea ice bottom can activate the photoprotective DD-cycle to regulate excess thermal energy. Unlike temperate species of diatoms, ice algae can rapidly reconstruct the pigment pool under low light or in the dark and is likely a particular adaptation to the unique light environment in Antarctica.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "DATA RECONSTRUCTION IN HISTORICAL STATISTICS: COMMERCIAL BANKS' BRANCHES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1897. The paper revises traditional regional division of the commercial banks of the Russian Empire to the banks of St. Petersburg, Moscow and the rest of Russia. The research analyzes the allocation of assets, loans and deposits in regions and reveals the areas of maximal growth of branch networks, capital inflow and outflow by 1 January 1898. There is a main obstacle to the studies of regional Russian banking: a third of commercial banks published statistics separately on their head office's operations and on regional offices in sum. Those missing regional data have been reconstructed in the study and a new data collection is available online. The data set includes all 42 commercial banks, operated in 1897, and their 279 units in Russia and abroad. Regional statistics of the Russian commercial banks primarily concerned financial centres rather than regions. With the predicted dominance of St. Petersburg and Moscow, the leading ten centres by total assets in descending order were Kiev, Riga, Warsaw, Odessa, Lodz, Taganrog, Rostov-on-Don, Kharkov, Yekaterinburg and Tiflis. The largest number of banking units developed in Central and Southern provinces of European Russia, close to the area of farm-market agriculture and principal rail-and waterways: grain-producing provinces of Central European Russia, or Central Black Earth Economic Region (42 units), provinces of the northern coast of the Black Sea, or South Steppe Region (33 unit), and the Middle Volga Region (21 unit). Most of Russian regions, including St. Petersburg and Moscow, were the subjects of capital inflow, i.e. their local loans exceeded local deposits; it especially concerned to western regions. The loans and deposits were relatively balanced in Central and Southern European Russia. Deposits exceeded loans only in the Caucasus and in northern regions of European Russia.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "It's a very hard process': narrative analysis, positioning and identity (re)construction about emergency remote education. This article analyzes the oral narrative of a Portuguese Language teacher and describes, how she has (re)constructed the professional identity(ies) and positions herself in assessments situations in the emergency remote education. This paper is anchored in the theoretical principles of narrative analysis and consider the linguistic-interactional and discursive assessments from the studies of Labov ([1972] 2008); Moita Lopes (2001); Bastos; Biar (2015); Abreu; Nobrega (2020). The data were generated in a continuing education meeting held in 2020, during the Covid-19 pandemic. The methodology is qualitative-interpretative and it is based on the concepts of oral narrative studies. The results suggest that, when the teacher constructing the narrative, she organizes the narrated experiences, evaluating the situations and positioning herself according to the assumed identities, sometimes as a concerned teacher who values the advantages of the remote education environment, sometimes as someone who finds themself in the unprecedented pedagogical challenge.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "EVIDENCE FOR FORAGING-SITE FIDELITY AND INDIVIDUAL FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF PELAGIC CORMORANTS REARING CHICKS IN THE GULF OF ALASKA. The Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus) is the most widespread cormorant in the North Pacific, but little is known about its foraging and diving behavior. However, knowledge of seabirds' foraging behavior is important to understanding their function in the marine environment. In 2006, using GPS dataloggers, we studied the foraging behavior of 14 male Pelagic Cormorants rearing chicks on Middleton Island, Alaska. For foraging, the birds had high fidelity to a small area 8 km north of the colony. Within that area, the cormorants' diving activity was of two distinct kinds-near-surface dives (1-6 m) and benthic dives (28-33 m). Individuals were consistent in the depths of their dives, either mostly shallow or mostly deep. Few showed no depth preference. Dive duration, time at maximum depth, and pauses at the water surface between consecutive dives were shorter for shallow dives than for deep dives. The cormorants made dives of both types throughout the day, but the frequency of deep dives increased toward evening. Maximum foraging range was 9 km; maximum total distance traveled per trip was 43.4 km. Trip durations ranged from 0.3 to 7.7 hr. Maximum depth of a dive was 42.2 m, and duration of dives ranged from 4 to 120 sec. We found that Pelagic Cormorants at Middleton Island were faithful to one particular foraging area and individuals dived in distinct patterns. Distinct, specialized foraging behavior may be advantageous in reducing intra- and interspecific competition but may also render the species vulnerable to changing environmental conditions.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Sunlight Photo-Assisted TiO2-Based Pilot Plant Scale Remediation of (Simulated) Contaminated Aquatic Sites. A tubular-type solar photoreactor system powered by commercial solar panels and consisting of six 20-tube modules (Pyrex glass) to mimic a pilot plant scale configuration was designed and constructed to examine the remediation of simulated wastewaters contaminated with various classes of organic pollutants such as endocrine disruptors (e.g. bisphenol A), anionic surfactants (sodium butylnaphthalenesulfonate and sodium dodecyl- benzenesulfonate), herbicides (e.g. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and a commercial dishwasher detergent. Photo-oxidative processes followed first-order kinetics expressed in terms of the total light energy (in kJ) that impinged on the photoreactor. The influence of TiO2 loading and circulation flow rate of the wastewaters on the dynamics of the photo-oxidation to mineralization (loss of total organic carbon, TOC, or formation of sulfate ions) was investigated. The optimal operational parameters were: TiO2 loading, 2 g L-1; circulation flow rate, 7.5 L min(-1). On a sunny day, near- quantitative mineralization of the contaminants was achieved after only 4 h of irradiation that corresponded to an accumulated energy of ca 1380 kJ.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
{"token": "From exemplary practitioners to urban chameleons? The role of the citizen in the redistribution of tasks in local governance. This article further theorizes exemplary practitioners' roles in neighborhood governance by building on the framework of the four ideal types of practitioners-frontline worker, everyday fixer, social entrepreneur and boundary spanner. An actor-focused approach was applied which delivered data to reconstruct processes in which a single citizen practitioner engaged in an Amsterdam neighborhood. Data were collected through shadowing and interviewing him for 2 months. It is shown how this exemplary practitioner combined and switched between the role characteristics of the four generic types, just like chameleon, during his interactions with other actors in various situations and contexts. During this dynamic role switching, he took on the tasks of a community developer, previously delivered by civil servants. He also facilitated stakeholder collaboration leading to more inclusive and democratic local governance. However, role switching caused him to loose the trust of some citizens on the long term. These findings gain relevance in the context of the reorganization of the Dutch welfare state.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Primer: strengths and weaknesses of meta-analysis. Properly conducted meta-analyses that are based on systematic reviews of the literature allow the conclusive synthesis of accumulating scientific evidence. Systematic reviews, with or without meta-analyses, offer a more objective appraisal of the available evidence compared with traditional narrative reviews. Combining data from independent studies using meta-analytic methods can improve statistical precision, but cannot prevent bias as such. The validity of meta-analyses depends on the methodological quality of the included studies, the eligibility criteria used for the meta-analysis, and the various reporting biases. In this Review we examine the analytical strengths of, and the main problems encountered by, both systematic reviews and meta-analyses, focusing on how to best assess the validity of each for the practicing clinician.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
{"token": "Does Transparency Improve Citizens' Perceptions of Government Performance? Evidence From Seoul, South Korea. Despite a great deal of research that examines consequences of transparency policies, there have been few empirical assessments of the relationship between transparency and citizens' perceptions of public sector performance. This study focuses upon the relationship between computer-mediated transparency and perceptions of public sector performance in particular. We hypothesize that citizens' increased exposure to computer-mediated transparency will be positively related to their generalized perceptions of public sector performance. We also hypothesize that this positive relationship is mediated by citizens' satisfaction with public service provision. Results suggest that increased exposure to computer-mediated transparency is positively associated with citizens' perceptions of public sector performance, but negatively related to citizens' satisfaction with public service provision. Moreover, the positive relationship between computer-mediated transparency and perceptions of public sector performance increases when controlling for public service satisfaction, indicating the presence of inconsistent mediation.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Association of rhinostomy shape and surgical outcome after endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy. A total of 280 patients (358 eyes) were included in the study. Of the 358 eyes, 194 rhinostomies were alcove-shaped, 157 were cavern-shaped, and 7 were concealed cavern-shaped. There were no patients with flat-shaped rhinostomies. The nasal cavity was wider in patients in the alcove group than those in the cavern and concealed cavern groups (p = 0.012). The mean time to tube removal was longest in the concealed cavern group (p = 0.029). There were no significant differences in anatomical success rates among the three groups (p = 0.338). With regard to functional success for patients with anatomically patent DCR, the cavern and concealed cavern groups had significantly poorer results than the alcove group (p = 0.001). Functional success rates were 91.6 %, 84.8 %, and 57.1 % for the alcove, cavern, and concealed cavern groups, respectively. Development of postoperative granuloma was more frequent in the concealed cavern group (85.7 %) than in the alcove (29.3 %) or cavern groups (26.1 %) (p= 0.003). Multiple logistic regression models for surgical outcome showed that rates of functional failure after EDCR were influenced by patient age and rhinostomy shape (odds ratio 1.824, p = 0.045 for age; odds ratio = 9.605, p = 0.000 for rhinostomy shape) (Table 5).The purpose of this study was to investigate surgical outcomes and complications after endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy (EDCR) in relation to rhinostomy shape.A retrospective electronic medical record review of patients who underwent EDCR for primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) was performed. Surgical success rates and postoperative complications were compared among three groups of patients in relation to rhinostomy shape (alcove, cavern, or concealed cavern).The incidence rate of symptomatic epiphora after EDCR was approximately 12 %, and this result may have been associated with cavernous and concealed rhinostomy shapes. For patients with persistent epiphora and anatomically patent DCR, it is important to identify rhinostomy shape by endoscopy in order to differentiate causes of functional failure.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Reduced variables method for four-phase equilibrium calculations of hydrocarbon-water-CO2 mixtures at a low temperature. In this research a novel four-phase equilibrium calculation framework is proposed for compositional reservoir simulation. A reduced variables method is used to solve four-phase flash problems efficiently and robustly. Multiphase flash calculations using reduced variables (RV) can converge to the equilibrium solution faster than formulations using conventional variables (Petitfrere and Nichita, 2015). Secondly, RV does not suffer from numerical problems in the Newton iterations when trace components are present in the aqueous phase. In addition to the implementation of the RV formulation, a systematic procedure consisting of stability analysis and flash calculations is proposed without any prior knowledge of initial K-values. Sets of different initial K-values are appropriately tested in each stability analysis.Carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding has been widely applied to enhance oil recovery. In low temperature reservoirs, CO2 injection may result in the formation of three hydrocarbon phases at thermodynamic equilibrium. In addition, an aqueous phase is always present in the reservoir. The aqueous phase can coexist with three hydrocarbon phases to form a four-phase equilibrium system. To evaluate CO2 utilization and storage in these low temperature petroleum reservoirs, a robust and efficient four-phase equilibrium calculation framework involving water is necessary for a compositional reservoir simulator. This is challenging not only because the number of variables increases but also because stability analysis becomes much complicated as the number of phases increases.We performed comprehensive testing using characterized fluids found in the literature in order to validate the robustness of the proposed procedure. The four-phase regions in pressure-composition (Px) space could be accurately identified using our procedure. On the other hand, in some instances mixtures were incorrectly evaluated as three-phase when using existing approaches such as Li and Firoozabadi (2012). Our approach proposed in this paper is a promising four-phase equilibrium calculation framework for compositional reservoir simulation. The procedure achieved excellent robustness and efficiency with minimal modification to the conventional two or three-phase equilibrium calculation framework (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
{"token": "A New inversion method of the initial state of Annulus in killing. Blowout is a major safety concern for well control in oil and gas well engineering and well killing is an important technical means to avoid blowout. Mastering the initial state of the wellbore is the basis to ensure well killing. The traditional gas column model cannot effectively explain the development law of wellbore pressure. Therefore, this paper is based on the actual killing conditions and the principle of gas-liquid two-phase flow. This paper establishes the physical model and mathematical model of the initial state of the wellbore annulus under overflow conditions. By means of the finite difference method and cyclic iteration calculation, the initial state of the wellbore annulus can be accurately inverted, and the calculation results are verified by an example. The results show that, when the wellhead pressure is determined, the wellbore pressure distribution and annular air phase distribution are more reasonable and the initial length of the overflow section is larger, the calculation results of the inversion method are closer to the actual engineering situation. The findings of this study can help to better understand wellbore state before killing and provide a theoretical basis for optimizing killing parameters, which is of great significance for avoiding well control safety risks during killing.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Traits of a self-pollinating and preharvest-sprouting-resistant line of summer buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). One of the important breeding issues in buckwheat is to increase resistance to preharvest sprouting, which can result in the loss of yield and quality of buckwheat food, especially in spring-sown buckwheat. The preharvest-sprouting resistance of self-pollinating buckwheat in the summer ecotype is very weak. Therefore, we developed a self-pollinating breeding line IHK1, which has strong preharvest-sprouting-resistance traits. IHK1 was developed by cross breeding between 'Kyukei37' (a preharvest-sprouting-resistant outcrossing line) and IH3 (a self-pollinating summer-ecotype line). Progeny analysis revealed that the preharvest-sprouting resistance trait in IHK1 was dominant. In three field trials conducted over 2 years, the maturation time of IHK1 was the same as that of 'Harunoibuki', the leading spring-sown variety in the Kyushu region and the plant was shorter than 'Harunoibuki'. The yield of IHK1 was approximately 70%-85% of that of 'Harunoibuki' (165 kg/10 a; average of three times cultivation), whereas it was approximately 258%-333% when compared with IH3. Thus, IHK1 is a promising breeding line for self-pollinating buckwheat, especially spring-sown buckwheat.", "label": [0, 2, 7, 19, 9]}
{"token": "New shop owners in old buildings: spatial politics of the apparel industry in Kyrgyzstan. This article adopts a political economy approach with insights from the political geography literature to illuminate how the apparel manufacturing sector in Kyrgyzstan has thrived in a region known for significant challenges in electricity access and availability. In contrast to studies that have analyzed the role of state policies and informal relations in promoting industrialization, we focus on how myriad shop owners gain access to elite-controlled, privatized urban infrastructure through owner-tenant relations in a new market economy. Drawing upon original interviews with Bishkek-based shop owners, we find that despite the challenges associated working in these spaces, including poor infrastructure and exploitative relationships with owners, they remain due to the constant provision of electricity and convenient location. We contribute to understanding how everyday shop owners make sense of and grapple with production challenges in a new market context, against the backdrop of Soviet infrastructural legacies and post-Soviet privatization processes.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Marketing genetic tests: Empowerment or snake oil?. Genetic tests are currently being offered to the general public with little oversight and regulation as to which tests are allowed to be sold clinically and little control over the marketing and promotion of sales and use. This article provides discussion and data to indicate that the general public holds high opinions of genetic testing and that current media outlets for public education on genetic testing are not adequate to increase accurate knowledge of genetics. The authors argue that more regulation is needed to control and correct this problem in the United States.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "The European Insolvency Regulation and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency. This article compares the Recast European Insolvency Regulation of 2015 with the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency of 1997, focussed on their scope of application, international jurisdiction and the coordination of main and secondary proceedings. The scopes of both catalogues of norms and their rules on coordination of main and secondary insolvency proceedings reflect one another. However, the Recast EIR makes a significantly greater contribution to the unification of law and is also more fully differentiated and more precise, even if this comes at a price, namely, limited flexibility. The UNCITRAL Model Law made an important contribution to the harmonisation of international insolvency law but requires now modernisation. Copyright (C) 2017 INSOL International and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [3, 5, 48, 29]}
{"token": "Supplementation of critical amino acids improves glycerol and lactose uptake and enhances recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli. Background Lactose-based induction strategy in E. coli cultivation has several advantages over IPTG as it is cheap, does not impart metabolic stress to cells, and is non-toxic to cells. However, complexity of lactose as an inducer limits its application in fed-batch cultivation. A mixed glycerol-lactose based induction strategy is generally opted during fed-batch cultivation of E. coli. However, slow growth of E. coli in glycerol and lactose results in slower induction of heterologous protein.Main Methods and Major Results In this study, initially we have demonstrated supplementation of critical amino acids (AAs) improves uptake rate of glycerol and lactose in wildtype E. coli BL21(DE3) in defined medium. A feeding strategy of mixed glycerol-lactose feed along with supplement of critical AAs enhances recombinant production of pramlintide multimer (rPramlintide). High cell density cultivation of E. coli using mixed glycerol-lactose feed and critical AAs supplement resulted in final cell density of 52.2 +/- 0.90 g L-1 and rPramlintide titer of 7.8 g L-1. RT-qPCR analysis of genes involved in glycerol and lactose metabolism of recombinant culture showed upregulation with AAs supplementation.Conclusions and Implications We hypothesize that supplementation of critical AAs serves dual purpose: (i) faster assimilation of carbon sources, and (ii) combating metabolic stress arises due to AAs starvation. The substrate uptake and gene expression profiles demonstrate that AAs addition enhances glycerol and lactose assimilation due to overall improvement in their metabolism governed by global regulators of carbon metabolism.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
{"token": "MOLECULAR-FIELD AT THE RARE-EARTH SITES IN ND2CO17. Neutron-scattering measurements on a single crystal of Nd2Co17 have been performed at 4.2 K. The non-dispersive mode has been interpreted as resulting from an excitation of the spatially localized rare-earth ions. In combination with the crystal-field parameters derived previously from high-field magnetization measurements the non-dispersive mode yields a fairly accurate value for the molecular field at the position of the Nd ions.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Religion and Use of Institutional Child Delivery Services: Individual and Contextual Pathways in Mozambique. CONTEXT: Research on institutional child delivery in Sub-Saharan Africa typically focuses on availability and accessibility of health facilities. Cultural factors, including religion, that may facilitate or hinder the use of such services have not been well examined and remain poorly understood.METHODS: The relationship between religious affiliation and delivery in a health facility was explored using data from a household survey of 1,297 women aged 18-50 and a census of 825 religious congregations, both conducted in a predominantly Christian district in Mozambique in 2008. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to predict the likelihood of recent institutional delivery according to both individual religious affiliation and the concentration of religious congregations of certain denominations in the community of residence.RESULTS: Approximately 63% of deliveries occurred in a health facility.The odds of such deliveries were lower among women who belonged to Apostolic churches or had no religious affiliation than among members of Catholic or mainline Protestant churches, net of other factors (odds ratios, 0.5 and 0.6, respectively). In addition, regardless of a woman's religion, the odds that she had an institutional delivery increased by 9% for each additional Catholic or mainline Protestant congregation in her community of residence (1.1).CONCLUSIONS: Organized religion is associated with critical health outcomes in Mozambique and, potentially, in other Sub-Saharan African contexts. Policymakers should consider designing programs and interventions that promote the use of institutional delivery services among members of religious groups characterized by low use of these services and in areas where such religious groups have a strong presence.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24, 57]}
{"token": "Envisioning the future, remembering the past': A Neo-Abolitionist Reading of Suzan-Lori Parks's Fucking A. On the whole, people tend to rake prisons for granted. It is difficult to imagine life without them. At the same time, there is reluctance to face the realities hidden within them, a fear of thinking about what happens inside them. Thus, the prison is present in our lives, and, at the same time, it is absent from our lives. To think about this simultaneous presence and absence is to begin to acknowledge the part played by ideology in shaping the way we interact with our social surroundings.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Duality in equations of motion from space-time dependent Lagrangians. Starting from Lagrangian field theory and the variational principle, we show that duality in equations of motion can also be obtained by introducing explicit space-time dependence of the Lagrangian. Poincare invariance is achieved precisely when the duality conditions are satisfied in a particular way. The same analysis and criteria are valid for both Abelian and non-Abelian dualities. We illustrate how (a) Dirac string solution, (b) Dirac quantification condition, (c) 't Hooft-Polyakov monopole solutions and (d) a procedure emerges for obtaining new classical solutions of Yang-Mills (YM) theory. Moreover, these results occur in a way that is strongly reminiscent of the holographic principle.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "The Concept of the Social Consent by Francisco Suarez. This work is aimed at determining whether we can regard Francisco Suarez as representative of the social-contracting theories developing in the period from the 16th up until the 18th century. Suarez, who is in all probability better known for his metaphysical disputations, provides a truly sophisticated formulation concerning the origin of civil society and political power, where the concept of social consent holds a key role. Suarez's concept of social consent is situated in the ontological framework and is closely associated with the term nature. Suarez consequently understands the state as a natural and moral organization.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Advancing OB Research: An Illustration Using Psychological Capital. This article traces the progression of psychological capital (PsyCap) research from its emergence to its current state, now after a decade, including a recent meta-analysis and a critical review of the PsyCap literature. PsyCap is presented here as an example of initializing, building, expanding, generalizing, and applying a new research stream in the field of organizational behavior. Emphasis is placed on the critical role of early and ongoing theory building, rigorous measurement, design and implementation of evidence-based empirical studies and interventions, and strategic collaboration across disciplines, cultures, and levels of analysis. Recommendations for assimilation, visibility, and moving forward within the academic and professional communities are offered.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Yielding actuality: Trust and reason in Gillian Rose's vision of community. This article explores the conviction that the durability of communities is contingent, at least in part, on the conception of reason in play. It proposes that prospects for building and sustaining community are enhanced to the degree that rationalistic theories of rationality are rejected. The resulting equivocation in the processes of rule-making, moral thinking, analysis, and critique, while problematic, will be preferable to the alternative and caricatured approaches premised on a strong division between reason and its so-called others. This desirable equivocation involves an analysis of the role of trust in human relations and a revised conception of reason developed by philosopher and social critic Gillian Rose (1947-1995). Through an analysis of Rose's commentary on the folk legend of Camelot and the phenomenology of friendship, this article tries to show how relations constrained by alterity can be transformed.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Numerical Simulation of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability and Boundary Layer Stripping for an Interpretation of Melt Jet Breakup Mechanisms. The present study is aimed at investigating the ability of a CFD modeling of liquid-liquid jet breakup to resolve the principal mechanisms relevant to jet breakup as well as submillimeter-scale drop size. It is generally known that jet leading edge breaks up by boundary layer stripping (BLS), and jet lateral surface breaks up by Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI). The jet breakup rate as well as the resulting particle size are important parameters that would largely govern the intensity of a steam explosion in severe reactor accidents. First, a two-dimensional simulation of KHI along the melt-liquid coolant interface was performed using the VOF model in ANSYS Fluent with fine meshes as small as 0.02 mm. The dominant wavelength obtained by FFT analysis of calculated melt volume fractions showed that the fastest growing wavelength from the linear analysis of KHI is seen only at the very early development of the instability, and it increases gradually. Second, a three-dimensional simulation of BLS was performed, and the shapes and sizes of the melt particles were obtained. The particle size distributions from KHI and BLS simulations were compared with COLDJET experimental data of Woods metal and water, and it showed that the finer drops of one millimeter or smaller are produced by Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and the drops of a few millimeters in diameter are mainly produced by boundary layer stripping.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "HIV-1 Replication and the Cellular Eukaryotic Translation Apparatus. Eukaryotic translation is a complex process composed of three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. During infections by RNA- and DNA-viruses, the eukaryotic translation machinery is used to assure optimal viral protein synthesis. Human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) uses several non-canonical pathways to translate its own proteins, such as leaky scanning, frameshifting, shunt, and cap-independent mechanisms. Moreover, HIV-1 modulates the host translation machinery by targeting key translation factors and overcomes different cellular obstacles that affect protein translation. In this review, we describe how HIV-1 proteins target several components of the eukaryotic translation machinery, which consequently improves viral translation and replication.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Effect of Intermittent Addition on Turbidity Removal by Polymer Flocculant: Computer Simulation of Simplified Flocculation Model. Since there are many factors which influence the process of flocculation by polymer flocculant, the scientific understanding of the flocculation mechanism is still under discussion. We have proposed a simple bridging model which expresses flocculation under various additive manners of the flocculant and enables the understanding of qualitative trends of the flocculation system. In the present study, from the simulated results based on the model and experimental data, we obtained the following knowledge: 1) the intermittent addition of polymer flocculant gives better and reproducible turbidity removal; 2) the optimum dosage, which results in maximum turbidity removal in a given manner of addition, increases as the number of doses under the intermittent addition increases; 3) at a given amount of primary particles, the reproducibility at the optimum dosage of the 1-time dose is the worst among all results, irrespective of the additive manner. It could, therefore, be concluded that all these findings are originating from the difference of probability of bridging formation among particles under various additive manners.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Impact of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines on antibiotic resistance. Reduction of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has recently become a reality We now know that (1) most clinically significant DRSP strains belong to seven serotypes (6A, 6B, 9V, 14, 19A, 19F, 23F), (2) five (613, 9V, 14, 19F, 23F) of the seven are constituents of heptavalent PCV (PCV7), and (3) the remaining two serotypes (6A, 19A) are immunologically related to serotypes in PCV7, but only 6A has been reduced by PCV7. Furthermore, PCVs can also reduce DRSP in unvaccinated individuals (herd immunity). PCVs lead to a reduction in antibiotic use, which is also potentially helpful to contain DRSP. Although a reduction in disease caused by most penicillin-resistant strains has been reported, reductions in intermediately penicillin-resistant strains has not been shown to the same degree, because of increased intermediate resistance among non-PCV7 serotypes. Serotype 19A, which is both antibiotic resistant and a common cause of disease, is not affected by PCV7, and is now increasing worldwide, including in countries without PCV7. Continued exposure of non-PCV7 serotypes to antibiotic pressure may reduce the overall impact of PCVs on DRSP. Further strategies include expansion of PCV serotype coverage, development of protein-based vaccines, and further limitation of antibiotic use.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Clinical effectiveness of a web-based peer-supported self-management intervention for relatives of people with psychosis or bipolar (REACT): online, observer-blind, randomised controlled superiority trial. Background The Relatives Education And Coping Toolkit (REACT) is an online supported self-management toolkit for relatives of people with psychosis or bipolar designed to improve access to NICE recommended information and emotional support. Aims Our aim was to determine clinical and cost-effectiveness of REACT including a Resource Directory (RD), versus RD-only. Methods A primarily online, observer-blind randomised controlled trial comparing REACT (including RD) with RD only (registration ). Participants were UK relatives aged > = 16, with high distress (assessed using the GHQ-28), and actively help-seeking, individually randomised, and assessed online. Primary outcome was relatives' distress (GHQ-28) at 24 weeks. Secondary outcomes were wellbeing, support, costs and user feedback. Results We recruited 800 relatives (REACT = 399; RD only = 401) with high distress at baseline (GHQ-28 REACT mean 40.3, SD 14.6; RD only mean 40.0, SD 14.0). Median time spent online on REACT was 50.8 min (IQR 12.4-172.1) versus 0.5 min (IQR 0-1.6) on RD only. Retention to primary follow-up (24 weeks) was 75% (REACT n = 292 (73.2%); RD-only n = 307 (76.6%)). Distress decreased in both groups by 24 weeks, with no significant difference between the two groups (- 1.39, 95% CI -3.60, 0.83, p = 0.22). Estimated cost of delivering REACT was 62.27 pound per person and users reported finding it safe, acceptable and convenient. There were no adverse events or reported side effects. Conclusions REACT is an inexpensive, acceptable, and safe way to deliver NICE-recommended support for relatives. However, for highly distressed relatives it is no more effective in reducing distress (GHQ-28) than a comprehensive online resource directory.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "High strain rate compression behavior of a heavily stabilized beta titanium alloy: Kink deformation and adiabatic shearing. High strain rate compression deformations at 5 x 10(3)s(-1) of Ti-35V-15Cr-0.3Si-0.1C beta titanium alloy were conducted at variant temperatures from 20 degrees C to 800 degrees C on split-Hopkinson pressure bar system. It is found that the dynamic stress-strain curves at such a high strain rate contain hardening stages and softening stages. Different stages suggest different deformation mechanisms. In the hardening stages, kink deformation is uncommonly observed. The formation of kink bands is found to be responsible for the hardening effect. Adiabatic shearing began with the stress drops in the softening stages. From then on, the deformations localized in narrow regions, where adiabatic shearing bands (ASBs) formed at last. Dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurred in the ASBs. The ultra-fine recrystallization grains with grain size of 0.28 mu m, 0.35 mu m, and 4.5 mu m are observed in the ASBs formed at 400 degrees C, 600 degrees C and 800 degrees C respectively. It is really hard so far to measure the true shear strains and the true temperatures in the ASBs. In order to estimate the true shear strains in the ASBs, an original method basing on the definition of shear strain is proposed in this paper. Then a modified equation using the true shear strain rather than the empirical factor is employed to estimate the true temperatures in the ASBs. On such a base, the DRX in present ASBs is well explained in kinetics via the rotational dynamic recrystallization (RDR) mechanism. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Unaccompanied children living in transitional houses - voices from Sweden. Research limitations/implications - Since unaccompanied minors do not have family close by, the interviews shows the importance in different sorts of activities to promote wellbeing. A stronger focus on participation could also be a way of reinforcing the children's sense of coherence.Originality/value - This paper gives an insight to life in transitional houses from unaccompanied minors point of view.Findings - Even though many unaccompanied minors suffer from psychological difficulties and worries about the asylum process, the interviews show that the children in this study are generally content with the transitional houses. The staff strives to support them in coping with daily life, and strengthen their sense of coherence.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to show how unaccompanied minors perceive the time they spend in transitional houses in Malmo\\\\' in southern Sweden. An important outlook when presenting the empiric data is to provide the perspective of the child, not just to have a child perspective (i. e. an adult perspective on children's experiences).Design/methodology/approach - The paper is the result of interviews with 11 unaccompanied boys living in transitional houses, i. e., group homes. The theoretical section has two purposes, to describe the Swedish context and the ambivalent discourse regarding immigrants in Sweden and to give a background on aspects that are relevant to understand unaccompanied minors situation.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Wireless Wearable Magnetometer-Based Sensor for Sleep Quality Monitoring. Obstructive sleep apnoea is one of the most common sleep disorders, which is characterized by the repetitive cessations of respiratory flow during sleep. This paper describes an alternative method to detect sleep parameters by measuring a variation in the earth's magnetic field. A magnetometer sensor, laid onto the body, detects millimeter night-time breathing movements by measuring the change in the magnetic vectors. A soft, noninvasive wearable sensor is designed to be printed on a miniature printed circuit board, packaged in a minimal invasive board, which includes a wireless Bluetooth low-energy (BIT) module and a low-power microcontroller. A very low power consumption is achieved by applying a smart processing algorithm, which is also described. The algorithm delivers respiration rate, apnoea time, and time in movement. A comparison with a well-known air-flow sensor is also discussed.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Communism. The demise of Soviet communism invites a reappraisal of Socratic communism. Many readers believe that the institutions of Socrates' model city are antagonistic to genuine philosophy, that their formulation is intentionally ironic, and that their significance is accordingly limited to the contribution they make to the disenchantment of utopian thinking. I suggest, on the contrary, that the vital nerve of Socratic communism-\\\\'all saying mine and not mine at the same time\\\\'-supports an ethic of responsible detachment, which reorients one's approach to the whole of human affairs in a manner perfectly congenial to Socratic philosophy.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "The global roadmap for advancing development of vaccines against sexually transmitted infections: Update and next steps. In 2014, the World Health Organization, the US National Institutes of Health, and global technical partners published a comprehensive roadmap for development of new vaccines against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Since its publication, progress has been made in several roadmap activities: obtaining better epidemiologic data to establish the public health rationale for STI vaccines, modeling the theoretical impact of future vaccines, advancing basic science research, defining preferred product characteristics for first-generation vaccines, and encouraging investment in STI vaccine development. This article reviews these overarching roadmap activities, provides updates on research and development of individual vaccines against herpes simplex virus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Treponema pallidum, and discusses important next steps to advance the global roadmap for STI vaccine development. (C) 2016 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.orgilicensesiby/3.0/).", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Turkish Children from the Southeastern Region of the Country: A Regional Report. Conclusions: In this first T1DM incidence study on the pediatric age group in Diyarbakir, Turkey, T1DM incidence was found to be similar to that in countries with low-middle incidence.Objective: Variability in the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) related to geographical region, ethnic background, gender, and age indicates a need for further epidemiological studies. To date, there are no reported studies on the incidence of T1DM in the pediatric age group from the Southeastern region of Turkey. To define the incidence, demographic and clinical characteristics of T1DM in children 0-14 years of age in Diyarbakir, one of the largest cities in the Southeast region of Turkey.Methods: Hospital files of patients with the diagnosis of T1DM were reviewed. Data of all patients diagnosed between 1 June 2010 and 31 May 2011 were evaluated. Population data on the 0-14 age group were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) reports.Results: From a total of 41 T1DM patients, 24 (58.5%) were female (male: 41.5%) with a male/female ratio of 1.4. The overall annual incidence of T1DM was 7.2/10(5), being 8.7/10(5) in females and 5.7/10(5) in males. The peak incidence was found to occur at age 5-9 years in the girls and 10-14 years in the boys. Mean age at diagnosis was 8.1 +/- 3.8 years. Rate of presentation with diabetic ketoacidosis was 65.9%. Patients applied most frequently in spring and winter months.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Microbiological and Clinical Studies of Legionellosis in 33 Patients with Cancer. Legionella, a large group of environmental Gram-negative bacteria, represents an occasional cause of pneumonia. We analyzed the microbiological and clinical features of 33 consecutive cases of Legionella infections that occurred at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, from 2002 to 2014. The Legionella strains were isolated from bronchoscopy specimens (32 strains) and a blood culture (1 strain) and were identified by sequencing analysis of the full-length 16S rRNA gene. The 33 strains involved 12 Legionella species or subspecies: 15 strains of L. pneumophila subsp. pneumophila, 3 strains of L. pneumophila subsp. fraseri or L. pneumophila subsp. pascullei, 4 strains of \\\\'L. donaldsonii,\\\\' 3 strains of L. micdadei, and one each of L. bozemanae, L. feeleii, L. gormanii, L. longbeachae, L. maceachernii, L. parisiensis, L. sainthelensi, and Legionella sp. strain D5382. All patients except one asymptomatic carrier showed pneumonia, including one with concurrent bacteremia. Nine patients died, with this infection being the immediate cause of death in six. Twenty-seven patients had underlying hematologic malignancies. Twenty-three patients were leukopenic. Six patients were recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, with their infections caused by five Legionella species. Together, these results suggest that diverse Legionella species infect patients with cancer in the Houston area and its vicinity. The five cases of pneumonia due to L. donaldsonii and Legionella sp. D5382 are likely the first reports of human infection with these organisms.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Scale-dependent lateral exchanges of organic carbon in a dryland river during a high-flow experiment. We estimated the magnitude and direction of exchanges of particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) between the river and four floodplain wetlands (billabongs) and a 140-km reach of riverbank and floodplain of the Murrumbidgee River during a managed high-flow experiment. There was a net transport of organic carbon from the river to billabongs during connection, ranging from 87 to 525 kg POC per billabong or from 1.4 to 5.7 g POC m(-2) of billabong sediment surface area and from 36 to 4357 kg DOC, or from 0.4 to 29.8 g DOC m(-2). At the wholereach scale, there was a net loss of 754 Mg POC from the river channel to riverbank and floodplain and a net input of 821 Mg DOC to the river channel. This DOC input, which was small relative to the total organic carbon in transit, was likely to have contributed significantly to oxidative processes in the river. The DOC entering the river was derived from litter and soils in riverbank habitats or from abraded biofilms in the river channel. The results support an extended flood-pulse concept that includes in-channel flow pulses as important elements in the biogeochemistry of dryland rivers. Piggybacking dam releases on tributary flows to deliver in-channel flows delivers significant benefit for riverine organic-matter cycles.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Thrips (Thysanoptera) of avocado (Persea americana) in Nayarit, Mexico. The species of thrips associated with Hass avocado orchards was determined, and their importance as pests or predators was established. Research was carried out in the municipality of Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico, in three commercial orchards located at different altitudes: \\\\'La Carbonera\\\\', \\\\'El Carrizal\\\\' and \\\\'Oreja de Raton.\\\\' Weekly collections were carried out over a period of 24 months, using three sampling techniques: blanketing, netting and knockdown. A total of 3,698 adult thrips were captured. The greatest capture was at \\\\'La Carbonera\\\\' (40.50%), the intermediate at \\\\'Oreja de Raton\\\\' and the lowest at \\\\'El Carrizal\\\\' (20.76%). The knockdown technique obtained the highest number of thrips, followed by netting and blanketing, respectively. A total of 725 thrips were identified, resulting in 40 species. Franklinothrips orizabensis was the most represented species (21.7%), followed by Pseudophilothrips perseae (15.2%) and Franklinothrips lineantus. (14.3%). The other 37 species had percentages ranging from 0.13 to 8.65. In this diversity, 11 species are phytophagous, seven predaceous and 22 visitors.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Leandro Pizzoni and Galileo's scientific reputation. The Letter to Costanzo Salvi published in 1625 by Leandro Pizzoni has been totally neglected in Galilean scholarship because of serious misunderstandings about its authorship, nature and scope. This essay calls attention to this text and shows that - however inept and heavily reliant on previous sources, such as Orazio Grassi and Francesco Sizzi - Pizzoni's criticism of Salvi is historically interesting because it provides evidence of the reaction of a conservative Aristotelian against several aspects of Galileo's teachings. Not content with criticizing Salvi's Atomism, Pizzoni openly attacks Galileo's scientific reputation, describes his way of philosophizing as \\\\'extraordinary\\\\', and refutes his astronomical discoveries, recalling that they had been badly received at the University of Padua. Moreover, Pizzoni praises Aristotle in terms that are strikingly similar to those employed by Galileo when penning a satirical portrait of dogmatic Aristotelians in his Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Southern Hemisphere Influenza and Vaccine Effectiveness Research and Surveillance. The 2009 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic highlighted the need for improved scientific knowledge to support better pandemic preparedness and seasonal influenza control. The Southern Hemisphere Influenza and Vaccine Effectiveness Research and Surveillance (SHIVERS) project, a 5-year (2012-2016) multiagency and multidisciplinary collaboration, aimed to measure disease burden, epidemiology, aetiology, risk factors, immunology, effectiveness of vaccination and other prevention strategies for influenza and other respiratory infectious diseases of public health importance. Two active, prospective, population-based surveillance systems were established for monitoring influenza and other respiratory pathogens among those hospitalized patients with acute respiratory illness and those enrolled patients seeking consultations at sentinel general practices. In 2015, a sero-epidemiological study will use a sample of patients from the same practices. These data will provide a full picture of the disease burden and risk factors from asymptomatic infections to severe hospitalized disease and deaths and related economic burden. The results during the first 2years (2012-2013) provided scientific evidence to (a) support a change to NZ's vaccination policy for young children due to high influenza hospitalizations in these children; (b) contribute to the revision of the World Health Organization's case definition for severe acute respiratory illness for global influenza surveillance; and (c) contribute in part to vaccine strain selection using vaccine effectiveness assessment in the prevention of influenza-related consultations and hospitalizations. In summary, SHIVERS provides valuable international platforms for supporting seasonal influenza control and pandemic preparedness, and responding to other emerging/endemic respiratory-related infections.", "label": [2, 25, 21]}
{"token": "Resource, service quality and performance triad: a framework for measuring efficiency of banking services. In this paper, we present the development of a theoretical framework for measuring the efficiency of banking services taking into account physical and human resources, service quality and performance. Expenditures on quality improvement efforts and the impact of service quality on financial outcomes have long intrigued researchers. Banks have traditionally focused on how to transform their physical resources to generate financial performance, and they inadvertently ignored the mediating intangible factor of service quality. A theoretical framework on the optimization triad of resource, service quality and performance is proposed here, thereby linking the marketing variables to the financial metrics. A measure for the return on quality is developed as the ratio of the potential improvements in financial performance by enhancement of service quality to the observed performance figures. Empirical results obtained from a study of 27 Indian public sector banks and their customers allow us to measure the impact of service quality on financial performance, optimal level of service quality that can be generated using existing resources and the opportunity cost for sub-optimal service delivery. Banks delivering better service are shown to have better transformation of resource to performance using superior service delivery as the medium. Our results confirm the linkage between resource, service quality and performance for services.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Canine parvovirus prevention-What influence do socioeconomics, remoteness, caseload and demographics have on veterinarians' perceptions and behaviors?. Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a cause of severe disease in dogs globally, yet is preventable by vaccination. A range of vaccination protocols are used by veterinary practitioners with evidence suggesting some protocols provide better protection than others in high infection-risk situations. This study investigated associations between veterinarians' vaccination recommendations and hospital remoteness, socioeconomic disadvantage, CPV caseload, and veterinarian perceptions and demographics. A national Australian veterinary survey in 2017 received 569 practitioner responses from 534 unique hospitals (23.6 % response rate). Respondents from major city hospitals had the lowest perceptions of the national CPV caseload (p < 0.0001). Those from hospitals with mild to moderate caseloads (6-40 cases per annum) recommended more frequent puppy revaccination - which is considered more protective - than those with the highest caseload (p = 0.0098), which might increase vaccination failure risk. Respondents from the most socioeconomically disadvantaged regions were over-represented in recommending annual revaccination of adult dogs; those from the least disadvantaged regions were overrepresented in recommending triennial revaccination (p < 0.0001). Hospitals with higher CPV caseloads, greater socioeconomic disadvantage or increased remoteness did not favor two puppy vaccination protocols that are considered more protective (younger first vaccination age or older final vaccination age), despite these regions presenting higher CPV caseload risk. Titer testing to determine whether to revaccinate was more likely to be used in major city hospitals (p = 0.0052) and less disadvantaged areas (p = 0.0550). University of graduation was associated with CPV caseload, remoteness and level of socioeconomic disadvantage of the region where the graduate worked. University of graduation was significantly associated with age for final puppy vaccination and titer-testing recommendations. Graduates from one university were over-represented in recommending an earlier (10-week) finish protocol and titer testing, compared to all other universities. Year and university of graduation, and respondent's age were associated with a number of vaccination protocol recommendations suggesting that inherent biases might affect veterinarians' decisions. Emphasis on currently recommended vaccination protocols in undergraduate curricula and more protective vaccination protocol use in higher-risk regions could reduce immunization failure and CPV caseload.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Putnam vs Rorty: A Debate on Pragmatism and Relativism. The article offers an overview of the philosophical debate between Hilary Putnam and Richard Rorty, two American thinkers most responsible for reviving interest in a pragmatist approach to philosophy. The disagreements between Rorty and Putnam revolve around the same set of issues that divided William James and Charles Sanders Peirce - the question of realism, truth, and the ontological status of knowledge. Putnam views Rorty's neo-pragmatic approach as a self-refuting relativism driven by a deep irrationalism that casts doubt on the very possibility of thought. Rorty, on his part, accuses Putnam of realism and criticizes his conception of \\\\'idealized rational acceptability\\\\' as the updated version of Peirce's limit theory of truth. The Putnam-Rorty debate reveals the controversial, flexible and self-critical nature of pragmatism as philosophical movement.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Total-energy-based structure prediction for d(AlNiCo). One may predict a quasicrystal structure starting from electrons and quantum mechanics, as approximated by interatomic pair potentials calibrated with ab initio total-energy calculations, combined with the experimentally known composition and lattice constants. Here we report our progress on the 'basic Ni' decagonal phase d(Al70Ni21Co9). Atomic configurations are represented as decorations of (possibly) random tilings. Our method was Monte Carlo simulation using both lattice-gas hops by atoms and tile-flip rearrangements, eventually followed by molecular dynamics and relaxation of the atom positions. Initially allowing the greatest freedom of atom positions, we observed nearly deterministic structural rules and enforced these as constraints involving larger tiles; this procedure was repeated at the next level of modeling. In crude and preliminary form, the effective Hamiltonian for tile-tile interactions is known, which is needed for further simulations to infer the long-range order. Our atomic arrangements in the 20-Angstrom decagonal cluster are compared with three structure models based on recent experiments. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Should We Allow Children to Visit Ill Parents in Intensive Care Units?. Should children be allowed to visit ill parents in the intensive care unit? This question was posed in the November/December 2006 issue of Dimensions of Critical Care Nurses. The responses of readers are presented in this article.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Feed additives in feedlot diets. This study was designed to test the effects of polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) against several rumen bacteria and/or monensin (MON) on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile and blood lipoprotein concentrations in yearling bulls. Seventy-two Brangus yearling bulls were distributed in a completely randomized design with 2 x 2 factorial arrangements of treatments with six replications; factors were the inclusion or not of PAP or MON, measured over two phases. No significant (P>0.05) PAP main effects were observed for any of the feedlot performance and carcass trait variables. However, significant (P>0.05) MON main effects were observed, where animals receiving MON had higher (P<0.05) average daily gain (1.666 vs. 1.552), total weight gain (179.95 vs. 167.68), final body weight (474.86 vs. 459.61), hot carcass weight (248.46 vs. 240.20), better feed: gain ratio (5.57 vs. 5.79) and better cost to gain one kilo of body weight (3.06 vs. 3.18). No significant (P>0.05) main effects due to feed additives were observed for carcass fatty acid profile and blood lipoprotein concentrations. Therefore, the inclusion of PAP was not a good alternative to replace MON. On the other hand, feeding PAP did not negatively impact the items studied.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "LEVELS OF TROPINONE-REDUCTASE ACTIVITIES INFLUENCE THE SPECTRUM OF TROPANE ESTERS FOUND IN TRANSFORMED ROOT CULTURES OF DATURA-STRAMONIUM L. The nortropane sulphur analogues 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one, 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3alpha-ol and 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3beta-ol have been found to have differential effects in vitro on the activities of tropinone reductase I and tropinone reductase II from Datura stramonium L. It has been demonstrated that only tropinone reductase I is able to metabolise 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one and that only this enzyme is inhibited by 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3alpha-ol and 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3beta-ol. A K(m) of 0.035 mM was determined for 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one and I50 values of 0.081 mM and 0.021 mM for 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-alpha-ol and 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3beta-ol, respectively. The influence that these differential interactions might have on metabolism was investigated in transformed root cultures of D. stramonium. It was found that when these cultures were grown in the presence of either 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one or 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3beta-ol the spectrum of alkaloids that accumulated was altered from that found in control roots in the manner predicted from the observed effects of these inhibitors on the isolated reductases. The effect could be mimicked by feeding pseudotropine, the product of tropinone reductase II. It is concluded that the relative levels of activity of the two tropinone reductases might play an important role in regulating the balance of tropan-3alpha-ols to tropan-3beta-ols seen in the spectrum of tropane-alkaloid-producing plants.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Molecular Basis of Encapsidation of Hepatitis C Virus Genome. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major etiologic agent of human liver diseases, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus and is classified in the Flaviviridae family. Although research findings for the assembly of HCV particles are accumulating due to development of HCV cell culture system, the mechanism(s) by which the HCV genome becomes encapsidated remains largely unclear. In general, viral RNA represents only a small fraction of the RNA molecules in the cells infected with RNA viruses, but the viral genomic RNA is considered to selectively packaged into virions. It was recently demonstrated that HCV RNAs containing 3' end of the genome are selectively incorporated into virus particles during the assembly process and the 3' untranslated region functions as a cis-acting element for RNA packaging. Here, we discuss the molecular basis of RNA encapsidation of HCV and classical flaviviruses, contrast with the packaging mechanism of HIV-1.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Interactive effect of climate warming and nitrogen deposition may shift the dynamics of native and invasive species. Methods A controlled greenhouse experiment was conducted to quantify the growth response of an invasive species (Solidago canadensis L.) and a co-existing native species (Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van) under the effects of climate warming, N deposition and their interactions.Aims Projections of invasive species expansion under a warmer world often do not explicitly consider the concurring nitrogen (N) deposition. It remains largely unknown how the convoluted effect of climate warming and N deposition will shift the native and invasive species dynamics. Here, we hypothesize that the concurring increases in N and temperature would promote growth of invasive species greater than that of native species.Important Findings Due to the strong positive effect of N addition, the interactive effect of temperature increase and N addition resulted in an overall significant increase in growth of both invasive and native species, demonstrating that these manipulations may make microhabitats more favorable to plant growth. However, the relative increases in biomass, height and diameter of invasive S. canadensis were significantly lower than those of native A. argyi. This suggests that the vegetative growth superiority of invasive S. canadensis over the native species A. argyi is reduced by the enhanced N availability in the warmer world. Therefore, the inclusion of N deposition may mitigate the projection of invasive species S. canadensis expansion under climate warming.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37, 9]}
{"token": "Correlation of Particulate Matter with Airborne Fungi in Schools in Greece. The concentration levels of particulate matter (PM), airborne fungi, carbon dioxide as well as temperature and relative humidity were investigated in the indoor and outdoor environment of two schools in Athens, Greece during the period January to May 2011. The overall concentration ranges of the indoor measured pollutants were: PM10: 14.92-166.18 mu g/m(3), PM2.5: 3.16-31.27 mu g/m(3), PM1: 0.72-9.01 mu g/m(3), UFP: 4188-63093 pt/cm(3), total airborne fungi: 28-2098 CFU/m(3) and CO2: 389-1717 ppm. The relationships between PM and airborne fungi were mainly examined, and bivariate correlations of all the measured environmental parameters are also reported. The results indicate that PM of certain aerodynamic diameters significantly correlate to the total airborne fungi and their prevalent genera, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Aspergillus. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted so as to cluster variables of common characteristics. Furthermore, simple and multiple linear regression models were developed to investigate several cases of dependent variables to be used for prediction purposes in health risk assessments.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Differences in response to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive patients being treated for tuberculosis in Eastern Europe, Western Europe and Latin America. Background: Efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens are preferred for treatment of adult HIV-positive patients co-infected with tuberculosis (HIV/TB). Few studies have compared outcomes among HIV/TB patients treated with efavirenz or non-efavirenz containing regimens.Methods: HIV-positive patients aged >= 16 years with a diagnosis of tuberculosis recruited to the TB:HIV study between Jan 1, 2011, and Dec 31, 2013 in 19 countries in Eastern Europe (EE), Western Europe (WE), and Latin America (LA) who received ART concomitantly with TB treatment were included. Patients either received efavirenz-containing ART starting between 15 days prior to, during, or within 90 days after starting tuberculosis treatment, (efavirenz group), or other ART regimens (non-efavirenz group). Patients who started ART more than 90 days after initiation of TB treatment, or who experienced ART interruption of more than 15 days during TB treatment were excluded. We describe rates and factors associated with death, virological suppression, and loss to follow up at 12 months using univariate, multivariate Cox, and marginal structural models to compare the two groups of patients.Results: Of 965 patients (647 receiving efavirenz-containing ART, and 318 a non-efavirenz regimen) 50% were from EE, 28% from WE, and 22% from LA. Among those not receiving efavirenz-containing ART, regimens mainly contained a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (57%), or raltegravir (22%). At 12 months 1.4% of patients in WE had died, compared to 20% in EE: rates of virological suppression ranged from 21% in EE to 61% in WE. After adjusting for potential confounders, rates of death (adjusted Hazard Ratio; aHR, 95%Cl: 1.13, 0.72-1.78), virological suppression (aHR, 95%Cl: 0.97, 0.76-1.22), and loss to follow up (aHR, 95%Cl: 1.17, 0.81-1.67), were similar in patients treated with efavirenz and non-efavirenz containing ART regimens.Conclusion: In this large, prospective cohort the response to ART varied significantly across geographical regions, whereas the ART regimen (efavirenz or non-efavirenz containing) did not impact on the proportion of patients who were virologically-suppressed, lost to follow up or dead at 12 months.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Animosity in apocalyptic literature - the Book of Daniel. The conclusion of the study is that the tales (Dan. 1-6) and visions (Dan. 7-12) can only be understood properly in terms of the patterns of animosity present in the different plots behind the texts.What is reflected in apocalyptic literature about the subject of animosity? Apocalyptic literature is limited in this article to the Book of Daniel, because it is the most extended apocalyptic text in the Old Testament. Before an apocalyptic work can be discussed, it is important to answer several preliminary questions: what is apocalyptic literature, and what is the phenomenon of apocalypticism? What are the characteristics of this genre? And what are the socio-historical origins of apocalyptic movements?To understand the Book of Daniel, it is imperative to discuss the two \\\\'Sitze im Leben\\\\' present in the development of the book. These \\\\'Sitze\\\\' are the supposed sixth-century BCE exile of Judah, and the second-century BCE Jewish persecution under the Syrian king, Antiochus.The patterns of animosity in the Book of Daniel are discussed in terms of the relationship between God and people; Jews and a foreign king; Jews and their neighbours; and two groups operating in the Jewish community according to apocalyptic perception, believing and compromising Jews. The story of Daniel in the lion's den (Dan. 6) is used as a case study to demonstrate these patterns.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Genetic diversity of Cobitis spp. (Cypriniformes : Cobitidae) from different drainage areas. Genetic diversity of three pure populations of Cobitis elongatoides from hydrologically and geographically different drainage areas, the Luznice River (48.49.60 N, 14.55.60 E, Labe River drainage area, North Sea basin), the Nova Rise reservoir (49.09.11 N, 15.32.464 E, Morava River drainage area, Black Sea basin), and the Ida River (48.32.284 N, 21.03.421 E, Tisza River drainage area, Black Sea basin) was evaluated by sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Species identification of unknown Cobitis samples from Vipava River drainage area in Slovenia was also performed based on cytochrome b sequence. All forms of the genus Cobitis are protected by national legislatives and, in accordance with the Council Directive No. 925/43/EEC, they enjoy protection in selected localities of European importance. In total, 11 haplotypes of Cobitis elongatoides were found in Czech and Slovak waters, manifesting low overall genetic diversity. Samples from Vipava River drainage area were identified as Cobitis bilineata.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Metabolomic-Based Strategies for Anti-Parasite Drug Discovery. Metabolomics-based studies are proving of great utility in the analysis of modes of action (MOAs) and resistance mechanisms of drugs in parasitic protozoa. They have helped to determine the MOA of eflornithine, half of the gold standard combination therapy in use against human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), as well as the mechanism of resistance to this drug. In Leishmania, metabolomics has also given insight into the MOA of miltefosine, an alkylphospholipid. Several studies on antimony resistance in Leishmania have been conducted, analyzing the metabolic content of resistant lines, offering clues as to the MOA of this class of drugs. A study of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum combined metabolomics techniques with other genetic and proteomic techniques to offer new insight into the role of the PfCRT protein. The MOA and mechanism of resistance to a group of halogenated pyrimidines in Trypanosoma brucei have also recently been elucidated. Effective as metabolomics techniques are, care must be taken in the design and implementation of these experiments, to ensure the resulting data are meaningful. This review outlines the steps required to conduct a metabolomics experiment as well as provide an overview of metabolomics-based drug research in protozoa to date.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 36, 42]}
{"token": "Viral wasting syndrome of swine: Experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic swine by coinfection with porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus. One-day-old gnotobiotic piglets were inoculated intranasally with in vitro passaged porcine circovirus 1 (PCV-1), PCV-2, and porcine parvovirus (PPV) alone or in combination (PCV-1/PCV-2, PCV-1/PPV, and PCV-2/PPV). Piglets were evaluated for 1) the development of porcine postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PWMS), 2) distribution of viral antigens by immunochemistry, and 3) viremia and the presence of viral DNA in nasal and ocular secretions and feces. All single agent-infected piglets and piglets infected with PCV-1/PCV-2 or PCV-1/PPV were clinically asymptomatic. They were transiently viremic and seroconverted to homologous virus(es). At termination of the study on postinfection day (PID) 35, microscopic lesions were restricted to focal inflammatory cell infiltrates in livers and myocardia. One piglet given PCV-1/PPV was PPV viremic for 2 weeks after infection and had lymphangiectasia of the spiral and descending colon associated with granulomatous inflammation. All four PCV-2/PPV-inoculated piglets developed PMWS, characterized by sudden onset of depression and anorexia, icterus, and submucosal edema. One piglet became moribund on PID 27, and the remaining three piglets were euthanatized between PLD 27 and PID 30 because of severe disease. Lymph nodes were small and the livers were mottled. Disseminated angiocentric granulomatous inflammation was present in all tissues examined except the brain. Multiple lightly basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were identified in macrophages and histiocytes. PCV-2 antigen was widely distributed within macrophages; PPV antigen was sparse. Hepatocellular necrosis and bile retention were prominent. PCV-2 DNA was identified in ocular fecal, and nasal secretions. Terminal sera contained antibodies to PPV (4/4) and PCV-2 (3/4). Production of PMWS in gnotobiotic swine appears to require PCV-2 and additional infectious agents such as PPV for full disease expression in gnotobiotic piglets.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Forecasting Technology Trends through the Gap Between Science and Technology: The Case of Software as an E-Commerce Service. Identifying technology trends can be a key success factor for companies to be competitive and take advantage of technological trends before they occur. The companies always work to plan for future products and services. For that, it is important to turn to methods that are used for technology forecasting. These tools help the companies to define potential markets for innovative new products and services. This paper uses text mining techniques along with expert judgment to detect and analyze the near-term technology evolution trends in a Software as a Service (SaaS) case study. The longer-term technology development trend in this case is forecasted by analyzing the gaps between science and technology. This paper contributes to the technology forecasting methodology and will be of interest to those in SaaS technology. Our findings reveal five trends in the technology: 1) virtual networking, 2) the hybrid cloud, 3) modeling methodologies, 4) mobile applications, and 5) web applications. Among the results achieved, we can summarize the interesting ones as follows: it is possible to say that traditional information systems are now evolving into online information systems. On the other hand, the use of a licensing model based on subscriptions triggers the change in perpetual licensing models. The product range that has evolved towards mobile technologies has put pressure on information storage technologies and has led to the search for new methods especially in the development of database systems.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
{"token": "Protective measures against COVID-19 in elderly care - A mapping review of publications in nursing science. Background: Protective measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with isolation among people in need of elderly care. Due to the known adverse effects of social isolation on health, discussions have been held about the ethical legitimacy and commensurability of these measures. Aim: The article aims to show in which format the discourse in scientific publication on protective measures against COVID-19 took place and which contents have been addressed. Methods: A mapping review in PubMed has been conducted. All publication types of scientific papers on nursing care of older people were considered. The results were synthesized in form of a quantitative content analysis of key aspects. Results: The 38 articles included in the synthesis show that only a small part of the scientific publications on the COVID-19 pandemic deals with people living in nursing homes. Although critical aspects related to the isolation caused by the protective measures against the COVID-19 pandemic are named in half of the contributions, specific measures to address the negative effects of the isolation are rarely mentioned. Conclusions: There is a need for further activities in research and nursing practice in order to meet the demand and desiderata of those in need of care and to enable personal responsibility and self-determination even in a special situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Elevated breast cancer risk in irradiated BALB/c mice associates with unique functional polymorphism of the Prkdc (DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit) gene. Female BALB/c mice are unusually radiosensitive and more susceptible than C57BL/6 and other tested inbred mice to ionizing radiation (IR)-induced mammary tumors. This breast canter susceptibility is correlated with elevated susceptibility for mammary cell transformation and genomic instability following irradiation. In this study, we report the identification of two BALB/c strain-specific polymorphisms in the coding region of Prkde, the gene encoding the DNA-dcpendent protein kinase catalytic subunit, which is known to be involved in DNA double-stranded break repair and post-IR signal transduction, First, we identified an A --> G transition at base 11530 resulting in a Met --> Val conversion at codon 3844 (M3844V) in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase domain upstream of the scid mutation (Y4046X). Second, we identified a C --> T transition at base 6418 resulting in an Arg --> Cys conversion at codon 2140 (R2140C) downstream of the putative leucine zipper domain. This unique Prkdc(BALH) variant gene is shown to be associated with decreased DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit activity and with increased susceptibility to IR-induced genomic instability in primary mammary epithelial cells. The data provide the first evidence that naturally arising allelic variation in a mouse DNA damage response gene may associate with IR response and breast cancer risk.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Electron acceptor-dependent identification of key anaerobic toluene degraders at a tar-oil-contaminated aquifer by Pyro-SIP. Bioavailability of electron acceptors is probably the most limiting factor in the restoration of anoxic, contaminated environments. The oxidation of contaminants such as aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly in aquifers, often depends on the reduction of ferric iron or sulphate. We have previously detected a highly active fringe zone beneath a toluene plume at a tar-oil-contaminated aquifer in Germany, where a specialized community of contaminant degraders codominated by Desulfobulbaceae and Geobacteraceae had established. Although on-site geochemistry links degradation to sulphidogenic processes, dominating catabolic (benzylsuccinate synthase alpha-subunit, bssA) genes detected in situ appeared to be more related to those of Geobacter spp. Therefore, a stable isotope probing (SIP) incubation of sediment samples with C-13(7)-toluene and comparative electron acceptor amendment was performed. We introduce pyrosequencing of templates from SIP microcosms as a powerful new strategy in SIP gradient interpretation (Pyro-SIP). Our results reveal the central role of Desulfobulbaceae in sulphidogenic toluene degradation in situ, and affiliate the detected bssA genes to this lineage. This and the absence of C-13-labelled DNA of Geobacter spp. in SIP gradients preclude their relevance as toluene degraders in situ. In contrast, Betaproteobacteria related to Georgfuchsia spp. became labelled under iron-reducing conditions. Furthermore, secondary toluene degraders belonging to the Peptococcaceae detected in both treatments suggest the possibility of functional redundancy among anaerobic toluene degraders on site.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Hydraulics of Stacked Drop Manholes. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on flows inside stacked drop manholes (SDM). An SDM consists of two identical rectangular or square manhole chambers stacked together at an elevation difference. SDMs for different conditions were assessed on their ability to dissipate the energy of the approaching flow and their suitability to perform adequately under different flow conditions. Flow regimes were classified based on the inflow conditions and geometry of the structure in the first chamber and downstream outflows in the second chamber. An analysis based on the integral momentum equation was developed to estimate pool depths and energy losses under critical flow conditions. A fully surcharged stage with inflow and outflow pipes running full was also tested and velocity profiles were measured at a horizontal center plane to the opening connecting both shafts. Additionally, air flow rates were measured to assess the air demand into a large-height SDM. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000327. (C) 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [0, 1, 4, 6, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Enhancing the flexibility and functionality of SCNs: demonstration of evolution toward any-core-access, nondirectional, and contentionless spatial channel cross-connects [Invited]. A spatial channel network (SCN) was recently proposed toward the forthcoming spatial division multiplexing (SDM) era, in which the optical layer is explicitly evolved to the hierarchical SDM and wavelength division multiplexing layers, and an optical node is decoupled into a spatial cross-connect (SXC) and wavelength cross-connect to achieve an ultrahigh-capacity optical network in a highly economical manner. In this paper, we report feasibility demonstrations of an evolution scenario regarding the SCN architecture to enhance the flexibility and functionality of spatial channel networking from a simple fixed-core-access and directional spatial channel ring network to a multidegree, any-core-access, nondirectional, and core-contentionless mesh SCN. As key building blocks of SXCs, we introduce what we believe to be novel optical devices: a 1 x 2 multicore fiber (MCF) splitter, a core selector (CS), and a core and port selector (CPS). We construct free-space optics-based prototypes of these devices using five-core MCFs. Detailed performance evaluations of the prototypes in terms of the insertion loss (IL), polarization-dependent loss (PDL), and intercore cross talk (XT) are conducted. The results show that the prototypes provide satisfactorily low levels of IL, PDL, and XT. We construct a wide variety of reconfigurable spatial add/drop multiplexers (RSADMs) and SXCs in terms of node degree, interport cross-connection architecture, and add/drop port connectivity flexibilities. Such RSADMs/SXCs include a fixed-core-access and directional RSADM using a 1 x 2 MCF splitter; an any-core-access, nondirectional SXC with core-contention using a CS; and an any-core-access, nondirectional SXC without core-contention using a CPS. Bit error rate performance measurements for SDM signals that traverse the RSADMs/SXCs confirm that there is no or a very slight optical signal-to-noise-ratio penalty from back-to-back performance. We also experimentally show that the flexibilities in the add/drop port of the SXCs allow us to recover from a single or concurrent double link failure with a wide variety of options in terms of availability and cost-effectiveness. (C) 2021 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 40]}
{"token": "Carbon cycle confidence and uncertainty: Exploring variation among soil biogeochemical models. Emerging insights into factors responsible for soil organic matter stabilization and decomposition are being applied in a variety of contexts, but new tools are needed to facilitate the understanding, evaluation, and improvement of soil biogeochemical theory and models at regional to global scales. To isolate the effects of model structural uncertainty on the global distribution of soil carbon stocks and turnover times we developed a soil biogeochemical testbed that forces three different soil models with consistent climate and plant productivity inputs. The models tested here include a first-order, microbial implicit approach (CASA-CNP), and two recently developed microbially explicit models that can be run at global scales (MIMICS and CORPSE). When forced with common environmental drivers, the soil models generated similar estimates of initial soil carbon stocks (roughly 1,400Pg C globally, 0-100cm), but each model shows a different functional relationship between mean annual temperature and inferred turnover times. Subsequently, the models made divergent projections about the fate of these soil carbon stocks over the 20(th) century, with models either gaining or losing over 20 Pg C globally between 1901 and 2010. Single-forcing experiments with changed inputs, temperature, and moisture suggest that uncertainty associated with freeze-thaw processes as well as soil textural effects on soil carbon stabilization were larger than direct temperature uncertainties among models. Finally, the models generated distinct projections about the timing and magnitude of seasonal heterotrophic respiration rates, again reflecting structural uncertainties that were related to environmental sensitivities and assumptions about physicochemical stabilization of soil organic matter. By providing a computationally tractable and numerically consistent framework to evaluate models we aim to better understand uncertainties among models and generate insights about factors regulating the turnover of soil organic matter.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Comparative studies of neodymium (III)-selective PVC membrane sensors. Sensors based on two neutral ionophores, N,N'-bis((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (L-1) and 3,3'-(cyclohexane-1,2-diylbis(azan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)bis(5-hydroxymethyl)pyridine-2-ol) (L-2) are described for quantification of neodymium (III). Effect of various plasticizers; 2-nitrophenyloctylether(o-NPOE), dibutyl butylphosphonate(DBBP), tri-n-butyl phosphates (TBP), dioctylpthalate (DOP) and chloronapthalen (CN) and anion excluder, sodiumtetraphenylborate (NaTPB) has been studied. The membrane composition of PVC:o-NPOE:ionophore (L-1):NaTPB (w/w; mg) of 150:300:5:5 exhibited best performance. The sensor with ionophore (L-1) exhibits significantly enhanced selectivity towards neodymium (III) in the concentration range 5.0 x 10(-7) to 1.0 x 10 (-2) M with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10(-7) M and a Nernstian compliance (19.8 +/- 0.3 mV decade(-1) of activity) within pH range 4.0-8.0. The response time of sensor was found as 10 s. The influence of the membrane composition and possible interfering ions has also been investigated on the response properties of the electrode. The fast and stable response, good reproducibility and long-term stability of the sensor are observed. The sensor has been found to work satisfactorily in partially non-aqueous media up to 20% (v/v) content of methanol, ethanol or acetonitrile and could be used for a period of 3 months. The selectivity coefficients determined by using fixed interference method (FIM) indicate high selectivity for neodymium. The proposed electrode shows fairly good discrimination of neodymium (III) from other cations. The application of prepared sensor has been demonstrated in the determination of neodymium (III) in spiked water samples. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Wading Through the Heraclitean Waters of Experience. This piece contrasts two ontological views of perceptual experience: on the one hand, Experiential Heracliteanism, a view according to which the intuitively dynamic character of experience should be described - and probably accounted for - in irreducibly dynamic terms; and, on the other, Experiential non-Heracliteanism, a stance according to which perceptual experience may at least be described - if not explained - in terms of nondynamic constituents. I specially strive (1) to frame both proposals against the backdrop of a venerable Heraclitean metaphor and (2) to highlight the virtues of Experiential non-Heracliteanism against its currently sexier Heraclitean counterpart.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors for Hypersonic Flow Measurements. A microelectromechanical-system piezoelectric pressure sensor targeting hypersonic flow applications is presented. The sensing diaphragms have 500-mu m diameter and are comprised of a composite stack of Si, SiO2, and AlN. This paper presents the fabrication and packaging details of the sensor and then presents test results from a Mach-6 hypersonic-flow facility, in which the prototype sensor data are compared against data from a mature commercial sensor present in the same tests. Salient hypersonic-flow features are observed in signals captured by the prototype. The package is comprised of an on-chip two-element array with 650-mu m pitch, and signals from the elements captured during hypersonic-flow tests are highly correlated.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "The Emergence of Modern Constitutional Culture in Taiwan. Taiwan encountered its first exposure to Western constitutionalism with the advent of Japanese rule in the late 19th century. The Japanese colonial government brought the system of separation of powers to Taiwan through its Meiji Constitution, though its scope was limited early on because the Taiwanese were not familiar with this system. However, during the latter period of Japanese rule, some Taiwanese elites applied the concepts in the Meiji Constitution to their struggles for civil rights, and to a certain degree succeeded. Since 1945, the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) government, which lacked experience with constitutionalism, had governed Taiwan for more than 50 years. The KMT government concentrated power in the administrative branch, and specifically in the party and the dictator himself. Nevertheless, for the sake of political expediency, the KMT government nominally abided by the Republic of China Constitution, which was drafted in China before the Communist revolution, though suspended many important provisions. Following the democratization and liberalization of Taiwan in the late 1980s as well as the change of the governing party in 2000, the separation of powers and the protection of human rights were greatly expanded in Taiwan. However, because these changes to liberty and democracy have only been in effect for about 20 years, the Taiwanese public does not entirely understand or accept the concept of constitutionalism based on liberty and democracy. The authors argue that only if all of the population groups in Taiwan embrace these values of freedom and democracy can the divided Taiwanese society be healed.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Significant reforms in public sector audit - staying relevant in times of change and challenge. Purpose - This paper aims to talk about the changes to auditing practice in the context of broader changes in the public sector.Originality/value - Reflections presented here are based on the author's practical experiences over the past 40 years as a program manager and as a government auditor.Practical implications - Increased understanding of the changing role of the Auditor-General's Office that affects the efficiency and effectives of public sector entities will help practitioners in improving strategic directions of their operations. This will also help academic researchers in developing ideas for future research.Design/methodology/approach - A personal reflection on the issue using prior experiences as a former auditor-general of two Australian states.Findings - The role for government audit will always mirror the change in the public sector. Whether audit fulfils this role depends on having the right legislation and the right approach. While audit legislation lags behind recent shifts in public sector approaches, government auditors are continuing to explore new ways to give parliament, as well as the sector, authoritative opinions and commentary that is relevant and valuable.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Analytical expressions of sensitivities for shape variables in second order bending systems. Due to the variety of its uses, sensitivity analysis is a very interesting field in structural engineering. However, the computational effort to obtain the analytical values for such sensitivities is a formidable task. Hence, it has generally been avoided when bending systems are considered; instead, approaches based on finite differences have been used. Nevertheless, using the latter method to carry out sensitivity analyses leads to considerable error, especially with shape variables, as many authors have pointed out. In this paper, the analytical expressions of sensitivity analyses with respect to shape variables are carried out for bending systems in second order theory. The first step is to evaluate the sensitivity analyses of the nodal movements by performing the loading vector along with the elastic and geometric stiffness matrix sensitivity analyses. Then, the sensitivity analyses of the maximum normal stresses are evaluated. Thereafter, there is an explanation of structural examples in which the previous analytical sensitivities are evaluated. The results are contrasted with those obtained by finite difference methods. There is also an example where the analytical sensitivities are used to carry out the optimisation of a portal structure. Finally, conclusions drawn from this work are presented. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Embodying Affect: Voice-hearing, Telepathy, Suggestion and Modelling the Non-conscious. This article takes a genealogical approach to the problem of affective communication that we find coalescing around the phenomenon of 'affective transfer' identified in experiences such as voice-hearing, telepathy and hypnotic suggestion. These experiences breach the boundaries between the self and other, inside and outside, and material and immaterial, and make visible some of the central issues that are important in re-thinking affect, relationality and embodiment. The article will attempt to re-engage the problematic of subjectivity by asking what a turn to affect entails within such technologies of listening and attention. This is particularly important when such turning or opening to affect engenders a conversation with traumatic memories, albeit a conversation that does not occur primarily in a verbal register. The key focus will be on the marginalized status of telepathic modalities of affective transfer throughout the histories of the development of the psychological sciences. The article uses this as a platform to consider the connections between what is occluded or excluded from the psychological sciences, and what is being silenced within work on affect taking form across the humanities. Taking us back to the practice of telepathy in the 19th century and the problem of hypnotic suggestion in the mid 20th century (the Macy Conferences), the article discloses how both function as carriers of what is being overlooked and silenced in the engagement by many affect scholars with the knowledge-practices of the psychological and neurosciences.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Cutaneous tolerance to nitroxide free radicals in human skin. No data are available on the irritant effect of nitroxide free radicals in human skin. Nitroxides are important biomedical skin probes used in Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Our purpose was to study the skin irritation potential of different nitroxide free radical structures in skin of healthy human subjects. We investigated the following nitroxides: Tempo (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinoxy), Doxo (2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-oxazolidinoxy), Proxo (2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-dihydro-pyrrolinoxy), and Imidazo (2,2,3,4,5,5-hexamethyl-imidazoline-1-yloxyl). Cutaneous irritation was determined in human skin following a single application and after repetitive applications in comparison to the standardized irritant sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The response was evaluated clinically as well as by a bioengineering method analyzing transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin hydration (capacitance). The nitroxides were classified clinically from nonirritant (Imidazo, Proxo), to slightly irritant (Doxo, 100 mM), or moderately irritant (Tempo 100 mM) after a single application, The TEWL values were significantly increased by Doxo and Tempo, but capacitance values were not changed significantly. In the cumulative irritation test Tempo was scored as a slight irritant (10 mM). TOLH (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-hydroxypiperidin) the hydroxylamine of Tempo, which is the major skin metabolite, did not cause skin irritation after a single or repetitive applications, This may indicate that a loss of cellular reducing equivalents may be involved in the inflammation process caused by Tempo. The order of nitroxide irritation potency (Tempo > Doxo much greater than Imidazo = Proxo) is inverse to the order of nitroxide biostability in human skin (Imidazo = Proxo much greater than Doxo > Tempo). In conclusion, nitroxide free radicals are classified as nonirritant to moderately irritant in human skin. Particularily, the pyrrolidine and imidazoline type nitroxides have a low potential to cause acute or subacute skin toxicity. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "MEDITATION AND MEDIATION. Meditative disciplines, developed for millenia in wisdom traditions around the globe, may enrich a mediator's practice, bringing increased awareness and peace to practitioners and disputing parties alike. This article describes meditation generally, draws theoretical connections between meditation and mediation, and concludes by offering practical suggestions for integrating the two endeavors to increase a mediator's impartiality, humility, and compassion.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
{"token": "TERRESTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE AREAS OF PIEDMONT LAKES, THE ANDES AND PAMPAS IN CENTER SOUTH CHILE. The scarce archaeological research developed in Chile's center south until the past decade has led to the construction of chrono-cultural sketches, which barely account for the internal variability of the past reality in the areas of piedmont lakes and mountains of Central-South Chile. Preliminarily, we have detected strategic archaeological differences between two sectors, which likewise show cultural associations, and environmental characteristics that have allowed us to elaborate a terrestrial survey methodology according to both, by covering extensive surfaces and according to the specific environmental characteristics of the overall study area, using a subdivision on the basis of his principal hydrographic basins. This methodology has been developed using GIS as an auxiliary tool in areas with dense vegetation, bad visibility, abundant and extensive water masses and courses, presence of ancient ancestral mapuche and pewenche ethnic communities and frequent volcanic activity. We will expose a synthesis of regional archaeology, and the methodological survey strategy as implemented in the sub-areas of Villarrica-Lanin and Lonquimay-Llaima volcanic axes. The area of study is re-defined in environmental terms and one declares the presence of 179 patrimonial archaeological resources, which have been registered by means of strategies of intensive and extensive survey. Finally it is considered to be an evaluation and discussion of the work carried out.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "The early bird gets the carcass: Temporal segregation and its effects on foraging success in avian scavengers. Temporal segregation is known to be an important mechanism of coexistence in many foraging guilds but has not been examined in avian scavengers. Given that carrion availability is higher in the morning than in the afternoon and that differences in wing-loading and nesting behavior may limit morning activity in some species, there is potential for temporal segregation in resource use to play an important role in the coexistence of avian scavengers. I predicted that Lappet-faced Vultures (Torgos tracheliotos), which have lower wing-loading and lower competitive abilities, would have higher abundance at carrion resources in the morning than White-backed Vultures (Gyps africanus) and Ruppell's Vultures (G. rueppellii). In addition, I predicted that differences in activity patterns among vulture species would affect foraging success. Using experimental carcasses, I examined the effect of time of day on foraging behavior. I quantified foraging success in roosting birds, measured as the proportion of individuals with a full crop. Contrary to predictions, during the dry season White-backed and Ruppell's Vultures were more abundant at carcasses in the morning and Lappet-faced Vultures were more abundant in the afternoon. In the afternoon a large proportion of the Gyps individuals appeared to be satiated and densities were lower at carcasses, perhaps creating a temporal competitive refugium in the afternoon during which Lappet-faced Vultures could feed. However, Lappet-faced Vultures have lower foraging success than White-backed and Ruppell's Vultures. These results demonstrate that temporal segregation occurs, but may not reduce competition, in this scavenging guild.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Playing with history - Boris Akunin's thrillers. Why are Boris Akunin's thrillers selling so well? Akunin knows the Russian readers' needs: their passion for the criminal novel, their interest in their own history. This dual demand suits Akunin fine. He writes historical thrillers, employing the techniques of post-modernism. In effect, a new view of old times emerges - a Russia stripped of its melancholy and the national search for meaning.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Association of cellulose micro/nanofibrils and silicates for cardboard coating: Technological aspects for packaging. Paper coating with cellulose micro/nanofibrils (MFC/NFC) can improve the performance of paper packaging. However, the process cost is high due to the significant energy consumption. The objective of this work was to produce MFC/NFC with pre-treated fibers using calcium silicate (Ca2O4Si) and magnesium silicate (MgO3Si) and evaluate their performance as a coating on cardboard. For the production of MFC/NFC, pre-treatments with Ca2O4Si and MgO3Si reduced energy consumption by similar to 30 %. The layers added to the cardboard reduced the water vapor permeability, mainly for the coating with 5 % MgO3Si (similar to 98 g mm/kPa(-1) day m(2)). These characteristics indicate that coated paperboard is suitable for packaging bread, cheese, fruit, and vegetables. Suspensions with 5 % and 10 % Ca2O4Si increased the spread of PVAc, PVOH, and printing ink. The coatings reduced the strength and stiffness of the papers by similar to 50 % compared to the uncoated paper due to the wetting and drying cycles. On the other hand, there was an increase in ductility, which potentiated the paper's formability. Optimizing application and drying techniques for MFC/NFC and silicate coating formulations can improve the mechanical and barrier properties of the coated papers for multilayer packaging.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Spin-subband populations and spin polarization of quasi-two-dimensional carriers under an in-plane magnetic field. occasionally stereotypic step-like form both quantitatively and qualitatively. Here we study how this affects the spin-subband populations and the spin-polarization as functions of the temperature, T, and the in-plane magnetic field, B, for narrow to wide dilute-magnetic-semiconductor quantum wells. We examine a wide range of material and structural parameters, focusing on the quantum well width, the magnitude of the spin-spin exchange interaction, and the sheet carrier concentration. Generally, increasing T, the carrier spin-splitting, U-o sigma, decreases, augmenting the influence of the \\\\'minority\\\\'-spin carriers. Increasing B, U-o sigma, increases and, accordingly, carriers populate \\\\'majority\\\\'-spin subbands while they abandon \\\\'minority\\\\'-spin subbands. Furthermore, in line with the density of states modification, all energetically higher subbands become gradually depopulated. We also indicate the ranges where the system is completely spin-polarized.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Converting to Privatization: A Discourse Analysis of Dyslexia Policy Narratives. In this study, I analyze written testimony submitted to the state legislature regarding Connecticut's 2015 Act Concerning Students With Dyslexia (PA-15-97), in order to engage with the discourse and rhetoric occasioned by the policy-making process and investigate the phenomenon of dyslexia in contemporary education policy. Drawing on critical discursive psychology, positioning theory, and narrative policy analysis. I examine how dyslexia advocacy discourse forms a cohesive, compelling policy narrative. I argue that this narrative can be understood as a conversion narrative, which drives a privatization agenda in which public schools become mandated consumers for a growing dyslexia industry, and in which the nature of instruction for students with reading difficulties is narrowly prescribed.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "The structural and kinetic characteristics of Mg1.9Al0.1Ni alloy synthesized by mechanical alloying. The structural and kinetic characteristics of the mechanically alloyed Mg1.9Al0.1Ni were investigated. It was found that Mg1.9Al0.1Ni can absorb/desorb about 3.55/3.44 mass% H at a high rate and it has a hexagonal crystal structure as Mg2Ni. The hydriding/dehydriding (H/D) rates in the two-phase (alpha-beta) region of Mg1.9Al0.1Ni were measured and studied at temperatures ranging from 553 to 623 K under an approximately isobaric condition. The obtained data of H/D rates indicated that hydrogen diffusion was the rate-controlling step through the hydride phase. A new model was successfully used to calculate the kinetic experimental results. It can be seen that theoretical calculation agrees well with experimental data. The corresponding activation energies are 47600 and 54500 J/mol H-2 for H/D processes, respectively. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "The importance of Mediterranean diet and hydration habitus in patients with lower limb ulcers: A pilot study. Chronic leg ulcers are a common condition among adults, causing pain and social distress. Population aging has contributed to the amplification of the disease with increased cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke, limb ischemia, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) and hydration on the healing rate of the ulcers. A group of 35 patients (M/F 16/19, mean age 78 +/- 10 years) with venous, arterial, or mixed ulcers was subjected to a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and a Hydration Habits Questionnaire (HHQ). Clinical and anthropometric data were collected. A one-year follow-up was conducted.In our study population, about half showed a low adherence to the MD. A moderate-high adherence to the MD showed an increase of arterial ulcer healing compared to subjects with a low adherence to the MD, however, only when associated to a consumption of more than 1 liter of water daily. In conclusion, dietary assessments could help identify patients who are likely to benefit from nutritional interventions for improving overall health and wound healing. The habit of high hydration, namely more than 1 liter daily, can influence the wound healing rate. (C) 2021 Society for Vascular Nursing, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Complete ulcer healing was observed in 26% of the patients, of whom 67% had a habit of high hydration (more than 1 liter/day), regardless of adherence to the MD.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Transnational criminal networks: Main threat to international security in the post-Cold War. Traditional threats to international security do not come from nation-states any longer, but from nonstate actors who challenge the legitimacy and authority of the state. Thus, the most dangerous threat to international security is represented by organized crime and terrorism. Though organized crime is not a new phenomenon, new communication and information technologies have eased its operations and transformed it from a hierarchical organization into a \\\\'social network\\\\'. This criminal \\\\'network\\\\' has proved to be flexible, dynamic, elusive to initiatives by law enforcement authorities and adaptable to changes, challenging by far the fight against transnational organized crime.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Structural characteristics of vacancy-ordered tau-phases. The vacancy-ordered tau -phases (VOPs) in Al-transition-metal (TM) alloys can be classified into three distinct categories in the commensurate limit. These are: (a) tau (3) and its tau (3) inflated phases possessing inversion centres on Al and V layers, (b) tau (5) and its tau (3) related phases displaying centres on Al andTM layers and (c) tau (8) and those generated after tau (3) inflation having centres on TM and V layers. The six-dimensional model proposed by us earlier generates all of them in three-dimensional physical space with the above structural characteristics. The consequence of taking a physical space cut from a six-dimensional anti-phase domain leads to an anti-phase domain for tau (3) and tau (infinity), but it will be shown that such a cut leads to the generation of translational twins for other phases. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
{"token": "DETAILED TAXONOMIC REDESCRIPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND REDISCOVERY OF THE BIRCH EMPEROR MOTH, RINACA LINDIA (MOORE 1865) (BOMBYCOIDEA: SATURNIIDAE) FROM JAMMU & KASHMIR, INDIA, AFTER A 38-YEAR HIATUS. The genus Rinaca Walker 1855 was established with the type species Caligula simla (Westwood 1847) from Simlah (=Shimla), India. Rinaca lindia (Moore 1865) was first reported from northeast, India. During the present study. two specimens of Rinaca lindia (Moore 1865) were collected from the Babareshi region of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), India, after a 38-year absence. The current study reports the rediscovery of Rinaca lindia (Moore 1865) J&K, India, with description of novel morphological characters and, illustration of the female genitalia. Additionally, information on the preimaginal instars, food plants and species distribution are also provided.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Expanding Acute Care Nurse Practitioner and Clinical Nurse Specialist Education Invasive Procedure Training and Human Simulation in Critical Care. Programs educating advanced practice nurses (APNs), including acute care nurse practitioners (ACNPs) and clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) may struggle with the degree to which technical and cognitive skills necessary and unique to the care of critically ill patients should be incorporated within training programs, and the best ways these skills can be synthesized and retained for clinical practice. This article describes the critical care technical skills training mechanisms and use of a High-Fidelity Human Simulation (HFHS) Laboratory in the ACNP and CNS programs at the University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing. The mechanisms for teaching invasive procedures are reviewed including an abbreviated course syllabus and documentation tools. The use of HFHS is discussed as a measure to provide students with technical and cognitive preparation to manage critical incidents. The HFHS Laboratory, scenario development and implementation, and the debriefing process are discussed. Critical care technical skills training and the use of simulation in the curriculum have had a favorable response from students and preceptors at the University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, and have enhanced faculty's ability to prepare APNs.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Observation of Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes at Mid Latitude. We present a sample of Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flashes (TGFs) observed at mid latitudes by the Atmosphere Space Interaction Monitor (ASIM). The events were detected between June 2018 and August 2020 in the latitude bands between 35 degrees and 51 degrees in both hemispheres, which we hereafter refer to as \\\\'mid latitudes.\\\\' The sample includes the first observations above +/- 38 degrees and consists of 14 events clustered in four geographical regions: north-west Atlantic and eastern USA; Mediterranean Sea; the ocean around South Africa; and north-eastern China and Siberia. We examine the characteristics of each event, both standalone and in the context of the global ASIM TGF data set, and we find that our sample is consistent with the global population concerning the number of counts, but shows significantly shorter durations. We analyze the meteorological context and the general evolution of the parent storms and we show that the storms are not extreme in terms of total duration and extension. Whenever possible, we also include the radio sferics and the peak current of the parent stroke. Finally, we present an estimation of the TGF occurrence rate at mid latitudes, based on ASIM's exposure, the local flash rate and tropopause altitude, and we show that it is outside but very close to two standard deviation from the rate of production at tropical latitudes, corrected by the higher atmospheric absorption of higher latitudes. This means that atmospheric absorption plays a major role in the detection of TGFs at mid latitudes, but we cannot rule out other factors.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Perception of heresy in English religious practice on the eve of the Reformation: the case of John Colet. This article is dedicated to verification of the widespread historiographical thesis about the rise of Lollardy in England on the eve of the Reformation. One case is considered the charge of heresyagainst the Dean of the Cathedral of St. Paul J. Colet in early 1512. The author analyzes the evidences of contemporaries about the persecution of Colet and his own writings to detect the Dean's heterodoxy. The investigation presents Colet's orthodoxy and his negative perception of the heresy. As a judge, he took part in the proceedings against the Kent Lollards in 1511-1512. This casus indicates that heresy persecutions were not necessarily related to the actual heterodoxy of defendants. The conservative part of the English episcopate in the early 16th century used the charge of heresy as a weapon in the fight against violation of church tradition and lay criticism.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Youth religious commitment over time: A longitudinal study of retention. Over 1500 middle-teenagers were selected from Seventh-day Adventist churches throughout the United States and Canada for a longitudinal study on church retention and dropout. A new survey was sent each year for ten years, collecting a wide variety of information on family background and personal beliefs, attitudes, and practices. At the end of ten years it was determined how many of these now young adults were still church members, how many were active in their congregations, and how many had dropped out of membership or become inactive during the study period. These facts were then correlated with information collected during the first year of the study on family background and religious beliefs and practices to develop predictions about what things in the lives of church-affiliated teenagers will influence whether they continue in the church or drop out of it as young adults.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
{"token": "From Haloes to Galaxies. II. The Fundamental Relations in Star Formation and Quenching. Star formation and quenching are two of the most important processes in galaxy formation and evolution. We explore in the local universe the interrelationships among key integrated galaxy properties, including stellar mass M-*, star formation rate (SFR), specific SFR (sSFR), molecular gas mass M-H2, star formation efficiency (SFE) of the molecular gas, and the molecular gas to stellar mass ratio mu. We aim to identify the most fundamental scaling relations among these key galaxy properties and their interrelationships. We show that the integrated M-H2-SFR, SFR-M-*, and M-H2-M-* relations can be simply transformed from the mu-sSFR, SFE-mu, and SFE-sSFR relations, respectively. The transformation, in principle, can increase or decrease the scatter of each relation. Interestingly, we find that the latter three relations all have significantly smaller scatter than the corresponding former three. We show that the probability to achieve the observed small scatter by accident is extremely close to zero. This suggests that the smaller scatters of the latter three relations are driven by a more universal physical connection among these quantities. We then show that the large scatters in the former relations are due to their systematic dependence on other galaxy properties, and on the star formation and quenching process. We propose the sSFR-mu-SFE relation as the fundamental formation relation (FFR), which governs the star formation and quenching process and provides a simple framework to study galaxy evolution. Other scaling relations, including the integrated Kennicutt-Schmidt law, star-forming main sequence, and molecular gas main sequence, can all be derived from the FFR.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "The Embodiment of Deviance: The Biopolitics of the 'Difficult Child' in Socialist Czechoslovakia. This article belongs to the special cluster, \\\\'Family, Gender and (dis)Abled Bodies after 1953\\\\', guest-edited by Maike Lehmann and Alexandra Oberlander. In this article, I examine the academic discourses and socio-educational practices in post-war socialist Czechoslovakia concerning children who were considered \\\\'behaviorally difficult,\\\\' and I analyze those discourses and practices as elements of biopolitics and governmentality. I concentrate on the diagnostic conceptualizations introduced into the psycho-medical discourse of the 1950s and 1960s by what was called \\\\'defectology.\\\\' Czechoslovak defectologists, who composed their approaches from Soviet, Czech, and other academic sources, explained children's difficult behavior in terms of \\\\'defectivity,\\\\' that is, a disturbed relationship between the individual and his or her social environment. The educational aims of defectology and the communist regime converged in the ideal of the \\\\'embodiment of socialism,\\\\' according to which the difficult child should be taught to be a conforming, able-minded, and productive citizen. The preferred treatment for reaching this goal was reeducation in the expanding network of residential institutions. However, defectology had no solution to the increasing number of children diagnosed as difficult or deviant. Moreover, other disciplines, like psychology, pediatrics, and pedagogy, criticized its conceptual inadequacy, which reoriented the discourse and governmentality toward prevention. I also show how gender and ethnicity abetted the diagnosis and affected the treatment of behavioral difficulties, for defectologists and other practitioners considered \\\\'sexually deprived\\\\' girls and \\\\'Gypsy children\\\\' as the \\\\'embodiment of deviance.\\\\'", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Varietal discrimination of Chilean wines by direct injection mass spectrometry analysis combined with multivariate statistics. A simple, direct injection, electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (ESI FT-MS) method, in combination with multivariate statistics, was used for the characterization and sorting of Chilean wines. 47 commercial red wines labelled as Cabernet Sauvignon, Carmenere, Syrah, and Pinot noir, and 25 white wines of the varieties Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc were diluted, directly infused into the mass spectrometer, and analyzed in negative ion mode. The signature ions used for statistical analyses were manually filtered out from the signals with m/z ratios over 10%. The results of principal component analysis allowed a good sorting of white wines, but not so in the case of reds. The main three principal components explained 96.82% and 85.65% of the variance for white and red wines, respectively. Instead, linear discriminant analysis, allowed the correct discrimination of 100.00% of white and 95.74% of red samples. The validation of these results using the leave-one-out cross-validation method gave lower percentages of correct classification (76.00% and 61.70% of white and red samples respectively), suggesting that some of the wine samples analyzed might have been blends of more than one variety. Consequently, ESI FT-MS direct injection analysis of wines can be used for sample discrimination, but requires a stronger mathematical model built with spectral information of pure and blended samples before improving the percentages of classification. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
{"token": "The sustainability of China's Urban Employees' Pension Programme: A case of getting old before getting rich?. This article examines the sustainability of China's Urban Employees' Pension Programme - the main component in China's overall old-age support system. It looks at the sustainability of the programme generally and, in particular, at case studies of two areas (Tianjin municipality and Guangxi province) to highlight both the extent of regional variations and the common challenges facing Chinese policy-makers. It discusses a number of key issues that should assist policy-makers to address the challenge of population ageing. It concludes that the challenge facing China is no more severe than that already faced by other countries in Europe and Asia. Moreover, the ageing of the population is not uniform across the regions of China. Consequently, those areas where the demographic shift is more advanced will provide some opportunity for policy experimentation. Given the experience to date of slow progress on various aspects of pension policy reform, the article suggests that it seems unlikely that paradigmatic change will be significant. Nonetheless, the study suggests a range of parametric policy measures that China should consider. The challenge facing China's policy-makers is to ensure that China gets old and rich at the same time.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "National Museums in Southeast Europe: (En) countering Balkanism?. The collapse of sclerotic and dysfunctional one-party regimes in central and eastern Europe, associated with the end of the USSR, and in parts of the Balkans, with the death of President Tito of Yugoslavia in 1980, was followed by violence and war, which brought the region to the world's attention. These events, and inevitably the historical causes, were and still are interpreted to an international audience, largely through a global media, over which Balkan countries have limited influence. Todorova (Slavic Review 53(2): 453-452, 1994, 2009, 1997) identified a trend or convention in these interpretations which was largely negative, which she called 'Balkanism', and which was at least partly constructed 'from the outside' (1994, p. 445). She argued that our knowledge of the Balkans is mediated through a distorting lens: we see it as a dark 'other'. By contrast, national museums funded by national governments would seem to offer a channel through which the states in the region might be able to tell their own stories, in their own way. This survey of national museums attempts to map these stories against specific aspects of Balkanism. Are they complicit in its construction, or do they run counter to or align with it? It is argued that the key elements of these displays counter some aspects of Balkanism but align with it or reinforce it in other ways.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "The regulation of preimplantation genetic diagnosis: Is there anything the United Kingdom can learn from the Australian experience?. The United Kingdom fertility regulator, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), is set to be abolished and its functions transferred to the Care Quality Commission. Together with the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (UK), the HFEA has played a central role in the regulation of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and human leukocyte antigen tissue typing (HLA typing). Australia, on the other hand, does not have a national regulatory body for assisted reproductive technologies, which are instead regulated by a series of national guidelines, State legislation and State regulators. Using PGD and HLA typing as a focal point, this article asks, is there anything the United Kingdom can learn from Australia?", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Accurate mask model implementation in optical proximity correction model for 14-nm nodes and beyond. In a previous work, we demonstrated that the current optical proximity correction model assuming the mask pattern to be analogous to the designed data is no longer valid. An extreme case of line-end shortening shows a gap up to 10 nm difference (at mask level). For that reason, an accurate mask model has been calibrated for a 14-nm logic gate level. A model with a total RMS of 1.38 nm at mask level was obtained. Two-dimensional structures, such as line-end shortening and corner rounding, were well predicted using scanning electron microscopy pictures overlaid with simulated contours. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the implementation of our improved model in current flow. The improved model consists of a mask model capturing mask process and writing effects, and a standard optical and resist model addressing the litho exposure and development effects at wafer level. The second part will focus on results from the comparison of the two models, the new and the regular. (C) 2016 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Liquidity connectedness in cryptocurrency market. We examine the dynamics of liquidity connectedness in the cryptocurrency market. We use the connectedness models of Diebold and Yilmaz (Int J Forecast 28(1):57-66, 2012) and Barunik and Krehlik (J Financ Econom 16(2):271-296, 2018) on a sample of six major cryptocurrencies, namely, Bitcoin (BTC), Litecoin (LTC), Ethereum (ETH), Ripple (XRP), Monero (XMR), and Dash. Our static analysis reveals a moderate liquidity connectedness among our sample cryptocurrencies, whereas BTC and LTC play a significant role in connectedness magnitude. A distinct liquidity cluster is observed for BTC, LTC, and XRP, and ETH, XMR, and Dash also form another distinct liquidity cluster. The frequency domain analysis reveals that liquidity connectedness is more pronounced in the short-run time horizon than the medium- and long-run time horizons. In the short run, BTC, LTC, and XRP are the leading contributor to liquidity shocks, whereas, in the long run, ETH assumes this role. Compared with the medium term, a tight liquidity clustering is found in the short and long terms. The time-varying analysis indicates that liquidity connectedness in the cryptocurrency market increases over time, pointing to the possible effect of rising demand and higher acceptability for this unique asset. Furthermore, more pronounced liquidity connectedness patterns are observed over the short and long run, reinforcing that liquidity connectedness in the cryptocurrency market is a phenomenon dependent on the time-frequency connectedness.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
{"token": "Soil Carbon Characteristics in Two Mississippi River Deltaic Marshland Profiles. Current understanding of the soil organic matter (SOM) transformation pathways and mechanisms in coastal wetland ecosystems is limited. This study was carried out to characterize and compare chemical composition of below-ground SOM from a freshwater marsh and a saline marsh in coastal Louisiana. Composite samples at three depths (0-50, 50-100, and 100-150 cm) from each site were collected and characterized by solid state C-13 NMR spectroscopy. The C-13 NMR spectral composition of three soil depths of the freshwater marsh was similar and dominated by contribution from polysaccharide carbon (C), followed by equal contributions from aliphatic C and total aromatic C. A steady and more pronounced drop in polysaccharide C with depth, accompanied by the demethoxylation of lignin moieties, was observed in the profiles of the saline marsh. The delta C-13 signature of these marsh soils suggested that much of the C in the saline profile was likely derived from the mixed debris of previous freshwater and saline marsh vegetation rather than from the current salt-tolerant Spartina species alone. It was concluded that the chemical composition of SOM was determined more by the difference between the freshwater and the saline soil environment than by the C source in the coastal wetland ecosystems.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
{"token": "Plant species composition and biofuel yields of conservation grasslands. Marginal croplands, such as those in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), have been suggested as a source of biomass for biofuel production. However, little is known about the composition of plant species on these conservation grasslands or their potential for ethanol production. Our objective was to assess the potential of CRP and other conservation grasslands for biofuel production, describing the relationships of plant species richness and tall native C(4) prairie grass abundance with plant chemical composition and the resulting potential ethanol yield. We determined plant species composition and diversity at multiple scales with the modified Whittaker plot technique, aboveground biomass, plant chemical composition, and potential ethanol yield at 34 sites across the major ecological regions of the northeastern USA. Conservation grasslands with higher numbers of plant species had lower biomass yields and a lower ethanol yield per unit biomass compared with sites with fewer species. Thus, biofuel yield per unit land area decreased by 77% as plant species richness increased from 3 to 12.8 species per m(2). We found that, as tall native C(4) prairie grass abundance increased from 1.7% to 81.6%, the number of plant species decreased and aboveground biomass per unit land area and ethanol yield per unit biomass increased resulting in a 500% increased biofuel yield per unit land area. Plant species richness and composition are key determinants of biomass and ethanol yields from conservation grasslands and have implications for low-input high-diversity systems. Designing systems to include a large proportion of species with undesirable fermentation characteristics could reduce ethanol yields.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
{"token": "Instrumental analysis of gas hydrates properties. Gas hydrates attracted intense research interest when it was first recognised some 70 years ago that they were responsible for the blockage of flow lines, valves and well heads, thereby causing great loss of production and other severe safety hazards to the oil and gas industry. After many decades, these compounds are still the topic of research activities in various multi-disciplinary fields, including chemical and petroleum engineering, earth and geophysics, chemistry and environmental sciences. This is not only due to the great impact that these compounds have on the oil and gas industry, but also to the potential applications they have in many evolving areas, including, but not only, natural gas storage and transportation, carbon dioxide sequestration, and sea-water desalination. It is generally accepted that gas hydrates represent the largest source of hydrocarbons on earth, something which has not been appreciated until only recently.Management, either prevention or application or both, of gas hydrates requires a complete knowledge and understanding of the formation, decomposition and inhibition mechanisms of gas hydrates, which in turn demands advanced experimental methods and instrumental techniques for gas hydrate characterisation. This paper reviews a broad range of techniques that have been used for natural gas hydrate characterisation. It includes the basic physical science principles of each method and the gas hydrate properties that each method is capable of detecting, including some modern instrumental analyses that enable direct determination of gas hydrate phases and possible measurement of molecular interactions within the fluid phases. (C) 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Rotation, pulsations and magnetic field in V 2052 Ophiuchi: A new He-strong star(star,star star). V2052 Oph is a betaCep star with v sin i similar to 60 km s(-1). The behavior of its stellar wind was studied in the ultraviolet wavelength region with the IUE satellite. It revealed periodic variations in the equivalent widths (EW) of the resonance lines of wind-sensitive ions with a period of 3.638833 d, which is identified as the rotational period. These variations are typical of magnetic stars. Therefore time-resolved circular spectropolarimetric observations were obtained with the Musicos echelle spectropolarimeter at the 2-m Telescope Bernard Lyot (TBL) to search for a magnetic field in the star. Stokes V patterns were observed, the inclination and magnetic angles were derived and a value was determined for the polar magnetic field (250 +/- 190 G) using an oblique rotator dipole model. The spectroscopic information was used to search for periodicity in line-profile variations (lpv), radial velocity and minimum intensity curves. Multiperiodicity was found, corresponding to radial (f(1) = 7.15 c d(-1)) and non-radial (f(2) = 6.82 c d(-1), l = 3 or 4) pulsation modes. The rotation period is also detected in rotationally modulated observables because of the magnetic poles passing through the observer's line of sight. We determined the stellar parameters of the star, which was found to be chemically peculiar, in particular He-enriched. This makes V2052 Oph the first magnetic He-strong early B star with known pulsational properties.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "The Effects of Impulse Noise on the Epithelial Cells of the Choroid Plexus. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of impulse noise on the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus.CONCLUSION: Impulse noise causes apoptotic death of epithelial cells in the choroid plexus, decrease the normal cells and increase the apoptotic cells.RESULTS:There were clear signs of nuclear condensation and cell body shrinkage, suggesting the presence of apoptosis. Severe desquamation of villus and the cell loss were observed in the study group. The numbers of the normal cells decreased, and the number of apoptotic cells increased significantly (p < 0.05).MATERIAL and METHODS: Forty Sprague Dawley rats were used and divided into the 2 groups as control and study groups. In the control group, the rats did not suffer noise injury. The rats were exposed to impulse noise at 20 minute durations at 10 times each day for one month in study group. Then, the rats were sacrificed and the choroid plexuses were examined histologically. The number of cells was counted and the cells were analyzed.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "The inevitability of linguistic change: The motivation of borrowing English terms by Shona speakers. Europeans brought new concepts, ideas and technologies with them that had not existed before colonialism in Zimbabwe. This led Shona and other indigenous languages (such as Ndebele, Venda, Nambya, Kalanga) to absorb a substantial new vocabulary into their lexicons. Speakers of these languages have been creating terms to cope with the new concepts through various strategies. This article aims at studying the motivation of Shona speakers to prefer borrowed words where both Shona and the English terms are available. Results of the research for this study show that Shona speakers seem to prefer English loanwords owing to issues such as prestige and elitism, shortness and precision, explicitness, expressiveness, currency of term, gap-filling and language modernisation. In addition, an unfavourable language policy in Zimbabwe helps to promote the use of English in all spheres of life, thereby undermining the development of Shona. This study is qualitative in nature, and it adopts a descriptive approach in analysing the data gathered through structured and oral interviews, questionnaires and secondary sources. The major contribution of this study is the illustration of how borrowing can be used to benefit the indigenous language development initiatives and to help language policy planners in Zimbabwe.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Feasibility Analysis of SMA-Based Damping Devices for Use in Seismic Isolation of Low-Rise Frame Buildings. For seismic isolated buildings, the isolators should be able to control peak deformation and have good restoring ability to return the building to its original position. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are known for their properties of energy dissipation and deformation recovery, which make them appealing for use in isolation systems. To this end, the feasibility of SMA-based damping devices for use in an isolation system of low-rise frame buildings is studied in this paper. Numerical analyses were conducted and compared for buildings installed with SMA-based bearings (SMABs) and lead-rubber bearings (LRBs). A two-mass isolated frame building installed with these bearings was subjected to earthquakes corresponding to multilevel seismic hazards. The results show that the SMABs offer comparable seismic hazard mitigation efficacy to that of the LRBs while successfully restoring the building to the rest position after the earthquake. Furthermore, adding the energy dissipation capacity and properly using the strain hardening behavior of the SMAs are favorable for controlling isolation deformation while protecting the superstructure. The strain hardening behavior of the SMABs is beneficial for controlling deformation at the isolator level, which can still maintain isolation efficacy.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Deformation, hydration, and anisotropy of the lithospheric mantle in an active rift: Constraints from mantle xenoliths from the North Tanzanian Divergence of the East African Rift. Most samples have harzburgitic to dunitic compositions and high olivine Mg#. Microstructures and olivine CPO patterns vary strongly depending on the location. In-axis peridotites display mylonitic to porphyroclastic microstructures, which record recent deformation by dislocation creep. Highly stretched orthopyroxenes in mylonites indicate that the deformation was initiated under high stress and probably low temperature. Orthopyroxene replacement by olivine in mylonitic and porphyroclastic peridotites suggest syn-kinematic melt-rock reactions and further deformation under near-solidus conditions. Exsolutions in orthopyroxene imply significant cooling between melt-assisted deformation and xenolith extraction. Late metasomatism is evidenced by the occurrence of veins crosscutting the microstructure and interstitial clinopyroxene and phlogopite. Axial-[100] olivine CPOs predominate, suggesting activation of the high temperature, low pressure [100] (Old) slip systems and, probably, transtensional deformation. In the volcanic belt, Lashaine peridotites display very coarse-granular textures, indicating deformation by dislocation creep under low deviatoric stress conditions followed by annealing. Axial-[010] olivine CPOs are consistent with transpressional deformation or simultaneous activation of the [100](010) and [001](010) slip systems. Intermediate microstructures and CPOs in Olmani suggests heterogeneous deformation within the volcanic belt. Olivine OH concentrations range between 2 and 12 ppm wt. H2O. No systematic variations are observed between in- and off-axis samples. Maximum P wave azimuthal anisotropy (AVp) ranges between 3.3 and 18.4%, and the maximum S wave polarization anisotropy (AVs) between 23 and 13.2%. Comparison between seismic properties of in-axis peridotites and SKS splitting data suggests transtensional deformation in the lithospheric mantle beneath the rift. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.We have analyzed the microstructures and crystal preferred orientations (CPO), and calculated the seismic properties of 53 mantle xenoliths from four localities within the North Tanzanian Divergence of the East African rift: two within the rift axis and two in the transverse volcanic belt. Olivine OH concentrations were measured in 15 xenoliths.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Irish GDP between the Famine and the First World War: estimates based on a dynamic factor model. A major issue in Irish economic history is the lack of national accounts before the interwar period. This paper constructs new annual estimates of real GDP between 1842 and 1913 based on a novel two-stage econometric approach. Our results show that while living standards approximately tripled in this period, development was uneven with contractions in economic activity not only during the Great Famine but also between the late 1890s and the First World War. As a proof of concept, we also apply our methodology to Swedish data. The resulting estimates closely match existing historical national accounts.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "De imperios y periferias: Belgica y africa en la obra epistolar y periodistica de angel Ganivet. Este articulo examina el pensamiento ganivetiano sobre la modernidad y el imperio por medio de la representacion de Belgica y el colonialismo en africa. Las aparentes contradicciones en las obras de Ganivet han polarizado a la critica en sus interpretaciones sobre la posicion del escritor respecto al colonialismo. Este trabajo destaca la existencia de una continuidad logica en su pensamiento mediante el analisis de textos epistolares y periodisticos en los que Ganivet reflexiona sobre Belgica, su lugar de residencia entre 1892 y 1896 y el pais que estimulara su oposicion entre el moderno colonialismo comercial y los valores del pasado imperio espanol. El impacto de su estancia en Amberes no solamente se reduce al contacto con el despliegue del colonialismo belga en el Congo, sino que la conciencia historica de Ganivet sobre el pasado espanol en Flandes asi como su contacto con la modernidad hegemonica europea contribuiran a su cosmovision imperial.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Spaces of the Self: Foucault and Goffman on the Micro-Physics of Discipline. This article argues that the works of Michel Foucault and Erving Goffman are complementary, specifically in their analyses of disciplinary power. This analysis would be what Foucault calls a 'micro-physics' of power. Micro-physics is an important concept even in Foucault's later lectures, but it remains a sub-discipline of genealogy Foucault himself never pursues. Goffman's works, which rely upon notions of social performance, personal spaces, and the construction of the self through these, fulfill the conditions of micro-physical analysis well. Using Goffman's works, I argue that his style of ethnographic analysis helps clarify certain fundamental questions about disciplinary power left unquestioned in Foucault's works namely, the 'internalization of the gaze' and its 'spontaneous' efficiency. I conclude that disciplinary power is not. actually a process of internalization at all, but a systematic divestment of the subject's access to the external processes and spaces on which the production and performance of his 'self' depends.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Developing the technology of complex adoption of phosphate rare-earth metal ores from the Tatarskoe deposit. Results of research into obtaininga conditioned apatite concentrate from the intermediate product of electrical separation (IPES) of the ore-dressing plant of phosphate-rare earth metal ores from the Tatarskoe deposit (Krasnoyarsk krai) are described. The structural and crystalline features of minerals entering the IPES and the effect of reagents on them are investigated. To develop the flotation mode of apatite from the IPES, experiments are statistically planned with the use of the multilevel factorial plan 3(3)/9. An apatite concentrate with a P2O5 content of 38.4% with a recovery of 95.7% is obtained.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Traditional and molecular detection methods reveal intense interguild competition and other multitrophic interactions associated with native entomopathogenic nematodes in Swiss tillage soils. We evaluated how tillage might affect belowground interactions in two 30-year running Swiss field trials by combining traditional (insect bait) and molecular (novel real-time qPCR protocols) methods. Soil samples (April and October 2013) were evaluated for the presence and activity of EPN soil food web assemblage comprising 13 EPN species, six nematophagous fungi, one ectoparasitic bacterium, and the free-living nematodes (FLN) of the Acrobeloides group.As part of a research consortium that explores ways to improve soil health, we study how entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) can be better exploited for the biological control of soil-dwelling insect pests in annual crops.Natural occurrence of EPN in Swiss tillage soils was very low, and augmentation may be a promising strategy to improve the control of root pests of annual crops.Mortality of sentinel larvae, as well as qPCR analyses (for which we provide seven new primers/probes sets) found only trace levels of six EPN species, dominated by heterorhabditids species. Analysis of nematode progeny revealed that EPN compete intensely with FLN for insect cadavers. Overall, it appears that temperate annual cropping systems provide poor environments for EPN and that tillage does not negatively affect the natural occurrence of EPN.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
{"token": "The Settlement of Decolonization and Post-Colonial Economic Development Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore Compared. Despite impressive growth in the early twenty-first century, Indonesia's economic performance in the post-colonial era lagged behind that of its neighbours in Malaysia and Singapore. The different development paths chosen, particularly in the treatment of foreign (and, especially, ex-colonial) investment, were central to this-Indonesia's rejection of Western capital in the 1950s and 1960s, and continued suspicion of foreign economic influence in the 1970s, contrasted with the more open approach of Malaysia and Singapore. How the post-colonial foreign presence was dealt with was largely conditioned by how decolonization was settled-the restrictive agreements reached between Indonesia and the Netherlands, and ongoing Dutch occupation of Irian Jaya, were sources of widespread resentment, and differed significantly from the more liberal approach of the British towards Malaysian and Singaporean independence. The short-term settlement of decolonization was therefore of greater significance than the longer-term nature of colonial rule in determining post-colonial economic patterns.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
{"token": "The assessment of ERA-interim wave data in the China Sea. As we know, wave significant height (H-s) and wave period, are critical for maritime commerce, infrastructure design, and hazard mitigation, etc. In this paper, we adopt wave data from eight stations in the data-sparse China Sea to assess the ERA-Interim (ERA-I). We have described the comparison with the short-scale and annual features between the datasets. The annual difference of Hs varies from -0.43 to 0.1 m with a mean value of -0.24 m for eight stations. In most of the stations, the ERA-I data of the locations except for the typhoon period has an overall overestimation, and the biases is positive. During the typhoon, due to the underestimation of the typhoon wind field, Hs in the ERA-I data is underestimated, which can be up to -50%. The physics research of typhoon is still poorly at present, causing the discrepancies between the datasets. Hence, we can't adopt the ERA-I Hs for design applications unless the validation has been tested by specific sites.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
{"token": "The impact of fig wasps (Chalcidoidea), new to the Mediterranean, on reproduction of an invasive fig tree Ficus microcarpa (Moraceae) and their potential for its biological control. Natural enemies that reduce plant reproductive success are often utilized for biological control of invasive species. Reproduction in fig trees depends on host-specific fig wasp pollinators that develop in galled ovules, but there are also many species of non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFWs) that reduce seed and pollinator numbers. Fig wasps associated with an invasive Asian fig tree, Ficus microcarpa (Moraceae), were surveyed around the Mediterranean. Eight NPFW species are now known from the area, three of which are newly-recorded. The impacts of the two most prevalent ovule galling NPFW species (both Pteromalidae, Epichrysomallinae) on the tree's reproduction were compared: Odontofroggatia galili Wiebes is widely-introduced, whereas Meselatus bicolor Chen has not been recorded previously outside its native range. Both gall-forming NPFWs significantly reduce seed and pollinator production, but M. bicolor has a far greater impact, entirely preventing seeds and pollinators from developing in the figs it occupies. M. bicolor has only been recorded from F. microcarpa and has the potential to be a valuable biological control agent in other countries outside the Mediterranean where F. microcarpa has become invasive. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
{"token": "Feline non-repetitive mitochondrial DNA control region database for forensic evidence. The domestic cat is the one of the most popular pets throughout the world. A by-product of owning, interacting with, or being in a household with a cat is the transfer of shed fur to clothing or personal objects. As trace evidence, transferred cat fur is a relatively untapped resource for forensic scientists. Both phenotypic and genotypic characteristics can be obtained from cat fur, but databases for neither aspect exist. Because cats incessantly groom, cat fur may have nucleated cells, not only in the hair bulb, but also as epithelial cells on the hair shaft deposited during the grooming process, thereby generally providing material for DNA profiling. To effectively exploit cat hair as a resource, representative databases must be established. The current study evaluates 402 bp of the mtDNA control region (CR) from 1394 cats, including cats from 25 distinct worldwide populations and 26 breeds. Eighty-three percent of the cats are represented by 12 major mitotypes. An additional 8.0% are clearly derived from the major mitotypes. Unique sequences are found in 7.5% of the cats. The overall genetic diversity for this data set is 0.8813 +/- 0.0046 with a random match probability of 11.8%. This region of the cat mtDNA has discriminatory power suitable for forensic application worldwide. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 20, 29]}
{"token": "Steam and alkali resistant Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx in diesel exhaust. The resistances of Cu-SSZ-13 to hydrothermal aging and alkali metal poisoning for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR) were studied and comprehensive investigations were performed to better understand the poisoning mechanisms of the Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst. The NH3-SCR performance was well maintained after 700 degrees C hydrothermal aging for 12 h. With the aging temperature increasing to 750 degrees C, small decrease in the catalytic activity over the low temperature (< 250 degrees C) and high temperature (> 475 degrees C) range was observed due to the loss of some isolated Cu2+ ions and surface acidity in the hydrothermal-treated catalyst, whilst the NO conversion could still maintain over 90% in a wide temperature range (250-475 degrees C). Alkali metal (K, Ca, Na and Mg) was impregnated on Cu-SSZ-13 by an incipient wetness impregnation method, respectively. The Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst clearly exhibited a high resistance to alkali metal poisoning in a certain amount (0.50 mmol/g(catal)), with the surface area, isolated Cu2+ ions and zeolite acidity largely maintaining after the alkali metal impregnation. The NH3-SCR activity was greatly reduced with a high content of alkali metal (1.50 mmol/g(catal)) introduction, the zeolite structures were seriously deteriorated and the transformation of isolated Cu2+ ions to CuO was observed for all poisoned catalysts. The poisoning effect of studied alkali metal on the NH3-SCR performance was shown as follows: Mg > Ca > Na > K. The impregnation with Mg and Ca may cause more severe damage to zeolite structures and have more influence on the distribution of Cu2+/Cu+ than K and Na in the same metal loading. Furthermore, Mg2+ with the smallest diameter could replace with more isolated Cu2+ ions in the exchange sites and lead to the formation of abundant extra-framework CuO cluster.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Granulocyte-derived TNF alpha promotes vascular and hematopoietic regeneration in the bone marrow. Endothelial cells are a critical component of the bone marrow (BM) stromal network, which maintains and regulates hematopoietic cells(1-9). Vascular regeneration precedes, and is necessary for, successful hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, the only cure for most hematopoietic diseases(2,4). Recent data suggest that mature hematopoietic cells regulate BM stromal-cell function(10-13). Whether a similar cross-talk regulates the BM vasculature is not known. Here we found that donor hematopoietic cells act on sinusoidal endothelial cells and induce host blood vessel and hematopoietic regeneration after BM transplantation in mice. Adoptive transfer of BM, but not peripheral, granulocytes prevented the death of mice transplanted with limited numbers of HSCs and accelerated recovery of host vessels and hematopoietic cells. Moreover, selective granulocyte ablation in vivo impaired vascular and hematopoietic regeneration after BM transplantation. Gene expression analyses indicated that granulocytes are the main source of the cytokine TNF alpha, whereas its receptor TNFR1 is selectively upregulated in regenerating blood vessels. In adoptive transfer experiments, wild type, but not TNF alpha(-/-), granulocytes induced vascular recovery, and wild-type granulocyte transfer did not prevent death or promote vascular regeneration in Tnfr1(-/-); Tnfr2(-/-) mice. Thus, by delivering TNF alpha to endothelial cells, granulocytes promote blood vessel growth and hematopoietic regeneration. Manipulation of the cross-talk between granulocytes and endothelial cells may lead to new therapeutic approaches to improve blood vessel regeneration and increase survival and hematopoietic recovery after HSC transplantation.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
{"token": "Richard Simon, Biblical Criticism and Voltaire. French Enlightenment philosophe Voltaire's ambivalence vis-a-vis the biblical text is well documented. On the one hand he highlights irregularities and contradictions in Scripture to undermine the clergy's authority and legitimacy. On the other, he clearly was fond of reading it and the sheer volume of his work devoted to it confirms that he was certainly not indifferent to its content. This article shows how Voltaire's use of different biblical scholars, particularly the seventeenth-century French biblical critic Richard Simon, informed his understanding of Scripture and how it manifested in his works, both those of a satirical and of a serious tone. This analysis problematizes the role of religion and of biblical criticism in French seventeenth and eighteenth-century literature. If Richard Simon's method was not always welcomed during his lifetime, his main goal was to pursue truth. Voltaire, however, used the tools of Simon to undermine traditional Christianity and to emphasize his own understanding of what religion entails.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Transient landing dynamics analysis for a lunar lander with random and interval fields. This paper presents an objective comparison of random fields and interval fields to propagate spatial uncertainty, based on a finite element model of a lunar lander. The impulse based substructuring method is used to improve the analysis efficiency. The spatially uncertain input parameters are modeled by both random fields and interval fields. The objective of this work is to compare the applicability of both approaches in an early design stage under scarce information regarding the occurring spatial parameter variability. Focus is on the definition of the input side of the problem under this scarce knowledge, as well as the interpretation of the analysis outcome. To obtain an objective comparison between both approaches, the gradients in the interval field are tuned towards the gradients present in the random field. The result shows a very similar dependence and correlation structure between the local properties for both approaches. Furthermore, through the transient dynamic estimation, it is shown that the response ranges that are predicted by the interval field and random field are very close to each other. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Cinematic Ceremony: Toward a New Definition of Ritual. Defining the concept of ritual remains a difficult task for a variety of scholars of ritual studies, from anthropologists to psychologists and sociologists. For cultural concepts that are difficult to define, the documentary film offers a unique opportunity for inquiry. By assessing the responses of critical film viewers and filmmakers with regard to cinematic portrayals of rituals, some new insights emerge. By examining filmmaking and film viewing in conjunction with ritual studies, the author offers a new definition of ritual for societies that rely on film and media for much of their cultural reflection and conversation.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Taste formation in pluralistic societies - The role of rhetorics and institutions. Standard sociological theories of 'taste-as-refinement', which view taste as a means to maintain social distance among different social classes, conflict with tastemaking practice in pluralistic societies where taste standards are no longer exclusively defined by a society's elite strata. To better account for the heterogeneity of tastemaking in modem societies, this article suggests a framework for analysis in which taste is considered as a collective interpretive activity that unfolds in distinct institutional contexts and is shaped by culturally available rhetorics of aesthetic judgment. Two conflicting but complementary rhetorics are identified: the rhetoric of refinement and the rhetoric of authenticity. Drawing on historical studies of taste, the role of institutional context for tastemaking is demonstrated. Taste in pluralistic society emerges in socially, politically and rhetorically contested institutional spaces where it is negotiated among a plurality of actors who have recourse to alternative rhetorics and classifications.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Spherical Domain Rate-Distortion Optimization for Omnidirectional Video Coding. Efficient compression of omnidirectional video is important for emerging virtual reality applications. To compress this kind of video, each frame is projected to a 2D plane [e.g., equirectangular projection (ERP) map] first, adapting to the input format of existing video coding systems. At the display side, an inverse projection is applied to the reconstructed video to restore signals in spherical domain. Such a projection, however, makes presentation and encoding in different domains. Thus, an encoder agnostic to the projection performs inefficiently. In this paper, we analyze how a projection influences the distortion measurements in different domains. Based on the analysis, we propose a scheme to optimize the encoding process based on signals' distortion in spherical domain. With the proposed optimization, an average 4.31% (up to 9.67%) luma BD-rate reduction is achieved for ERP in random access configuration. The corresponding bit saving is averagely 10.84% (up to 34.44%) when considering the viewing field being pi/2. The proposed method also benefits other projections and viewport settings, with a marginal complexity increase.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Cultural policy under the military dictatorship. Governmental actions in the cultural context during the military regime may indicate implementation of strategic planning in this field. The creation of the Federal Council for Cultural Matters in 1966 and documents used in the elaboration of a National Cultural Policy are some of the evidences. Such actions are related not only to the modernization project of the country but also to the National Security and Integration objectives and are characterized by the censorship to specific kinds of cultural production, investments in infrastructure and the creation of state organs with the objective of formulating and implementing an official cultural policy.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Transcriptome Analysis Reveals a Comprehensive Virus Resistance Response Mechanism in Pecan Infected by a Novel Badnavirus Pecan Virus. Pecan leaf-variegated plant, which was infected with a novel badnavirus named pecan mosaic virus (PMV) detected by small RNA deep sequencing, is a vital model plant for studying the molecular mechanism of retaining green or chlorosis of virus-infected leaves. In this report, PMV infection in pecan leaves induced PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). PMV infection suppressed the expressions of key genes of fatty acid, oleic acid (C18:1), and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) biosynthesis, indicating that fatty acids-derived signaling was one of the important defense pathways in response to PMV infection in pecan. PMV infection in pecans enhanced the expressions of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1). However, the transcripts of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and isochorismate synthase (ICS) were downregulated, indicating that salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis was blocked in pecan infected with PMV. Meanwhile, disruption of auxin signaling affected the activation of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway. Thus, C18:1 and JA signals are involved in response to PMV infection in pecan. In PMV-infected yellow leaves, damaged chloroplast structure and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) inhibited photosynthesis. Cytokinin and SA biosynthesis was blocked, leading to plants losing immune responses and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). The repression of photosynthesis and the induction of sink metabolism in the infected tissue led to dramatic changes in carbohydrate partitioning. On the contrary, the green leaves of PMV infection in pecan plants had whole cell tissue structure and chloroplast clustering, establishing a strong antiviral immunity system. Cytokinin biosynthesis and signaling transductions were remarkably strengthened, activating plant immune responses. Meanwhile, cytokinin accumulation in green leaves induced partial SA biosynthesis and gained comparatively higher SAR compared to that of yellow leaves. Disturbance of the ribosome biogenesis might enhance the resistance to PMV infection in pecan and lead to leaves staying green.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "GUSTAVO GIOVANNONI A Theory and a Practice of Urban Conservation. Defined by his multidisciplinary vision, Gustavo Giovannoni's career spanned the first few decades of the twentieth century and encompassed three distinct paths: as a practicing professional civil engineer, as a teacher at the University of Rome, and as a scholar of Roman architecture and urban history. His major contribution was, however, in the field of conservation. For the first time, with Giovannoni's vision, the notion of conservation was extended to the entire urban sector. From a single building to a wider context, he created not only cultural guidelines, but also technical tools concerning the spheres of legislation, urban planning, and architectural restoration.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Numerical analysis of three-dimensional MHD natural convection flow in a short horizontal cylindrical annulus. A numerical study of three-dimensional (3D) MHD laminar flow in a short horizontal cylindrical annulus has been performed to characterize the impacts of a uniform axial magnetic field on both hydrodynamic and thermal behaviors. This configuration corresponds to a horizontal annular mold containing molten iron or low carbon steel in electromagnetic casting (EMC). Complex nonlinear governing equations are solved numerically by means of the finite volume method based on artificial compressibility algorithm. The induced electric potential caused by the magnetic field is considered. Results show that a typical 3D steady spiral flow arises and the symmetry breaking occurs under a weak magnetic field of Ha < 10. As the Hartmann number increases, the spiral flow is distinctly suppressed, and then it changes to a helical flow with two transverse cells adjacent to each of the end walls. Correspondingly, the flow patterns and isotherms of fluid become symmetric with respect to the mid-axial plane of the annulus. Further increasing the Hartmann number, the fluid particle trajectories essentially lie in the cross-section of the annulus, as for two-dimensional solutions, with an extremely small axial dependency. In addition, both the values of local Nusselt number at the isothermal walls and its axial dependency, mainly in the upper region (-3/8 pi <= phi <= 3/8 pi), are significantly affected by the magnetic field. The results of the present work can be useful in producing high-quality products by magnetic control.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Identifying child victims of the South-East Asia Tsunami in Thailand. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reveal difficulties associated with identifying child victims of the 2004 South-East Asia Tsunami at the Thai Tsunami Victim Identification (TTVI) operation in Phuket and explores two strategies that increased child identifications.Design/methodology/approach Data allowing comparison of identification proportions between adult and child (defined as 16 years old) victims of six nationalities and the forensic methods used to establish identification were used in this study.Findings The first 100 days of the operation revealed that the proportion of adult identifications far outweighed the proportion of child identifications. Moreover, the younger the child, the longer the identification process took (p<0.0001). Children under the age of 1 year took an average of 195 days to identify compared to 130 days for children aged 16. Identification was extended, on average, 4.3 days for each year that victims younger were than 16. Identifying large numbers of child victims requires targeted protocols. Two efforts increased child identifications for the TTVI operation: using body length to distinguish post-mortem (PM) DNA samples potentially belonging to children for targeted testing, and singling out deceased parents of missing children who were previously identified by a modality other than DNA, in order to retrieve and test their PM samples as references for kinship matching. Disaster victim identification operations with similar characteristics may benefit from implementing a strategy targeting child identifications.Originality/value The implementation of these two strategies at the TTVI helped to overcome initial complexities, namely, the lack of ante-mortem and PM material, and increased child identifications.", "label": [2, 5, 50, 52, 24]}
{"token": "A novel algorithm for real-time framework in multiprocessor environment. The objective of the paper is to represent the real-time framework in multiprocessor environment task scheduling process by examining the novel algorithm advanced PSO. The advanced PSO algorithm has the metaphor as the basis to facilitate social interaction, which makes a search on space by making adjustments to the trajectories of individual vectors, referred to \\\\'particles\\\\' as they are considered as the points that move within the multidimensional search space. This algorithm will reduce the turn-around time, burst time and waiting time for multiprocessor task scheduling, when compared to existing algorithm like first come first served algorithm, shortest job first algorithm and round robin scheduling algorithm. This proposed algorithm is developed and making hardware for tank level water control for single input single output tank system and two input two output tank system. LABVIEW software is used to implement the real-time algorithm in hardware and software. The time taken for searching best position for particles will be executed and compare with all algorithms using bar chart will be given in result.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "REAFFIRMING THE STATUS OF THE KNOWLEDGE ACCOUNT OF ASSERTION. According to the expression account, assertion is the linguistic expression of belief. Given the knowledge rule of belief, this entails that knowledge is a normative requirement of sincere assertions. On this account, which is defended in Hindriks (2007), knowledge can be a normative requirement of sincere assertions even though there is no knowledge rule that is constitutive of assertion. Ball (2014) criticizes this claim arguing that the derivation of the knowledge rule equivocates between epistemic and moral senses of obligation. In response, we resist the charge of equivocation. Ball does not, after all, demonstrate that the distinction matters in the context at issue. In addition to this, we argue that it is a virtue of the account that the knowledge rule is restricted in application to sincere assertions. The case we present to illustrate this is that of the virtuous liar who knows what he believes, and is insincere because that is the right thing to do in the situation. It makes no sense, we suggest, to criticize the liar for not knowing that which he asserts. After all, it is his moral duty to assert what he knows to be false. Furthermore, his epistemic standing is impeccable, as he knows what he believes.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "On the Stability of Fractional-Order Systems of Neutral Type. The aim of this study is to offer a new analytical method for the stability testing of neutral type linear time-invariant (LTI) time-delayed fractional-order systems with commensurate orders and multiple commensurate delays. It is evident from the literature that the stability assessment of this class of dynamics remains unsolved yet and this is the first attempt to take up this challenging problem. The method starts with the determination of all possible purely imaginary characteristic roots for any positive time delay. To achieve this, the Rekasius transformation is used for the transcendental terms in the characteristic equation. An explicit analytical expression in terms of the system parameters which reveals the stability regions (pockets) in the domain of time delay has been presented. The number of unstable roots in each delay interval is calculated with the definition of root tendency (RT) on the boundary of each interval. Two example case studies are also provided, which are not possible to analyze using any other methodology known to the authors.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "A study of structure inhomogeneities using a neutron double-crystal spectrometer according to the Warren technique: A review. A technique for examining inhomogeneities of materials on a neutron beam using a double-crystal spectrometer is described. The parameters of inhomogeneities are determined from the measured integrated attenuation due to small-angle scattering (the Warren technique for X rays). The theoretical basis for adaptation of this technique to neutron flux measurements is presented, and the scope of its applicability is outlined. Results from examining different materials using this technique are described. Proposals for developing a stationary express method for serial small-angle measurements are formulated.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Travel-Related Infection in European Travelers, EuroTravNet 2011. Background. Limited data exist on infectious diseases imported to various locations in Europe, particularly after travel within the continent.Methods. To investigate travel-related disease relevant to Europe that is potentially preventable through pre-travel intervention, we analyzed the EuroTravNet database of 5,965 ill travelers reported by 16 centers in \\\\'Western\\\\' Europe in 2011.Results. There were 54 cases of vaccine-preventable disease, mostly hepatitis A (n = 16), typhoid fever (n = 11), and measles (n = 8); 6 cases (including 3 measles cases) were associated with travel within \\\\'Western\\\\' Europe. Malaria was the most commonly diagnosed infection (n = 482, 8.1% of all travel-related morbidity). Among patients with malaria, the military most commonly received pre-travel advice (95%), followed by travelers for missionary, volunteer, research, or aid work (81%) but travelers visiting friends and relatives (VFRs) were least likely to receive pre-travel advice (21%). The vast majority (96%) of malaria patients were resident in \\\\'Western\\\\' Europe, but over half (56%) were born elsewhere. Other significant causes of morbidity, which could be reduced through advice and behavioral change, include Giardia (n = 221, 3.7%), dengue (n = 146, 2.4%), and schistosomiasis (n = 131, 2.2%). Of 206 (3.5%) travelers with exposure in \\\\'Western\\\\' Europe, 75% were tourists; the highest burden of disease was acute gastrointestinal infection (35% cases). Travel from \\\\'Eastern\\\\' Europe (n = 132, 2.2%) was largely associated with migration-related travel (53%); among chronic infectious diseases, tuberculosis was frequently diagnosed (n = 20). Travelers VFRs contributed the largest group of malaria patients (46%), but also had the lowest documented rate of pre-travel health advice in this subset (20%). Overall, 44% of nonimmigrant ill travelers did not receive pre-travel advice.Conclusion. There is a burden of infectious diseases in travelers attending European health centers that is potentially preventable through comprehensive pre-travel advice, chemoprophylaxis, and vaccination. Targeted interventions for high-risk groups such as travelers VFRs and migration-associated travelers are of particular importance.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "A Saki Saga: Dynamic and Disruptive Relationships among Pithecia aequatorialis in Ecuador. Saki monkeys live in socially monogamous groups and in groups containing more than one same-sex adult. As part of a 10-year study of equatorial sakis (Pithecia aequatorialis) in Ecuador, we documented the immigration of a second adult male into a group containing a resident male-female pair that had associated with one another for seven years and the resident female's two daughters. In the first month after immigration, the resident male spent more time closer to and grooming his putative adult daughter than the resident female, and the two males were seen performing a cooperative territorial display. After two months, the resident male interacted more with the resident female than with his putative adult daughter, while that daughter interacted more with the immigrant male and copulated with him. After three months, the males left the group together and associated with an unfamiliar female, leaving the resident females and a neonate behind. The resident male then paired with a new female, while the immigrant male joined another group, again as a second male. Compared to other socially monogamous primates, sakis appear to have a more variable social system whereby additional males can join established groups and form relationships with putatively males. (C) 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "The AT-hook DNA binding ability of the Epstein Barr virus EBNA1 protein is necessary for the maintenance of viral genomes in latently infected cells. Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) is a human tumor virus that is causally linked to malignancies such as Burkitt's lymphoma, and gastric and nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Tethering of EBV genomes to cellular chromosomes is required for the synthesis and persistence of viral plasmids in tumor cells. However, it is not established how EBV genomes are tethered to cellular chromosomes. We test the hypothesis that the viral protein EBNA1 tethers EBV genomes to chromosomes specifically through its N-terminal AT-hook DNA-binding domains by using a small molecule, netropsin, that has been shown to inhibit the AT-hook DNA-binding of EBNA1 in vitro. We show that netropsin forces the loss of EBV genomes from epithelial and lymphoid cells in an AT-hook dependent manner and that EBV-positive lymphoma cells are significantly more inhibited in their growth by netropsin than are corresponding EBV-negative cells. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Business and Human Rights in Latin America: A Systematic Review of scholarship. Latin America has traditionally been both an object of great interest to business and human rights (BHR) scholars and a source of important contributions to the discussion of the most pressing challenges in the field. This article is an attempt at a systematic review of the Latin American contributions to the BHR scholarship to date. It relies on systematic data collection and qualitative analysis of an original dataset of existing literature on BHR in the Latin American context, with the hope of providing a baseline assessment of the state of the field and contributing to building an interdisciplinary and diverse research agenda moving forward. Special focus is paid to how particular regional characteristics shape Latin American contributions. More broadly, the article offers an opportunity to reflect on the place of Global South perspectives in the development of the field.", "label": [3, 5, 48, 29]}
{"token": "Arthur E. Haas, His Life and Cosmologies. This paper describes the life and scientific development of Arthur E. Haas, from his early career as young, ambitious Jewish-Austrian scientist at the University of Vienna to his later career in exile at the University of Notre Dame. Haas is known for his early contributions to quantum physics and as the author of several textbooks on topics of modern physics. During the last decade of his life, he turned his attention to cosmology. In 1935 he emigrated from Austria to the United States. There he assumed, on recommendation of Albert Einstein, a faculty position at the University of Notre Dame. He continued his work on cosmology and tried to establish relationships between the mass of the universe and the fundamental cosmological constants to develop concepts for the early universe. Together with Georges LemaItre he organized in 1938 the first international conference on cosmology, which drew more than one hundred attendants to Notre Dame. Haas died in February 1941 after suffering a stroke during a visit in Chicago.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "FusionCL: a machine-learning based approach for OpenCL kernel fusion to increase system performance. Employing general-purpose graphics processing units (GPGPU) with the help of OpenCL has resulted in greatly reducing the execution time of data-parallel applications by taking advantage of the massive available parallelism. However, when a small data size application is executed on GPU there is a wastage of GPU resources as the application cannot fully utilize GPU compute-cores. There is no mechanism to share a GPU between two kernels due to the lack of operating system support on GPU. In this paper, we propose the provision of a GPU sharing mechanism between two kernels that will lead to increasing GPU occupancy, and as a result, reduce execution time of a job pool. However, if a pair of the kernel is competing for the same set of resources (i.e., both applications are compute-intensive or memory-intensive), kernel fusion may also result in a significant increase in execution time of fused kernels. Therefore, it is pertinent to select an optimal pair of kernels for fusion that will result in significant speedup over their serial execution. This research presents FusionCL, a machine learning-based GPU sharing mechanism between a pair of OpenCL kernels. FusionCL identifies each pair of kernels (from the job pool), which are suitable candidates for fusion using a machine learning-based fusion suitability classifier. Thereafter, from all the candidates, it selects a pair of candidate kernels that will produce maximum speedup after fusion over their serial execution using a fusion speedup predictor. The experimental evaluation shows that the proposed kernel fusion mechanism reduces execution time by 2.83x when compared to a baseline scheduling scheme. When compared to state-of-the-art, the reduction in execution time is up to 8%.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "A hierarchical modelling approach for measuring reliability of and agreement between two types of magnetic field dosimeter. The paper describes how to use hierarchical models to assess the reliability of and agreement between two or more types of measurement device. The idea is illustrated by fitting a linear model with nested random effects to a set of data that was obtained from the calibration of two samples of extremely low frequency magnetic field meters. The paper focuses on the formulation of a suitable model that accounts for the various aspects of the calibration protocol and the subsequent interpretation of the parameter estimates. The approach is very flexible and can easily be tuned to the various needs arising in the measurement agreement framework. It can be seen as an extension of the common practice of using a one-way random-effects model to retrieve a measure of agreement.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Lower bounds for resource-constrained project scheduling problems. A destructive lower bound for the multi-mode resource-con strained project scheduling problem with minimal and maximal time-lags is presented. Given are n activities which may be processed in different modes without preemptions. During processing certain amounts of renewable and non-renewable resources are needed where the available capacity of each resource type is limited. Furthermore, minimal and maximal time-lags between the activities are given. The objective is to determine a schedule with minimal makespan.The lower bound calculations are based on two methods for proving infeasibility of a given threshold value T for the makespan. The first uses constraint propagation techniques, while the second is based on a linear programming formulation which is solved by a column generation procedure. Computational results are reported for several test instances of the multi-mode problem with and without time-lags and the single-mode version with time-lags. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Development and validation of an enhanced test setup for assessing HMA stripping potential under hydrodynamic pressure. A custom enhanced and modified Rice test setup was utilised in this laboratory study to assess and quantify the moisture sensitivity of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) under hydrodynamic pressure testing. The hydrodynamic pressure was simulated by repeatedly alternating the pumping and vacuum suction forces, which separately represented the positive and negative pore pressure on the HMA under a hypothetical combined action of moving vehicles and moisture effects. The overall research approach involved the following sequence of work activities: freeze-thaw and Hamburg wheel track testing for hydrodynamic pressure simulative effects, X-ray fluorescence analysis for stripped and suspended material identification followed by the development of the anti-stripping test (i.e. the enhanced/modified Rice test setup) and sensitivity analyses. In the study, laboratory validity of the new anti-stripping test was preliminary and successfully demonstrated through moisture sensitivity evaluation and analyses of various HMA with different types of aggregates (limestone, diabase, and basalt), asphalt binders (AH-70, SK-70, and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)), and fillers (limestone mineral powder, hydrated lime, and brake pad waste (BPW) powder). For the aggregates, the rank order of superiority in terms on moisture resistance was found to be basalt (best) followed diabase and lastly limestone (poorest). As theoretically expected, the SBS-modified asphalt binder out-performed the AH-70 and SK-70 asphalt binders in terms of resistance to moisture damage, while the BPW powder demonstrated superiority over the other fillers, with the limestone mineral powder being the poorest.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Pond conservation: from science to practice. In Europe, ponds are an exceptionally numerous and widely distributed landscape feature forming a major part of the continental freshwater resource and contributing significantly to freshwater biodiversity conservation. This has been reflected by a growing scientific concern over the first few years of the twenty-first century and is evidenced by an increasing number of academic publications on pond related topics, particularly those relating to biodiversity. It is essential, however, that this expanding scientific knowledge is widely disseminated to those involved with pond management and is then rapidly translated into action. Inevitably, the task of transferring science to practice remains a significant challenge. As a first step towards meeting this challenge the European Pond Conservation Network (EPCN), at its biennial meeting in 2008 in Valencia (Spain), made this the main theme of the conference together with two special workshops further encouraging exchanges between scientists, practitioners and policy makers. The papers selected for this special issue of Hydrobiologia (from over 120 communications presented) are all from the conference. They represent a diverse collection of themes from across the continent and North Africa and present new and original insights into topics as wide ranging as: pond biodiversity; human disturbance; landscape ecology; ecological assessment and monitoring; practical management measures; ecological restoration; hydrology and climate change; invasive species and threatened species. In all cases, the papers demonstrate an overriding need for the development of a tight link between scientific knowledge and management. Furthermore, scientific advances have to be beneficial for on the ground management and, vitally, have to be disseminated, communicated and implemented into local, national and international policy. As such, national and international networks (such as the EPCN) have a central role to play and have to develop a robust information and communication strategy which will enable the dissemination of best practice materials and advice across the continent and beyond. The work contained in this volume represents a step in the right direction and will help to ensure that ponds remain a characteristic and highly visible feature of the European landscape in the twenty-first century.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Traditional Cautery for Medical Treatment Among the Bedouins of Southern Israel. Traditional cautery for the cure of disease is an ancient and widespread mode of treatment in various cultures and is a central modality among Israeli Bedouins. To date the use of this treatment has not been assessed systematically. A personal interview was conducted among Muslim Bedouin patients who came to clinics in the Negev region in southern Israel. There were 250 participants including 128 women (51.2 %). The mean age was 45.16 +/- A 16.2 (range 18-86). Eighty nine (35.7 %) of the participants declared that they had personally undergone curative cautery therapy in the past. Two hundred and five (82 %) were familiar with this mode of therapy. Two thirds of those who underwent the treatment in the past said that it helped them a great deal and another 19 % said that it helped them somewhat. More men underwent the therapy than women (P = 0.034), believed in its effectiveness (P = 0.013), and declared that they were prepared to use it again in the future (P < 0.0001). Elderly patients, over the age of 61, used this therapy more than younger ones (P = 0.001). The majority of the Bedouin population in the Negev is familiar with cautery and a significant part of the population has personally undergone this therapy and believes that it is effective.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Does it matter for us that my partner or I commute? Spatial mobility for job reasons and the quality of conjugal relationships in France, Germany, and Switzerland. Spatial mobility has often been considered a detrimental factor for families for various reasons, stemming from increasing stress, unpredictability of daily life, increasing gender inequalities, and decreasing investment in parenting and partnerships due to time and space constraints. This contribution considers how daily long-distance and weekly commuting, frequent absence from home, and long-distance relationships for job-related reasons affect conjugal quality. To investigate this issue, we used data from a large European survey on job mobility and family life (JobMob), based on 2,914 individuals reporting a stable partnership and living in France, Germany, and Switzerland. We first empirically defined eight positions in the social space according to the current mobility practice from each partner and major socio-demographic variables. We then explored the extent to which those positions affect conjugal satisfaction and conjugal conflict within the three national contexts, complementing the analyses by including the process by which one became mobile. We found that job mobility had no significant effect on conjugal quality. Lower quality of conjugal relations rather concerned mobile people who experienced decisions to become mobile both negatively and collectively. We further discuss the importance of our results for understanding the functioning of contemporary couples facing mobility demands.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Dealing with a multiple criteria environmental problem with interaction effects between criteria through an extension of the ELECTRE III method. In this article we compare five alternative projects for the requalification of an abandoned quarry. The starting point for this paper was a request made by a decision maker. It was not for help in making a decision as such, but rather for a comparison of different projects. In particular, we are interested in ranking the considered projects on the basis of six different criteria. An extension of the ELECTRE III method with interactions between pairs of criteria was applied in the research. A focus group of experts (in economic evaluation, environmental engineering, and landscape ecology) was formed to be in charge of the process leading to the assignment of numerical values to the weights and interaction coefficients. We report on the way the process evolved and on the difficulties we encountered in obtaining consensual sets of values. Taking into account these difficulties, we considered other sets of weights and interaction coefficients. Our aim was also to study the impact on the final ranking of the fact that these numerical values, assigned to the parameters, were not perfectly defined. This allowed us to formulate robust conclusions which were presented to the members of the focus group. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. and Association of European Operational Research Societies (EURO) within the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS). All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Optimal and strongly optimal solutions for linear programming models with variable parameters. This paper deals with linear programming (LP) models with variable parameters and introduces two concepts for this class of problems: optimal solution and strongly optimal solution. Also, it seeks necessary and sufficient conditions for a feasible solution to be optimal or strongly optimal. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Multiple modernities: Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism in a globalizing age. The late twentieth century has seen far-reaching changes in the translocal cultural regimes known as world religions. This review examines the politics and meanings of recent changes in three such religions: Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. It highlights the nature of the forces reshaping religious meanings and authority, the processes promoting conversion and standardization, and the implications of these religious refigurations for our understanding of late modernity itself. Though modernity is multiple and every tradition unique, this review suggests that all contemporary religions confront a similar structural predicament, related to the globalization of mass societies and the porous pluralism of late modernity.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Infections in the Intensive Care Unit Posttransplant Infections. Solid organ transplantation has become a well-established standard of care for end-organ failure, and the nurse in the intensive care unit may be exposed to these patients at any stage in the care continuum of pre-transplant or posttransplant care. Knowledge of risk factors, timing, and treatments for infections may help to enhance clinical practices and opt mike patient safety and clinical outcomes.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "The fish fauna of Yuvarlakcay (Koycegiz, Mugla). With the aim of identifying the fish fauna of Yuvarlakcay Stream, is an important stream located in the Koycegiz Lake basin, a number of fish samples were collected and evaluated from five different stations on Yuvarlakcay Stream. Consequently, 13 taxa were determined belonging to 9 family. These are Anguilla anguilla, Leuciscus cephalus, Barbus plebejus escherichi, Capoeta capoeta angorae, Leuciscus borysthenicus, Ladigesocypris ghigii ghigii, Cobitis vardarensis kurui, Gambusia affinis, Mugil cephalus, Atherina boyeri, Tilapia zillii, Blennius fluviatilis and Knipowithschia caucasica. of them, Leuciscus borysthenicus is the new record for Yuvarlakcay Stream. Furthermore, Mugil cephalus, Atherina boyeri and Knipowithschia caucasica were determined in station 5, although they were notified before in Koycegiz Lake.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "What really matters. What really matters fundamentally in survival? That question-the one on which I focus-is not about what should matter or about metaphysics. Rather, it is a factual question the answer to which can be determined, if at all, only empirically. I argue that the answer to it is that in the case of many people it is not one's own persistence, but continuing in ways that may involve one's own cessation that really matters fundamentally in survival. Call this the surprising result. What are we to make of it? According to several philosophers, not much. I argue that these philosophers are wrong. What best explains the surprising result is that in the case of many people one's special concern for oneself in the future is not fundamental, but derived. I explain what this means. Finally I explain why the task of explaining empirically what matters fundamentally in survival is in some ways more like a meditative quest than a traditional inquiry in western philosophy or social science and, as such, is best answered not by psychologists, but by philosophers.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Overinvestment, subsequent earnings management, and CEO tenure. In this study, I empirically examine whether the managers of firms that overinvest have an incentive to subsequently distort financial information for keeping up with stakeholders' expectations about investment returns. Also, because CEO tenure is related to the capacity of the manager to influence both firm's resources allocation and the financial reporting process, I hypothesise that the expected positive association between overinvestment and subsequent earnings management does not hold for newly appointed CEOs. By using several proxies for both overinvestment and earnings management to test my expectations, results suggest that firms' current overinvestment is positively associated with subsequent earnings management, measured through both the opportunistic use of accruals and sales manipulation. Finally, empirical tests support the expectation that the opportunistic behaviour of concealing investment inefficiencies through subsequent earnings management only holds for CEOs with greater tenure.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Species-specific control of hepatocyte growth factor expression and production in adipocytes in a differentiation-dependent manner. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a mesenchymal cell-derived factor that regulates cell growth, cell motility, and morphogenesis. Since there are conflicting reports on HGF-producing cells, we herein examined HGF activity in conditioned medium (CM) of bovine and mouse preadipocytes before and after adipogenic differentiation. CM of bovine adipocytes and mouse preadipocytes induced the morphogenesis of mammary epithelial cells that was inhibited by an NK4 HGF antagonist, whereas CM of bovine preadipocytes and mouse adipocytes did not. HGF mRNA expression was increased by a treatment with dexamethasone and isobutylmethylxanthine in bovine as well as human cells, whereas it was decreased in rodent cells. It was unfortunate that HGF gene promoter activity failed to reflect HGF mRNA expression in these cells. After actinomycin D treatment, expression of HGF mRNA remained stable in pre- and differentiated bovine adipocytes and mouse preadipocytes, whereas rapidly decreased in mouse-differentiated adipocytes. These results indicate that expression and production of HGF are regulated in a species-specific adipogenic differentiation-dependent manner and suggest that the decrease in HGF mRNA in mouse differentiated adipocytes is, at least in part, mediated by differentiation-dependent loss of its stability. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 22]}
{"token": "Microstructure and strength modelling of Al-Cu-Mg alloys during non-isothermal treatments Part 1-Controlled heating and cooling. A model is developed to predict the precipitation kinetics and strengthening in Al-Cu-Mg alloys during non-isothermal treatments consisting of controlled heating and cooling. The prediction of the precipitation kinetics is based on the Kampmann and Wagner model. The precipitation strengthening by the shearable Cu-Mg co-clusters is modelled on the basis of the modulus strengthening mechanism and the strengthening by the non-shearable S phase precipitates is based on the Orowan looping mechanism. The model predictions are verified by comparing with hardness, transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry data on 2024-T351 aluminium alloys. The microstructural development and strength predictions of the model are generally in close agreement with the experimental data.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Three pillars of Varroa control. The beekeeping sector is facing many challenges. One of the greatest is maintaining healthy colonies that produce high-quality products without any residues of veterinary medicines and with low environmental impact. The main enemy is the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, the most significant honeybee pest and a key factor in high colony losses worldwide. In the previous four decades, three pillars of Varroa control have crystallized to be essential for sustainable management: apitechnical measures, chemical treatments, and resistant stocks of honey bees. In the long term, the latter is probably the most sustainable as it is a step to self-sustaining populations of feral and managed colonies. We recognize the significance of progress in knowledge of all three pillars to conquer Varroa and of their successful usage in accordance with local and global conditions and capabilities. In this review, we present a possible integration of the components of the three pillars of Varroa control strategies in the light of sustainable beekeeping and provide their linkage to the production of high-quality and safe honeybee products and maintaining healthy colonies.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Optical 1.56 Tbps coherent 4-QAM transmission across 60 km SSMF employing OFC scheme. We propose a cost proficient approach to generate Optical Frequency Comb (OFC) lines with Intensity Modulators (IM) in cascaded configuration. The proposed OFC setup utilizes a Directly Modulated Laser (DML) source instead of a conventional approach of using continuous wave laser. A single phase modulator and two Mach Zehnder modulators are used in cascaded connectivity and configured with best parametric values to generate the maximum amount of flat comb lines. The RF source is determined by a sine wave with a signal frequency of 25 GHz where the driving force of the source is 26.9 dBm. The DML is directed by a pseudorandom bit sequence generator and a non-return-to-zero pulse generator having a frequency of 193.1 THz. 78 Comb lines have been achieved successfully having high tone to noise ratio, which is an enormous number of comb lines given the scenario. The proposed scheme is then applied at the OLT side of a coherent 4-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) transmission system where 20 Gbps data is transmitted across each carrier frequency for downlink transmission. Overall, 1.56 Tbps data has been successfully transmitted across 25 km, and 60 km SSMF having minimum power penalties, good optical signal to noise ratio with neat and clear constellation diagrams ensuring the transmission. (C) 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Superluminal tunnelling times as weak values. We consider the tunnelling particle as a pre- and post-selected system and prove that the tunnelling time is the expectation value of the position of a 'clock' degree of freedom weakly coupled to it. Such a value, called a 'weak value', typically falls outside the eigenvalue spectrum of the operator. The appearance of unusual weak values has been associated with a unique interference structure called 'superoscillations' (band-limited functions which on a finite interval, approximate functions with spectra well outside their band). It is proposed that superoscillations play an important role in the interferences which give rise to superluminal effects. To demonstrate that, we consider a certain simple tunnelling barrier which allows a wave packet to travel in zero time and negligible distortion, a distance arbitrarily longer than the width of the wave packet. The peak is shown to result from a superoscillatory superposition at the tail. Similar reasoning applies to the dwell time. For this system, both the Wigner time (related to the group velocity) and a clock time correspond to superluminal velocities.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Prior Conviction Evidence: Harmful or Irrelevant? A Literature Review. Experimental studies on the effect of prior conviction evidence (PCE) on judgments of guilt are conflicting, ranging from an increase of guilt to a decrease of guilt, depending on certain boundary conditions. The overall effect of PCE seems to be small and likely depends on moderators. Due to small samples or because of lack of experimental manipulations, these moderators could not yet be meta-analyzed. This literature review follows up on these moderators with the aim to provide a clearer understanding under which circumstances PCE could harm or benefit the defendant, or when prior convictions of the defendant are completely irrelevant. Existing literature on PCE was reviewed to identify potential moderators and to provide directions for future research. Identified moderators were categorized into PCE characteristics (similarity and seriousness of PCE, PCE quantity, admissibility, and limiting instructions), case characteristics (ambiguity, seriousness of current offense), and methodological moderators (salience, control condition and manipulation checks, sample, individual vs. group decisions, richness of stimulus materials). PCE effects seem to depend on various factors that greatly narrow the influence of PCE. Therefore, an integrative perspective is proposed for future studies that take legal decision-making theories and information processing theories into account.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "PTSD and marital satisfaction in military service members: Examining the simultaneous roles of childhood sexual abuse and combat exposure. Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is relatively common and is associated with a multitude of negative outcomes in adulthood, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and lower marital satisfaction. However, CSA has been understudied in military samples. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relative contributions of CSA and combat exposure to PTSD and marital satisfaction. Two hundred eighteen National Guard/Reserve veterans who deployed overseas between 2001 and 2008 completed self-report measures of CSA, marital satisfaction, combat exposure, and PTSD symptom severity. Data were analyzed using linear regression and path analysis to evaluate a comprehensive model including all variables. CSA accounted for unique variance in PTSD symptom severity independent of combat exposure. CSA also had a negative direct association with marital satisfaction, independent of combat exposure and PTSD symptom severity. In contrast, combat exposure had only a negative indirect association with marital satisfaction via PTSD when all variables were examined simultaneously. CSA accounted for unique variance in both PTSD symptom severity and marital satisfaction in this sample of combat veterans. Clinically, results suggest that assessment and treatment of CSA is indicated for military veterans suffering from PTSD. Further, treatment of CSA may improve marital satisfaction, which may positively affect psychological functioning in the veteran. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "New record and redescription of Mullederia sichuanensis Wang from evergreen forests in Japan, with remarks on morphological variations among world species of Mullederia Wood (Acari: Stigmaeidae). The Mullederia Wood, 1964 (Acari: Stigmaeidae) is a species-limited genus with a geographic distribution so far restricted to eastern Palaearctic, Indomalaya and Australasia regions. Mullederia sichuanensis Wang, 1986 is newly recorded from Japan based on specimens collected from two different evergreen broad-leaved forests at Boso Peninsula, Chiba Prefecture (Honshu). Adult females, males and deutonymphs are redescribed and illustrated. Interspecific morphological variations among world species of Mullederia are provided. Also, stigmaeid mite species recorded from Japan are listed.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profile of four Calendula L. taxa: A comparative analysis. Calendula L. (Asteraceae) is a very interesting but unexplored genus mainly on a molecular level. The present study focus on four taxa of this genus: C. officinalis, C. arvensis, C. suffruticosa subsp. algarbiensis and C. suffruticosa subsp. lusitanica. The hexane extracts were analyzed by GC-MS, a useful tool for systematic biology and bioinformatics data, leading to the identification of 63 compounds. At a molecular level, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (41.5%), carboxylic acid derivatives (18.1%), carbohydrates (17.3%) and terpenoids (16.4%) were the most abundant chemical families found in C. officinalis. Regarding C. arvensis, supremacy of carbohydrates (30.7%), terpenoids (27.9%), and carboxylic acid derivatives (27.4%) were observed. In C. suffruticosa subsp. lusitanica, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (45.9%), terpenoids (19.3%) and carboxylic acids (18.0%) were the main detected chemical families whereas in the case of C. suffruticosa subsp. algarbiensis, pyrrolizidine alkaloids (26.7%), terpenoids (25.1%), alcohols (19.5%) and carbohydrates (16.6%) were the most abundant. The chemical characterization of the two C. suffruticosa subspecies is herein reported for the first time. Additionally, several carbohydrates, terpenoids, fatty acids and pyrrolidizine alkaloids are also being described for the first time in the genus Calendula and can be used in the genus taxonomic clarification. Despite the similarity in the main components a differentiation between the taxa was recognized through principal component analysis (PCA), that is the studied species can be differentiated at their molecular level.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Developing nutrition education resources for a multi-ethnic population in New Zealand. In New Zealand, the burden of nutrition-related disease is greatest among vulnerable and disadvantaged groups, including Maori and Pacific peoples. However, little research is currently available on effective ways to improve nutrition in these communities. This paper describes the development of six paper-based nutrition education resources for multi-ethnic participants in a large supermarket intervention trial. Six focus groups involving 15 Maori, 13 Pacific and 16 non-Maori, non-Pacific participants were held. A general inductive approach was applied to identify common themes around participants' understanding and thoughts on relevance and usefulness of the draft resources. Feedback from focus groups was used to modify resources accordingly. Five themes emerged across all focus groups and guided modification of the resources: (i) perceived higher cost of healthy food, (ii) difficulty in changing food-purchasing habits, (iii) lack of knowledge, understanding and information about healthy food, (iv) desire for personally relevant information that uses ethnically appropriate language and (v) other barriers to healthy eating, including limited availability of healthy food. Many issues affect the likelihood of purchase and consumption of healthy food. These issues should be taken into account when developing nutritional materials for New Zealanders and possibly other multi-ethnic populations worldwide.", "label": [2, 5, 53, 24]}
{"token": "Promoting business excellence at local level: the case of Guangdong Province, China. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between medium-large firms' industrial performance, territorial factors and local development policies.Originality/value - In the international debate there are very few papers testing the relationship between policies and industrial performances in China. Even fewer explore this relationship at the local level. This paper offers a unique county-level perspective and in- depth view on local industrial policies.Research limitations/implications - The analysis confirms the initial hypothesis that business excellence can be influenced by the specific characteristics of the territories where firms are located, among which there might be government policies aiming at local development and encouraging a better business environment. Social implications - Relevant to the policy- making process, results suggest that business excellence should not be viewed as only a matter of business strategies. It can be a result of territorial excellence and effective local development policies.Findings - Results suggest a positive and significant relationship between policies at the local level and business performance. The most important determinants of industrial performance appear to be development zones and specialized towns - on the policy side - as well as the presence of urban areas, investment in innovation and FDI. Given the complexity of the relationships, further research is called for in order to build more evidence for this and other Chinese provinces.Design/methodology/approach - The paper is an empirical econometric investigation based on a panel dataset of county-level data, carried out in the Guangdong Province for the period 2000-2008.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Comparative effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in critically ill adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Data sources: A comprehensive search of five electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses A&I were conducted. Only randomized control trials published from the inception to December 28, 2021 were included.Design: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Objectives: To compare the effects of non-pharmacological interventions by combining direct and indirect evidence on the incidence and duration of delirium in intensive care units.Background: Delirium presents a serious health problem in critically ill patients in intensive care units. However, knowledge regarding the selections of the optimal non-pharmacological interventions remains unclear.Review methods: Two reviewers independently screened the title and abstract for eligibility according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The random-effect network meta-analysis was used to estimate the comparative effects of non-pharmacological interventions in reducing delirium incidence and duration.Results: A total of 29 studies with 7005 critically ill patients were enrolled. Twenty-six and eleven studies reported the delirium incidence and duration, respectively. Component-based intervention comparison revealed that multicomponent strategy was the most effective non-pharmacological intervention compared to usual care in reducing incidence of ICU delirium (Odd ratio [OR]=0.43, 95% CI= 0.22-0.84) but not ICU delirium duration. Treatment-based intervention comparisons indicated that specific multi-treatment interventions significantly reduced the ICU delirium incidence and duration, particularly the involvement of early mobilization and family participation (OR = 0.12 with 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.83; mean difference = 1.34 with 95% CI = -2.52 to -0.16, respectively).Conclusion: Our study suggests that the multicomponent strategy was the most effective non-pharmacological intervention in reducing the incidence of ICU delirium. Early mobilization and family participation involvement in non-pharmacological interventions seemed to be more effective in reducing the incidence of ICU delirium. These results of network-meta analysis could be an important evidence-based for clinical healthcare providers to optimize the critical care protocol. (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Asexual reproduction for overwintering of the submersed macrophyte Vallisneria spinulosa at different light intensities. The dynamics of plant populations are highly influenced by light-dependent growth features and patterns of reproduction when overwintering. Vallisneria spinulosa is a common submersed macrophyte and has been widely used in lake restoration projects. The relationship between reproduction when overwintering and regrowth in the following year is not well known and may vary with light intensity. In this study, reproduction and plant growth of V. spinulosa were tested at three light intensities (high, moderate and low, i.e. 50%, 15% and 7% of full sunlight, respectively) for 1 year. Asexual reproduction by forming winter tubers in the sediment was found to be of greater significance for population maintenance than sexual reproduction. Plant biomass and ramet number remained unchanged between October and June in the following year at both 15% and 7% of full sunlight, suggesting that the light requirement for population maintenance is low. At high light, plant biomass, ramet number and tuber biomass were higher and plants tended to form a larger number of small-sized than large-sized tubers. Small-sized tubers featured a high nitrogen content and germinated early, while large-sized tubers were characterised by a high carbon content and germinated later in spring. Thus, there probably is a trade-off between the germination schedule and carbon and nitrogen contents, depending on tuber size. Large numbers, high nitrogen content and early germination of small tubers at high light supported fast establishment of V. spinulosa populations in spring. Our study highlights the importance of asexual reproduction as contributing to a high competition and expansion capacity for V. spinulosa populations, making it a valuable species to focus on for lake management and restoration.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
{"token": "On the impact of vehicle automation on the value of travel time while performing work and leisure activities in a car: Theoretical insights and results from a stated preference survey. Many experts believe the transport system is about to change dramatically. This change is due to so-called fully-automated vehicles (AVs). However, at present, there are numerous important knowledge gaps that need to be solved for the successful integration of AVs in our transport systems, in particular regarding the impacts of AVs on travel demand. For instance, full automation will enable passengers to perform other, non-driving, related tasks while traveling to their destination. This may substantially change the way in which passengers experience traveling by car, and, in turn, may lead to considerable changes in the so-called Value of Travel Time (VOTT). Many experts anticipate the VOTT to decrease substantially due to AVs. However, the extent to which VOTT will change is currently far from clear. This study aims to develop new insights on the potential impacts of fully automated vehicles on the VOTT for commute trips. To do so, we first look at the existing microeconomics theory on the perceived VOTT and analyze the expected changes accrued from the effect of working and having leisure in an AV. We conclude that the VOTT of a work vehicle should be lower than what is experienced today in a conventional vehicle but the leisure one could stay the same. Then we conduct a stated choice experiment, specifically designed and administered for measuring the VOTT, and analyze these data using discrete choice models (DCMs). In total, we collected data from about 500 respondents. In the experiment, respondents were presented choice tasks consisting of three alternatives: an AV with office interior, an AV with leisure interior, and a conventional car. The same experiment was also given to another sample of respondents but this time describing a chauffeur-driven vehicle. Overall we find the average VOTT for an AV with an office interior (5.50(sic)/h) to be lower than the VOTT for the conventional car (7.47(sic)/h), however the AV with leisure interior is not found to decrease the value of time (8.17(sic)/h) which confirms the theoretical results. The VOTT for the chauffeur experiment is systematically lower than for the AV experiment which we attribute to some distrust that people have regarding the AVs.", "label": [1, 5, 49, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Comparative technological road-mapping for renewable energy. A comparative technology assessment and roadmapping process is used to examine key characteristics for leading electricity generation technologies and predict trends in cost reduction and growth potential. The role of renewable energy in generation portfolios is assessed, as well as resource integration strategies to minimize cost and environmental damage. The level of adoption of each technology is then linked to cost reduction and growth trends using a cost-prioritized adoption rule. Estimated levels of adoption are then matched to the projected growth of energy demand to determine both adequacy of supply and impact under this model. This study is applicable on both a national and regional energy planning level. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Novel Equine Faecal Egg Diagnostics: Validation of the FECPAK(G2). Simple Summary Faecal egg counts (FECs) are the standard method of diagnosing the level of intestinal parasites in horses and other grazing animals. Testing before treatment is an important factor in slowing the appearance of drug resistance in these parasites. The FECPAK(G2), optimised for livestock, allows owners to perform FECs by tapping into remote expertise. However, the performance of the FECPAK(G2)has yet to be assessed for equids. Therefore, a comparison of the FECPAK(G2)(G2) method with an accepted non-remote equine FEC method (FECPAK(G1)) was performed, using samples of faeces from horses in Wales and New Zealand. The FECPAK(G2)performed equally as well as the control method (FECPAK(G1)), and this was true regardless of the data's country of origin. The mean percentage accuracy of the G2 test compared to the control values was 101%. The relative accuracy of the G2 method compared to the control method was not affected by the level of infection and it was concluded that the FECPAK(G2)method is suitable for performing FECs in horses. It is anticipated that the user-friendliness of the method will increase the uptake of FECs amongst horse owners by the direct use of the technology or through their veterinary practice, likely slowing the development of anthelmintic resistance. Faecal egg counts (FECs) are the standard method of diagnosing the level of parasitic helminth egg shedding in horses and other grazing animals. Testing before treatment is an important factor in slowing the appearance of anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites. The FECPAK(G2), optimised for livestock, is reported to allow owners to perform FECs on their own animals without the need for a separate microscope or any specialist knowledge by tapping into remote expertise. However, the performance of the FECPAK(G2)has yet to be assessed for equids. Therefore, a comparison of the FECPAK(G2)(G2) method with an accepted equine FEC method (FECPAK(G1)(G1)) was performed, using faecal samples from 57 horses in Wales and 22 horses in New Zealand. There was a significant correlation between the FECs obtained by the two methods (p< 0.001) and no effect of the country of origin on the data (p= 0.157). The mean percentage accuracy compared to the control values (mean G2 count as a percentage of the mean G1 count, +/- SStandard Error (SE)) was 101 +/- 4%. There was no significant interaction between the method applied and the country of origin of the data (p= 0.814). The relative accuracy of the G2 method compared to the control method (FECPAK(G1)) was not affected by the level of infection (p= 0.124) and it was concluded that the FECPAK(G2)method is a suitable method of performing FECs in horses. It is anticipated that the user-friendliness of the method will increase the uptake of FECs amongst horse owners, either by the direct use of the technology or through their veterinary practice, likely slowing the development of anthelmintic resistance.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
{"token": "Comparing SSN Index to X-Ray Flare and Coronal Mass Ejection Rates from Solar Cycles 22-24. The newly revised sunspot-number series allows for placing historical geoeffective storms in the context of several hundred years of solar activity. Using statistical analyses of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) X-ray observations from the past approximate to 30 years and the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) catalog (1996 - present), we present sunspot-number-dependent flare and CME rates. In particular, we present X-ray flare rates as a function of sunspot number for the past three cycles. We also show that the 1 - 8 angstrom X-ray background flux is strongly correlated with sunspot number across solar cycles. Similarly, we show that the CME properties (e.g. proxies related to the CME linear speed and width) are also correlated with sunspot number for Solar Cycles 23 and 24. These updated rates will enable future predictions for geoeffective events and place historical storms in the context of present solar activity.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Mix design of bitumen-stabilised materials - South Africa and abroad. The need for sustainable road infrastructure maintenance has led to a significant growth in pavement recycling and bitumen-stabilisation technology. This, in turn, has created a need for robust mix design and pavement design procedures for bitumen-stabilised materials (BSMs), using either foamed bitumen or emulsified bitumen binders.This paper outlines the research developments in the field of BSM technology and testing and their link to a standardised mix design. At the same time, the link between mix design and structural design is established, creating a platform for laboratory test results to be used in the evaluation of the life of the pavement structure. In particular, the challenging areas of mix design are highlighted, namely: Development of a laboratory compaction method for BSMs that effectively simulates field compaction,Improvement of laboratory curing procedures to simulate the dry-back phenomenon that occurs in the road, after construction,Development of triaxial testing equipment and procedures that enable evaluation of the shear properties of BSMs during standard mix designs, in order to provide a link to field performance and structural designThe paper describes the mix design procedures that have been developed over five years, based on experience with full implementation in practice, based on more than global 200 mix designs. This is followed by implementation of the new design method via two case studies that use the triaxial information from mix design for performance analysis and structural design of BSMs. Based on field performance, the holistic design approach works. Finally, the added benefits of monotonic triaxial testing in terms of determining flexibility parameters are explored. The dissipated energy parameter has been found to provide potential in evaluating the flexibility of BSMs", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "A Toxoplasma Palmitoyl Acyl Transferase and the Palmitoylated Armadillo Repeat Protein TgARO Govern Apical Rhoptry Tethering and Reveal a Critical Role for the Rhoptries in Host Cell Invasion but Not Egress. Apicomplexans are obligate intracellular parasites that actively penetrate their host cells to create an intracellular niche for replication. Commitment to invasion is thought to be mediated by the rhoptries, specialized apical secretory organelles that inject a protein complex into the host cell to form a tight-junction for parasite entry. Little is known about the molecular factors that govern rhoptry biogenesis, their subcellular organization at the apical end of the parasite and subsequent release of this organelle during invasion. We have identified a Toxoplasma palmitoyl acyltransferase, TgDHHC7, which localizes to the rhoptries. Strikingly, conditional knockdown of TgDHHC7 results in dispersed rhoptries that fail to organize at the apical end of the parasite and are instead scattered throughout the cell. While the morphology and content of these rhoptries appears normal, failure to tether at the apex results in a complete block in host cell invasion. In contrast, attachment and egress are unaffected in the knockdown, demonstrating that the rhoptries are not required for these processes. We show that rhoptry targeting of TgDHHC7 requires a short, highly conserved C-terminal region while a large, divergent N-terminal domain is dispensable for both targeting and function. Additionally, a point mutant lacking a key residue predicted to be critical for enzyme activity fails to rescue apical rhoptry tethering, strongly suggesting that tethering of the organelle is dependent upon TgDHHC7 palmitoylation activity. We tie the importance of this activity to the palmitoylated Armadillo Repeats-Only (TgARO) rhoptry protein by showing that conditional knockdown of TgARO recapitulates the dispersed rhoptry phenotype of TgDHHC7 knockdown. The unexpected finding that apicomplexans have exploited protein palmitoylation for apical organelle tethering yields new insight into the biogenesis and function of rhoptries and may provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention against Toxoplasma and related apicomplexan parasites.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
{"token": "Crystal structure, disorder and composition of the 2/1 approximant in the Al-Mg-Zn system revisited. The tau(1) and tau(2) phases in the Al-Mg-Zn system are famous examples for complex intermetallic alloy phases. They are 1/1 and 2/1 approximants of a quasicrystalline phase. The crystal structure of the tau(2) phase has been studied several times but the reported results are inconsistent. In this work, the tau(2) phase has been investigated in order to determine the homogeneity range at 330 degrees C and 360 degrees C and to revisit its crystal structure. The tau(2) phase is a ternary solid solution phase, which is able to vary its composition by about 5 at.% Al, 2 at.% Mg and 6 at.% Zn at 330 degrees C. Heterogeneous equilibria with the five phases Phi, tau(1), beta, MB21Zn25 and (Mg) have been observed. The Zn-rich beta phase is a new intermetallic compound with a large cubic unit cell. At 360 degrees C, the variation of the Zn content is slightly larger (8 at.%) and the two phases Phi and (Mg) are exchanged in heterogeneous equilibria by a liquid and a quasicrystalline phase. The crystal structure of the tau(2) phase has been studied at the composition Al15.4Mg42.0Zn42.6 by a combined refinement of X-ray and neutron data. Total energy calculations at 0 K reveal two stable variants at the compositions Al14.8Mg40.8Zn44.4 and Al13.0Mg40.8Zn46.2. The chemical and structural disorder can be illustrated with the help of a Henley-Elser decoration of a canonical cell tiling. The crystal data are close to those reported previously reported by Spiekermann, but not in agreement with the results of Sugiyama et al. and Lin et al., which have reported compositions outside the homogeneity range. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Rites of Passage: Conversionary in-Marriages in the Finnish Jewish Communities. Debates over intermarriages and conversions are at the heart of Jewish concerns today. International studies outline a growing number of intermarriages or their considerations within several European countries and the United States. Yet, the Nordic context in general and the Finnish context specifically are understudied. The current study seeks to fill the gap in the existing research by contributing to the field of conversion studies in general and the research in Jewish intermarriages and conversions in particular in Europe and in Finland by analyzing newly gathered ethnographic materials from the years 2019-2020 through adapting Sylvia Barack Fishman's typology on conversionary in-marriages to the Finnish context.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Modulation of glycogen and trehalose levels in Micromonospora echinospora (ATCC 15837). The growth of Micromonospora echinospora was studied in high and low C/N ratio medium using both batch and continuous culture. Asparagine was consumed rapidly in batch cultures where it served as both a nitrogen and carbon source. Glucose consumption was low suggesting that asparagine functions as the major carbon source under these conditions. The effect of nutrient limitation on the accumulation of storage carbohydrate in batch culture revealed an intimate association between nitrogen limitation and the accumulation of carbonaceous reserves. This study revealed that glycogen constituted the major carbohydrate reserve associated with the onset of sporulation. Intracellular trehalose levels were found to be relatively low and may have been affected by the availability of carbon. Continuous culture studies revealed a correlation between glycogen accumulation and increasing growth rate. It was also found that elevated cellular ATP levels correlated with the increase in glycogen, and reduced glycolytic activity. At the higher growth rates cellular ATP levels were elevated and coincided with reduced activity of the key glycolytic enzyme, phosphofructokinase, suggesting that glycogen can act as a convenient energy reservoir when excess carbon flux dictates.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "The first 3D POMOF based on alpha-metatungstate and mixed-ligand. A new three-dimensional (3D) POMOF based on alpha-metatungstate and mixed-ligand, [Cu-4(pzta)(2)(bipy)(4)(H2O)(6)][H2W12O40]center dot 2H(2)O (1) (pzta = 5-(2-pyrazinyl) tetrazole, bipy = 4,4 '-bipyridine), has been synthesized and characterized by routine methods. In 1, there is a 2D inorganic layer constructed by W-12 clusters and copper cations, which is reinforced by the incorporation of the dinuclear copper complexes to form a poly-pendant layer. Furthermore, the dicoordinated bipy ligands as pillars link parallel neighboring poly-pendant layers to generate a novel 3D framework with a (6(5) . 8(1))(2)(6(7) . 8(7) . 12(1)) topology. To the best of our knowledge, it represents the first 3D POMOF constructed by alpha-metatungstate and mixed-ligand. In addition, the electrochemical studies show that 1 has a good electrocatalytic activity toward reduction of nitrite. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Nickel-Infused Nanoporous Alumina as Tunable Solar Absorber. Solar energy can alleviate our dependence on traditional energy sources like coal and petroleum. In this regard, the design and performance of solar absorbers are crucial for capturing energy from sunlight. Specifically, for applications relying on solar-thermal energy conversion, it is desirable to construct solar absorbers using scalable techniques that also allow a variation in optical properties. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to tune the spectral absorptance of nickel-infused nanoporous alumina using a scalable and inexpensive fabrication procedure. With simple variations in the geometry of the nanostructures, we enable broadband absorption with a net solar absorptance of 0.96 and thermal emittance of 0.98 and spectrally-selective absorption with a net solar absorptance of 0.83 and thermal emittance of 0.22. The simple manufacturing techniques presented in this study to generate nanoengineered surfaces can lead to further advancements in solar absorbers with well-controlled and application-specific optical properties.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Effect of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin on the fate of nitrogen applied to a soil incubated under laboratory conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin on the fate and recovery of fertilizer nitrogen (N) and on N mineralization from soil organic sources. Intact soil cores were collected from a grassland field. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea were applied as N sources. Cores were equilibrated at -5 kPa matric potential and incubated at 20degreesC for 42 to 56 days. Changes in NH4+-N, accumulation of NO3--N, apparent recovery of applied N, and emission of N2O (acetylene was used to block N2O reductase) were examined during the study. A significant increase in NH4+-N released through mineralization was recorded when nitrapyrin was added to the control soil without N fertilizer application. In the soils to which N was added either as urea or DAP, 50-90% of the applied N disappeared from the NH4+-N pool. Some of this N (8-16%) accumulated as NO3--N, while a small proportion of N (1%) escaped as N2O. Addition of nitrapyrin resulted in a decrease and delay of NH4+-N disappearance, accumulation of much lower soil NO3--N contents, a substantial reduction in N2O emissions, and a 30-40% increase in the apparent recovery of added N. The study indicates that N recovery can be increased by using the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin in grassland soils at moisture condition close to field capacity.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Languages and earnings management. We predict that managers of firms in countries where languages do not require speakers to grammatically mark future events perceive future consequences of earnings management to be more imminent, and therefore they are less likely to engage in earnings management. Using data from 38 countries, we find that accrual-based earnings management and real earnings management are less prevalent where there is weaker time disassociation in the language. Our study is the first to examine the relation between the grammatical structure of languages and financial reporting characteristics, and it extends the literature on the effect of informal institutions on corporate actions. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
{"token": "Horizontal refraction of propagating sound due to seafloor scours over a range-dependent layered bottom on the New Jersey shelf. Three-dimensional propagation effects of low frequency sound from 100 to 400 Hz caused by seafloor topography and range-dependent bottom structure over a 20 km range along the New Jersey shelf are investigated using a hybrid modeling approach. Normal modes are used in the vertical dimension, and a parabolic-equation approximate model is applied to solve the horizontal refraction equation. Examination of modal amplitudes demonstrates the effect of environmental range dependence on modes trapped in the water column, modes interacting with the bottom, and modes trapped in the bottom. Using normal mode ray tracing, topographic features responsible for three-dimensional effects of horizontal refraction and focusing are identified. These effects are observed in the measurements from the Shallow Water 2006 experiment. Specifically, signals from a pair of fixed sources recorded on a horizontal line array sitting on the seafloor show an intensification caused by horizontal focusing due to the seabed topography of 4 dB along the array. (C) 2012 Acoustical Society of America. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3687446]", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
{"token": "Optimizing pumping rates of Hallabat-Khalidiya Wellfield using finite-difference model: a case study for evaluating overpumped aquifers in arid areas (Jordan). This study was carried out to quantify the ground-water budget, calibrate aquifer characteristics and to predict the drawdown of the upper aquifer in the Hallabat-Khalidiya Wellfield in the eastern part of Jordan, for the next 25 years (the year 2025). There are two aquifers, the upper one composed of basalt and carbonates of the Upper Cretaceous age, while the lower one is composed of Lower Cretaceous Kurnub sandstones. The total annual recharge to the upper aquifer is modeled to be about 6 x 10(6) m(3) divided into inflow from Jebel El-Arab through the basalt being 4.5 x 10(6) m(3) and from the return irrigation flow and excess rainfall being 1.5 x 10(6) m(3). Leakage from the upper aquifer through the A(1)/A(6) aquitard to the sandstone aquifer is calculated to be about 0.5 x 10(6) m(3) which is about 8% of the total recharge to the upper aquifer, and outflow across the western boundary towards Wadi Zarqa reaches about 5.5 x 10(6) m(3). The maximum water level decline will reach 33 and 21.6 m, by the year 2025, due to abstraction of 16 x 10(6) and 8 x 10(6) m(3), respectively, and will reach 40 and 25 m for the same respective abstraction rate after correction. However, with 4 x 10(6) m(3) pumping, water levels will recover in most of the wellfield area and the small drawdown values (less than 10 cm year(-1)) in the intensive pumping area will be negligible. Therefore, the optimal use of ground-water resources should not exceed 6 x 10(6) m(3). (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
{"token": "The Constitutionalization of Intellectual Property Law in the EU and the Funke Medien, Pelham and Spiegel Online Decisions of the CJEU: Progress, but Still Some Way to Go!. In the first part of the new millennium, the rise of the use of fundamental rights in shaping and using intellectual property norms has led one of the authors of this article to predict that this movement will be \\\\'constitutionalizing\\\\' intellectual property law. More than a decade and a half later, the influence of fundamental rights on the scope and limitations of intellectual property has never been more important, as illustrated by three seminal copyright decisions (in the Funke Medien, Pelham and Spiegel Online cases) delivered in July 2019 by the Court of Justice of the European Union. These decisions, dealing with the relationship between copyright and freedom of expression (including freedom of the media, information, and freedom of artistic creativity), stand out in the European judicial practice on copyright and fundamental rights for a number of reasons. First, freedom of expression and its balancing factors play a crucial role in shaping the contours of the exclusive rights, starting from the definition of copyright law's subject-matter and extending to the right of reproduction, as well as - most importantly - to copyright limitations and exceptions. In essence, the CJEU takes a quite liberal position towards the national courts' interpretation of existing copyright norms in the light of the freedom of expression requirements. The CJEU goes even as far as to term the Art. 5 InfoSoc exceptions not as \\\\'exceptions\\\\' as such but as self-sufficient rights of users of copyright-protected subject-matter. It is also notable that, in applying freedom of expression to EU copyright, the CJEU has largely relied on the case law of yet another supranational European court - the European Court of Human Rights - manifesting eagerness to engage in a \\\\'dialogue\\\\' with the principal human rights tribunal in Europe in order to establish guiding principles for EU copyright law informed by freedom of expression. Such a liberal, \\\\'freedom-of-expression-driven\\\\' approach of the CJEU to the interpretation of EU copyright appears quite analogue in results that could be reached by applying an external and/or open-ended copyright exception. Nevertheless, the Luxembourg Court indicates in Funke Medien, Pelham and Spiegel Online that an externally introduced flexibility (by means of complementing that already existing in the EU list of exceptions) could be harmful to copyright harmonization and legal certainty. Therefore, despite having taken a more favourable position on the possibility of shaping EU copyright by fundamental rights norms, the CJEU does not go all the way, since it considers in quite categorical terms that an external freedom of expression exception beyond the exhaustive list of limitations of Art. 5 InfoSoc is clearly inacceptable. According to the Court, copyright's own internal mechanisms present sufficient safety valves for balancing with freedom of expression. Such a position of the CJEU that relies on the fact that the legislature has anticipated all the potential conflicts between copyright and higher ranking norms such as fundamental rights might be incompatible with the EU legal order. Thus, despite visible progress in flexibilizing copyright norms via their interpretation \\\\'in the light of\\\\' fundamental rights, some further steps will still need to be taken in the future to make the \\\\'constitutionalization\\\\' of IP law a complete reality in the EU.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Boys and the buzzard in traditional rural areas in Lorraine. In connection with a Lorraine tale that explains 'why children do not walk when they are born', the author re-examines the context of rural society before industrialization and proposes to link the activities of young boys who go around with noise instruments in the Easter period, beliefs about animals, the concerns of women about care of the farmyard and babies learning to walk. The author's analysis of these various activities follows the approach of C. Levi-Strauss. The chains of symbolic understanding thus exposed reveal the coherence and, to a certain extent, the strangeness of our older European societies, which are so close to us temporally and so far away in their attitudes.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 30, 47]}
{"token": "Unusual ultrastructures of the Branchiostoma IF protein C2 containing heptads in the tail. Branchiostoma intermediate filament (IF) protein C2 contains a long tail domain consisting of several degenerate repeats which display a heptad repeat pattern. This unique tail sequence is predicted to constitute a long coiled coil domain in C2, which is separated from the rod by a glycine-rich linker L3. The recombinant IF protein C2 shows, in electron microscopy (EM), parallel rodlike dimers of 66.7 nm decorated by a larger globule on one side and a smaller globule on the other side. In contrast, the length of the tailless C2 dimers, decorated by only one small globule, is about 26 nm shorter. These results indicate that both the rod domain and the newly predicted coiled coil segment 3 participate in the formation of a double-stranded coiled coil dimer. Moreover, the two to four C2 dimers are able to associate via their globular tail domain into multiarm oligomers, an ability not seen by the tailless C2 mutant or the other currently known protostomic and vertebrate IFs.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Influence of getter activation and aging in a frit-sealed field emission display panel. A field emission display (FED) panel system was successfully built through integration of a 0.7 in diagonal Si-based Mo-tip field emitter array with 25x25 pixels, a Y2O3:Eu or ZnO:Zn phosphor screen, and vacuum sealing through an exhausting glass tube, including a getter. The panel system was driven by an external driver circuit that has a pulse width modulation driving scheme. We have tried to evaluate quantitatively the activation effect of a getter. The getter activated at a relatively low temperature was shown to act as a good in situ minipump during the lift: of the FED. Before character imaging, it was stabilized through tip aging by slowly increasing a pulse-mode emission current and phosphor aging by a Coulombic charging process. After aging, luminescent characteristics such as emission uniformity, charging and arcing phenomena were shown to be improved significantly. (C) 2000 American Vacuum Society. [S0734-211X(00)09903-0].", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Socioeconomic disparities in survival after high-risk neuroblastoma treatment with modern therapy. Background Modern therapeutic advances in high-risk neuroblastoma have improved overall survival (OS), but it is unclear whether these survival gains have been equitable. This study examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and overall survival (OS) in children with high-risk neuroblastoma and whether SES-associated disparities have changed over time.Procedure In this population-based cohort study, children <18 years diagnosed with high-risk neuroblastoma (diagnosis at age >= 12 months with metastatic disease) from 1991 to 2015 were identified through the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Associations of county-level SES variables and OS were tested with univariate Cox proportional hazards regression. For a subcohort diagnosed after 2007, insurance status was examined as an individual-level SES variable. Multivariable regression analyses with treatment era and interaction terms were performed when SES variables reached near-significance (p <= .1) in univariate and bivariate modeling with treatment era.Results Among 1217 children, 2-year OS improved from 53.0 +/- 3.4% in 1991-1998 to 76.9 +/- 2.9% in 2011-2015 (p < .001). In univariate analyses, children in high-poverty counties (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17-2.60, p = .007), and those with Medicaid (HR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.05-1.86, p = .02) experienced an increased hazard of death. No interactions between treatment era and SES variables were statistically significant in multivariable analyses, indicating that differences in the OS between SES groups did not change over time.Conclusions Survival disparities among children with high-risk neuroblastoma have not widened over time, suggesting equitable access to and benefit from therapeutic advances. However, children of low SES experience persistently inferior survival. Interventions to narrow this disparity are paramount.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "What Does Evidence-Based Practice Mean to You? A Follow-Up Study Examining School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists' Perspectives on Evidence-Based Practice. Results: SLPs' definitions of EBP differed from current definitions, in that SLPs only included the use of research findings. SLPs seem to discuss EBP as it relates to treatment and not assessment. Reported barriers to EBP implementation were insufficient time, limited funding, and restrictions from their employment setting. SLPs found it difficult to translate research findings to clinical practice. SLPs implemented external research evidence when they did not have enough clinical expertise regarding a specific client or when they needed scientific evidence to support a strategy they used.Purpose: The current investigation is a follow-up from a previous study examining child language diagnostic decision making in school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs). The purpose of this study was to examine the SLPs' perspectives regarding the use of evidence-based practice (EBP) in their clinical work.Conclusions: SLPs appear to use EBP for specific reasons and not for every clinical decision they make. In addition, SLPs rely on EBP for treatment decisions and not for assessment decisions. Educational systems potentially present other challenges that need to be considered for EBP implementation. Considerations for implementation science and the research-to-practice gap are discussed.Method: Semistructured phone interviews were conducted with 25 school-based SLPs who previously participated in an earlier study by Fulcher-Rood et al. 2018). SLPs were asked questions regarding their definition of EBP, the value of research evidence, contexts in which they implement scientific literature in clinical practice, and the barriers to implementing EBP.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Hypolipidemic phenanthraquinone derivatives from Heleocharis dulcis. Three new phenanthraquinones (1-3), together with seven known phenanthraquinone derivatives (4-10) were isolated from Heleocharis dulcis for the first time. Their structures were established on extensive NMR, MS, UV, IR experiments in conjunction with their references. Compounds (1-10) were evaluated for their hypolipidemic activities for the first time. Compounds 1, 3, 7, and 9 (10 mu M) exhibited significant hypolipidemic activities by measuring the triglyceride content in HepG2 cells with simvastatin as positive control. The chemotaxonomic significance of compounds (1-10) was also discussed.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Contemporary dance intervention in mild-to-moderate depression: A pilot study. This article describes a contemporary dance intervention among psychiatric outpatients with a diagnosis of mild-to-moderate depression. Five females participated in a pilot intervention, which was carried out twice a week over four consecutive weeks. During the intervention, the participants kept diaries about their personal experiences. The diaries were assessed using thematic content analysis. The dancing experience involved a combination of three elements: music, movement and creativity connected to the body. The qualitative findings were tentatively associated with positive mood over the short term. The participants experienced periods of relaxation, self-examination and elevated self-esteem during the session. Diary entries indicated that participating in contemporary dance may reduce mental anxiety and physical tension, and provide at least short-term symptomatic relief. Thus, participation in contemporary dance may be beneficial in the process of recovery from depression.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Characteristics of Puumala and Dobrava infections in Croatia. In this study, two different hantaviruses, Puumala virus (PUUV) and Dobrava virus (DOBV), were demonstrated for the first time to coexist and cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Croatia. Phylogenetic analysis showed some differences among the nucleotide sequences of PUUV originating from Dinara mountain, which was more closely related to Austrian PUUV than other Croatian PUUV from Mala Kapela mountain. More consistency was found among the Croatian DOBV. HFRS was verified in 85 of 201 suspected cases recorded in 1995 during the largest HFRS outbreak in Croatia. Most of these cases were soldiers. With the exception of the coastal region and islands, all of Croatia was found to be an area endemic for HFRS. A statistically significantly higher proportion of DOBV-infected patients had acute renal failure, visual disturbance, severe thrombocytopenia, and elevated levels of nonsegmented leukocytes, creatine, and total bilirubin. The prevalence of gastrointestinal and electrocardiography disorders also was greater in DOBV-infected patients. Interestingly, significantly more PUUV-infected patients had elevated systolic blood pressure on admission to the hospital. Further prospective studies are necessary to shed more light on differences in HFRS severity associated with PUU and DOB viruses. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "CLEARANCE OF CIRCULATING FILARIAL ANTIGEN AS A MEASURE OF THE MACROFILARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE IN WUCHERERIA-BANCROFTI INFECTION. Small doses of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) clear microfilariae (MF) from the blood of Wuchereria bancrofti-infected persons, but the dose and regimen required to kill adult worms is not clearly defined. A prospective study was undertaken to examine the macrofilaricidal effect of DEC and the ability of an assay for circulating filarial antigen (CFA) to define the effect. Twenty-five MF-positive subjects and 7 MF-negative but CFA-positive subjects were treated with DEC and followed for 18 months. Of the 25 MF-positive patients, 24 cleared MF, and 22 of 26 CFA-positive subjects cleared CFA. A significantly greater decrease in antifilarial IgG4 was seen in patients who cleared CFA than in those who did not. The complete clearance of CFA observed after therapy with DEC indicates that assessment of CFA clearance is a useful means for detecting macrofilaricidal effects of antifilarial chemotherapy.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Discriminating between isolates of PSbMV using nucleotide sequence polymorphisms in the HC-Pro coding region. The molecular diversity of 14 isolates of Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) from southern Australia, 13 previously described isolates from Pakistan, and a reference isolate from the United States have been studied to determine whether a relatively simple molecular diagnostic assay and classification scheme could be developed for this virus. The Australian isolates were placed into either pathotype P1 or pathotype P4 by bioassay on differential genotypes of Pisum sativum. The Pakistani isolates represented pathotypes P1, P4, U1, and U2, and an undetermined pathotype. The reference US isolate was pathotype P1. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay based on an amplicon from the variable HC-Pro coding region of potyviruses was shown to distinguish PSbMV from seven other legume infecting potyviruses. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) generated from the HC-Pro RT-PCR products of all 28 isolates using seven restriction endonucleases placed them into eight groups. A phylogenetic tree based on a Bray-Curtis similarity comparison placed the groups into three clusters. The groups and clusters had no clear association with either pathotype or geographic source. It is concluded that within the range of viruses and isolates tested, the RT-PCR-RFLP method will both specifically identify PSbMV and provide a simple, qualitative, and rapid means for placing PSbMV isolates into groups. Applications could include mapping and tracking isolates in space and time.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Transcriptomic characterization of bovine primary cultured hepatocytes; a cross-comparison with a bovine liver and the Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. Bovine primary cultured hepatocytes (CHs) are widely used in vitro models for liver toxicity testing. However, little is known about their whole-transcriptome profile and its resemblance to the normal liver tissue. In the present study,, we profiled - by microarray - the whole-transcriptome of bovine CHs (n = 4) and compared it with the transcriptomic landscape of control liver samples (n = 8), as well the Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells (n = 4). Compared with liver tissue, the bovine CHs relatively expressed (fold change > 2, P < 0.05) about 2155 and 2073 transcripts at a lower and higher abundance, respectively. Of those expressed at a lower abundance, many were drug biotransformation enzyme-coding genes, such as the cytochrome P450 family (CYPs), sulfotransferases, methyltransferases, and glutathione S-transferases. Also, several drug transporters and solute carriers were expressed at a lower abundance in bovine CHs. 'Drug metabolism', 'PPAR signaling', and 'metabolism of xenobiotics by CYPs' were among the most negatively-enriched pathways in bovine CHs compared with liver. A qPCR cross-validation using 8 selected genes evidenced a high correlation (r = 0.95, P = 0.001) with the corresponding microarray results. Although from a kidney origin, and albeit to a lower extent compared to bovine CHs, the MDBK cells showed a basal expression of many CYP-coding genes. Our study provides a whole-transcriptome-based evidence for the bovine CHs and hepatic tissue resemblance. Overall, the bovine CHs' transcriptomic profile might render it unreliable as an in vitro model to study drug metabolism.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Socio-demographic, economic and mental health problems were risk factors for suicidal ideation among Kenyan students aged 15 plus. Background: About a third of youth with suicidal ideation develop suicidal plans and about 60% of youth with suicidal plans make suicidal attempts. This study aimed to study different types of suicidal ideation and the risk factors in Kenyan youth. Methods: We studied a total of 9742 high school, college and university students using following selfadministered instruments: -a researcher design socio-demographic questionnaire, Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire (PDSQ) to document psychiatric disorders and various types of suicidal ideas in previous two weeks, Washington Early Recognition Center Affectivity and Psychosis tool to assess stress, affectivity and psychosis, Wealth index questionnaire to document economic indicators based on household items for the families of the students. We used descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, bivariate logistic regression analysis and variables with a p-value of less than <.05 were entered into generalized linear models using logit links to identify independent predictors. Results: The overall prevalence of different types of suicidal ideation was (22.6%), major depression was found in 20.0%, affectivity, psychosis and stress was found in 10.4%, 8.7% and 26.0% respectively. Female gender, major depression, stress, affectivity and psychosis and being in high school were significant (p < 0.05) predictors of suicidal ideation. Limitations: This was a cross sectional study that focused only on suicidal ideas and associated economic factors and mental health disorders. It did not study suicidal behavior. Conclusion: Future studies are needed to study the progression from suicidal ideas to suicidal attempts and the factors associated with that progression.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Antiapoptotic Activity of Coxiella burnetii Effector Protein AnkG Is Controlled by p32-Dependent Trafficking. Intracellular bacterial pathogens frequently inhibit host cell apoptosis to ensure survival of their host, thereby allowing bacterial propagation. The obligate intracellular pathogen Coxiella burnetii displays antiapoptotic activity which depends on a functional type IV secretion system (T4SS). Accordingly, antiapoptotic T4SS effector proteins, like AnkG, have been identified. AnkG inhibits pathogen-induced apoptosis, possibly by binding to the host cell mitochondrial protein p32 (gC1qR). However, the molecular mechanism of AnkG activity remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that ectopically expressed AnkG associates with mitochondria and traffics into the nucleus after apoptosis induction, although AnkG lacks a predicted nuclear localization signal. We identified the p32 interaction region in AnkG and constructed an AnkG mutant (AnkG(R22/23S)) unable to bind to p32. By using this mutant, we found that intracellular localization and trafficking of AnkG into the nucleus are dependent on binding to p32. Furthermore, we demonstrated that nuclear localization of AnkG but not binding to p32 is required for apoptosis inhibition. Thus, the antiapoptotic activity of AnkG is controlled by p32-mediated intracellular trafficking, which, in turn, seems to be regulated by host cell processes that sense stress.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Automatic Image Equalization and Contrast Enhancement Using Gaussian Mixture Modeling. In this paper, we propose an adaptive image equalization algorithm that automatically enhances the contrast in an input image. The algorithm uses the Gaussian mixture model to model the image gray-level distribution, and the intersection points of the Gaussian components in the model are used to partition the dynamic range of the image into input gray-level intervals. The contrast equalized image is generated by transforming the pixels' gray levels in each input interval to the appropriate output gray-level interval according to the dominant Gaussian component and the cumulative distribution function of the input interval. To take account of the hypothesis that homogeneous regions in the image represent homogeneous silences (or set of Gaussian components) in the image histogram, the Gaussian components with small variances are weighted with smaller values than the Gaussian components with larger variances, and the gray-level distribution is also used to weight the components in the mapping of the input interval to the output interval. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm produces better or comparable enhanced images than several state-of-the-art algorithms. Unlike the other algorithms, the proposed algorithm is free of parameter setting for a given dynamic range of the enhanced image and can be applied to a wide range of image types.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Godfather, Godmother, and Their Derivatives in the Local Dialect of Sveta Marija. The paper analyzes the terms kum [godfather] and kuma [godmother] and their derivatives in the local dialect of Sveta Marija in Medimurje. An examination of the oldest surviving baptismal registers shows that children were rarely named after their godparents. Comparing the occurrence of the terms kum / kuma and their derivatives in the local dialect of Sveta Marija with the lexical material found in dictionaries of the Medimurje dialects and in the Rjecnik govora Podravskih Sesveta [A Dictionary of the Local Dialect of Podravske Sesvete], it is concluded that only the terms kum and kuma are common to the lexical fund of all the compared dialects. It is observed that the Rjecnik rodbinskih naziva [A Dictionary of Family Relationships] unjustifiably lacks the two-word connection krizmani kum / krizmana kuma [confirmation sponsor].", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Slow infection control by vaccination: Paratuberculosis. Classical causality models for infectious diseases have fulfilled an important role in the progress of medical sciences, however, new forms of association where weakly pathogenic agents cause widespread infections that mostly do not progress to disease, but that if they do so, cause protracted clinical courses where the host resources are exhausted fit better with the slow infection concept proposed over half a century ago. This model could show an infectious cause behind some diseases that have never fulfilled the conventional criteria. While new mechanisms of causation are defined, these diseases still need to be controlled to allow sustainable animal production. Here, I discuss the case of paratuberculosis control by vaccination as an example of the benefits of using a theoretically preventive treatment to modify the course of infection towards preventing clinical disease even though the infection itself might not be fully controlled. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "'Being in the market': the UK house-price bubble and the intended structure of individual pension investment portfolios. It is widely observed that being in the market gives financial traders access to knowledge and information not available to remote traders. A truism of the geography of finance, it is also a perspective that can shed light on the interaction between market location, global financial movements and personal welfare. In this article, we develop an explanation of the premium attached to being in the market, drawing upon previous contributions on the relevance of tacit knowledge and the insights provided by behavioural finance with respect to time-space myopia. To illustrate our model of four types of behaviour, mixing together various combinations of time and space conceptions of market performance, we analyse the intended retirement investment portfolios of nearly 2400 participants in a defined contribution pension plan sponsored by a London-based investment bank. Having demonstrated the empirical significance of the UK house-price bubble, respondents' retirement investment portfolios are analysed focusing upon the relative significance of property in relation to a range of other investment instruments. It is shown that, amongst similarly located respondents, there was a range of investment strategies dependent, in part, upon respondents' age, household status, job classification and income. These results allow us to distinguish between different types of behaviour even amongst well-placed respondents, providing evidence of the co-existence of sophisticated, naive and opportunistic investors against the base-case of time-space myopic behaviour. Implications are drawn for conceptualising a rapprochement between the insights of the behavioural revolution for economic geography (and in particular, the geography of finance) relevant for public policy.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "What kind of calcite? Disclosing the origin of sparry calcite temper in ancient ceramics. The addition of temper in the pottery manufacturing process is attested since Prehistoric Times and is still a production choice adopted in the ceramic industry. When the temper is composed of minerals and rocks which outcrop in regions distant from each other, new questions about the production technology arise. Such situations can be explained by considering the recycling of imported rocks, including those used for architectonic elements or sculptures, mainly coming from contemporary or earlier buildings, a practice that was widely diffused during the Roman and successive periods. This study presents evidence of the deliberate addition of recycled white marbles and sparry calcite (probably from calcareous sinters/calcite alabasters) within the long-lived production (between the 4th and 14th century CE) of coarse and cooking ware in north-eastern Italy. The petrographic analysis of about 200 potsherds attested the use of marble as unusual kind of temper, in addition to fragments of sparry calcite, in about half of the repertoire. The occurrence of different types of marbles, associated with rocks and minerals typical of the alluvial deposits of the eastern Po plain as well as locally available rocks (Euganean Hills trachyte), clearly pointed to the intentional addition of recycled marble fragments from ancient spolia, excluding the hypothesis that the pottery was imported from other regions. Detailed petrographic and microstructural analysis, including maximum grain size (MGS), accessory minerals (when observed) and grain boundary shapes allowed us to limit the provenance of these marbles to the most important Mediterranean classical source regions. These conclusions have been confirmed by the oxygen and carbon stable isotope data derived from marbles and calcite fragments mechanically separated from the ceramic paste. Some fragments of sparry calcite were characterised by very negative 813C values, significantly different from known marble varieties, and typical of calcite crystallised in superficial geological environments, consistent with calcareous sinters, such as calcite alabasters. Moreover, a series of firing experiments were carried out in the temperature interval between 450 ?C and 800 ?C, both reproducing oxidising and reducing conditions, on clay pastes tempered with Carrara marble, and fired, to evaluate whether these anomalous 813C values observed in the ancient ceramic inclusions could also be related to the firing process.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Survey of Deoxynivalenol Contamination in Agricultural Products in the Chinese Market Using An ELISA Kit. A total of 328 agricultural product samples highly suspected to be contaminated, from flour companies, feed companies, and livestock farms throughout China, were surveyed for deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination using a self-assembly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. An ELISA kit for DON was developed with a 4.9 ng mL(-1) limit of detection (LOD) in working buffer and a 200 ng g(-1) LOD in authentic samples. The DON contamination detection rate was 88.7%, concentrations ranged from 200.9 to 6480.6 ng g(-1), and the highest DON contamination was found in distillers' dried grains with solubles with an average of 3204.5 ng g(-1). Wheat bran and wheat were found to be the most commonly contaminated samples, and the corn meal samples had the lowest average DON level. This ELISA kit is a powerful alternative method for the rapid, sensitive, specific, accurate, and high-throughput determination of DON and can meet the maximum requirement levels. This survey suggests that DON contamination in the Chinese market is serious, and the contamination risk deserves attention. Essential preventive measures should be implemented to ensure food safety and human health.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Supergirl and the Corporate Articulation of Neoliberal Feminism. In this article, we argue an account of corporate intervention in the sociocultural narrative about feminism that links the logic of Sheryl Sandberg's Lean In (2013) to the mainstream pop cultural re-emergence of Supergirl in the form of the primetime television series, Supergirl (2015). Crucially, we draw out neoliberalism as the overarching ideology linking the feminisms articulated in both. While the history of Supergirl very clearly demonstrates DC Comics' corporate control of feminism, Supergirl posits corporate control as feminism. By charting and analyzing the character's history, and critiquing the ostensibly feminist discourse of Supergirl, we show how neoliberal feminism lacks the fundamental resources to challenge an overarching patriarchal social order. Indeed, Supergirl is prescriptive and disciplinary, affirming a narrowly construed ideal of corporate women's empowerment, while cloaking its retrograde gender-normative script in the language of feminist liberation.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance halauxifen-methyl (XDE-729 methyl). The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State United Kingdom for the pesticide active substance halauxifen-methyl are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of halauxifen-methyl as a herbicide on winter cereals (soft wheat, durum wheat, spelt, barley, rye, triticale) and spring cereals (wheat, barley, durum wheat and rye). The reliable endpoints concluded as being appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, derived from the available studies and literature in the dossier peer reviewed, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are identified. (C) European Food Safety Authority, 2014", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Postmortem coronary artery calcium score in cases of myocardial infarction. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) related to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (ACAD) resulting in myocardial infarction is the most prevalent cause of death in western countries. In clinical practice, coronary artery calcium score (CACS) is considered an independent predictor of coronary events, closely related to atherosclerotic burden and is quantified radiologically by the Agatston score being calculated through computed tomography. Postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) allows the visualization and quantification of coronary calcifications before the autopsy. However, it was reported that some patients who died from severe ACAD had a zero CACS in PMCT. In this study, a retrospective evaluation of CACS in adult's myocardial infarction cases related to ACAD, with available CACS and histological slides of coronary arteries, was performed in order to gain a deeper understanding of coronary calcifications and their role in myocardial infarction cases. The CACS was calculated by using the software Smartscore 4.0 after the radiological examination on a 64-row CT unit using a specific cardiac protocol. Thirty-six cases were identified out of 582 autopsies, recorded during a 2-year study period (29 men, 7 women; age 56.3 +/- 11.7). CACS was 0-10 in 5 cases (5 men, 44.8 +/- 13.7), 11-100 in 8 cases (6 men, 2 women, 53.1 +/- 7.7), 101-400 in 13 cases (11 men, 2 women, 57.4 +/- 9.6), and > 400 in 10 cases (9 men, 1 woman, 63.1 +/- 11.9). Coronary thrombosis was found in 28 cases, histologically identified as plaque erosions in 6 cases and as plaque ruptures in 22 cases. Statistical analyses showed that CACS increases significantly with age (p-value < 0.05) and does not show significant correlation with gender, body weight, body mass index, and heart weight. CACS was significantly higher in plaque ruptures than in plaque erosions (p-value < 0.01). Zero or low CACS on unenhanced PMCT cannot exclude the presence of myocardial infarction related to ACAD. This paradoxical discrepancy between imaging and autopsy findings can be explained considering the histological aspect of fatal coronary plaques.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Child Welfare-Involved Youth With Intellectual Disabilities: Pathways Into and Placements in Foster Care. Existing literature suggests that youth with intellectual disabilities are at increased risk for child maltreatment. Little is known about youth with intellectual disabilities who are supervised by child welfare authorities or living in foster care. Reasons for child welfare system involvement and placement types are explored. In this cross-sectional exploratory study, we drew on data from the Adoption and Foster Care Reporting System (AFCARS) for youth in 46 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. A sample of 17,714 youth with intellectual disabilities and a comparison group (n = 655,536) were identified for 1999. Findings have implications for preventing the removal of youth from caregivers and the promotion of community inclusion of foster youth while in foster care.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
{"token": "Is Drosophila suzukii as susceptible to entomopathogenic nematodes as Drosophila melanogaster?. Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is the major invasive pest of small, soft-skinned and stone fruits, with a wide range of hosts. This study aims to test the susceptibility of this insect to entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and their efficacy on infested fruits from first instar larvae to adult emergence. Drosophila suzukii and D. melanogaster (Meigen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) were susceptible to Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), S. feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), Steinernema sp. (glaseri group) (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) on two substrates (filter paper and agar). The greater efficacy against D. suzukii was achieved by S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae (94 and 84%, respectively) with equal efficacy than that obtained using D. melanogaster as host (93.37 and 92.88%, respectively). The EPNs infected and could reproduce inside D. suzukii larvae. In contrast, pupae of both species were not infected by them. Nematodes proved to be able to reduce adult emergence of D. suzukii (up to 35% by S. feltiae) on strawberry fruit under laboratory conditions. These results show that D. suzukii is as susceptible as D. melanogaster to EPNs, confirming the potential of these nematodes as biological control agents against this important pest.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Silencing of tachyzoite enolase 2 alters nuclear targeting of bradyzoite enolase 1 in Toxoplasma gondii. In Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, two isoforms of enolase (ENO1 and ENO2) are expressed in stage-specific manner. ENO2 is expressed only in rapidly growing tachyzoites, while ENO1 is in slowly growing bradyzoites. Interestingly, the localization of ENO1 and ENO2 in the nuclear compartment has suggested possible roles of the proteins in gene regulation and/or cell cycle. To understand the physiological role of ENO2 in T. gondii, the expression of ENO2 was silenced using a homologous gene silencing procedure. The introduction or expression of ENO2 dsRNA successfully silenced the expression of ENO2 at the levels of transcripts and proteins. While there was no change in the growth rate of both tachyzoites and bradyzoites, a subtle phenotypic change was observed in the localization of the ENO1 gene product in the bradyzoite stage. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Creep behavior and model of high-strength steels over 500 MPa at elevated temperatures. In fire events, the high-temperature creep behavior of steels may critically affect the fire resistance of steel structures. Most studies related to high-temperature creep behavior have been typically performed for normal structural steels but seldom conducted for high-strength structural steels. In this study, a series of high-temperature steady-state creep tests is conducted on Q550, Q690, and Q890 high-strength structural steels at various stress levels within the 400-800 degrees C temperature range. The test data obtained demonstrate that the total amount of creep deformation is relatively significant, and the increase in the creep strain rate is considerably rapid at high-temperatures and high-stress levels. The three-stage creep model, together with creep parameters, is proposed to express the creep behaviors of three high-strength steels at various stress levels within the 400-800 degrees C temperature range. The creep behavior and calibrated creep models obtained in this research can be utilized as a theoretical foundation for accurately predicting the response of high-strength steel structures exposed to fire considering the effect of creep. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "ICTs and Gender-Based Rights. In this new age, the Internet, the network of networks connected by a complex array of electronic, wireless, and optical technologies extending from the private to the public sector, and from academic to business and governmental organizations, is starting to have increasingly broad social implications, besides the technical ones. Nevertheless, as women and men enter and progress differently into employment and occupations, not all humankind benefits equally from information and communication technologies (ICTs). The question that this chapter addresses is whether women have equal rights and opportunities to access and use ICTs. In this chapter, the author aims to strengthen the idea that in this changing era, new ICTs represent a cardinal instrument for social transformation, enabling and empowering women to become controllers of information.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 40, 29, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Hole-assisted fiber design for small bending and splice losses. This letter describes the bending and splice loss characteristics of hole-assisted fibers and reveals that the distance between the hole and the fiber core is a key parameter regarding these losses. We found that the normalized hole distance against the core radius must be two or greater for practical deployment.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "Infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode against the cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae L.) in polyhouse and in field condition. Background Cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), is a major insect pest affecting cole crops worldwide. Excessive applications of chemical-based insecticides have a devastating impression over the organisms and environment. Results In this study, entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar strain EUPT-S26 (local isolate) was evaluated for Pieris brassicae control under polyhouse and field conditions. Under the polyhouse conditions, the highest insect mortality 91.6 and 94.0% was observed in the plots treated with the nematodes suspension 1500 IJs/ml and 2000 IJs/ml, respectively. Based on the highest cabbage plant protection under polyhouse conditions, H. bacteriophora EUPT-S26 was also applied for field assays in the course of the crop's productive phase. Data demonstrated from the field treatments signify the highest concentration (2000 IJs/ml) showed the maximum larval mortality and least damage percentage 45 +/- 1.07% that remained constant until harvesting; this resulted in the highest productivity in polyhouse and under field conditions. Conclusion According to assessed field conditions, it was suggested to perform 3 applications of EPNs during the vegetative phase and at the time of head formation to increase productivity and to reduce damage. The results approved that EPNs are an effective alternative of chemical-based insecticides to control the cabbage butterfly.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in children and adolescents with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS). We tested the hypothesis that patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) may be at lower risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) because of a higher insulin sensitivity. Twenty-one PWS patients and 42 control subjects closely similar for age, gender, pubertal stage and body mass index (CNT), were studied. Metabolic profile and body composition were assessed. NAFLD was established by a validated method of US grading (range from G0 to G3). PWS patients showed a significantly better metabolic profile (lower waist circumference, fasting glucose levels, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, transaminase levels and trunk fat mass/fat mass ratio). Furthermore, NAFLD G1 stage was significantly more frequent in PWS subjects (P < 0.05), whereas G2 stage was significantly more frequent in control patients (P < 0.05). NAFLD grading seems to correlate with body composition in PWS, also after adjustment for sex and GH treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report suggesting a reduced risk of NAFLD in PWS children.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "The American challenge in uniform: the arrival of America's armies in World War II and European women. A vast body of material exists - memoirs, diaries, films, plays, novels, official records - on the impact and reception of America's armed forces armies in Europe after 1942. Britain, Italy, France, Austria and of course Germany all offer relevant evidence. The popular British phrase about the GI's being 'over-paid, over-sexed and over here' brilliantly sums up many of the tensions the encounter threw up: over money and life-styles, courtship rituals and the treatment of local women, over sovereignty and the American impulse to requisition every local resource they could get their hands on. Local men thought 'their' women were being requisitioned. The Americans had not come to do 'nation-building', and yet their presence left memories, changed attitudes and altered prospects on the future, especially among women. Afterwards American experts claimed that their armed forces had set off a 'revolution of rising expectations'. Although a contradictory, complex encounter, there is enough evidence to suggest they might have been right.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Preferential colonization and release of Legionella pneumophila from mature drinking water biofilms grown on copper versus unplasticized polyvinylchloride coupons. Legionella occurrence in premise drinking water (DW) systems contributes to legionellosis outbreaks, especially in the presence of suitable protozoan hosts. This study examined L. pneumophila behavior within DW biofilms grown on copper (Cu) and unplasticized polyvinylchloride (uPVC) surfaces in the presence of Acanthamoeba polyphaga. One year-old DW biofilms were established within six CDC biofilm reactors: three each containing Cu or uPVC coupons. Biofilms were then inoculated with L. pneumophila (uPVC-Lp and Cu-Lp), or L. pneumophila and A. polyphaga (uPVC-Lp/Ap and Cu-Lp/Ap) and compared to sterile water inoculated controls (uPVC- and Cu-Control) over a 4 month period. L. pneumophila appeared more persistent by qPCR within Cu biofilms in the presence of A. polyphaga compared to uPVC biofilms with or without A. polyphaga, but maintained their cultivability in uPVC biofilms compared to Cu biofilms. Also, persistent shedding of L. pneumophila cells (assayed by qPCR) in the effluent water implied colonization of L. pneumophila within Cu-coupon reactors compared to no detection from uPVC-coupon reactor effluent 14 days after inoculation. Hence, L. pneumophila appeared to colonize Cu surfaces more effectively and may be shed from the biofilms at a greater frequency and duration compared to L. pneumophila colonized uPVC surfaces with host amoebae playing a role in L. pneumophila persistence within Cu biofilms. Published by Elsevier GmbH.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "Injunctive and reverse settlements in competition-blocking litigation. We distinguish standard settlements, in which the status quo is preserved, and injunctive settlements, which prohibit the defendant's activity. The reverse (payment) settlement is a special type of injunctive settlement. We examine the divergence between private and social incentives to settle and policies that would minimize socially undesirable injunctive and reverse settlements (e.g., banning reverse settlements). The results are applied to competition-blocking litigation, such as patent infringement and antidumping.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 29]}
{"token": "Attentional shifts and preference reversals: An eye-tracking study. The classic preference reversal phenomenon, where monetary evaluations contradict risky choices, has been argued to arise due to a focus on outcomes during the evaluation of alternatives, leading to overpricing of long-shot options. Such an explanation makes the implicit assumption that attentional shifts drive the phenomenon. We conducted an eye-tracking study to causally test this hypothesis by comparing a treatment based on cardinal, monetary evaluations with a different treatment avoiding a monetary frame. We find a significant treatment effect in the form of a shift in attention toward outcomes (relative to probabilities) when evaluations are monetary. Our evidence suggests that attentional shifts resulting from the monetary frame of evaluations are a driver of preference reversals.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "An integrated agro-ecosystem and livelihood systems approach for the poor and vulnerable in dry areas. More than 400 million people in the developing world depend on dryland agriculture for their livelihoods. Dryland agriculture involves a complex combination of productive components: staple crops, vegetables, livestock, trees and fish interacting principally with rangeland, cultivated areas and watercourses. Managing risk and enhancing productivity through diversification and sustainable intensification is critical to securing and improving rural livelihoods. The main biophysical constraints are natural resource limitations and degradation, particularly water scarcity and encroaching desertification. Social and economic limitations, such as poor access to markets and inputs, weak governance and lack of information about alternative production technologies also limit the options available to farmers. Past efforts to address these constraints by focusing on individual components have either not been successful or are now facing a declining rate of impact, indicating the need for new integrated approaches to research for development of dryland systems. This article outlines the characteristics of such an approach, integrating agro-ecosystem and livelihoods approaches and presents a range of empirical examples of its application in dryland contexts. The authors draw attention to new insights about the design of research required to accelerate impact by integrating across disciplines and scales.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Precipitation patterns and N availability alter plant-soil microbial C and N dynamics. Shifts in the frequency and magnitude of rain events (precipitation patterns) associated with climate change may impact ecosystem nitrogen and carbon cycling through effects on plant physiology and soil microbial activity. Here, we determined how the combination of temporal irrigation distribution and N supply affects plant-microbial C and N dynamics in microcosms with winter wheat. First, we investigated legacy effect of 12 weeks of contrasting irrigation distribution (frequent and small versus infrequent and large water inputs) and N inputs (high versus low) on plant biomass, organic and inorganic N pools, and potential nitrification and denitrification rates. Second, we investigated legacy effects of these treatments on C and N fluxes in plants and microbes over 29 h after a rewetting event, using C-13-CO2 and N-15-NH4 labeling. We found that irrigation distribution and N input led to significant differences in plant responses and soil C input, setting the scene for the rewetting response. Immediately after rewetting, microorganisms outcompeted plants for soil mineral N. However, over time, the net outcome of competition improved for plants regardless of water or N input history. Further, we found that a history of frequent irrigation led to more productive plants (biomass and rate of photosynthesis) and increased their net competitiveness for N over microorganisms. This suggests that the shift toward more extreme fluctuations in soil moisture predicted by climate forecasts for most temperate zones may have negative implications for plant productivity due to altered N dynamics between plants and soil microorganisms.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
{"token": "The demographic transition of the Catholic priesthood and the end of clericalism in Spain. The evidence showing patterns of demographic transition (decline) in the Catholic Church are similar in both Spain and the United States. Yet while the patterns are similar, the Spanish case reflects a very different historical circumstance in which the institutional church was closely allied to state interests. The article argues that the dialectical relationship between forces of clericalism and anticlericalism shaped both institutions, church and state, in indelible ways. Thus while the patterns of demographic transition in the two countries are similar, the impact upon society has been very different. In Spain, the decline of clericalism is associated with the rise of modernization processes. While the logic of this modernism creates similar pressures among Spanish priests to leave the ministry, i.e., a greater sense of personal autonomy, a desire to marry, etc., the context of these decisions is very different. Spanish priests have less social freedom than US priests, and their role is more strong ly integrated into their own family structures. Celibacy is seen more as an issue of male power than women's exclusion.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
{"token": "RELIGIOUS AND MYSTICAL STATES - A NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL. This paper first considers the current confusion in categorizing and even describing mystical states, including experiences of God, the Void, and lesser religious experiences. The paper presents the necessity of studying the neuropsychological substrate of such experiences both to understand them in greater depth and to help resolve scholarly confusion in this area. As a prelude to presenting a neuropsychological model, the basic principles of brain organization are reviewed, including hemisphericity; primary, secondary, and tertiary sensory receptive areas; their motor analogues; prefrontosensorial polarity- and the integration of limbic functioning into cortical activity. A neuropsychological model for mystical states is then presented in terms of differential stimulation and deafferentation of various tertiary sensory association areas, along with integration of various patterns of limbic stimulation.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
{"token": "A New Index to Assess Vulnerability to Regional Shrinkage (Hollowing out) Due to the Changing Age Structure and Population Density. In South Korea, there is an awareness of the risks of regional shrinkage and depopulation due to demographic changes and unbalanced population distribution. With concerns about the extinction of local cities and the hollowing out of rural communities, scholars have increasingly called for new population indices or indicators to evaluate the current state of the local population. The purpose of this study was to develop a vulnerability index to effectively analyze the age structure and population changes associated with regional shrinkage (i.e., hollowing out). This study applied ranking and correlation analysis results using data for population density and the population structure by age to develop a new index to assess a region's vulnerability to the regional shrinkage effect. The new vulnerability index identified vulnerable regions by evaluating regional vulnerability using 2019 data. We also conducted a correlation analysis to validate the new index and found that the proposed index was significantly correlated with population growth and all other demographic indicators. The index developed in this study can be used to assess and compare the vulnerability of areas to regional shrinkage following population changes.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Visual cognition of birds and its underlying neural mechanism: A review. Birds have acute vision and many remarkable visual cognition abilities, due to their unique living environment. The underlying neural mechanisms have also attracted interests of researchers in neuroscience. Here, we firstly summarize the visual cognition abilities of birds, and make a comparison with mammals. Secondly, the underlying neural mechanisms are presented, including histological structure of avian brain and visual pathways, typical experimental results and conclusions in electrochemistry and electrophysiology. The latter mainly focuses on several higher brain areas related to visual cognition, including mesopallium ventrolaterale, entopallium, visual Wulst, and nidopallium caudolaterale. Finally, we make a conclusion and provide a suggestion about future studies on revealing the neural mechanisms of avian visual cognition. This review presents a detailed understanding of avian visual cognition and would be helpful in ornithology studies in the field of cognitive neuroscience.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Monitoring of alcohol consumption in primary care among adults with bipolar disorder: A cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study. Background: Screening for alcohol use disorders is an important priority in the healthcare of people with bipolar disorder, incentivised in UK primary care since 2011, through the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF). The extent of alcohol monitoring in primary care, and impact of QOF, is unknown. The aim was to examine recording of alcohol consumption in primary care.Results: Alcohol recording rates among people with bipolar disorder increased from 88.6 records per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval 81.2-96.6) in 2000/2002 to 837.4 records per 1000 person years (817.4-858.0) in 2011/2013; a more than nine-fold increase, mainly occurring after the introduction of the QOF incentive in 2011. In 2000/2002 alcohol recording levels among people with bipolar disorder were not statistically significantly different from those without SMI (adjusted rate ratio 0.96, 0.88-1.05). By 2011/2013, people with bipolar disorder were over four times as likely to have an alcohol record: adjusted rate ratio 4.45 (4.15-4.77).Limitations: The routinely collected data may be incomplete. Alcohol data entered as free-text was not captured.Conclusions: The marked rise in alcohol consumption recording highlights what can be achieved. It is most likely attributable to QOF, suggesting that QOF, or similar schemes, can be powerful tools in promoting aspects of healthcare. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Methods: Poisson regression of biennial alcohol recording rates between 2000 and 2013 among 14,051 adults with bipolar disorder and 90,023 adults without severe mental illness (SMI), from 484 general practices contributing to The Health Improvement Network UK-wide primary care database.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "The role of cattle manure in enhancing on-farm productivity, macro- and micro-nutrient uptake, and profitability of maize in the Guinea Savanna. An on-farm trial was conducted in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria, over a period of five years, with the objectives of quantifying the effects oil maize of applying cattle manure ill combination with synthetic fertilizer with regard to soil characteristics, yield, plant nutrition and profitability. Maize grain yield was significantly increased by the annual application of cattle manure, compared to maize receiving an equal amount of N through synthetic fertilizer, but only from the third year of the experiment. The application of manure resulted ill higher soil Kjel N, Bray-I P and exchangeable K values, and all increased N utilization efficiency by maize, suggesting that yield-limiting factors other than N deficiencies were of lesser importance than in the treatment receiving sole inorganic fertilizer. Nutrients other than N applied via the manure, particularly P, K and/or B, may have contributed to the higher grain yields in treatments receiving manure. A partial budgeting analysis revealed that, over a 5-year period, investments in the application of manure, in combination with synthetic fertilizer, resulted in higher margins than the application of fertilizer alone. However, analyses of marginal rates of return of changes from low urea N to high urea N or additional manure applications suggested that it was more profitable to invest in additional urea than in organic manure in the first two years of the experiment. The results suggested that manure applications, even when applied at relatively high rates, did not serve as a quick fix to on-farm soil fertility problems, but over a longer period, manure applied in combination with synthetic fertilizers did provide a significant and profitable contribution to enhanced cereal production.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Anti-episcopacy and graphic satire in England, 1640-1645. This article examines the role of graphic satire as a tool of agitation and criticism during the early 1640s, taking as its case study the treatment of the archbishop of Canterbury and his episcopal associates at the hands of engravers, etchers, and pamphlet illustrators. Previous research into the political ephemera of early modern England has been inclined to sideline its pictorial aspects in favour of predominantly textual material, employing engravings and woodcuts in a merely illustrative capacity. Similarly, studies into the contemporary relationship between art, politics, and power have marginalized certain forms of visual medial, in particular the engravings and woodcuts which commonly constitute, graphic satire, focusing instead on elite displays of authority and promoting the concept of a distinct dichotomy between 'high' and 'low' culture and their consumers. It is argued here that the pictorial, and in particular graphic, arts formed an integral part of a wider culture of propaganda and critique during this period, incorporating drama, satire, reportage, and verse, manipulating and appropriating ideas and imagery familiar to a diverse audience. It is further proposed that such a culture was both in its own time and at present only fully understood and appreciated when consumed and considered in these interdisciplinary terms.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Development of methods to evaluate susceptibility of soybean aphid to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam at lethal and sublethal concentrations. The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Homoptera: Aphididae), is a recent introduction (2000) from Asia and has become a serious soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae)] pest in North America. Seed treatments using the neonicotinoid insecticides, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, have been suggested as a method of control, and the use of these insecticides is becoming widespread. As a consequence, there is increased potential to select for resistance to these compounds. In the case of soybean aphids, baseline susceptibility to neonicotinoid insecticides and standardized methods for bioassay are lacking. A bioassay technique that uses excised soybean leaves immersed in an insecticide solution was developed to determine systemic insecticidal activity at lethal and sublethal concentrations. Mortality and population growth inhibition were evaluated after 7 days. Life table parameters were calculated by exposing 1-day-old aphids to three concentrations of thiamethoxam. Aphid mortality and nymph production were recorded daily until the entire cohort collapsed. Soybean aphid age-specific survivorship, fecundity, net reproductive rate, longevity, intrinsic rate of increase, discrete daily growth rate, and life expectancy were all significantly reduced at higher thiamethoxam concentrations. Soybean aphid response to both insecticides was similar, and both compounds were very toxic with LC(50)s of 31.3 and 16.9 ng ml(-1) and EC(50)s of 6.3 and 5.4 ng ml(-1) for imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, respectively. These results indicate that the methods developed in this study had negligible impact on the life table estimates measured and can be used to develop a baseline of susceptibility as a benchmark for subsequent resistance monitoring. Given the rapid and widespread adoption of this new insecticide class, vigilant monitoring for changes in susceptibility will be essential to its long-term sustainability.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Shape modeling with family of Pearson distributions: Langmuir waves. Two major effects of Langmuir wave electric field influence on spectral line shapes are appearance of depressions shifted from unperturbed line and an additional dynamical line broadening. More realistic and accurate models of Langmuir waves are needed to study these effects with more confidence. In this article we present distribution shapes of a high-quality data set of Langmuir waves electric field observed by the WIND satellite. Using well developed numerical techniques, the distributions of the empirical measurements are modeled by family of Pearson distributions. The results suggest that the existing theoretical models of energy conversion between an electron beam and surrounding plasma is more complex. If the processes of the Langmuir wave generation are better understood, the influence of Langmuir waves on spectral line shapes could be modeled better. (C) 2014 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Psychometric Testing of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale Among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study. This study provided the first examination of the psychometric properties of the 6-item Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) in a large African American sample, the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). The JHS included measures of spiritual (DSES) and religious practices. Internal reliability, dimensionality, fit indices, and correlation were assessed. DSES scores reflected frequent daily spiritual experiences (12.84 +/- A 4.72) and reliability scores were high (alpha A = 0.85; 95% CI 0.84-0.86). The DSES loaded on a single factor, with significant goodness-of-fit scores (RMSEA = 0.094, P < 0.01). Moderate significant correlations were noted among DSES items. Our findings confirm that the 6-item DSES had excellent psychometric properties in this sample.", "label": [2, 3, 24, 33]}
{"token": "The Impact of Digitalization and Resources on Gaining Competitive Advantage in International Markets: The Mediating Role of Marketing, Innovation and Learning Capabilities. International Entrepreneurship as a field of studies depends on digitalization as an essential factor that drives internationalization. Riding on the wave of digitalization, firms can produce and market their products and services globally through digital platforms with reduced costs and time savings. Yet, digitalization as a determinant of competitive advantages for small and medium enterprises in international markets is rarely examined. This study fills the gap by testing the direct and indirect effects of digitalization on enterprise, specifically focusing on price, product, and service advantages in digitalized international markets. Based on the data collected from 143 exporting SME manufacturers in Malaysia, results from our analysis revealed that digitalization has no direct effect on competitive advantage, but rather has strong indirect effects on product and service advantages. Managers and policymakers can thus leverage digitalization to improve their company's internationalization plans according to its intended competitive strategies.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Impact of twisting high-performance polyethylene fibre bundle reinforcements on the mechanical characteristics of high-strength concrete. The quasi-static and dynamic mechanical behaviours of the concrete reinforced by twisting ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibre bundles with different volume fractions have been investigated. It was indicated that the improved mixing methodology and fibre geometry guaranteed the uniform distribution of fibres in concrete matrix. The UHMWPE fibres significantly enhanced the splitting tensile strength and residual compressive strength of concrete. The discussions on the key property parameters showed that the UHMWPE fibre reinforced concrete behaved tougher than the plain concrete. Owing to the more uniform distribution of fibres and higher bonding strength at fibre/matrix interface, the UHMWPE fibre with improved geometry enhanced the quasi-static splitting tensile strength and compressive strength of concrete more significantly than the other fibres. The dynamic compression tests demonstrated that the UHMWPE fibre reinforced concrete had considerable strain rate dependency. The bonding between fibres and concrete matrix contributed to the strength enhancement under low strain-rate compression.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
{"token": "Chip firing on Dynkin diagrams and McKay quivers. This paper establishes new connections between the representation theory of finite groups and sandpile dynamics. Two classes of avalanche-finite matrices and their critical groups (integer cokernels) are studied from the viewpoint of chip-firing/sandpile dynamics, namely, the Cartan matrices of finite root systems and the McKay-Cartan matrices for finite subgroups G of general linear groups. In the root system case, the recurrent and superstable configurations are identified explicitly and are related to minuscule dominant weights. In the McKay-Cartan case for finite subgroups of the special linear group, the cokemel is related to the abelianization of the subgroup G. In the special case of the classical McKay correspondence, the critical group and the abelianization are shown to be isomorphic.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Attitudes and practices of school-aged girls towards menstruation. Jarrah SS, Kamel AA. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2012; 18: 308315 Attitudes and practices of school-aged girls towards menstruation The purpose of this study was to (i) investigate attitude and menstruation-related practices in Jordanian school-aged girls; (ii) identify the influence of premenstrual preparation on girls' attitude and menstruation-related practices. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Data was collected from a convenience sample of 490 school-age girls (1218 years) from different districts in Jordan. Self-report instruments [Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire (MAQ), and Menstrual Practices Questionnaires (MPQ)] were used to assess the study variables. Descriptive statistics, correlation and chi-square tests were used to analyze the data. It was found that menstrual attitude and practices were positively correlated. Poor attitude toward menstruation and low menstrual practices were significantly associated with inadequate premenstrual preparation. There is a need to prepare girls for menstruation before menarche. The role of the schools and teachers should be reinforced through formal and well planned reproductive health educators for girls and their mothers.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Teaching Math to Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) Children Using Mobile Games: Outcomes with Student and Teacher Perspectives. Leveraging the use of mobile devices for education, such as instructional games, is an area of increasing interest for targeted subpopulations of students including those who are deaf/hard-of-hearing (DHH). This paper outlines the perspectives of Deaf Education teachers and DHH children who participated in the GeePerS*Math project. Interviews and surveys provide data from the primary implementation of the technology in an ecologically valid setting. Findings included similar results from both teachers and students with regard to attitudes and transfer of skills within the game to those in traditional curriculum. Unintended outcomes, such as gaining orienteering skills and peer-tutoring, were also noted. The results helped to inform the designers of educational technology with ways to relate with classroom instructors and children when creating advanced mobile applications.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Dual and multiple diagnosis among substance using runaway youth. Although research on runaway and homeless youth is increasing, relatively little is known about the diagnostic profile of runaway adolescents. The current study examined patterns of psychiatric dual and multiple diagnosis among a sample (N=226) of treatment-engaged substance-abusing youth (ages 13 to 17) who were residing at a runaway shelter. As part of a larger treatment outcome study, the youths' psychiatric status was assessed using the DSM-IV based computerized diagnostic interview schedule for children [CDISC; (1)]. The majority of the youth in our sample met criteria for dual or multiple diagnosis (60%) with many having more than one substance-use diagnosis (56%). The severity of mental-health and substance-use problems in this sample of substance-abusing runaways suggests the need for continued development of comprehensive services. The range and intensity of diagnoses seen indicates a need for greater focus on treatment development and strategies to address their multiple areas of risk.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
{"token": "Behind success stories: goal attainment in global trade and climate negotiations. How successful are transnational advocates? If they are successful, is this due to their advocacy efforts or because of a favourable policy context? This paper examines the policy success of transnational advocates. In doing so, it focuses on the positions interest groups adopt, the strategies they develop, and how these interact with the context of specific policy issues. Based on 467 interviews with non-state actors who were involved in 17 transnational policy issues in the fields of international climate change and trade policy, I assess the success of individual advocates by comparing the final policy outcome of each issue with the advocated policy positions. The findings demonstrate that it is not so much the strategies that lobbyists develop that explain success at global diplomatic conferences, but rather the degree of preferred policy change and whether these demands for change are endorsed by the groups' national governments.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "CIVILIZATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF NATIONAL SELF-IDENTIFICATION IN UKRAINE: PHILOSOPHICAL-ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACH. Purpose. This article clarifies the significance of the person's social self-identification as a basis for civilization and institutional explanation of national self-identification in Ukraine. Theoretical basis. The authors found that the analysis of the cultural and anthropological principles of national self-identity reveals two main opposed concepts: the concept of \\\\'eastern\\\\' cultural and social self-identity of Ukraine, which correlates with the metaphor of the split between \\\\'East\\\\' and \\\\'West\\\\', and the concept of \\\\'western\\\\' projection of the European future of Ukraine, which correlates with the metaphor of the bridge between \\\\'East\\\\' and \\\\'West\\\\'. These concepts reflect the options for the citizens of Ukraine to make a personal choice of the way in achieving social self-identity. Douglas North's concept of \\\\'open-access order\\\\' states and \\\\'limited access order\\\\' states can be used as a basis for an alternative, pragmatic approach to choice the criteria of national self-identity. Originality. National self-identification is a result of the choice of the person's self-identification: still the person takes into account the history of the nation, the ethnic diversity of the nation, its cultural and civilizational characteristics. The philosophical-anthropological approach contributes to the demystification of the grounds of social self-identification, revealing the decisive role of the personal choice in shaping the new institutional foundations of national self-identity. Harmonization of the social institutions of Ukraine with the institutions of the European Union and the international community institutions opens wide opportunities for Ukraine's successful integration into the \\\\'open-access order\\\\' societies. The clarification of the value and symbolic aspects of national self-identity in Ukraine contributes to the successful functioning of these institutions. Multilingualism is an adequate response to the global challenge of the reconstruction of Ukraine's national self-identity. The education system is a key area for introducing multilingualism. Conclusions. The development, justification and systematization of cultural and institutional criteria for choosing the best ways to strengthen of national self-identity in Ukraine are a prerequisite for the successful self-identification of Ukrainian citizens in a complex and ever-changing global world.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Conservation biogeography of the Antarctic. Aim To present a synthesis of past biogeographic analyses and a new approach based on spatially explicit biodiversity information for the Antarctic region to identify biologically distinct areas in need of representation in a protected area network. Location Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic. Methods We reviewed and summarized published biogeographic studies of the Antarctic. We then developed a biogeographic classification for terrestrial conservation planning in Antarctica by combining the most comprehensive source of Antarctic biodiversity data available with three spatial frameworks: (1) a 200-km grid, (2) a set of areas based on physical parameters known as the environmental domains of Antarctica and (3) expert-defined bioregions. We used these frameworks, or combinations thereof, together with multivariate techniques to identify biologically distinct areas. Results Early studies of continental Antarctica typically described broad bioregions, with the Antarctic Peninsula usually identified as biologically distinct from continental Antarctica; later studies suggested a more complex biogeography. Increasing complexity also characterizes the sub-Antarctic and marine realms, with differences among studies often attributable to the focal taxa. Using the most comprehensive terrestrial data available and by combining the groups formed by the environmental domains and expert-defined bioregions, we were able to identify 15 biologically distinct, ice-free, Antarctic Conservation Biogeographic Regions (ACBRs), encompassing the continent and close lying islands. Main conclusions Ice-free terrestrial Antarctica comprises several distinct bioregions that are not fully represented in the current Antarctic Specially Protected Area network. Biosecurity measures between these ACBRs should also be developed to prevent biotic homogenization in the region.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Elements to Periodize Violence in Colombia: Causal Dimensions and Historiographic Interpretations. This paper examines the economic and political elements that allow periodizing violence in Colombia in the XX and XXI centuries, in addition to observing its conceptual construction and the consequences that are derived from said interpretations. To this effect, the first section presents figures regarding the magnitude and impact of violence; the second discusses the causal dimensions of the conflict; the third presents the most relevant historiographical interpretations; the fourth presents conclusions.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Optical patternation: A technique for three-dimensional aerosol diagnostics. A novel technique based on optical patternation is described for three-dimensional diagnostic studies of aerosols used in analytical spectroscopies. The aerosol is illuminated with a thin laser light sheet to capture images of the fluorescence and Lorenz-Mie light-scattering signals from the aerosol field with a charge-coupled detector. These measurements allow for the rapid and nonintrusive elucidation of two-dimensional spray structures, planar mass distributions, and spatial droplet size distributions. The ratio of the fluorescence image to the Lorenz-Mie image is then utilized to construct a spatially resolved map of the volume-to-surface area mean of the aerosol (Sauter mean diameter). Three-dimensional maps of spray structure, mass distribution, and droplet size distribution are obtained for the entire aerosol held by image stacking, The technique is applied to the measurement of the droplet size over the aerosol field at distances of 5-30 mm from the nebulizer tip where droplet sizes ranged from 6 to 12 mu m for a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer used in inductively coupled plasma spectrometries.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "SPIKE REMOVAL EFFECTS ON DRY-MATTER PRODUCTION, ASSIMILATE DISTRIBUTION AND GRAIN YIELDS OF 3 SOFT RED WINTER-WHEAT GENOTYPES. The effects of spike removal on dry matter partitioning were studied in three soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Field plots were planted in a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement of treatments (genotypes as whole plots and spike treatments as subplots). Spike treatments were with either intact spikes (control) or with 25% spike removal (SR) at 4 days post-anthesis. Dry weight and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content of tiller organs (spike, peduncle, stem and leaf) were determined at 7-day intervals from the data of SR treatment until physiological maturity. Grain yields were decreased 25% in the SR compared to the control treatment, whereas kernel test weight was not significantly different between treatments. Both dry weight and TNC content of leaf, peduncle, and stem samples were greater in the SR than in the control subplots 1 or 2 weeks after the SR treatment. Averaged across genotypes, there was a net dry weight increase of 1.05 g in control samples throughout the grain-filling period. By comparison, spikeless tillers in the SR subplots lost 1.89 g of dry matter between anthesis and maturity. These findings suggested that dry matter produced by a spikeless tiller was not translocated to intact tillers of the same plant in sufficient quantities to impact yield.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for perianal hidradenitis suppurativa: Report of a case. Perianal hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with significantly high morbidity, which severely affects the quality of life of those patients suffering from it. We describe a 46-year-old patient with extensive, severe gluteal and perianal PHS of 28 years duration. Repeated wide excisions, fistulotomies, treatments with hyperbaric oxygen, and finally a diverting colostomy were unsuccessful. A new form of treatment with repeated peri-lesional injections of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, in conjunction with surgical procedures, was performed with excellent results.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Iraqi patent law - In search of compliance with TRIPS. Iraq is currently in the pipeline of acceding to the WTO. Thus, Iraq needs to develop a comprehensive strategy to implement TRIPS successfully and expeditiously, as envisaged by TRIPS. The goal of this article is to discuss Iraqi patent law and highlight the areas where it complies or does not comply with TRIPS. The article also provides a set of conclusions in order for Iraq to shore up its intellectual property regime.1994 was a watershed date for the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and for the World Trade Organization (WTO) - it was the year intellectual property was incorporated into the trading system. Developing countries were the real targets of TRIPS because they largely had only minimal or no intellectual property systems in place. For developing countries, TRIPS requires the adoption of an entirely new body of law, together with a framework to effectively enforce these new rights.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Investigation of extracting photonic crystal lattices for guided modes of GaAs-based heterostructures. The issue of extracting guided modes from a standard light-emitting heterostructure similar to those of visible or near-infrared light-emitting diodes is considered with respect to the role of lattices and of the amount of onmidirectionality in the extraction performances. Triangular lattices are first-order natural candidates. We examine first whether they can be made onmidirectional thanks to a grating + coupler combination initially proposed by Fehrembach et al in [27], whereby the short periodicity concentrates emission in few in-plane modes, and the double periodicity extracts it. We then examine lattices that directly extract, for a Ga(Al)As system on a GaAs substrate, with a specific 3-D mode decay calculation. We compare triangular and Archimedean lattices experimentally and point out the role of photonic strength also through a spectrally and angularly resolved experiment.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, most commonly found in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, have increased markedly in the past decade, particularly in the intensive care unit setting. The problem has been significant in the United States but is even more prevalent in parts of Latin America and Asia. These plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases confer resistance to broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics, including third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, aztreonam, and extended-spectrum penicillins. Other resistances, such as aminoglycoside resistance and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance, are often cotransferred on the same plasmid. Fluoroquinolone resistance is often associated, resulting in an organism that is resistant to most of the usual antimicrobial options. Although carbapenems are currently considered the drugs of choice for these pathogens, widespread use of these agents may lead to other resistance problems. Due to limited therapeutic options, prevention and control measures are important. Traditional infection control measures, such as contact precautions, are recommended to prevent spread in intensive care units. In addition, because this type of antimicrobial resistance appears to be particularly influenced by antibiotic utilization, antibiotic control measures may also be a very important intervention in limiting the spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Power calculations for the transmission/disequilibrium and affected sib pair tests using elementary probability methods. The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) and the affected sib pair test (ASP) both test for the association of a marker allele with some conditions. Here, we present methods for calculating the probability of detecting the association (power) for a study examining a fixed number of families for suitability for the study and for calculating the number of such families to be examined. Both calculations use a genetic model for the association. The model considered posits a bi-allelic marker locus that is linked to a bi-allelic disease locus with a possibly nonzero recombination fraction between the loci. The penetrance of the disease is an increasing function of the number of disease alleles. The TDT tests whether the transmission by a heterozygous parent of a particular allele at a marker locus to an affected offspring occurs with probability greater than 0.5. The ASP tests whether transmission of the same allele to two affected sibs occurs with probability greater than 0.5. In either case, evidence that the probability is greater than 0.5 is evidence for association between the marker and the disease. Study inclusion criteria (IC) can greatly affect the necessary sample size of a TDT or ASP study. IC considered by us include a randomly selected parent at least one parent or both parents required to be heterozygous. It also allows a specified minimum number of affected offspring to be required (TDT only). We use elementary probability calculations rather than complex mathematical manipulations or asymptotic methods (large sample size approximations) to compute power and requisite sample size for a proposed study. The advantages of these methods are simplicity and generality.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Risk factors affecting building maintenance under tropical conditions. Findings - A total of ten risk factors of maintainability were identified in relation to high-rise buildings. They were analyzed using a case study and the implications on maintenance cost were evaluated. The results show that there is a considerable reduction in maintenance cost when these risks are minimized.Design/methodology/approach - A survey based methodology was used to establish the risks factors of building maintainability. A sample of high-rise buildings was selected to evaluate these risk factors that were identified through an extensive literature review and survey of substantive experts. Further, these risks factors were applied to a real case study.Purpose - The factors contributing to maintenance cost include the life-long environmental factors that the building is exposed to during its useful life as well as parameters relating to the design, construction and maintenance processes. The performance of risk associated with these factors decides the future maintenance requirements of buildings. Ignoring these risks factors generally result in high maintenance costs. The purpose of this paper is to identify the maintainability risk factors and their implications on maintenance costs.Originality/value - The paper provides useful information to the designers and users on the maintenance problems related to buildings. Also it highlights critical risk conditions that should be considered to minimize maintenance costs.Research limitations/implications - The research was limited to the USA and its six biggest cities. The results presented are predominantly qualitative and the results rely on extensive evaluation.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Light Intensity Is a Main Factor Affecting Fresh Market Spinach Tolerance for Phenmedipham. The few available herbicides for fresh market spinach do not provide adequate weed control, and there is need for additional herbicide tools. Phenmedipham is registered for use in processing spinach but not in fresh spinach, because of potential injury and the short interval between application and spinach harvest. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the tolerance level of fresh spinach varieties to phenmedipham and evaluate the impact of light intensity on tolerance of spinach to phenmedipham. In the greenhouse, nine spinach varieties were treated with phenmedipham (0.55 kg ai ha(-1)). Spinach varieties exhibited a wide range of tolerance, and dry weights of treated plants ranged from 40 to 78% compared to the nontreated control. Based on the phenmedipham tolerance screen, two varieties with low (Nordic) and high (Regal) tolerance to phenmedipham were treated, then exposed to half (shaded) and full (nonshaded) sunlight. Nonshaded Nordic treated with phenmedipham had 65% lower dry weight compared to similarly treated plants grown under shade, suggesting that spinach tolerance to phenmedipham was mainly affected by light intensity. Measurements of electron transfer intensity in photosystem II also showed tolerance to phenmedipham that varied among spinach varieties and light intensity. The maximum values of electron transfer in photosystem II of Regal treated with phenmedipham were higher than those of similarly treated Nordic. In the field, phenmedipham was applied under varied light and temperature conditions. The impact of light intensity on yield of treated spinach was greater than the impact of temperature. Phenmedipham applied under high light conditions was more injurious than when applied under low light conditions. Results from this study can contribute to successful integration of phenmedipham into currently used fresh spinach weed management, which in turn can allow more efficient production of this crop.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Kinetics of copper dissolution during pressure oxidative leaching of lead-containing copper matte. The kinetics of pressure oxidative leaching of lead-containing copper matte with sulfuric acid was investigated. The effects of particle size, leaching temperature, oxygen partial pressure and sulfuric acid concentration on the kinetics and mechanism of copper extraction were Studied, It was found that the reaction kinetic model follows the shrinking core model of chemical reaction control and the apparent activation energy was determined as 39.1 kJ/mol. The order of the reaction with respect to total pressure was found to be 0.64. The kinetic equations for the effect of particle size, leaching temperature, total pressure and sulfuric acid concentration were obtained and a mathematical model of copper extraction from leadcontaining copper matte was developed as:This equation estimates the extraction of copper with very good agreement (r=0.99) between the experimental and calculated values. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.a(%) = 100 x {1-[1-1/r(0)exp(4.011-4635.541/T + 0.653 In P + 0.023 In C)t](3)}", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Scandium speciation in a world-class lateritic deposit. Scandium (Sc) has unique properties, highly valued for many applications. Future supply is expected to rely on unusually high-grade (up to 1000 ppm) lateritic Sc ores discovered in Eastern Australia. To understand the origin of such exceptional concentrations, we investigated Sc speciation in one of these deposits. The major factors are unusually high concentrations in the parent rock together with lateritic weathering over long time scales in a stable tectonic context. At microscopic and atomic scales, by combining X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and microscopic and chemical analyses, we show that Sc-rich volumes are associated with iron oxides. In particular, Sc adsorbed on goethite accounts for ca. 80 % of the Sc budget in our samples. The remaining Sc is incorporated in the crystal structure of haematite, substituting for Fe3+. Scandium grades reflect the high capacity of goethite to adsorb this element. In contrast, the influence of haematite is limited by the low levels of Sc that its structure can incorporate. These crystal-chemical controls play a major role in lateritic Sc deposits developed over ultramafic-mafic rocks.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Experimental study of the moment of inertia of a cone - angular variation and inertia ellipsoid. In this paper, an experimental set-up which differs from the traditional ones is established in order to determine the moment of inertia of a right circular cone. Its angular variation and inertia ellipsoid are determined by means of an experimental study. In addition, a system that allows for the evaluation of the angular acceleration and torque through electric current or frequency measurement is utilized.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 35]}
{"token": "Modernising gender, civilising sex: perverse imaginary in the state feminist politics of Liu Yu-hsiu. The gender sexual politics of Liu Yu-hsiu has been pivotal in the hegemonic ascendancy of Taiwan state feminism in recent years. Through an examination of Liu's psychoanalytically mediated essays of cultural criticism, this article traces the contour of Liu's sexual imaginary within the context of 1990s feminist and queer politics. Liu's modernising project of gender equality, 1 argue, upholds heterosexual monogamy as a feminist ideal that seeks to purge all the masculine ills, including perversion and promiscuity. Meanwhile, queers and prostitutes come to be figured as the very negativity that must be repressed. Yet, like the Lacanian Real, they impinge on the symbolic order that Liu ordains as they thwart her desire to civilise sex.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30, 52]}
{"token": "The personal fund of academician Ye. P. Fedorov as a source for the coverage of the international activity of the scientist: specific composition and information potential of the documents. Analysis of the correspondence of Ye. P. Fedorov allowed to determine the range of his personal communication and the geography of correspondents and addressees. Correspondence with Japanese colleagues characterizes close scientific and friendly communication between scientists. In addition to Japan, Ye. P. Fedorov's geography of correspondence covers the United States of America, Great Britain, Belgium, Portugal, Argentina, Greece, Australia and New Zealand. The subjects of correspondence mainly concern the scientific issues of conducting latitudinal observations, the exchange of scientific publications and the review of scientific papers.The publication examines the specific composition of the documents characterizing the activity of the scientist as a chairman of the Commission 19 \\\\'Variability of Latitudes\\\\' and a member of the International Astronomical Union; his participation in the organization of the X General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union in Moscow, participation in international symposia, colloquiums.The article analyzes the information potential of the documents of Fedorov's personal fund in the context of studying the international activity of the scientist, his scientific and personal links in the world astronomical community.The personal fund of Ye. P. Fedorov, an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, an outstanding Soviet astronomer, director of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, is deposited at the Institute of Archival Studies of Vernadsky National Library' of Ukraine and consists of 333 files.For many years, Ye. P. Fedorov had been working on improving the work of the International Latitude Service, actively participated in all discussions and considerations on its reorganization into the International Polar Motion Service.An analysis of the documents of Ye. P. Fedorov's personal fund testifies to their high information potential, both for studies of the scientist's biography, and for research of the history of science and technology in general.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "On the Aristotelian origins of higher education. The story of how the sciences began to understand themselves as independent fields of research starts by detaching them from philosophy. The identity of the science in question will then further develop as it writes its own history. Higher education studies are, in such reflections, understood as a relatively new field that has its beginnings in the 1970s in questions of psychology, sociology and educational studies. Recent discussions have pointed out that there is an identity crisis going on within this field. This study returns to the old tradition of how a science forms its identity with the help of philosophy. The study returns to the influential formulations of Aristotle. Olaf Pedersen writes in his book on the history of universities that \\\\'many of our present difficulties, on closer inspection, appear to have been built into the system right from the beginning\\\\'. Our aim is not primarily to study what Aristotle said about higher education but instead to understand our present views and problems better.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Dynamic modeling of chemical fate and transport in multimedia environments at watershed scale - I: Theoretical considerations and model implementation. A geo-referenced environmental fate model was developed for analyzing unsteady-state dispersion and distribution of chemicals in multimedia environmental systems. Chemical transport processes were formulated in seven environmental compartments of air, canopy, surface soil, root-zone soil, vadose-zone soil, surface water, and sediment. The model assumed that the compartments were completely mixed and chemical equilibrium was established instantaneously between the sub-compartments within each compartment. A fugacity approach was utilized to formulate the mechanisms of diffusion, advection, physical interfacial transport, and transformation reactions. The governing equations of chemical mass balances in the environmental compartments were solved simultaneously to reflect the interactions between the compartments. A geographic information system (GIS) database and geospatial analysis were integrated into the chemical transport simulation to provide spatially explicit estimations of model parameters at watershed scale. Temporal variations of the environmental properties and source emissions were also considered in the parameter estimations. The outputs of the model included time-dependent chemical concentrations in each compartment and its sub-compartments, and inter-media mass fluxes between adjacent compartments at daily time steps. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Foundations of Political Order in Emerging Democracies. Political development and decay is one of the most studied topics in political science. The issue continues to occupy many political scientists and is also highly empirically relevant - not least in light of the recent uprisings in the Middle East. The question is whether democracy can and will make headway in this region, as it has been resistant thus far to the emergence of democracy. These societies are deeply 'patrimonialised'; that is, the practice of patron-client relationships structures the interaction between state and society. This review essay discusses two recent books that cast new light on how countries can overcome such fundamental obstacles to democratisation as patrimonialism. Most recently, Fukuyama has offered a comprehensive reinterpretation of human history with The Origins of Political Order, but one that is broadly in line with the basic understanding in North, Wallis and Weingast's Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. However, both contributions are difficult to apply to contemporary cases of democratisation. The objective of this review article is to sketch a starting point for such a contemporary analysis, which could also help us understand the prospects for democracy in the Middle East.Fukuyama, F. (2011) The Origins of Political Order (Vol. 1). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.North, D. C., Wallis, J. and Weingast, B. R. (2009) Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. New York: Cambridge University Press.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Thermophysical Properties of Liquid AlTi-Based Alloys. The surface tension and density of three liquid AlTi-based alloys (AlTiV, AlTiNb, and AlTiTa) have been measured using electromagnetic levitation as a tool for containerless processing. Surface tension has been determined by the oscillating-drop method, while the density was measured using a shadowgraph technique. Both quantities were determined over a wide temperature range, including the undercooled regime. In addition, sessile-drop and pendant-drop experiments to determine the surface tension were performed in a recently built high-temperature furnace. The measured data were compared to thermodynamic calculations using phenomenological models and the Butler equation. Generally, good agreement was found.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 12]}
{"token": "COHERENCE AND HEALTH CARE COST-RCA ACTUARIAL STUDY: A COST-EFFECTIVENESS COHORT STUDY. In an analysis of the claims costs data for 2007 and 2008, 144 pastors who had participated in the HM program were compared to 343 non-participants (control group). Adjusted medical costs were reduced by 3.8% for HM participants in comparison with an increase of 9.0% for the control group. For the adjusted pharmacy costs, an increase of 7.9% was found compared with an increase of 13.3% for the control group. Total 2008 savings as a result of the HM program are estimated at $585 per participant, yielding a return on investment of 1.95:1. These findings show that HM stress-reduction and coherence-building techniques can reduce health care costs.From 2006 to 2007, completion of a health risk assessment (HRA) provided eligible clergy with the opportunity to participate in the HM program or a lifestyle management program (LSM). Outcomes for that year were assessed with the Stress and Well-being Survey. Of 313 participants who completed the survey, 149 completed the Revitalize You! Program, and 164 completed the LSM. Well-being, stress management, resilience, and emotional vitality were significantly improved in the HM group as compared to the LSM group.Chronic stress is among the most costly health problems in terms of direct health costs, absenteeism, disability, and performance standards. The Reformed Church in America (RCA) identified stress among its clergy as a major cause of higher-than-average health claims and implemented Heart Math (HM) to help its participants manage stress and increase physiological resilience. The 6-week HM program Revitalize You! was selected for the intervention including the emWave Personal Stress Reliever technology.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Investigation of the Temperature-Related Wear Performance of Hard Nanostructured Coatings Deposited on a S600 High Speed Steel. Thin hard coatings are widely known as key elements in many industrial fields, from equipment for metal machining to dental implants and orthopedic prosthesis. When it comes to machining and cutting tools, thin hard coatings are crucial for decreasing the coefficient of friction (COF) and for protecting tools against oxidation. The aim of this work was to evaluate the tribological performance of two commercially available thin hard coatings deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) on a high speed tool steel (S600) under extreme working conditions. For this purpose, pin-on-disc wear tests were carried out either at room temperature (293 K) or at high temperature (873 K) against alumina (Al2O3) balls. Two thin hard nitrogen-rich coatings were considered: a multilayer AlTiCrN and a superlattice (nanolayered) CrN/NbN. The surface and microstructure characterization were performed by optical profilometry, field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Zhuangzi and Buber in Dialogue: A Lesson in Practicing Integrative Philosophy. I put forward the case that comparative philosophy is best practiced as integrative philosophy. The model for integrative philosophy employed embodies its own methodology, integrating the Hegelian dialectic and the Yin-Yang e (TM)degrees e (TM) 1/2, cyclical model of change illustrated by the Yijing aey\\\\'c \\\\' (Book of Changes) as strategies for integrating philosophical traditions. As an object lesson, I integrate a real, historical one-way encounter with an imagined two-way encounter between Martin Buber and Zhuangzi eZSa, to provide a counter-example to replace Huntington's clash of civilizations with a meeting of civilizations.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
{"token": "The Roles of Mineral Dust as Cloud Condensation Nuclei and Ice Nuclei During the Evolution of a Hail Storm. Aerosols play important roles in the evolution of deep convective systems like hailstorms. In this study, the heterogeneous ice nucleation schemes have been improved in the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with a spectral bin microphysics (WRF-SBM), which considered aerosols acting as ice nuclei (IN). A hail storm occurred around Tianshan mountains, northwestern China, was simulated with updated WRF-SBM, and the results have been compared with satellite observations. Further, four sensitive simulation tests were conducted with different cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and IN concentrations to investigate their respective roles during the evolution of the hailstorm. The increase in CCN concentration resulted in larger cloud droplet concentration and cloud water content, as well as enhanced condensational growth, which released more latent heat and led to stronger updraft at lower levels. The increase in IN number almost did not affect warm processes but led to larger ice crystal concentration and enhanced Bergeron process. Larger CCN concentration led to larger supercooled liquid water content, which in turn contributed to the enhanced hail growth by more efficient drop-ice collisions and led to larger size of hail particles, while larger IN number reduced the size of graupel and suppressed the growth of hailstones. An analysis of the mobility of hail indicated increased frequency of larger hail with stronger sedimentation induced by more CCN. A further three ensemble runs with random perturbations on initial temperature and humidity were performed for each aerosol scenario, and the results suggested the robustness of simulated CCN and IN effects.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Performance enhancement in an uninhabited air vehicle task using psychophysiologically determined adaptive aiding. Objective: We show that psychophysiologically driven real-time adaptive aiding significantly enhances performance in a complex aviation task. A further goal was to assess the importance of individual operator capabilities when providing adaptive aiding. Background: Psychophysiological measures are useful for monitoring cognitive workload in laboratory and real-world settings. They can be recorded without intruding into task performance and can be analyzed in real time, making them candidates for providing operator functional state estimates. These estimates could be used to determine if and when system intervention should be provided to assist the operator to improve system performance. Methods: Adaptive automation was implemented while operators performed an uninhabited aerial vehicle task. Psychophysiological data were collected and an artificial neural network was used to detect periods of high and low mental workload in real time. The high-difficulty task levels used to initiate the adaptive automation were determined separately for each operator, and a group-derived mean difficulty level was also used. Results: Psychophysiologically determined aiding significantly improved performance when compared with the no-aiding conditions. Improvement was greater when adaptive aiding was provided based on individualized criteria rather than on group-derived criteria. The improvements were significantly greater than when the aiding was randomly provided. Conclusion: These results show that psychophysiologically determined operator functional state assessment in real time led to performance improvement when included in closed loop adaptive automation with a complex task. Application: Potential future applications of this research include enhanced workstations using adaptive aiding that would be driven by operator functional state.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 55]}
{"token": "Advanced seismic slope stability analysis. The objective of this study was to present an advanced methodology for assessing seismic slope stability by taking into account the uncertainties related to the main input parameters. The methodology was applied on a real landslide in order to show the advantages of using the proposed procedure and establish the baseline trends of dynamic response and calculated permanent seismic displacements. It involves the following steps: preliminary analysis, probabilistic static and seismic factor of safety analysis, and permanent seismic displacement analysis. Estimating post-failure maximum seismic deformation of landslide mass and sounding properties is the most important part of this study. It involves both Newmark sliding block method and continuum mechanics approach, applied for characteristic set of input values in order to have more accurate assessment of slope performance and determine the relative importance of input parameters. The results of the analysis showed the benefits of using the proposed step-by-step methodology. The obtained difference in the results between the two methods depends strongly on the set input data for a particular analysis.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "Inclined slicing of a thick coal seam in ascending order - A case study. This paper deals with the stability investigations carried out at the XIVth seam of Jitpur colliery. The study was conducted to investigate the possible causes of roof cavity formation and face spalling at the middle slice face of block-3 longwall panel and to suggest remedial measures. The instrumentation and monitoring work was carried out in the panel over a period of nine months. On the basis of observations, it was found that if the maximum face span was reduced from the existing 4.8 m to 3.6 m, and if the face time schedule cycle was reduced from a maximum of 37 days to about 18 days, this problem could be eliminated. The recommendations of CMRI have been implemented in the middle slice face of block-4 panel with success.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Ubiquitylation-Dependent Negative Regulation of WASp Is Essential for Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is a key regulator of actin dynamics during cell motility and adhesion, and mutations in its gene are responsible for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS). Here, we demonstrate that WASp is ubiquitylated following T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) activation. WASp phosphorylation at tyrosine 291 results in recruitment of the E3 ligase Cbl-b, which, together with c-Cbl, carries out WASp ubiquitylation. Lysine residues 76 and 81, located at the WASp WH1 domain, which contains the vast majority of WASp gene mutations, serve as the ubiquitylation sites. Disruption of WASp ubiquitylation causes WASp accumulation and alters actin dynamics and the formation of actin-dependent structures. Our data suggest that regulated degradation of activated WASp might be an efficient strategy by which the duration and localization of actin rearrangement and the intensity of T-cell activation are controlled.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Megalaria allenae (Ramalinaceae), a new sorediate species from southeastern North America previously confused with M. pulverea. Megalaria allenae, a blue-gray to green-blue sterile sorediate crustose lichen containing atranorin, fumarprotocetraric acid and zeorin, is described as new to science. It is corticolous on deciduous trees and endemic to swamp forests of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of southeastern North America. As sexual reproductive structures are unknown in the species, the generic placement and relationship with M. pulverea were determined using molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and mtSSU sequence data.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Evolution of Oriented Structures in YBa2Cu3O7-(delta) Films by Liquid Phase Epitaxy through Manipulating Supersaturation. The preparation of YBa2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) films with different crystallographic orientations is of significant importance for superconductor studies and applications. Here, we systematically investigated the correlation between the film orientation and the supersaturation (sigma) state in liquid phase epitaxy, using a fine-tuning technique and adjusting a supplementary solvent material (its melting time Delta t(m)). Our findings show that Delta t(m) functions as a key factor, possessing a wide tuning range for subdividing supersaturation. We attribute this to the time-consuming characteristic in altering the saturation level, related to solute dissolution and diffusion phenomena. Consequently, the continuous transition of oriented structures in YBCO films becomes controllable by subtle manipulation of sigma. It is worth emphasizing that the tunable alignment of a-oriented grains in c-oriented YBCO films was effectively achieved, which has not been successful by conventional techniques.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Noise and the city: Leveraging crowdsourced big data to examine the spatio-temporal relationship between urban development and noise annoyance. Noise is one of the most frequent complaints and represents a public health hazard. While traffic-related noise has been studied extensively, research on construction noise has been lacking. In this study, we examined the relationship between construction activities and noise annoyance and tested whether this relationship is stronger after working hours. Data were drawn from a historical inventory of major development projects and crowdsourced citizen complaints data (311 calls) in Vancouver, Canada from 2011 to 2016. Mixed effects models were developed with an interaction between construction activities and after-hours report. Results show that neighborhood noise complaints were significantly associated with major constructions (IRR = 1.062, 95% CI = 1.024-1.097). A significant interaction effect was also found between construction activities and after-hours reporting (IRR = 1.050 CI = 1.012-1.087). To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies to empirically show the adverse effects of urban development on noise annoyance. The results imply that existing noise bylaws may not be effective in restricting construction activities at night and during sleeping hours, which may cause adverse health effects.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Using reflective poems to describe the lived experiences of street children and adolescents in Ghana. These two poems emerged from my qualitative research with homeless youth in Accra Central, Ghana. I was overwhelmed at how this method of research rarely used in Ghana offers a researcher the opportunity to capture participants' subjective feelings, and the complexities of their perceptions and experiences of a phenomenon. The aim of the study was to examine the lived experiences of street youth and to explore factors that enhance their survival on the street. These reflective poems shed light on the experiences of both the street youth and researcher, as captured in my reflective journal during the research. It was difficult winning the trust of the street youth, but when the trust was won, it became a worthy journey to understanding the complexities of their daily lives.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Gender determination in equine fetuses between days 50 and 90 of pregnancy. For fetal gender determination, 169 thoroughbred mares were examined with ultrasound between Days 50 and 70 of pregnancy. Sex differentiation was based on the position of the genital tubercle (GT), which during this time window can be located in male fetuses close to the umbilicus and in female fetuses close to the tail. Evaluation of a total of 195 examinations revealed that video-recordings almost doubled the chance to correctly diagnose gender, which was confirmed at birth. Overall, a diagnosis could be achieved in 99 mares only (50.7%), which was correct in 85%. In mares examined between Days 60 and 70, a diagnosis was possible in 46 cases (72%), which was correct in 87% (40 cases). Male fetuses were diagnosed easier due to the larger genital tubercle.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Mythbusting Medical Writing: Goodbye, Ghosts! Hello, Help!. To meet ethical and scientific obligations, authors should submit timely, high-quality manuscripts. Authors, however, can encounter ethical (e.g., authorship designation) and practical (e.g., time and resource limitations) challenges during manuscript preparation. Could professional medical writersnot ghostwritershelp authors address these challenges? This essay summarizes evidence countering three myths that may have hindered authors from considering the use of professional medical writers. Authors with sufficient time, writing expertise, and reporting guideline knowledge may meet their obligations without writing assistance. Unfortunately, not all authors are in this position. Decisions about writing support should be based on evidence, not myths.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Hindu Household Altars in Tijuana: An Approach to the Recreation of Religion in Four Families from India. | The purpose of this article is to study the adaptations and representations from which four immigrant families, from different regions in India and settled in Tijuana (Mexico), recreate their religious practice. After belonging to a context where Hinduism is predominant, their religious practice becomes a minority when they migrate to Mexico. This situation identifies the negotiations between materiality and its relationship with spirituality on the part of believers themselves, since, without the intervention of a religious authority and in the absence of traditional temples in the place of arrival, families recreate the rituals at home. Following the methodological orientation of lived religion, we began by analyzing the materiality present in their household altars allowing us to study the processes of adaptation (changes and permanences) that take place when they move their daily lives from India to Mexico, specifically to the border between Tijuana and San Diego. We were also able to explore the emotions and meanings that individuals associate with the local elements, with which they continue their religious practice in a foreign country. As a result, the recreations through household altars reveal the elements that each individual values for his or her own religious practice. This article thus reflects on the practice of Hinduism in Tijuana, from a perspective centered on the believers themselves, in a context of religious autonomy as a consequence of migration.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Control of phlebotomine sandflies. Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) transmit many zoonotic diseases (arboviruses, bartonelloses and especially leishmaniases) of importance to human health in at least 80 countries. Measures used to control adult sandflies (Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus ) include the use of insecticides (mostly pyrethroids) for residual spraying of dwellings and animal shelters, space-spraying, insecticide-treated nets, impregnated dog-collars and personal protection through application of repellents/insecticides to skin or fabrics. Because the breeding-sites of sandflies are generally unknown, control measures that act specifically against immatures are not feasible, although the effectiveness of a few biological and chemical agents has been demonstrated in laboratory evaluations. Reports of insecticide-resistance refer to only three sandfly species (P. papatasi, P. argentipes and S. shorttii) against DDT in one country (India), although there are reports of DDT-tolerance in several countries. Current knowledge of sandfly susceptibility to various insecticides is summarized. Constraints and advantages of different compounds, formulations and delivery methods for sandfly control under different environmental conditions are discussed.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
{"token": "Benchmark of thirteen bioinformatic pipelines for metagenomic virus diagnostics using datasets from clinical samples. Introduction: Metagenomic sequencing is increasingly being used in clinical settings for difficult to diagnose cases. The performance of viral metagenomic protocols relies to a large extent on the bioinformatic analysis. In this study, the European Society for Clinical Virology (ESCV) Network on NGS (ENNGS) initiated a benchmark of metagenomic pipelines currently used in clinical virological laboratories.Methods: Metagenomic datasets from 13 clinical samples from patients with encephalitis or viral respiratory infections characterized by PCR were selected. The datasets were analyzed with 13 different pipelines currently used in virological diagnostic laboratories of participating ENNGS members. The pipelines and classification tools were: Centrifuge, DAMIAN, DIAMOND, DNASTAR, FEVIR, Genome Detective, Jovian, MetaMIC, MetaMix,One Codex, RIEMS, VirMet, and Taxonomer. Performance, characteristics, clinical use, and user-friendliness of these pipelines were analyzed.Results: Overall, viral pathogens with high loads were detected by all the evaluated metagenomic pipelines. In contrast, lower abundance pathogens and mixed infections were only detected by 3/13 pipelines, namely DNASTAR, FEVIR, and MetaMix. Overall sensitivity ranged from 80% (10/13) to 100% (13/13 datasets). Overall positive predictive value ranged from 71-100%. The majority of the pipelines classified sequences based on nucleotide similarity (8/13), only a minority used amino acid similarity, and 6 of the 13 pipelines assembled sequences de novo. No clear differences in performance were detected that correlated with these classification approaches. Read counts of target viruses varied between the pipelines over a range of 2-3 log, indicating differences in limit of detection.Conclusion: A wide variety of viral metagenomic pipelines is currently used in the participating clinical diagnostic laboratories. Detection of low abundant viral pathogens and mixed infections remains a challenge, implicating the need for standardization and validation of metagenomic analysis for clinical diagnostic use. Future studies should address the selective effects due to the choice of different reference viral databases.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Influences of metal ions on the formation of gamma-FeOOH and magnetite rusts. To elucidate the role of anti-corroding alloying metals in weathering steels, the gamma-FeOOH and Fe3O4 particles were prepared by air-oxidation of FeSO4 solutions containing different amount of Ti(IV), Cr(III), Cu(II) and Ni(II). The crystallinity and particle size of gamma-FeOOH were lowered by adding Cr(III), Cu(II) and Ni(II) but not influenced by Ti(IV). All the metal ions impeded the crystallization and particle growth of Fe3O4 in a similar manner. The results on gamma-FeOOH and Fe3O4 were compared with those on alpha- and beta-FeOOHs previously reported to know the comprehensive effects of metal ions on the formation of rusts. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Usage of the Heterologous Expression of the Antimicrobial Gene afp From Aspergillus giganteus for Increasing Fungal Resistance in Olive. The antifungal protein (AFP) produced by Aspergillus giganteus, encoded by the afp gene, has been used to confer resistance against a broad range of fungal pathogens in several crops. In this research, transgenic olive plants expressing the afp gene under the control of the constitutive promoter CaMV35S were generated and their disease response against two root infecting fungal pathogens, Verticillium dahliae and Rosellinia necatrix, was evaluated. Embryogenic cultures derived from a mature zygotic embryo of cv. 'Picual' were used for A. tumefaciens transformation. Five independent transgenic lines were obtained, showing a variable level of afp expression in leaves and roots. None of these transgenic lines showed enhanced resistance to Verticillium wilt. However, some of the lines displayed a degree of incomplete resistance to white root rot caused by R. necatrix compared with disease reaction of non-transformed plants or transgenic plants expressing only the GUS gene. The level of resistance to this pathogen correlated with that of the afp expression in root and leaves. Our results indicate that the afp gene can be useful for enhanced partial resistance to R. necatrix in olive, but this gene does not protect against V. dahliae.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Production Plant and Warehouse Automation with IoT and Industry 5.0. The Internet of Things (IoT) has been implemented by multiple manufacturing companies into their production chain as this technology is the main source of digitalization in a production plant. It improves the data assembling, productivity of the operation, communication efficiency, and overall manufacturing performance. IoT is also serves to be a good means for improved and efficient warehouse automation. It makes the delivery of products more efficient by calculating the least routes and also reduces the time that is consumed during the management of inventory. The basic objective of Industry 4.0 is to lessen the participation of human operators and to emphasize the automation systems. However, this objective has changed in Industry 5.0, which aims to achieve the maximum benefits through the human-machine interaction by maintaining a balance. Industry 5.0 aims to strengthen the interaction between ever-increasing powerful machinery and the productive abilities of human beings. This paper introduces a detailed overview of IoT in enabling digital transformations and Industry 4.0. The authors have discussed the application of IoT in different industrial sectors, and how the concept of IIoT has evolved. In addition to this, the present paper highlights several research studies that enable the authors to elicit the major challenges, implementation analysis, and future scope of IIoT.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "POLITICO-IDEOLOGICAL TRENDS OF POST-SOVIET SOCIETIES: AN ATTEMPT OF GENERALIZATION. The paper is devoted to the analysis of ideological sphere of the former Soviet Union. The author argues that despite significant divergence of development trajectories of the post-Soviet countries, a number of general trends can be detected in their ideological sphere. In particular, we can highlight the role of nationalist ideology as the main symbolic resource for the post-Soviet elites that helps them to legitimize the status quo emerged after 1991. The importance of nationalism in the post-Soviet context is also manifested in the fact that nationalist discourse, being addressed primarily to the past, avoids talking about a project of the future, which, by and large, hasn't appeared in any of the post-Soviet countries. Another common trend for the post-Soviet countries is the simulative character of political ideologies that are nothing more than Baudrillard' simulacra. The author believes that the reason for this phenomenon is not so much the lack of democracy in the post-Soviet states, but rather the peculiarities of post-Soviet transformations as such, which have formed a kind of political elites aimed primarily at rent-seeking then at the public weal.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "A model of scheduling in airline networks - How a hub-and-spoke system affects flight frequency, fares and welfare. This paper provides a comprehensive economic analysis of scheduling decisions in airline networks. Although it is widely believed that the growth of hub-and-spoke networks has raised flight frequencies, the only analysis of this question is contained in a recent paper by Berechman and Shy (1998), who analyze an incomplete model. The present analysis shows that flight frequency is higher in a hub-and-spoke (HS) network than in a fully-connected (FC) network, confirming the conventional wisdom. Another result is that, despite lower cost per passenger under the HS network, greater flight frequency allows the airline to charge a higher fare to local passengers. This finding suggests that the downward pressure on fares due to economies of density may be partly or fully offset by the effect of higher flight frequency in an HS network, so that the net fare impact of such networks becomes. uncertain. Finally, the paper's welfare analysis shows that the airline provides excessive flight frequency relative to the social optimum, and that it may select the wrong network type.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Molecular epidemiology of measles virus in Kenya. Measles causes significant morbidity and mortality globally. Many countries have embarked on immunization programs to control and prevent measles outbreaks and eventually to eliminate endemic measles. Kenya is currently in the outbreak control and prevention stage for measles. Measles virus genotyping is important for molecular epidemiological purposes, including the documentation of the elimination of endemic measles virus strains from a country, and mapping of transmission pathways. In this study, we collected clinical specimens from measles outbreak cases in 2002 in Kenya for measles virus genotyping. We were able to isolate and/or detect measles virus in 10 cases from 5 of the 8 provinces in Kenya. All these Kenyan measles strains were determined to be genotype D4 strains when compared to the standard World Health Organization-designated measles virus reference strains. Interestingly, the Kenyan D4 strains clustered into two distinct D4 subgroups. In addition, the inclusion of other published D4 measles strains in this analysis indicated that there are four distinct D4 clusterings, or subgroups: Montreal-like, India-like, Johannesburg-like, and Ethiopia-like. This is the first measles molecular epidemiology study in Kenya and establishes the current endemic measles strain as genotype D4. Importantly, this study shows that the Kenyan D4 strains are distinct from the B3 measles strain found in West Africa and the D4 strains reported in Ethiopia. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Animal-Borne Telemetry: An Integral Component of the Ocean Observing Toolkit. Animal telemetry is a powerful tool for observing marine animals and the physical environments that they inhabit, from coastal and continental shelf ecosystems to polar seas and open oceans. Satellite-linked biologgers and networks of acoustic receivers allow animals to be reliably monitored over scales of tens of meters to thousands of kilometers, giving insight into their habitat use, home range size, the phenology of migratory patterns and the biotic and abiotic factors that drive their distributions. Furthermore, physical environmental variables can be collected using animals as autonomous sampling platforms, increasing spatial and temporal coverage of global oceanographic observation systems. The use of animal telemetry, therefore, has the capacity to provide measures from a suite of essential ocean variables (EOVs) for improved monitoring of Earth's oceans. Here we outline the design features of animal telemetry systems, describe current applications and their benefits and challenges, and discuss future directions. We describe new analytical techniques that improve our ability to not only quantify animal movements but to also provide a powerful framework for comparative studies across taxa. We discuss the application of animal telemetry and its capacity to collect biotic and abiotic data, how the data collected can be incorporated into ocean observing systems, and the role these data can play in improved ocean management.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Understanding Interactions between Lead Iodide Perovskite Surfaces and Lithium Polysulfide toward New-Generation Integrated Solar-Powered Lithium Battery: An ab Initio Investigation. Energy conversion devices such as perovskite solar cells and energy storage devices such as lithium sulfur battery have flourished in recent decades owing to their capabilities to deliver large power conversion efficiency and store superior specific energy, with potential to solve the global energy crisis and environmental issues. Compared with conventional energy conversion devices and energy storage devices that have limited performances, integration of the energy conversion devices and energy storage devices into a single unit is advantageous to present enhanced performance in multiple applications and satisfy commercial needs. However, further development of the integration relies on a deeper understanding of the interactions between the functional materials in the energy conversion devices and energy storage devices. In this study, we try to bridge the gap by investigating the interactions between the light absorbing halide perovskite material CH3NH3PbI3 and the lithium polysulfide intermediates (S-8, Li2S8, Li2S6, Li2S4, Li2S2, and Li2S) formed during the charging/discharging processes in lithium sulfur batteries via ab initio calculations. We find that the CH3NH3PbI3 and lithium polysulfide species have decent interactions, with the lithium polysulfide species residing stably on the halide perovskite surfaces and such interactions are strengthened by the charge transfer characters between the adsorbates and the adsorbents. We propose that the light absorbing halide perovskite materials represented by the CH3NH3PbI3 absorber exhibit potentials to be integrated into the lithium sulfur battery cathode to serve as an anchoring material to harness the solar power and mitigate the battery degradation problem, since the dissolution of intermediate lithium polysulfide (Li2Sn) is a severe problem in lithium sulfur batteries. The resulting integrated device is superior in capturing the solar energy due to the presence of the halide perovskite moiety and exhibits a large specific energy, low cost, and low toxicity due to the sulfur materials. The comprehensive understanding of the light absorbing halide perovskite material and the lithium polysulfide species in this theoretical work forms a foundation for the further development and commercialization of integrated device that captures solar energy and can be charged/discharged efficiently.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Model-based joint source channel coding for subband video. The objective of joint source channel coding (JSCC) is to optimally allocate the available channel bandwidth between source coding and channel coding in order to minimize the average distortion in the presence of packet losses. Unlike previous research, which focuses on determining distortion-optimized methods for JSCC using either assumptions about the rate-distortion (R-D) curve properties of source data (e.g., convexity) or experimental R-D data, we explicitly employ the analytical operational R-D model of a three-dimensional wavelet video coder to solve the JSCC problem. Using this model, we formulated the JSCC optimization as a nonlinear programming (NP) problem. By expressing the NP problem in terms of a dynamic programming equation, we derived the necessary conditions that facilitate the search for global optimal solutions. In this letter, we focus on finding the optimal JSCC problem for subband video coding and not on deriving computationally efficient methods for JSCC.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Re-evaluating the phylogeny of Sipuncula through transcriptomics. Sipunculans (also known as peanut worms) are an ancient group of exclusively marine worms with a global distribution and a fossil record that dates back to the Early Cambrian. The systematics of sipunculans, now considered a distinct subclade of Annelida, has been studied for decades using morphological and molecular characters, and has reached the limits of Sanger-based approaches. Here, we reevaluate their family-level phylogeny by comparative transcriptomic analysis of eight species representing all known families within Sipuncula. Two data matrices with alternative gene occupancy levels (large matrix with 675 genes and 62% missing data; reduced matrix with 141 genes and 23% missing data) were analysed using concatenation and gene-tree methods, yielding congruent results and resolving each internal node with maximum support. We thus corroborate prior phylogenetic work based on molecular data, resolve outstanding issues with respect to the familial relationships of Aspidosiphonidae, Antillesomatidae and Phascolosomatidae, and highlight the next area of focus for sipunculan systematics. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Can Ptilinopus greyii (Columbidae) Disperse Seeds in New Caledonia's Dry Forests?. Conservation of endangered habitats of South Pacific islands is partially dependent on activity of seed dispersers. In consuming fruits, animals can spread seeds from parent plants to distant sites, thus contributing to plant regeneration and colonization of new sites. In the dry forests of New Caledonia, the red-bellied fruit-clove, Ptilinopus greyii, is a potential disperser of many fleshy-fruited species. Trials with a captive bird showed that gut passage enhanced seed germination for Diospyros fasciculosa and Mimusops elengi but not for Vitex cf. collina, compared with whole fruits. Gut passage did not shorten duration of seed dormancy, which is consistent with evidence of a simple deinhibition effect fir D. fasciculosa and M. elengi. Minimum Retention Time (MRT) of seeds in the gut differed significantly between the three tree species, from a mean of 17.4 min for D. fasciculosa to a mean of 52.4 min for M. elengi. These times are longer than observed foraging times in fruiting trees, potentially making this fruit-dove an effective seed disperser.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
{"token": "Is it Always Necessary to Treat an Asymptomatic Hydronephrosis Due to Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction?. The postnatal treatment of asymptomatic unilateral hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction remains controversial, and the timing of and indications for surgical intervention are continuously debated. There is no consensus on the best follow-up during expectant management. The various modalities and parameters have been discussed along with their pros and cons and an attempt has been made to clear up the controversies.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Abnormalities of Elastic and Transporting Properties of Red Blood Cells under Development of Apoptosis. The functional properties of erythrocytes under development of apoptotic process in these cells were investigated by the low angle light scattering technique. Apoptosis induced by ionomycin was associated with an initial decrease of cell volume and caused formation of echinocytes. After that the cells restored their volume forming rounded erythrocytes with rugged membrane capable to agglomerate with each other. At the late stages of apoptosis, small fragmented cells can be revealed. Preapoptotic red blood cells (at all stages of apoptosis) manifested an enormous tolerance to hypotonic loading, whereas control cells hemolyzed just after reaching a critical volume (similar to 150 fl). Acidic hemolysis cannot differentiate between control and preapoptotic erythrocytes, the cells being hemolyzed not reaching the critical volume. Placing the control erythrocytes to a medium with ammonia ions instead of sodium ions caused an initial increase of cell volume above the critical point, and then it was also followed by hemolysis. Under ammonia loading, an initial rate of the cell volume growth and a ratio of the hemolyzed cells were significantly reduced in preapoptotic cells.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Designing urban knowledge: competing perspectives on energy and buildings. The author engages with debates about buildings, energy efficiency, and the innovation process-issues that are of great significance for urban sustainability because buildings are such an important constituent of urban energy consumption. Within this context, the author explores what it might mean to develop an interdisciplinary understanding of technical change. Questioning conventional accounts, he develops a sociotechnical perspective on competing energy knowledges and contexts of design, development, and consumption. It is argued that energy research and policy-making for the built environment is underpinned by a common understanding of technical change, which fails to take account of the contextual nature of energy-related choice. Describing cultural, organisational, and commercial factors shaping technological innovation, the author explores how more-or-less energy-efficient choices influencing urban development are made in response to changing opportunities and practices which sometimes favor energy efficiency, sometimes not. The author draws upon sociological accounts of technical change and illustrates both a sociotechnical perspective on energy and buildings and a key role for sociologists in the field of architecture, energy, and environmental studies.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Fault detection and diagnosis using neural network design. In this work, a fault detection method is designed based on neural networks. The proposed method is that a neural network is built on-line for the normal mode, while other one is used to diagnose the faults. The simulation shows the effectiveness of the proposed method.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Dogs' comprehension of referential emotional expressions: familiar people and familiar emotions are easier. Dogs have been shown to discriminate between human facial expressions, and they seem to use human emotional communication to regulate their behaviour towards an external object/situation. However, it is still not clear (1) whether they just respond to the emotional message received with a corresponding increase/decrease in their level of activation or whether they perceive that the emotional message refers to a specific object, (2) which emotional message they use to modify their behaviour (i.e. whether they are following the positive message or avoiding the negative one) and (3) whether their familiarity with the informant has an effect on the dogs' behaviour. To address these issues, five groups of dogs were tested in two experiments. The first group observed the owner delivering two different emotional messages (happiness and fear) towards two identical objects hidden behind barriers, and the second group observed the owner delivering the same emotional messages but with no-objects present in the room. The third and the fourth groups observed the owner delivering a happy versus a neutral, and a negative versus a neutral emotional message towards the hidden objects. Finally, the fifth group observed a stranger acting like the owner of the first group. When the owner was acting as the informant, dogs seemed to be capable of distinguishing between a fearful and happy emotional expression and preferentially chose to investigate a box eliciting an expression of happiness rather than of fear or neutrality. Dogs, however, seemed to have greater difficulty in distinguishing between the fearful and neutral emotional messages delivered by the owner and between the happy and fearful expressions delivered by the stranger. Results suggest that dogs have learned to associate their owners' positive emotional messages to positive outcomes, and hence use their communicative messages to guide their actions. However, negative emotional messages and those delivered by strangers are not as clear to dogs.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
{"token": "DO SEQUENTIAL MIXED-MODE SURVEYS DECREASE NONRESPONSE BIAS, MEASUREMENT ERROR BIAS, AND TOTAL BIAS? AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY. Mixing multiple modes of survey data collection has become standard practice in survey research. Mixed-mode surveys are faced with a slew of design decisions regarding which types of modes to administer and which sequence to administer them in. Such decisions are largely based on administrative objectives, such as minimizing costs and maximizing response rates. However, just as important to these mixed-mode decisions is their impact on nonresponse bias, measurement error bias, and total bias, which are understudied issues in the mixed-mode literature. In this article, we report on a sequential mixed-mode experiment of young adult drivers randomized to one of two mode sequences: an interviewer-administered (telephone) mode with self-administered (mail) follow-up, or the reverse sequence. Using a mix of direct and indirect bias estimation strategies, we find support for the notion that implementing a second mode of data collection can reduce nonresponse and measurement error bias, but the sequence in which the modes are administered makes a difference: the mail-telephone sequence minimizes bias to a greater extent than the telephone-mail sequence, relative to the starting mode and overall. However, a backfiring effect was found: despite reducing both nonresponse and measurement error bias, switching from mail to telephone increased the total bias in a key estimate of traffic accidents. A discussion of these findings and their implications for survey practice are provided in conclusion.", "label": [4, 5, 41, 52]}
{"token": "NESTING ECOLOGY OF SWAINSON'S WARBLERS IN A SOUTH CAROLINA BOTTOMLAND FOREST. We studied the nesting ecology of Swainson's Warblers (Limnothylpis swainsonii) in Britton's Neck, South Carolina, USA and found 144 nests of which 78 were active. Nest initiations followed a bimodal distribution. Clutches averaged (+/- SE) 3.19 +/- 0.20 eggs and 2.50 +/- 0.33 fledglings per nest. The Mayfield nest success estimate for a 23-day cycle was 50%. Logistic exposure models indicate nest success to be most impacted by Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) nest parasitism, nest age, and distance to the nearest swamp. Unparasitized nests that were younger in age and further from a swamp had the highest daily survival rates. Ten percent of nests were parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds with a 26% reduction in Swainson's Warbler hatching and an 89% reduction in fledgling production. Multiple brooding was observed in 21% of 2000 and 2001 Swainson's Warbler nests. Vines, such as greenbrier (Smilax spp.), were the most common substrate used for nesting, although two-thirds of the nests contained cane (Arundinaria recta and A. gigantea) within a 5-m radius. Received 18 December 2009. Accepted 30 June 2012.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Extended C37.118.1 PMU Algorithms for Joint Tracking of Fundamental and Harmonic Phasors in Stressed Power Systems and Microgrids. This paper extends synchrophasor algorithms approximating C37.118.1 filtering requirements to provide phasor measurement units (PMUs) with the capability of accurately tracking single-phase harmonic phasors subject to varying nominal frequency and out-of band interharmonic interference. The fastest solution is built on a Kalman filter (KF) bank responding with notches at harmonic frequencies, while the most accurate solution relies on a five-cycle finite-impulse-response filter with more than 80-dB harmonic rejection. Highly distorted standardized test signals following WECC and Hydro-Quebec experiences for stressed transmission systems and IEC recommendations for medium-and low-voltage system distortions are used to demonstrate the good performance of the two algorithms in tracking nonstationary fundamental and harmonics quantities. The two schemes are compared advantageously in terms of computation speed and performance with a four-cycle short-time fast Fourier transform algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of harmonic phasors-enabled PMUs is demonstrated on a generation-rich microgrid subjected to a severe fault, followed by an offnominal frequency operation in islanded mode and subsequent grid re-synchronization.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "REFLECTIONS ON EQUALITY IN THE LIGHT OF THE CRITICAL RACE THEORY. Critical Race Theory (CRT) has been neglected in European legal scholarship. CRT approaches promise to be a useful avenue for European jurisprudence, however, as European nations rapidly become more multiracial. The focus of this paper is on the theoretical value that radiates from some Critical Race Theory lines of thought, written from the perspective of an Italian legal scholar engaging in CRT. There are some aspects of CRT jurisprudence that are valuable from a general, legal-philosophical, point of view. CRT scholars have authored scholarship that has had an impact on the traditional, liberal notion of equality.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Child self-reported quality of life in pediatric intestinal failure. Background: Recent studies have focused on parent-reported health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children with intestinal failure (IF). However, there is a paucity of data on HRQOL from the perspective of the child with IF.Methods: A prospective study of child self-reported HRQOL was performed in a regional intestinal reha-bilitation program from 2015 to 2019. The PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales were administered annually to children with IF ages five years and older along with their parents. Survey data was stratified by age and compared with parent-proxy scores and reference populations of healthy and chronically ill children. Linear mixed-effect models were constructed to identify associations with child self-reported HRQOL.Results: A total of 140 surveys were administered to 69 children and their parents. Median child age at survey was 8 (IQR 6-10) years. Child self-reported HRQOL scores increased with each increasing age range. Children reported higher HRQOL scores compared to parent-proxy data in all age groups. Children with IF had lower HRQOL scores compared to healthy children in all survey dimensions ( p < 0.001) and to children with chronic illness in the school and social functioning dimensions ( p < 0.05). In adjusted analysis, longer remnant bowel length was independently associated with decreased HRQOL scores in children ( p < 0.05).Conclusions: Children with IF reported better HRQOL compared to parent-proxy data. While these HRQOL scores improved with age, they remain significantly lower than healthy and chronically ill peers. The association between bowel length and child-reported HRQOL deserves further investigation. Level of evidence: Level II (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Analysis and design of short block OFDM spreading matrices for use on multipath fading channels. We consider the use of block spreading in a multicarrier system to gain diversity advantage when employed over multipath fading channels. The main idea is to split the full set of subcarriers into smaller blocks and spread the data symbols across these blocks via unitary spreading matrices in order to gain multipath diversity across each block at the receiver. We pose the problem of designing the spreading matrix as a finite dimensional optimization problem in which the asymptotic error is minimized. This formulation allows us to find explicit solutions for the optimal spreading matrices. The performance is validated for the uncoded channel as well as for the coded channel employing turbo-iterative decoding. We further demonstrate that suboptimal linear complexity equalization strategies for spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) do not gain any diversity advantage over traditional diagonal OFDM.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Portal vascular anomalies in Down syndrome: spectrum of clinical presentation and management approach. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of the databases of the Vascular Anomalies Center and the Department of Radiology at Children's Hospital Boston for patients with Down syndrome and portal vascular anomalies. Medical records and imaging studies of varying modalities were reviewed.Purpose: The occurrence of portal vascular anomalies in Down syndrome has been sporadically reported in the literature. These rare disorders have a wide spectrum of anatomical and clinical presentations. The aim of this communication was to describe the clinical course, imaging features, and management approaches in patients with this association.Conclusions: Three is a wide spectrum of clinical and anatomical features of portal vascular shunts in Down syndrome. The management approach should be tailored based on the severity of symptoms. Percutaneous embolization can offer a safe, effective, and minimally invasive alternative to the surgical approach in selective cases. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Results: Three children with Down syndrome and portal anomalies (portosystemic shunt, simple arterioportal shunt, complex arterioportal shunt) were managed at our institution. The portosystemic shunt was clinically insignificant and resolved without any intervention. The simple arterioportal shunt was successfully treated with embolization. The complex arterioportal shunt was associated with major congenital cardiac defects and the child ultimately expired despite a decrease in the arterioportal shunting after embolization.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Exposure to Inclusive Language and Well-Being at Work Among Transgender Employees in Australia, 2020. Results. We found strong, positive, and statistically significant associations between different indicators of exposure to inclusive language at work and trans employees' well-being. These relationships were large in magnitude and emerged in the presence of an encompassing set of sociodemographic and workplace controls, including other markers of workplace diversity and inclusion (e.g., victimization experiences and identity disclosure).Conclusions. Our results provide robust evidence indicating that efforts to foster inclusive language at work can yield substantial, positive effects on trans people's feelings of belonging and inclusion, thereby contributing to their overall socioeconomic integration.Methods. We leveraged unique data from a large Australian national survey of workplace diversity and inclusion (2020 Australian Workplace Equality Index Employee Survey), focusing on a subset of trans respondents (n=453). We derived self-reported and aggregate-level measures of exposure to transinclusive language and created a multidimensional index of employee well-being. We examined their relationships using fully adjusted random-intercept multilevel regression models.Objectives. To provide empirical evidence of the positive effects of exposure to inclusive language on trans employees' well-being.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Natural hybridization between Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus ticks evidenced by molecular genetics methods. The recently shown phenomenon of natural hybridization between Ixodes persulcatus and Ixodes pavlovskyi ticks (Kovalev et al., 2015) stimulated similar studies in the sympatric zones of other tick species. In the present paper, 265 Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus ticks from Estonia were subjected to a search for interspecific hybrids based on nuclear (ITS2) and mitochondrial (cox1) markers as well as morphological features. Surprisingly, only 72.1% of ticks morphologically identified as I. ricinus actually were ricinus both at nuclear and mitochondrial markers, while the accuracy of morphological species identification for I. persulcatus was 99.3%. Among ticks morphologically identified as I. ricinus, 24.6% turned out to be interspecific hybrids and 3.3% were I. persulcatus. Generally, about 11% of the individuals studied were shown to be interspecific hybrids with different levels of nuclear DNA introgression. The analysis of hybrid populations proved the mating pair female I. ricinus x male I. persulcatus to form hybrids more efficiently, then female I. persulcatus x male I. ricinus. The same trend can be observed for backcrosses preferentially mating with I. ricinus. Hybridization between I. ricinus and I. persulcatus proved the existing view about their reproductive isolation to be untenable. Interspecific hybridization occurring between both closely (I. persulcatus and I. pavlovskyi) and more distantly (I. ricinus and I. persulcatus) related Ixodes species could introduce novel alleles that modify vector competence, host use or the ability to exploit diverse microhabitats. (C) 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Glutaric Aciduria type I and acute renal failure - Coincidence or causality?. Glutaric Aciduria type I (GA-I) is a rare organic acidemia, caused by mutations in the GCDH gene, and characterized by encephalopathic crises with neurological sequelae. We report herein a patient with GA-I who presented with severe acute renal failure requiring dialysis, following an acute diarrheal illness. Histopathological evaluation demonstrated acute tubular necrosis, and molecular diagnosis revealed the patient to be homozygous for a previously unreported mutation, p.E64D. As renal impairment is not part of the clinical spectrum typical to GA-I, possible associations of renal failure and the underlying inborn error of metabolism are discussed, including recent advancements made in the understanding of the renal transport of glutaric acid and its derivatives during metabolic disturbance in GA-I. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Population structure and geographical subdivision of the Leishmania major vector Phlebotomus papatasi as revealed by microsatellite variation. Multi-locus microsatellite typing (MLMT) has been employed to infer the population structure of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae) sandflies and assign individuals to populations. Phlebotomus papatasi sandflies were collected from 35 sites in 15 countries. A total of 188 P. papatasi individuals were typed using five microsatellite loci, resulting in 113 different genotypes. Unique microsatellite signatures were observed for some of the populations analysed. Comparable results were obtained when the data were analysed with Bayesian model and distance-based methods. Bayesian statistic-based analyses split the dataset into two distinct genetic clusters, A and B, with further substructuring within each. Population A consisted of five subpopulations representing large numbers of alleles that were correlated with the geographical origins of the sandflies. Cluster B comprised individuals collected in the Middle East and the northern Mediterranean area. The subpopulations B1 and B2 did not, however, show any further correlation to geographical origin. The genetic differentiation between subpopulations was supported by F statistics showing statistically significant (Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.005) values of 0.221 between B2 and B1 and 0.816 between A5 and A4. Identification of the genetic structure of P. papatasi populations is important for understanding the patterns of dispersal of this species and to developing strategies for sandfly control.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
{"token": "Current and future approaches to the therapy of human rabies. Human rabies has traditionally been considered a uniformly fatal disease. However, recent decades have seen several instances in which individuals have developed clinical signs of rabies, but survived, usually with permanent neurologic sequelae. Most of these patients had received prophylactic rabies vaccine before the onset of illness. The best outcomes have been seen in patients infected with bat viruses, which appear to be less virulent for humans than strains associated with other rabies vectors. In 2003, an article by rabies experts suggested that survival might be improved through a combination of vaccine, anti-rabies immunoglobulin, antiviral drugs and the anesthetic ketamine, which had shown benefit in an animal model. One year later, a girl in Milwaukee who developed rabies after bat exposure was treated with some of these measures, plus a drug-induced (therapeutic) coma, and survived her illness with mild neurologic sequelae. Although the positive outcome in this case has been attributed to the treatment regimen, it more likely reflects the patient's own brisk immune response, as anti-rabies virus antibodies were detected at the time of hospital admission, even though she had not been vaccinated. This conclusion is supported by the failure of the \\\\'Milwaukee Protocol\\\\' to prevent death in numerous subsequent cases. Use of this protocol should therefore be discontinued. Future research should focus on the use of animal models to improve understanding of the pathogenesis of rabies and for the development of new therapeutic approaches. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 21]}
{"token": "DNA methylation at diagnosis is associated with response to disease-modifying drugs in early rheumatoid arthritis. Aim: A proof-of-concept study to explore whether DNA methylation at first diagnosis is associated with response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Patients & methods: DNA methylation was quantified in T-lymphocytes from 46 treatment-naive patients using HumanMethylation450 BeadChips. Treatment response was determined in 6 months using the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria. Results: Initial filtering identified 21 cytosine-phosphate-guanines (CpGs) that were differentially methylated between responders and nonresponders. After conservative adjustment for multiple testing, six sites remained statistically significant, of which four showed high sensitivity and/or specificity (>= 75%) for response to treatment. Moreover, methylation at two sites in combination was the strongest factor associated with response (80.0% sensitivity, 90.9% specificity, AUC 0.85). Conclusion: DNA methylation at diagnosis is associated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drug treatment response in early RA.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Rapid start-up of the anammox process: Effects of five different sludge extracellular polymeric substances on the activity of anammox bacteria. This study investigated the rapid start-up of the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) strategy by inoculating different biomass ratios of denitrifying granular sludge and anammox bacteria. The results demonstrated that two reactors (R1 and R2) were rapidly and successfully started-up on days 25 and 28, respectively, with nitrogen removal rates (NRRs) of 0.70 kg/(m(3).d) and 0.72 kg/(m(3).d) at biomass ratios of 10: 1 (R1) and 50: 1 (R2). The explanation for rapid start-up was found by examining the effect of five different sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the activity of anammox bacteria in the batch experiments. Batch experiments results first demonstrated that the denitrification sludge EPS (DS-EPS) enhanced the anammox bacteria activity the most, and NO2-N, NH4+-N removal rates were 1.88- and 1.53-fold higher than the control with optimal DS-EPS volume of 10 mL. The rapid start-up strategy makes possible the application of anammox to practical engineering. Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
{"token": "X-linked MCT8 gene mutations: Characterization of the pediatric neurologic phenotype. We report a family with X-linked mental retardation that has a novel mutation in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) gene associated with a characteristic neurodevelopmental phenotype with early childhood hypotonia that progresses to spasticity and global developmental delays. Affected patients experience moderate to severe psychomotor delays and congenital hypotonia, develop a myopathic facies, have diminished muscle bulk and generalized muscle weakness, develop progressive spasticity and movement disorders, and have limited speech but alert, affable personalities. Acquired microcephaly and abnormal myelination on brain magnetic resonance imaging can be present. Normal monocarboxylate transporter 8 gene functioning appears to be necessary for normal thyroid-associated metabolism in neurons. Abnormal thyroid function tests appear to be a consistent finding in the absence of typical signs of thyroid dysfunction. Although the phenotype appears to be consistent, and although the neurotoxic effects of abnormal central and peripheral neuromuscular system thyroid metabolism might be partly or wholly responsible for the neurologic phenotype reported, the exact mechanism remains unclear.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Acrylamide and Glycidamide Hemoglobin Adducts and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Nested Case-Control Study in Nonsmoking Postmenopausal Women from the EPIC Cohort. Impact: It is unlikely that dietary acrylamide exposure increases ovarian cancer risk; however, additional studies with larger sample size should be performed to exclude any possible association with EOC risk. (C) 2015 AACR.Methods: A nested case-control study in nonsmoking postmenopausal women (334 cases, 417 controls) was conducted within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between HbAA, HbGA, HbAA+HbGA, and HbGA/HbAA and EOC and invasive serous EOC risk.Background: Acrylamide was classified as \\\\'probably carcinogenic to humans (group 2A)\\\\' by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the fourth cause of cancer mortality in women. Five epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between EOC risk and dietary acrylamide intake assessed using food frequency questionnaires, and one nested case-control study evaluated hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide (HbAA) and its metabolite glycidamide (HbGA) and EOC risk; the results of these studies were inconsistent.Conclusion: This EPIC nested case-control study failed to observe a clear association between biomarkers of acrylamide exposure and the risk of EOC or invasive serous EOC.Results: No overall associations were observed between biomarkers of acrylamide exposure analyzed in quintiles and EOC risk; however, positive associations were observed between some middle quintiles of HbGA and HbAA+HbGA. Elevated but non-statistically significant ORs for serous EOC were observed for HbGA and HbAA+HbGA (ORQ5vsQ1, 1.91; 95% CI, 0.96-3.81 and ORQ5vsQ1, 1.90; 95% CI, 0.94-3.83, respectively); however, no linear dose-response trends were observed.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Predicting respiratory distress syndrome at birth using fast test based on spectroscopy of gastric aspirates. 1. Biochemical part. Aim To develop a fast bedside lung maturity test. Methods Gastric aspirates obtained from premature infants contain lamellar bodies, carrying lung surfactant. To estimate lung maturity, we isolated lamellar bodies from fresh gastric aspirates by centrifugation. Erythrocytes and other cells were lysed by adding water and discarded subsequently with the supernatant. Mid-infrared spectroscopy was then performed to measure the lung maturity as lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio. Lecithin was determined as dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, the most surface-active phospholipid. Algorithms to measure lecithin and sphingomyelin concentrations in fresh gastric aspirates were developed on aspirates from 140 premature infants. Each gastric aspirate sample was divided into two samples: one for mass spectrometry as reference and one for spectroscopy. Development of the algorithm is described in detail in Appendix S1. Results Gastric aspirates stored at 4-5 degrees C avoid flocculation of proteins and phospholipids in contrast to when the aspirates were frozen and thawed. Omission of freezing and concentration of the lung surfactant by centrifugation combined with diminished influence of proteins improves the spectroscopic measurement of lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio. Measurement of lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio by the new method was performed within 10-15 minutes. Conclusion We present a new fast bedside lung maturity test on fresh gastric aspirate for early targeted surfactant treatment.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Ernest Gellner's Use of the Social Sciences in Philosophy. It is well known that Ernest Gellner made substantial use of his knowledge of the social sciences in philosophy. Here I discuss how he used it on the basis of a few examples taken from Gellner's philosophical output. It is argued that he made a number of highly original translations, or re-interpretations, of philosophical theories and problems using his knowledge of the social sciences. While this method is endorsed, it is also argued that some of Gellner's translations crossed the line between the original and the idiosyncratic.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "New Records of the Ponto-Caspian Predatory Cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov, 1891) (Crustacea, Onychopoda) in the Water Reservoirs of the Kama and Volga Rivers. New habitats of the Ponto-Caspian cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi in the Tetyushi, Ulyanovsk, Volga-Kama, and Kama reaches of the Kuibyshev Reservoir; the upper part of the Votkinsk Reservoir; and the lower part of the Kama Reservoir (near the city of Perm) are revealed by comprehensive studies performed at the water reservoirs of the Volga and Kama Rivers in summer 2015 and 2016. The northernmost find of the invader species was recorded in the Kama River near the town of Dobryanka (58 degrees 26 ' N); thus, the species was found >= 3 degrees further to the north in the Kama River than in the Volga River (54 degrees 57 ' N). The species inhabited the uppermost 5-m water layer and the typical C. (C.) pengoi form represented the species in all the water bodies. In August, Juveniles and parthenogenetic females (body length 1.2-2.0 mm) with 2-7 embryos were observed in the water bodies, and single finds of males were made. The population size of the invader species (<= 100 ind/m(3)) was comparable to that of the taxonomically similar hybrid form of the genus Bythotrephes (B. brevimanus x B. cederstromii) that inhabits the same areas as C. pengoi does. The routes of dispersal and the distinctive features of the spatial distribution and ecology of the species are discussed.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Sleep Quality in Children and Adults with Rett Syndrome. Aims Primary aim was to assess sleep quality in children and adults. Secondary aim was to assess behavioral disorders and their relationship to sleep quality. The medication taken by the subjects was also included.Results Sleep quality was rated as very good to good by over 60% of caregivers in contrast to data available in the literature. Behavioral disorders related to regression such as loss of acquired hand skills ( p = 0.046) and isolation ( p = 0.002) were found to be associated with sleep quality. Melatonin showed a significant association ( p = 0.007) with sleep quality.Conclusion Our study showed sleep dysfunction to be less prevalent in RTT-affected individuals than evidence from past studies has suggested. Nevertheless, this remains a subjective assessment of sleep quality and therefore the need to find objective, disorder-specific parameters that measure sleep quality in RTT patients persists.Background Over 80% of individuals suffering from Rett syndrome (RTT) are affected over their life period by sleeping disorders. Little is known about the impact of those on the quality of life and a clinical approach to the treatment of sleep disturbances is lacking.Methods Sleep quality and medication were assessed using the sleeping questionnaire for children with neurological and other complex diseases (SNAKE). Behavioral disorders were assessed by the Rett Syndrome Behavior Questionnaire (RSBQ). Questionnaires were sent to the 700 members of the Elternhilfe fur Kinder mit Rett Syndrom in Deutschland e.V. (Rett Aid) of which 287 were included. Questionnaires were filled out by the primary caregivers.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Proteomic analysis identifies cytoskeleton-interacting proteins as major downstream targets of altered folate status in the aorta of adult rat. Scope: Mild folate deficiency and subsequently elevated plasma level of homocysteine are associated with an increased risk for vascular diseases in adults. Conversely, high intakes of folic acid (FA) may have beneficial effects on vascular function, presumably in part through homocysteine lowering. However, these effects have not yet been translated in terms of prevention or treatment of vascular pathologies. Besides, the complex biologic perturbation induced by variations of the folate supply is still not fully deciphered. We thus carried out a proteomic analysis of the aorta of adult rats after a dietary FA depletion or supplementation.Methods and results: Nine month-old rats were fed a FA-depleted, FA-supplemented or control diet for 8 weeks. Total proteins from adventitia-free aortas were separated by 2DE and differentially expressed proteins were identified by MS. FA depletion or supplementation resulted in significantly changed abundance of 29 spots (p < 0.05), of which 20 proteins were identified. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that most of these proteins are involved in cytoskeleton-related processes important to cell function/maintenance, assembly/organization, and movement.Conclusion: Our proteomic study supports that expression of proteins essential to vascular structure and, presumably, function is modulated by high intake as well as deprivation of FA.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Discovery of ubiquitous lithium production in low-mass stars. The vast majority of stars with mass similar to that of the Sun are expected to destroy lithium (Li) gradually over the course of their lives, via low-temperature nuclear burning. This has now been supported by observations of hundreds of thousands of red giant stars(1-5). Here we perform a large-scale systematic investigation into the Li content of stars in the red clump phase of evolution, which directly follows the red giant branch phase. Surprisingly, we find that all red clump stars have high levels of Li for their evolutionary stage, with an increase of a factor of 40 over the end of the red giant branch stage, on average. This suggests that all low-mass stars undergo an Li production phase between the tip of the red giant branch and the red clump. We demonstrate that our finding is not predicted by stellar theory, revealing a stark tension between observations and models. We also show that the well-studied(1,2,4-6)very Li-rich giants, withA(Li) > +1.5 dex, represent only the extreme tail of the Li enhancement distribution, comprising 3% of red clump stars. Our findings suggest a new definition limit for Li-richness in red clump stars,A(Li) > -0.9 dex, which is much lower than the limit ofA(Li) > +1.5 dex used over many decades(1,5-9).Low-mass stars are expected to destroy their lithium content as they evolve, but this study of stars in the red clump evolutionary stage shows that their lithium abundance is on average forty times greater than at the end of the previous stage, something not predicted by theory.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Extraction and validation of scientific data for the identification of publications in open access journals. This work aims to identify articles published in open access journals registered in the Lattes Platform curricula. Currently, the curricular data from the Lattes Platform has been the source of several studies that adopt bibliometric metrics to understand scientific evolution in Brazil. However, when registering a publication in a curriculum, only basic information from the magazine is informed. Therefore, to quantify the publications made in open access journals, a strategy is proposed that uses data from the Directory of Open Access Journals, validating the publications and, thus, obtaining a process that allows identifying which publications were made in this communication format. Therefore, using the proposed methodology, which has a low computational cost, it was possible to quantify in an unprecedented way the publications of Brazilians in open access journals registered in the curricula of the Lattes Platform. In addition, having the authors' data of the publications, it was possible to understand how these authors are geographically distributed in the country, what their areas of operation are and how they have published the results of their research in open access. It is noteworthy that they are generally published in Portuguese and English. Over the last few years, the representativeness of publications in open access journals has increased.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Geostatistical disaggregation of polygon maps of average crop yields by area-to-point kriging. Crop yield data are often available as statistics of areas, such as administrative units, generated by national agricultural surveys and censuses. This paper shows that such areal data can be used in area-to-point kriging (ATP kriging) to estimate the crop yield at the nodes of a fine grid that discretizes the study area, so that a more detailed map of the crop yield is obtained. The theory behind ATP kriging is explained, and illustrated with a one-dimensional simulation study and two real-world case studies. Vegetation, precipitation, temperature and soil data were used as potential covariates in the spatial trend part of the geostatistical model. ATP kriging requires the covariogram at point support, which can be recovered from the areal data by restricted maximum likelihood. The standard errors of the estimated variogram parameters can then be obtained by the Fisher information matrix. The average yields of only 17 administrative units in Shandong province (China) were not enough to obtain reliable estimates of the covariogram at point support. Also the ranges of the regional averages of the covariates were very narrow, so that the model must be extrapolated in the largest part of the study area. We were more confident about the covariogram parameters estimated from 45 provinces in Burkina Faso. We conclude that ATP kriging is an interesting method for disaggregation of spatially averaged crop yields. Contrary to other downscaling methods ATP kriging is founded on statistical theory, and consequently provides estimates of the precision of the disaggregated yields. Shortcomings are related to the uncertainty in the estimated coyariogram parameters, as well as to the extrapolation of the model outside the range of the regional means of the covariates. Opportunities for future advancements are the use of modelled yields as covariates and the introduction of expert knowledge at different levels. For the latter a Bayesian approach to ATP kriging can be advantageous, introducing prior knowledge about the model parameters, as well as accounting for uncertainty about the model parameters.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Studying the dynamical properties of 20 nearby galaxy clusters. Using SDSS-DR7, we construct a sample of 42 382 galaxies with redshifts in the region of 20 galaxy clusters. Using two successive iterative methods, the adaptive kernel method and the spherical infall model, we obtained 3396 galaxies as members belonging to the studied sample. The 2D projected map for the distribution of the clusters members is introduced using the 2D adaptive kernel method to determine the cluster centres. The cumulative surface number density profile for each cluster is fitted well with the generalized King model. The core radii of the cluster samples are found to vary from 0.18 Mpc h(-1) (A1459) to 0.47 Mpc h(-1) (A2670) with a mean value of 0.295 Mpc h(-1).The infall velocity profile is determined using two different models: Yahil approximation and Praton model. Yahil approximation is matched with the distribution of galaxies only on the outskirts (infall regions) of many clusters of the sample, while it is not matched with the distribution within the inner core of the clusters. Both Yahil approximation and Praton model are matched together in the infall region for about nine clusters in the sample but they are completely unmatched for the clusters characterized by a high central density. For these clusters, Yahil approximation is not matched with the distribution of galaxies, while Praton model can describe well the infall pattern of such clusters.The integrated velocity dispersion profile shows that there are different behaviours within the cluster's virialized region, while it exhibits a flattened-out behaviour outside the virialized region up to the turnaround radius. Under the assumption that the mass follows galaxy distribution, we determine the mass and mass profile by two independent mass estimators; projected mass and virial mass methods. The virial mass profile is corrected by applying the surface pressure term which reduces the virial mass by about 14 per cent. The projected mass profile is larger than the corrected virial mass profile for nearly all clusters by about 28 per cent. The virial mass agrees with the NFW mass and Praton mass at r(v). The virial mass profile within 1.5 Mpc h(-1) is fitted with the NFW mass profile. The concentration parameter ranges from 1.3 to 39.17, and has a mean value of 12.98.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of acute aortic dissection. Results: The serum levels of alpha-SMA, smMHC, sELAF, PC1 and D-dimer were significantly higher in MD patients than in other groups (P < 0.05). Significant correlations between smMHC, sELAF, PC1, and D-dimer level were observed in MD. Any combination of two markers showed good sensitivity (94.29%) and specificity (85.37%).Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify biological markers for early diagnosis of acute aortic dissection (AAD).Conclusion: smMHC, sELAF, PC1, or D-dimer alone is a biomarker for early diagnosis of MD, but the combination of these markers has significantly higher diagnostic value. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Methods: 76 patients presented to the emergency room with acute chest pain within 6 h of occurrence were recruited for this study, and AAD diagnosed by aortic CTA. Biomarkers were measured by ELISA. ROC curve and Pearson correlation analysis were used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity to diagnosis of AAD.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Electrical spin manipulation in graphene nanostructures. We propose a mechanism to drive singlet-triplet spin transitions electrically in a wide class of graphene nanostructures that present pairs of in-gap zero modes, localized at opposite sublattices. Examples are rectangular nanographenes with short zigzag edges, armchair ribbon heterojunctions with topological in-gap states, and graphene islands with sp(3) functionalization. The interplay between the hybridization of zero modes and the Coulomb repulsion leads to symmetric exchange interaction that favors a singlet ground state. Application of an off-plane electric field to the graphene nanostructure generates an additional Rashba spin-orbit coupling, which results in antisymmetric exchange interaction that mixes S = 0 and S = 1 manifolds. We show that modulation in time of either the off-plane electric field or the applied magnetic field permits performing electrically driven spin resonance in a system with very long spin-relaxation times.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "SCULPTED LANDSCAPES: ART & PLACE IN CLEVELAND'S CULTURAL GARDENS, 1916-2006. Perhaps the world's first peace garden, the Cleveland Cultural Gardens embody the history of twentieth-century America and reveal the complex interrelations between art and place. This essay uses the Cleveland Cultural Gardens as a lens through which to explore how art and place have intersected over time. It explores how communities have negotiated questions of national, ethnic, and American identity and embedded those identities into the vernacular landscape. It considers how the particulars of place were embedded into a public garden and asks whether it is possible for public art to transcend its place both in terms of geography and history. In some sense, the Gardens have transcended their place, but in others respects, their fortunes were bound inextricably to that place, to the economic, demographic, and cultural contours that shaped and reshaped Northern Ohio. As works of art, the Cleveland Cultural Gardens both have reflected the history of Cleveland and American industrial cities during the 20th century and revealed something of the dynamics that underscored the changing character of public art and gardens in American cities.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The emergence of cooperation by evolutionary generalization. In principle, any cooperative behaviour can be evolutionarily stable as long as it is incentivized by a reward from the beneficiary, a mechanism that has been called reciprocal cooperation. However, what makes this mechanism so powerful also has an evolutionary downside. Reciprocal cooperation faces a chicken-and-egg problem of the same kind as communication: it requires two functions to evolve at the same time-cooperation and response to cooperation. As a result, it can only emerge if one side first evolves for another reason, and is then recycled into a reciprocal function. Developing an evolutionary model in which we make use of machine learning techniques, we show that this occurs if the fact to cooperate and reward others' cooperation become general abilities that extend beyond the set of contexts for which they have initially been selected. Drawing on an evolutionary analogy with the concept of generalization, we identify the conditions necessary for this to happen. This allows us to understand the peculiar distribution of reciprocal cooperation in the wild, virtually absent in most species-or limited to situations where individuals have partially overlapping interests, but pervasive in the human species.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "CARBON LEAKAGE IN THE EU IN THE LIGHT OF THE PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT. Despite the recent adoption of the Paris climate agreement, countries taking climate change action are still faced with a potential risk of carbon leakage due to the absence of a uniform carbon price at the global level. This paper analyses the European Union's current and proposed carbon leakage legislation in order to identify its strengths and weaknesses. It emphasises that the environmental and economic integrity of the European Union's measures is of crucial importance due to the fact that the European Union's leadership in global climate legislation is highly dependent on it and also since the European Union's legislation has already served and is likely to continue serving as a model for similar cap and trade systems worldwide. The paper concludes that the current regulation of carbon leakage in the European Union leads to the overprotection of sectors which are considered to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage and that further revisions of the system are necessary.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Optimizing the electric field strength in multiple targets for multichannel transcranial electric stimulation. Objective. Most approaches to optimize the electric field pattern generated by multichannel transcranial electric stimulation (TES) require the definition of a preferred direction of the electric field in the target region(s). However, this requires knowledge about how the neural effects depend on the field direction, which is not always available. Thus, it can be preferential to optimize the field strength in the target(s), irrespective of the field direction. However, this results in a more complex optimization problem. Approach. We introduce and validate a novel optimization algorithm that maximizes focality while controlling the electric field strength in the target to maintain a defined value. It obeys the safety constraints, allows limiting the number of active electrodes and allows also for multi-target optimization. Main results. The optimization algorithm outperformed naive search approaches in both quality of the solution and computational efficiency. Using the amygdala as test case, we show that it allows for reaching a reasonable trade-off between focality and field strength in the target. In contrast, simply maximizing the field strength in the target results in far more extended fields. In addition, by maintaining the pre-defined field strengths in the targets, the new algorithm allows for a balanced stimulation of two or more regions. Significance. The novel algorithm can be used to automatically obtain individualized, optimal montages for targeting regions without the need to define preferential directions. It will automatically select the field direction that achieves the desired field strength in the target(s) with the most focal stimulation pattern.", "label": [1, 2, 18, 15]}
{"token": "Across the Great Divide: Popular Music Studies and the Public. This contribution reflects on the historical and present condition of the academic field of popular music studies' relationship to the non-academic public, particularly within the context of increased institutional demands for scholarly 'public engagement'. I begin by discussing various reasons why a continued, sustained engagement with non-academic voices and communities should remain a central priority of popular music studies. I then move to a discussion of certain vantage points and modes of expertise that popular music scholars can offer to broader musical publics, particularly as relating to the political economy of commercial music media and urgent necessities of historical archiving and preservation. In closing, I argue that a renewed commitment to 'public engagement' also offers a more robust engagement with our field's own history, and might serve as a way of honouring its intellectual pioneers, many of whom did foundational work well outside the traditional boundaries of the academy.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Forced Secularization and Postmodern Discourses within Contemporary Performance: Weaponizing Multicultural Rhetoric to Ratify Asymmetries among Dance Practitioners. In the context of the multicultural and postmodern rhetoric of contemporary art festivals, we examine a case study in which the Hungarian choreographer Eszter Salamon appropriates Mapuche practices-the kawell tayil and the choike purrun-in her piece Monument 0.6: Landing (A Ritual of Empathy) (2017). We analyze the discursive and embodied dimensions of this borrowing and its harmful consequences for indigenous communities. We show how the postmodern values of secular art institutions and the legal limitations to protect indigenous ritual expressions contribute to these dynamics. Adopting an optimistic stance, we outline criteria for curatorial practices that could prevent further misuses of indigenous culture.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Ecology of tropical hermit crabs at Quirimba Island, Mozambique: shell characteristics and utilisation. The use of gastropod shells by hermit crabs at Quirimba Island, Mozambique, was investigated. Particular attention was paid to the upper shore/supralittoral zone species Clibanarius longitarsus, Coenobita cavipes and Coenobita rugosus. The study area is characterised by a high diversity of gastropod species as well as hermit crabs. Supralittoral hermit crabs were little, if at all, resource restricted due to concentration of empty shells on the strandline and shell middens created by local people. The range of the 3 study species overlaps substantially and each uses a wide range of shell types. Shore habitat, shell abundance and availability were found to have little influence on shell use. With increased tidal emersion/terrestrial nature (for a given crab mass), total diversity of shells used increased, shell mass carried decreased, damaged shell use decreased and carried shell fit increased. The architecture and strength of shells used, however, followed more complex individual species characteristics and behaviour patterns. Species specific differences in behavioural patterns may be important for shell resource partitioning.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Bipedality From Locomotor Autonomy to Adulthood in Captive Olive Baboon (Papio anubis): Cross-Sectional Follow-Up and First Insight Into the Impact of Body Mass Distribution. Materials and Methods: We collected quantitative data on the frequency and duration of bipedalism together with morphometrics on a sample of 22 individuals. We used ontogenetic changes as a natural experiment that provides insights into the impact of morphology. Specifically we focus on 1) quantifying how body mass distribution changes from infancy to adulthood in baboons; and 2) whether the different patterns of mass distribution influence the behavioral variables, i.e., a) the frequency and b) the duration of bouts of bipedal behavior realized in different activity contexts.Discussion: Our results suggest a close relationship between the pattern of mass distribution and the mechanism of balance control in the spontaneous bipedal walking of baboons. The mechanical effects of the pattern of mass distribution on the ability to perform bipedally in extant nonhuman primates are discussed in the context of the evolution toward habitual bipedalism. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Results: With regard to assisted bipedal behaviors, the duration and frequency of bouts of standing, contrary to walking, are significantly related to age. With regard to unassisted bipedal behaviors, no correlation to age is observed; the bout duration of walking is strongly correlated to body mass and mass distribution, contrary to the frequency of walking as well as the bout duration and frequency of bipedal standing.Objective: Despite that the biomechanics of standing and walking bipedally has been extensively studied in nonhuman primates, the morphological features that may constrain, or facilitate, the control of balance and thus of the spontaneous occurrence of bipedal behavior are poorly known. We aim to test the relationship between body mass distribution and bipedal behavior using a nonhuman primate species, the olive baboon, Papio anubis, raised in captivity.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
{"token": "Social Security and Gender Justice in South Africa: Policy Gaps and Opportunities. If gender is neglected in the design and implementation of mainstream social welfare models, unequal social and economic outcomes for men and women tend to be reproduced. This paper contributes to debates about how social protection can contribute to promoting gender equality by considering the gendered redistributive and transformative effects of three types of social security instruments in South Africa: social assistance, unemployment insurance and public employment programmes. All the instruments have some pro-poor and gendered design innovations. The Child Support Grant has had better outcomes than the other instruments, but redistributive and transformative gender effects across the social security spectrum are disappointing. Limited social transformation is largely due to implementation inefficiencies and unresponsive institutions. To serve both economically redistributive and socially transformative ends, gender-sensitive synergies between social security instruments and with other multisectoral interventions could be strengthened, such as access to social services (especially quality child care) and access to basic services (such as water, electricity, transport and internet services).", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Mirando in voz (a)callada: dimensiones del silencio en El miedo y Decir si, de Griselda Gambaro. This article undertakes the contrastive analysis of two of Griselda Gambaro's absurdist plays of the seventies, El miedo and Decir si, which exemplify the relationship between the different dimensions of textual and extra-textual silence as the grounds of the author's ethic-aesthetic activism. Objects in space, visuality, and intertextuality establish a correspondence between textual silence and the different dimensions of State silence that become the main tool for sociopolitical subjection by repressive regimes. Thus, it brings light onto the spectacular strategies used for the control of the symbolic order, providing the audience with new resources to deconstruct hegemonic discourses without incurring in the violence that it wants to denounce.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Application of the coordinatewise descent method on a unit interval for weight optimization of structures made of composite materials. Problems of weight optimization of anisotropic structures with restrictions on strength, stability, etc., are solved by the coordinatewise descent method on a unit interval, combined with effective methods of nonlinear programming (dichotomy and golden section methods).", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "A Celebrity from the Sky: MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RINGAbd al-Basit MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RINGAbd al-Samad's Journey to National and International Fame in MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RINGAbd al-Nasir's and al-Sadat's Egypt. Abd al-Basic Abd al-Samad (1927-88) is one of the most renowned Egyptian Qur'an reciters of the mujawwad and murattal styles, admired nationally and internationally for his remarkable voice and improvisatory style. Starting from the 195os, his national and international career was entwined with the emergence of Egyptian mass media, which contributed not only to the spread of his voice on the radio, followed by the distribution of cassettes, but also to the formation of his image through a variety of media texts. While avoiding explicit political engagement, he largely contributed to the religious legitimation of Abd al-Nasir's and al-Sadat's policies by his presence at iconic events, as well as to the growth of Egyptian soft power. This article sets Abd al-Basic Abd al-Samad's career within the media and political landscape of his time, exploring his journey from his Upper Egyptian home village to transnational celebrity.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Three new species of free-living marine nematodes from the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, China. Three new species of marine nematodes belonging to the genera Paranticoma ( family Anticomidae) and Parodontophora (family Axonolaimidae) are described from the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. Paranticoma tricerviseta sp. nov. is similar to P. bandaense ?Micoletzky and Kreis, 1930 in the spicules, but can be distinguished by the presence of a ventral projection on the spicules, three regularly arranged cervical setae in both the male and female, and two distinct ventral setae behind the anus. Parodontophora deltensis sp. nov. is close to P. paragranulifera (Timm, 1952) in the length of the amphids, with the ventral arm of the amphid extending past the base of the stoma, but can be separated by the ratio of dorsal arm length to ventral arm (0.36-0.55 versus 0.20-0.25) and the position of the excretory pore (at the middle level versus top level of the stoma), distinctive cervical setae arrangement and a longer renette cell. Parodontophora wuleidaowanensis sp. nov. is close to P. danker Belogurov and Kartavtseva, 1975 in the form of the amphids, but can be distinguished by the longer length of the ventral arm of the amphids and the distinctive arrangement of cervical setae.", "label": [4, 37, 39, 47]}
{"token": "Evaluation of a Virtual Team-Based Project Designed to Improve Chronic Wound Patient Care in Ontario, Canada. RESULTS: Interviews documented improvement in 50% of patients: the other half of the patients did not improve because of patient- and healthcare-system barriers. Three of five nonhealing patients were nonadherent regarding compression, and only one of six suggested biopsies were carried out. The investigators noted three primary reasons for the lack of recommendation implementation: (1) could not obtain a diagnostic procedure, (2) lack of a diagnosis, and (3) patient was reluctant to make a lifestyle change. Major themes included problems in care coordination and suboptimal patient and provider education, along with other obstacles to management.METHODS: The study team conducted phone interviews with healthcare professionals (n = 8) regarding their patients (n = 10). The management recommendations were grouped, and the study participants questioned concerning the implementation of the recommendations. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the transcripts were analyzed for common themes. The Queen's University Research Ethics Board approved this study.CONCLUSIONS: Participants stated that the project provided a beneficial learning experience. The findings highlighted a lack of integrated and coordinated interprofessional chronic wound care.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes Ontario Skin and Wound Care project, a virtual team-based endeavor designed to improve the care of patients with chronic wounds.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Photoperiod interacts with food restriction in performance in the Barnes maze in female California mice. Food restriction has been reported to have positive effects on cognition. This study examines how another environmental factor, daylength, can alter the impact of food restriction on the brain and behavior. Female California mice (Peromyscus californicus), housed on either long days (16 h of light and 8 h of darkness) or short days (8 h of light and 16 h of darkness), were restricted to 80% of their normal baseline food intake or provided with food ad libitum. Testing in a Barnes maze revealed that the effects of food restriction depended on photoperiod, and that these effects differed for acquisition vs. reversal learning. During acquisition testing, food restriction increased latency to finding the target hole in short-day mice but not in long-day mice. In reversal testing, food restriction decreased latency to finding the target hole in long-day mice but not in short-day mice. Latency to finding the hole was positively and independently correlated with both errors and time spent freezing, suggesting that changes in both spatial learning and anxiety-like behavior contributed to performance. Short days increased hippocampal expression of the synaptic protein, synapsin I, which was reversed by food restriction. Short days also reduced plasma corticosterone levels, but diet had no effect. There was no effect of diet or photoperiod on hippocampal expression of the glial marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein. The present findings suggest that, in female California mice, the differential effects of food restriction on acquisition and reversal learning are photoperiod-dependent. These results justify further testing of the relationship between food restriction and hippocampal synapsin I in the context of spatial learning.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Reproduction performances of N'Dama cows in Idiofa diocese in Congo.. These results constitute a basic reference for different strategies of improvement of the productivity of N'Dama cattle in Idiofa Diocese through modern animal reproduction biotechnologies.The mean calving interval, the length of gestation and the calving-conception interval are respectively of 408 +/- 76 days, 285 +/- 10 days and 120 days. The latter varies according to the rank of the calving, the herd and the month of the initial calving.The age at first calving is 40 months. The mean calving rate is 70 percent and distributions of calvings show a spread over the year and a seasoning less that corresponds to a peak of fecundations in July (the dry season) and to an off-peak fecundations in November (the rainiest month); that denotes an interaction between the reproduction and the environment.At the outcome of a 6 years follow-up reproduction programme, the present study analyses the performances of N'Dama cows of the Troupeaux Centraux in Idiofa Diocese located at the West of Democratic Republic of Congo. This study has been carried out in an extensive system under caretaking.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Orientation effects on cool gas absorption from gravitational-arc tomography of a z=0.77 disc galaxy. We use spatially resolved spectroscopy of a distant giant gravitational arc to test orientation effects on Mg ii absorption equivalent width (EW) and covering fraction (<kappa >) in the circumgalactic medium of a foreground star-forming galaxy (G1) at z similar to 0.77. Forty-two spatially-binned arc positions uniformly sample impact parameters (D) to G1 between 10 and 30 kpc and azimuthal angles alpha between 30 degrees and 90 degrees (minor axis). We find an EW-D anticorrelation, akin to that observed statistically in quasar absorber studies, and an apparent correlation of both EW and <kappa > with alpha, revealing a non-isotropic gas distribution. In line with our previous results on Mg ii kinematics suggesting the presence of outflows in G1, at minimum a simple 3D static double-cone model (to represent the trace of bipolar outflows) is required to recreate the EW spatial distribution. The D and alpha values probed by the arc cannot confirm the presence of a disc, but the data highly disfavour a disc alone. Our results support the interpretation that the EW-alpha correlation observed statistically using other extant probes is partly shaped by bipolar metal-rich winds.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Raman spectroscopic analysis of ancient Egyptian pigments. The application of FT-Raman spectroscopy and visible Raman microscopy to the non-destructive analysis of pigment specimens excavated from Tell el Amarna by Flinders Petrie in the 1890s has provided information about the chemical composition of the materials used by XVIIth Dynasty artists in the New Kingdom at the time of King Akhenaten, c1340 BC. Comparison of the Raman spectra of the samples labelled 'red and yellow ochre' with documented, archival material from geological collections provided a clear indication of the materials used in the iron (II) oxide/hydroxide system, including alpha -hematite, goethite, maghemite and lepidocrocite. The yellow-orange specimen labelled 'realgar' proved to be a mixture of realgar and pararealgar: since the specimen had been sheltered from light since its excavation, this could indicate that the ancient Egyptian artists recognized the colour variation and may have used this to effect in their decorations. A specimen of yellow ochre contained goethite, alpha -FeO.Oh, with particles of crystalline, highly ordered grpahite; in contrast, the red ochre specimens contained amorphous carbon particles.", "label": [3, 4, 36, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Why do diners tip: rule-of-thumb or valuation of service?. When diners decide how much to tip, is the decision based on social convention or on conscientious appraisal of server productivity? Previous researchers in economics and social psychology are generally inconclusive on this question. A common finding in the literature is that tip size and service quality are unrelated, a result usually obtained from OLS regressions. OLS is only appropriate if service quality is exogenous. It is argued that service quality is very likely endogenous in any regression of tip size; good quality encourages good tips, but server expectations of good tips encourage good quality. This simultaneity is accounted for by jointly estimating percentage tips and customer rankings of service quality on a sample of 247 diners in a Central Minnesota restaurant. Included are explanatory variables consistent with both the social psychology and economic views of tipping. In contrast to previous studies, it is found that service quality significantly affects tip size and when servers expect higher tips, customers rank service quality higher. Also it is found that patronage frequency and coupon redemption have no effect on percentage tips, but server gender influences quality significantly. It is concluded that the results are generally supportive of an economic hypothesis of tipping.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Effects of polymer nonideality on depletion-induced phase behaviour of colloidal disks and rods. Colloidal dispersions composed of either platelets or rods exhibit liquid crystalline phase behaviour that is strongly influenced by the addition of nonadsorbing polymers. In this work we examined how polymer segment-segment interactions affect this phase behaviour as compared to using either penetrable hard spheres (PHS) or ideal ('ghost') chains as depletants. We find that the simplified polymer description predicts the same phase diagram topologies as the more involved polymer descriptions. Therefore the PHS description is still adequate for qualitative predictions. For sufficiently large polymer sizes we find however that the precise polymer description significantly alters the locations of the phase coexistence regions. Especially the stability region of isotropic-isotropic coexistence is affected by the polymer interactions. To illustrate the quantitative effects some examples are presented.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Visual acuity and sensitivity increase allometrically with body size in butterflies. In insects, the surface area of the compound eye increases with body size both within and between species with only a slight negative allometry. This increase in surface area permits changes in eye structure that affect the eye's acuity and sensitivity, two features of eye performance that cannot be simultaneously maximized. Hence, as eye size varies within a lineage, so will the compromises between features that maximize acuity and those that maximize sensitivity. We examined these compromises in four species of nymphalid butterflies that varied in body mass over almost two orders of magnitude. The largest of these species was crepuscular and so additionally may indicate the potential effect of life style on eye structure. Across these species, as body size increased, facet diameters increased while interommatidial angles decreased. Finally, the eye parameter was fairly constant across species except in the crepuscular species in which some notably large values were observed in the frontal visual field. Based on our measurements, large butterflies have more acute and more sensitive vision than smaller butterflies. However, full understanding of the behavioral implications of this relationship awaits information on the temporal resolution of their eyes because typical flight velocities also increase with body size. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Selectivity of Pre-Emergence Herbicides Applied on Forage Grasses. This study aimed to evaluate the selectivity of pre-emergence herbicides on yield and seed quality of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Brizantha and Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. The herbicides evaluated were: diuron (800 and 1.600 g ha(-1)), ametryn (625 and 1.250 g ha(-1)), imazaquin (75 and 150 g ha(-1)), imazethapyr (50 and 100 g ha(-1)) and flumetsulam (70 and 140 g ha(-1)), plus a control without herbicide application. The species were evaluated separately in the field. The experiments were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The herbicides ametryn (625 g ha(-1)), imazaquin (75 and 150 g ha(-1)), imazethapyr (50 and 100 g ha(-1)), and flumetsulam(70 and 140 g ha(-1)) provided the highest selectivity to B. brizantha plants, while for B. decumbens, diuron (800 and 1.600 g ha(-1)), ametryn (625 and 1.250 g ha(-1)), and imazethapyr (50 and 100 g ha(-1)) were more selective, especially diuron, at the lowest dose. However, the tested herbicides do not affect the yield and quality of the seeds of the forage grasses studied.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Effects of Reaction Parameters on Water Absorption of Poly(itaconic acid) Superabsorbent Particles Synthesized by Inverse Suspension Polymerization. Inverse suspension polymerization method was applied to prepare poly(itaconic acid) based superabsorbent particles. The polymerization process was investigated to determine the influence of different parameters on the water absorption properties. It was found that processing parameters, such as oil/aqueous phase ratio, surfactant, stirring speed, as well as concentrations of initiator and crosslinker needed to be optimized to achieve high water absorbency. The hydrolysis sensitivity of the divinyl crosslinker in water affected the crosslinking efficiency to show better performance with hydrolytically stable diacrylamide than diacrylate. The washing solvent to remove surfactant also highly influence the water absorbency of the prepared SAP particles, and solvent with lower polarity induced the collapse of the pores in the SAP particles to give lower value of water absorbency.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
{"token": "A nonlinear theory accounting for stress-induced orientational transitions in nematic gels. Stress-induced orientational transitions have been observed during the mechanical extension of nematic gels or elastomers with the director of liquid crystalline polymers initially aligned perpendicular to the axis of extension. In contrast to a large body of proposed models for nematic elastomers, few studies exist to interpret such phenomena in nematic gels. Based on free energy minimization, this paper constructs a nonlinear continuum theory to simulate the stress-induced orientational transition in a stretched sheet of nematic gel. The theory shows that the director of liquid crystalline polymers rotates abruptly from its initial alignment to the direction parallel to the axis of extension when the magnitude of the applied stress reaches a critical value.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Influence of high-speed machine tool control parameters on the contouring accuracy. Application to linear and circular interpolation. In this paper, we investigate the servo parameters and axis dynamics influences on the contouring accuracy for practical applications such as contouring control of manufacturing systems ( robot, machine tool...). The analytical formulation of contouring error in the case of straight line, circle and corner crossing is derived using a simplified axis drive model including the main servo parameters and dominating mechanical mode. The effectiveness of the proposed formulation in estimating the evolution of the final contour error is demonstrated experimentally on a two-axis machine tool.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Effects of ultrasonic field in pulse electrodeposition of NiFe film on Cu substrate. NiFe film was pulse electrodeposited on conductive Cu substrate under galvanostatic mode in the presence of an ultrasonic field. The NiFe film electrodeposited was subjected to structural and surface analyses by Xray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, surface profiling and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results show that the ultrasonic field has significantly improved the surface roughness, reduced the spherical grain size in the range from 490-575 nm to 90-150 nm, and increased the Ni content from 76.08% to 79.74% in the NiFe film electrodeposited. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Review of bamboo-feeding leafhopper genus Mukaria Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Mukariinae) with description of a new species from China. The bamboo-feeding leafhopper genus Mukaria Distant is known to include eight species from China: M. albinotata Cai & Ge, M. bambusana Li & Chen, M. flavida Cai & Ge, M. lii sp. nov., M. maculata (Matsumura), M. nigra Kuoh & Kuoh, M. pallipes Li & Chen and M. testacea Chen, Liang & Li. One new species, M. lii sp. nov. (frp, Guizhou Province, China), is described and illustrated. A checklist of species, host plants and distribution of Mukaria are given along with a key to Chinese species.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "High performance accelerators for deep neural networks: A review. The availability of huge structured and unstructured data, advanced highly dense memory and high performance computing machines have provided a strong push for the development in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) domains. AI and machine learning has rekindled the hope of efficiently solving complex problems which was not possible in the recent past. The generation and availability of big-data is a strong driving force for the development of AI/ML applications, however, several challenges need to be addressed, like processing speed, memory requirement, high bandwidth, low latency memory access, and highly conductive and flexible connections between processing units and memory blocks. The conventional computing platforms are unable to address these issues with machine learning and AI. Deep neural networks (DNNs) are widely employed for machine learning and AI applications, like speech recognition, computer vison, robotics, and so forth, efficiently and accurately. However, accuracy is achieved at the cost of high computational complexity, sacrificing energy efficiency and throughput like performance measuring parameters along with high latency. To address the problems of latency, energy efficiency, complexity, power consumption, and so forth, a lot of state of the art DNN accelerators have been designed and implemented in the form of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This work provides the state of the art of all these DNN accelerators which have been developed recently. Various DNN architectures, their computing units, emerging technologies used in improving the performance of DNN accelerators will be discussed. Finally, we will try to explore the scope for further improvement in these accelerator designs, various opportunities and challenges for the future research.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Signal-segments cross-coherence method for nonlinear structural damage detection using free-vibration signals. A damage detection process can be significantly enhanced if the nonlinear effects can be used when extracting damage-sensitive features from measured signals. The coherence function is typically used for nonlinearity identification by determining the extent of the output power linearly correlated with the input. However, the excitations are usually difficult to measure in actual tests. To overcome this limit, this article presents a signal-segments cross-coherence method for nonlinearity identification. By defining a signal-segments cross-coherence matrix and signal-segments cross-coherence index, the method can visually and quantitatively indicate the presence of nonlinearity. The innovation of the new method is that the coherence analysis process only depends on a single output signal, where input and baseline signals are not required. Then, a novel structural damage localization index is constructed by multi-point comparing of the signal-segments cross-coherence indices, based on the assumption that all the measured signals from different points on the structure have the same frequency bandwidth and components. To meet this requirement, a newly proposed signal decomposition method called analytic mode decomposition method is adopted. Numerical studies on a duffing oscillator and a 10 degree-of-freedom spring-damping-mass system were performed to demonstrate the nonlinear identification process and investigate the effectiveness and robustness of the signal-segments cross-coherence-based damage detection method. The results show that the signal-segments cross-coherence method can effectively indicate the appearance of nonlinearity by the signal-segments cross-coherence matrix and signal-segments cross-coherence index with strong noise robustness. And the proposed damage localization index can accurately detect the weak nonlinear damage even with severely noise-polluted signals. To further investigate the applicability of the new method, an experimental study was conducted on a steel simplified scale model of a monopile offshore wind turbine support structure. The results demonstrate that the proposed signal-segments cross-coherence method and the new damage localization index can be used to detect the bolt-loosening damage of the steel structure only with output signals.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Prevalence of a novel resistance mechanism to PPO-inhibiting herbicides in waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus). Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) -inhibiting herbicides in waterhemp has been shown previously to be the result of a unique mechanism. Specifically, a three-base-pair (3-bp) deletion in the PPX2L gene, a gene encoding both plastid- and mitochondria-targeted PPO enzymes, confers herbicide resistance in this species. Furthermore, when this unique mechanism was initially characterized it was presumed that waterhemp contained three PPX genes, PPX1, PPX2S, and PPX2L, and that the resistant biotypes were missing PPX2S. Here, allele testing and examination of genetic sequence data demonstrate that there are likely only two PPX genes in waterhemp, PPX1 and PPX2L. Next, to determine the prevalence of this mechanism of resistance in Illinois warerhemp, we developed an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) marker that amplifies only the 3-bp deletion allele, Delta G210, of PPX2L. By utilizing this marker, we show that the Delta G210 PPX2L allele correlated with whole-plant resistance to PPO inhibitors in each of four other waterhemp populations evaluated from Illinois.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Mutations in or near the Transmembrane Domain Alter PMEL Amyloid Formation from Functional to Pathogenic. PMEL is a pigment cell-specific protein that forms physiological amyloid fibrils upon which melanins ultimately deposit in the lumen of the pigment organelle, the melanosome. Whereas hypomorphic PMEL mutations in several species result in a mild pigment dilution that is inherited in a recessive manner, PMEL alleles found in the Dominant white (DW) chicken and Silver horse (HoSi)-which bear mutations that alter the PMEL transmembrane domain (TMD) and that are thus outside the amyloid core-are associated with a striking loss of pigmentation that is inherited in a dominant fashion. Here we show that the DW and HoSi mutations alter PMEL TMD oligomerization and/or association with membranes, with consequent formation of aberrantly packed fibrils. The aberrant fibrils are associated with a loss of pigmentation in cultured melanocytes, suggesting that they inhibit melanin production and/or melanosome integrity. A secondary mutation in the Smoky chicken, which reverts the dominant DW phenotype, prevents the accumulation of PMEL in fibrillogenic compartments and thus averts DW-associated pigment loss; a secondary mutation found in the Dun chicken likely dampens a HoSi-like dominant mutation in a similar manner. We propose that the DW and HoSi mutations alter the normally benign amyloid to a pathogenic form that antagonizes melanosome function, and that the secondary mutations found in the Smoky and Dun chickens revert or dampen pathogenicity by functioning as null alleles, thus preventing the formation of aberrant fibrils. We speculate that PMEL mutations can model the conversion between physiological and pathological amyloid.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Two snapshots reinforcing systemic thinking and responsibility. Purpose - This paper aims to explore the concept of sustainable development through the lens of two United Nations (UN) publications, Our Common Future (1987) and the 25-year update Resilient People: Resilient Planet (2012). The analysis attempts to highlight how sustainable development requires a systemic understanding and this in turn necessitates an imperative of responsibility. To reinforce its case, the paper highlights how sustainable development has never been about saving the environment and to think so is naive. In the final analysis, the paper outlines how a systemic understanding is a key concern for organisational leaders and in turn a responsible understanding of humanity's entwinement with, rather than separation from, all that surrounds us.Design/methodology/approach - This paper is a discussion paper that weaves together existing literature.Originality/value - Weaving together and reinforcing arguments that highlight systemic thinking and responsibility.Findings - The aim of the paper is to reinforce systemic thinking and an imperative of responsibility.Practical implications - The arguments offered highlight how systemic thinking and the associated responsibility that comes with this view are necessary for realising sustainable outcomes.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Laparoscopic salpingectomy for women with hydrosalpinges enhances the success of IVF: a Cochrane review. BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether surgical intervention is effective for women with tubal disease who are due to undergo treatment with IVF. METHODS: A systematic review employing the principles of the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group was undertaken. Three randomized controlled trials were included, the population of women in all three studies having hydrosalpinges. RESULTS: The odds of pregnancy [odds ratio (OR) = 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-2.86] and of ongoing pregnancy and live birth (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.24-3.65) were increased with laparoscopic salpingectomy for hydrosalpinges prior to IVF. There were no significant differences in the odds of embryo implantation (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 0.87-2.05), ectopic pregnancy (OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.08-2.14), miscarriage (OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.16-1.52) or treatment complications (OR = 5.80, 95% CI 0.35-96.79). No data were available concerning the odds of multiple pregnancy or the proportion of IVF cycles resulting in embryo transfer. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic salpingectomy should be considered for all women with hydrosalpinges due to undergo IVF; further research is required to assess other pre-IVF surgical interventions (such as needle aspiration of hydrosalpinx fluid, laparoscopic proximal tubal occlusion and laparoscopic salpingostomy) for women with hydrosalpinges.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Pattern formation controlled by time-delayed feedback in bistable media. Effects of time-delayed feedback on pattern formation are studied both numerically and theoretically in a bistable reaction-diffusion model. The time-delayed feedback applied to the activator and/or the inhibitor alters the behavior of the nonequilibrium Ising-Bloch (NIB) bifurcation. If the intensities of the feedbacks applied to the two species are identical, only the velocities of Bloch fronts are changed. If the intensities are different, both the critical point of the NIB bifurcation and the threshold of stability of front to transverse perturbations are changed. The effect of time-delayed feedback on the activator opposes the effect of time-delayed feedback on the inhibitor. When the time-delayed feedback is applied individually to one of the species, positive and negative feedbacks make the bifurcation point shift to different directions. The time-delayed feedback provides a flexible way to control the NIB bifurcation and the pattern formation. c 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3481101]", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Prediction of window handle state using machine learning. Different machine learning classification algorithms are used together with the measured data to train models for the prediction of window openings and closings. The procedure is designed to identify the potentials and limitations of the realistic forecasting of occupant behavior based on the available data.The project described in this paper investigates the energy-relevant behavior of window control actions of the occupants of an office building in Regensburg, Germany. The extensive data monitoring regarding energy consumption, indoor as well as outdoor climate, and window control actions (state of the window handle) started in 2017.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Multianalytical diagnostic approaches for the assessment of materials and decay of the archaeological sandstone of Osiris Temple (The Abaton) in Bigeh Island, Philae (Aswan, Egypt). The ancient Osiris Temple at Philae/Aswan, also known as Abaton, was considered one of the most sacred and mysterious temples in Egypt. In 1960, UNESCO rescued Philae temples because the rise of the water level after the construction of the Old and New Dam of Aswan caused the submergence of all temples underwater. Rescue camping was performed to protect all Aswan temples. Unfortunately, Osiris Temple was not rescued and was forgotten in its original place on Bigeh Island. Currently, this temple is subjected to Nile water effects and is partially submerged underwater due to Nile water level changes. This study aims to unravel and assess the conservation state of the temple sandstone-building material through multianalytical and examination techniques (X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, polarizing microscopy, binocular microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy). Furthermore, in situ records were obtained, and degradation maps were drawn to establish the patterns of damage and decay of the building material of the Osiris temple. The results showed that blackening, soiling, and disintegration are the dominant decay patterns in the building material of the temple. In addition, the Nile water as an extrinsic factor severely affected the conservation state of the temple due to the continuous exposure to water force. The mineralogical composition of sandstone played an important role in its degradation as an intrinsic decay factor due to mainly dispersion of clayed and/or carbonate matrix dissolution, quartz hydrolysis, and feldspar alteration.(c) 2022 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 3, 4, 36, 35, 38, 11, 30]}
{"token": "High resolution X-ray and neutron diffraction of super- and disorder in decagonal Al-Co-Ni. Synchrotron measurements at DESY and ESRF of decagonal quasicrystals with the nominal composition Al70Co15Ni15 and Al72Co16Ni12, show that Bragg reflections with high IH,il values are surrounded by up to four weak subsidiary peaks. The positions of these additional peaks depend solely on the position of the Bragg reflection in the reciprocal perpendicular subspace and can be explained by a linear phason strain model. This model sheds new light on the current superorder models [K. Hradil et al. Phil. Mag. A 79 (1999) 1963] and is a further step towards an understanding of the real structures of decagonal quasicrystals. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Antioxidant Activity of Commercial Soluble Coffees. A product of easy preparation and high added value, soluble/instant coffee is obtained by drying the aqueous extract of roasted coffee and presents a high amount of bioactive compounds. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of 33 Brazilian commercial soluble coffees considering the radical scavenging activity (via the ABTS method) and the reducing capacity (via the Folin-Ciocalteu method). Soluble coffees of several brands and types (regular, gourmet, and decaffeinated), subjected to different drying processes (agglomeration, atomization, and freeze-drying) (n = 85), were evaluated. In general, regular and decaffeinated soluble coffees presented high antioxidant activity. The reducing capacity ranged from 9.9 to 15.4 g of gallic acid per 100 g, while the radical scavenging activity ranged from 20.4 to 37.0 g of Trolox per 100 g. Good repeatability-with coefficients of variation of 2.4% for Folin-Ciocalteu and of 5.2% for ABTS-and high correlations between the values of antioxidant activity obtained by both methods (r = 0.66) were observed. Gourmet coffees presented less antioxidant activity compared to the regular samples. No correlation was verified between drying processes and antioxidant activity.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Representing the other in sociology of the family texts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of otherness as it applies to the content of sociology of the family texts. We conducted a study of the content of the indexes and the body of texts on sociology of the family, examining the way in which the experiences of whites were addressed relative to families of color. We found that whites were more often presented as a comparison group to families of color rather than as groups with histories and experiences of their own. We recommend that textbooks avoid separate sections for families of color, examine whites with the same scrutiny as families of color, examine white privilege as well as minority disadvantage, and focus on the positive experiences of families of color.", "label": [5, 53, 57]}
{"token": "WeSME: uncovering mutual exclusivity of cancer drivers and beyond. Motivation: Mutual exclusivity is a widely recognized property of many cancer drivers. Knowledge about these relationships can provide important insights into cancer drivers, cancer-driving pathways and cancer subtypes. It can also be used to predict new functional interactions between cancer driving genes and uncover novel cancer drivers. Currently, most of mutual exclusivity analyses are preformed focusing on a limited set of genes in part due to the computational cost required to rigorously compute P-values.Results: To reduce the computing cost and perform less restricted mutual exclusivity analysis, we developed an efficient method to estimate P-values while controlling the mutation rates of individual patients and genes similar to the permutation test. A comprehensive mutual exclusivity analysis allowed us to uncover mutually exclusive pairs, some of which may have relatively low mutation rates. These pairs often included likely cancer drivers that have been missed in previous analyses. More importantly, our results demonstrated that mutual exclusivity can also provide information that goes beyond the interactions between cancer drivers and can, for example, elucidate different mutagenic processes in different cancer groups. In particular, including frequently mutated, long genes such as TTN in our analysis allowed us to observe interesting patterns of APOBEC activity in breast cancer and identify a set of related driver genes that are highly predictive of patient survival. In addition, we utilized our mutual exclusivity analysis in support of a previously proposed model where APOBEC activity is the underlying process that causes TP53 mutations in a subset of breast cancer cases.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 40, 41, 42]}
{"token": "InSight Auxiliary Payload Sensor Suite (APSS). NASA's InSight mission to Mars will measure seismic signals to determine the planet's interior structure. These highly sensitive seismometers are susceptible to corruption of their measurements by environmental changes. Magnetic fields, atmosphere pressure changes, and local winds can all induce apparent changes in the seismic records that are not due to propagating ground motions. Thus, InSight carries a set of sensors called the Auxiliary Payload Sensor Suite (APSS) which includes a magnetometer, an atmospheric pressure sensor, and a pair of wind and air temperature sensors. In the case of the magnetometer, knowledge of the amplitude of the fluctuating magnetic field at the InSight lander will allow the separation of seismic signals from potentially interfering magnetic signals of either natural or spacecraft origin. To acquire such data, a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer was installed on the deck of the lander to obtain magnetic records at the same cadence as the seismometer. Similarly, a highly sensitive pressure sensor is carried by InSight to enable the removal of local ground-surface tilts due to advecting pressure perturbations. Finally, the local winds (speed and direction) and air temperature are estimated using a hot-film wind sensor with heritage from REMS on the Curiosity rover. When winds are too high, seismic signals can be ignored or discounted. Herein we describe the APSS sensor suite, the test programs for its components, and the possible additional science investigations it enables.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Penicillium mycobiota in Arctic subglacial ice. Fungi have been only rarely isolated from glacial ice in extremely cold polar regions and were in these cases considered as random, long-term preserved Aeolian deposits. Fungal presence has so far not been investigated in polar subglacial ice, a recently discovered extreme habitat reported to be inhabited exclusively by heterotrophic bacteria. In this study we report on the very high occurrence (up to 9000 CFU L-1) and diversity of filamentous Penicillium spp. in the sediment-rich subglacial ice of three different polythermal Arctic glaciers (Svalbard, Norway). The dominant species was P. crustosum, representing on the average half of all isolated strains from all three glaciers. The other most frequently isolated species were P. bialowiezense, P. chrysogenum, P. thomii, P. solitum, P. palitans, P. echinulatum, P. polonicum, P. commune, P. discolor, P. expansum, and new Penicillium species (sp. 1). Twelve more Penicillium species were occasionally isolated. The fungi isolated produced consistent profiles of secondary metabolites, not different from the same Penicillium species from other habitats. This is the first report on the presence of large populations of Penicillium spp. in subglacial sediment-rich ice.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 43]}
{"token": "Awareness and Beliefs About Cervical Cancer, the HPV Vaccine, and Cervical Cancer Screening Among Ghanaian Women with Diverse Education Levels. Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women in Ghana. Cost-effective tools for the primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer, such as the Pap test, the HPV DNA test, and the HPV vaccine, are available in hospitals and clinics throughout Ghana. However, participation in cervical cancer prevention behaviors is low among Ghanaian women. Our objective was to determine if there were significant differences in cervical cancer awareness and stigmatizing beliefs about women with cervical cancer between Ghanaian women of different education levels. We surveyed 288 Ghanaian women who were at least 18 years old. Data on the participants' demographic characteristics, awareness of cervical cancer, cervical cancer screening, and the HPV vaccine, beliefs about cervical cancer screening, and stigmatizing beliefs about women with cervical cancer was collected. Chi-square tests for independence and Fisher's exact test of independence were preformed to determine if education level was associated with those factors. Participation in cervical cancer screening and uptake of the HPV vaccine was significantly lower among women with less than a senior high school education. Awareness about cervical cancer, cervical cancer screening, and the HPV vaccine was lower among women with less education. Women with lower levels of education were more likely to agree with the negative statements about cervical cancer screening and stigmatizing beliefs about women with cervical cancer. Cervical cancer education interventions that are tailored for Ghanaian women with different educational levels are needed to increase awareness of and participation in cervical cancer prevention strategies.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53, 24]}
{"token": "The Principle of Double Effect, Permissiveness, and Intention. While some believe that the principle of double effect provides sound ethical guidance, others believe that it does not and have leveled various types of argument against it. One type of argument leveled against it proceeds by applying it to hypothetical \\\\'closeness\\\\' cases. This objection seeks to show that in such cases the principle permits what patently should not be permitted. and thus is unacceptable because it is too permissive. In this essay, I critically evaluate an argument of this type developed by Alexander R. Pruss. Central to my strategy is to develop and defend a distinction between two kinds of means. I refer to them as closed-ended and open-ended means. I argue that once what is intended is understood in light of this distinction, the principle does not permit what patently should not be permitted, and thus need not be seen as being too permissive.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Beyond the Absurd: Beckettian Tragicomedy Recast in Adrian Noble'sKing Lear. The notion thatKing Learcan be interpreted through Samuel Beckett's theatre has now become a critical truism. Peter Brook's production of the play for the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) in the early sixties stands as a prime example of Becket's impact on post-Second Wold War interpretations ofKing Lear. Focusing on Adrian Noble's 1982 production of the play, this article re-evaluates the theatrical implications of appropriating Beckett to contemporise Shakespeare. In the same way that the affinities withWaiting for Godotre-signifiedKing Lear's compelling mixture of tragedy and comedy through the lens of the absurd, key features ofGodot's intrinsic tragicomic texture were drastically reconfigured in the production. Verbal, visual, thematic and performative elements emblematic ofGodot's absurdism gained a new resonance when assimilated into the tragic framework of Shakespeare'sKing Learand explored alongside other sources whose nature is entirely distinct from that of Beckett's tragicomic play.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Path-finding algorithm as a dispersal assessment method for invasive species with human-vectored long-distance dispersal event. Aim An assessment method that can precisely represent human-vectored long-distance dispersals (HVLDD) is currently in need for the effective management of invasive species. Here, we focussed on HVLDD happening along roads and proposed a path-finding algorithm as a more precise dispersal assessment tool than the most widely used Euclidean distance method by using pine wilt disease (PWD) as a case study. Location Busan Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea. Methods A path-finding algorithm, which calculates distances by considering the spatial distribution of road networks, was tested for its effectiveness in estimating dispersal distances of HVLDD events. To this end, annual HVLDD cases were classified from entire PWD occurrence data from 2016 to 2019, and their dispersal distances were calculated using the path-finding algorithm and the Euclidean distance method. We constructed potential dispersal ranges based on the occurrence points in 2016, 2017 and 2018 using the respective year's mean dispersal distance for both methods, and their performances in accounting for each subsequent year's HVLDD cases were compared to determine which method calculated more precise distances. The information on which road class contributed more to dispersal occurrences and distances was analysed as well using the proposed algorithm. Results The potential dispersal ranges of the path-finding algorithm accounted for more future anthropogenic infection cases than the ones that used the Euclidean distance method, validating its higher functionality. It also revealed that most HVLDDs started and ended on small roads, and large roads constituted the majority of the total dispersal length. Main conclusions The path-finding algorithm has proven to be a more effective dispersal assessment method for HVLDD events. It can help design effective control strategies. Thus, we encourage using the path-finding algorithm for the dispersal assessment of invasive species that move along road networks, and for the development of more powerful HVLDD prediction models.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Univariate versus multivariate time series forecasting: an application to international tourism demand. Tourist numbers from several origin countries to a particular destination country form a vector series. In the presence of a 'rich' cross-correlation structure, that is if after allowing for autocorrelation the sample cross-correlation function exhibits meaningful and statistically significant correlations, the accuracy when forecasting a particular origin-destination tourist flow is likely to be improved by utilising information from the other tourist flows. Multivariate time series models may be expected to generate more accurate forecasts than univariate models in this setting. However, in the absence of these conditions, univariate forecasting models may well outperform multivariate models. An empirical investigation of tourism demand from four European countries to the Seychelles shows an absence of such a 'rich' structure and that ARIMA exhibits better forecasting performance than univariate and multivariate state space modelling. One implication that an absence of a 'rich' cross-correlation structure holds for econometric modelling is that explanatory variables which are strongly correlated with the tourist flow series are likely to be uncorrelated across origin countries. (C) 2002 International Institute of Forecasters. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
{"token": "BARGAINING FOR INTEGRATION. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires employers to restructure exclusionary environments upon the request of their employees with disabilities so that they may continue working. Under a virtually unexamined aspect of the mandate, however, the parties must negotiate in good faith over every accommodation request. This \\\\'interactive process,\\\\' while decentralized and potentially universal, occurs on a private, individualized basis.As the workplace is increasingly deemed essential to societal well-being, this new frame reveals the law's design flaws and unfulfilled potential. In response, this Article proposes reallocations of power so that the state may gather and publicize organizational precedent to facilitate structural analysis, regulation, and innovation at scale; legally recognize that antidiscrimination work, particularly dismantling ableist environments, is a collective endeavor; and expand the social insurance model for accommodations. Perhaps, then, the ADA's original vision of institutional transformation may become possible.Although the very existence of the mandate has been heavily debated, scholarship has yet to acknowledge that the ADA is actually ambivalent to individuals' relative power to effect organizational change through bargaining. This Article is the first to critique the law's interactive requirements. The process does not appear in the statute, but is an agency's conceptualization of the mandate as an idealized exchange. By evaluating new empirical evidence relating to race, class, and gender outcomes against the meso-level theories underlying the mandate, this Article argues that the process disempowers employees through deficits of information, individuated design, and employers' resistance to costs. Nonetheless, momentum to replicate the mandate to accommodate pregnancy and other workers' needs continues apace.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "A Virtual Reality-Based Self-Help Intervention for Dealing with the Psychological Distress Associated with the COVID-19 Lockdown: An Effectiveness Study with a Two-Week Follow-Up. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a novel self-administered at-home daily virtual reality (VR)-based intervention (COVID Feel Good) for reducing the psychological burden experienced during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. A total of 40 individuals who had experienced at least two months of strict social distancing measures followed COVID Feel Good between June and July 2020 for one week. Primary outcome measures were depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms, perceived stress levels, and hopelessness. Secondary outcomes were the experienced social connectedness and the level of fear experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Linear mixed-effects models were fitted to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Additionally, we also performed a clinical change analysis on primary outcome measures. As concerning primary outcome measures, participants exhibited improvements from baseline to post-intervention for depression levels, stress levels, general distress, and perceived stress (all p < 0.05) but not for the perceived hopelessness (p = 0.110). Results for the secondary outcomes indicated an increase in social connectedness from T0 to T1 (p = 0.033) but not a significant reduction in the perceived fear of coronavirus (p = 0.412). Among these study variables, these significant improvements were maintained from post-intervention to the 2-week follow-up (p > 0.05). Results indicated that the intervention was associated with good clinical outcomes, low-to-no risks for the treatment, and no adverse effects or risks. Globally, evidence suggests a beneficial effect of the proposed protocol and its current availability in 12 different languages makes COVID Feel Good a free choice for helping individuals worldwide to cope with the psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 crisis, although large scale trials are needed to evaluate its efficacy.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "MATLAB/simulink based methodology for rapid-FPGA-prototyping. The paper is focused on rapid prototyping for FPGA using the high-level environment of MATLAB/Simulink. An approach using combination of the Xilinx System Generator (XSG) and Handel-C is reviewed. A design flow to minimize HDL coding is considered.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Eunuchs at the Service of Yemen's Rasulid Dynasty (626-858/1229-1454). The significant roles played by eunuchs (castrated slaves) in Rasulid Yemen have thus far escaped scholarly scrutiny. A systematic study of the historiographic and biographical writings of 'Ali b. al-Tlasan al-Khazraji, chronicler of the Rasulid court at the turn of the 9th/15th century, reveals that eunuchs figured prominently both in the highest ranks of the dynasty's political, administrative, and military hierarchy, as well as in the most intimate realms of royal households. The author, however, remains silent on the origins of these men and on the capture, castration, and deracination they suffered as young boys. In order to reconstruct the slave trading practices that supplied the Rasulids with eunuchs, a late 7th/13th-century collection of administrative documents known as Nur al-ma arif shall be drawn upon. This source names an African export hub from which slaves were shipped across the Red Sea to Yemen, lists prices and taxes paid for eunuchs, and reveals that the Rasulids actively interfered in the Yemeni slave trade in order to secure the most desirable eunuchs for themselves. Taken together, these narrative and administrative sources shed light on the eunuch institution in Rasulid Yemen and on its role in sustaining the dynasty.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 33]}
{"token": "Microcracks size growth prediction based on microdefects nucleation number. The mechanical reason for rock and concrete failure is trans-scale fracture, which can be divided into three phases: (1) microcrack evolution, (2) macrocrack nucleation, (3) macrocrack growth and run-through. Using the idea that a microcrack could be regarded as a well-organized aggregation of nucleated microdefects, the size growth model of the largest microcrack based on the accumulated number of microdefect nucleation is established. In order to test the validity of the model, trans-scale fracture of a plate made of heterogeneous material is numerically simulated to display the microcrack's evolution. Statistical analysis of the number and sizes of the microcracks indicates that the predicted size of the largest microcrack according to the model is in close agreement with the measured crack size prior to peak stress, but not at all close to the measured values after the peak. At the end of the paper, some remaining problems are proposed for the further work.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
{"token": "Updates to the sporadic knowledge on microsporidian infections in groundwater amphipods (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Niphargidae). Five microsporidian species (Dictyocoela duebenum; Nosema sp.; Hyperspora aquatica and two undescribed Microsporidium spp.) were revealed from 13 host specimens (Niphargus schellenbergi; N. aquilex lineages B, F and G; Niphargellus arndti). In particular N. schellenbergi was frequently infected with D. duebenum as well as a new and potentially niphargid-specific Nosema sp. identified in Niphargellus arndti.A set of 69 specimens from 19 groundwater species of the genera Niphargus, Niphargellus, Microniphargus and Crangonyx was genetically screened for microsporidian infections. Samples mostly originated from groundwater-dependent spring environments (71%), natural caves (9%) and artificial caverns/tunnels (13%). Amphipod hosts were identified by morphology and/or molecular data, whereas microsporidian parasites were characterised by a genetic screening assay targeting a section of the small subunit rRNA gene.Our results shed further light on the still largely unknown diversity and specificity of microsporidian parasites in groundwater amphipods and subterranean animals in general.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
{"token": "Federal challenges and challenges to federalism. Insights from the EU and federal states. The purpose of this collection is to discuss what we may learn from thinking about the EU in federal terms. Our point of departure is that this represents a two-fold challenge. It is on the one hand a matter of establishing 'how federal' the EU is (the EU's federal challenge). On the other, the EU has federal features but is not a state; thus raises the question of whether federal theory and practice may have to be adapted to take proper account of the EU (the EU's challenge to federalism). The contributions to this collection supplement and extend existing scholarship through focusing on two important lines of inquiry. The first focuses on the relationship between federalism and democracy, with particular emphasis on how federal systems respond to and deal with citizens' interests and concerns, within and outside the political system. Particular emphasis is placed on representation, in the process of federalization, and as a feature of established systems. The second line of inquiry places the emphasis on the relationship among the governments of federal systems. The focus is on intergovernmental relations, and the particular merits that emanate from studying these from a federal perspective.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "The Ultimate Sanqu Song: Yao Shouzhong's 'The Complaint of the Ox' and Its Place in Tanaka Kenji's Scholarship on Sanqu. Starting from a discussion of Yao Shouzhong's sanqu suite \\\\'The Complaint of the Ox,\\\\' in which the slaughtered animal lays its plaint before King Yama, this article calls attention to the scholarship on sanqu of the Japanese scholar Tanaka Kenji (1912-2002) of the 19505 and 1960s, which culminated in his 1969 article \\\\'Gendai sankyoku no kenkyii\\\\' (A Study of the Sanqu Songs of the Yuan Period). In this long and highly original article, Tanaka first traced the origin of sanqu back to the tradition of vernacular ci of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries that resulted in the detailed description of daily life, including its less pleasant aspects. He next noted how sanqu, through impersonation, transformed the tradition of yongwu poetry by allowing the objects of description to speak in their own voice. Seeing the true originality of the genre in the combination of these two developments, Tanaka hailed Yao Shouzhong's work and some comparable texts as the genre's culminating achievement.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 52]}
{"token": "Chemistry of synthesis, structure, preparation and application of aromatic-derived mesophase pitch. Mesophase pitch has been synthesized from pure aromatic hydrocarbons (naphtharene, methylnaphthalene) aided by an HF-BF3 catalyst. These synthesized pitches have better performance for many applications - carbon fibers, binders, and anode materials for lithium ion batteries etc. - because the purity and high aromaticity leads to high orientation. This paper discusses the kinds of pitch, the micro- to macrostructure, some properties, reactivity, and many applications. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
{"token": "Adaptive Speed Control of Electric Vehicles Based on Multi-Agent Fuzzy Q-Learning. Electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to account for a significant percentage of the vehicle market in the coming years. The speed regulator is the inseparable part of EVs to solve challenges such as managing battery energy or adapting to road conditions. Since the operation of the EV system is time-variant due to parametric variations and road situations, the regulation of such systems is a complex task that cannot be effectively accomplished by the conventional deterministic control methodologies. To address the control challenges corresponding to the EV, the ultra-local model (ULM) with extended state observer (ESO) is developed for the speed tracking problem of the system. The Fuzzy Q-learning multi-age system (MAS) is also adopted to adaptively regulate the gains of the ULM controller in an online manner. The robustness of the established controller has been assessed by experimental data based on the new European driving cycle (NEDC) and altering some critical parameters of the EV test system. Moreover, the real-time verifications for the tracking problem of NEDC are also conducted by hardware-In-the Loop (HiL) simulation in the EV system.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Urban effects of the transnational circulation of branded buildings: Comparing two skyscrapers and their context in Barcelona and Doha. The use of brand architecture today is widespread since it is supposed to have broad positive effects such as improving the urban environment, skyline and media visibility. This article examines some of these assumptions by comparing two case studies: Agbar Tower in Poblenou, Barcelona and Doha Tower in the West Bay District in Doha, Qatar. Ateliers Jean Nouvel designed both buildings for hosting similar office functions and for distinguishing the image of the respective cities. The two cities have quite different historic development and urban environment, urban planning and design institutions, which we analyze. Drawing from this evidence, the article criticizes the simplistic assumptions that circulate internationally, calling for a deeper understanding of urban design, planning and policy factors. In particular, if urban actors expect to improve material and immaterial features of a city, they should strengthen relevant urban design and planning procedures, rather than simply investing in brand architecture.", "label": [1, 5, 17, 52]}
{"token": "A rheometry based calibration of a first-order DEM model to generate virtual avatars of metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) powders. The technology of metal powder-bed Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been evolving rapidly over the last few years. Creating parts through additive manufacturing within acceptable tolerances for porosity, strength and roughness is contingent upon many process variables. One important factor is the ability to spread uniform layers of loose powder for a given thickness over a given coverage area. This is related to the angle of repose of the powder and its rheological behavior i.e., the flow or shear motion of the powder. As in the case of spreading which is essentially a shear flow under a load, in this work, a benchtop powder rheometer with the capabilities to study bulk flow performance of AM powders is utilized to characterize a metal AM powder. When used in tandem with powder dynamics modeling, the rheometer can provide the powder rheological parameters to quantify 'spreadability' i.e., the ease with which a powder will spread under a specified set of conditions. Powder dynamics modeling using the discrete element method (DEM) can simulate powder spreading and capture powder layer quality descriptions such as segregation, porosity and surface roughness but needs to account for true particle shapes and sizes. The requirement to simulate realistic particle shapes and sizes results in computationally expensive DEM simulations with millions of particles. This study is therefore directed towards modeling bulk powder performance and determining the minimum volume of powder to be simulated to understand its rheological properties. This work aims to calibrate a virtual media with monodispersed spherical particles against angle of repose and rheological properties of a real media made up of almost spherical particles and comparable sizes. This calibrated media, which is the \\\\'virtual avatar\\\\' of the real powder, is also tested for rheological properties at varying load conditions and can further be made available to study the 'spreadability' of AM powders. The model compares well with published results for a benchmark granular media (2 mm glass beads) and has moderate accuracy for in-house experiments on a well-known AM powder (100 250 m Ti-6Al-4V). CPU-based serial computing is used for modeling around 8000 2 mm glass beads and subsequently, significantly faster CPU-based parallel computing is used to model 1.3 million 250 mu m Ti-6Al-4V powder. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Body and soul in mental health care. Mental health care literature promotes the concept of holistic care and urges practitioners, especially nurses to address the spirituality of their patients and clients. In this holistic pursuit, the body is often marginalised when thinking about spirituality. However, the body is capable of being spiritual as this model of the person from early Christian theology suggests. This model of the person describes a three aspect approach, the person consisting of soul (which contains the mind), spirit and body. All three aspects are connected in a constant dynamic cycle. Thus that which affects the body can also affect the spirit and the soul. Seeing the person through the lens of this model could open the way for a more accessible model of spiritual care for mental health practitioners which suggests that physical touch and a better quality of relationship can affect the spirit in the same way as talk.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Attitudes of Iranian students about organ donation: a qualitative study. BackgroundOrgan donation is a life-saving process for patients suffering from an advanced organ failure.A disparity between donated organs and required organs for transplantation is one of the major problems in Iran. Since personal attitudes about organ donation is a main factor influencing willingness to donate organ, the present study sought to provide a deeper understanding of the attitudes of university students in Iran regarding organ donation.MethodsThis qualitative study was conducted in 2016. Semi-structured interviews were held for collecting data from eighty five students from various universities in Hamadan city, Iran. Using a purposive sampling method, the students were selected based on the maximum variation. The content analysis method was used for data analysis by the research team and criteria for the study's rigor was considered.ResultsOverall, the students had positive attitudes toward organ donation by brain-dead patients. Nevertheless, not of them stated that they would become an organ donor. During the data analysis, 376 primary codes, 13 categories, and 6 themes were developed. Themes were cognitive readiness, mediators of decision making, beliefs and motivations, interactions with the health system, dependency, and integrity of the body. Also, thirteen sub-themes were developed.ConclusionMany factors influence the students' attitudes toward organ donation. Identification and explanation of these factors can help healthcare managers and policymakers for planning and improving the organ donation culture in the society.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Albedo-Ice Regression method for determining ice water content of polar mesospheric clouds using ultraviolet observations from space. High spatial resolution images of polar meso-spheric clouds (PMCs) from a camera array on board the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite have been obtained since 2007. The Cloud Imaging and Particle Size Experiment (CIPS) detects scattered ultraviolet (UV) radiance at a variety of scattering angles, allowing the scattering phase function to be measured for every image pixel. With well-established scattering theory, the mean particle size and ice water content (IWC) are derived. In the nominal mode of operation, approximately seven scattering angles are measured per cloud pixel. However, because of a change in the orbital geometry in 2016, a new mode of operation was implemented such that one scattering angle, or at most two, per pixel are now available. Thus particle size and IWC can no longer be derived from the standard CIPS algorithm. The Albedo-Ice Regression (AIR) method was devised to overcome this obstacle. Using data from both a microphysical model and from CIPS in its normal mode, we show that the AIR method provides sufficiently accurate average IWC so that PMC IWC can be retrieved from CIPS data into the future, even when albedo is not measured at multiple scattering angles. We also show from the model that 265 nm UV scattering is sensitive only to ice particle sizes greater than about 20-25 nm in (effective) radius and that the operational CIPS algorithm has an average error in retrieving IWC of -13 +/- 17 %.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Coevolution and HBV drug resistance. A high rate of mutation sets a strong foundation for the development of resistance to antiviral drugs. However, the ubiquitous presence of drug resistance mutations in the HBV population does not explain variations in the rate and specific types of drug resistance among patients. These variations can be explained by consideration of coevolution among individual sites in the HBV genome, viral variants and subpopulations, as well as coevolution between the entire intrahost HBV population and the host. The concept of coevolution offers a more complete framework for understanding drug resistance.", "label": [2, 22, 25, 21]}
{"token": "ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TEMPORARY ACIDIFICATION ON CRUCIAN CARP, CARASSIUS-CARASSIUS (L) - A CASE-HISTORY OF A FOREST POND IN EASTERN FINLAND. During a dry summer, the PH of a small (0.13 ha), natural forest pond in eastern Finland decreased from > 6.0 to 4.0, returning to normal the following winter. Experimental lowering of the pH, using a strong acid, in a laboratory water-sediment system and in pond water revealed qualitatively similar changes to those in the naturally acidified pond: decreases in-water colour, dissolved organic material and total Fe, and increases in total Ca, Mg and Al concentrations. The effects of acidification, together with the simultaneously increased bioavailability of aluminium, were assessed on crucian carp, the only fish species present, by comparison with data from a connected pond that retained its normal pH (> 6.0). The growth in the length of the fish did not differ significantly between the ponds, and the liver glycogen stores were actually slightly larger in the acidic pond. Yet, finds of dead fish after 4 months of acidification, suggested high mortality. In comparison with the carp in the reference pond, the crucian carp in the acidified pond suffered from ionoregulatory imbalance and chronic stress, indicated by decreased plasma chloride, and increased cortisol and glucose concentrations, respectively. In addition, their blood haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration were elevated and the relative size of their livers had increased.", "label": [4, 37, 47]}
{"token": "Workplace Fun, Organizational Inclusion and Meaningful Work: an Empirical Study. This paper addresses nurses working in public hospitals in order to find out how workplace fun may affect their perception of both organizational inclusion and meaningful work. Moreover, and given the novelty of organizational inclusion (OI) and meaningful work, more specifically in the context of developing countries, the authors explore the relationship between OI and meaningful work. A total of 360 questionnaires were collected from nurses in public hospitals in Egypt. The authors used SmartPLS 3 since it has less restrictions regarding complex models, non-normal data, small samples and is appropriate for higher-order constructs (Hair et al. 2017). The findings show that workplace fun has positive effects on organizational inclusion and meaningful work for nurses. Moreover, organizational inclusion positively affects meaningful work for nurses.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Building temperature regulation using a distributed model predictive control. This paper presents a predictive control structure for thermal regulation in buildings. The proposed method exploits the intermittently operating mode of almost all types of buildings. Usually the occupation profile can be known in advance and this fact will be used to reduce the energy consumption without decreasing the thermal comfort during the occupation. For that purpose, the predictive control strategy is first presented for a single zone building then extended to a multizone building example. Two opposite control strategies commonly exists: the decentralized control structure, which does not offer good performances especially when the thermal coupling among adjacent rooms is not negligible, and on the other hand, the centralized control for which the computational demand grows exponentially with the size of the system, being very expensive for large scale buildings. Our solution is based on a distributed approach which takes the advantages of both methods mentioned above. A distributed MPC algorithm with one information exchange per time step is proposed with good control performances and low computational requirements. Simulations and a comparison performance table end the article. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Writing and the liturgy of memory in Gregory of Nyssa's 'Life of Macrina' (Eucharistic models of liturgical piety and practice for Christian hagiography). In the Life of Macrina, written shortly after his sister's death in 380, Gregory of Nyssa establishes a theological context for hagiographical composition in late fourth-century liturgical piety and practice. Situating acts of storytelling in the struggle to manage grief, Gregory uses remembering (anamnesis) as a technology for rendering the absent present. Within the text, Macrina herself stresses that the goal of biography is \\\\'thanksgiving to God,\\\\' modelling the proper method of Christian biographical narrative. Thus Gregory's literary production has analogues in evening prayer and the anaphora of the divine liturgy. Reflecting on the relationship between spoken and written words, and between logos and flesh, the Life of Macrina posits a complex relationship between body and text, in which Gregory's writing figures as sacrificial offering.", "label": [3, 31, 33]}
{"token": "Novel urinary metabolite signature for diagnosing postpartum depression. Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) could affect similar to 10% of women and impair the quality of mother-infant interactions. Currently, there are no objective methods to diagnose PPD. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosing PPD.Materials and methods: Morning urine samples of PPD subjects, postpartum women without depression (PPWD) and healthy controls (HCs) were collected. The gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS)-based urinary metabolomic approach was performed to characterize the urinary metabolic profiling. The orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to identify the differential metabolites. The logistic regression analysis and Bayesian information criterion rule were further used to identify the potential biomarker panel. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the identified potential biomarker panel.Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the potential biomarker panel could aid in the future development of an objective diagnostic method for PPD.Results: Totally, 73 PPD subjects, 73 PPWD and 74 HCs were included, and 68 metabolites were identified using GC-MS. The OPLS-DA model showed that there were 22 differential metabolites (14 upregulated and 8 downregulated) responsible for separating PPD subjects from HCs and PPWD. Meanwhile, a panel of five potential biomarkers - formate, succinate, 1-methylhistidine, alpha-glucose and dimethylamine - was identified. This panel could effectively distinguish PPD subjects from HCs and PPWD with an area under the curve (AUC) curve of 0.948 in the training set and 0.944 in the testing set.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Hidden treasures: The manuscripts of 'Twenty Thousand Leagues' (Jules Verne). This first study of the manuscripts of Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Seas shows that before the publisher's harrowing censorship, the antepenultimate chapter of the novel was radically different. In the earlier drafts Captain Nemo supports the French Revolution and Republican ideas, and the ship he attacks, in legitimate self-defense, is French. In the original \\\\'Conclusion,\\\\' Nemo survives and is not criticized by the egregious Aronnax, but rather praised as the ultimate free man. In the light of these variants, changing the ideological tenor of the novel, it would appear increasingly urgent to have further detailed textual knowledge of the publisher's censorship, so as to understand Verne's real intentions in writing his masterpieces.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Developing Methods That Facilitate Coding and Analysis of Synchronous Conversations via Virtual Environments. Programs via the Internet are uniquely positioned to capture qualitative data. One reason is because the Internet facilitates the creation of a community of similar individuals who can exchange information and support related to living with a chronic illness. Synchronous conversations via the Internet can provide insight into real-time social interaction and the exchange of social support. One way to analyze interactions among individuals is by using qualitative methods such as content, conversation, or discourse analysis. This manuscript describes how we used content analysis with aspects from conversation and discourse analysis to analyze synchronous conversations via the Internet to describe what individuals talk about and how individuals talk in an Internet-mediated interaction. With the increase in Internet interventions that facilitate collection of real-time conversational data, this article provides insight into how combining qualitative methods can facilitate the coding and analysis of these complex data.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Read/write schemes analysis for novel complementary resistive switches in passive crossbar memory arrays. Recently a prototype of complementary resistive switches has been proposed to solve the sneak-path problem in passive crossbar memory arrays. To further evaluate the potential of this novel cell structure for practical applications, we present a modeling analysis to capture its switching dynamics and analyze its unique read/write schemes. The model is corroborated by experimental data. We found a trade-off between the read voltage window and write voltage window. The constraint from avoiding disturbance on unselected cells is critical for proper functionality, which in turn limits the writing speed.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Twitter Influencers in the 2016 US Congressional Races. In this paper, I outline a method for collecting Twitter data to identify two types of political actors that are increasingly prominent in social media environments: influential politicians and politicized influencers. Influential politicians are those whose messages are readily retweeted (i.e., shared) while politicized influencers are users who retweet politicians' messages and who themselves receive many retweets. I find that highly retweeted politicized influencers tend not to have formal political affiliations, and so are politically influential but not in an official political capacity. I then relate the Twitter data to electoral outcomes of the 2016 US congressional races. I find that, for richer candidates and incumbents, receiving many retweets is associated with higher vote percentages while, for poorer candidates and challengers, receiving retweets from highly retweeted users is associated with higher vote percentages. Better-off candidates should thus strive to be influential politicians, whereas worse-off candidates should aim to get retweeted by influential users. I argue that the rise of social media begs for a study of what we might call influencer politics, which allows for new empirical investigations into the role that social media play in shaping the democratic process.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Yield response to row spacing, irrigation and varieties of peanut in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Studies on the management of peanut crops in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais are scarce. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the agronomic performance of four peanut cultivars under different irrigation systems and row spacing in northern Minas Gerais. The cultivars IAC 503, Runner IAC 886, IAC Tatu ST, and Crioula were grown at row spacing of 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 m and irrigated or not irrigated. The following variables were evaluated: Total number of pods, number of commercial pods, number of seeds, mass of one hundred grains, grain yield index, oil content, pod yield, grain yield and oil yield. After analysis of variance, the average values were compared using the Scott-Knott method with a probability of 5%. The spacing of 0.5 m promoted higher productivity in pods, grains, and oil in both systems. Under irrigation, IAC 503 and IAC 886 were the most productive, while the cultivars did not differ under non-irrigated cultivation. Finally, irrigation resulted in an increase in grain yield of up to 50% compared to non-irrigated cultivation.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Early Renaissance Architectural Sculpture in Lower Austria. Lower Austria is one of the regions of Central Europe with relatively abundant well-preserved Early Renaissance architecture and architectural sculpture. This paper focuses on the development of Early Renaissance architectural sculpture in Lower Austria with the emphasis on the key role of the client and on Italian models for chosen architectural sculptures. The main text is divided into several sections according to the rulers: the times of Matthias Corvinus (1485-1490), Maximilian I Habsburg (1493-1519) and Ferdinand I Habsburg (1521-1564). On the basis of comparison with contemporary Italian architectural sculpture, the author distinguishes between the Lower Austrian architectural sculptures executed by Italian stonemasons and the architectural sculptures executed by local stonemasons, especially the stonemasons from the guild in Eggenburg. While the classicizing, stylistically pure Renaissance architectural sculptures were exclusive artistic commissions (decoration of the Viennese house of Peter Junkherr von Edlasberg, decoration of the buildings for Ferdinand I Habsburg etc.), in most cases the mixed style, combining elements of Gothic and Renaissance and preferred by the members of higher and middle shifts of society (nobility, burghers and clergy), prevailed in Lower Austrian Early Renaissance architectural sculptures. The author concludes that the mixed style that was very popular in Central European architectural sculpture in the first half of the 16th century was the logical reaction of local society to the visual culture of the Italian Renaissance. In conclusion, the author demonstrates the change in methodological approach in the analysis of Early Renaissance architectural sculpture in Lower Austria during the last c.70 years. He states that while in the first half of the 20th century stylistic formal analysis prevailed in the analysis of Early Renaissance Lower Austrian architectural sculpture, recently the approach to analysis is much more varied and the iconographic, iconological and epigraphical analysis of architectural sculptures has an essential influence as well.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Crisis of confidence: The case of Britain. Britain is a good test case for claims that dissatisfaction is causing a crisis of confidence. Britain has one of the longest and most stable of democracies. The political system itself is protected by tradition, and people seem satisfied with many non-political institutions and have modest expectations. Support for anti-system parties or revolutionary alternatives is minimal.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 57]}
{"token": "Controlling disease and creating disparities: A fundamental cause perspective. The United States and other developed countries experienced enormous improvements in population health during the 20th century. In the context of this dramatic positive change, health disparities by race and socioeconomic status emerged for several potent killers. Any explanation for Current health disparities must take these changing patterns into account. Any explanation that ignores large improvements in population health and fails to account for the emergence of disparities for specific diseases is an inadequate explanation of current disparities. We argue that genetic explanations and some prominent social causation explanations are incompatible with these facts. We propose that the theory of \\\\'fundamental causes\\\\' can account for both vast improvements in population health and the creation of large socioeconomic and racial disparities in mortality for specific causes of death over time. Specifically, we argue that it is our enormously expanded capacity to control disease and death in combination with existing social and economic inequalities that create health disparities by race and socioeconomic status: When we develop the ability to control disease and death, the benefits of this new-found ability are distributed according to resources of knowledge, money, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections. We present data on changing mortality patterns by race and socioeconomic status for two types of diseases: those for which our capacity to prevent death has increased significantly and those for which we remain largely unable to prevent death. Time trends in mortality patterns are consistent with the fundamental cause explanation.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55, 57]}
{"token": "Vkorc1 variation in house mice during warfarin and difenacoum field trials. BACKGROUND: Field studies guided by genetic monitoring of Vkorc1 need to be done to implicate mutations conclusively with rodent control problems due to the presence of animals resistant to anticoagulant rodenticides. Rodent control success in relation to Vkorc1 genotypes in house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) was studied on two farms (I and II) in Germany. Tests were carried out to determine whether certain resistance profiles and Vkorc1 genotypes displayed dynamics over the course of sequential treatments with warfarin and difenacoum that were consistent with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Vkorc1 as indicators of resistance. RESULTS: On farms I and II, respectively, three (A to C) and two (A and B) types of control problem with anticoagulants (i.e. proxies for resistance) were encountered in spatially segregated subunits: A = none; B = control problems with warfarin but not with difenacoum; C = control problems with both anticoagulants. Unexpectedly, resistance was encountered in a population where only Vkorc1 wild-type mice were detected. In addition, the Arg58Gly Vkorc1 variant was found not to correlate with observed control failures. CONCLUSION: Control problems were encountered that cannot be explained by Vkorc1 coding or intronic SNPs, and therefore are likely due to non-coding Vkorc1 SNPs or due to other genetic or non-genetic factors. (c) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "CHALLENGES OF PROMOTING MULTIPLE ACCOUNTABILITIES IN FRAGILE CONTEXTS: EXPERIENCES OF A SWISS INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION. The findings of an applied research project on Accountability in Fragile Contexts' in Nepal, Bangladesh and Mozambique show that accountability lines are complex, blurred and multilinear. Particular challenges in promoting accountability are weak legislation, distrust and patron-client relationships. Yet, especially in fragile contexts, transparency, accountability and inclusion of all stakeholders, they appear to be essential. Practising downward accountability can be an incubator' for social accountability, but international non-governmental organisations must pay particular attention to the inclusion of marginalised women and men. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Solution structure of urotensin-II receptor extracellular loop III and characterization of its interaction with urotensin-II. Urotensin-II (U-II) is a vasoactive hormone that acts through a G-protein-coupled receptor named UT. Recently, we have shown, using the surface plasmon resonance technology that human U-II (hU-II) interacts with the hUT(281-300) fragment, a segment containing the extracellular loop III (EC-III) and short extensions of the transmembrane domains VI and VII (TM-VI and TM-VII). To further investigate the interaction of UT receptor with U-II, we have determined the solution structure of hUT(281-300) by high-resolution NMR and molecular modeling and we have examined, also using NMR, the binding with hU-II at residue level. In the presence of dodecylphosphocholine micelles, hUT(281-300) exhibited a type III P-turn (Q285-L288), followed by an alpha-helical structure (A289-L299), the latter including a stretch of transmembrane helix VII. Upon addition of hU-II, significant chemical shift perturbations were observed for residues located just on the N-terminal side of the P-turn (end of TM-VI/ beginning of EC-III) and on one face of the a-helix (end of EC-III/beginning of TM-VII). These data, in conjunction with intermolecular NOES, suggest that the initiation site of EC-III, as well as the upstream portion of helix VII, would be involved in agonist binding and allow to propose points of interaction in the ligand-receptor complex. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "The incidence of smoking amongst nurses: a review of the literature. Over the years there has been an ongoing debate about the implications of the smoking behaviour of nurses in relation to their own health and in the context of their professional role and responsibilities. However it is difficult to determine with any degree of accuracy the current incidence of smoking amongst nurses and most of the available research is based on small samples which embrace nurses of different levels and status. Very few recent studies in the United Kingdom or elsewhere have focused on this issue. A confused picture therefore emerges. This paper presents a critical overview of the literature and where appropriate provides data about the incidence of smoking in comparable groups of the general population.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Effect of the life history pattern on bioenergetic parameters of northern red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus Pall.) in a mountain taiga population from the south of Western Siberia. To test the hypothesis of relationship between the age at maturity, metabolic rate, and life span of rodents, variation in bioenergetic parameters in northern red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus) was analyzed depending on their reproductive status and type of ontogeny. Standard metabolic rate was found to be significantly lower in young of the year that remained nonreproductive in the year of birth than in reproductive young of the year and overwintered voles. Maximal metabolic rate and the ability to maintain temperature homeostasis under cold exposure were independent of reproductive status and life history pattern but varied depending on phases of the population cycle, increasing in years with low animal abundance.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Pollen-based quantitative reconstructions of Holocene regional vegetation cover (plant-functional types and land-cover types) in Europe suitable for climate modelling. We present quantitative reconstructions of regional vegetation cover in north-western Europe, western Europe north of the Alps, and eastern Europe for five time windows in the Holocene [around 6k, 3k, 0.5k, 0.2k, and 0.05k calendar years before present (bp)] at a 1 degrees x1 degrees spatial scale with the objective of producing vegetation descriptions suitable for climate modelling. The REVEALS model was applied on 636 pollen records from lakes and bogs to reconstruct the past cover of 25 plant taxa grouped into 10 plant-functional types and three land-cover types [evergreen trees, summer-green (deciduous) trees, and open land]. The model corrects for some of the biases in pollen percentages by using pollen productivity estimates and fall speeds of pollen, and by applying simple but robust models of pollen dispersal and deposition. The emerging patterns of tree migration and deforestation between 6k bp and modern time in the REVEALS estimates agree with our general understanding of the vegetation history of Europe based on pollen percentages. However, the degree of anthropogenic deforestation (i.e. cover of cultivated and grazing land) at 3k, 0.5k, and 0.2k bp is significantly higher than deduced from pollen percentages. This is also the case at 6k in some parts of Europe, in particular Britain and Ireland. Furthermore, the relationship between summer-green and evergreen trees, and between individual tree taxa, differs significantly when expressed as pollen percentages or as REVEALS estimates of tree cover. For instance, when Pinus is dominant over Picea as pollen percentages, Picea is dominant over Pinus as REVEALS estimates. These differences play a major role in the reconstruction of European landscapes and for the study of land cover-climate interactions, biodiversity and human resources.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Communal duality: Agricultural subsidies from TVEs. The policy of subsidizing agriculture with profits made by township and village enterprises has played an important role in maintaining stability and accelerating balanced economic growth in the Chinese rural areas. It represents an interesting subject in the literature of development economics for two reasons. First, the policy started at a very early stage of industrialization. Second, the policy has been carried out often voluntarily at the community level rather than at the state level. This paper examines the origin and rationales of such a policy and finds that the policy cannot be understood unless we look into a special institutional arrangement: China's unique communal duality. Study of the subject contributes significantly to an understanding of development economics.", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
{"token": "Individual and combined effects of mesenchymal stromal cells and recombinant stimulatory cytokines on the in vitro growth of primitive hematopoietic cells from human umbilical cord blood. Conclusions MSC seem to play a key role, particularly on more primitive (CD34(+) CD38(-) Lin(-)) cells, only in the absence of cytokines or the presence of early-acting cytokines. When both early-and late-acting cytokines are present in culture, MSC seem to be unnecessary for optimal development of CFC and CD34(+) cells.Results In the presence of MSC alone, both populations showed significant proliferation. Direct contact between MSC and CD34(+) cells was fundamental for optimal growth, especially for CD34(+) CD38(-) Lin(-) cells. In the presence of early-acting cytokines alone, cell growth was significantly higher than in cultures established with MSC but no cytokines. In cultures containing both MSC and early-acting cytokines, a further stimulation was observed only for CD34(+) CD38(-) Lin(-) cells. The cytokine cocktail containing both early-and late-acting cytokines was significantly more potent at inducing hematopoietic cell growth than the early-acting cytokine cocktail. When cultures were supplemented with early-and late-acting cytokines, MSC had no further effect on the growth of hematopoietic cells.Methods CD34(+) CD38(+) Lin(-) and CD34(+) CD38(-) Lin(-) cells were obtained by negative selection, and cultured in the presence of marrow-derived MSC and/or early-and late-acting cytokines. Hematopoietic cell growth was assessed throughout a 30-day culture period.Background aims We have previously characterized the in vitro growth of two cord blood-derived hematopoietic cell populations in liquid cultures supplemented with recombinant cytokines. In the present study, we assessed the effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) on the growth of such cells.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Primary Factor Extracted for Anomalous Decline of Drain Current in Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors. A statistical approach has been exploratively applied to extract an influential factor of anomalous decreases in drain current observed in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with large channel widths. Since negative slopes were detected in drain current vs drain voltage (I-d-V-ds) curves even with negligible heat quantity or density, the self-heating effect was excluded as the primary factor. In contrast, the aspect ratio of the device areas showed a significant influence. These results support the validity of a hypothesis, namely, that acoustic standing waves are excited and thereby the probabilities of impact ionizations are synchronously magnified in the devices. (C) 2012 The Japan Society of Applied Physics", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Performance of two Askaryan Radio Array stations and first results in the search for ultrahigh energy neutrinos. Ultrahigh energy neutrinos are interesting messenger particles since, if detected, they can transmit exclusive information about ultrahigh energy processes in the Universe. These particles, with energies above 10(16) eV, interact very rarely. Therefore, detectors that instrument several gigatons of matter are needed to discover them. The ARA detector is currently being constructed at the South Pole. It is designed to use the Askaryan effect, the emission of radio waves from neutrino-induced cascades in the South Pole ice, to detect neutrino interactions at very high energies. With antennas distributed among 37 widely separated stations in the ice, such interactions can be observed in a volume of several hundred cubic kilometers. Currently three deep ARA stations are deployed in the ice, of which two have been taking data since the beginning of 2013. In this article, the ARA detector \\\\'as built\\\\' and calibrations are described. Data reduction methods used to distinguish the rare radio signals from overwhelming backgrounds of thermal and anthropogenic origin are presented. Using data from only two stations over a short exposure time of 10 months, a neutrino flux limit of 1.5 x 10(-6) GeV/cm(2)/s/sr is calculated for a particle energy of 10(18) eV, which offers promise for the full ARA detector.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "The Soviet famine of 1932-1933 reconsidered. Recent advances in research on the 1932-1933 Soviet famine, most notably the monograph by R. W. Davies and S. G. Wheatcroft [2004, The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931-1933 (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan)], have generated a debate, involving Michael Ellman and Mark Tauger, on the pages of this journal. The present essay re-examines this debate in two areas: intentionality (did Stalin cause the famine in order to kill millions?) and the Ukrainian factor (was the famine a Ukrainian ethnic genocide?). I argue that there is not enough evidence to answer in the affirmative. The essay concludes by discussing the international context of the famine as a factor of critical importance.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
{"token": "CART-peptide immunoreactivity in enteric nerves in patients with Hirschsprung's disease. Aims: Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)-peptide is found in the brain and participates in the control of feeding behavior. It is also expressed in the peripheral nervous system and is suggested to have neuromodulatory and/or neurotrophic effects in rat intestine. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of CART-peptide in the normal ganglionic as well as aganglionic intestine from patients with Hirschsprung's disease and the pepticle's possible coexistence with other neurotransmitters.Conclusions: This is the first report on the presence of CART-peptide in the human intestine. In the ganglionic intestine CART was detected mainly in myenteric neurons, while only very few CART-IR nerve fibers were found in the aganglionic intestine. This, together with the coexistence of CART with NOS and VIP, indicates an intrinsic origin of the CART-containing neurons and suggests that CART may influence NO and VIP-induced effects.Methods: Intestinal specimens from nine patients with Hirschsprung's disease were examined using immunohistochemistry. A double immunostaining technique was used in order to elucidate the presence of CART-peptide in NOS and VIP-containing enteric neurons.Results: in ganglionic intestine, CART-peptide was found in numerous nerve fibers, predominantly within the smooth muscle layers and in myenteric nerve cell bodies. A high degree of co-localization of CART with NOS and VIP was seen. Only very few CART immunoreactive nerve fibers and no nerve cell bodies were found in the aganglionic intestine.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "New Carboniferous fossils of Spilapteridae enlighten postembryonic wing development in Palaeodictyoptera. A new palaeodictyopterid nymph Bizarrea obscura gen. n.etsp. n. (Spilapteridae) and a new adult specimen of Homaloneura cf. dabasinskasi Carpenter are described from the Pennsylvanian (Moscovian) ironstone nodules of Mazon Creek (IL, U.S.A.). Both taxa share enlarged prothoracic lobes (interpreted by some as winglets), heteronomous meso- and metathoracic wing pads or wings, a slender abdomen with pointed laterotergites, and a unique division of the abdominal segments by two transverse sulci. An alternative hypothesis for the placement of Bizarrea within Homoiopteridae is considered on the basis of its large body size and relatively short wing pads. Based on the morphology of the new material, postembryonic development of wing pads in Palaeodictyoptera (Palaeodictyopterida) is reconsidered. Detailed investigation of the abdominal segments, including examination by scanning electron microscopy, reveals the presence of subcircular, sclerotized structures partially covered at the bases of the nymphal laterotergites I- VII VIII. Based on their position and shape, these structures are interpreted as abdominal spiracles, and thus a terrestrial or semiaquatic habitat for these immatures is hypothesized. Moreover, our discovery of the same, supposedly homologous structures in the enigmatic Vogesonymphidae (Permoplectoptera), from the Middle Triassic of Grss Voltzia in France, is evidence for the parallel coexistence of ancestrally terrestrial and derived aquatic lineages of Ephemerida (Ephemeropterida) in early Mesozoic ecosystems.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Influence of different types of LEDs lights on the formation of volatile sulfur in white and ros acute accent e wines. The effect of LEDs light on the formation of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and the final sensory quality of white and rose ' wines was evaluated. Thus, different commercial wines were exposed for ten days to three types of lights. All wine samples were analyzed throughout the exposure period to determine the usual oenological parameters together with some other chemical characteristics (color evolution; riboflavin, cysteine and methionine photodegradation), VSC amounts and sensory characteristics. The results showed that the wines exposed to ultraviolet light suffered greater degradation of the aromatic precursors, mainly riboflavin, and had higher concentrations of VSCs. Regarding LED lights, these produced minimal degradative effects. So that we can consider this type of light as an alternative to reduce the economic impact that currently occurs due to the photodegradation of bottled wines.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Influence of alternate reproductive tactics and pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection on paternity and offspring performance in a lizard. Sexual selection theory predicts different optima for multiple mating in males and females. We used mating experiments and genetic paternity testing to disentangle pre- and postcopulatory mechanisms of sexual selection and alternate reproductive tactics in the highly promiscuous lizard Eulamprus heatwolei. Both sexes mated multiply: 30-60 % of clutches were sired by two to four fathers, depending on the experiment. Larger males sired more offspring when we allowed male contest competition: 52 % of large males but only 14 % of small males sired at least one offspring. In the absence of male contest competition, females mated promiscuously and there was no large male advantage: 80 % of large males and 90 % of small males sired at least one offspring, and there was no evidence for last-male precedence. Multiple mating did not yield obvious direct or indirect benefits to females. E. heatwolei represents a complex system in which males attempt to improve their fertility success by limiting rivals from access to females and through adopting alternate reproductive tactics. Conversely, females exhibit no obvious precopulatory mate choice but may influence fitness through postcopulatory means by either promoting sperm competition or through cryptic female choice. Our results support the hypothesis that female multiple mating in nonavian reptiles is best explained by the combined effect of mate encounter frequency and high benefits to males but low costs to females.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 55, 47]}
{"token": "Selectivity and mode of action of carfentrazone-ethyl, a novel phenyl triazolinone herbicide. Post-emergence application of carfentrazone-ethyl at rates as low as 2.2 g ha(-1) caused greater leaf injury and growth reduction in ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) than in soybean (Glycine max). The herbicide was more rapidly metabolized in the crop than in the weed species, with 26.7, 54.3 and 60.6% of the parent compound remaining in soybean, ivyleaf morningglory and velvetleaf, respectively, 24 h after exposure. The free acid metabolite, carfentrazone, was present in all species and accounted for 21.2-27.4% of the total radioactivity. Unknown metabolites (R-f 0 and 0.22) were four to five times more abundant in soybean than in the weed species. Carfentrazone-ethyl induced more leakage from leaf discs from the weeds than those from soybean and the degree of injury correlated with the amount of protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) present in the treated tissues. Both carfentrazone-ethyl and carfentrazone were potent inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox). Therefore, the selectivity of this herbicide may, at least in part, be attributed to the lower accumulation of Proto IX in soybean than in the weeds, probably because of the ability of soybean to metabolize more carfentrazone into unknown metabolites than the weeds.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "Predictors of treatment preference for mandibular fracture. Surveys of African-American and Hispanic adults receiving treatment at King/Drew Medical Center for either a mandibular fracture (n = 98) or third-molar removal (n = 105) were used to investigate patterns of patient preference over the course of a 4-month study period using generalized estimating equations controlling for age, gender, income, and fracture versus third-molar patient. The study examined the effects of symptom rating and a \\\\'standard gamble\\\\' measure reflecting a patient's willingness to accept scarring or nerve damage. This analysis is based on 169 patients who participated in four waves of data collection.The significance of symptom severity 1-month post-surgery raises an important issue regarding the healing process. Moreover, the significance of standard gamble as a predictor of treatment choice for mandibular fracture should encourage other researchers to use this measure of willingness to accept risk when studying acute conditions such as jaw fracture.Conclusions:The most salient predictor of patient treatment was the standard gamble measure at 1-month follow-up. Subjects with higher risk tolerance were more likely to select surgery versus jaw wiring. A higher likelihood of choosing surgery was associated with higher income and greater symptom severity. Fracture patients were more likely to select surgery compared with third-molar patients.Methods:Results:Background:Patient treatment preferences do not necessarily remain stable over time.This study focuses on predictors of patient treatment choice and on the extent to which patients are willing to take risks by choosing surgical versus non-surgical treatment for mandibular fracture.Objective:", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Experimental and Numerical Studies on Fe-Mn-Si Alloy Dampers for Enhanced Low-Cycle Fatigue Resistance. A new type of Fe-Mn-Si alloy damper is developed in this study to enable significant enhancement of the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) resistance compared with conventional metal dampers. A set of material tests was conducted first to foster a good understanding of the basic mechanical properties of the Fe-Mn-Si alloy, followed by a comprehensive experimental study on 18 shear damper specimens, considering different materials, connection types, restraining conditions, and loading protocols. A numerical investigation was also conducted to help interpret the test results. Among other important findings, the study reveals that the Fe-Mn-Si alloy exhibits a non-obvious yield plateau followed by noticeable strain hardening under monotonic loading. The fracture strain attains 57.4%, showing good ductility. Under cyclic loading, the Fe-Mn-Si alloy dampers exhibit different failure modes compared with their normal steel counterparts. The former mainly fails in fracture near the center of the plate, whereas the fracture of the latter tends to initiate from the edge. Importantly, the Fe-Mn-Si alloy dampers show fatigue life and total energy dissipation capacity up to 10 times that of their steel counterparts. Using buckling-restraining plates brings further benefits to the fatigue resistance and energy dissipation capacity. A combined kinematic/isotropic hardening model is shown to adequately capture the hysteretic behavior of the Fe-Mn-Si alloy material, where calibrated parameters are given. Finally, building on the findings from the present study, future research opportunities regarding the analysis and design of Fe-Mn-Si components, including their weld and heat affected zones, are highlighted. (C) 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Comparing Productivity of Organic and Conventional Farming Systems: A Quantitative Review. For decades, there has been debate about the possibility that organic farming can feed the world's population. The most recent studies, analyzing the yields of individual crops, show a yield gap between organic and conventional farming. The rotations and the intensity of soil use are also different between systems and the impact of this factor on productivity has not been assessed. A meta-analysis of the yield data of organic and conventional crops and the intensity of soil use (years with harvest crop in relation to rotation duration) was carried out using studies published in peer-reviewed journals. The yields under organic farming were on average 25% lower than the conventional ones, reaching a yield gap of 30% for cereals. The intensity of soil use was also lower in organic systems, the size of the reduction depending on the type of study: field experiments (7%) or on-farm studies (20%). Combining the yield gap with the reduction in the number of crops harvested in the rotation, a productivity gap of 29% to 44% was estimated depending on the type of crops included in the rotation. These results show that the productivity gap is greater than the yield gap between organic and conventional farming.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "The use of irrigation water in Bulgaria's Plovdiv region during transition. The amount of water Bulgaria uses for irrigation sharply declined during the transition. Large sections of the existing irrigation systems were abandoned, and those still in use are hardly maintained. Crops such as wheat and barley have replaced more water-intensive crops, such as vegetables, rice, and maize. This problem has an impact on the future development of agriculture and the allocation of the country's water resources. The central argument is that land fragmentation in the wake of decollectivization and restitution contributes to the irrigation systems' abandonment. This article focuses on the institutional factors involved, but also considers additional factors that might have influenced the process. Further, it examines the causes driving these changes and analyzes their effect on irrigation. It is based on a review of the relevant legislation as well as fieldwork in 17 villages located in the Plovdiv region of Bulgaria. The article concludes that institutional settings, in addition to changes in large-scale market forces and the state enforcement mechanism, have contributed to the irrigation decline in Bulgaria.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Measurement of Prompt psi(2S) to J/psi. Yield Ratios in Pb-Pb and p-p Collisions at root sNN=2.76 TeV. The ratio between the prompt psi (2S) and J/psi yields, reconstructed via their decays into mu(-)mu(-) is measured in Pb-Pb and p-p collisions at root sNN = 2.76 TeV. The analysis is based on Pb-Pb and p-p data samples collected by CMS at the Large Hadron Collider, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 150 mu b(-1) and 5.4 mu b(-1), respectively. The double ratio of measured yields (N phi((2S))/NJ/(Pb-Pb)/N-psi(2S)/NJ/psi)(p-p) is computed in three Pb-Pb collision centrality bins and two kinematic ranges: one at midrapidity, vertical bar y vertical bar < 1.6, covering the transverse momentum range 6.5 < pT < 30 GeV= c, and the other at forward rapidity, 1.6 < vertical bar y vertical bar < 2.4, extending to lower pT values, 3 < pT < 30 GeV/c. The centralityintegrated double ratio changes from 0.45 +/- 0.13(stat) +/- 0.07dsyst_ in the first range to 1.67 +/- 0.34(stat) +/- 0.27dsyst_ in the second. This difference is most pronounced in the most central collisions.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "MEASUREMENT OF ACEROLA LEAF AREA. The determination of leaf area is of interest to producers and sectors of research, and techniques should be simple, quick and accurate. This study aimed to compare methods for estimating leaf area of Barbados cherry in orchard. 60 leaves were collected randomly, and after collection, were measurements of leaf area by five methods: squares, linear dimensions, leaf area integrator AM 300, leaf disks and Digital Image Analysis (Scanner). All methods were compared with the reference method (scanner), based on the criterion of determination coefficient of linear regression (R2). The method that is closer to the leaf area of reference was the integrator portable AM 300.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Liquefaction resistance of fibre-reinforced silty sands under cyclic loading. Whether the so-called double porosity in soils with a loose and natural packing state is a concept with real-world implications is a fundamental yet controversial question in the study of cyclic undrained shear behaviour of fibre reinforced silty sands. An attempt is made here to clarify the question by means of particle-level modelling combined with 41 undrained cyclic triaxial shear tests. The study shows that the initial Random Loose Packing changes to Random Close Packing and then Close Packing with silt content increments. The transition from random to close packing occurs at a threshold silt content which is relatively lower in coarser sands. For sands with <40% silt content, the rate of pore pressure growth with loading-unloading cycles increase with silt content increment. Reverse trend applies to silty sands with >40% silt content. Irrespective of fine content, fibres tend to sit deep into the silt pellets and encrust the macro-pore spaces. Generally, increasing fibre content leads to an increase in the average number of contacts per particle, dilation and easier dissipation of excess pore water pressure, a decrease in contact forces and improved liquefaction resistance. For sands with >40% silt content, effectiveness of fibre reinforcement diminishes with increasing sand median size.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "Energy transport across submicron porous structures: A Lattice Boltzmann study. The technological advancement in the field of energy conversion demand exploring new materials with low value of thermal conductivity. The reduction in the thermal conductivity of a material can be achieved by decreasing its device dimension and increasing the porosity of the material. Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), a discrete form of Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) has been employed in the present study to examine the energy transport across semiconductor and metal structures. A newly proposed lattice weight system is exercised to alleviate the anisotropic phonon movement in the D2Q9 lattice. The study explores the comparison of different pore configurations classified based on shape and material with varying interfacial pore scattering. In semiconductors, the selection of pore geometry and specularity parameter has been exploited comprehensively in scaling down the thermal properties. Results reveal for rectangular and square pores, thermal conductivity varies inversely with the pore scattering area. Also the comparative analysis of Debye and Sine dispersion model is performed. The role of electron-phonon contribution towards thermal conductivity in metals is analyzed. When energy is transported across the metallic gold film, the electron contribution of the total thermal conductivity exhibits considerable size effects, however phonon contribution remains unaltered with that of its bulk value. (c) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Optimization of Longwall Parameters in Underground Mining of Thick Methane-Bearing Coal Seam in the Sokolovo Deposit in Kuzbass. The technical and economic feasibility of increasing the length of longwall 5003 in the the Yalevsky Mine to 400 m and raising output per face to 70 ths t per day in mining thick coal seam is substantiated. It is found that from the condition of the maximum annual profit of the mine, the optimized longwall length is 450 m, and the variants of the longwall lengths of 400 and 512 m are equivalent. The methane release calculations show that at the indicated length and production output of the longwall, it is predicted that methane concentration in return ventilation air is 0.53%, which means null gas criterion constraints.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "A review of natural-rubber latex allergy in health care workers. This brief review of natural-rubber latex (NRL) allergy in health care workers (HCWs) includes the definition of NRL allergy and data on its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic algorithm, management, long-term outcomes, economic impact, cost-effectiveness of changing facilities to a latex-free environment, and prevention. The data presented suggest that an individual with type I or type IV hypersensitivity to NRL should be able to continue to work in the workplace with careful evaluation and reasonable accommodations. Reducing exposure to latex is a safe and more economical alternative to complete removal of the individual from the place of employment. The use of low-allergen, nonpowdered NRL gloves substantially reduces airborne exposure to latex in most health care settings.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Legislation to strengthen family farms and their impact on pig farming in the USA. Pig production in the USA is presently characterised by a strong sectoral and regional dynamic. In addition to a fast sectoral concentration process, new pig production centres have developed since the 1990s. The impact laws and regulations have on these two processes is shown by a case study for the northern and central states of the Great Plains. It is obvious that in states where no legal restrictions prohibit capital investments of agri-industrial companies, so-called non-family corporations, into plant and animal production, pig farming has rapidly expanded since the 1980s, whereas in states where such laws had been adopted, a stagnation or even decrease in pig farming can be observed. In Nebraska, the Initiative 300, which was added to the constitution of the state in the early 1980s, exerted a great influence. This amendment is currently subject to a controversial debate as it has obviously become an obstacle to the expansion of animal production, also on family farms. On the other side, the unchecked expansion of industrialised pig production has reached a plateau in Oklahoma. Ecological problems as well as a growing opposition of the non-farming population to a further expansion of large-scale plants are the key controlling factors. This does not, however, necessarily mean the end of the growing importance of industrialised pig production as new plants are being developed or planned in Texas and some Rocky Mountain states.Legislation to strengthen family farms and their impact on pig farming in the USA", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Improving the Compilation of English-Chinese Children's Dictionaries: A Children's Cognitive Perspective. Children's dictionaries have existed for more than one thousand years in China, and play an important role in children's learning. However, many of those produced in China are deficient in the selection of the wordlist, in exemplification, and in definition. This paper aims at improving the compilation of English-Chinese children's dictionaries (ECCDs) from a children's cognitive perspective. Children's dictionaries should not only be an abridgement or simplification of dictionaries for adults, because their target user group is immature, uninformed and untrained children. Informed by some innovations in current English learner's dictionaries, this paper proposes that the making of ECCDs needs to be improved in the following aspects. Firstly, instead of lexicographers' intuition, the selection of headwords should be based on an English corpus for Chinese children. Secondly, the words used in examples should be congruent with children's limited cognitive and learning abilities. Thirdly, a multifaceted method of explanation should be provided in order to assist children in understanding the meaning of headwords.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "On the (In) Security of Recent Group Key Distribution Protocols. A typical stateful (resp. stateless) group key distribution (GKD) protocol is composed of a secret assignment algorithm, and stateful join/leave rekeying algorithms (resp. a stateless group rekeying algorithm). Any design flaw in any of these algorithms could lead to attacks on GKD protocols. We show how two recently-proposed stateful GKD protocols based on asymmetric cryptographic primitives suffer from collusion attacks due to security flaws in either secret assignment algorithms or leave rekeying algorithms. A variety of single-user attacks and improvements on stateless group rekeying algorithms of a number of GKD protocols based on Shamir's Secret-Sharing Scheme (SSS) have been put forward. We show the stateless group rekeying algorithms of one improved protocol and its variant (proposed by us) still suffer from attacks. In addition, we prove a lower bound on the size of a user's long-term secret for perfectly secure multi-session stateless GKD protocols. This bound reveals that (i) it is impossible to design an infinite-session stateless GKD protocol that is both perfectly secure and practical; (ii) all the considered SSS-based stateless GKD protocols are bound to be either incorrect or vulnerable to attacks. This work highlights the urgent necessity of adopting the provable security approach in this research field.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Entering the Web-2 Edmodo World to Support Learning: Tracing Teachers' Opinion After Using it in their Classes. The main purpose of the present paper is to detect teachers' opinion on the Web 2-Edmodo tool in their classrooms. A number of 41 teachers of various disciplines participated in the research answering a relevant questionnaire. The results revealed that Edmodo is used quite frequently, and though teachers are concerned with its excessive use by their students, they think it is very motivating for learners, they believe it supports their work, they like most of its features and would definitely recommend it to other colleagues.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Computerized health assessment and education for adolescent HIV and STD prevention in health care settings and schools. This report summarizes a number of computer applications from a decade of experience with computerized adolescent health assessments and automated health education in a large health maintenance organization, military adolescent clinics, detention facilities, health fairs, and public schools. Feedback from over 5,000 adolescents is given for patient responses to and acceptance of computerized health assessments and preferences for automated health education modalities, including multimedia. Implications of the computerized approach to assessment of adolescent health risk behaviors and the provision of automated health education and HIV/STD prevention are considered in terms of efficiency, reliability, and access to health screening and educational services.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "EFFECTS OF IRON EXCESS ON NICOTIANA-PLUMBAGINIFOLIA PLANTS - IMPLICATIONS TO OXIDATIVE STRESS. Fe excess is believed to generate oxidative stress. To contribute to the understanding of Fe metabolism, Fe excess was induced in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia grown in hydroponic culture upon root cutting. Toxicity symptoms leading to brown spots covering the leaf surface became visible after 6 h. Photosynthesis was greatly affected within 12 h; the photosynthetic rate was decreased by 40%. Inhibition of photosynthesis was accompanied by photoinhibition, increased reduction of photosystem II, and higher thylakoid energization. Fe excess seemed to stimulate photorespiration because catalase activity doubled. To cope with cellular damage, respiration rate increased and cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity more than doubled. Simultaneously, the content of free hexoses was reduced. Indicative of generation of oxidative stress was doubling of ascorbate peroxidase activity within 12 h. Contents of the antioxidants ascorbate and glutathione were reduced by 30%, resulting in equivalent increases of dehydroascorbate and oxidized glutathione. Taken together, moderate changes in leaf Fe content have a dramatic effect on plant metabolism. This indicates that cellular Fe concentrations must be finely regulated to avoid cellular damage most probably because of oxidative stress induced by Fe.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Music, rowing, and the aesthetics of rhythm. Having \\\\'good rhythm\\\\' is essential in both music and competitive rowing, but what exactly constitutes \\\\'good rhythm,\\\\' and how do we achieve it? Although rhythm is often discussed in purely auditory terms, I argue that rhythm is fundamentally a multisensory, kinesthetic phenomenon. By drawing parallels between music and rowing, I illustrate how biological motion principles underlie the parameters of rhythm in both disciplines, and how the cognition and appreciation of rhythm is deeply embodied. I suggest that the two main ways in which rhythms generate pleasure in both music and rowing are by enabling behavioral synchrony between individuals, and by engaging the body in the cognitive process of rhythm perception and prediction. In essence, \\\\'good rhythm\\\\'-a rhythm that is enjoyed and appreciated-is rhythm that moves.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Neurotrophic effects of GnRH on neurite outgrowth and neurofilament protein expression in cultured cerebral cortical neurons of rat embryos. The presence of GnRH receptor in cerebral cortical neurons of rat embryos and adult rats has been described. In this work, we studied the effects of GnRH on outgrowth and length of neurites and cytoskeletal neurofilament proteins expression (NF-68 and NF-200 kDa) by immunoblot of cultured cerebral cortical neurons of rat embryos. Our results show that GnRH increases both outgrowth and length of neurites accompanied by an increase in neurofilaments expression. It is conceivable that GnRH plays a role in neuronal plasticity parallel to its gonadal function.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
{"token": "History and the problem of evil. Hegel's theodicy. The aim of this paper is to develop Hegel's thesis that the philosophy of history is a theodicy. My interpretation proceeds by several steps: Firstly, I examine Hegel's formulation of the problem of evil and show that his solution has two interconnected dimensions: theoretical and practical. Accordingly, it operates with two presuppositions: (a) history is accessible to rational inquiry, and (b) this kind of inquiry can reconcile a man with the actual world, including existent evil. My next step is to further develop the first presupposition in the context of the thesis about reason in history, and I analyse Hegel's peculiar understanding of \\\\'reason\\\\'. I then distinguish two ways of explaining present and past events: mechanical and teleological, and I clarify why teleological explanations are unavoidable. Within the teleological I differentiate two models: intentional and functional. This distinction is motivated by two circumstances: (1) historical agents act intentionally, and in doing so (2) they also unintentionally actualize their own nature, i.e. freedom. Subsequently, I approach the thesis about the philosophy of history as a theodicy. I contrast Hegel's own position to moralism and fatalism. The last section gives some reasons against an instrumentalist interpretation of Hegel's philosophy of history.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Germination characteristics of Amaranthus quitensis as affected by seed production date and duration of burial. Thermal requirements for the germination of Amaranthus quitensis, a common annual weed in Argentina, were studied. In addition, temporal changes in dormancy from seeds produced at different times during the growing season were examined. For this second objective, thermal and light requirements for germination were tested in seeds buried at different depths, with or without crop residues. Base and optimum temperatures for germination rates were 12.8 degrees C and 37 degrees C respectively. At dispersal time, maximum percentage germination was 60-70% and this was generally recorded at 35 degrees C/25 degrees C in a 14-h photoperiod. Seed germination tended to increase in later seed collection dates. Seeds of A. quitensis showed seasonal changes in germinability in the soil. In winter, germination of retrieved seeds increased to over 90% until summer, after which there was a decrease until the following winter when germination was close to 40%. There were no differences in germinability between burial depths and crop residue levels. Germination requirements for alternating temperatures and light tended to disappear after burial. Initial viability was 99% and declined slightly during burial. Soil temperature seems to play a crucial role not only by regulating seasonal changes in dormancy, but also by defining the percentage and the germination rate in non-dormant seeds.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Minority Football Coaches' Diminished Careers: Why is the 'Pipeline' Clogged?. Objectives Research on minority representation and career trajectories in higher education represents a substantial body of evidence in the field; however, the empirical evidence fails to address a crucial area: intercollegiate athletics. This study aims to address the gap in the empirical work and study the career trajectories and representation of African-Americans and Latinos in NCAA FBS football coaching positions. Methods A pipeline argument is often utilized to explain the underrepresentation of minorities in certain careers and industries. This pipeline argument is erroneous in this instance because of the number of minority players in college football that make up the future coach career pool. We develop a position hierarchy in which previous assistant coaching positions are seen as stepping stones to an ultimate head coaching position. Results We find that white and minorities coaches have different career trajectories and position hierarchies that ultimately lead to the underrepresentation of minorities at the head coaching ranks. Conclusions Evidence suggests sharp differences in the likelihood of certain player positions and, in turn (and likely related), certain coaching positions to achieving head coach. The career utility hierarchy developed here seems to have some validity and, most important for present purposes, shows some considerable difference in the career stepping stones of, respectively, whites and minorities.", "label": [5, 54, 57]}
{"token": "The Pontastacus leptodactylus (Astacidae) Repeatome Provides Insight Into Genome Evolution and Reveals Remarkable Diversity of Satellite DNA. Pontastacus leptodactylus is a native European crayfish species found in both freshwater and brackish environments. It has commercial importance for fisheries and aquaculture industries. Up till now, most studies concerning P. leptodactylus have focused onto gaining knowledge about its phylogeny and population genetics. However, little is known about the chromosomal evolution and genome organization of this species. Therefore, we performed clustering analysis of a low coverage genomic dataset to identify and characterize repetitive DNA in the P. leptodactylus genome. In addition, the karyogram of P. leptodactylus (2n = 180) is presented here for the first time consisting of 75 metacentric, 14 submetacentric, and a submetacentric/metacentric heteromorphic chromosome pair. We determined the genome size to be at similar to 18.7 gigabase pairs. Repetitive DNA represents about 54.85% of the genome. Satellite DNA repeats are the most abundant type of repetitive DNA, making up to similar to 28% of the total amount of repetitive elements, followed by the Ty3/Gypsy retroelements (similar to 15%). Our study established a surprisingly high diversity of satellite repeats in P. leptodactylus. The genome of P. leptodactylus is by far the most satellite-rich genome discovered to date with 258 satellite families described. Of the five mapped satellite DNA families on chromosomes, PlSAT3-411 co-localizes with the AT-rich DAPI positive probable (peri)centromeric heterochromatin on all chromosomes, while PlSAT14-79 co-localizes with the AT-rich DAPI positive (peri)centromeric heterochromatin on one chromosome and is also located subterminally and intercalary on some chromosomes. PlSAT1-21 is located intercalary in the vicinity of the (peri)centromeric heterochromatin on some chromosomes, while PlSAT6-70 and PlSAT7-134 are located intercalary on some P. leptodactylus chromosomes. The FISH results reveal amplification of interstitial telomeric repeats (ITRs) in P. leptodactylus. The prevalence of repetitive elements, especially the satellite DNA repeats, may have provided a driving force for the evolution of the P. leptodactylus genome.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors interfere with farnesyl diphosphate binding by rubber transferase. Rubber transferase, a cis-prenyltransferase, catalyzes the addition of thousands of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) molecules to an allylic diphosphate initiator, such as farnesyl diphosphate (FPP, 1), in the presence of a divalent metal cofactor. In an effort to characterize the catalytic site of rubber transferase, the effects of two types of protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors, several chaetomellic acid A analogs (2, 4-7) and alpha-hydroxyfarnesylphosphonic acid (3), on the ability of rubber transferase to add IPP to the allylic diphosphate initiator were determined. Both types of compounds inhibited the activity of rubber transferases from Hevea brasiliensis and Parthenium argentatum, but there were species-specific differences in the inhibition of rubber transferases by these compounds. Several shorter analogs of chaetomellic acid A did not inhibit rubber transferase activity, even though the analogs contained chemical features that are present in an elongating rubber molecule. These results indicate that the initiator-binding site in rubber transferase shares similar features to FPP binding sites in other enzymes.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "The roles of MHC class II genes and post-translational modification in celiac disease. Our increasing understanding of the etiology of celiac disease, previously considered a simple food hypersensitivity disorder caused by an immune response to cereal gluten proteins, challenges established concepts of autoimmunity. HLA is a chief genetic determinant, and certain HLA-DQ allotypes predispose to the disease by presenting posttranslationally modified (deamidated) gluten peptides to CD4(+) T cells. The deamidation of gluten peptides is mediated by transglutaminase 2. Strikingly, celiac disease patients generate highly disease-specific autoantibodies to the transglutaminase 2 enzyme. The dual role of transglutaminase 2 in celiac disease is hardly coincidental. This paper reviews the genetic mapping and involvement of MHC class II genes in disease pathogenesis, and discusses the evidence that MHC class II genes, via the involvement of transglutaminase 2, influence the generation of celiac disease-specific autoantibodies.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
{"token": "How do social status and tree architecture influence radial growth, wood density and drought response in spontaneously established oak forests?. Key message During the past decades, a multitude of oak stands have spontaneously established across the pine-dominated landscapes of the French Landes de Gascogne. Yet their future performance under modern climate change is unknown. We show that coppiced, dominant trees are most prepared to cope with drought episodes, displaying higher basal area increment and lower sensitivity to extreme events. Context Forest stands dominated by pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) have spontaneously established across the pine-dominated landscapes of the French Landes de Gascogne. These oak stands are typically unmanaged and unsystematically coppiced, resulting in mixtures of single- and multi-stemmed (coppiced) trees. Aims To determine the ability of spontaneous oak forest stands to face climate change-related hazards, by analysing differences in growth (tree-ring width and basal area increment-BAI), wood density and climate sensitivity depending on their tree architecture (single- vs multi-stemmed trees) and their social status in the forest. Methods We exhaustively cored 15 oak stands (n = 657 trees). We compared stand characteristics and climate sensitivity between tree architectures considering two sampling designs, either all sampled trees (the exhaustive sampling) or those with a dominant status (dominant sampling). At the tree level, we used linear mixed effects models to compare wood density and growth between tree architectures and the trees' social status within the canopy layer (dominant- vs non-dominant trees). Results Multi-stemmed trees exhibited higher wood density than single-stemmed trees for diameters > 30 cm. Dominant multi-stemmed trees showed lower sensitivity to extreme events (pointer years), higher BAI but lower annual growth rates than dominant single-stemmed trees. Conclusion Dominant multi-stemmed trees are potentially the most prepared ones to cope with increasing soil water deficit following drought episodes, at least during the first 60 years of the life of the tree. The vulnerability to face harsher climate conditions for Q. robur stands can be misled when using a dominant sampling design.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Bonaventure on the Vanity of Being: Towards a Metaphysic of Ecclesiastes. This article explores Bonaventure's metaphysical account of creation, which holds that at the heart of every creature is a sort of metaphysical vanity. That vanity stems from the exigencies of a creation metaphysics in which the creator-God draws every creature out of nothingness into being. But, while God's creative act sustains the creature in being, the nothingness from which God preserves creation, on Bonaventure's view, always remains a feature of creation's metaphysical constitution. In short, for the Seraphic Doctor, because nothingness always resides in creation, creation itself is fundamentally vain. Since vanity is a central theme in the book of Ecclesiastes, concerning which Bonaventure has left us a commentary, I argue that the metaphysical vision he employs to illuminate the nature of vanity as it pertains to creation-both within his biblical commentary and beyond-can be properly described as a \\\\'metaphysic of Ecclesiastes.\\\\'", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Our Ancestors Were Material Scientists': Archaeological and Geochemical Evidence for Indigenous Yoruba Glass Technology. The quest for a comprehensive understanding of Africa's indigenous technology has been an important intellectual agenda in Black Studies. In some instances this interest has tended to be speculative and derivative because most Black Studies scholars are not trained in the disciplinary fields that are relevant for investigating Africa's indigenous technology through primary field and laboratory research. Collaboration between Black Studies scholars and those in the physical sciences is therefore important in order to develop new insights into Africa's indigenous technology. One of such collaborations has led to a new archaeological and geochemical evidence for primary glass manufacture in Yorubaland. Based on the recent archaeological finds of glass artifacts from Osun Grove (Osogbo, Nigeria), we present the laboratory data that lead us to the conclusion that the Yoruba of West Africa developed a unique glassmaking technology that lasted till the seventeenth century.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Analysis of Parental and Nurse Weight Estimates of Children in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Methods: A convenience sample of parents was surveyed before triage regarding their child's chief complaint, when and where the child was last weighed, and an estimate of their child's weight. Children unable to be weighed or with possible dehydration or external orthopedic devices were excluded. Nurses also estimated children's weights before weighing them and were blinded to parent estimates. All nurses were experienced in the department, had participated in a triage course, and had completed a background survey.Results: Nine hundred forty-two patients presenting to pediatric emergency department triage were enrolled, resulting in 812 surveys. Parents were more accurate at weight estimation than nurses, with 79% of parents and 83% of legal guardians estimating weights within 10%. Only 55% of nurse estimates were within 10%. Parents and nurses tended to underestimate patients' weights (P < 0.0001). Parent estimates were not affected by a child's age or sex or the location the child was last weighed (P > 0.05). Accuracy of nurse estimates was not related to nurse education or experience (P > 0.05). Parent estimates of weight were more accurate than nurse estimates 74.6% of the time.Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of parent and triage nurse estimates of children's weights in the pediatric emergency department.Conclusions: Parents were more accurate at estimating children's weights than triage nurses but were within 10% of the children's actual weights only 79% of the time. Nurse estimates were highly inaccurate. Other methods to estimate patient weights should be used when actual patient weights are unobtainable.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Characteristics of the old and homeless: identifying distinct service needs. Objectives: Research suggests that being older and homeless is associated with unique characteristics and potential barriers to improved living conditions. Additional research is needed to better understand the vulnerabilities associated with this population. The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics related to aging and homelessness. It was hypothesized that older adults would exhibit more vulnerability compared to other age groups related to health, social support proximity, occupational perceptions, and recent living conditions prior to seeking assistance at an emergency shelter. It was also hypothesized that these age-related characteristics would predict the amount of time that individuals resided in the emergency shelter.Conclusions: The various characteristics that differentiate older homeless populations (e. g., health, social support, homelessness duration, and employment) could create potential barriers to overcoming homelessness that should be considered when serving this population.Results: Older adults were more likely to exhibit several characteristics (i. e., poorer health, being further from social support, longer durations of homelessness, lack of employment area, prior residence types, and mental health treatment) potentially contributing to and/or recovering from homelessness. Duration of homelessness, reports of having no career area, and age were predictive of the amount of time spent at the shelter.Method: A cross-sectional sample of young, middle-aged, and older homeless adults seeking shelter at two emergency homeless shelters was utilized for this study. Data included information obtained during a structured interview after participants arrived at the shelter and the number of days that were spent at the shelter.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 57]}
{"token": "Hygienically Relevant Microorganisms in Biofilms of Man-Made Water Systems. In recent years, it has become evident that biofilms in drinking water distribution networks and other man-made water systems can become transient or long-term habitats for hygienically relevant microorganisms. Important categories of these organisms include faecal indicator bacteria (e.g. Escherichia coli), obligate bacterial pathogens of faecal origin (e.g. Campylobacter spp.), opportunistic bacteria of environmental origin (e.g. Legionella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa), enteric viruses and parasitic protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium parvum). These organisms can attach to preexisting biofilms, where they become integrated and survive for days to weeks or even longer, depending on the biology and ecology of the organism and the environmental conditions. There are indications that at least part of the biofilm populations of pathogenic bacteria persist in a viable but non-culturable state. Thus, biofilms in man-made water systems can function as an environmental reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms and present a potential source of water contamination, resulting in a health risk for humans. This review outlines the current knowledge of the integration and fate of hygienically relevant microorganisms in biofilms of man-made water systems, with consideration of the physicochemical and biological factors that govern these processes.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of a novel synthesized nanometric delafossite. Antibiotics and other antimicrobial compounds are the backbone of clinical medicine. Antimicrobial resistance can cause serious diseases to man. Nanotechnology can improve therapeutic potential of medicinal molecules and related agents. Widespread application of antibiotics and other antimicrobial compounds led to development of multidrug-resistant microbes, so there is need to develop novel therapeutic agents. Novel synthesized nanometric delafossite was assayed against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureusandMicrococcus luteus), two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coliandKlebsiella pneumoniae), four opportunistic fungi (Aspergillus flavus,A. fumigatus,A. niger, andFusarium solani), and fourCandidaspecies (C. albicans,C. parapsilosis,C. krusei, andC. tropicalis) using diffusion assay method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the novel synthesized nanometric delafossite was determined using the dilution method. The assayed compounds showed different degrees of antifungal and antibacterial activities, depending on the annealing temperature of preparation of these compounds. Compounds prepared at room temperature showed greater antimicrobial activities than those prepared at higher temperatures. The antimicrobial activity depends also on the susceptibility of the test microbe.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "A scalable method to construct compact road networks from GPS trajectories. The automatic generation of road networks from GPS tracks is a challenging problem that has been receiving considerable attention in the last years. Although dozens of methods have been proposed, current techniques suffer from two main shortcomings: the quality of the produced road networks is still far from those produced manually, and the methods are slow, making them not scalable to large inputs. In this paper, we present a fast four-step density-based approach to construct a road network from a set of trajectories. A key aspect of our method is the use of an improved version of the Slide method to adjust trajectories to build a more compact density surface. The network has comparable or better quality than that of state-of-the-art methods and is simpler (includes fewer nodes and edges). Furthermore, we also propose a split-and-merge strategy that allows splitting the data domain into smaller regions that can be processed independently, making the method scalable to large inputs. The performance of our method is evaluated with extensive experiments on urban and hiking data.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 40, 52]}
{"token": "Fc gamma RIIA and Fc gamma RIIIB polymorphisms in myasthenia gravis. The Fc gamma receptors, Fc gamma RIIA and Fc gamma RIIIB contain polymorphisms with different capacity for IgG binding and phagocytosis. Thirty myasthenia gravis (MG) patients and 49 healthy controls were genotyped for the Fc gamma RIIA and Fc gamma RIIIB polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of the Fc gamma RIIA-H/H genotype was increased in thymoma MG patients compared to other MG patients (P = 0.05) and controls (P = 0.02). The distribution of Fc gamma RIIIB alleles in MG patients did not differ from the controls, but MG patients with the NA1/NA1 genotype had the most severe MG (P = 0.01). Levels of AChR-antibodies and frequency of titin or ryanodine receptor antibodies were not associated with the Fc gamma RIIA or Fc gamma RIIIB genotypes. The results suggest different pathogenetic mechanisms in paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic autoimmune MG. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Radical Scavenging Properties of Roasted Egoma (Perilla frutescens var. frutescens) Oils and Identification of Their Characteristic Scavengers. The radical scavenging activity of commercially available roasted (deep colored) and unroasted (light colored) egoma (Perilla frutescens var. frutescens) oils was evaluated by the DPPH radical scavenging method. The antiradical activity of roasted oils was higher than that of unroasted oils, and the activity of methanol-water extracts from the roasted egoma oils was significantly higher than that of unroasted oils. The antiradical activity of the methanol-water fractions was strongly correlated to that of whole oils (r=0.72) and the color depth of oils (r=0.93), which was an index of roasting. Fractionation of the methanol- water extract of a roasted egoma oil according to molecular size using ultra membrane filters revealed that the fraction under 3 kDa had the strongest radical scavenging activity. Subsequent preparative HPLC separation using an ODS column also revealed that the second fraction was the most active. Our HPLC analytical method for DPPH radical scavengers in complex mixtures detected four strong radical scavenger peaks in the fraction. Among the detected peaks, two peaks were determined to be derived from rosmarinic acid and luteolin by comparison with the retention times and UV spectra of the authentic samples, and the other two compounds could not be identified because no characteristic UV spectra were observed. These identified polyphenols (rosmarinic acid and luteolin) have been reported to be present in the non-oily part of egoma seeds. They probably migrated to the oily part during the egoma oil roasting process.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Developing Bayesian networks in managing the risk of Legionella colonisation of groundwater aeration systems. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.An Australian water utility has developed a Legionella High Level Risk Assessment (LHLRA) which provides a semi-qualitative assessment of the risk of Legionella proliferation and human exposure in engineered water systems using a combination of empirical observation and expert knowledge. Expanding on this LHLRA, we propose two iterative Bayesian network (BN) models to reduce uncertainty and allow for a probabilistic representation of the mechanistic interaction of the variables, built using data from 25 groundwater treatment plants. The risk of Legionella exposure in groundwater aeration units was quantified as a function of five critical areas including hydraulic conditions, nutrient availability and growth, water quality, system design (and maintenance), and location and access. First, the mechanistic relationship of the variables was conceptually mapped into a fishbone diagram, parameterised deterministically using an expert elicited weighted scoring system and translated into BN. The \\\\'sensitivity to findings\\\\' analysis of the BN indicated that system design was the most influential variable while elemental accumulation thresholds were the least influential variable for Legionella exposure. The diagnostic inference was used in high and low-risk scenarios to demonstrate the capabilities of the BNs to examine probable causes for diverse conditions. Subsequently, the causal relationship of Legionella growth and human expo sure were improved through a conceptual bowtie representation. Finally, an improved model developed the predictors of Legionella growth and the risk of human exposure through the interaction of operational, water quality monitoring, operational parameters, and asset conditions. The use of BNs modelling based on risk estimation and improved functional decision outputs offer a complementary and more transparent alternative approach to quantitative analysis of uncertainties than the current LHLRA.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Distance learning: linking CME and quality improvement. This paper describes the content and evaluation of a distance learning course in therapeutics for general practitioners. Following a pilot project, a comprehensive questionnaire was sent to the 49 participants who had completed the course in its first two years. There was an 80% response rate. Overall satisfaction levels and completion rates were high. Factors influencing the impact of distance learning in a general practice setting including structure, process and outcomes are discussed. Recommendations for further research are included.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
{"token": "Cherenkov radiation imaging of beta emitters: in vitro and in vivo results. The main purpose of this work was to investigate both in vitro and in vivo Cherenkov radiation (CR) emission coming from F-18 and P-32. The main difference between F-18 and P-32 is mainly the number of the emitted light photons, more precisely the same activity of P-32 emits more CR photons with respect to F-18. In vitro results obtained by comparing beta counter measurements with photons average radiance showed that Cherenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) allows quantitative tracer activity measurements. In order to investigate in vivo the CLI approach, we studied an experimental xenograft tumor model of mammary carcinoma (BB1 tumor cells). Cherenkov in vivo dynamic whole body images of tumor bearing mice were acquired and the tumor tissue time activity curves reflected the well-known physiological accumulation of F-18-FDG in malignant tissues with respect to normal tissues. The results presented here show that it is possible to use conventional optical imaging devices for in vitro or in vivo study of beta emitters. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
{"token": "The effect of motivation on the choice of chemistry in secondary schools: adaptation and validation of the Science Motivation Questionnaire II to Spanish students. The present study aims to analyse the effect of motivational variables and previous academic achievement on students' future choice of chemistry once this subject becomes optional in the educational system. Toward this goal, the translation and adaptation of the Science Motivation Questionnaire II (SMQII) has been undertaken in our investigation to measure students' motivation towards physics and chemistry. The sample comprised 1060 secondary school Spanish students divided into two groups: 695 students who chose the subject when it became optional for the first time and 365 who decided to leave it. Factor analysis confirmed the original structure of latent variables in our sample, providing validity for this adaptation to a new language and context. A segmentation analysis confirmed that career motivation was the best predictor of students' retention in physics and chemistry before previous academic achievement and the rest of the motivational variables. Although significant gender differences were found in self-efficacy and self-determination, these seem not to be relevant in students' choice.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Prevalence and risk factors for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in adult emergency admissions - a case for screening all patients?. In this study we describe the prevalence and frequency of risk factors for meticillin -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization in emergency admissions during a one-year MRSA screening programme. Overall, 7801/13 826 (56.4%) adult emergency admissions by 6469 patients were screened for MRSA. Of those screened, 670/7801 (8.6%) admissions by 433 patients (6.7%) were colonized with MRSA. Risk factors studied were previous hospital admission, previous MRSA colonization and residence in care homes. Patients with any risk factor (MRSA positive: 366/3952 (9.3%) vs MRSA negative: 67/2450 (2.7%), P < 0.001), advanced age (mean ages for MRSA positive and negative patients were 74.4 and 56.2 years, respectively (P < 0.001)), and increasing frequency of hospital admissions (P < 0.001), patients from care homes (41/184, 22.2%) and previous MRSA colonization (232/1855, 12.5%) had a significantly higher MRSA colonization rate. The cost of the screening programme was nearly 24,500 pound. It was noticed that there was a substantial reduction in hospital-acquired MRSA and MRSA bacteraemia during the study period. The study was not designed to establish whether this reduction was causally associated with the screening programme. We conclude that there is a high MRSA colonization rate among emergency admissions, especially those with risk factors. Using a selective risk factor based screening strategy more than 60% of the patients would have to be screened but still 3952/6469, 67 (15.5%) MRSA carriers would have been missed. Screening of all emergency admissions to detect MRSA colonization is preferable to selective screening, relatively inexpensive, and might reduce the MRSA colonization rate of hospital-acquired MRSA and MRSA bacteraemia among emergency admissions. (C) 2007 The Hospital Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "Does Increasing Gender Representativeness and Diversity Improve Organizational Integrity?. Recent scholarship has suggested that representative bureaucracy improves organizational integrity. This article tests this argument with respect to gender, using data from Korean government agencies from 2008 to 2014. The findings suggest that an increase in female representation and diversity in public organizations leads to an improvement in the measured level of organizational integrity. We found, however, that incidents of sexual harassment and sexual violence in the workplace were positively, not negatively, correlated with increased female representation. This apparent contradiction is explained by the fact that a greater female representation may empower female officials to report unfair treatment or injustice that has hitherto been unreported and tolerated. Finally, the evidence suggests that the positive impact of representative bureaucracy on organizational integrity becomes substantially greater when the agency has a female leader. This suggests that a leader's gender influences the attitudes and behaviors of gender-congruent street-level bureaucrats.", "label": [5, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Development of geotechnical microzonation model for Yenisehir (Bursa, Turkey) located at a seismically active region. Earthquake hazard zonation for urban areas, mostly referred to as seismic microzonation, is the first and important step towards a seismic risk analysis and mitigation strategy in populated regions. Proper understanding of the local subsurface ground conditions is essential for a realistic assessment. Turkey is one of the earthquake prone countries in the World and the lessons particularly drawn from the devastating 17 August 1999 and 12 November 1999 earthquakes of Turkey revealed the importance of microzonation studies. The purpose of this study is to further develop a geotechnical microzonation model regarding the suitability of the residential areas in Yenisehir (Bursa), a rapidly developing settlement area in a seismically active region of Turkey. For this purpose, properties and dynamic behavior of the Quaternary alluvial soils in study area were assessed. Soil classification, soil amplification, natural soil predominant period, resonance phenomena and liquefaction potential of the study area were evaluated using borehole data and microtremor measurements. The raw data obtained from previous studies carried out at Yenisehir were used for these assessments. Geotechnical microzonation map of Yenisehir was produced according to the surface damage due to liquefaction, soil amplification and distance to streams maps; by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. The weight values were assigned to the layers using Analytical Hierarchical Process method by pairwise comparisons. The produced geotechnical microzonation map indicated that the most critical areas are located in the densely populated middle and the southeastern parts of the study area. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "Highly sensitive wearable strain sensor based on silver nanowires and nanoparticles. Here, we propose a highly sensitive and stretchable strain sensor based on silver nanoparticles and nanowires (Ag NPs and NWs), advancing the rapid development of electronic skin. To improve the sensitivity of strain sensors based on silver nanowires (Ag NWs), Ag NPs and NWs were added to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as an aid filler. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) increase the conductive paths for electrons, leading to the low resistance of the resulting sensor (14.9 Omega). The strain sensor based on Ag NPs and NWs showed strong piezoresistivity with a tunable gauge factor (GF) at 3766, and a change in resistance as the strain linearly increased from 0% to 28.1%. The high GF demonstrates the irreplaceable role of Ag NPs in the sensor. Moreover, the applicability of our high-performance strain sensor has been demonstrated by its ability to sense movements caused by human talking, finger bending, wrist raising and walking.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Impacts of COVID-19 on at-sea data collection and regulatory activities and fisheries catches off Namibia. This study was undertaken to: (i) comprehend the observers' perceptions of COVID-19 and identify its impacts on the observation of harvesting, handling, and processing of marine resources, and biological data collection during commercial fishing, (ii) assess the risk of contracting COVID-19 onboard the fishing vessels, (iii) compare fishery catches for the pre-COVID-19 (2018 and 2019) and COVID19 (2020 and 2021) years, and (iv) suggest possible ways to mitigate the impacts of COVID-19 on the activities of at sea-observations and data collection. Thus, 45 Namibian fisheries observers were interviewed by telephone to capture their perceptions of COVID-19 on the sea-observations and biological data collection. Messrooms were the riskiest places (45.7%) onboard the fishing vessel where observers perceived likely to contract COVID-19. For at-sea observations, 57.1% of the respondents felt that COVID-19 has negatively impacted observations as fisheries observers were risk-averse, especially in the processing factories. Half of the participants purported a negative impact on the collection of biological data, as on some vessels fisheries observers were not permitted to sample the fish supposedly for fear of cross-contamination. Analysis of fisheries observation data and fisheries catch data showed a significant difference in the total number of fishing trips made between 2018 and 2021 (X-2 = 145.34, df = 3, p < 0.05), with a notable reduction in 2020 fishing trips. Similarly, the number of observed fishing trips between 2018 and 2021 differed significantly (X-2 = 136.80, df = 3, p < 0.05). Fishing catches were lowest in 2020, possibly reflecting severe impacts of COVID-19 in that year. Understanding the impact of COVID-19 on at-sea observation and data collection can inform decision makers to improve management of marine resources during COVID-19 pandemic. Findings from this study can also serve as a lesson for nations that use observer data for stock assessment. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
{"token": "Do people with hoarding disorder under-report their symptoms?. Previous research indicates that people with hoarding sometimes under- or over-report the severity of their symptoms. This article examines the results of two separate studies that evaluate severity ratings made by participants with hoarding disorder (HD) in comparison to ratings by family members or independent evaluators. In Study 1, HD participants' ratings of the severity of the clutter in their home and their hoarding behaviors were less severe than those made by their friends or family members. This result may be accounted for by family members' rejecting attitudes towards the participant. In Study 2, HD participants appeared to under-report specific hoarding symptoms while over-reporting their overall global impression of hoarding severity. A three-pronged assessment approach is recommended in which ratings of hoarding severity are made by the HD participant, their family member, and an independent observer or clinician. Such an approach would better inform future research, and also clinical treatment. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Two new deep-sea species of Argestidae and Ameiridae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the Eastern Mexican Pacific and Gulf of California, with proposal of a new genus of the family Argestidae. A handful of benthic harpacticoid species are known from the Gulf of California. Here I describe Argestes analongises sp. n. (Argestidae), and Argestigens celibis sp. n. (Ameiridae) from the deep sea of the Tropical Eastern Pacific and Gulf of California. Argestes analongises sp. n. fits in the subfamily Argestinae (Argestidae) and was attributed to the genus Argestes by the presence of small spinules covering the body surface of, at least, the urosome, and by the presence of an extremely elongated distal seta on the sixth segment of the female antennule. This new species seems to be allied to A. angolaensis by the situation of all the caudal setae, and by the ventral position of caudal seta III. They differ in the relative length of the female caudal rami, size, shape and relative position of the sensilla-bearing tubercles associated to the anal somite, armature of the mandibular basis, shape of the exopodal and endopodal segments of swimming legs, and relative length of the setae on the female P5 endopodal lobe and position of the innermost seta of the exopod of the female fifth leg. Argestigens celibis sp. n. was attributed to the family Ameiridae based on the non-argestid maxilla, on the presence of a more or less well-developed endopodal lobe of the male fifth leg and three inner setae on the third endopodal segment of the third leg, and on the presence of the typically modified ameirid-like inner spine on the basis of the male first leg. The new species was attributed to Argestigens based on the non-prehensile endopod of first leg and presence of long inner spinules on the basis of second to fourth legs. Additionally, a new genus, Georgus gen. n., is proposed for Bodinia peterrumi, and some comments are given on the monophyly of that genus.", "label": [4, 37, 39, 47]}
{"token": "Showing humanity: violence and visuality in Kashmir. This paper examines the burst of visual production that emerged from and around Indian-occupied Kashmir in July 2016, when the Indian paramilitary and police began to implement for the first time a tactic of mass blinding as a way of quelling surging protests against the Indian state. I consider a selection of visual texts that intervene in the optical regime undergirding the Indian occupation, one that has arguably elicited Indian support in part via a systematic erasure of the humanity of Kashmiris who favour self-determination (or 'azadi'). In the face of this optical regime, I examine the visual and narrative tactics through which pro-azadi Kashmiris stake claims to humanity - by putting wounded Kashmiri bodies on spectacular display, graphically foregrounding Kashmiri bodily vulnerability in acts of public grieving, and seeking to interpellate a global political community through an appeal to a shared humanity. As these urgent claims to a larger human community are voiced, this paper asks what it means for Kashmiris to take on the burden of 'performing humanity' in these ways, especially given the explicit cautions in visual studies and human rights scholarship around spectacular exhibitions of vulnerability. Rather than assume that showcasing vulnerability can never incite transformation, I closely examine the possibilities of particular visual forms-photojournalism and digital activism-in relaying vulnerability and attempting to claim and recraft humanity.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Analytical modelling of 200 GHz SiGe HBT high-frequency noise parameters. This paper presents an analytical model for high-frequency noise of high-speed SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). The model allows circuit level noise parameters to be obtained: the minimum noise figure, the noise resistance and the optimum admittance for different bias and frequencies up to 64 GHz, including the quasi-saturation effect. The noise parameters are determined directly from y-parameters. The analytical model is verified through comparison with TCAD simulation results of the noise parameters using the field impedance method as well as with measured data. The paper also reviews for 200 GHz SiGe HBTs the latest y-parameters-based analytical noise models. Their bias and frequency dependence is calculated and compared with device simulation.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Critic Provocateur. Analyzing the importance of various kinds of critical provocation and polemics to Middle English Literary Study, this essay argues for a need to assess, rather than simply repudiate, the work of our critic provocateurs.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Cross-border B2C e-commerce to China An evaluation of different logistics solutions under uncertainty. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to support companies' risk-informed selection of a logistics solution to operate in China via cross-border e-commerce (CBEC). Design/methodology/approach Decision theory is applied to the recent field of CBEC. This theoretic setup involves a decision maker who must choose among a set of alternatives, whose consequences depend on uncertain factors (Savage, 1954). The study develops an activity-based model to calculate logistics costs in a deterministic setting. Simulations and probabilistic sensitivity analyses are later performed to evaluate the impact of uncertainty. Findings There are four main solutions to enter China, determined by the adopted international transport mean and the presence of a local warehouse. The most important risk factors affecting the choice of the logistics solution are change of CBEC regulation, product value, expected service level and demand level. Originality/value From a theoretical perspective, this study improves CBEC literature, so far characterised by descriptive papers, often lacking industry focus or empirical exploration. It also provides new application opportunities for decision theory, whereas previous contributions have proposed different theoretical approaches, such as transaction cost or institutional theory. From a practical viewpoint, the paper is the first to compare the costs of the main logistics solutions to sell online to China, by taking uncertainty into account. The results can be used to better understand the differences among solutions and identify the most critical parameters. Finally, this research provides some observations for policy implementation.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Seduction and Sedition of the 'Table' in the History of Children's Literature. Sitting, eating, talking around a table: these actions have been performed by men and women of different times, places and traditions. The table as a research object can be included in some recent developments of the history of education, of the history of children's literature and in some literary studies dedicated to this topos. Tables are constantly and regularly present in children's literature and appear both in verbal and visual narratives of domestic life. In this study, we investigate the association between the physical dimension of the table (shape, dimension and different materials) and its vast symbolic and narrative potential. This \\\\'new\\\\' narrating object is considered as a significant indicator for the critical analysis of the changing representation of children's life and family relationships in children's literature.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Two populations of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in the forebrain of the rhesus macaque during embryonic development. To investigate the possibility that a second luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) population appears during development in primates, embryos and fetal brains of rhesus monkeys were immunostained with antisera specific to different LHRH forms. Two LHRH cell populations were discernible by immunoreactivity to antisera LR-1 and GF-6. Because one LHRH cell type migrated out from the olfactory placode several days earlier than the other, they were referred to as ''early'' and ''late'' LHRH cells, respectively. Although late LHRH neurons were immunoreactive to all anti-mammalian LHRH antisera tested, early LHRH neurons were only detected by antiserum GF-6. Early LHRH neurons (similar to 10 x 7 mu m) were smaller than late LHRH neurons (similar to 18 x 7 mu m). Early LHRH neurons were first found around the olfactory placode, in the nasal mesenchyme, and in the rostroventral forebrain on embryonic day 30 (E30), whereas late LHRH neurons were first seen in the olfactory pit on E32. Early LHRH cells were located throughout the basal forebrain on E32-E42, whereas late LHRH cells were found in the olfactory pit and along the terminal nerve on E34-E36 and were not seen in the forebrain until E38. By E51-E62, late LHRH neurons reached into the basal hypothalamus in a distribution resembling that in the older brain, while early LHRH neurons were found in the septum, preoptic region, stria terminalis, medial amygdala, claustrum, internal capsule, and globus pallidus. Based on the distribution pattern of immunopositive cells with antiserum LR-1, late LHRH cells are bona fide LHRH neurons that regulate the pituitary-gonadal axis. In contrast, the molecular form of early LHRH cells is unclear, although it is plausible that early LHRH cells may contain the molecule in which the C-terminal epitope of LHRH is modified or absent. It is concluded that in primates there is a second population of LHRH neurons that originates from the embryonic olfactory placode before the origin of mammalian LHRH-like neurons, and that these two populations of LHRH-immunopositive neurons have different morphologic features and different final distributions in the brain. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
{"token": "Inhalational model of cocaine exposure in mice: Neuroteratological effects. We developed a novel inhalation-based mouse model of prenatal cocaine exposure. This model approximates cocaine abuse via smoking, the preferred route of cocaine administration by heavy drug users. The model is also characterized by (i) absence of procedural stress from drug administration, (ii) long-term drug exposure starting weeks before pregnancy and continuing throughout the entire gestation, and (iii) self-administration of cocaine in multi-hour daily sessions reminiscent of drug binges, which allows animals to set up the levels of their own drug consumption. The offspring of female mice inhaling cocaine in our model displayed no gross alterations in their cortical cytoarchitecture. These offspring, however, showed significant impairments in sustained attention and spatial working memory. We hope that the introduction of the present model will lead to a significant increase in our understanding of outcomes of prenatal cocaine exposure. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Advanced Heart Block in Children with Lyme Disease. BackgroundThe clinical course of children with advanced heart block secondary to Lyme disease has not been well characterized.ObjectiveTo review the presentation, management, and time to resolution of heart block due to Lyme disease in previously healthy children.MethodsAn IRB approved single-center retrospective study was conducted of all patients<21years old with confirmed Lyme disease and advanced second or third degree heart block between 2007 and 2017.ResultsTwelve patients (100% male) with a mean age of 15.9years (range 13.2-18.1) were identified. Six patients (50%) had mild to moderate atrioventricular valve regurgitation and all had normal biventricular function. Five patients had advanced second degree heart block and 7 had complete heart block with an escape rate of 20-57bpm. Isoproterenol was used in 4 patients for 3-4days and one patient required transvenous pacing for 2days. Patients were treated with 21days (n=6, 50%) or 28days (n=6, 50%) of antibiotics. Three patients received steroids for 3-4days. Advanced heart block resolved in all patients within 2-5 days, and all had a normal PR interval within 3days to 16months from hospital discharge.ConclusionSymptomatic children who present with new high-grade heart block from an endemic area should be tested for Lyme disease. Antibiotic therapy provides quick and complete resolution of advanced heart block within 5days, while steroids did not appear to shorten the time course in this case series. Importantly, no patients required a permanent pacemaker.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "LW-NIR hyperspectral imaging for rapid prediction of TVC in chicken flesh. Total viable count (TVC) is often used as an important indicator for chicken freshness evaluation. In this study, 112 fresh chicken flesh samples were acquired after slaughtered and their hyperspectral images were collected in the LW-NIR (900-1700 nm) range. The full LW-NIR spectra (486 wavebands) within the images were extracted and applied to related to reference TVC values measured in different storage periods, using partial least squares regression (PLSR) algorithm, resulting in high correlation coefficients (R) and low root mean square errors (RMSE), for either raw spectra or pretreatment spectra. By using regression coefficients (RC) method, 20, 18, 17 and 20 optimal wavebands were respectively selected from raw spectra, baseline correction (BC) spectra, Savitzky-Golay convolution smoothing (SGCS) spectra and standard normal variate (SNV) spectra and applied for the optimization of original full waveband PLSR model. By comparison, RC-PLSR model based on the SGCS spectra showed a better performance in TVC prediction with R-c of 0.98 and RMSEC of 0.35 log(10) CFU/g in calibration set, and R-p of 0.98 and RMSEP of 0.44 log(10) CFU/g in prediction set. At last, by transferring the best RC-PLSR model, the dynamic TVC change during the storage was visualized by color maps to indicate the TVC spoilage degree. The overall study revealed that LW-NIR hyperspectral imaging combined with PLSR could be used to predict the freshness of chicken flesh.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Influence of dimethyl sulfide on the carbon cycle and biological production. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a significant source of marine sulfate aerosol and plays an important role in modifying cloud properties. Fully coupled climate simulations using dynamic marine ecosystem and DMS calculations are conducted to estimate DMS fluxes under various climate scenarios and to examine the sign and strength of phytoplankton-DMS-climate feedbacks for the first time. Simulation results show small differences in the DMS production and emissions between pre-industrial and present climate scenarios, except for some areas in the Southern Ocean. There are clear changes in surface ocean DMS concentrations moving into the future, and they are attributable to changes in phytoplankton production and competition driven by complex spatially varying mechanisms. Comparisons between parallel simulations with and without DMS fluxes into the atmosphere show significant differences in marine ecosystems and physical fields. Without DMS, the missing subsequent aerosol indirect effects on clouds and radiative forcing lead to fewer clouds, more solar radiation, and a much warmer climate. Phaeocystis, a uniquely efficient organosulfur producer with a growth advantage under cooler climate states, can benefit from producing the compound through cooling effects of DMS in the climate system. Our results show a tight coupling between the sulfur and carbon cycles. The ocean carbon uptake declines without DMS emissions to the atmosphere. The analysis indicates a weak positive phytoplankton-DMS-climate feedback at the global scale, with large spatial variations driven by individual autotrophic functional groups and complex mechanisms. The sign and strength of the feedback vary with climate states and phytoplankton groups. This highlights the importance of a dynamic marine ecosystem module and the sulfur cycle mechanism in climate projections.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 52]}
{"token": "Subcortical' cognitive impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Studies of cognitive functioning in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have found deficits even in patients without other evidence of neurologic involvement. The present study used scores on the Ii items of the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) to classify the cognitive impairment of 93 SLE patients as suggestive of \\\\'cortical\\\\' or \\\\'subcortical\\\\' dysfunction using a validated statistical algorithm. Ninety-five percent of patients were categorized as having \\\\'subcortical\\\\' deficits, and 5% were categorized as having \\\\'cortical\\\\' deficits. When the analysis was limited to only those with total MMSE scores less than or equal to 24, 81% were classified as \\\\'subcortical\\\\' and 19% as \\\\'cortical.\\\\' These results suggest that SLE patients can have psychomotor and mental tracking deficits of a type seen in patients with subcortical brain disease, even in the absence of gross neurologic involvement.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 22, 23, 55]}
{"token": "THE VARIABLE COEFFICIENT THIN OBSTACLE PROBLEM: HIGHER REGULARITY. In this article, we continue our investigation of the variable coefficients thin obstacle problem which was initiated in [20], [21]. Using a partial Hodograph-Legendre transform and the implicit function theorem, we prove the higher order Holder regularity for the regular free boundary, if the associated coefficients are of the corresponding regularity. For the zero obstacle, this yields an improvement of a full derivative for the free boundary regularity compared to the regularity of the coefficients. In the presence of inhomogeneities, we gain three halves of a derivative for the free boundary regularity with respect to the regularity of the inhomogeneity. Further, we show analyticity of the regular free boundary for analytic coefficients. We also discuss the set-up of W-1,W-p coefficients with p > n + 1 and L-p inhomogeneities. Key ingredients in our analysis are the introduction of generalized Holder spaces, which allow to interpret the transformed fully nonlinear, degenerate (sub)elliptic equation as a perturbation of the Baouendi-Grushin operator, various uses of intrinsic geometries associated with appropriate operators, the application of the implicit function theorem to deduce (higher) regularity.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Design of a Eutectic Freeze Crystallization process for multicomponent waste water stream. Complex, hypersaline brines originating from the mining and extractive metallurgical industries have the potential to be treated using Eutectic Freeze Crystallization (EFC). Although EFC has been shown to be effective in separating a single salt and water, it has yet to be applied to the complex hypersaline brines that are typical of reverse osmosis retentates in South Africa. This paper focuses on the application of EFC for the purification of a typical brine containing high levels of sodium, chlorine, sulphate and ammonia that cannot be achieved with other separation techniques. The presence of ammonia prevents the application of membrane technology to treat the brine, leaving only cooling or evaporation as other possible options. Evaporation produces a mixed salt that requires further treatment. Modelling tools were applied to describe the phase behaviour of the complex saline systems under different process conditions and were experimentally validated. The results showed that Eutectic Freeze Crystallization could be used to selectively recover the sodium as a sodium sulphate salt. The simulation tools were especially useful in the design and optimisation of the process. (C) 2010 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Decomposing Transparency of Public Organizations: A Proposed Three-Layer Classification. Results: It is argued that public transparency manifests itself in three layers: transparency of records, which is associated with past information; transparency of actions, which relates to the present facts; and transparency of intents, which refers to future acts.Theoretical and practical contributions: The study presents a theoretical model that can be the basis for the construction of scales and instruments for measuring the transparency of organizations.Originality: Considering the gap around the precise definition of the organizational transparency construct and its measuring instruments, the work proposes a theoretical perspective on the dimensions of transparency of public organizations not yet observed in previous studies.Research objective: This study proposes a theoretical model to explain public transparency at the organizational level. Theoretical framework:The research is developed through narrative review in the field, seeking to describe and discuss the development of organizational transparency from a theoretical and conceptual point of view.Methodology: A review of the recent literature on the construct is carried out in the last ten years.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Heterotopic gastric mucosa of the oral cavity: a rare entity. Objective: Heterotopic gastric mucosa found within the oral cavity has been reported as a rare occurrence with less than 30 cases in the English literature. We propose that this entity may not be as rare as originally described. Method: Five cases of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the oral cavity were collected from three institutions. Results: Five new cases of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the oral cavity were confirmed. Conclusions: Heterotopic gastric mucosa of the oral cavity may not be as rare as originally thought. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Technical note: A novel 3D scan-based optical method for analyzing lines drawn at different pen pressure. Pen pressure is one of the important elements of handwriting and questioned document analysis which is also crucial to recognize forgery. In this paper, we present a new, non-contact, non-destructive, and relatively inexpensive technique to measure the width of the grooves made by the writing. Results demonstrate a clear difference in measured groove widths for varying pen pressure. The effect of passing a written or signed paper in different types of printers has also been studied. A clear decrease of the groove depth was noted when passing the document through a laser printer. An ink jet printer only resulted in a small decrease of the groove depth, while no effect could be detected from a dot matrix printer. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Novel Presentation of DMV-Associated Encephalitis in a Long-Finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala melas). Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) is an important global cause of morbidity and mortality in cetacean populations, with four pathological presentations including non-suppurative encephalitis. We describe an unusual case of dolphin morbillivirus (DMV)-associated non-suppurative encephalitis in a long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas), in which the lesions were orientated on the periventricular white matter and comprised prominent multifocal syncytia formation in the absence of systemic lesions. DMV RNA was detected in brain tissue by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry for morbillivirus antigen yielded intense labelling of syncytia in periventricular sites, with sparse involvement of the deeper neuroparenchyma. The pattern of lesions raises the possibility of viral dissemination through the cerebrospinal fluid, as described for canine distemper virus, suggesting that similar pathogenic mechanisms may be implicated in lesion development. Further investigation is required to establish the pathogenesis of CeMV encephalitis and the behaviour of the virus within the central nervous system of cetaceans. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Antidiphtheria antibody responses in patients and carriers of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in the Arkhangelsk region of Russia. Diphtheria is under control in industrialized countries. However, single cases and outbreaks still occur and the disease is not completely understood. Forty-three individuals suspected of having diphtheria who were referred to the Infectious Disease Hospital of Arkhangelsk from December 1994 to March 1995 were included in this study. Fifteen patients were diagnosed as having diphtheria and received equine hyperimmune antidiphtheria toxin antiserum, and 28 were diagnosed as carriers, 12 with nondiphtherial tonsillitis or pharyngitis and 16 without symptoms. Serum samples were obtained on admission and during the course of the disease or during follow-up of carrier status. Samples were analyzed for antibodies against diphtheria toxin with both an in vitro neutralization test (NT) and a human-specific enzyme immunoassay. All of the cases but one were confirmed by a positive culture. Twelve patients had pharyngeal diphtheria, and three had combined laryngeal and pharyngeal disease. Half of the patients had life-threatening disease, and one died. On admission, the median antibody titers measured with the NT were 0.085 IU/ml for the patients, 5.12 IU/ml for the symptomatic carriers, and 10.24 IU/ml for the healthy carriers. All of the diphtheria patients but one and nine of the carriers (six symptomatic and three healthy) had increased antibody levels during the first 7 to 10 days after admission. No obvious correlation was revealed between the antibody level or its kinetics and the course of the disease. Antibody levels on admission of > 1 IU/ml were associated with a low risk of diphtheria.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN IIB GENE-EXPRESSION AS A MODEL OF MEGAKARYOCYTE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION. Glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa is an integrin grin complex normally restricted in its expression to platelets and the megakaryocytes from which they are derived. This complex functions as a receptor for fibrinogen and other ligands and is involved in platelet aggregation. The receptor complex is expressed at high levels during final megakaryocyte differentiation. Further, while GPIIIa is expressed in other tissues as part of the vitronectin receptor, GPIIb is only expressed on maturing megakaryocytes and the platelets derived from them. Thus studies of the GPIIb gene may serve as a model of gene regulation during this process. Over the past several gears, the genes for both GPIIb and IIIa have been cloned and analyzed. The GPIIb gene contains 30 exons over 18 kilobases (kb). The transcriptional start site has been determined and there does not appear to be a TATA-box immediately upstream of this site. Studies have been done to define regulatory elements upstream of the transcriptional start site. Most of these studies focused on the human promoter and on studies using megakaryocytic cell lines. These studies have defined several important tissue-specific promoter elements including a GATA(454) site (454 basepairs upstream of the transcriptional start site that involves a GATA-binding consensus sequence), a GATA(54) site and an Ets(35) Site (that involves an Ets-binding consensus sequence). Expression studies with megakaryocytic cell lines suggest that each of these sites effects expression approximately threefold. Further, an Ets(510) site was also described that had a similar effect. While these studies were underway, we pursued studies of the rat 5'-flanking region using a rat primary marrow expression system. Qualitatively, our data support the human data; however, quantitatively, we found significant differences from the human studies done in cell lines. We found that the major tissue-specific promoter element was the GATA(454) site. Mutations altering this site result in an approximately fiftyfold drop in expression. In comparison, eliminating the Ets(510) site by truncation or point mutation had only a twofold effect on expression. Mutations at the Ets(35) site did effect expression at a high level, decreasing expression approximately fifteenfold, while mutations at the GATA(54) site effected expression by approximately ninefold. In addition, using 50 hp deletions, we have preliminarily defined two domains from -450 to -351 bp and -150 to -101 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site that effected expression. The former appears to contain a positive regulatory element, while the latter appears to be a silencer element. In expression studies with the rat GPIIb promoter in human megakaryocytic cell lines, we have obtained results similar to those seen with the human GPIIb promoter region in the same human cell line. Thus, we believe that the differences seen are not due to species differences in GPIIb gene regulation, but rather due to differences in studies involving terminal differentiation of megakaryoblasts into normal megakaryocytes versus studies involving multilineage tumor cell lines. The focus of future studies will be to fully delineate the promoter elements in the 5'-flanking region of the GPIIb gene, and how they determine tissue-specific expression.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Investigating the Socio-Economic and Livelihoods Impacts of African Swine Fever in Timor-Leste: An Application of Spatial Group Model Building. Small-scale pig farming is highly important to the economic and social status of households in Timor-Leste. The presence of an African Swine Fever (ASF) outbreak in Timor-Leste was confirmed in 2019, a major concern given that around 70% of agricultural households practice pig farming. This research used a virtual spatial group model building process to construct a concept model to better understand the main feedback loops that determine the socio-economic and livelihood impacts of the ASF outbreak. After discussing the interaction of reinforcing and balancing feedback loops in the concept model, potential leverage points for intervention are suggested that could reduce the impacts of ASF within socio-economic spheres. These include building trust between small-scale farmers and veterinary technicians, strengthening government veterinary services, and the provision of credit conditional on biosecurity investments to help restock the industry. This conceptual model serves as a starting point for further research and the future development of a quantitative system dynamics (SD) model which would allow ex-ante scenario-testing of various policy and technical mitigation strategies of ASF outbreaks in Timor-Leste and beyond. Lessons learned from the blended offline/online approach to training and workshop facilitation are also explored in the paper.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Crop Nutrition and Yield Response of Bagasse Application on Sugarcane Grown on a Mineral Soil. The addition of agricultural by-products to mineral soils has the potential to improve crop production. This study aimed to determine the effects of the readily available sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) milling by-product bagasse as a soil amendment on yields of sugarcane grown on a sandy Entisol of South Florida. The field trial was conducted on a commercial sugarcane farm for three annual crop cycles (plant cane and two ratoons). Four treatments including 5 cm bagasse (85 ton ha(-1)); 10 cm bagasse (170 ton ha(-1)); 10 cm bagasse (170 ton ha(-1)) plus 336 kg ha(-1) ammonium nitrate; and a control (without bagasse and ammonium nitrate) were evaluated. Results indicate that one single application of bagasse increased sugarcane biomass and sugar yield by approximately 23% in the plant cane year. A higher application rate of bagasse (10 cm of bagasse) was recommended since it had a longer effect on increasing sugarcane biomass and sugar yield. Bagasse application enhanced silicon (Si) supply and increased Si plant nutrition. However, the effects of bagasse on the other leaf nutrients were not significant.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "The COVID-19 Pandemic and Psychopathological symptoms in pregnant women in Spain. Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, pregnant women are exposed to potentially harmful stressors that might affect their health. The direct consequences that SARS-CoV-2 may have on perinatal mental health are still unknown. Objective: The present study aimed to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychopathological symptoms in a sample of Spanish pregnant women. Methods: A sample of 186 pregnant women was assessed using the revised Symptoms Check List-90 during the first lockdown in Spain. Results: The results showed clinical scores on the obsession and compulsion, anxiety and phobic anxiety subscales, as well as on the severity indexes. Phobic anxiety was the only variable that was inversely correlated with age and the number of previous miscarriages. A linear regression model showed that age was inversely associated with phobic anxiety scores. A younger age was associated with higher levels of phobic anxiety symptoms. Conclusions: Our results indicated that younger pregnant women and women in the first trimester of pregnancy were more vulnerable to the effects of stress and concerns about COVID-19.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Moral Taint: On the Transfer of the Implications of Moral Culpability. Suppose two people are about to drown. We are in a position to save only one, so the other will have to die. One of the two has just culpably killed an innocent person, but has no intention of killing anybody else and there is no reason to expect that he will. Everything else being equal, should we give them an equal chance of being saved by flipping a coin? In this paper I argue that we should not. I argue that the implications of a person's moral culpability for (recent or prospective) harm to a particular victim should transfer to other conflict situations in which the wrongdoer might find him or herself. This requires establishing the extent to which a person's contributing to harming another person - and his moral culpability for that harm - impinges on our decision making in situations where it is possible only to assist either the wrongdoer or some other person that is not his victim.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Materialism and 'the soft substance of the brain': Diderot and plasticity. Materialism is the view that everything that is real is material or is the product of material processes. It tends to take either a cosmological' form, as a claim about the ultimate nature of the world, or a more specific psychological' form, detailing how mental processes are brain processes. I focus on the second, psychological or cerebral form of materialism. In the mid-to-late eighteenth century, the French materialist philosopher Denis Diderot was one of the first to notice that any self-respecting materialist had to address the question of the status and functional role of the brain, and its relation to our mental life. After this the topic grew stale, with knee-jerk reiterations of psychophysical identity' in the nineteenth-century, and equally rigid assertions of anti-materialism. In 1960s philosophy of mind, brain-mind materialism reemerged as identity theory', focusing on the identity between mental processes and cerebral processes. In contrast, Diderot's cerebral materialism allows for a more culturally sedimented sense of the brain, which he described in his late Elements of Physiology as a book - except it is a book which reads itself'. Diderot thus provides a lesson for materialism as it reflects on the status of the brain, science and culture.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Cortico-cortical inhibition of the motor cortical area projecting to sternocleidomastoid muscle in normals and patients with spasmodic torticollis or essential tremor. Conclusions: The cortico-cortical inhibitory mechanisms of the motor cortex for SCM can be studied by a paired-pulse magnetic stimulation method. Our result of reduced cortico-cortical inhibition in torticollis patients suggests abnormal excitability (hyperexcitable or disinhibited) of the motor cortex for SCM in spasmodic torticollis. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reservedObjectives: To investigate whether the cortico-cortical inhibition originally reported for the human hand motor area is present in the motor cortex for sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) and to evaluate the amount of inhibition in spasmodic torticollis and essential tremor.Methods: Subjects were 14 normal healthy volunteers, 10 patients with spasmodic torticollis and 5 with essential tremor involving neck muscles. A paired-pulse magnetic stimulation was performed for the SCMs and first dorsal interosseous muscles (FDIs).Results: In normal subjects, a subthreshold magnetic conditioning stimulus suppressed responses to a suprathreshold magnetic test stimulus when their interval was 1-5 ms in SCM. This indicates that the similar cortico-cortical inhibitory mechanism is present in the motor cortex for SCM as in the hand motor area. In the patients with spasmodic torticollis, the cortico-cortical inhibitory effect was reduced or absent in SCM, but normal in the FDI. In contrast, in patients with essential tremor, normal cortico-cortical inhibition was seen in both the SCM and FDI.", "label": [1, 2, 18, 15]}
{"token": "Making soil and water conservation sustainable: From coercion and control to partnerships and participation. For close to a century, rural development policies and practice have taken the view that farmers are mismanagers of soil and water. This paper reviews the history of farmers being advised, paid and forced to adopt new soil and water conservation measures and practices. Many have done so, and environments and economies have benefited in the short term, but ill-conceived policies and badly designed programmes and projects have undermined these efforts in the name of conservation. Most efforts have been remarkably unsuccessful, often resulting in more erosion. They have undermined the credibility of conservation and wasted huge sums of money.For a new era of soil and water conservation, new initiatives are showing how to make conservation sustainable. Farmers are now considered the potential solution rather than the problem, and so the value of local knowledge and skills is being put at the core of new programmes. This involves a major focus on building farmers' capacity to innovate and develop technologies appropriate to their own conditions. Local organizations are strengthened through participatory processes, this participation being interactive and empowering. Recent evidence is indicating that these new interactions between professionals and farmers are producing considerable productive and sustainable benefits. For widespread impact, enabling policy frameworks are still needed to encourage the spread of more sustainable practices for agriculture. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 52]}
{"token": "Constant timing of medusa release in bivalve-inhabiting hydrozoans of the genus Eugymnanthea (Hydrozoa: Leptomedusae: Eirenidae). At the end of the breeding season in autumn, under natural conditions, mature medusae of Eugymnanthea japonica are released from its host Mytilus galloprovincialis at night-time. In laboratory experiments, mature medusae of the congeneric species E. inquilina are also released at night-time in autumn. At that time of the year, sunset is earlier and the water temperature is lower than in summer, when, under natural conditions, medusa release of E. japonica takes place at sunset instead. The release thus takes place at the same hours of the day in summer as well as in autumn. The circadial timing of medusa release of E. japonica is likely constant throughout the whole period in the breeding season and not correlated with the decrease of light intensity at sunset.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Analysis of individual patient data to describe the incubation period distribution of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli. Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a pathogen that can cause bloody diarrhoea and severe complications. Cases occur sporadically but outbreaks are also common. Understanding the incubation period distribution and factors influencing it will help in the investigation of exposures and consequent disease control. We extracted individual patient data for STEC cases associated with outbreaks with a known source of exposure in England and Wales. The incubation period was derived and cases were described according to patient and outbreak characteristics. We tested for heterogeneity in reported incubation period between outbreaks and described the pattern of heterogeneity. We employed a multi-level regression model to examine the relationship between patient characteristics such as age, gender and reported symptoms; and outbreak characteristics such as mode of transmission with the incubation period. A total of 205 cases from 41 outbreaks were included in the study, of which 64 cases (31%) were from a single outbreak. The median incubation period was 4 days. Cases reporting bloody diarrhoea reported shorter incubation periods compared with cases without bloody diarrhoea, and likewise, cases aged between 40 and 59 years reported shorter incubation period compared with other age groups. It is recommended that public health officials consider the characteristics of cases involved in an outbreak in order to inform the outbreak investigation and the period of exposure to be investigated.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "Stabilizing Nanosized Si Anodes with the Synergetic Usage of Atomic Layer Deposition and Electrolyte Additives for Li-Ion Batteries. A substantial increase in charging capacity over long cycle periods was made possible by the formation of a flexible weblike network via the combination of Al2O3 atomic layer deposition (ALD) and the electrolyte additive vinylene carbonate (VC). Transmission electron microscopy shows that a weblike network forms after cycling when ALD and VC were used in combination that dramatically increases the cycle stability for the Si composite anode. The ALD-VC combination also showed reduced reactions with the lithium salt, forming a more stable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) absent of fluorinated silicon species, as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Although the bare Si composite anode showed only an improvement from a 56% to a 45% loss after 50 cycles, when VC was introduced, the ALD-coated Si anode showed an improvement from a 73% to a 11% capacity loss. Furthermore, the anode with the ALD coating and VC had a capacity of 630 mAh g(-1) after 200 cycles running at 200 mA g(-1), and the bare anode without VC showed a capacity of 400 mAh g(-1) after only 50 cycles. This approach can be extended to other Si systems, and the formation of this SEI is dependent on the thickness of the ALD that affects both capacity and stability.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "NICOLAUS DE ARCHILUPPIS, CITIZEN OF KOTOR AND BAR OF GREEK ORIGIN, NOTARY AND CHANCELLOR OF SERBIAN DESPOTS, DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVE AT VENICE; CODICIL, INVENTORY AND EXECUTION OF HIS LAST WILL AS LINKS OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLDS. On the basis of the documents held in the State Archives in Dubrovnik, published in the annexes, as well as available literature, biography of Nicholas de Archiluppis, citizen of Kotor and Bar, latin scribe of Greek origin is reconstructed. The notary, chancellor, judge and orator Archiluppis, by imperial authority, performed his professional service until the mid fifteenth century. According to analyzed documents, he was active in several communities between 1423 and 1444. He died in Smederevo. Information about him, his citizenship, familial and social relationships, close connection with the ruling circle of the despotate of Serbia and business activities as well is enriched with the analysis of the codicil to the testament drawn up on 20th October 1444, with the respective inventory of goods, and the document on takeover of his legacy, created on 5th August 1445.Shedding new light on social and material structures that determined the communal, courtly and elite culture in general, reviewed documents confirm that he was a manifoldly interesting personality, that with mere origin suggested civilizational stratification and interweaving. The range of social contacts of the reputable court official, which was including the residents of Tuscany, Marche, Veneto, Dubrovnik, Kotor, Bar and the despotate of Serbia, was not only the result of his acivities in the domain of cultural and political representation, but also of economic entrepreneurship and affinity relationships.The writings which were analyzed, legal instruments, manuscripts and items that were referred to, allow an innovative insight into still insufficiently known, documentary and material reality oh his time. Class position, prominent features of appearance and non-verbal communication, trading with major merchants of Southern Adriatic towns, stepping in front of the high authorities in Venice, negotiations and mediation with the Venetian overseas dignitaries, indicate the decedent's interests, intellectual reputation, contribution to manifestations of politeness and diplomatic rituals. Modalities of disposition with the heritage facilitate an understanding of his closest milieu of kinship and friends. A valuable library with rare titles reflects the humanistic scholarship, correlating with the social and institutional network within which he lived. Exactly Archiluppis, as influential and highly educated member of the supreme urban stratum and the court entourage, with the declarations and the execution of his last will confirms the ascent of the elitist culture of the late Middle Ages.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Micro-nutrient composition and end-user acceptable quality in potato in Ethiopia. Micronutrient deficiencies in diets, including iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), are an important public health problem across population in Ethiopia. Potato is a modest source of dietary nutrients. The purpose of this study was to assess the mineral (Fe & Zn) composition of potato germplasm in Ethiopia and grower's willingness to try new potato types. The Fe and Zn contents were assessed in peeled tubers of popular farmer varieties, and newly introduced Andean diploid group Phureja accessions and improved tetraploid clones grown in multi-location trials. Grower's preferences for the new potato types was assessed using a participatory approach. Significant variations in mineral and tuber yield traits exist among the germplasm assessed and broad-sense heritability appears to be high for most traits measured, suggesting that progress through breeding can be made among these materials. However, the slightly negative correlation of tuber yield with Fe and Zn content and user appreciation traits found in this study suggests that progress in improving crops for yield and enhanced Fe and Zn concentrations with end-user acceptable quality will be challenging. The results from this study provide baseline information on Fe and Zn composition of many popular farmer varieties in Ethiopia and end-user preference criteria for evaluating new potato varieties that would help to orient the biofortification breeding to the conditions and preference of farmers.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "State-Owned Enterprise Reform in Post-Mao China. This article assesses some critical issues concerning China's State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) reform and foresees its future in a broader picture of administrative reform. The first section of the article provides a review of the reform process. The second section discusses the current situations of the SOEs and the reform's implication to such issues as: ownership (privatization), governance, marketization and management. The final section examines some directions for the future reform.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "NEARLY INVOLUTIONS ON BANACH ALGEBRAS. A FIXED POINT APPROACH. Using fixed point methods, we investigate the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability and superstability of involutions on Banach algebras. Moreover, we show that under some conditions on an approximate involution, the Banach algebra has a C*-algebra structure.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Syntheses and Crystal Structures of the closo-Borates M-2[B7H7] and M[B7H8] (M = PPh4, PNP, and N(n-Bu-4)): the Missing Crystal Structure in the Series [BnHn](2-) (n=6-12). Oxidation of [N(n-Bu-4)](2)[B9H9] with oxygen in a mixture of dimethoxyethane and CH2Cl2 leads to salts of the [B7H7](2-) dianion. This is the first convenient synthesis for a seven-vertex hydro-closo-borate anion. Protonation with NEt3 center dot HCl resulted in salts of the [B7H8](-) monoanion. Both closo-borate anions were isolated and characterized by H-1, H-1{B-11}, B-11, and B-11{H-1} NMR spectroscopy. The temperature-dependent H-1{B-11}, B-11, and B-11{H-1} NMR spectra of [B7H8](-) were also measured. The structure of [B7H7](2-) as well as of [B7H8](-) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Rural Caregivers for a Family Member With Dementia: Models of Burden and Distress Differ for Women and Men. Forecasts of increasing prevalence of dementia in rural settings, coupled with reliance on family caregiver support, indicate that a greater understanding of caregiver distress in these contexts is necessary. The purpose of this study was to examine family caregiver burden and severity of distress on the day that a family member was diagnosed with dementia at a memory clinic that serves a rural population. Participants in this retrospective study were 231 primary family caregivers of a rural community-dwelling person with dementia. On the diagnostic day, women reported more burden and severity of distress than men and spouses reported more severity of distress than adult children. A structural equation model was not supported for the entire sample, but was supported for women caregivers only (n = 161). Caregiver distress related to dementia-specific behaviors explained both global distress and burden. Patients' functional decline was related to caregiver burden.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Waardenburg Syndrome Type IV De Novo SOX10 Variant Causing Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction. Waardenburg syndrome (WS) type IV is characterized by pigmentary abnormalities, deafness and Hirschsprung's disease. This syndrome can be triggered by dysregulation of the SOX10 gene, which belongs to the SOX (SRY-related high-mobility group-box) family of genes. We discuss the first known case of a SOX10 frameshift mutation variant defined as c.895delC causing WS type IV without Hirschsprung's disease. This female patient of unrelated Kuwaiti parents, who tested negative for cystic fibrosis and Hirschsprung's disease, was born with meconium ileus and malrotation and had multiple surgical complications likely due to chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. These complications included small intestinal necrosis requiring resection, development of a spontaneous fistula between the duodenum and jejunum after being left in discontinuity, and short gut syndrome. This case and previously reported cases demonstrate that SOX10 gene sequencing is a consideration in WS patients without aganglionosis but with intestinal dysfunction.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Pathogens, microbiome and the host: emergence of the ecological Koch's postulates. Even though tremendous progress has been made in the last decades to elucidate the mechanisms of intestinal homeostasis, dysbiosis and disease, we are only at the beginning of understanding the complexity of the gut ecosystem and the underlying interaction networks. We are also only starting to unravel the mechanisms that pathogens have evolved to overcome the barriers imposed by the microbiota and host to exploit the system to their own benefit. Recent work in these domains clearly indicates that the 'traditional Koch's postulates', which state that a given pathogen leads to a distinct disease, are not valid for all 'infectious' diseases, but that a more complete and complex interpretation of Koch's postulates is needed in order to understand and explain them. This review summarises the current understanding of what defines a healthy gut ecosystem and highlights recent progress in uncovering the interplay between the host, its microbiota and invading intestinal pathogens. Based on these recent findings, we propose a new interpretation of Koch's postulates that we term 'ecological Koch's postulates'.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "N-MYC promotes cell proliferation through a direct transactivation of neuronal leucine-rich repeat protein-1(NLRR1) gene in neuroblastoma. Neuronal leucine-rich repeat protein-1(NLRR1) gene encodes a type I transmembrane protein with unknown function. We have previously described that NLRR1 gene is highly expressed in unfavorable neuroblastomas as compared with favorable tumors and its higher expression levels correlate significantly with poor clinical outcome. In this study, we have found that NLRR1 gene is one of direct target genes for N-MYC and its gene product contributes to N-MYC-dependent growth promotion in neuroblastoma. Expression levels of NLRR1 were significantly associated with those of N-MYC in various neuroblastoma cell lines as well as primary neuroblastoma tissues. Indeed, enforced expression of N-MYC resulted in a remarkable induction of the endogenous NLRR1. Consistent with these results, we have identified two functional E-boxes within the promoter region and intron 1 of NLRR1 gene. Intriguingly, c-myc also transactivated NLRR1 gene. Enforced expression of NLRR1 promoted cell proliferation and rendered cells resistant to serum deprivation. In support with these observations, small-interfering RNA-mediated knock-down of the endogenous NLRR1-reduced growth rate and sensitized cells to serum starvation. Collectively, our present findings provide a novel insight into understanding molecular mechanisms behind aggressive neuroblastoma with N-MYC amplification.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Herminiimonas contaminans sp nov., isolated as a contaminant of biopharmaceuticals. A Gram-staining-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium isolated as a contaminant from a biopharmaceutical process (strain CCUG 53591(T)) was studied for its taxonomic allocation. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity data, this strain was clearly allocated to the genus Herminiimonas. Herminiimonas saxobsidens was shown to be the most closely related species on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9%), followed by Herminiimonas glaciei (99.6%) and Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans (98.8%). Strain ND5, previously reported as H. glaciei, but showing 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to strain CCUG 53591(T), was included in the comparative study. Similarities to all other species of the genus Herminiimonas were below 98.0%. Chemotaxonomic data (major ubiquinone, Q-8; major polar lipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol; and major fatty acids, C-17:0 cyclo, C-19:0 cyclo omega 8c and C-16:0, with C-10:0 3-OH as hydroxylated fatty acid) supported the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Herminiimonas. DNA-DNA hybridization results (mean values) for strain CCUG 53591(T) with H. saxobsidens CCUG 59860(T) (34%), H. glaciei DSM 21140(T) (57 %), H. arsenicoxydans DSM 17148(T) (17 %) and Herminiimonas fonticola S-94(T) (11%) clearly supported the separate taxonomic position of this strain. Strain ND5 showed DNA DNA similarities of 78, 56 and 52% to strain CCUG 53591(T), H. glaciei DSM 21140(T) and H. saxobsidens CCUG 59860(T), respectively. Phenotypic differentiation of the isolate from the most closely related species was possible by various features. Hence, strain CCUG 53591(T) represents a novel species, for which the name Herminiimonas contaminans sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain CCUG 53591(T) (=CCM 7991(T)). Strain ND5 is a second strain of this species.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "The Evolutionary and Functional Paradox of Cerato-platanins in Fungi. IMPORTANCE Cerato-platanins (CPs) are surface-active small proteins abundantly secreted by filamentous fungi. Consequently, immune systems of plants and other organisms recognize CPs and activate defense mechanisms. Some CPs are toxic to plants and act as virulence factors in plant-pathogenic fungi. Our analysis, however, demonstrates that the interactions with plants do not explain the origin and evolution of CPs in the fungal kingdom. We revealed a long evolutionary history of CPs with multiple cases of gene duplication and events of interfungal lateral gene transfers. In the mycoparasitic Trichoderma spp., CPs evolve under stabilizing natural selection and hamper the colonization of roots. We propose that the ability to modify the hydrophobicity of the fungal hyphosphere is a key to unlock the evolutionary and functional paradox of these proteins.Cerato-platanins (CPs) form a family of fungal small secreted cysteine-rich proteins (SSCPs) and are of particular interest not only because of their surface activity but also their abundant secretion by fungi. We performed an evolutionary analysis of 283 CPs from 157 fungal genomes with the focus on the environmental opportunistic plant-beneficial and mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma. Our results revealed a long evolutionary history of CPs in Dikarya fungi that have undergone several events of lateral gene transfer and gene duplication. Three genes were maintained in the core genome of Trichoderma, while some species have up to four CP-encoding genes. All Trichoderma CPs evolve under stabilizing natural selection pressure. The functional genomic analysis of CPs in Trichoderma guizhouense and Trichoderma harzianum revealed that only epl1 is active at all stages of development but that it plays a minor role in interactions with other fungi and bacteria. The deletion of this gene results in increased colonization of tomato roots by Trichoderma spp. Similarly, biochemical tests of EPL1 heterologously produced by Pichia pastoris support the claims described above. Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the function of CPs is probably linked to their surfactant properties and the ability to modify the hyphosphere of submerged mycelia and, thus, facilitate the nutritional versatility of fungi. The effector-like functions do not sufficiently describe the diversity and evolution of these proteins in fungi, as they are also maintained, duplicated, or laterally transferred in the genomes of nonherbivore fungi.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
{"token": "THE EXTRA-SALARY BENEFITS IN PAYMENT SCOPE: A DIAGNOSIS OF THE BUSINESS PRACTICE IN A CITY IN THE INTERIOR OF PARANA STATE. The present article presents the results of an investigation about the use of extra-salary benefits as a strategy for payment complementation. By studying authors that deal with salary policies based on the capitalist system scope, a retrospective was made in regard to the use of benefits as a form of reward to workers. The loss of purchase power of the minimum wage since its implementation in Brazil is also perceived as an incentive for new ways of payment, and consequently, of benefits. The data resultant from a field research carried out in companies located in a mid-sized city in the interior of Parana, enabled a comparison with the results of another survey made by a consultant enterprise at national level. That comparison allowed for an analysis of the benefits practiced by companies in the researched region and of the importance of such benefits to the employees of those businesses.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "LES prediction of wall-pressure fluctuations and noise of a low-speed airfoil. This paper discusses the prediction of wall-pressure fluctuations and noise of a low-speed flow past a thin cambered airfoil using large-eddy simulation (LES). The results are compared with experimental measurements made in an open-jet anechoic wind-tunnel at Ecole Centrale de Lyon. To account for the effect of the jet on airfoil loading, a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes calculation is first conducted in the full wind-tunnel configuration, and the mean velocities from this calculation are used to define the boundary conditions for the LES in a smaller domain within the potential core of the jet. The LES flow field is characterized by an attached laminar boundary layer on the pressure side of the airfoil and a transitional and turbulent boundary layer on the suction side, in agreement with experimental observations. An analysis of the unsteady surface pressure field shows reasonable agreement with the experiment in terms of frequency spectra and spanwise coherence in the trailing-edge region. In the nose region, characterized by unsteady separation and transition to turbulence, the wall-pressure fluctuations are highly sensitive to small perturbations and thus diffcult to predict or measure with certainty. The LES, in combination with the Ffowcs Williams and Hall solution to the Lighthill equation, also predicts well the radiated trailing-edge noise. A finite-chord correction is derived and applied to the noise prediction, which is shown to improve the overall agreement with the experimental sound spectrum.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Role of TRP Channels in Shaping the Gut Microbiome. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family proteins are sensors for pain, which sense a variety of thermal and noxious chemicals. Sensory neurons innervating the gut abundantly express TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels and are in close proximity of gut microbes. Emerging evidence indicates a bi-directional gut-brain cross-talk in several entero-neuronal pathologies; however, the direct evidence of TRP channels interacting with gut microbial populations is lacking. Herein, we examine whether and how the knockout (KO) of TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels individually or combined TRPA1/V1 double-knockout (dKO) impacts the gut microbiome in mice. We detect distinct microbiome clusters among the three KO mouse models versus wild-type (WT) mice. All three TRP-KO models have reduced microbial diversity, harbor higher abundance of Bacteroidetes, and a reduced proportion ofFirmicutes. Specifically distinct arrays in the KO models are determined mainly by S24-7, Bacteroidaceae, Clostridiales, Prevotellaceae, Helicobacteriaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Ruminococcaceae. A1KO mice have lower Prevotella, Desulfovibrio, Bacteroides, Helicobacter and higher Rikenellaceae and Tenericutes; V1KO mice demonstrate higher Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus, Desulfovibrio and Mucispirillum; and A1V1dKO mice exhibit higher Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides and S24-7 and lower Firmicutes, Ruminococcaceae, Oscillospira, Lactobacillus and Sutterella abundance. Furthermore, the abundance of taxa involved in biosynthesis of lipids and primary and secondary bile acids is higher while that of fatty acid biosynthesis-associated taxa is lower in all KO groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating distinct gut microbiome signatures in TRPA1, V1 and dKO models and should facilitate prospective studies exploring novel diagnostic/ therapeutic modalities regarding the pathophysiology of TRP channel proteins.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Penicilliumfrom Rhizosphere Soil in Terrestrial and Coastal Environments in South Korea. Penicillium, the most common genus plays an important ecological role in various terrestrial and marine environments. However, only a few species have been reported from rhizosphere soil. As part of a project to excavate Korean indigenous fungi, we investigated rhizosphere soil of six plants in the forest (terrestrial habitat) and sand dunes (coastal habitat) and focused on discoveringPenicilliumspecies. A total of 64 strains were isolated and identified as 26Penicilliumspecies in nine sections based on morphological characteristics and the sequence analysis of beta-tubulin and calmodulin. Although this is a small-scale study in a limited rhizosphere soil, eight unrecorded species and four potential new species have been identified. In addition, mostPenicilliumspecies from rhizosphere soil were unique to each plant.Penicillium halotolerans,P. scabrosum,P. samsonianum,P. jejuense, andP. janczewskiiwere commonly isolated from rhizosphere soil. EightPenicilliumspecies,P. aurantioviolaceum, P. bissettii, P. cairnsense, P. halotolerans, P. kananaskense, P. ortum, P. radiatolobatum, andP. verhageniiwere recorded for the first time in Korea. Here, we provide the detailed morphological description of these unrecorded species.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 42]}
{"token": "Effect of humidity and storage time on the ammoniation with urea of hay of Brachiaria brizantha on some wall cell components. An assay was conducted under laboratory conditions to evaluate the effect of different levels of humidity and storage days on acid detergent fiber (FDA), neutral detergent fiber (FDN), hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin contents in ammoniated hay with 3% urea. Brachiaria brizantha hay was cutted and placed in plastic bags and an aqueous solution of urea at 0, 20, 40 y 60% of humidity was added in relation to the dry weight of hay. Ammoniated hay was stored at ambient temperature (29 degrees C) during 0, 14, 28 and 42 days. A total random design with a factorial arrangement of 4 x 4 with four repetitions was used. The results showed an increase (P<0.05) in the values of FDA, FDN and cellulose, and a decrease (P<0.05) in the content of hemicellulose while the humidity levels and days of storage increased. The lignin content was not affected by the treatment.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Evolutionary breakpoints are co-localized with fragile sites and intrachromosomal telomeric sequences in primates. The concentration of evolutionary breakpoints in primate karyotypes in some particular regions or chromosome bands suggests that these chromosome regions are more prone to breakage. This is the first extensive comparative study which investigates a possible relationship of two genetic markers (intrachromosomal telomeric sequences [TTAGGG]n, [ITSs] and fragile sites [FSs]), which are implicated in the evolutionary process as well as in chromosome rearrangements. For this purpose, we have analyzed: ( a) the cytogenetic expression of aphidicolin-induced FSs in Cebus apella and Cebus nigrivittatus ( F. Cebidae, Platyrrhini) and Mandrillus sphinx ( F. Cercopithecidae, Catarrhini), and (b) the intrachromosomal position of telomeric-like sequences by FISH with a synthetic ( TTAGGG) n probe in C. apella chromosomes. The multinomial FSM statistical model allowed us to determinate 53 FSs in C. apella, 16 FSs in C. nigrivittatus and 50 FSs in M. sphinx. As expected, all telomeres hybridized with the probe, and 55 intrachromosomal loci were also detected in the Cebus apella karyotype. The chi(2) test indicates that the coincidence of the location of Cebus and Mandrillus FSs with the location of human FSs is significant (P < 0.005). Based on a comparative cytogenetic study among different primate species we have identified ( or described) the chromosome bands in the karyotypes of Papionini and Cebus species implicated in evolutionary reorganizations. More than 80% of these evolutionary breakpoints are located in chromosome bands that express FSs and/or contain ITSs. Copyright (C) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Sequence and genetic arrangement of the U-L region of the monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) genome and comparison with the U-L region of other primate herpesviruses. The complete DNA sequence of the unique long (U-L) region of monkey B virus (BV) was determined. Based on sequence homology and the presence of transcriptional control element motifs, homologues of every open reading frame present in the UL region of the Human herpesvirus I (herpes simplex virus 1, HSV-1) and Human herpesvirus 2 (herpes simplex virus 2, HSV-2) genomes were identified in BV The BV genes are arranged in the same order and orientation as in HSV. These results demonstrate that the BV UL region is entirely co-linear with that of HSV-1 and HSV-2.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "EXCAVATING THE CENTRALITY OF MATERIALITY FOR A POSTHUMAN 'ANTHROPOMEDIALITY': STEPS TOWARD AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH. The concept of \\\\'anthropomediality\\\\' traces a new path for the anthropological study of media, moving toward the posthuman. Matter here is central, signaling incarnated relations between humans and technologies. This article proposes a theoretical and programmatic delineation of a relational tool: an ecological approach that focuses on materiality in the form of an analysis of strata by means of an excavating movement.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Pluralist welfare egalitarianism and the expensive tastes objection. In this article we aim to reduce the force of the expensive tastes objection to equality of welfare by constructing a pluralist welfare egalitarian theory which is not defeated by it. In the first part, we argue that Cohen's condition of responsibility-sensitiveness is not able to provide a satisfactory rebuttal of the expensive tastes objection for at least a class of theories of justice, namely those that adhere to a methodologically fact-sensitive view. In the second part, we explore the possibility of constructing a welfare egalitarian theory that gives weight to both equality and efficiency. We propose two alternatives, which integrate a utilitarian constraint and a Weak Pareto constraint on equality and show that both theories consistently differentiate between compensable and non-compensable expensive tastes, but should ultimately be rejected because of other unattractive implications. Finally, we develop a fairness-constrained theory of welfare egalitarianism and suggest that it can distinguish between compensable and non-compensable expensive tastes in both a conceptually consistent and a morally plausible manner, without generating decisive additional objections.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Modeling chemical kinetics of avocado oil ethanolysis catalyzed by solid glycerol-enriched calcium oxide. The catalytic activity of glycerol-enriched calcium oxide for the alcoholysis reaction between avocado oil and ethanol was investigated. The calcium oxide was derived from Mytilus Galloprovincialis shells. This study systematically examined the influence of temperature, ethanol-to-oil molar ratio, and the catalyst amount on the variation in the concentration of triacylglycerols and biodiesel with reaction time. The interaction between the reaction variables (ethanol-to-oil molar ratio and catalyst amount), their influence on the ethanolysis process, and the optimum variables affecting the process were determined through the response surface methodology. A previously developed mathematical model was applied for the current ethanolysis process, and the model parameters were determined. The ethanolysis reaction occurred between the surface chemisorbed ethoxide ions and oil molecules in the liquid phase, while, the overall process was controlled by the ethanol-adsorption step. The physico-chemical properties of biodiesel, produced using potassium methoxide catalyst, were additionally measured. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Effect of risperidone on sleep in schizophrenia: a comparison with haloperidol. The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of the atypical antipsychotic drug, risperidone on sleep measures in patients with schizophrenia by polysomnography. Sleep measures were compared in five schizophrenic patients who were receiving risperidone alone and five schizophrenic patients who were receiving haloperidol alone. There were no differences between these two groups in their demographic characteristics or doses of antipsychotic medication. The slow wave sleep period was significantly longer in the risperidone-treated group than in the haloperidol-treated group. There were, however, no other significant differences in sleep variables between these Groups. This difference in the effect on sleep between risperidone and haloperidol may be due to their differential actions on serotonin (5-HT2) receptors. Risperidone, which is known to be a serotonin-dopamine antagonist, has the potential to improve the quality of sleep in schizophrenic patients. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Depicting the arena in which Brazilian local government authorities make decisions What is the role of stakeholders?. Originality/value-There has been very little prior analysis of stakeholder influence focusing on local government. This investigation is the first with a specific focus on identifying the arena in which Brazilian municipalities make decisions and the relationship of those municipalities with stakeholders.Findings-The contribution of this paper to theory is based on a description of the arena in which Brazilian municipal districts make decisions. In so doing, it endeavours to model this arena as comprised of five clusters of stakeholder concerns: limitation, collaboration, orientation, legitimacy, and inspection. The paper raises some issues that are helpful in explaining the relationship between stakeholder influences and public organisations. In other words, it helps to label stakeholder influences and to make stakeholder influence more manageable by public organisations at the local government level. In practical terms, the paper concludes that the number of stakeholders is less important than the sort of influence they are supposed to exert upon organisations.Design/methodology/approach-Four case studies were carried out with municipalities in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The investigation was carried out using grounded theory. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews with managers and with the main stakeholders. Data were analysed using content analysis, supported by QSR N6 software.Purpose-The aim of this paper is to describe the arena in which managers of small size Brazilian municipalities make decisions as constrained by stakeholder influence.Research limitations/implications-The limitations of this investigation relate to the features of the case study methods employed. The results show the particular situation of the State of Minas Gerais (at the southeast of Brazil) and represent the situation of small municipalities.", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
{"token": "Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Targeting of Tumor-Induced Bone Disease: Current Status and Emerging Therapeutic Interventions. Bone disease is a common complication of metastatic solid tumors but also of primary hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of bone disease by solid tumors and multiple myeloma has been significantly improved. A complex inter-dependence exists between bone disease and malignant cell growth, creating a vicious cycle of extensive bone destruction and tumor progression. Although myeloma and solid tumors share a number of common molecular pathogenetic mechanisms, they involve distinct pathophysiological pathways, resulting in osteoclastic bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation. In this review, we analyze the molecular mechanisms, involved in tumor-induced bone disease and discuss the current therapeutic approaches and the most recent clinical developments of emerging targeted therapies.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Studies into the Process of Mine Waste Dump Filling Up by Vegetation Using Remote Sensing Data. The authors discuss the practice of assessment of mine waste dump surface condition by the remote sensing data. The biomass is defined based on the soil-adjusted vegetation index SAVI. The article presents details of determining zones of soil generation and filling up by vegetation in terms of the operating mine waste dump in Kuzbass.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Projection method as a probe for multiplexing/demultiplexing of magnetically enriched biological tissues. The unmet demand for cheap, accurate, and fast multiplexing of biomarkers has urged nanobiotechnology to prioritize the invention of new biomarkers that make feasible the remote detection, identification, and quantification of biological units, such as regenerative tissues. Here, we introduce a novel approach that highlights magnetic nanowires (MNWs) with such capabilities. This method employs the stable magnetization states of MNWs as a unique characteristic that can be realized by projecting the MNWs' switching field on the backward field (P-Hb), also known as the irreversible switching field. Experimentally, several types of MNWs were directly synthesized inside polycarbonate tissues and their P-Hb characteristics were measured and analyzed. Our results show that the P-Hb gives an excellent identification and quantification characteristic for demultiplexing MNWs embedded in these tissues. Furthermore, this method significantly improves the characterization speed by a factor of 50x-100x that makes it superior to the current state of the art that ceased the progression of magnetic nanoparticles in multiplexing/demultiplexing applications.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Complement C3a and C5a receptors promote GVHD by suppressing mitophagy in recipient dendritic cells. =Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). DCs play critical roles in GVHD induction. Modulating autophagy represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of immunological diseases. Complement receptors C3aR/C5aR expressed on DCs regulate immune responses by translating extracellular signals into intracellular activity. In the current study, we found that C3aR/C5aR deficiency enhanced ceramide-dependent lethal mitophagy (CDLM) in DCs. Cotransfer of host-type C3aR(-/-) /C5aR(-/-) DCs in the recipients significantly improved GVHD outcome after allogeneic HCT, primarily through enhancing CDLM in DCs. C3aR/C5aR deficiency in the host hematopoietic compartment significantly reduced GVHD severity via impairing Th1 differentiation and donor T cell glycolytic activity while enhancing Treg generation. Prophylactic treatment with C3aR/C5aR antagonists effectively alleviated GVHD while maintaining the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. Altogether, we demonstrate that inhibiting C3aR/C5aR induces lethal mitophagy in DCs, which represents a potential therapeutic approach to control GVHD while preserving the GVL effect.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus). Although bumblebees have received a lot of attention, some taxonomic problems have persisted for many years. One particularly obdurate case has been the species of the subgenus Subterraneobombus. We revise the bees of this subgenus by integrating evidence from both morphology and, for a 5% subsample, from DNA (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, CO1) barcodes from pinned museum specimens. We apply a reciprocal illumination procedure: (1) taxa recognized previously from morphology are used to stratify samples for DNA subsampling; (2) DNA barcodes from these subsamples are used to recognize groups of phylogenetically related specimens; and (3) for these groups, we re-examine morphological characters in order to recognize and diagnose species. A total of 3854 specimens from 1535 samples from across the geographic range of the subgenus throughout the Holarctic and northern Oriental regions are identified to 11 species. This includes one species newly recognized from Mongolia, Bombus mongolensis Williams sp. nov. Taxon concepts are modified substantially for four species, seven lectotypes are designated, and four new synonyms are recognized. The prevailing usage of Bombus distinguendus is maintained as valid by designating Bombus elegans as a nomen oblitum and designating B. distinguendus as a nomen protectum. Identification keys and colour-pattern diagrams are provided, and geographic distributions, elevational ranges, and phenological activity periods are described to characterize the species. An estimate of the biogeographic history is reconstructed with dispersal-vicariance analysis. In this study, DNA barcode data have been a cost-effective source of additional characters for diagnosing groups of specimens. The barcode data contributed directly to recognizing the one new species, of which females remain difficult to identify from morphology alone. (C) 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 163, 813-862. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00729.x", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Methods for assessment of slab centre segregation as a tool to control slab continuous casting with soft reduction. Slabs produced by continuous casting are characterized by macrosegregation in their central regions. The formation of this macrosegregation depends on many parameters, among others the state of the casting line and the casting technique used.In order to minimize this slab centre macrosegregation for the various steel grades, appropriate samples cut from the slabs have to be subjected to a quantitative assessment. Optical methods of assessment are too inaccurate to serve, for example, as a useful index for controlling soft reduction. For this reason the centre of the slab was analysed using several physical and chemical test methods whose results were then cross-compared. In the process, a combination of ultrasonic porosity tests and spark analyses (OES-PDA) turned out to be the most informative, cost-effective and fastest method for assessing macrosegregations.Thanks to the macrosegregation indexes elaborated on the basis of the test results for the individual slabs it is now possible to find optimum casting parameters such as casting temperature, casting speed etc. for the subsequent melts of the same steel grade and also to use soft reduction for the purpose of minimizing macrosegregation phenomena.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Favors and 'normal heroes' The case of postsocialist higher education. This paper reconsiders the expression \\\\'economy of favors\\\\' that became popular in the literature about postsocialist societies as shorthand for a variety of illicit practices such as bribery, kickbacks, nepotism, etc. It argues that favors can be singled out and considered in their own right from an anthropological point of view. Favors are carried out in economies that are mainly conducted in other ways- ways that are not favors at all. The paper suggests, based on materials from Russia and Mongolia, that favors are different from transactional exchanges. They are defined by their quality of gratuitousness and by the fact that they require the recipients to be personally chosen. Because neither of these are features of market economic practice, favors tend to be described in the literature as informal, corrupt, etc., but the suggestion here is that favors persist because they enable actors to enhance a sense of self-worth within relevant social circles; they are sources of esteem for \\\\'normal heroes\\\\' in such life-worlds. Analyzing favors in the sphere of higher education, the paper also suggests that practical operation of favors in an increasingly commercialized and power-differentiated environment is also helpful for understanding how social networks are formed.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Regulation of tryptophan synthase gene expression in Chlamydia trachomatis. We previously reported that Chlamydia trachomatis expresses the genes encoding tryptophan synthase (trpA and trpB). The results presented here indicate that C. trachomatis also expresses the tryptophan repressor gene (trpR). The complement of genes regulated by tryptophan levels in C. trachomatis is limited to trpBA and trpR. trp gene expression was repressed if chlamydiae-infected HeLa cells were cultured the presence of tryptophan and induced if grown in tryptophan-depleted medium or in the presence of IFN-gamma. Furthermore, expression of the trp genes in strains which encode a functional tryptophan synthase is repressed when infected cells are cultured in the presence of the tryptophan precursor indole. Results from experiments with cycloheximide, an inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis, indicate that in addition to the absolute size of the intracellular tryptophan pool, host competition for available tryptophan plays a key role in regulating expression of the trp genes. The tryptophan analogue, 5-fluorotryptophan, repressed trp gene expression and induced the formation of aberrant organisms of C. trachomatis. The growth-inhibitory properties of 5-fluorotryptophan could be reversed with exogenous tryptophan but not indole. In total, our results indicate that the ability to regulate trp gene expression in response to tryptophan availability is advantageous for the intracellular survival of this organism. Furthermore, the fact that C. trachomatis has retained the capacity to respond to tryptophan limitation supports the view that the in vivo antichlamydial effect of IFN-gamma is via the induction of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "Drivers for Rift Valley fever emergence in Mayotte: A Bayesian modelling approach. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a major zoonotic and arboviral hemorrhagic fever. The conditions leading to RVF epidemics are still unclear, and the relative role of climatic and anthropogenic factors may vary between ecosystems. Here, we estimate the most likely scenario that led to RVF emergence on the island of Mayotte, following the 2006-2007 African epidemic. We developed the first mathematical model for RVF that accounts for climate, animal imports and livestock susceptibility, which is fitted to a 12-years dataset. RVF emergence was found to be triggered by the import of infectious animals, whilst transmissibility was approximated as a linear or exponential function of vegetation density. Model forecasts indicated a very low probability of virus endemicity in 2017, and therefore of re-emergence in a closed system (i.e. without import of infected animals). However, the very high proportion of naive animals reached in 2016 implies that the island remains vulnerable to the import of infectious animals. We recommend reinforcing surveillance in livestock, should RVF be reported is neighbouring territories. Our model should be tested elsewhere, with ecosystem-specific data.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Modern Taurine Cattle Descended from Small Number of Near-Eastern Founders. Archaeozoological and genetic data indicate that taurine cattle were first domesticated from local wild ox (aurochs) in the Near East some 10,500 years ago. However, while modern mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation indicates early Holocene founding event(s), a lack of ancient DNA data from the region of origin, variation in mutation rate estimates, and limited application of appropriate inference methodologies have resulted in uncertainty on the number of animals first domesticated. A large number would be expected if cattle domestication was a technologically straightforward and unexacting region-wide phenomenon, while a smaller number would be consistent with a more complex and challenging process. We report mtDNA sequences from 15 Neolithic to Iron Age Iranian domestic cattle and, in conjunction with modern data, use serial coalescent simulation and approximate Bayesian computation to estimate that around 80 female aurochs were initially domesticated. Such a low number is consistent with archaeological data indicating that initial domestication took place in a restricted area and suggests the process was constrained by the difficulty of sustained managing and breeding of the wild progenitors of domestic cattle.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "The archive of the Marquesado de Alcala de la Alameda. This paper talks about the history of the state of Alcala de la Alameda, an unknown andalousian nobilial archive located north of the Guadalquivir marshes, in the ancient sevillian Aljarafe, created between the XV and XVI centuries by the Portocarrero family, proceeding of the line of the lords of Moguer and Villanueva del Fresno. through the acquisition, first, of the Chucena's manor and, immediately, of the so-called Alcala de Juana de Orta, in a new collateral family line. These lands became in marquesado with the title of Alcala de la Alameda by concession of Felipe II in 1574, a state that came back in the seventeenth century when the titular marquises inherited the Ducal House of Alcala de los Gazules, with which it remained integrated immediately into that of Medinaceli.The Marquisate of Alcala de la Alameda generated an own archive, small but very complete (the sources start from the thirteenth century and the are not yet well studied), which we study in this pages from its creation until it was added in a higher archives, mainly The Ducal Archive of Medinaceli, incorporated at the beginning of the eighteenth century as an independent section called \\\\'Alcala (Marquisate)\\\\'. The results of this paper talk about on the diplomatic history of this archive, its characteristics, system of organization, installation and description.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Conductive Hydrogel Conduits with Growth Factor Gradients for Peripheral Nerve Repair in Diabetics with Non-Suture Tape. Diabetic patients suffer from peripheral nerve injury with slow and incomplete regeneration owing to hyperglycemia and microvascular complications. This study develops a graphene-based nerve guidance conduit by incorporating natural double network hydrogel and a neurotrophic concentration gradient with non-invasive treatment for diabetics. GelMA/silk fibroin double network hydrogel plays quadruple roles for rapid setting/curing, suitable mechanical supporting, good biocompatibility, and sustainable growth factor delivery. Meanwhile, graphene mesh can improve the toughness of conduit and enhance conductivity of conduit for regeneration. Here, novel silk tapes show quick and tough adhesion of wet tissue by dual mechanism to replace suture step. The in vivo results demonstrate that gradient concentration of netrin-1 in conduit have better performance than uniform concentration caused by chemotaxis phenomenon for axon extension, remyelination, and angiogenesis. Altogether, GelMA/silk graphene conduit with gradient netrin-1 and dry double-sided adhesive tape can significantly promote repairing of peripheral nerve injury and inhibit the atrophy of muscles for diabetics.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Characteristics of electrically injured skin from human hand tissue samples using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. This technical note describes a method for distinguishing normal skin tissue samples from those electrically injured by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR MSP). Furthermore, the infrared spectral features of electrically injured cells and tissues were evaluated to identify molecular changes in epidermal cells. In the present study, 20 human hand tissue samples were evaluated macroscopically and histopathologically. The electrically injured skin samples were subdivided into 2 regions [normal cell regions (NCRs) and polarized-cell regions (PCRs)] and 14 major spectral absorption bands were selected. The spectral results showed that the band absorbance at 1080, 1126, 1172, 1242, 1307, 1403, 1456, 1541, 2852, 2925, 2957, 3075, and 3300 cm(-1) increased significantly both in the stratum and non-stratum corneum of the PCRs in electrically injured skin tissues samples. No significant difference was found between normal skin and the NCR of the electrically injured skin samples. The band absorbance ratios of A(1172)/A(1126), A(1456)/A(1403), and A(2925)/A(2957) were significantly increased, whereas the A(1652)/A(1541) ratio was decreased in the PCR of the stratum corneum and non-stratum corneum. Baseline changes from 4000 to near 1737 cm(-1) were observed in the spectra of the electrically injured skin samples, which were interpreted in terms of the pathological process involved in electrical injury. FTIR-MSP presents a useful method to provide objective spectral markers for the assisted diagnosis of electrical marks. (C) 2014 Forensic Science Society. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 29]}
{"token": "Dynamics of semi- and neutrally-buoyant particles in thermally stratified turbulent channel flow. Stably-stratified flows are characterised by the presence of internal gravity waves (IGWs), which constitute a barrier for mass, heat, momentum and species vertical transport. In this paper, the dynamics of semi-and neutrally-buoyant particles in three-dimensional, stably-stratified turbulent channel flow is investigated, using direct numerical simulations (DNS), one-way coupled with a Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) routine. The fluid is characterised by a shear Reynolds number Re-tau = 10 0 0 and a shear Richardson number Ri(tau) = 200 , such that the turbulence is sustained only in the near-wall region; whereas IGWs are observed at the core of the channel. Four sets of particles with a Stokes number St = 0 . 044 or 0.0044 and a particle-to-fluid density ratio rho(r) = 1 . 0 or 0.8, are released into the system from eleven wall-parallel planes. The particle number for each set is one million. A qualitative analysis of the particle trajectories confirms that particles released in the near-wall region are significantly influenced by the near-wall vortices and show chaotic pathlines. In contrast, particles released at the channel core exhibit smooth oscillating movements which are determined by IGWs. These different qualitative behaviours correspond to different evolution of the particle swarms: swarms of particles released at the channel core are characterised by a narrow distribution of accelerations, a slower-growing pair dispersion and an almost stationary vertical position of the swarm centre of mass compared to those released in the near-wall region. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Generalizations of Young's Theorem to real functions of several variables. In 1907 W. H. Young classified the real-valued Baire one functions on the line which have the Darboux (intermediate-value) property as those which are bilaterally approachable. Here we investigate generalizations of this theorem to the setting of real-valued Baire one functions of several variables which possess various \\\\'Darboux-like\\\\' properties.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Adaptive Workflow Scheduling Under Resource Allocation Constraints and Network Dynamics. Workflow concepts are well suited for scenarios where many distributed entities work collaboratively together to achieve a common goal. Today, workflows are mostly used as computerized model for business processes executed in instances in commercial Workflow Management Systems. However, there are many other application domains where computer-supported cooperative work can be captured and organized by workflows. In this paper, we investigate the task of scheduling workflows in self-organizing wireless networks for disaster scenarios. Most research work in the field of workflow scheduling has been driven by temporal and causality constraints. We present an adaptive scheduling algorithm that finds a suitable execution sequence for workflow activities by additionally considering resource allocation constraints and dynamic topology changes. Our approach utilizes a multi-stage distribution algorithm which we extend with techniques to cope with network dynamics.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "A combined stereo-photogrammetry and underwater-video system to study group composition of dolphins. One reason for the paucity of knowledge of dolphin social structure is the difficulty of measuring individual dolphins. In Hector's dolphins, Cephalorhynchus hectori. total body length is a function of age, and sex can be determined by individual colouration pattern. We developed a novel system combining stereo-photogrammetry and underwater-video to record dolphin group composition. The system consists of two downward-looking single-lens-reflex (SLR) cameras and a Hi8 video camera in an underwater housing mounted on a small boat. Bow-riding Hector's dolphins were photographed and video-taped at close range in coastal waters around the South Island of New Zealand. Three-dimensional. stereoscopic measurements of the distance between the blowhole and the anterior margin of the dorsal fin (BH-DF) were calibrated by a suspended frame with reference points. Growth functions derived from measurements of 53 dead Hector's dolphins (29 female : 24 male) provided the necessary reference data, For the analysis. the measurements were synchronised with corresponding underwater-video of the genital area. A total of 27 successful measurements (8 with corresponding sex) were obtained, showing how this new system promises to be potentially useful for cetacean studies.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Measuring and rewarding flexibility in collaborative distribution, including two-partner coalitions. An important challenge in a logistic coalition is the division (or sharing) of the coalition gain. Several methods have been proposed for this purpose, often stemming from the field of game theory. This paper states that an adequate gain sharing method should not only be fair, but should also reward flexibility in order to persuade companies to relax their delivery terms. Methods that limit the criteria for cost allocation to the marginal costs and the values of the subcoalitions are found to be able to generate adequate incentives for companies to adopt a flexible position. In a coalition of two partners however, we show that these methods are not able to correctly evaluate an asymmetric effort to be more flexible. For this situation, we suggest an alternative approach to better measure and reward the value of flexibility. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Horizontal collaboration among shippers is gaining traction as a way to increase logistic efficiency. The total distribution cost of a logistic coalition is generally between 9% and 30% lower than the sum of costs of each partner distributing separately. However, the coalition gain is highly dependent on the flexibility that each partner allows in its delivery terms. Flexible delivery dates, flexible order sizes, order splitting rules, etc., allow the coalition to exploit more opportunities for optimization and create better and cheaper distribution plans.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Development of oxygen/corrosion product mass transfer model and oxidation-corrosion model in the lead-alloy cooled reactor core. A species mass transfer and an oxidation-corrosion model are developed and implemented into a novel code KMC-SUBtra-MC. It can be used to analyse oxygen/corrosion product distribution and oxidation-corrosion interactions in the lead-alloy cooled reactor core. The code solves the simultaneous equations of fluid mass, momentum, energy, elements transfer, and oxidation-corrosion. It is validated and verified by the experimental data and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation results. Then, it is applied to the analysis of the lead-cooled reactor core of M2LFR-1000.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Comparison of various techniques used for simulation of glow discharges in Ar. The aim of computer experiment described in present contribution was to prepare a simplified model of the bulk of argon plasma in the positive column of de glow discharge and to test the effectiveness of various computational techniques used for plasma simulation. The analysed codes were based either on molecular dynamics method, on Monte Carlo method or on hybrid techniques combining these two approaches.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Acer triflorum: A maple species that serves as a resource for nervonic acid and that has an ultralow erucic acid content. In this experiment, pulse NMR and gas chromatography were used to determine the seed oil content and fatty acid composition of Acer triflorum. In addition, the morphological characteristics of samaras and seeds were measured by conventional methods. The results showed that the average oil content of the tested seeds was 33.44 +/- 0.098% and revealed the presence of 16 fatty acids, of which six constituted 93.57% of the total oil cocent: linoleic acid, oleic acid, docosadienoic acid, peanutenedioic acid, palmitic acid and nervonic acid. In particular, the erucic acid content was less than 1%. Fifteen morphological indexes were measured and used as a reference for breeding Acer triflorum. This is the first study to investigate the seed oil content and fatty acid composition of Acer triflorum.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Sequencing analysis of the region encoding the DNA polymerase of bovine adenovirus serotypes 2 and 3. Bovine adenoviruses (BAVs) are important pathogens causing significant economic losses to the cattle industry. We have been interested in the differences among serotypes of these viruses, particularly in their pathogenicity and host range. As part of our efforts to better understand these viruses, we have determined the nucleotide sequences for serotype 3 (BAV3) at map coordinates beween 11.7 and 23.7% and for serotype 2 (BAV2) between 13.1 and 24.0%. Analyses of these sequences revealed large open reading frames (ORFs) encoded within the leftward-reading strand of the viral DNA. The coding capacity of the ORF in BAV3 is 1,167 amino acid residues and 1,138 in BAV2, A search in the GenEMBL protein sequence databank for homology to the predicted polypeptide products of these ORFs established their identity as that for the adenovirus (Ad) DNA polymerase (DNA pol). The deduced polypeptide sequences were aligned with each other and with other known Ad DNA pols to reveal regions of homology and similarity. The comparison at the amino acid sequence level not only showed that the bovine Ad DNA pols from the two serotypes are quite distinct from each other, but also revealed that Ad DNA pols contain multiple domains that are highly conserved among human, canine and bovine Ads, These conserved domains are likely important for the multiple functions attributed to Ad DNA pol, which include catalysis of its own initiation complex, elongation of nascent DNA strand, as well as correction of DNA replication errors.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Development of semi-solid ductile cast iron. Semi-solid metal casting and forming is a promising process for production of a wide range of metal alloys. In spite of the growing application of semi-solid processed light alloys, little research has been reported on semi-solid processing of iron and steel. In this study, inclined plate and stirring processes were used to change the dendritic structure of iron to globular structure. The effect of stirring time and speed, length and slope of plate on the casting structure was examined. The results show that both processes can effectively change the dendritic structure to globular. Optimum graphite nodularity and solid particle globularity were achieved following mechanical stirring at 150 rev min(-1) for 9 min with a cooling rate of 0-25 K s(-1) (15degreesC min(-1)) and with a slope plate angle of 7(.)5degrees and length of 560 min with cooling rate of 67 K s(-1). In addition, the results show that inoculant fading can be prevented more easily using a slope plate, since the total process time is short. (C) 2004 W. S. Maney Son Ltd.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Control and effect of dissolved air in water during flow boiling in microchannels. An experimental investigation is performed to study the control of dissolved gases and their effect on heat transfer and pressure drop during the flow of water in a microchannel. An apparatus is developed to deliver water with different levels of dissolved air for use in heat transfer experiments. Six parallel microchannels, each having a hydraulic diameter of 207 mum, are fabricated in copper. During the flow boiling studies with water in these microchannels, nucleation was observed at a surface temperature of 90.5degreesC for the dissolved oxygen content of 8.0 parts per million (ppm) at a pressure of 1 atm with untreated de-ionized water. For the dissolved oxygen contents of 5.4 and 1.8 ppm, nucleation is not observed until the surface temperature reached 100degreesC at a pressure of 1 atm. A slight reduction in heat transfer is noted as the bubbles begin to nucleate in the 8.0 ppm case due to the formation of an insulating bubble layer on the heater surface. Previous investigators for flow boiling in large diameter channels did not observe such behavior. Further downstream, the heat transfer is observed to increase due to bubble activity. This result is in agreement with previous studies. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Disfluency in L2 Chinese Academic Oral Presentations and Formulaic Language Instruction. This chapter reviews discussion and findings in the research of second language speaking fluency and its relationship with formulaic language instruction. It examines the disfluent phenomenon in thirty-nine L2 Chinese academic oral presentations. There are eight types of disfluencies found in the data. It is suggested that training in common formulaic sequences in Chinese presentations can provide learners useful framing structures for their presentations. Knowing formulaic sequences can help them conserve mental effort in areas such as transitions and sentence building, thus allowing them to focus their attention on the content and more challenging vocabulary related to the subject. A Chinese Academic Formulas for Presentation (CAFP) list of four subcategories of formulaic sequences is therefore created in order to offer useful language tools for L2 learners to improve fluency in their academic oral presentations. Activities used to develop learners' knowledge of the formulaic language in the presentation are also proposed to enhance formulaic language instruction in the classroom.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 28]}
{"token": "Animal-side serologic assay for rapid detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in multiple species of free-ranging wildlife. Numerous species of mammals are susceptible to Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB). Several wildlife hosts have emerged as reservoirs of M. bovis infection for domestic livestock in different countries. In the present study, blood samples were collected from Eurasian badgers (n = 1532), white-tailed deer (n = 463), brushtail possums (it = 129), and wild boar (it = 177) for evaluation of antibody responses to M. bovis infection by a lateral-flow rapid test (RT) and multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA). Magnitude of the antibody responses and antigen recognition patterns varied among the animals as determined by MAPIA; however, MPB83 was the most commonly recognized antigen for each host studied. Other seroreactive antigens included ESAT-6, CFP10, and MPB70. The agreement of the RT with culture results varied from 74% for possums to 81% for badgers to 90% for wild boar to 97% for white-tailed deer. Small numbers of wild boar and deer exposed to M. avium infection or paratuberculosis, respectively, did not cross-react in the RT, supporting the high specificity of the assay. In deer, whole blood samples reacted similarly to corresponding serum specimens (97% concordance), demonstrating the potential for field application. As previously demonstrated for badgers and deer, antibody responses to M. bovis infection in wild boar were positively associated with advanced disease. Together, these findings suggest that a rapid TB assay such as the RT may provide a useful screening tool for certain wildlife species that may be implicated in the maintenance and transmission of M. bovis infection to domestic livestock. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 43, 10]}
{"token": "Discovering and securing TNOs: the CFHTLS Ecliptic survey. Our observational program is designed to first discover a large sample of TNOs in well characterized surveys and then track them in a manner which will avoid what we call 'follow-up bias'.We have developed an international collaboration aimed at discovering and long-term tracking of a large Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) sample. The scientific rationale behind this extended observational effort is to understand the dynamical structure of the outer Solar System. This structure provides a unique tracer of planetary accretion processes and constrains models of formation and early evolution of our outer Solar System.We first briefly describe the current status of our current observational knowledge of the Kuiper Belt. Next we show how following-up almost all objects discovered in a survey has changed our view of the dynamical structure of the Kuiper Belt. Thanks to our work, previously empty places have been filled in, the relative importance of the then known dynamical population have been largely modified, and a new, potentially very large, population have been discovered. Discoveries presented in this paper were done at CFHT, while recoveries were performed on multiple telescopes, including in particular the ESO telescopes and the MPIA telescopes in Calar Alto (Spain).Finally, we briefly describe the ecliptic component of the CFHT Legacy Survey for which Kuiper Belt science is the main driver. Our experience with discovery and follow-up observations has led us to design an efficient time-sequence of observations for this survey.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Towards high value markets: a case study of smallholder vegetable farmers in Indonesia. The expansion of modern markets has significant implications for agriculture in many developing countries that provides both opportunities and challenges for smallholder farmers. The purpose of this paper is to analyse key determinants affecting farmers' participation in high value markets, compared to traditional market. Face to face interviews based on a questionnaire were conducted with a sample of 126 smallholder vegetable farmers in the Manokwari region. Binary logistic regression and bivariate correlation analysis were used in this study. The results suggested that age, education level, vegetables cultivated area and membership in farmer groups/cooperatives were the key determinants that had significant effects on the smallholder farmers' decision about marketing channel participation. In addition, the income generated from vegetable farming was positively correlated to high value market participation. Some implications that need to be prioritized in agricultural development strategies include improving technical innovations and empowering collective actions through cooperatives or farmer groups.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Evaluation of polyphosphoric acid-modified binders using multiple stress creep and recovery and linear amplitude sweep tests. This paper assesses rutting and fatigue behaviours of polyphosphoric acid (PPA)-modified binders using the advanced tests of multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) and linear amplitude sweep (LAS). The PG 58-22 binder was selected as the unmodified binder and the PPA contents ranged from 0.5% to 1.5% with 0.5% increment being added to it. The MSCR test was applied at 40 degrees C, 55 degrees C, 70 degrees C and the performance grade (PG) temperatures of the binders to consider a wide range of high temperatures. To further explore the role of high stress level on the creep and recovery behaviour, the stress of 12.8kPa was selected to be added to the MSCR standard procedure. Moreover, the LAS test was conducted at the intermediate temperature of 25 degrees C to evaluate the fatigue resistance of the PPA binders. MSCR tests indicate that, for all the selected temperatures and stresses, increasing the PPA content causes the non-recoverable compliance (Jnr) and the percent recovery (R) values to be improved. Despite the positive effects, modification of the PG 58-22 base binder with the PPA additives does not ensure an acceptable rutting performance at the field temperatures equal to or higher than the PGs, because of the high Jnr values compared to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) MP 19-10 limits and also the negative R values of the PPA binders at these circumstances. On the other hand, LAS tests indicate better resistances of the PPA binders to fatigue than that of the PG 58-22 unmodified one. As the PPA content increases, the fatigue performance significantly increases.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Pressure ulcers in ICU patients: Incidence and clinical and epidemiological features: A multicenter study in southern Brazil. Methods: Epidemiological cohort multicenter prospective study, evaluating patients admitted for a period of 31 days (June 01 to July 01, 2015) until hospital discharge. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected daily until ICU discharge, as was the incidence of PU, either new or present on admission.Conclusions: PU incidence is related to severity of the patient's condition and predicted by Braden Scale score. The presence of PU is also related to adverse outcomes, such as MV duration and ICU and hospital mortality. It was also shown that patients with PU have a higher incidence of medical complications, such as acute renal failure, pneumonia, and the need for vasoactive drugs. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: We evaluated 332 patients, 52.1% male, mean age 63.1 years. The most common cause of admission was medical diseases (50.3%), and the mean APACHE II score was 14.9. A total of 45 patients (13.6%) had PU; the most common sites were sacral, calcaneal, ears, and trochanter. The incidence of PU was related to predictive factors, such as the Braden Scale and length of lack of nutrition. The presence of PU was strongly related to unfavorable outcomes, such as Mechanical Ventilation (MV) duration and ICU and hospital mortality.Objectives: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors of pressure ulcers (PU) in adult patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), as well as the outcome (including ICU and hospital mortality) of these patients.Setting: 10 general adult ICUs.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Possible Involvement of Tight Junctions, Extracellular Matrix and Nuclear Receptors in Epithelial Differentiation. Tight junctions are intercellular junctions localized at the most apical end of the lateral plasma membrane. They consist of four kinds of transmembrane proteins (occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecules, and tricellulin) and huge numbers of scaffolding proteins and contribute to the paracellular barrier and fence function. The mutation and deletion of these proteins impair the functions of tight junctions and cause various human diseases. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent studies on transmembrane proteins of tight junctions and highlight the functional significance of tight junctions, extracellular matrix, and nuclear receptors in epithelial differentiation.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
{"token": "Through Whom He Made the Ages' A Salvation-Historical Interpretation of Heb 1:2c. The default translation of the phrase delta iota omicron upsilon x alpha iota epsilon pi omicron iota eta sigma epsilon nu tau omicron upsilon sigma alpha iota omega nu alpha sigma in Heb 1:2c is spatial: \\\\'through whom he made the worlds/universe.\\\\' The typical explanation for why this temporal term should have a spatial meaning is that alpha iota omega nu can have the sense of \\\\'the ages and everything in them,\\\\' so that it is roughly equivalent to the universe of space and time. In contrast, this paper demonstrates on the bases of lexical-historical, broad contextual, and immediate contextual evidence that a temporal translation (\\\\'ages\\\\' as in history) is preferable and that this temporal sense is more specifically salvation-historical in meaning.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Phase masks working in 157 nm wavelength fabricated by immersion interference photolithography. We demonstrate that phase masks can be made from modified fused silica with a period of 180 nm and similar to8 mm long by using immersion interference photolithography. The fabrication process of the phase mask is optimized to generate the largest intensity ratio of diffracted I to 0 order. The phase mask is demonstrated to produce a photoresist pattern with halved period (90 nm) when illuminated with a laser of 157 nm wavelength. The phase masks are also capable of generating two-dimensional patterns of holes and dots and serving as molds for imprint applications. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "EFFICIENT DESIGNS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF MIXED AND SELF CARRYOVER EFFECTS. Biosimilars are copies of biological medicines developed after the patent for the originator drug (the reference product) has expired. Extensive clinical trials are required to show the therapeutic equivalence of the biosimilar and its reference product before the biosimilar can be sold on the market. However, even after more than 10 years of experience with biosimilars, there is still uncertainty whether patients can switch between the biosimilar and its reference product without negative effects. One convenient way to assess the impact of switches is to analyze their mixed and self carryover effects: if the products are switchable, there should be no difference between the carryover effects. For p = 3 periods (and the number of subjects is divisible by 8) and for p equivalent to 1mod 4 periods (and the number of subjects is divisible by 4), determine a series of simple designs that efficiently compare the mixed and self carryover effects of two treatments. The proof of the efficiency is not straightforward, because the information matrices of the efficient designs are not completely symmetric.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Decarburization of Molten Fe-C Droplet: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation. Furthermore, effect of distance between two droplets was investigated by the present numerical model for decarburization of multiple droplets. The local mass transfer coefficient was found to have a significant impact on decarburization rate of a droplet when the other droplet locates very close. Relation between decarburization rate of two droplets and distance between them were analyzed.Decarburization of Fe-C droplet was investigated by fluid dynamics numerical simulation based on physical properties under gas phase mass transfer controlled regime. Fluid flow and species concentration fields around the droplet implementing a reaction of carbon with oxidant gas at the interface were calculated by a commercial CFD package which solves a set of transport equations. Overall decarburization rate of the molten Fe-C droplet was obtained by the simulation, and it was additionally validated by the present authors own experiment using gas-liquid drop reaction in a levitation melting equipment. It was observed by the simulation that decarburization rate on the surface of a droplet was not homogeneous due to inhomogeneous gas distribution around the droplet. A new concept of local mass transfer coefficient ratio was proposed in the present study as a ratio of effective local mass transfer coefficient at a specific site over average mass transfer coefficient, as a function of theta (angle between direction of gas flow and direction to reaction site on the droplet surface from the droplet center) and dimensionless numbers regarding fluid flow:k(g)(local)/k(g)(average) = f(theta, Re-d, Sc)", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Forgotten feminist: Claude Vignon (1828-1888), revolutionary and femme de lettres. Claude Vignon (nee Noemi Cadiot) was both an active protagonist in the feminist movement of 1848 and a prolific, if now forgotten, writer later in the century. Her political and literary careers and her personal life, notably her separation from romantic socialist and future occultist Alphonse-Louis Constant, provide a new perspective on the split between romantic socialism and early feminism after 1848. Many of the themes of Vignon's work, such as women's lack of control over their own property, subordination in marriage and the impossibility of divorce, and the double standards of nineteenth-century society, reflect concerns relevant to the work of contemporary feminist scholars of the period. Rooting her literary work firmly in her own experiences of hope, frustration and desire, Vignon offered a feminist response to the misogyny of nineteenth-century French society, and also to the idealization and marginalization of women offered by the male romantic socialists with whom she was intimately acquainted in her youth.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The Social Significance of Mimbres Painted Pottery in the US Southwest. Mimbres painted pottery from the U.S. Southwest is renowned for its spectacular designs. Literature on style and identity suggests three concepts helpful for understanding its social significance: boundaries, multiple dimensions of variation, and historical context. This article investigates these concepts by synthesizing past studies with new analyses. The distribution of Mimbres pottery is strongly bounded, demonstrated with data from the cyberSW project. Variation in designs is multidimensional: (1) individual artists created distinctive styles; (2) specific designs are distributed homogeneously across the region, a conclusion demonstrated in part with new analyses of the geometric designs; and (3) pan-regionally, the designs' content, regular structure, and appearance on multiple media suggest they were meaning-charged. Considering these findings in their historical context provides insights into the pottery's social significance and elaboration: population growth in the resource-rich Mimbres region engendered land tenure systems, marked in part by burials that included pottery. The pottery came to convey the message \\\\'I belong here\\\\' from two perspectives. By adopting the pottery, people, including migrants, signaled their acceptance of established ways of life in the region, and their access to the pottery indicated their acceptance in the social milieu.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Simulated computerized adaptive test for patients with lumbar spine impairments was efficient and produced valid measures of function. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of retrospective intake rehabilitation data.Objective: To equate physical functioning (PF) items with Back Pain Functional Scale (BPFS) items, develop a computerized adaptive test (CAT) designed to assess lumbar spine functional status (LFS) in people with lumbar spine impairments, and compare discriminant validity of LFS measures (theta(IRT)) generated using all items analyzed with a rating scale Item Response Theory model (RSM) and measures generated using the simulated CAT (O-CAT).Results: Unidimensionality and local independence of 25 BPFS and PF items were supported. Differential item functioning was negligible for levels of symptom acuity, gender, age, and surgical history. The RSM fit the data well. A lumbar spine specific CAT was developed that was 72% more efficient than using all 25 items to estimate LFS measures. theta(IRT) and theta(CAT) measures did not discriminate patients by symptom acuity, age, or gender, but discriminated patients by surgical history in similar clinically logical ways. theta(CAT) measures were as precise as theta(IRT) measures.Conclusion: A body part specific simulated CAT developed from an LFS item bank was efficient and produced precise measures of LFS without eroding discriminant validity. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Normative explanation unchained. Normative theories aim to explain why things have the normative features they have. This paper argues that, contrary to some plausible existing views, one important kind of normative explanations which first-order normative theories aim to formulate and defend can fail to transmit downward along chains of metaphysical determination of normative facts by non-normative facts. Normative explanation is plausibly subject to a kind of a justification condition whose satisfaction may fail to transmit along the relevant kind of metaphysical hierarchy. A broader aim of the paper is to contribute to systematic theorizing about normative explanation: whereas there has been a great deal of work on scientific explanation, there has been little by way of systematic exploration of what sort of explanations normative theories aim to formulate and defend.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Single-lobed frequency-dependent beam shape in an echolocating false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens). Recent studies indicate some odontocetes may produce echolocation beams with a dual-lobed vertical structure. The shape of the odontocete echolocation beam was further investigated in a false killer whale performing an echolocation discrimination task. Clicks were recorded with an array of 16 hydrophones and frequency-dependent amplitude plots were constructed to assess beam shape. The majority of the echolocation clicks were single-lobed in structure with most energy located between 20 and 80 kHz. These data indicate the false killer whale does not produce a dual-lobed structure, as has been shown in bottlenose dolphins, which may be a function of lowered frequencies in the emitted signal due to hearing loss. (C) 2012 Acoustical Society of America. [DOI:10.1121/1.3664076]", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
{"token": "The effect of aircraft seat pitch on comfort. This study explores the relationship between seat pitch and comfort, and the influencing factors, like space experience and anthropometric measurements. Two hundred ninety-four participants experienced economy class seats in a Boeing 737 with 28-inch, 30-inch, 32-inch and 34-inch seat pitches. Anthropometric measurements of the participants were measured. Participants completed a questionnaire on comfort (10-scale), discomfort (CP50) and space experience and the results were analysed using SPSS 25. This study showed a significant relationship between seat pitch and comfort as well as discomfort. Additionally, it was found that the mean rank of discomfort of each pitch size for the middle seat was higher than the window and aisle seat, though seat pitch did affect the (dis)comfort more compared with seat location. It was also found that anthropometric sizes significantly affect the (dis)comfort on smaller pitch sizes, and all space experience questions had a correlation to the pitch sizes.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 55]}
{"token": "Elevated CO2 concentration alleviates salinity stress in tomato plant. Tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (formerly Lycopersicon esculentum) L. cv. Momotarou] plants were grown under potted conditions inside the greenhouse of Hiroshima University, Japan. The effects of salinity stress under either ambient or elevated CO2 atmospheric conditions during the fruit-growth period were compared. Stem was the major sink organ for the carbon assimilates from the source leaves. A simple nondestructive micromorphometric technique was used to measure growth of these organs. The effect of salt stress under ambient air or elevated CO2 concentration was studied on the apparent photosynthesis (source activity), partitioning C-13, Na content, and antioxidative enzymes. Compared with the control (without salt), salt-stress treatment severely decreased whole-plant biomass. The treatment also depressed leaf photosynthesis and transport of C-13 assimilates; however, the impact of stress on these activities was alleviated under elevated CO2 concentration and such alleviation was promoted when sink activity relative to source activity was higher, suggesting that sink activity is involved in alleviation of photosynthesis impaired from salinity. Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities increased by salinity stress but they decreased by elevated CO2. These results suggested that salinity stress suppresses stem growth in tomato plants; however, the adverse effect is alleviated under elevated CO2 concentration due not to elevation of source activity in leaves but to activation of sink activity, probably owing to improvement of oxidative stress as well as the water status through stomatal closure at high CO2 concentration.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "The mysterious 2-crown. We show that the 2-crown is not coproductive, which is to say that the class of those bounded distributive lattices whose Priestley spaces lack any copy of the 2-crown is not productive. We do this by first exhibiting a general construction to handle questions of this sort. We then use a particular instance of this constrution, along with some of the combinatorial features of projective planes, to show that the 2-crown is not coproductive.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "A New Instrument to Measure Prison Climate: The Psychometric Quality of the Prison Climate Questionnaire. Various survey measures have been developed to assess prison climate. Because these instruments have shortcomings, the Prison Climate Questionnaire (PCQ) was developed to measure prison climate and its related domains across a broad prison population. In this article, the instrument and its psychometric qualities are presented. Results show that the PCQ's factor structure, reliability, and validity were in all aspects satisfactory. It was concluded that the PCQ is a promising instrument that can be used to measure and monitor individuals' perceptions on the quality of prison life.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Identification of volatile compounds from bacteria by spectrometric methods in medicine diagnostic and other areas: current state and perspectives. Diagnosis of bacterial infections until today mostly relies on conventional microbiological methods. The resulting long turnaround times can lead to delayed initiation of adequate antibiotic therapy and prolonged periods of empiric antibiotic therapy (e.g., in intensive care medicine). Therewith, they contribute to the mortality of bacterial infections and the induction of multidrug resistances. The detection of species specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by bacteria has been proposed as a possible diagnostic approach with the potential to serve as an innovative point-of-care diagnostic tool with very short turnaround times. A range of spectrometric methods are available which allow the detection and quantification of bacterial VOCs down to a range of part per trillion. This narrative review introduces the application of spectrometric analytical methods for the purpose of detecting VOCs of bacterial origin and their clinical use for diagnosing different infectious conditions over the last decade.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "A type VII secretion system of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus contributes to gut colonization and the development of colon tumors. Streptococcus gallolyticus subspecies gallolyticus (Sgg) has a strong clinical association with colorectal cancer (CRC) and actively promotes the development of colon tumors. However, the molecular determinants involved in Sgg pathogenicity in the gut are unknown. Bacterial type VII secretion systems (T7SS) mediate pathogen interactions with their host and are important for virulence in pathogenic mycobacteria and Staphylococcus aureus. Through genome analysis, we identified a locus in Sgg strain TX20005 that encodes a putative type VII secretion system (designated as SggT7SS(T05)). We showed that core genes within the SggT7SS(T05) locus are expressed in vitro and in the colon of mice. Western blot analysis showed that SggEsxA, a protein predicted to be a T7SS secretion substrate, is detected in the bacterial culture supernatant, indicating that this SggT7SS(T05) is functional. Deletion of SggT7SS(T05) (TX20005 Delta esx) resulted in impaired bacterial adherence to HT29 cells and abolished the ability of Sgg to stimulate HT29 cell proliferation. Analysis of bacterial culture supernatants suggest that SggT7SS(T05)-secreted factors are responsible for the pro-proliferative activity of Sgg, whereas Sgg adherence to host cells requires both SggT7SS(T05)-secreted and bacterial surface-associated factors. In a murine gut colonization model, TX20005 Delta esx showed significantly reduced colonization compared to the parent strain. Furthermore, in a mouse model of CRC, mice exposed to TX20005 had a significantly higher tumor burden compared to saline-treated mice, whereas those exposed to TX20005 Delta esx did not. Examination of the Sgg load in the colon in the CRC model suggests that SggT7SS(T05)-mediated activities are directly involved in the promotion of colon tumors. Taken together, these results reveal SggT7SS(T05) as a previously unrecognized pathogenicity determinant for Sgg colonization of the colon and promotion of colon tumors.Author summaryColorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. The development of CRC can be strongly influenced by specific gut microbes. Understanding how gut microbes modulate CRC is critical to developing novel strategies to improve clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease. S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (Sgg) has a strong clinical association with CRC and actively promotes the development of colon tumors. However, the specific Sgg molecules that mediate its pro-tumor activity are unknown. Here we report the first characterization of a type VII secretion system (T7SS) in Sgg, designated as SggT7SS(T05). We further demonstrate that SggT7SS(T05)-mediated activities are important for Sgg to colonize the colon and to promote the development of colon tumors. These findings reveal SggT7SS(T05) as a novel pathogenicity determinant of Sgg and provide a critical breakthrough in our efforts to understand how Sgg influences the development of CRC. Future investigations of the biological activities of specific effectors of SggT7SS(T05) will likely lead to the discovery of Sgg molecules that can be used as diagnostic markers and intervention targets aimed at mitigating the harmful effect of Sgg.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
{"token": "Temporal shifts in seabird populations and spatial coherence with prey in the southeastern Bering Sea. The Bering Sea is a highly productive ecosystem with abundant prey populations in the summer that support some of the largest seabird colonies in the Northern Hemisphere. In the fall, the Bering Sea is used by large numbers of migrants and post-breeding seabirds. We used over 22 000 km of vessel-based surveys carried out during summer (June to July) and fall (late August to October) from 2008 to 2010 over the southeast Bering Sea to examine annual and seasonal changes in seabird communities and spatial relationships with concurrently sampled prey. Deep-diving murres Uria spp., shallow-diving shearwaters Ardenna spp., and surface-foraging northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis and kittiwakes Rissa spp. dominated summer and fall seabird communities. Seabird densities in summer were generally less than half of fall densities and species richness was lower in summer than in fall. Summer seabird densities had high interannual variation (highest in 2009), whereas fall densities varied little among years. Seabirds were more spatially clustered around breeding colonies and the outer continental shelf in the summer and then dispersed throughout the middle and inner shelf in fall. In summer, the abundance of age-1 walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus along with spatial (latitude and longitude) and temporal (year) variables best explained broad-scale seabird distribution. In contrast, seabirds in fall had weaker associations with spatial and temporal variables and stronger associations with different prey species or groups. Our results demonstrate seasonal shifts in the distribution and foraging patterns of seabirds in the southeastern Bering Sea with a greater dependence on prey occurring over the middle and inner shelf in fall.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 39]}
{"token": "The New Ju-Ju: Ijo Masquerades and the Office of War Information in Second World War Nigeria. In May and June 1943, a photographer with the American Office of War Information (OWI) photographed West African men who he identified as 'witch doctors' engaging in masquerade dances dedicated to water spirits. However, rather than the typical aquatic-themed headgear, these 'witch doctors' wore model planes - reproductions of British, French, and American aircraft. The photographs and their captions constructed a narrative of a 'new ju-ju', in which an indigenous community incorporated model aircraft into their traditional masquerades in order to reflect upon and support the power of Allied armies, which had supplanted their previous notions of spiritual power. However, despite their absurd and over-contrived captions, these photos were never published, demonstrating that the narrative of 'new ju-ju' was too complex to fit within the standard propagandistic narrative of widespread Allied support. This fascinating story provides insight into how indigenous communities in Nigeria coped with massive societal changes throughout the Second World War period, reveals the constructed narratives of American wartime propaganda, and, overall, demonstrates the uncontrollable nature of photographs as sources that insist upon revealing distinctive forms of agency and telling their own stories.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Multifunctional Filtering Leaky-Wave Antenna Exhibiting Simultaneous Rapid Beam-Scanning and Frequency-Selective Characteristics Based on Radiative Bandpass Filter Concept. In this article, the concept of radiative bandpass filter (RBPF) is proposed and investigated for developing a class of multifunctional filtering leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) which exhibit the simultaneous rapid frequency-dependent beam-scanning and frequency-selective characteristics. A substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) is periodically loaded with closed (nonradiative) discontinuities acting as a bandpass filter, where the lower and higher stopbands are, respectively, stemmed from the SIW natural cutoff and the Bragg effect bandgap or bandstop caused by periodic discontinuities. By adequately adjusting the periodicity of filter unit cells and loading effects of closed discontinuities, filtering and dispersion behaviors of the periodic SIW can be flexibly engineered. Open (radiative) discontinuities are then deliberately introduced into the bandpass filter to generate a controllable radiation leakage, thereby accomplishing the design of the RBPF, i.e., the proposed LWA. With this concept, both filtering/dispersion and radiation tasks can be independently managed by different modules for LWAs. For demonstration purposes, two kinds of closed discontinuities, namely nonradiative longitudinal slot-pair (capacitive) and iris (inductive), are separately exploited for periodic SIWs with bandpass and high dispersion characteristics, whereas transverse slot (open discontinuity) is mainly aimed for radiation leakage. Two RBPF-based LWAs are simulated, fabricated, and measured. The simulated and measured results are in a reasonable agreement, and both demonstrate the rapid beam-scanning and filtering behaviors, thereby validating the proposed concept.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "The puzzle of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) and their association with plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. 1. The chemical defences of monarch butterflies involve two kinds of secondary plant metabolites: cardiac glycosides (CGs) that are obtained from larval hostplants, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) that are gathered by adults usually independent from feeding behaviour. While monarchs and CGs have received great attention, monarchs and PAs appear largely ignored in science as well as by the public.2. We review and discuss PA-pharmacophagy specifically for Danaus plexippus and its closest relatives and aim to encourage research and future consideration of this peculiar type of insect-plant relationship, which represents an intrinsic but surprisingly understudied aspect of the lives of adult monarchs.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Meshi by Hayashi Fumiko: Using the Domestic to Explore Gendered Concepts of National Identity. In this article, I present a critical interpretation of Meshi (1951) by the modern female Japanese author Hayashi Fumiko (1903 - 1951). I explore the ways in which Hayashi's depiction of contemporary anxieties about male and female roles in a time of occupation by a foreign power can be analysed as an interaction between gender and national identity. I focus specifically on the ways that different concepts of the domestic are played out against opposing forces of the exotic in order to develop gendered constructs of national identity.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Local force and geometry sensing regulate cell functions. The shapes of eukaryotic cells and ultimately the organisms that they form are defined by cycles of mechanosensing, mechanotransduction and mechanoresponse. Local sensing of force or geometry is transduced into biochemical signals that result in cell responses even for complex mechanical parameters such as substrate rigidity and cell-level form. These responses regulate cell growth, differentiation, shape changes and cell death. Recent tissue scaffolds that have been engineered at the micro- and nanoscale level now enable better dissection of the mechanosensing, transduction and response mechanisms.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Association of the hCLCA1 gene with childhood and adult asthma. Asthma is caused by bronchial inflammation. This inflammation involves mucus overproduction and hypersecretion. Recently, a mouse model of asthma showed that gob-5 is involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. The gob-5 gene is involved in mucus secretion and its expression is upregulated upon antigen attack in sensitized mice. The observation suggests that human homologue of gob-5, hCLCA1 (human calcium-dependent chloride channel-1), may be involved in human disease. We screened for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in hCLCA1 in the Japanese population. We identified eight SNPs, and performed association studies using 384 child patients with asthma, 480 adult patients with asthma, and 672 controls. In haplotype analysis, we found a different haplotype distribution pattern between controls and childhood asthma (P<0.0001) and between controls and adult asthma (P=0.0031). We identified a high-risk haplotype (CATCAAGT haplotype; P=0.0014) and a low-risk haplotype (TGCCAAGT haplotype; P=0.00010) in cases of childhood asthma. In diplotype analysis, patients who had the CATCAAGT haplotype showed a higher risk for childhood asthma than those who did not (P=0.0011). Individuals who had the TGCCAAGT haplotype showed a lower risk for childhood asthma than those who did not (P<0.0001). Our data suggested that variation of the hCLCA1 gene affects patients' susceptibility for asthma.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
{"token": "The Rebuilding of the Crystal Palace 1851-54: Permanent and Better?. The rebuilding of the Crystal Palace in south London gave the team headed by Joseph Paxton the opportunity to turn a temporary exhibition building into a permanent work of architecture. Although a large number of component parts from the original building were reused the design was rethought for a new kind of multiple use. Structurally it was just as innovative as its predecessor especially in the design of its arched transepts and nave. The rebuilding was fraught with difficulties and far outran the first cost estimates. Building accidents during the works showed that aspects of the design had overstepped the limits of contemporary engineering knowledge. Ultimately it was not as influential in architectural terms as some had hoped, but it advanced construction thinking in ways that had not been foreseen.", "label": [1, 3, 17, 31]}
{"token": "Elevated carbon dioxide and temperature affects otolith development, but not chemistry, in a diadromous fish. Ocean acidification threatens marine ecosystems by altering ocean chemistry and calcification processes in marine organisms. This study investigated the effects of predicted future CO2 levels, under varying temperature levels, on otolith development (size and shape) and chemistry, with the latter aimed at developing a chemical tracer of environmental pCO(2). Juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer), a diadromous fish species, were reared in ambient (pCO(2): 640 mu tm; pH: 7.9) and elevated (pCO(2): 1490 mu atm; pH: 7.5) pCO(2) treatments representing current and projected coastal systems crossed with three temperature levels (26 degrees C, 30 degrees C and 34 degrees C) for 42 days. Otolith shape and size parameters (length, width, perimeter and area) were measured and element concentrations (Na, Mg, Sr, Ba, Li, Mn and B) were quantified using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma -Mass Spectrometry (LA ICP-MS). There was an interactive effect of elevated pCO(2) and temperature on otolith shape and perimeter, whereas otolith chemistry did not vary among treatments. This study demonstrates that combined elevated pCO(2) and temperature can affect the development of important internal structures in diadromous fish, but also suggests that otolith elemental chemistry was not a suitable tracer for pCO(2) histories in fish. Future climate change conditions affect an important auditory and balance organ; consequently, rising CO2 levels may interfere with sensory function.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
{"token": "Who comes from whom and who goes to whom? Pathways of psychiatric inpatients. Based on data of the psychiatric basic documentation of 4066 patients, predictors of type of referral as well as outpatient aftercare were analyzed by means of logistic regression analyses. Of the patients, 25.7% were admitted without any referral, 18.4% were referred by a general practitioner, and 9.8% by a psychiatrist in private practice. Patients referred by a general practitioner suffered more frequently from an affective disorder or schizophrenia and were residents of senior citizen homes. Inpatients sent by a psychiatrist were more often residents of sheltered homes, showed a present episode lasting more than 3 months, and had undergone psychopharmacological pretreatment with an atypical antipsychotic or SSRI. Outpatient aftercare was recommended to 83.1% of inpatients: 49.4% by a general practitioner and 32.1% by a psychiatrist in private practice. Outpatient aftercare by a general practitioner was more frequent in the elderly and patients with addiction disorders. Referral by a psychiatrist in private practice as well as schizophrenia or an affective disorder led more often to outpatient aftercare by a psychiatrist. The small number of patients referred by general practitioners and psychiatrists in private practice has to become the focus of quality management.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Translating, Narrating and Constructing Images in journalism with a Test Case on Representation in Flemish TV News. This contribution develops a framework for research dealing with translation and localization in the media. It is stated that the borderlines between translation, localization and rewriting have become very blurred in the context of news production. Parallel to transediting, a term coined earlier, the concept of the journalator is presented, i.e., an interventionist newsroom worker who makes abundant use of translation when transferring and reformulating or recreating informative journalistic texts. By reference to both narrative theory and imagology, it is shown that the creation of national and cultural images occupies a special position in the intersections between translation studies, journalism studies and image studies. In the last part, the framework is complemented by a test case dealing with the representation of neighboring countries in Dutch-language Belgian (i.e., Flemish) TV news. It indicates that particularly the coverage of Germany is marked by specific topics and image building that were hypothesized before the analysis of the corpus.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Molecular epidemiology of TT virus (TTV) and characterization of two novel TTV genotypes in Indonesia. The prevalence of TT virus (TTV) DNA among 244 healthy individuals in 23 cities on 12 islands in Indonesia was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers derived from the coding region (N22), which can detect TTV DNA of genotypes 1-6. By N22 PCR, TTV DNA was detected in 102 (42%) individuals. The amplified PCR products were molecularly cloned and three clones each were subjected to sequence analysis. Three hundred one (98%) of the 306 TTV clones were classified into genotype 1, 2 or 3, and none into genotypes 4-6. The remaining five clones from two individuals (Kt-08 and Kt-10) on Kutai, Kalimantan Island, differed by > 30% from known TTV isolates of all 21 genotypes and were tentatively classified into genotypes 22 and 23, respectively. Using primers specific for the new TTV genotype 22 or 23, TTV genotype 22 was detected significantly more frequently in Kutai than in the other 22 cities (41% vs. 5%, P < 0.001). TTV genotype 23 was restricted to Kutai (17% vs. 0%, P < 0.001), suggesting the indigenous nature of this genotype. Analysis of two TTV isolates (Kt-08F and Kt-10F) demonstrated the extreme diversity of TTV and the preservation of the genomic organization and transcription profile.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Postharvest senescent dark spot development mechanism of Musa acuminata ('Khai' banana) peel associated with chlorophyll degradation and stomata cell death. The occurrence of the postharvest physiological disorder of dark spots on the peel of the ripened \\\\'Khai\\\\' banana has led to a reduction in its commercial value. The objective of the present study was to investigate the development mechanisms of senescence dark spots of the \\\\'Khai\\\\' (Musa AA group) banana peel in relation to chlorophyll degradation and stomata cell death. Freshly harvested bananas (commercial mature green stage) were let to ripened at 25 +/- 2 degrees C (90%-95% RH). Peel color, senescent spots, DNA degradation, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll-degrading enzyme activities were assessed. The senescent dark spots developed on the ripened bananas right after 6 days of storage, which coincided with remarkably increased DNA degradation, and a rapid decreased of hue angle value and total chlorophyll content which indicated the chlorophyll degradation. The activities of chlorophyllase, chlorophyll-degrading peroxidase and pheophytinase increased gradually to the highest point where the chlorophyll content drastically reduced and the appearance of the dark spots was first recorded after 6 days of storage. These dark spots were observed to be surrounded with a bright luminescent ring of hypermodified fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (FCCs), the product of chlorophyll breakdown. Additionally, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the dark spots were found to have originated from the collapsed cells around the stomata of the ripened banana peel whereby the chlorophyll was entirely diminished.Practical applications This research revealed the senescent dark spot development mechanisms of the \\\\'Khai\\\\' banana peel. The dark spot development symptom on the banana peel surface was caused by the senescence and cell death of the relevant stomata, further associated with chlorophyll degradation. Therefore, any further research into minimizing the dark spot symptom must focus on preventing or delaying stomata senescence and cell death.", "label": [0, 4, 8, 42]}
{"token": "A microeconometric evaluation of the active labour market policy in Switzerland. In the late 1990s, Switzerland introduced an ambitious active labour market policy (ALMP) encompassing several programmes. We evaluate their effects on the individual employment probability using unusually informative data from administrative records. Using a matching estimator for multiple programmes, we find positive effects for one particular programme unique to the Swiss ALMP. It consists of a wage subsidy for temporary jobs in the regular labour market that would other-wise not be taken up by the unemployed. We also find negative effects for traditional employment programmes operated in sheltered labour markets. For training courses, the results are mixed.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Replication-coupled packaging mechanism in positive-strand RNA viruses: Synchronized coexpression of functional multigenome RNA components of an animal and a plant virus in Nicotiana benthamiana cells by agroinfiltration. viral replication features with the tripartite brome mosaic virus (BMV), an RNA virus that infects plants and is a member of the Bromoviridae family. In BMV and FHV, genome packaging is coupled to replication, a widely conserved mechanism among positive-strand RNA viruses of diverse origin. To unravel the events that modulate the mechanism of replication-coupled packaging, in this study, we have extended the transfer DNA (T-DNA)-based agroinfiltration system to express functional genome components of FHV in plant cells (Nicotiana benthamiana). Replication, intracellular membrane localization, and packaging characteristics in agroinfiltrated plant cells revealed that T-DNA plasmids of FHV were biologically active and faithfully mimicked complete replication and packaging behavior similar to that observed for insect cells. Synchronized coexpression of wild-type BMV and FHV genome components in plant cells resulted in the assembly of virions packaging the respective viral progeny RNA. To further elucidate the link between replication and packaging, coat protein (CP) open reading frames were precisely exchanged between BMV RNA 3 (B3) and FHV RNA 2 (F2), creating chimeric RNAs expressing heterologous CP genes (B3/FCP and F2/BCP). Coinfiltration of each chimera with its corresponding genome counterpart to provide viral replicase (B1+B2+B3/FCP and F1+F2/ BCP) resulted in the expected progeny profiles, but virions exhibited a nonspecific packaging phenotype. Complementation with homologous replicase (with respect to CP) failed to enhance packaging specificity. Taken together, we propose that the transcription of CP mRNA from homologous replication and its translation must be synchronized to confer packaging specificity.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Location of an Intron in the Cytochrome b Gene Indicates Reduced Risk of QoI Fungicide Resistance in Fusicladium effusum. Pecan scab, caused by Fusicladium effusum, is most effectively managed using multiple fungicide applications, including quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs). However, QoIs have a high risk for resistance developing in phytopathogenic fungi. QoI resistance is generally associated with amino-acid substitutions at positions 129, 137, and 143 of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene. A substitution at position 143 confers complete resistance, while an intron immediately downstream of this position prevents the substitution. The objective of this study was to assess the risk of QoI resistance by characterizing a partial fragment of the F. effusum cytb gene. Sequence analysis of the 1,919-bp fragment revealed the presence of a 1,407-bp intron immediately downstream of position 143. This intron was identified in 125 isolates collected from 16 counties across the state of Georgia. No substitutions were identified at positions 129 or 143 but, in seven of the isolates, glycine was replaced with serine at position 137. The ubiquitous nature of the detected intron provided strong evidence that the G143A substitution may not occur in F. effusum isolates, although resistance could still develop through intron loss events or the selection of intron-lacking genotypes, or as the result of other mutations in the cytb gene.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "The sigma factor SigD of Mycobacterium tuberculosis putatively enhances gene expression of the septum site determining protein under stressful environments. This work examined the expression of the septum site determining gene (ssd) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CDC1551 and its.sigD mutant under different growing conditions. The results showed an up-regulation of ssd during stationary phase and starvation conditions, but not during in vitro dormancy, suggesting a putative role for SigD in the control of ssd expression mainly under lack-of-nutrients environments. Furthermore, we elucidated a putative link between ssd expression and cell elongation of bacilli at stationary phase. In addition, a -35 sigD consensus sequence was found for the ssd promoter region, reinforcing the putative regulation of ssd by SigD, and in turn, supporting this protein role during the adaptation of M. tuberculosis to some stressful environments.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "In Vitro Propagation of Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf through Seed Culture and Somatic Embryogenesis. Aconitum violaceum Jacq. ex Stapf is a threatened medicinal plant with restricted global distribution. The highest frequency of seed germination was recorded on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) basal medium, supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 kinetin with a germination rate of 77.32% and mean germination time of 27 days. Among the various plant growth regulators examined, 0.1 mg L-1 kinetin (Kn) + 0.5 mg L-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) proved to be effective for maximum embryogenic callus production (51.0%) within 31 days of inoculation. The conversion rate of somatic embryos into complete plantlets was highest in the MS medium augmented with 0.1 mg L-1 Kn + 0.5 mg L-1 IAA (68.00%), with an average root initiation time of 25 days. The rooted plantlets were subsequently hardened into jiffy pots with a combination of loamy soil, coco-peat, and vermicompost (1:1:1 v/v), and then transplanted into a greenhouse with a 60% survival rate. To our knowledge, this is the first study on direct in vitro propagation and embryogenic callus induction from seeds. The established regeneration protocol could be employed to propagate A. violaceum on a large scale in a short time. This would contribute significantly to its rapid propagation and germplasm conservation, and establish a framework for the domestication of this highly valued threatened medicinal plant.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "REACTIONS IN THE MASS-SPECTROMETRY OF A HYDRIDE MEISENHEIMER COMPLEX OF 2,4,6-TRINITROTOLUENE (TNT). A hydride Meisenheimer complex of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (TNTH-) was synthesized using tetramethylammonium octahydroborate. TNT and TNTH- (as the tetramethylammonium salt) were analyzed by direct exposure probe mass spectrometry using electron impact (EI), chemical ionization (CI) and negative-ion chemical ionization (NCI). For further identification, the ions of the mass spectra were investigated using tandem mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation (CID). Although the Fl mass spectra of both compounds were similar, the CID mass spectra of the ions at mit 227 (M(+) of TNT) of the two compounds showed large differences in daughter ion abundances. A major difference between the two compounds also appeared in their CI methane mass spectra. Two abundant ions, at m/z 183 and 198, appeared only in the CI mass spectrum of TNTH-. CID parent ion scans showed that the origin of these two ions was not the mit 227 ion. We suggest that these ions are formed by chemical reactions of the complex on the surface of the heated probe tip, followed by ionization. These reactions, probably a reduction process forming mit 198 and hydrolysis forming mit 183, occur preferentially in TNTH-, the already reduced form of TNT. Formation of the ions at m/z 183 and 198 was also observed in the liquid chromatography particle beam CI mass spectrum of TNTH-.", "label": [4, 36, 35, 42]}
{"token": "Use of the L1 and L2 in strategic planning and rehearsal for task performances in an online classroom. This study examined the impact of collaborative pre-task strategic planning followed by rehearsal on the quantity and novelty of content used in task performances when strategic planning is performed in different language conditions in an online classroom. Forty Japanese university students of English as a foreign language (EFL) from two intact online classrooms were separated into pairs and performed second language (L2) problem-solution monologue tasks in two conditions. The first condition involved collaborative strategic planning in the second language (L2SP), which was followed by a task rehearsal; the second condition involved collaborative strategic planning in the first language (L1SP), which was followed by a task rehearsal. Task performances were analysed in terms of idea units generated and, by examining strategic planning transcripts and planning worksheets, were coded for how they were prepared. As a measure of problem-solving creativity, ideas used in task performances were coded in terms of their novelty. Findings revealed a non-significant difference between the number of ideas used in each planning condition. However, performances that followed L1SP and rehearsal contained ideas that were significantly more novel/rare than performances that followed L2SP and rehearsal. The L1SP condition led to more planned and rehearsed ideas used in performances than the L2SP condition, which likely meant learners spent more time refining and formulating language to express L1-generated ideas, leading to more creative solutions to the task problem. A content analysis of post-task questionnaire responses revealed that learners perceived L1SP to be beneficial in terms of conceptualizing ideas while L2SP was perceived to be beneficial in terms of formulating language. Additionally, learners felt that online synchronous communication facilitated collaboration during planning. These findings are discussed in terms of using the L1 as a tool to enhance creativity in L2 tasks and using online tools to enhance collaboration during pre-task planning.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 28]}
{"token": "By Jupiter, forgot': Volscians and Scots in Shakespeare and Arbella Stuart. This essay examines the representation of Volscians in two texts, Shakespeare's Coriolanus and a letter of Lady Arbella Stuart's referring to Virgil's Camilla. It argues that for both authors, it matters that the relationship between the Volscians and the Romans could trope that between the Scots and the English. In the month in which Queen Elizabeth died, Arbella Stuart reached for a Volscian as a way to connect herself to Scotland; five years later, in the wake of James's failed attempt to achieve political and constitutional union between England and Scotland, Coriolanus uses the Volscians to question that project.", "label": [3, 28, 30]}
{"token": "Distribution of Arcanobacterium pluranimalium in animals examined in veterinary laboratories in the United Kingdom. Arcanobacterium pluranimalium was first reported in 2001 for 2 isolates, from a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and a fallow deer (Dama dama). The same organism was subsequently reported from ovine material. A review of material submitted to veterinary laboratories in the United Kingdom from a range of domestic and wild animals during the following years revealed that A. pluranimalium had been recovered from ovine specimens on 33 occasions. Twenty ovine isolates came from abortion material, 5 from semen samples, 3 from abscesses, 3 from viscera, and 1 case each of navel ill and peritonitis. The only other A. pluranimalium isolate recovered during the period was from a milk sample collected from a cow with mastitis. The findings of the current study suggest that sheep were the host most frequently affected by infection with A. pluranimalium with recovery most commonly made from abortion material.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Impacts of business vision, top management support, and external expertise on ERP success. Originality/value - It is argued that ERP systems are different from other information technology implementations; as such, there is a need to provide insights as to how the aforementioned factors play out in the context of ERP system success evaluations for adopting organizations. As was predicted, the results showed that the three contingency factors positively influence ERP system success. More importantly, the relative importance of quality external expertise over the other two factors for ERP initiatives was underscored. The implications of the findings for both practitioners and researchers are discussed.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of such contingency factors as top management support, business vision, and external expertise, on the one hand, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) system success, on the other.Design/methodology/approach - A conceptual model was developed and relevant hypotheses formulated. Surveys were conducted in two Northern European countries and a structural equation modeling technique used to analyze the data.Findings - It was found that the three contingency factors positively influence ERP system success. More importantly, the relative importance of quality external expertise over the other two factors for ERP initiatives was underscored", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Perennial lucerne affects weed community trajectories in grain crop rotations. P>Complex crop rotations may be beneficial for weed management. We analysed how pluriannual forage crops may affect weed composition during cereal-based crop rotations. Using a space-for-time-substitution design, we compared weed composition and diversity before, during and after perennial crops. We surveyed four groups of fields: (a) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following annual crops, (b) 1-year old lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) following annual crops, (c) 2-6 years old lucerne and (d) winter wheat following pluriannual lucerne in western France (420 fields in total). Weed composition varied among the four groups, suggesting a cyclic trajectory corresponding to the phases of the crop rotation. Indicator Species Analysis showed that these differences were due to at least 40 species, including the most common weeds. A functional group analysis showed that perennial lucerne crops shifted the communities away from several problematic weeds, especially annual broad-leaved species with an upright or climbing morphology. This effect was also visible in the wheat following lucerne. Other species (including perennials, annuals with rosettes and some grasses) benefited from the particular growth conditions in lucerne but decreased in the following wheat. The diversification of arable crop rotations with perennial crops may thus be useful for Integrated Weed Management, reducing the need for herbicides. Other species less harmful to annual crops were favoured, resulting in increased floristic diversity.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Nonlinear motion mechanics model of curved blood vessel. A geometric model of curved blood vessels is established based on some reasonable hypotheses; the nonlinear motion mechanics model of the curved blood vessel is established according to basic mechanics laws. This model includes much more physiological factors. It couples the interaction of blood flow with mechanical factors such as the displacement, deformation, strain and stress etc. of the curved blood vessel. It is of great importance for investigating the circulation rules of the cardiovascular system and the nonlinear pulse wave propagation in curved blood vessels.", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
{"token": "I believe in the Holy Church Confession of faith and ambivalent holiness. \\\\'I believe in the Holy Spirit which sanctifies the Church\\\\'. This holy Church, throughout history, is simultaneously a community of sinners constantly called to conversion. As an earthly institution, it is also subject to fallibility and frailty (errors, divisions, moral failures). Therefore, according to Vatican II, the Church is sancta simul et semper purificanda (LG 8C), Christ summons the Church to continual reformation as she sojourns here on earth. The Church is always in need of this, in so far as she is an institution of men here on earth (UR 6A). On this condition only can it be the credible sign of the coming Kingdom of God. Thanks notably to someone like Yves Congar, Vatican II has managed to work with the paradox inherent in ecclesial holiness, which is both given and yet requires constant progress in its practice. How can we avoid ecclesial idealism? How can we foster realistic ecclesiology without losing sight of the theologal mystery of the Church?", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Disinfection: is it time to reconsider Spaulding?. The Spaulding classification, originally proposed in 1957, is a widely used system for matching the disinfection and sterilization of surfaces, particularly those of re-usable medical/surgical devices, with available processes. It presents a ranking, from simple disinfection through to sterilization, that should be considered in the reprocessing of devices, based on the risks associated with their use, ranging from 'critical' (presenting a high risk), through 'semi-critical' to 'non-critical' (presenting a low risk). The different levels of disinfection are based on demonstrating antimicrobial activity against established marker micro-organisms representing a range of pathogens. Although this classification system is probably as valid today as it was in 1957, the understanding of microbiology and micro-organisms has changed. This article discusses some examples of disinfection studies with viruses, bacteria, protozoa and prions that challenge the current definitions and expectations of high-, intermediate- and low-level disinfection. In many of these examples, the test micro-organisms demonstrate atypical tolerance or resistance profiles to disinfection processes. In addition to laboratory-based studies, there is now clinical evidence for at least some of these micro-organisms that biocide resistance can lead to infection outbreaks due to unexpected disinfection failure. These reports should encourage the reader to challenge current dogma, and reconsider the expectations of disinfection and sterilization practices. (c) 2011 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "Drivers of Effective Renewable Energy Policies. Sustainability and green issues are becoming an integral part of business and management. Large gird connected renewable energy (RE) facilities form a subset of sustainability and the clean technology sector. From a business perspective, it is important to understand what policies are available and what factors (drivers) play a key role. This study identifies five main RE policy mechanisms (Feed-In Tariffs (FITs); Tradable Green Certificates; Renewable Portfolio Standards; Bidding/Tendering and Fiscal) of which the FIT has experienced the most success in establishing a RE sector. Using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM), the study relates the policies to the drivers to identify which drivers are most effective within a RE sector. The development and analysis of the model is based on an iterative process, where the draft FCM was adapted to fit a representative model and then further validated by applying country specific examples. Results indicate that all simulations reached an equilibrium state in the FCM model. The four drivers, observed as the most influential drivers, as set out in the propositions are: big players (category: local conditions), non-RE sector (category: economics), cost competitiveness (category: financial) and risk (category: financial). These four drivers seem to play the most influential part of a RE sector when a FIT policy mechanism is deployed. It is proposed that these four drivers are best suited to model a FIT system. This study is one of the first to empirically examine how various drivers emerge and how they need to be managed when designing a RE policy mechanism. Managing the four key drivers - as identified in this study - is pivotal in establishing a sustainable RE sector.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Alien versus native species as drivers of recent extinctions. Native plants and animals can rapidly become superabundant and dominate ecosystems, leading to claims that native species are no less likely than alien species to cause environmental damage, including biodiversity loss. We compared how frequently alien and native species have been implicated as drivers of recent extinctions in a comprehensive global database, the 2017 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Alien species were considered to be a contributing cause of 25% of plant extinctions and 33% of animal extinctions, whereas native species were implicated in less than 5% and 3% of plant and animal extinctions, respectively. When listed as a putative driver of recent extinctions, native species were more often associated with other extinction drivers than were alien species. Our results offer additional evidence that the biogeographic origin, and hence evolutionary history, of a species are determining factors of its potential to cause disruptive environmental impacts.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
{"token": "The Impact of Dysphonic Voices on Children's Comprehension of Spoken Language. Conclusions. These findings support the urgent need to implement voice care education for the teaching profession.Background. This study investigated the effect of teachers' dysphonic voices on children's listening comprehension.Methods. One hundred thirty-four grade three and four students were recruited from local primary schools in Hong Kong. They were required to listen to six passages, three in Cantonese and three in English, which were either read in normal, mildly dysphonic, or severely dysphonic voices. The students were required to complete six multiple-choice comprehension questions upon listening to each passage. Comprehension performance across languages, dysphonic severities, genders, and question types were examined.Results. The results showed that listening comprehension was significantly poorer even when speaker's voice quality was mildly impaired. Performance in Cantonese was generally better than that in English but no significant difference in the pattern of decline was found. Both boys and girls suffered to similar extent under dysphonic situations. Differences in performance in various question types were discussed.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Replicating adenoviral vector-mediated transfer of a heat-inducible double suicide gene for gene therapy. Tumor cells that express a fusion gene of Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase (CD) and herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase (TK) sequences activate and are subsequently killed by the nontoxic prodrugs 5-fluorocytosine and ganciclovir. We have previously developed a recombinant adenovirus containing the CD - TK fusion gene controlled by the human inducible heat shock protein 70 promoter so that heat at 41 degreesC for I hour induces therapeutic gene expression. This adenovirus effectively transduces heat-inducible expression of the CD-TK gene into human prostate carcinoma cells. However, because a limited number of cells in a tumor can actually be infected, we created a replicating adenoviral vector to increase CD-TK gene expression. This vector is a replication-competent, E1B-attenuated adenoviral vector containing the hsp70 promoter-driven CD-TK gene (Ad.E1A(+)HS-CDTK). When human prostate adenocarcinoma DU-145 cells (mutant p53) were infected with the virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of I or 10, the viral replication was detected within 2 days at both MOIs. Similar results were observed in human colorectal carcinoma CX-I cells. When DU-145 cells were infected with the virus at an MOI of 10, incubated for 24 hours, heated at 41 degreesC for 4 hours and then harvested 20 hours later, Western blot analysis demonstrated that this virus successfully produced viral EIA proteins and heat shock stimulated the CD-TK gene expression by 12.3-fold. In addition, Ad.E1A(+)HS-CDTK effectively suppressed cell proliferation by viral cytopathic, effect). Unlike with a replication-incompetent virus (Ad.HS-CDTK), the cytopathic effect of the virus and cytotoxicity in the presence of the prodrugs were still observed even at low MOI (MOI=1.0).", "label": [2, 18, 19, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Non-Redundant tRNA Reference Sequences for Deep Sequencing Analysis of tRNA Abundance and Epitranscriptomic RNA Modifications. Analysis of RNA by deep-sequencing approaches has found widespread application in modern biology. In addition to measurements of RNA abundance under various physiological conditions, such techniques are now widely used for mapping and quantification of RNA modifications. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are among the frequent targets of such investigation, since they contain multiple modified residues. However, the major challenge in tRNA examination is related to a large number of duplicated and point-mutated genes encoding those RNA molecules. Moreover, the existence of multiple isoacceptors/isodecoders complicates both the analysis and read mapping. Existing databases for tRNA sequencing provide near exhaustive listings of tRNA genes, but the use of such highly redundant reference sequences in RNA-seq analyses leads to a large number of ambiguously mapped sequencing reads. Here we describe a relatively simple computational strategy for semi-automatic collapsing of highly redundant tRNA datasets into a non-redundant collection of reference tRNA sequences. The relevance of the approach was validated by analysis of experimentally obtained tRNA-sequencing datasets for different prokaryotic and eukaryotic model organisms. The data demonstrate that non-redundant tRNA reference sequences allow improving unambiguous mapping of deep sequencing data.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "MicroRNA-based potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic applications in triple-negative breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a distinct subtype of breast cancer characterized by high recurrence rates and poor prognosis compared to other breast cancers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the expression of various post-transcriptional gene and silence a broad set of target genes. Many recent studies have demonstrated that miRNAs play an important role in the initiation, promotion, malignant conversion, progression, and metastasis of TNBC. Therefore, the aim of this review is to focus on recent advancements of microRNAs-based potential applications in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer.", "label": [1, 2, 19, 15, 11]}
{"token": "ALLOCATION OF TERRESTRIAL CARBON SOURCES USING (CO2)-C-14: METHODS, MEASUREMENT, AND MODELING. The radiocarbon content of whole air provides a theoretically ideal and now observationally proven tracer for recently added fossil-fuel-derived CO2 in the atmosphere (C-ff). Over large industrialized land areas, determination of C-ff also constrains the change in CO2 due to uptake and release by the terrestrial biosphere. Here, we review the development of a Delta(CO2)-C-14 measurement program and its implementation within the US portion of the NOAA Global Monitoring Division's air sampling network. The Delta(CO2)-C-14 measurement repeatability is evaluated based on surveillance cylinders of whole air and equates to a C-ff detection limit of <= 0.9 ppm from measurement uncertainties alone. We also attempt to quantify additional sources of uncertainty arising from non-fossil terms in the atmospheric (CO2)-C-14 budget and from uncertainties in the composition of \\\\'background\\\\' air against which C-ff enhancements occur. As an example of how we apply the measurements, we present estimates of the boundary layer enhancements of C-ff and Cb-io using observations obtained from vertical airborne sampling profiles off of the northeastern US. We also present an updated time series of measurements from NOAA GMD's Niwot Ridge site at 3475 m asl in Colorado in order to characterize recent Delta(CO2)-C-14 variability in the well-mixed free troposphere.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Foraging ecology of three sympatric Turacos in a montane forest in Rwanda. We studied the foraging ecology of three sympatric turacos (Great Blue Turaco [Corythaeola cristata], Ruwenzori Turaco [Musophaga johnstoni], and Black-billed Turaco [Tauraco schuettii]) in a tropical montane forest in Rwanda between November 1991 and December 1992. All three species fed primarily on fruit. Whereas Black-billed Turacos were strictly frugivorous, Great Blue and Ruwenzori turacos were partially folivorous;leaves constituted 25% and 6.3% of their overall diets, respectively. The overall dietary diversity was highest for Great Blue Turacos and lowest for Black-billed Turacos. Most fruits eaten by turacos came from trees. Although most leaves eaten by Great Blue Turacos also came from trees, leaves eaten by Ruwenzori Turacos mainly came from lianas and epiphytes. For the Ruwenzori and Black-billed turacos, the two territorial species, monthly dietary diversity increased with increasing fruit abundance in the environment, but this relationship did not hold for Great Blue Turacos. During periods of fruit scarcity, all three species depended more heavily on their most frequently used foods; this trend was particularly evident in the two territorial species. Like most frugivores, these turacos probably were generalists that exploited a great variety of fruit sources.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Performance, performativity, and memory. The aim of this article of reflection is to show the relationship between the category of performativity in Judith Butler and the art of performance as an approach to memory construction. On one hand, the art of performance offers a problem concerning the register, the file, and the memory of the artistic action by considering that the act is unrepeatable, unique, and transient. This discussion is linked with the re-performation as an alternative to the memory that keeps the nature of this artistic practice. On the other hand, according to Butler, the identity is an effect of a sequence of regulated performances, which reveals how the performativity suggest a kind of identity, which is not essential when the memory is always open to new inscriptions and whose support is in the reiteration of discontinuous acts. Consequently, the repetition of the acts that Butler proposes allows to understand that, in the re-performance, there exists another way to see a restored memory.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Changes in commercial virgin olive oil (cv Arbequina) during storage, with special emphasis on the phenolic fraction. The aim of this work was to study the changes in the lipid substrate and in the minor components and specially in the phenolic fraction of commercial virgin olive oils of Arbequina cultivar after 12 months of storage. An increase of oleic acid percentage was found in the fatty acid composition. Important losses of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and total phenol content of oils occur after the storage period. Significant decreases were observed in secoiridoid derivatives and 3,4-DHPEA-AC after the storage period, while lignans were the more stable phenolic compounds. alpha-tocopherol disappeared after the storage period, in all oils. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Synthesis of multi ring-fused imidazo[1,2-a]isoquinoline-based fluorescent scaffold as anti-Herpetic agent. Methods: A highly convergent approach with new C-N and C-C bond formation to synthesize multiring fused complex scaffold imidazo[1,2-a] isoquinolinies as fluorophores. N-nucleophile-induced ring transformation of 2H-pyran-2-one followed by in situ cis-stilbene-type oxidative photocyclization yielded new C-C bond formation without additional oxidant. The cytotoxicity, effective concentrations, and the mode of action of the synthesized analogs were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT),, plaque reduction, time of addition, and reverse transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).Background: Natural product-inspired synthesis is a key incorporation in modern diversity-oriented synthesis to yield biologically novel scaffold. Inspired by beta-carboline fused system, we have designed molecules with multi ring fused scaffold by modifying the tricyclic pyrido[3,4-b] indole ring with imidazo[1,2-a] isoquinoline.Conclusion: Novel imidazo[1,2-a] isoquinoline analogs were synthesized from pyranone with appropriate amines. Two compounds showed better antiviral profile on HSV-infected Vero cells, compared to the standard drug acyclovir (ACV). Overall, we discovered a promising scaffold to develop a nonnucleoside lead targeting the viral immediate early transcription for the management of HSV infections.Results: Novel imidazo[1,2-a] isoquinoline analogs were prepared, and the results revealed that trans isomer of cyclopropyl analog (EC50 35 and 37.5 mu g/ml) and trans isomer of citric acid salt of phenyl analog (EC50 38.2 and 39.8 mu g/ml) possess significant anti-Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) activity with selectivity index of >10. The kinetic study demonstrated that both the analogs inhibited HSV-1F and HSV-2G at 2-4 h postinfection. Finally, western blot and reverse transcriptase PCR assays revealed that both the analogs suppressed viral immediate early transcription.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42, 21]}
{"token": "Interannual water vapor and energy exchange in an irrigated maize-based agroecosystem. In this paper, we present results from 4 years (May 2001-May 2005) of water and energy flux measurements made in a no-till, irrigated maize-soybean rotation system in eastern Nebraska, USA. The peak green leaf area index (LAI) reached 6.0 and 5.5 in maize (2001 and 2003, respectively) and 5.7 and 4.4 in soybean (2002 and 2004, respectively). The dependence of evapotranspiration (ET) on leaf area was consistent with previous studies. There was a nearly linear relationship between the daily ET/ETo (where ETo is the reference evapotranspiration over a grass reference crop) and LAI until a threshold LAI (between 3 and 4). Above this threshold LAI, the ET/ETo was virtually independent of LAI. The cumulative growing season (planting to harvest) evapotranspiration was 544 and 578 mm for maize, and 474 and 430 mm for soybean. The interannual variability in the growing season ET totals correlated very well with the number of days when the LAI was greater than 3. The non-growing season period (harvest to subsequent planting) contributed between 20 and 25% of the annual ET totals for both crops. The maximum canopy surface conductance (G(smax)) was 29 mm s(-1) for maize in both years, 41 mm s(-1) for soybean in 2002 (peak LAI = 5.7) and 36 mm s(-1) for soybean in 2004 (peak LAI = 4.4). The variability in Gsmax was largely explained by the leaf nitrogen concentration, consistent with the literature. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 7, 39]}
{"token": "Helminth parasites in native and invasive mammal populations: comparative study on the Barbary ground squirrel Atlantoxerus getulus L. (Rodentia, Sciuridae) in Morocco and the Canary Islands. A total of 51 and 21 adults of Barbary ground squirrels (Atlantoxerus getulus) were trapped during May-July 2006 from the introduced populations on Fuerteventura Island (Canary Islands) and the native populations in Morocco, respectively. One trematode, 1 cestode and 4 nematode species were recovered belonging to five families: Brachylaima sp. (Brachylaimidae), Catenotaenia chabaudi (Catenotaeniidae), Protospirura muricola (Spiruridae), Dermatoxys getula and Syphacia pallaryi (Oxyuuridae), and Trichostrongylus sp. (Trichostrongylidae). We report for the first time the presence of P. muricola, Trichostrongylus sp. and Brachylaima sp. in A. getulus. Brachylaima sp. was found in the insular population only, as a result of a diet that includes snails. The two oxyurids were found at both sites. The continental population showed higher species richness (5 vs 3 species). This is the first report of helminth parasites from A. getulus from the Canary Islands.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 10, 47]}
{"token": "THE ETNOMEDICINE IN MENDOZA: THE SYSTEM OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE OF AN AFROVENEZOLAN PEOPLE. The study of ethnomedical systems in Afro-Venezuelan people has been little explored. Commonly, the few approaches that address the issue, highlight the phenomenal therapeutic fact of traditional medicines, losing the comprehensive coherence that the medical knowledge systems possess. The present work develops the experience of the ethnomedical system of Mendoza, an Afro-Venezuelan community gestated in the settlement of cocoa plantations, located in the Municipality of Acevedo del Estado Miranda.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "ECONOMIC-PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONALITY WITH DIFFERENT VALUE ORIENTATIONS' TYPES. The results of the study of economic-psychological characteristics of personality with different value orientations' types are presented. The interrogation included 745 opinions of Muscovites. According to the results of the study, the difference in the structure of the individuals' value orientations has a significant influence on the economic ideas' structure as well as the personality' choice of a strategy of the economic behavior. Each psychological type obtains its own economic-psychological characteristics of personality. The structure of the individuals' values has a main significance in the forming of such economic ideas as money, well-being, wealth and the most effective direction of money investment.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Innovations In Science And Industry-Specific Education. The article focuses on the research of innovations in education and science, which are regarded in the light of searching for a useful correlation between traditional and new approaches to the development of education. To achieve the objective of this research, i.e. to identify the role of innovations in education and science, the authors used the following research methods: systematization, analysis and synthesis, concretization and generalization, comparative analysis and observation. The analysis of the current state of the Russian higher education has revealed a stable tendency to reduce the number of noncompetitive educational establishments incapable of being involved in modernization processes, as well as a new demographic threat a decrease in the number of employable citizens and an increase in the number of pensioners. Based on the results of the study, the authors offer their reasoning for three key innovations in the spheres of science and education: the global competition for talents, the growing democratization of education and the demand for educational programs by older people. All the above is a way to revise the strategy of education development, taking into account the new prospective trend involving universities in a large-scale preparation of programs for third age people (pensioners), whose number is increasing steadily.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Combusting behavior and pyrolysis products evaluation of SARA components separated from bitumen. To further understand thermal properties of bitumen, saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes (SARA) were separated from two bitumen firstly. Then the thermal stability and activation energy of SARA components during combustion were investigated via thermo gravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). Additionally, the composition and distribution of pyrolysis products of four components in pyrolysis process were evaluated by pyrolysis gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry (PY-GC-MS). The results indicate that asphaltenes have the best thermal stability, followed by resins, aromatics and saturates, and the activation energy of light components is lower than that of heavy components. Two bitumen are different in distribution of pyrolysis products, which may be caused by different sources and production processes. But they have similar composition, the pyrolysis products of heavy components are more complex than those of light components. The combustion behavior and pyrolysis products of bitumen are better understood from a new perspective of its components. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "The Diffusion of Microblogging in the Public Sector: Evidence from Chinese Provinces. Microblogging has been increasingly used in the public sector across the world, and it is pivotal to understand the drivers of their diffusion. This chapter adapts innovation adoption and diffusion theories and uses panel data of China's 31 provinces (2010-2012) to empirically examine the diffusion of microblogging among government agencies and officials. The results suggest that the drivers of agency and individual microblogging are subtly distinct, implying their adoption may follow different routines. The findings also show that agencies and officials in jurisdictions with larger population, higher level of citizen demand, under advocating leadership, and bordering on pioneering peers are more likely to use microblogging.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Detection and molecular characterization of sporadic cases of acute human hepatitis E virus infection in Uruguay. In developing countries, hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a public-health concern because it causes epidemics and waterborne outbreaks. In South America, few HEV strains have been characterized at the molecular level. We report the detection and molecular analysis of the first set of sporadic cases of autochthonous human genotype 3 HEV infection in Uruguay.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Allen Denver Russell Memorial Lecture, 2006 - The use of microbiocides in infection control: a critical look at safety, testing and applications. End users are advised to be more critical and prudent in the selection and application of microbicidal chemicals, manufacturers are encouraged to explore infection control products and technologes that are safer in the workplace and for the environment, and regulators are urged to review and update the requirements and procedures for premarket review of microbiocide efficacy data and label claims. Independent investigations are also urgently needed to document the proportion of nosocomial infections that would be amenable to prevention through chemical disinfection of environmental surfaces.Microbial pathogens continue as major threats to health. Indeed, many ongoing societal changes are enhancing our vulnerability and exposure to several frank and opportunistic pathogens. This, together with rampant antimicrobial resistance and reduced prospects for newer drugs and vaccines, is forcing a higher reliance on microbiocides in infection prevention and control. That this reliance may not be well-founded becomes apparent from a closer look at current ways of testing and registering microbiocides, their label claims as well as human and environmental safety of certain widely used microbicidal chemicals. Many methods to test microbiocides for registration are flawed and/or entail test conditions irrelevant to field use. Pathogens listed on product labels may not be among those amenable to interruption through microbiocide use. The wide variations and discrepancies in existing national/regional regulations for registering microbiocides for sale stifle innovation. This is a critical look at the above-mentioned issues with emphasis on chemicals meant for use on environmental surfaces and medical devices. It highlights better ways to test microbiocides and to attain global harmonization of testing and product registration. It also details the known and potential dangers of microbiocide use and what to consider in choosing such formulations for optimal safety and effectiveness. End users are advised to be more critical and prudent in the selection and application of microbicidal chemicals, manufacturers are encouraged to explore infection control products and technologies that are safer in the workplace and for the environment, and regulators are urged to review and update the requirements and procedures for premarket review of microbiocide efficacy data and label claims. Independent investigations are also urgently needed to document the proportion of nosocomial infections that would be amenable to prevention through chemical disinfection of environmental surfaces. Microbial pathogens continue as major threats to health. Indeed, many ongoing societal changes are enhancing our vulnerability and exposure to several frank and opportunistic pathogens. This, together with rampant antimicrobial resistance and reduced prospects for newer drugs and vaccines, is forcing a higher reliance on microbiocides in infection prevention and control. That this reliance may not be well-founded becomes apparent from a closer look at current ways of testing and registering microbiocides, their label claims as well as human and environmental safety of certain widely used microbicidal chemicals. Many methods to test microbiocides for registration are flawed and/or entail test conditions irrelevant to field use. Pathogens listed on product labels may not be among those amenable to interruption through microbiocide use. The wide variations and discrepancies in existing national/regional regulations for registering microbiocides for sale stifle innovation. This is a critical look at the above-mentioned issues with emphasis on chemicals meant for use on environmental surfaces and medical devices. It highlights better ways to test microbiocides and to attain global harmonization of testing and product registration. It also details the known and potential dangers of microbiocide use and what to consider in choosing such formulations for optimal safety and effectiveness.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
{"token": "Big multi-step wind speed forecasting model based on secondary decomposition, ensemble method and error correction algorithm. Wind power is one of the most promising powers. Wind speed forecasting can eliminate the harmful effect caused by the intermittent and fluctuation of wind power, and big multi-step forecasting can provide more time for the power grid to be adjusted. To achieve the high-precision big multi-step forecasting, a novel hybrid model named as the WD-SampEn-VMD-MadaBoost-BEGS-WF is proposed in the study, which consisting of three main modeling steps including the secondary decomposition, the ensemble method and the error correction. The detail of the proposed model is given as follows: (a) wind speed series are decomposed by the WD (Wavelet Decomposition) to obtain wind speed subseries. The SampEn (Sample Entropy) algorithm is used to estimate the unpredictability of these wind speed subseries. The most unpredictable subseries will be decomposed secondarily by the VMD (Variational Mode Decomposition); (b) the subseries are proceeded by the MAdaBoost (Modified AdaBoost.RT) with the BFGS (Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno Quasi-Newton Back Propagation) neuron network to obtain forecasting subseries; (c) all of the forecasting subseries will be combined with the original subseries to form the combined wind speed series, which will be further proceeded by the WF (Wavelet Filter) to obtain the corrected forecasting series from the point of the frequency domain; (d) the corrected forecasting series are reconstructed to get the final forecasting series. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed model, several forecasting cases are provided in the study. The result indicates that the proposed model has satisfactory forecasting performance in the big multi-step extremely strong simulating wind speed forecasting.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Just Say Yes? The Fiduciary Duty Implications of Directorial Acquiescence. This Article fills this important gap and in so doing advances two critical arguments. First, this Article argues that to the extent directors have conceded to shareholder demands despite believing that they are not in the corporation's best interests or based on fear of losing their board seat, such concessions clearly raise the specter of fiduciary duty concerns. Notably, this Article advances this argument as a scholar who is a strong advocate of increased shareholder power. In advancing this argument, this Article tackles the many reasons critics may resist characterizing director acquiescence as a breach, including the potential that directors have changed their mind, have engaged in a legitimate cost-benefit analysis, or have an obligation to comply with shareholder preferences. Second, this Article argues that there are significant negative repercussions that flow from our collective failure to highlight and examine the fiduciary implications of acquiesce in the context of shareholder activism. These include negative repercussions for our normative understanding of the appropriate contours of directors' duties, particularly those duties to the entire corporate enterprise. These also include the need to pay close attention to understanding the appropriate balance between much needed director accountability that could stem from enhanced shareholder power, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the potential for shareholder overreach that could harm the corporation and its stakeholders-both shareholder and non-shareholder. This Article further insists that negative repercussions stem from the very real possibility that very few actors will have the incentive to explore the fiduciary duty issues that animate this Article. Indeed, those upon whom we generally rely to explore and challenge breaches of directors' fiduciary duties-namely shareholders-are least likely to do so in the context of directorial acquiescence to shareholder demands. Hence, this Article's exploration is critical because it may be one of the only forums in which this important issue is examined.The rise in shareholder activism is one of the most significant recent phenomena in corporate governance. Shareholders have successfully managed to enhance their power within the corporation, and much of that success has resulted from corporate managers and directors voluntarily acceding to shareholder demands. Directors' voluntary acquiescence to shareholder demands is quite simply remarkable. Remarkable because most of the changes reflect policies and practices that directors have vehemently opposed for decades, and because when opposing such changes directors stridently insisted that the changes were not in the corporation's best interest. In light of that insistence, and numerous statements from directors that they have conceded to shareholder demands as a result of fear, coercion and even blackmail, this Article focuses on whether a director's decision to acquiesce to shareholder demands could be viewed as a fiduciary duty breach. Considerable ink has been spilled, over whether a director's efforts to thwart shareholder demands represents a breach of fiduciary duty. However, the question of whether directors' decision to acquiesce to shareholder demands has any fiduciary implications has been unexplored.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "DIGESTION, DIET AND POLYETHISM IN 2 FUNGUS-GROWING TERMITES - MACROTERMES-SUBHYALINUS RAMBUR AND M-MICHAELSENI SJOSTEDT. Cellulase and its component activities, endo-beta-1,4-glucanase and beta-1,4-glucosidase, were measured in the guts of larvae, minor soldiers and the four categories of workers (young and old minor and young and old major) in Macrotermes michaelseni and M. subhyalinus. These activities were also measured in fungal material associated with colonies of both species. Substantial activity from cellulase (18.2-28.1-mu-g glucose/termite/h) and its component activities were found in all four worker categories of M. michaelseni with 80% less activity in the minor soldiers and none in the larvae. There was a similar distribution of cellulase activity among the castes of M. subhyalinus. At least 99% of the cellulase activity in major workers of M. michaelseni was found in the midgut. The only fungal material associated with either species with significant enzyme activity were the fungal nodules (cellulase activity, 8.22 +/- 0.86 and 4.34 +/- 0.24-mu-g glucose/mg wet wt for M. michaelseni and M. subhyalinus, respectively). The cellulases from major workers and fungal nodules from M. michaelseni were partially resolved by gel chromatography. Endo-beta-1,4-glucanases and beta-1,4-glucosidases from both cellulases were multi-component with different elution profiles on Bio-Gel(R) P60 chromatography. Glucose and cellobiose were present throughout the gut of M. michaelseni. No other reducing sugars were present. Reducing sugars were found in all fungal material associated with M. michaelseni. In the nodules the only reducing sugar was glucose (184 +/- 83 nmol/mg dry wt). Old fungal comb contained glucose, cellobiose, xylose, arabinose and galacturonic acid (13 +/- 3, 5 +/- 3, 15 +/- 8, 24 +/- 3, 12 +/- 3 nmol/mg dry wt, respectively). Fresh and ripe fungal comb contained smaller amounts of the same sugars. The RQ values for young and old major workers of M. michaelseni were 0.999 +/- 0.007 (SD; n = 4) and 1.002 +/- 0.005 (SD; n = 5), respectively. Oxygen was consumed by the two categories at rates of 180 and 230 nmol/termite/h.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 47]}
{"token": "THE EFFICIENCY OF FERTILIZER NITROGEN IN IRRIGATED, DIRECT-SEEDED RICE (ORYZA-SATIVA L) IN EUROPE. Data from 35 experiments with direct seeded rice, performed between 1981 and 1991 by national research institutes in five major rice growing countries of Europe were analyzed to estimate the average efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen (N). Pooled data from a four year regional survey (1984-1988) on rice-based farming systems in the Camargue-region (43-degrees 20'-43-degrees 40' N) in the south of France, were used to perform a similar analysis. Experimentation during two years (1989-1990) was carried out to assess the value of the N-utilization efficiency within the range of N-limited growth and to obtain information on the N-efficiency under controlled conditions.At reduced basal dressing of N on soils with high soil organic matter content, the apparent N-recovery was estimated at 0.21 to 0.32 kg N uptake per kg N applied. Average agronomic efficiency ranged from 12 to 17 kg grain dry mass per kg N applied. High basal N-application on these soils resulted in yield loss. No consistent yield response to fertilizer-N input was found on soils with less than two percent organic matter, irrespective of fertilizer timing. These results confirm the important role of soil organic matter in rice cultivation.An average apparent N-recovery of 0.18 was obtained with split application of N under controlled experimental conditions in the Camargue. Using a controlled release fertilizer, values of 0.58 and 32 kg.kg-1 were obtained for the apparent N-recovery and agronomic efficiency, respectively. Hence, disregarding the economic feasibility, considerable scope exists for improving N-efficiency in European rice cultivation.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "HILDEGARD OF BINGEN: A FEMINIST ONTOLOGY. Two major lines of argument support the notion that Hildegard of Bingen's metaphysics is peculiarly gynocentric. Contra the standard commentary on her work, the focus is not on the notion of viriditas; rather, the first line of argument presents a specific delineation of her ontology, demonstrating that it is a graded hierarchy of beings, many of which present feminine aspects of the divine, and all of which establish the metaphysical notion of interpenetrability. The second line of argument specifically contrasts her thought to that of Aquinas and Meister Eckhart, noting areas of similarity and difference. It is concluded that the visionary origins of Hildegard's work may have to some extent precluded our understanding of it, and that her work merits consideration not only philosophically and theologically but from the standpoint of its early presentation of a gynocentric worldview.", "label": [3, 32, 33]}
{"token": "The Indelible Markers of Twentieth-Century Spanish Antifeminism. In twentieth-century Spain, the conservative political ideology maintained a gender discourse and an ideal of femininity that remained broadly unchanged. The democratic regimes established in the country, first after the reign of Alfonso XIII and then after the Franco dictatorship, did nothing to substantially fragment the country's conservatism with regard to its proponents' view of the function and role that women should fulfil in society. In an attempt to trace the indelible markers of Spanish antifeminism, this article examines three of conservatism's key ideas related to gender: a differentiated consideration of male and female natures; a rejection of feminism; and a conception of the family as the preferred locus for the development of the so-called natural functions of women.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Recent progress in ergot alkaloid research. Ergot alkaloids are a class of indole derivatives produced by the genera of Ascomycota including Claviceps, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Epichloe Many natural and semi-syntheticergot alkaloids exhibit valuable pharmacological activities and have been widely used in the therapy of human CNS disorders. Owing to the development of genome sequencing technology, the gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids have been identified from these fungi. In this review, we briefly introduce the pharmacological activities and possible mechanisms of action of some ergot alkaloids. Then we summarize the recent progress in the functional characterization of the key genes and gene clusters involved in the biosynthetic pathways of ergot alkaloids from different genera. Particularly, we summarize and discuss the constructions of ergot alkaloid biosynthetic pathways in different heterologous hosts and the optimization strategies performed on the recombinant strains, which provide references for producing ergot alkaloids and the derivatives in cell factories by synthetic biology in the future.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "A co-rotational grid-based model for fabric drapes. Fabric drapes are typical large displacement, large rotation and small strain problems. Compared to conventional geometric non-linear shell analyses, computational fabric drape analysis is particularly challenging due to the extremely weak bending rigidities of fabrics. Compared to continuum shell finite element methods, grid- or particle-based methods appear to be more successful in high drapeability problems. The latter methods often resort to simple particle mechanics and formulate the elastic energy in terms of the inter-particle distances and trigonometrical functions of the angles between the straight lines joining adjacent particles. In this paper, the co-rotational approach and commonly employed assumptions for small strain problems in finite element analysis will be adopted to formulate the elastic energy. It will be seen that the internal force vector and the stiffness matrix are considerably simpler than other grid-based models, yet the sparsity of the tangential stiffness matrix remains unchanged. A number of examples are considered and the predicted results are promising. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
{"token": "Identity work of management accountants in a merger: The construction of identity in liminal space. In response to calls for research on the ways in which management accountants make sense of their professional identities in organisational disruptions, this paper explores their identity work during a merger. Drawing on a case study of a merger between two Dutch banks, the paper examines their identity work as they found themselves in a liminal state - i.e. \\\\'betwixt and between\\\\' workplace identities. The paper identifies two types of identity work in a merger. Inside-out identity work was the process of identity negotiation through which each partnering group sought to make sense of their own distinctive liminal experiences. This type of identity work brought about intra- and inter-professional conflict. By contrast, outside-in identity work was founded on intergroup bases of identification, which were authenticated by credible role-models. This type of identity work gave rise to the construction of a superordinate workplace identity through which incoherent workplace identities could co-exist with shared intergroup identities. The paper contributes to the literature by highlighting the persistence of incoherent identity positions of management accountants in a merger and the intergroup struggles this generates. Moreover, it illuminates the processes through which these positions can ultimately be brought closer together.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Mass spectrometric analysis of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 variants expressed by placental malaria parasites. Surface proteins from are important malaria vaccine targets. However, the surface proteins Previously identified are highly variant and difficult to study. We used tandem mass spectrometry to characterize the variant antigens (Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1)) expressed on the surface of malaria-infected erythrocytes that bind to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) in the placenta. Whereas PfEMP1 variants previously implicated as CSA ligands were detected, in unselected parasites four novel variants were detected in CSA-binding or placental parasites but not in unselected paragites. These novel PfEMP1 variants require further study to confirm whether they play a role in placental malaria.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "New combinations in sharpshooter leafhoppers (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae : Cicadellinae). Nine species-group name changes in Cicadellinae are proposed so that all species in the subfamily can be listed in a single classification that is aligned with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Bothrogonia tangmaiana Yang and Li and Mareba panamensis Young are fixed as the correct original spellings. Five new combinations are proposed: Hadria alayoi and H. zayasi (Dlabola and Novoa), Caribovia intensa nigrinervis (Schroder), and Cicadella viridis suffusa (Salmon), and C. intermedia (Rao). The combination Cardioscarta flavifrons transversa Melichar is reinstated. Diedrocephala bimaculata (Gmelin) is reinstated as the valid name for the species of the genus most often cited in literature and collections as D. variegata (Fabricius).", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells of Ovarian Cancer by Transferrin Immunolipid Magnetic Spheres and Its Preliminary Clinical Application. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play an important role in cancer prognosis, treatment monitoring and metastasis diagnosis. However, due to the extremely low concentration of CTC in the peripheral blood, its isolation and enrichment are critical steps for early diagnosis. Herein, we used the transferrin modified lipid magnetic spheres for the isolation of ovarian cancer CTCs, and studied the relationship between the CTCs count and the clinical case parameters, prognosis of ovarian cancer. The result showed that no CTC was found in the peripheral blood of 30 patients with benign cysts, and 34 out of 46 patients with ovarian cancer were positive for CTC, with a positive rate of 73.9%. Analysis of the parameters of the clinical cases showed that the positive rate of CTC was related to the clinical stages, and that it was not significantly related to the age, histopathological types and pathological grades of patients. Of the 34 CTC-positive patients, 18 had progression-free survival, with a survival rate of 52.9%, and of the 11 CTC-negative patients, 9 had progression-free survival, with a survival rate of 81.8%. The results showed that the transferrin lipid magnetic spheres prepared in this study, could effectively isolate the CTCs in the peripheral blood of patients with ovarian cancer, that the level of CTC in ovarian cancer patients was related to its clinical stage, and that the progression-free survival of the patients with a high level of CTCs was relatively short. Therefore, this study shows that the transferrin lipid magnetic sphere can achieve effective isolation of ovarian cancer CTC, which can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic method in comprehensive diagnosis of ovarian cancer.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Immunity, immunomodulation, and antibiotic alternatives to maximize the genetic potential of poultry for growth and disease response. Multiple challenges confront the increasing demand for wholesome poultry food products, including governmental restrictions on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs), nutritional requirements to obtain maximum growth potential, understanding crosstalks among the immunity-microbiota-neuroendocrine system in the gut to maximize intestinal efficiency, high density production conditions, waste management, and the emergence of infectious pathogens, particularly those that emerge in the antibiotic-free animal production environment. Although in-feed antibiotics have dramatically increased the efficiency of commercial poultry production over the last 50 years, we are now faced with an increasing global crisis concerning the heightened use of antibiotics in animal agriculture and the emergence of multidrug-resistant superbugs that threaten disease management in animals and humans. Therefore, much interest has focused on the development of alternative, antibiotic-free methods of commercial poultry production. Initially, alternatives to antibiotics included any strategies that replace AGPs, but now include any feed additives or treatment that will allow antibiotic-free animal production to prevent and/or treat diseases. These newer disease control strategies can be classified broadly into those that are directly cytotoxic against infectious agents or remove pathogenic toxins, including vaccines, hyperimmune antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, and bacteriophages, and those that augment non-specific host immunity and gut health, including phytochemicals, adjuvants, prebiotics, and probiotics. Furthermore, because the gut microbiota influences various physiological aspects of the immune response, brain function, and gut health, most antibiotic alternatives are expected to promote beneficial microbes that will benefit host physiological responses. However, there is a timely need to better understand the role of the microbiota in gut health if we want to use microbes to modulate the host response to enhance growth performance. This review will highlight current knowledge of host immunity in poultry, and various strategies to modulate host immunity, growth performance, and disease responses to guide the development of alternatives to reduce the use of antibiotics, using a few selected alternatives and a description of their efficacy and modes of action.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Native American Homelessness and Minneapolis' Infamous Tent City: Dispelling Myths and Stereotypes to Uncover Solutions. In the summer of 2018, an affordable housing crisis in Minneapolis, Minnesota led to the erection of a homeless encampment infamously labeled, \\\\'Tent City.\\\\' Publicized by media as a camp for homeless Native Americans, pervasive myths and stereotypes filled the airwaves while public agencies and nonprofit organizations raced to find solutions to this community crisis before the cold winter months settled in. Written from the perspective of an Indigenous woman working in the social services sector of Minneapolis, along with her faculty advisor in a public and nonprofit graduate program, this article: 1) identifies issues of homelessness in Native American communities, 2) dispels myths and stereotypes about Native Americans that impede meaningful progress, 3) explores barriers to safe and secure housing for Native Americans and other marginalized communities, 4) identifies states and countries leading the way to solve homelessness, and 5) suggests best practices and solutions to the ongoing homelessness crisis.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Party, Ideology and Political Intelligence. A Functional Study of the Communist Party Organization in the Intelligence Service of the Polish Ministry of Public Security. Since 1944, after coming to power in Poland, the Communist Party interfered in all spheres of political, social and cultural life. Party units operating in institutions and workplaces constituted one of the tools of that interference, subordinated to the communist ideology. The paradox was that similar units of \\\\'ideological surveillance\\\\' were also formed in the civilian intelligence structures of the Ministry of Public Security. It was one of the ideological surveillance mechanisms used to exert pressure which affected the nature of information collected and transferred to the authorities. It often had more to do with propaganda than with reliable, objectified knowledge. Materials of the Seventh Department, i.e. the MBP civilian intelligence, contain minutes of meetings of these party units which shed much new light on the functioning of the intelligence, as well as its relations with the central structures of the party. Intelligence became part of the repressive apparatus, and it was repression that became a priority, not the informational activities. Right political attitude became more important than the credibility of intelligence information. Intelligence, like the entire state apparatus, was to search for and eliminate the \\\\'enemies of the people,\\\\' provide information in accordance with the doctrine, and what is more, it was also supposed to take care of the ideological purity of its own staff. Contrary to democratic states, control mechanisms were subordinated to the ideology. Insufficient ideological control and wrong personnel policy was one of the reasons for the reorganisation of the intelligence structures carried out in the early 50s.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "One-step microwave curing-dehydration of Gastrodia elata Blume: Relationship between phytochemicals, water states and morphometric characteristics. Gastrodia elata Blume - an important medicinal crop widely cultivated and used in Asian countries especially China, when favorably dried can give high recovery/yield of its bioactive compounds. Traditionally, gastrodia tubers are processed (cured) before drying to increase their bioactive phytochemical constituents, most importantly gastrodin. Since, the conventional method is tedious and time-consuming, the current work investigates a rapid single step post-harvest curing-drying method based on microwave to achieve high yields of gastrodin from gastrodia. HPLC analysis depict that microwave drying (MWD) increased the total phenolic content by 3.4 times compared with conventional techniques. Drying kinetics depicted that MWD dehydrated gastrodia in 2 h compared with 48-59 h by conventional processes. Minimum change in surface color (Delta E: 5.8 +/- 0.02) and highly porous internal structure was observed in MWD samples compared with conventionally dried samples. Low power microwave energy (100 W) yielded more phytochemical content than higher powers. UPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis of MWD gastrodia identified gastrodin and 14 other compounds. According to Spin-spin relaxation times (T-2) by LF-NMR, only bound water was present in fully dried samples, whereas all 3 water states were found in fresh and half-dried samples. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showed honey-comb internal microstructure of MWD samples with distinct vascular tissues. 3-dimensional volume datasets (3D X-ray) depicted porosity and pore space arrangements inside samples before and after MWD. MWD also affected the intrinsic starch and enzymes in gastrodia causing variations to phytochemicals. FTIR spectra of starches from dried gastrodia tubers indicated changes in ordered crystallinity indicating partial gelatinization during drying. Moreover, MWD also inactivated enzymes (beta-D-glucosidase) that hydrolyze gastrodin to p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, thus preventing its hydrolysis. Therefore, it was observed that MWD is a simple, rapid, economical and benign alternative technique to dry gastrodia than other conventional methods.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Chronic Radiation Exposure in the Rivne-Polissia Region of Ukraine: Implications for Birth Defects. Results: Alcohol intake was low and alone does not account for the observed high rates of birth defects. Wild foods, especially mushrooms and berries, and locally produced foods, especially milk related, were major radiation exposure routes Additionally, women were exposed to radiation through inhalation while burning grasses and potato vines in fields, and wood for cooking and heating.Methods: We sought to determine current radiation exposure routes in Rivne-Polissia, a region of Ukraine contaminated by the Chernobyl accident. This represents a first step toward comprehensive studies of the effects of chronic radiation exposure on human health. We designed and administered a dietary and activity survey to 344 women in Polissia We assessed types and sources of food consumed, types of outdoor activities, and alcohol intakeConclusions:Twenty four years after the Chernobyl accident, women continue to be chronically exposed to low-dose radiation at levels exceeding current recommendations. This might contribute (especially synergistically with alcohol consumption and micronutrient deficiencies) to higher prevalence of birth defects in areas of Ukraine with high levels of radiation contamination compared to uncontaminated areas. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22.667-674, 2010. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, IncObjectives: The health effects of chronic low-dose radiation exposure remains a controversial question Monitoring after the Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine suggested that chronic low-dose radiation exposure was not linked to cancer mortality among the general population. However, elevated rates of birth defects in contaminated compared to uncontaminated regions suggest that exposure to radiation in utero might impact development and that chronic radiation exposure might represent an underestimated risk to human health", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
{"token": "Effects of massage therapy on pain and anxiety arising from intrathecal therapy or bone marrow aspiration in children with cancer. Cancer and its treatment are stressful and reduce the quality of life in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of massage therapy on pain and anxiety arising from intrathecal therapy or bone marrow aspiration in children with cancer. We conducted a controlled pretest/posttest quasi-experimental study at a paediatric oncology unit in Turkey. Twenty-five children were enrolled in this study. Their pain and anxiety were determined using a visual analogue scale. When the pretest and posttest pain and anxiety levels of the groups were compared, no statistically significant difference was found (P > 0.05). It was determined that pain and anxiety levels in the experimental group decreased significantly. This study provides preliminary evidence for the effectiveness in children of massage in reducing pain and anxiety arising from intrathecal therapy or bone marrow aspiration.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Respiratory cancer and exposure to man-made vitreous fibers: A systematic review. Results A significant increase in SMR was observed for workers exposed to rock and glass wool, but not in workers exposed to glass filament. Meta-analysis of SMR's after stratification by fiber type resulted in aggregate estimates of risk of 1.23 (95% CI = 1.10-1.38), 1.08(95% CI=0.93-1.26), and 1.32 (95% CI = 1.15-1.52) for exposure to glass wool, glassfilament, and rock wool, respectively. Some or all of the increased mortality could be attributed to tobacco use.Conclusions The results highlight the difficulty of assessing small increases in risk of respiratory cancer potentially caused by occupational exposure in populations with high prevalence of tobacco use. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Methods Bibliographic resources were used to identify, 10 case-control and 10 cohort studies, which analyzed the relationship between exposure to MMVF's and cancer of the respiratory system. Standardized mortality ratio's (SMR's) were extracted from the cohort studies for a meta-analysis.Background Man-made vitreousfibers (MMVF's) have some structural features similar to those found in asbestos. This has lead to concern that exposure to MMVF's could increase the risk of respiratory cancer.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIVE DISTILLATION PROCESSES BY DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS. In the present paper a comparative consideration is given for the physico-chemical phenomena involved in homogeneously and heterogeneously catalyzed reactive distillation processes (RDP). The processes are classified qualitatively by dimensionless parameter groups derived from the balances for vapor, liquid and solid phases according to the principles of irreversible thermodynamics. The groups are applied to analyze industrial processes and experimental data for esterification, etherification and alkylation regarding different catalysts, operating conditions and configurations of plants. The mathematical models published until today and the experimental results are contrasted taking the parameter groups as a basis. This gives a discrimination of the models and some recommendations for their applicability.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Folate receptor-mediated delivery of 1-MDT-loaded mesoporous silica magnetic nanoparticles to target breast cancer cells. Aims: The efficiency of mesoporous silica magnetic nanoparticles (MSMNP) as a targeted drug-delivery system was investigated. Methods: The superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NP) were synthesized, coated with mesoporous silica and conjugated with polyethylene glycol and methotrexate. Next, 1-methyl D tryptophan was loaded into the prepared nanosystems (NS). They were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, vibrating sample magnetometer, x-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method and their biological impacts on breast cancer cells were evaluated. Results: The prepared NSs displayed suitable properties and showed enhanced internalization by folate-receptor-expressing cells, exerting efficient cytotoxicity, which was further enhanced by the near-infrared radiation irradiation. Conclusions: On the basis of our findings, the engineered NS is a promising multifunctional nanomedicine/theranostic for solid tumors.", "label": [1, 2, 19, 15]}
{"token": "Comparison of various microbial inocula for the efficient anaerobic digestion of Laminaria hyperborea. Results: All the inocula could degrade L. hyperborea and produce methane to some extent. However, an inoculum of slurry from a human sewage anaerobic digester, one of rumen contents from seaweed-eating North Ronaldsay sheep and inoculum 8 used most seaweed volatile solids (VS) (means ranged between 59 and 68% used), suggesting that these each had efficient seaweed polysaccharide digesting bacteria. The human sewage inoculum, an inoculum of anaerobic marine mud mixed with rotting seaweed and inoculum 8 all developed to give higher volumes of methane (means between 41 and 62.5 ml g(-1) of seaweed VS by week four), compared to other inocula (means between 3.5 and 27.5 ml g(-1) VS). Inoculum 8 also gave the highest acetate production (6.5 mmol g(-1) VS) in a single-stage fermenter AD system and produced most methane (8.4 mL mmol acetate(-1)) in phase II of a two-stage AD system.Conclusions: Overall inoculum 8 was found to be the most efficient inoculum for AD of seaweed. The study therefore showed that selection and inclusion of efficient polysaccharide hydrolysing bacteria and methanogenic archaea in an inoculum offer increased methane productivity in AD of L. hyperborea. This inoculum will now being tested in larger scale (10L) continuously stirred reactors optimised for feed rate and retention time to determine maximum methane production under single-stage and two-stage AD systems.Background: The hydrolysis of seaweed polysaccharides is the rate limiting step in anaerobic digestion (AD) of seaweeds. Seven different microbial inocula and a mixture of these (inoculum 8) were therefore compared in triplicate, each grown over four weeks in static culture for the ability to degrade Laminaria hyperborea seaweed and produce methane through AD.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Conclusion: Is competency management a passing fad?. Is competency management a passing fad; is it a catch-all term to cover diverse national patterns of development or a symptom of wider changes within bureaucracies? As the papers published here suggest, it is more likely to be a passing fad in Europe than the USA. Competency management addresses rather different agendas in different countries and while it does not embrace as diverse a collection of activities as 'new public management', there is substantial range in the issues it does address. European experience suggests competency is more likely to be ephemeral and concerned with repackaging rather than bringing something substantially new to personnel management in the upper reaches of civil services. Without taking too rosy a view of US experience, there may be a stronger case for arguing that contemporary competency management approaches there have brought something new to a longer standing debate in public and private management.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "The orientation system of birds - IV. Evolution. In a first attempt to explain the evolution of the avian navigational system, Bellrose suggested that compass mechanisms and the ability for true navigation had developed in connection with migration across increasing distances. Yet birds use compasses, the mosaic and the navigational maps even close to home and for homing. This means that those mechanisms must have developed for orientation within the home range, with the necessity to optimize the everyday flights acting as selective pressure. In view of this, any attempt to reconstruct the evolution of the avian navigational system must start out with the non-flying ancestors of birds.Migration is assumed to have begun with non-directed search movements for regions offering better conditions. At this stage, the already existing mechanisms of homing were sufficient for navigation between the various areas. When these first movements turned into regular migration between two regions, the migratory program began to evolve, starting out with spontaneous tendencies in a preferred direction. The magnetic compass may have served as first reference system for the migratory direction; later celestial rotation, indicated by the changing pattern of polarized light during the day, obtained its important role in indicating the reference direction geographic South. In the course of Lime, sophisticated migration programs with changes in direction, controlling time programs, responses to trip ger mechanisms etc. developed. The migratory direction and distance, i.e, the amount of migratory activity, continue to be subject to selective pressure so that birds can respond to the environmental conditions in an optimal way. The transition from daytime migration to night migration did not require new mechanisms, as the magnetic compass can be used at any time of the day. Later however the star compass evolved, which is to be considered a special development of night-migrating birds, with its way of functioning well adapted to the specific needs of migrants. Birds also developed the ability to derive information on celestial rotation from the rotating stars at night and to transfer this information directly to the star compass. Since migratory habits evolved many times independently among birds, the same has to be assumed for the specific mechanisms of migratory orientation. This means that they need not necessarily be identical in all bird migrants. We are to expect convergent developments, however leading to mechanisms of the most suitable type.Over short distances within the home range, orientation based solely on compass orientation appears possible, using the strategy of route reversal, with non-straight routes being integrated. Since this strategy accumulates errors, it becomes inaccurate over longer distances, thus causing selective pressure to use local site-specific information. This leads to the formation of the mosaic map, a mechanism that includes landmarks as well as compass orientation. Today, the mosaic map of landmarks is a mechanism by itself, established according to innate learning principles that associate information on path integration with site-specific information, thus forming a directionally oriented mental representation of the distribution of landmarks. The navigational map is formed by applying the same principles to factors of the nature of gradients; it thus appears to have developed from the mosaic map. Whether or not it is a special development of birds associated with their flying ability is unclear. Because the birds probably inherited the basic mechanisms of orientation from their ancestors, one would expect these mechanisms to be similar in all birds. For the mechanisms involving learned components, this means that they are established following common rules. Birds improved those mechanisms and adapted them to their specific needs.Considering the requirements of orientation by landmarks and by using a compass, compass orientation with the help of the magnetic field appears to be the simplest mechanism; consequently, it must be assumed to belongs to the most ancient orientation strategies. The magnetic compass is wide-spread among animals, but it appears to function according to different principles among the various groups of vertebrates so that it is unclear whether birds inherited their magnetic compass from their reptilian ancestors or developed a mechanism of their own. The same is true for the sun compass. The crucial role of the magnetic compass in the ontogenetic development of the sun compass might indicate a similar relationship for the phylogenetic development.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Phylogenetic study of mangrove associate grass Myriostachya wightiana (Nees ex Steud.) Hook. f. using rbcL gene sequence. Myriostachya is a monotypic genus in the family Poaceae, with the only known species Myriostachya wightiana (Nees ex Steud.) Hook.f. It is a mangrove associate grass primarily distributed along the muddy streams and channels in intertidal mangrove swamps of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand and Sumatra. Molecular identification and evolutionary studies of M. wightiana is unreported till now. Therefore, in this study, the phylogenetic analysis of M. wightiana was established with related family members by using chloroplast rbcL gene-based systematics. The molecular phylogeny was accomplished by DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing of the rbcL gene and phylogenetic analysis. The genomic DNA was extract using the CTAB method and the rbcL gene amplification is by using the F-5(I)ATGTCACCACAAACAGAAACTAAAGC3(I) and R-5(I)CTTCGGCACAAAATAAGAAACGATCTC3(I) primers. Phylogenetic analysis of M. wightiana was performed by multiple sequence alignment with UPGMA, and the Maximum-parsimony phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGAX. Myriostachya wightiana rbcL gene sequence shows the highest similarity to Paspaium species, and in the phylogenetic tree M. wightiana has a close branch with Paspalum vaginatum. The evolutionary divergence from M. wightiana is maximum (0.49) to Sorghum propinquum and minimum (0.01) to Oryza officinalis and Oryza punctata. This study concluded that M. wightiana has a strong morphological and phylogenetic relationship with salt-tolerant Paspalum sp.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Variational results on flag manifolds: Harmonic maps, geodesics and Einstein metrics. In this paper, we study variational aspects for harmonic maps from M to several types of flag manifolds and the relationship with the rich Hermitian geometry of these manifolds. We consider maps that are harmonic with respect to any invariant metric on each flag manifold. They are called equiharmonic maps. We survey some recent results for the case where M is a Riemann surface or is one dimensional; i.e., we study equigeodesics on several types of flag manifolds. We also discuss some results concerning Einstein metrics on such manifolds.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Enhanced Fitting to Obtain an Accurate DC Response of Transmission Lines in the Analysis of Electromagnetic Transients. This paper demonstrates the need for and provides an improved fitting of the line parameters when a wide range of frequencies with emphasis on the dc response is the objective. The improved fitting is based on a low-order fitting of a function error for each of the line parameters, that is, the characteristic admittance and propagation function, in the low-frequency range. The function error represents the difference between the analytical evaluation of the line parameters, that is, obtained from a frequency-dependent distributed parameters line model, and their initial rational approximation, for example, given by an electromagnetic transients software tool. The approximated function error, added to the initial rational approximation of the line parameters, provides the enhanced fitted line model. The enhanced fitting improves the dc response of the line and ensures numerical stability in time-domain simulations. This paper applies the proposed fitting approach to the universal line model for time-domain simulations. The simulation results by the enhanced fitting are validated by comparing the results with those obtained from a frequency-domain line model (FDLM). Two case studies are presented to illustrate the proposed fitting approach.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Discovering themes in biomedical literature using a projection-based algorithm. Results: We present an algorithm to analyze document collections that is based on a notion of a theme, defined as a dual representation based on a set of documents and key terms. In this work, a novel vector space mechanism is proposed for computing themes. Starting with a single document, the theme algorithm treats terms and documents as explicit components, and iteratively uses each representation to refine the other until the theme is detected. The method heavily relies on an optimization routine that we refer to as the projection algorithm which, under specific conditions, is guaranteed to converge to the first singular vector of a data matrix. We apply our algorithm to a collection of about sixty thousand PubMed (R) documents examining the subject of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, evaluate the results and show the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed method.Conclusions: This study presents a contribution on theoretical and algorithmic levels, as well as demonstrates the feasibility of the method for large scale applications. The evaluation of our system on benchmark datasets demonstrates that our method compares favorably with the current state-of-the-art methods in computing clusters of documents with coherent topic terms.Background: The need to organize any large document collection in a manner that facilitates human comprehension has become crucial with the increasing volume of information available. Two common approaches to provide a broad overview of the information space are document clustering and topic modeling. Clustering aims to group documents or terms into meaningful clusters. Topic modeling, on the other hand, focuses on finding coherent keywords for describing topics appearing in a set of documents. In addition, there have been efforts for clustering documents and finding keywords simultaneously.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
{"token": "Dreaming as mind wandering: evidence from functional neuroimaging and first-person content reports. Isolated reports have long suggested a similarity in content and thought processes across mind wandering (MW) during waking, and dream mentation during sleep. This overlap has encouraged speculation that both \\\\'daydreaming\\\\' and dreaming may engage similar brain mechanisms. To explore this possibility, we systematically examined published first-person experiential reports of MW and dreaming and found many similarities: in both sates, content is largely audiovisual and emotional, follows loose narratives tinged with fantasy, is strongly related to current concerns, draws on long-term memory, and simulates social interactions. Both states are also characterized by a relative lack of meta-awareness. To relate first-person reports to neural evidence, we compared meta-analytic data from numerous functional neuroimaging (PET, fMRI) studies of the default mode network (DMN, with high chances of MW) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (with high chances of dreaming). Our findings show large overlaps in activation patterns of cortical regions: similar to MW/DMN activity, dreaming and REM sleep activate regions implicated in self-referential thought and memory, including medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), medial temporal lobe structures, and posterior cingulate. Conversely, in REM sleep numerous PFC executive regions are deactivated, even beyond levels seen during waking MW. We argue that dreaming can be understood as an \\\\'intensified\\\\' version of waking MW: though the two share many similarities, dreams tend to be longer, more visual and immersive, and to more strongly recruit numerous key hubs of the DMN. Further, where as MW recruits fewer PFC regions than goal-directed thought, dreaming appears to be characterized by an even deeper quiescence of PFC regions involved in cognitive control and metacognition, with a corresponding lack of insight and meta-awareness. We suggest, then, that dreaming amplifies the same features that distinguish MW from goal-directed waking thought.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
{"token": "The Implementation of Activity-Based Costing in the Accountant General's Department of Malaysia. This research aims to provide insights into the process of implementing an Activity-Based Costing (ABC) system in the Accountant General's Department of Malaysia (AGD). Additionally, this paper examines the critical factors that influence the success of the ABC implementation process, the usefulness of the ABC system and the challenges faced during the process of implementation. Using a single case study approach, this research uses semi-structured interviews, a self-eveloped questionnaire survey and a documents review as methods of data collection. The findings show that the most critical factors impacting the success of ABC implementation in the AGD are related to the technicality of the ABC system during the design stage. However, findings also reveal that the ABC information derived from the ABC system has limited use. This study makes a contribution to the empirical literature on the application of the New Public Management (NPM) mechanism, particularly the adoption of a private sector management technique in the context of a public sector organization in a developing country.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Distribution of the Lake Eacham rainbowfish in the Wet Tropics region, north Queensland. The Lake Eacham rainbowfish, Melanotaenia eachamensis Alien & Cross, 1982, was thought to be extinct in the wild until recent research demonstrated the presence of wild populations in a few tributaries of the upper Johnstone River and the upper Barren River, north Queensland, by using the technique of DNA sequencing. We present the results of a multivariate analysis of a range of morphological and meristic characters of rainbowfish collected from rivers of the Wet Tropics region, particularly the Johnstone River, that demonstrate that M. eachamensis is widespread in the upper and lower reaches of the North and South Johnstone rivers and tributaries of the upper Tully River. M. eachamensis was most often the dominant species in those locations where sympatry with M. splendida splendida was observed. M. eachamensis should be considered a stream-dwelling species rather than a lacustrine species although a significant lacustrine population (Koombooloomba Dam) was detected.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Comecon in 1956-1960 A Look from France. According to the Materials of the Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France. In the article, based on the materials of the French Foreign Ministry archive, the author analyzes the French view of the development of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) in 1956-1960. An analysis of the documents shows that serious progress in economic interaction between the countries of the Eastern Bloc took place in 1956-1957, which changes the historiography's notion that only since the early 1960s. we can speak of notable successes in the work of the Comecon. In the second half of the 50's the partners in the socialist bloc began coordinating economic development plans for a long period and began to implement the principle of specialization, which allows us to speak of genuine economic integration. Already in these years Comecon was perceived in the West as a serious competitor to the newly created European Economic Community. Although a number of difficulties related to the large amount of financial expenditure for the development of industrial production in the Comecon countries, assistance to the Third World countries, as well as to the closed structure of the East European market questioned the prospects for further integration.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Carica papaya L.: A Tropical Fruit with Benefits beyond the Tropics. Carica papaya L. (family: Caricaceae), also known as 'papaya,' is a tropical American fruit tree. Due to the bioactive components (carpaines, BITC, benzyl glucosinolates, latex, papain, zeaxanthin, choline, etc.) in its seeds, leaves, and fruits, it is revered for its excellent antioxidant, digestive, and nutraceutical benefits. Papayas are high in vitamins A, B, C, E, and K, folate, pantothenic acid, zeaxanthin, lycopene, lutein, magnesium, copper, calcium, and potassium. Being rich in fiber, antioxidants, and vitamin C, it lowers the cholesterol in the arteries; prevents arthritis; reduces aging, cancer, macular degradation, risk of cardiovascular diseases, and stress; increases platelet count; controls dengue fever; facilitates digestion, and lowers body weight. Papaya leaf extract, with many in vitro and case studies in combination therapies with modern medicine, especially for cancers and many other viral diseases, has been found to be an efficient cure. Humans have cultivated papaya cultivars for millions of years because of their significant commercial, medicinal, and agronomic value. Several reports have been published on the genetic modification of papaya for resistance to abiotic (herbicide, Al toxicity, etc.) and biotic stressors (PRSV, mites, Phytophthora, etc.), delaying ripening, and improving shelf life. However, most of these traits have not been introduced globally to all commercial papaya varieties. Unraveling the genetics of papaya has shed light on various domestication impacts, evolutionary patterns, and sex determination in fruit tree crops. It also serves as a potential step toward developing new cultivars to fight climate-oriented stress. Furthermore, extensive research on the stability of the 'transgene' across generations, and the 'yield-penalty' caused by the transgene, is required. Thus, meticulous crop improvement research on commercial papaya cultivars is necessary for long-term food and health security. This review article encompasses information on the traditional and modern medicinal uses, nutritional properties, phytochemistry, diseases and etiology, post-harvest measures, genomics, biotechnological strategies (for papaya improvement), and value-added products of papaya for food and health security.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Barriers and Facilitators to Public Transportation Use for Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the barriers and facilitators of public transportation use and participation from the perspectives of individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD). Twelve individuals between the ages of 23 and 34 completed qualitative phenomenological interviews which were transcribed and analyzed using a constant comparative methodology. A total of 10 barriers and 10 facilitators each were identified, with 4 areas overlapping themes. Transportation was identified as a factor influencing participation in work, school, social/leisure and instrumental activities of daily living.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "The making of homophilic networks in international research collaborations: A global perspective from Chilean and Korean engineering. As globalization has expedited mobility of faculty across nations, faculty hiring is taking place at an international level. Institutions and governments often perceive hiring faculty who were trained in different countries as a strategy for reaching the status of world-class universities. The major assumption behind this hiring strategy is that faculty who are educated in prestigious universities in foreign countries will bring cutting edge knowledge and networks that will lead to future research collaborations. Yet, a dearth of research empirically investigated the assumption that institutions that train future foreign faculty and those that hire faculty with foreign degrees will have greater presence in the international networks of research collaboration. Filling this hole, this study examines this assumption from an international perspective, using the case of industrial engineering departments at selective research universities in Chile and Korea. Based on the unique data that document faculty hiring (degree attainment institutions) and research collaboration (co-authorship), and institutional prestige (global ranking positions), we analyzed the relationship between faculty hiring network and research collaboration network, as well as their association with institutional prestige. The results provide strong evidence of the positive relationships between doctoral training and future research collaboration, and the strong presence of institutions with global prestige. These relationships result in homophilic networks that suggest a concern about a reduced diversity in theoretical perspective and research methods within the disciplinary field.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Tropical paths in vertex-colored graphs. A subgraph of a vertex-colored graph is said to be tropical whenever it contains each color of the initial graph. In this work we study the problem of finding tropical paths in vertex-colored graphs. There are two versions for this problem: the shortest tropical path problem (STPP), i.e., finding a tropical path with the minimum total weight, and the maximum tropical path problem (MTPP), i.e., finding a path with the maximum number of colors possible. We show that both versions of this problems are NP-hard for directed acyclic graphs, cactus graphs and interval graphs. Moreover, we also provide a fixed parameter algorithm for STPP in general graphs and several polynomial-time algorithms for MTPP in specific graphs, including bipartite chain graphs, threshold graphs, trees, block graphs, and proper interval graphs.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "Gravity Field Recovery and Error Analysis for the MOCASS Mission Proposal Based on Cold Atom Interferometry. Satellite missions providing data for a continuous monitoring of the Earth gravity field and its changes are fundamental to study climate changes, hydrology, sea level changes, and solid Earth phenomena. GRACE-FO (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On) mission was launched in 2018 and NGGM (Next Generation Gravity Mission) studies are ongoing for the long-term monitoring of the time-variable gravity field. In recent years, an innovative mission concept for gravity measurements has also emerged, exploiting a spaceborne gravity gradio-meter based on cold atom interferometers. In particular, a team of researchers from Italian universities and research institutions has proposed a mission concept called MOCASS (Mass Observation with Cold Atom Sensors in Space) and conducted the study to investigate the performance of a cold atom gradiometer on board a low Earth orbiter and its impact on the modeling of different geophysical phenomena. This paper presents the analysis of the gravity gradient data attainable by such a mission. Firstly, the mathematical model for the MOCASS data processing will be described. Then numerical simulations will be presented, considering different satellite orbital altitudes, pointing modes and instrument configurations (single-arm and double-arm); overall, data were simulated for twenty different observation scenarios. Finally, the simulation results will be illustrated, showing the applicability of the proposed concept and the improvement in modeling the static gravity field with respect to GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer).", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "A Lost Page of Codex Bezae: Traces of the Bezan Greek Text of Acts 10.4-9. Codex Bezae lacks the Greek text of Acts 10.4-14, but the Latin text survives on fol. 455a. Damage to the manuscript has caused traces of ink from the now-lost Greek text to be transferred onto the Latin page of Acts 10.4-14. They preserve a mirror image of text from fol. 454b, the facing page at the time of the damage. By reversing high-resolution images of fol. 455a with photo-editing software, the offset ink can be deciphered. As a result, the surviving Greek text from Acts 10.4-9 in Codex Bezae is published here for the first time.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Posterosuperior Displacement Due to Rotator Cuff Tears. Purpose: To compare the effects of different-sized anterosuperior and posterosuperior rotator cuff tears (RCTs) and the effects of long head of the biceps tendon (LHB) loading on posterosuperior glenohumeral translation. Methods: Ten cadaveric shoulders were subjected to posterosuperior loading in the intact state and with sequentially larger anterosuperior and posterosuperior RCTs. Glenohumeral translation was measured with and without LHB loading. Results: At 50 N of force, cutting the superior half of the infraspinatus led to significantly greater posterosuperior translation than did cutting the superior half of the subscapularis (8.9 mm v 5.9 mm, P = .0179), and cutting the entire infraspinatus led to significantly greater posterosuperior translation compared with cutting the entire subscapularis (12.7 mm v 8.0 mm, P = .0003). Fifty newtons of LHB loading reduced posterosuperior translation in the intact specimen, as well as for all sizes of anterosuperior and posterosuperior RCTs (P < .05). The percentage decrease in posterosuperior glenohumeral translation with LHB loading increased as the size of the RCT increased, varying from 16% to 43%. Comparing these results with those previously published, we found that for anterosuperior RCTs, loading the LHB decreased translation significantly more in the anterosuperior direction than the superior and posterosuperior directions for supraspinatus and 2-tendon tears. For posterosuperior RCTs, there was no difference in the effect of LHB loading between anterosuperior and posterosuperior translation. Conclusions: The infraspinatus is a major dynamic restraint against posterosuperior glenohumeral translation, especially its inferior half. The LHB is less effective in constraining posterosuperior translation than anterosuperior translation.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
{"token": "'Islamic fatalism': life and suffering among Bangladeshi psychiatric patients and their families in London - an interview study 2. An interview study of 44 Bangladeshi patients and relatives in eastern London demonstrated frequent appeals to God and deprecation of personal agency. This paper offers an interpretation of this apparent `fatalism', which argues for the logical downplaying of human agency and ambition in archaic Arabia, contemporary rural Sylhet and among first generation Sylheti migrants in London.", "label": [2, 5, 56, 52, 24]}
{"token": "N-N Bond Cleavage of 1,2-Diarylhydrazines and N-H Bond Formation via H-Atom Transfer in Vanadium Complexes Supported by a Redox-Active Ligand. Addition of stoichiometric quantites of 1,2-diarylhydrazines to the bis(imino)pyridine vanadium dinitrogen complex, [{((BPDI)-B-iPr)V(THF)}(2)(mu(2)-N-2)] ((BPDI)-B-iPr = 2,6-(2,6-iPr(2)-C6H3N=CPh)(2)C5H3N), resulted in N-N bond cleavage to yield the corresponding vanadium bis(amido) derivatives, ((BPDI)-B-iPr)V(NHAr)(2) (Ar = Ph, Tol). Spectroscopic, structural, and computational studies support an assignment as vanadium(III) complexes with chelate radical anions, [BPDI](center dot-) With excess 1,2-diarylhydrazine, formation of the bis(imino)pyridine vanadium imide amide compounds, ((BPDI)-B-iPr)V(NHAr)NAr, were observed along with the corresponding aryldiazene and aniline. A DFT-computed N-H bond dissociation free energy of 69.2 kcal/mol was obtained for ((BPDI)-B-iPr)V(NHPh)NPh, and interconversion between this compound and ((BPDI)-B-iPr)V(NHPh)(2) with (2,2,6,6-tetrarnethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl (TEMPO), 1,2-diphenylhydrazine, and xanthene experimentally bracketed this value between 67.1 and 73.3 kcal/mol. For ((BPDI)-B-iPr)V(NHPh)(2), the N-H BDFE was DFT-calculated to be 64.1 kcal/mol, consistent with experimental observations. Catalytic disproportionation of 1,2-diarylhydrazines promoted by ((BPDI)-B-iPr)V(NHAr)NAr was observed, and crossover experiments established exchange of anilide (but not imido) ligands in the presence of free hydrazine. These studies demonstrate the promising role of redox-active active ligands in promoting N-N bond cleavage with concomitant N-H bond formation and how the electronic properties of the metal-ligand combination influence N-H bond dissocation free energies and related hydrogen atom transfer processes.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "ACADEMIC COOPERATION AND EDUCATIONAL CONTACTS IN THE SYSTEM OF THE SOVIET CULTURAL DIPLOMACY OF THE 'COLD WAR' EPOCH (1945-1990). In the conditions of the bipolar world, the spaces of science and education retained their permeable transnational character and turned into a place of intensive contacts and symbolic confrontation of the superpowers. World leaders presented their epoch-making scientific discoveries as evidence of the superiority of their own ideological and economic model. They considered the representatives of the academic elite and foreign students as potential conductors of given cultural meanings in foreign societies. The Soviet authorities sought to maintain a vision of the leading position of the Soviet science and the system of training qualified specialists for socialist and developing countries. To achieve this, the bodies of cultural diplomacy used various channels: international academic communities, world fairs, prestigious conferences, international prizes, presentations of new discoveries, etc. In turn, the scholars themselves, who turned into promising ambassadors of cultural diplomacy in the eyes of the state, used their new status to consolidate international cooperation and to put forward peacekeeping initiatives. Training of personnel for socialist and developing countries in the Soviet universities became one of the most effective instruments of the Soviet cultural diplomacy directed to its own citizens. The doubtful success of official ideological processing was compensated by the positive perception of the Soviet aid in developing countries, the density and stability of informal contacts with representatives of the Soviet educational system, and the policy of maintaining established professional networks. A certain level of self-will of the countries receiving the Soviet help through its educational policy was demonstrated by their skillful play on the contradictions of the bipolar device for their own development.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Sparring with patriarchy: the rise of female boxers in the Global South. Over the last 50 years the participation rates of women and girls in sport have soared, challenging sport as a male preserve. Participation rates of female athletes in most low to middle-income countries have lagged behind their higher income counterparts, but this too appears to be changing even in male-dominated sports such as boxing. Female boxers transgress gender norms, and threaten conceptions of masculinity and femininity that position women and girls as vulnerable, and male physical superiority as a justification for male dominance. Data drawn from the archives of the Association Internationale de Boxe (AIBA) and other sources document the increasing representation of women from lower income countries in the sport of boxing. Informed by the narratives of women from a cross-section of countries, I argue that increasing numbers of women boxers disrupt normative gender scripts in often highly patriarchal communities, and contests gendered hierarchies in sport.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Socioemotional wealth and business risks in family-controlled firms: Evidence from Spanish olive oil mills. This paper challenges the prevalent notion that family-owned firms are more risk averse than publicly owned firms. Using behavioral theory, we argue that for family firms, the primary reference point is the loss of their socioemotional wealth, and to avoid those losses, family firms are willing to accept a significant risk to their performance; yet at the same time, they avoid risky business decisions that might aggravate that risk. Thus, we propose that the predictions of behavioral theory differ depending on family ownership. We confirm our hypotheses using a population of 1,237 family-owned olive oil mills in Southern Spain who faced the choice during a 54-year period of becoming a member of a cooperative, a decision associated with loss of family control but lower business risk, or remaining independent, which preserves the family's socioemotional wealth but greatly increases its performance hazard. As shown in this study, family firms may be risk willing and risk averse at the same time.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Distributional archeology and human biogeography in an Andean-Patagonian landscape. The objective of our research presented here is to study the spatial organization of mobile societies from Patagonia. In particular, we focus on a region characterized by sharp contrasts in topography, climate, and ecology (Barrancas-Buta Ranquil Locality, Neuquen Province, Argentina). We begin by analyzing the biogeographic structure of the landscape, presenting a GIS-based model of seasonally available resources. Our approach combines systematic surface survey with the analysis of evidence produced by other sampling strategies, such as excavation and rock art analysis. Based on the spatial distribution of lithic and ceramic artifacts and rock art motifs, we characterize patterns of occupational intensity, functional diversity, and information flow in areas with different biogeographic properties. The results suggest a functional delimitation of space, which operates in an averaged temporal scale, where the areas of intermediate altitude would have been used as central places from where the use of other areas was articulated. Because our sampling unit captures biogeographic variation that is widely expressed, this model of spatial organization would be useful for the archaeology of northwestern Patagonia at large.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Early Network Events in the Later Success of Chinese Entrepreneurs. We trace the social networks around Chinese entrepreneurs back to their firm's founding to learn about the role early events play in the later success of a business. We use name generator questions paired with career history questions to identify 'event contacts' missed by the usual focus on current business. We draw four conclusions from interviews with a large, stratified random sample of entrepreneurs: (1) Relations with event contacts stand out for guanxi qualities of high trust relatively independent of the surrounding network structure, and are critical to distinguishing more successful entrepreneurs from the less successful. (2) The substance of a significant event matters less than the fact that the entrepreneur deems it significant. (3) When family is turned to for support it is most likely at founding, but family is not the usual source of support at founding. Rather, entrepreneurs turn to people they have known for many years, typically people beyond the entrepreneur's family. (4) The transition from founding to first significant event stands out as distinctly consequential for later success. Entrepreneurs who turn for help on their first significant event to a person separate from, but especially close to, the founding contact are more successful in their business development. That early move is not visible in the later network around the entrepreneur.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Characterization of virgin olive oils from Spanish olive varieties introduced in Mendoza, Argentina, and their comparison with the autochthonous variety. BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare oil production and its quality in three Spanish olive varieties (Genovesa,Villalonga,andNevadillo blanco) growing outside the Mediterranean basin with the Argentine autochthonous variety (Arauco). Fruit parameters and oil characteristics were evaluated using samples collected from the germplasm collection of Mendoza province and elaborated in the same place. RESULTS The levels of phenolic compounds and the fatty acid composition of the samples were comparable with those previously published for these Spanish varieties, grown in the Mediterranean basin, showing the adaptability of olive trees. Observing the levels of phenolic compounds and oxidative stability, a strong correlation between oxidative stability and oleocanthal was observed. CONCLUSION The characteristics of the fruit and oil differed according to variety and season. The inter-harvest stability was different depending on the variety.Genovesawas observed to be the most stable variety according to its fruit and oil characteristics - even more stable than the autochthonous variety,Arauco. However, in terms of the composition of phenolic compounds,Araucowas the most stable between harvests, this characteristic being more important for the taste and uniformity of the product. (c) 2020 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Seeing Alone Yet Together: Modern-day Tiresias in VR theatre. This article examines the use of Virtual Reality (VR) technology in theatre and the new notions of performance, stage, theatrical apparatus and spectatorship that it entails. As witnessed over decades of multimedia theatre, today's theatre no longer solely depends on the bodies of live performers, and it increasingly draws on technological devices and digitally mediated networks to hint at potential posthuman alternatives to our age-old theatrical institution of live performers and spectators. In VR theatre, the prospect of posthuman spectators looms as the human body is aided by goggles or head-mounted displays (HMD) that function as prosthetic eyes. Digitally mediated images in theatre were previously considered to act as a Derridean supplement to the weak presence or complete absence of human bodies on stage, thus highlighting the prerequisite essentiality of live bodies. However, new technologies and media introduced in theatre emphasize the perception and bodily senses of spectators and how they, and not necessarily the live actors on stage, constitute the essence of performance. By reading A Theater for an Individualist (2020) as metatheatre on VR theatre, this article argues that such a format - which is often employed in VR performances - addresses how the act of watching has evolved in theatre, from a singular and linear experience to an alinear and plural one. The article concludes that the application of VR in theatre actually could support and even extend the agency of spectators, drawing on Jacques Ranciere's discussion of oppositions - activity and passivity; individuality and community; ignorance and knowledge - in The Emancipated Spectator (2008).", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Molecular characterization and new geographical record of Lecithochirium priacanthi (Digenea: Hemiuridae) infecting the moontail bullseye fish Priacanthus hamrur (Perciformes: Priacanthidae) from the Red Sea, Egypt. Sixty specimens of the moontail bullseye Priacanthus hamrur were collected at Coasts of Suez Gulf, Red Sea (Egypt) during the four different seasons of the whole year 2014 and necropsied to study the infection with metazoan parasites. Twenty-one out of 60 examined fish specimens (infection rate of 33.33 %) were found to be naturally infected by the hemiurid digenean parasite Lecithochirium priacanthi. The large-sized fish reaching 15-30 (23.5 +/- 4.8) cm were more intensively infected than the smaller ones. A definite seasonal effect was observed as winter was found to be the season of severe parasitic infections, while midsummer was the lowest one. The morphological and morphometric characterization of this parasite were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The adult worms had an elongated body measuring 1.93-2.54 (2.11 +/- 0.20) mm in length and 0.61-0.72 (0.67 +/- 0.02) mm in width. The body was characterized by the presence of a sub-terminal oral sucker with diameters reaching 0.12-0.16 (0.14 +/- 0.02) mm. The ventral sucker measured 0.32-0.45 (0.38 +/- 0.02) mm in diameter. The body was supplied by a short retracted portion with a blunt end that measured 0.48-0.61 (0.56 +/- 0.02) mm in length and 0.28-0.35 (0.32 +/- 0.02) mm in width. Morphological results of the present parasite were compared with other related species described previously from Perciformes. Molecular characterization based on small subunit ribosomal DNA was done to confirm the obtained morphological and morphometric results. A preliminary genetic comparison between SSU rDNA of this parasite and other species of Hemiuridae places the present specimen as a putative sister taxon to Lecithochirium grandiporum and Lecithochirium caesionis. The finding of L. priacanthi in Egyptian marine water fish represents a new geographical record for this parasite.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "THE EXPLORATORY AND REFLECTIVE DOMAIN OF METAPHOR IN THE COMPARISON OF RELIGIONS. There has been a longstanding interest in discovering or uncovering resemblances among what are ostensibly diverse religious schemas by employing a range of methodological approaches and tools. However, it is generally considered a problematic undertaking. Jonathan Z. Smith has produced a large body of work aimed at explicating this and has tacitly based his model of comparison on metaphor, which is traditionally understood to connote similarity between two or more things, as based on a linguistic or pragmatic assessment. However, another possible approach is cognitive. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson have championed the view of conceptual metaphor, which regards metaphor as being pervasive not only in language, but also in thought and action. Indeed, according to them, it basically structures our conceptual operations and hence views of the world through partially mapping knowledge across ontological domains, generally from the concrete to the abstract. I shall argue that a similar mechanism can fruitfully be applied to comparing religious schemas, as based on the postulated relationship between the domains of human and divine, physical and abstract, and as realized through expressions of journeying and reflection.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
{"token": "The British Association of Urological Surgeons Section of Endourology audit of laparoscopic nephrectomy. Data were received from 25 centres; 13 had undertaken five or fewer cases per year; 263 procedures were reported, including 20 of hand-assisted nephrectomy. Most cases were for nonfunctioning kidneys, or renal cell carcinoma, with transitional cell cancer and stones forming a smaller proportion. The mean (range) operative duration was 173 (89-335) min. The median postoperative stay was 4 days, with a wide range reflecting clinical and other reasons for delayed discharge. Two deaths were reported, giving a mortality of 0.7%. The mean conversion rate was 5.7% and the mean complication rate 16.8%; these rates were no higher in centres undertaking fewer than five cases per year than in the centres with a greater volume.CONCLUSIONMETHODSAll members of the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) undertaking laparoscopic nephrectomy were invited to submit prospectively collected data from their centres to a nationally established database, using a standard proforma. The period covered by the audit was 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002. The indications for surgery, peri- and postoperative data, and some demographic details were collected.RESULTSEncouragingly, this first UK audit of laparoscopic nephrectomy shows similar results to those published worldwide. The lack of any difference in outcome between smaller and larger centres may be explained by case selection and the use of mentors, as recommended by the BAUS Section of Endourology.OBJECTIVETo report the first UK national audit of laparoscopic nephroureterectomy, radical and simple nephrectomy.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Views of fathers in Ireland on the experience and challenges of having a breast-feeding partner. Findings: of the 583 respondents (42% response rate), 417 (71.5%) had a partner who had breast-fed their last or only child. Most of the 417 fathers were employed (95.7%, n399), college-educated (76.7%, n320) and married (87.8%, n366). Most (75.5%, n315) fathers were involved in the breast feeding decision. The majority (77.5%, n323) of fathers were unprepared for at least one aspect of breast feeding, most commonly that their partner encountered difficulties in establishing breast feeding. Of those fathers with a partner who experienced difficulties with breastfeeding (56.8%, n237), half (49.4%, n117) were unable to help their partner to overcome her breast feeding difficulties. Two-fifths (41.0%, n133) of fathers felt deprived of bonding time. Almost one in ten (9.4%, n39) fathers felt uncomfortable with an unrelated woman breast feeding in public, and this increased to three in ten or one third (34.3%, n143) if the woman in question was their partner.Key conclusion: while fathers in a well-educated and socially advantaged sample are largely supportive of breast feeding, significant challenges remain in terms of their ability to support breast feeding in an informed and practical manner.Implications for practice: women who are practically and emotionally supported by their partners are more likely to successfully breast feed, but the male perspective of breast feeding in Ireland has been given little attention. This study supports earlier and more effective engagement of fathers throughout the breast feeding process, and highlights areas of concern with respect to the role of fathers in breast feeding. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Objective: this study investigated the relationship between fathers and breast feeding in Ireland.Design and method: a cross-sectional semi-quantitative questionnaire with closed-ended and openended questions was posted to 1398 men with an Irish partner who had given birth 4-7 months previously. Fathers who specified that their partner breast fed their last or only child were questioned about their: influence on the breast feeding decision; ability to assist with breast feeding challenges; preferred type of information on breast feeding; perceived advantages and disadvantages to breast feeding; and views on breastfeeding in public. Data from closed-ended questions on breast feeding were presented using frequencies and associated percentages. Answers to open-ended questions on breast feeding were categorised into themes using content analysis. Each theme was assigned a numerical code and the themes developed were quantitatively counted and presented as frequencies and percentages.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "L. N. Gumilev's monographs on Passionary Theory of Ethnogenesis: History of publication. The article focuses on the publication history of L. N. Gumilev's monograph, which covers the theme of passionary theory of ethnogenesis. L. N. Gumilev has made several attempts to publish his research in 1970s-80s, that summarized his studies on this subject. He managed to do that only in 1989. Basing on museum-flat of L. N. Gumilev archive materials, this article shows in detail the difficulties and the obstacles that L. N. Gumilev faced during his numerous attempts to publish the monography \\\\'Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere\\\\'.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The adoption of women and gender as development assistance priorities: An event history analysis of world polity effects. Growing similarity of development assistance policy and reference to emerging global consensus on development issues has been a striking trend in the foreign aid community in recent years. This article uses event history techniques to undertake an exploratory analysis and test world polity effects on the spread of gender and development policies and institutional structures among 22 aid donors of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's Development Assistance Committee from 1968 through 2003. Findings point to the influence of other donors, international civil society, international treaties and conferences as strong determinants of the homogenization of development assistance policy and the adoption of gender policies by donor organizations.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "'An Apotheosis of Well-Being': Durkheim on austerity and double-dip recessions. This article is an attempt to contribute a view on the economic crisis from classical sociology, a voice often missing from the sociological response to the crisis. The work of Emile Durkheim provides a unique perspective here centred on morality and inequality produced in a historical context akin to our neoliberal times. It is argued there are four key points to take from Durkheim's work. First, that the initial credit crunch can be more fully understood with reference to the economic anomie which Durkheim sees as 'chronic' in a time of marketisation. Second, that this creates an antagonistic relationship between a supposedly self-dependent rich and lazy poor. Third, this conception of self-dependency and individual initiative makes any attempt to regulate the economy akin to sacrilege. Finally, the state is unwilling to intervene due to the emergence of 'pseudo-democracies'. Therefore, Durkheim's theory accounts for the initial crisis, austerity and double-dip recessions in a sociological framework. The article concludes by returning to the centrality of morality to the crisis for Durkheim and highlighting the omission of this in contemporary debates.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Forty Years On. The election of the New Labour Government in 1997 led to the end of a strand of museum policy that had begun with the publication of the Survey of Provincial Museums and Galleries (the Rosse Report) in 1963. Comparison of the substantial data relating to the usage, governance, management and resources of museums in Rosse with the position at the end of the twentieth century shows how the museums landscape has (or has not) changed during the intervening period. Both National and non-National museums have seen their financial resources grow in a way that has outpaced Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is both a reflection of, and stimulus for, increasing public interest in the heritage. However, the museum sector has not been the stable entity of popular perception, and museums have closed or amalgamated as well as opened and developed new projects. For most of the 40 years government policy for museums has been ad hoc, and it is only since 1997 that museums have been the subject of strategic direction, exemplified for non-National museums by the Renaissance in the Regions initiative. The 147 pound million to be spent on this scheme by 2007/08 represents an unmatched level of investment. However, it has focused resources on the large regional museums rather than the previous more equal distribution, increasing the risk that the museum sector will atomize rather than continue the process of coming together that had been taking place previously. Rosse's main recommendation, the creation of area museum councils, endured for 40 years. Renaissance's larger budget makes current levels of support vulnerable without some formal (perhaps legislative) framework to anchor it within government. While this approach is increasingly popular in other European nations, it still represents a challenge for cultural policy in the nations of the UK.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Biometrics, moult and migration of Grey Plovers, Pluvialis squatarola, at Mida Creek, Kenya. Ringing data for 269 Grey Plovers, Pluvialis squatarola, caught between 1977 and 1988 were analysed. Adults started primary moult soon after arrival in August and September. Mean starting date of adult primary moult was estimated to be 13 September, primary moult duration as 130 days. First-year birds had not started primary moult by early May. Body mass of adults in primary moult was stable from September to February, averaging 205 g, but increased at the end of the moult in March and April. Pre-migratory body mass was estimated at 268 g and would allow anon-stop flight as far as the southeastern Mediterranean or the northern Persian Gulf. Mean wing length increased in March and April, possibly due to the arrival of longer-winged migrants from southern Africa or an earlier departure of males. A decrease in numbers was observed from the second half of April and by mid-May all adults had left the area. In June/July, the number of first-year birds was c. 25% of the total summer population.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Concept, Design, and Implementation of Reconfigurable CORDIC. This brief presents the key concept, design strategy, and implementation of reconfigurable coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) architectures that can be configured to operate either for circular or for hyperbolic trajectories in rotation as well as vectoring-modes. It can, therefore, be used to perform all the functions of both circular and hyperbolic CORDIC. We propose three reconfigurable CORDIC designs: 1) a reconfigurable rotation-mode CORDIC that operates either for circular or for hyperbolic trajectory; 2) a reconfigurable vectoring-mode CORDIC for circular and hyperbolic trajectories; and 3) a generalized reconfigurable CORDIC that can operate in any of the modes for both circular and hyperbolic trajectories. The reconfigurable CORDIC can perform the computation of various trigonometric and exponential functions, logarithms, square-root, and so on of circular and hyperbolic CORDIC using either rotation-mode or vectoring-mode CORDIC in one single circuit. It can be used in digital synchronizers, graphics processors, scientific calculators, and so on. It offers substantial saving of area complexity over the conventional design for reconfigurable applications.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Adaptive modification of the particle swarm method based on dynamic correction of the trajectory of movement of individuals in the population. This paper proposes a particle swarm optimization adaptive modification, permitting dynamic changes to the particles' trajectory to find more promising locations. The method is based on the opportunity to change the displacement vector individually for each particle depending on previous iteration effectiveness. For this purpose, procedures of direction choice and dynamic change of particle movement free parameters are added in the proposed modification. As opposed to the canonic swarm algorithm version, where all individuals converge on one particle with the best value found, in the new modification each particle chooses its displacement direction independently and can change it if the direction will be identified as ineffective. This approach makes it possible to reduce the probability of premature convergence of the algorithm and to explore given search space better, all of which is especially important for the multimodal function with complex landscape. The proposed method was tested on the standard set of test functions for continuous optimization, and it showed high reliability with relatively small use of time and computer resources.Evolutionary search methods are successfully used for deferent modeling and optimization tasks due to their universality and the relative simplicity of realization in practice. However, a significant problem of using them is related with premature convergence of the computational algorithm due to incomplete exploration of the search space. This happens when all particles come into space of the first found, perhaps local optimum and cannot get out of it. To solve the problem, it is necessary to develop control procedures correcting movements of the individuals in the population.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Heavy metals, radionuclides activity and mineralogy of soil samples from an artisanal gold mining site in Ile-Ife, Nigeria: implications on human and environmental health. The Ife-Ilesha schist belt of the Nigerian Basement Complex is renowned for artisanal gold mining activities owing to the occurrence of gold-bearing eluvial deposits within and around the belt. However, gold mining operations in Ile-Ijesha axis are carried out haphazardly without consideration of probable health risks that might be posed to the miners and local community by heavy metals and naturally occurring radionuclides materials (NORMs) contents in the soil. This study was therefore conducted to determine the mineralogy, heavy metals contents and radionuclide activity of soil samples collected from a gold mining site in Ile-Ife with a view to assessing the consequential health and radiological risks. Thirty-five (35) soil samples were collected from abandoned and active excavating pits over the entire area using stainless-steel spade. The heavy metals and radionuclides concentrations and mineralogical compositions of the samples were obtained by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS), gamma ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods, respectively. The contamination indices consisting of Enrichment Factor (EF) and Index of geoaccumulation (I-geo) were calculated from heavy metals concentrations. The sequence of the average concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples decreases as follows: Pb (72.93 +/- 4.60)>Cd (58.26 +/- 3.25)>Cr (42.81 +/- 3.00)>Zn (33.66 +/- 2.71)>Mn (24.60 +/- 1.80)>Ni (23.93 +/- 2.51). The mean EF values of the measured heavy metals occurred in the order of Cr>Pb>Zn>Cd>Ni. The I-geo values of the measured heavy metals (except Pb) were less than one (<1) revealing practically uncontaminated condition of the studied soil. The radiation dose and radiological hazard risks were estimated by employing absorbed dose, effective dose, radium equivalent, gamma index, external hazard index, excess life cancer risk and representative level. The hazard index values of all the measured heavy metals were<1 indicating no significant non-carcinogenic effects. The average activity concentrations of (40) K, U-238 and Th-232 are 259.23 +/- 84.20 Bqkg(-1), 185.48 +/- 73.31 Bqkg(-1), 11.93 +/- 4.68 Bqkg(-1), respectively. All the radiological indices were below the world average values stipulated by the radiation monitoring bodies. The result of the XRD indicates the preponderance of quartz, and biotite, as well as subordinate amounts of plagioclase, kaolinite, ilmenite, andradite, actinolite and microcline in the soil samples, pointing to a schistose source rock, which is probably gold-bearing. The current study indicated practically low contamination of the Ile-Ife gold mining site soils by heavy metals, low radiological risk from NORMs and prospect of mineral exploration in the area if well-established procedure is followed.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Comparative digestibility of low-quality grass hay by two breeds of cattle differing in mature live weight. The digestive capacity of the Portuguese native breed of BarrosAo cattle and the Holstein-Friesian breed was measured when fed meadow hay (72-74g CP and 641-671g NDF/kg dry matter), offered either alone or supplemented with soya bean meal (150g/kgdry matter), at maintenance level. Four mature cows of each breed were used. Average initial live weight (LW) was 457 and 635kg for the BarrosAo and the Holstein-Friesian cows respectively. The organic matter digestibility (OMD) of the meadow hay was higher in Holstein-Friesian than in BarrosAo cows (p<0.08) whether supplemented or not. The neutral detergent fibre digestibility of the hay was also higher in Holstein-Frisian when the hay was fed alone (p<0.08). The soya bean meal supplementation increased the OMD and the NDFD digestibility of the total diet (p<0.05), but not the OMD digestibility of the hay (p>0.05). The results obtained in this study suggest a higher ability to digest fibre in the large dairy breed than in the small native breed. This suggestion is also supported by previous findings with sheep breeds largely differing in mature live weight.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
{"token": "Two cases of atlar anomalies. We present two cases with first cervical (atlas) vertebral anomalies. The individuals exhibiting these anomalies were recovered as part of the United States Army Central Identification Laboratory, Hawaii's global mission to recover missing United States service personnel. Both of these anomalies were potentially clinically significant to the individuals in vivo but it appears that both managed to survive the hardships of military life until the incidents associated with their loss. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "A new 'Crowded uterine horn' mouse model for examining the relationship between foetal growth and adult obesity. Obesity is an increasing health problem, not only in developed countries but also all over the world. In addition to the focus on food intake and energy expenditure, current studies suggest two other important influences on adult body weight: birth weight and postnatal rate of growth. A common procedure in laboratory animal studies to examine the relationship of low birth weight and adult obesity is maternal nutrient restriction, but maternal undernutrition is not the basis for the majority of obese individuals in developed countries. We have thus developed a new mouse model for human obesity referred to as 'the crowded uterine horn model'. By removing one ovary from a female CD-1 mouse, the female produces a litter of about 13 pups in one uterine horn, resulting in crowding and a 4-fold difference in placental blood flow among foetuses in a litter. Restricted placental blood flow results in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR); these animals show a 2-fold increase in body weight during the week after weaning, while macrosomial foetuses that go through a very small amount of growth during the same postnatal period. Male mice categorized as IUGR or macrosomic at birth both are obese in adulthood. This pattern of changes in body weight throughout life in male mice mirrors findings from epidemiological studies of human foetuses with IUGR and macrosomia who become obese, and thus may provide a new model that reflects the condition of people in developed countries who become obese.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Chain work: the cultivation of hierarchy in Sierra Leone's cannabis economy. Violence is often treated as an organisational complement to illicit drug production in the global South. The article challenges this view with reference to the chain work' undertaken by Sierra Leone's cannabis cultivators. Life histories reveal that the migration of cultivators from Kingston, Jamaica to Sierra Leone's Hastings and Waterloo established apprenticeship as the means by which young men participated in the cannabis economy under the guidance of those they referred to as shareholders'. These shareholders acted as gatekeepers for access to land, cross-border exchange and extra-legal networks. The resulting structural advantages limited challenges by newcomers for an activity usually understood to be naturally' contestable. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's sociology, cultivators are shown to reproduce practices that maintained the dominance of bosses without recourse to violence.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Skeletal adaptations for forwards and sideways walking in three species of decapod crustaceans. Crustaceans have been successfully employed to study legged locomotion for decades. Most studies have focused on either forwards-walking macrurans, or sideways-walking brachyurans. Libinia emarginata is a Majoid crab (Brachyura) and as such belongs to the earliest group to have evolved the crab form from homoloid ancestors. Unlike most brachyurans, Libinia walks forwards 80% of the time. We employed standard anatomical techniques and motion analysis to compare the skeleton, stance, and the range of motion of the legs of Libinia to the sideways-walking green shore crab (Carcinus maenas), and to the forwards-walking crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). We found animals tended to have greater ranges of motion for joints articulating in the preferred direction of locomotion. Leg segments proximal to such joints were comparatively longer. Thorax elongation, leg length and placement at rest also reflected walking preference. Comparative studies of walking in Libinia and other brachyurans may shed light on the neuroethology of legged locomotion, and on the anatomical and physiological changes necessary for sideways-walking in crustaceans. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "FACETS OF ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CRISIS IMPACT ON STRATEGIC PLANNING OF TRAVEL AGENCIES. The paper offers an image of strategic management processes of travel agencies and the changes in their strategic direction and behavior as a result of the financial and economic crisis, approaching a well-defined theoretical and practical need.The purpose of this paper is to explore the strategic behavior of travel agencies in Romania and their strategy development process before and during the current economic crisis.The findings suggest that, at first, travel agencies followed an informal strategic planning process, with a high emphasis on the short-term objectives given the turbulence of the environment affected by the economic crisis. This turned into a tougher emphasis put on financial and cutting costs measures. The crisis prolonged and the managers rediscovered the role of strategy, trying to find new ways of creating value for the customers, reconsidering the role of competitive advantage.Using 88 in-depth interviews with Romanian managers of travel agencies of different sizes, we pursued the understanding the extent to which they use strategic management, the role of strategic management on leading travel agencies before and during the crisis, and the changes of their strategic planning process due to the crisis. The research also aims to identify how they perceive the impact of the crisis on the business environment and the behavior of competitors.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 50]}
{"token": "Paleolithic art in open air at Siega Verde, Salamanca - A synthetical view. The Paleolithic shelter Art in the open air of Siega Verde, Salamanca, is the unitary group better endowed with paleolithic shelter manifestations in the bleakness of the whole Iberian Peninsula. Its study, consequence of more than 10 years of works on the land, has culminated with the recent publication of a complete monograph. In the following lines, we intend to synthesize the content of that, with special emphasis in the internal analysis of the representations and in their relationship with its cultural immediate environment, the Upper Paleolithic of the Castilian Plateau. The results of so long investigation process suppose a new interpretation way, not only of the own site, but also of the whole Paleolithic shelter phenomenon inside the Peninsula, and in a more general environment, of the graphic system of the European Upper Paleolithic. (C) 2007 Publie par Elsevier Masson SAS.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Study on the thermal behavior of nitroglycerine. In order to investigate the heat release behaviors of nitroglycerine (NG), the thermal analysis of NG was performed under the heating condition and the isothermal conditions in various atmospheres. Under the heating condition, two heat releases of NG were observed at approximately 416 K and 436 K in the presence of O-2. The amount of heat release at the lower temperature was dependent on the partial pressure of O-2. In N-2, no heat release was observed around those temperature ranges. Even in a 4 vol. % NO2 / N-2 atmosphere, no heat release was observed at that temperature. On the other hand, in 4 vol. % NO2 / air, large heat release was observed at approximately 387 K. Under the isothermal condition, the induction period was shortened in the presence of O-2. The induction period in 4 vol. NO2 / air was shorter than that in air and the induction period in 4 vol. NO2 / N-2 was shorter than that in N-2. NO2 in the presence of O-2 contributed to decomposition of NG more than NO2 in the absence of O-2.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 11]}
{"token": "The indispensability of Farbung. I offer a theory of propositional attitude ascriptions that reconciles a number of independently plausible semantic principles. At the heart of the theory lies the claim that psychological verbs (such as \\\\'to believe\\\\' and \\\\'to doubt\\\\') vary in content indexically. After defending this claim and explaining how it renders the aforementioned principles mutually compatible, I argue that my account is superior to currently popular hidden indexical theories of attitude ascription. To conclude I indicate a number of ramifications that the proposed theory has for issues in epistemology, philosophy of mind, and formal semantics.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Depth-resolved birefringence imaging of collagen fiber organization in the human oral mucosa in vivo. Stromal collagen organization has been identified as a potential prognostic indicator in a variety of cancers and other diseases accompanied by fibrosis. Changes in the connective tissue are increasingly considered for grading dysplasia and progress of oral squamous cell carcinoma, investigated mainly ex vivo by histopathology. In this study, polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) with local phase retardation imaging is used for the first time to visualize depth-resolved (i.e., local) birefringence of healthy human oral mucosa in vivo. Depth-resolved birefringence is shown to reveal the expected local collagen organization. To demonstrate proof-of-principle, 3D image stacks were acquired at labial and lingual locations of the oral mucosa, chosen as those most commonly affected by cancerous alterations. To enable an intuitive evaluation of the birefringence images suitable for clinical application, color depth-encoded en-face projections were generated. Compared to en-face views of intensity or conventional cumulative phase retardation, we show that this novel approach offers improved visualization of the mucosal connective tissue layer in general, and reveals the collagen fiber architecture in particular. This study provides the basis for future prospective pathological and comparative in vivo studies non-invasively assessing stromal changes in conspicuous and cancerous oral lesions at different stages. Published by The Optical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 35, 42]}
{"token": "Phylogenetic analyses of Fusarium graminearum strains from cereals in Italy, and characterisation of their molecular and chemical chemotypes. The Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is a pathogen of durum wheat and other cereals worldwide. The complex consists of at least 15 species that can produce various mycotoxins, including trichothecenes, associated with human and animals toxicoses. In particular, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their different acetylated derivatives can be produced by the different chemotypes of the complex. In this study, 90 strains, isolated mainly from wheat in Italy and belonging to the FGSC, were assessed for their phylogeny and their chemotype and trichothecene genotype. Almost all strains of the FGSC belonged to F. graminearum sensu stricto, whereas two strains were F. cortaderiae. On the other hand, all three chemotypes, 3ADON, 15ADON and NIV, occurred; 15ADON was the most common molecular chemotype. The data show that the species composition of the Italian FGSC is homogeneous, whereas wide chemotype variability can occur within F. graminearum sensu stricto.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Environmentally responsible fabrication of efficient perovskite solar cells from recycled car batteries. Organolead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show great promise as a new large-scale and cost-competitive photovoltaic technology. Power conversion efficiencies over 15% to 19% have been achieved within 18 to 24 months of development, and thus perovskite materials have attracted great attention in photovoltaic research. However, the manufacture of PSCs raises environmental concerns regarding the over-production of raw lead ore, which has harmful health and ecological effects. Herein, we report an environmentally responsible process to fabricate efficient PSCs by reusing car batteries to simultaneously avoid the disposal of toxic battery materials and provide alternative, readily available lead sources for PSCs. Perovskite films, assembled using materials sourced from either recycled battery materials or high-purity commercial reagents, show the same material characteristics (i.e., crystallinity, morphology, optical absorption, and photoluminescence properties) and identical photovoltaic performance (i.e., photovoltaic parameters and resistances of electron recombination), indicating the practical feasibility of recycling car batteries for lead-based PSCs.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 16, 36, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Strategic Framing of Racial-Nationalism in North America and Europe: An Analysis of a Burgeoning Transnational Network. Following the deadly Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, far-right racialist leaders responded rapidly to changes in the political environment, disavowing militia and Patriot violence and exploiting increased public concerns about immigration and the growth of nonwhite populations. Evidence suggests that Patriot movement demobilization may have actually helped to swell the ranks of racial-nationalists. As attention to political violence shifted to international terrorism in the aftermath of September 11, racial-nationalist movement actors again moved quickly to seize the opportunity. The strategic framing of the crisis by racial-nationalist leaders revealed the existence of a transnational network of allies promoting a two-pronged message, 1) a virulent anti-Semitic assault on pro-Israel U.S. foreign policy and 2) a broadside on immigration and multiculturalism. The lineaments of these transnational networks are analyzed in an effort to explain a trajectory of contention regarding this emergent movement. Possible links between racial-nationalists and Islamic militants are also explored.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "In the Shadow of the Government: The Chinese Nonprofit Sector in the COVID-19 Crisis. Nonprofit organizations often work on the front lines of disaster assistance and emergency relief. In this sweeping coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the nonprofit sector in many countries is playing an active role in the national fight against the coronavirus. However, the Chinese nonprofit sector only plays a marginal role in the battle. This article, from a government-nonprofit relationship perspective, delves into the underlying factors shaping the Chinese nonprofit sector's limited involvement in this pandemic crisis and the impacts of the crisis on the Chinese nonprofit sector. In particular, we argue that a strong and centralized political regime leaves little room for nonprofits' involvement in emergency relief, resulting in a nonprofit sector that is vulnerable and marginalized. Nonprofits have to be smarter in coping with the government in the COVID-19 downturn.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Collective molecular rotation in water and other simple liquids. Hyper-Rayleigh light scattering measurements of molecular motion in several liquids find that the orientations of the molecules are correlated over macroscopic distances. Such collective molecular rotation occurs in addition to the usually observed, highly localized, diffusive mode of molecular reorientation. Long range correlation of molecular orientation may have significant unrecognized effects on the structure and properties of liquids. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Managing New Product Development Teams in a Globally Dispersed NPD Program. Globalization is a major market trend today, one characterized by both increased international competition as well as extensive opportunities for firms to expand their operations beyond current boundaries. Effectively dealing with this important change, however, makes the management of global new product development (NPD) a major concern. To ensure success in this complex and competitive endeavor, companies must rely on global NPD teams that make use of the talents and knowledge available in different parts of the global organization. Thus, cohesive and well-functioning global NPD teams become a critical capability by which firms can effectively leverage this much more diverse set of perspectives, experiences, and cultural sensitivities for the global NPD effort. The present research addresses the global NPD team and its impact on performance from both an antecedent and a contingency perspective. Using the resource-based view (RBV) as a theoretical framework, the study clarifies how the internal, or behavioral, environment of the firm-specifically, resource commitment and senior management involvement-and the global NPD team are interrelated and contribute to global NPD program performance. In addition, the proposed performance relationships are viewed as being contingent on certain explicit, or strategic, factors. In particular, the degree of global dispersion of the firm's NPD effort is seen as influencing the management approach and thus altering the relationships among company background resources, team, and performance. For the empirical analysis, data are collected through a survey of 467 corporate global new product programs (North America and Europe, business-to-business). A structural model testing for the hypothesized effects was substantially supported. The results show that creating and effectively managing global NPD teams offers opportunities for leveraging a diverse but unique combination of talents and knowledge-based resources, thereby enhancing the firm's ability to achieve a sustained competitive advantage in international markets. To function effectively, the global NPD team must be nested in a corporate environment in which there is a commitment of sufficient resources and where senior management plays an active role in leading, championing, and coordinating the global NPD effort. This need for commitment and global team integration becomes even more important for success as the NPD effort becomes more globally dispersed.", "label": [1, 5, 48, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Accommodating indigenous privilege - Britain's dilemma in decolonising Fiji. Although colonial rule was more divisive in Fiji than almost anywhere else in the British empire, the archival record does not support the commonly held view that the British Government willingly perpetuated racial division for a self-governing Fiji. Thee documents highlight both the officials' desire for radical change and the powerful local constraints against it. by the late 1950s, the British authorities were hoping to move Fiji towards the common franchise, which Indian leaders had long called for to affirm equality among the citizens and promote national integration. implacable indigenous Fijian resistance persuaded the colonial rulers to agree to preserve predominantly communal representation. The retreat from the plan for radical reform was driven by a fear that to override the opposition fo the Fijian leaders would be to jeopardise security and political stability.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Multicenter assessment of HIV-1 RNA quantitation in semen in the CREAThE network. Detection of HIV-1 RNA in semen is used commonly to determine the safety of semen processing procedures before assisted reproductive technology (ART). Using two panels of prepared semen samples containing HIV-1 the performances of protocols from 14 centers have been compared. No false-positive results were detected but false-negative results were frequent when the concentration was below 500 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml of seminal plasma. Frequency of HIV-1 RNA detection was higher on seminal cells than on seminal plasma. Assays (or protocols) for quantifying HIV-1 RNA in semen performed less well than standardized blood plasma assays. The HIV load in seminal plasma could be a useful marker of the risk of sexual transmission of the virus. Its use as a marker of global HAART efficiency in the HIV reservoir needs further study. Standardized assays are required for detection and measurement of HIV-1 RNA in semen samples. J. Med. Virol. 84:183-187, 2012. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Topography of juvenile delinquency. The article shows that the registered juvenile delinquency has decreased in recent years. Serious violent crime partially exists, but this is only a small part of the overall juvenile delinquency. Forms of appearance of these violent crimes are outlined. With the help of a dark field study it is illustrated that there is a great variety of delinquency among young people. There are young people showing mostly law-abiding behavior, infrequent offenders and a group with a significant burden of crimes.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Pacis Encomium Virgil's Georgics, Humanist Allegory, and the Pacifism of Erasmus, More, and Vives. Virgil's Georgics was a source of pacifistic thinking for Erasmus, More, and Vives, who used figurative readings of the poem to reinforce their notions about the incompatibility of war and Christian society. In doing so, they furthered an interpretive tradition begun by Mancinelli, Valeriano, Landino, and other humanists of the Quattrocento, who were intrigued by the poem's political potential. In the Enchiridion, Querela Pacis, Utopia, and de Concordia et Discordia, the Georgics functioned as a heuristic for thinking through current events and critiquing violence within Christendom. From soils to trees to cattle and bees, Virgil's poem supplied Erasmus, More, and Vives with diverse tools for deflating militaristic ideology and imagining alternatives to the status quo. At a time when late scholastics were debating the finer points of iustum bellum, the humanists were moving the discussion into an entirely new direction, using Virgil to envision the abolition of war between Christian states.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Disassembling the Square Kilometre Array: astronomy and development in South Africa. The article poses questions about astronomy and its local, national and global developmental impacts, drawing on ongoing research around the internationally networked Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio telescope in South Africa. The relationship between progress in global science and technology and societal change has traditionally been framed through western-centric notions of progress imbued with universalism; the field of astronomy exemplifies this approach, with its assumptions of an inherently positive correlation between its science and loosely defined notions of development'. We problematise this assumption through an analysis of the multiple notions of development at different scales of analysis in the SKA. We argue that large astronomy projects such as the SKA are best understood as dense assemblages of science, infrastructure, human agency and politics, in which historically rooted local concerns are marginalised in the name of the national or global public interest.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Variation in the diet of the red fox in a Mediterranean area. The diet of the red fox Vulpes vulpes was studied in the province of Pisa, Central Italy, analysing both faeces (N = 1261; collected monthly for one year in nine areas) and gut contents (N = 330; collected between January and May in the whole province). Diet was very varied, and was dominated by vertebrates, especially mammals, and plants (especially fruit) whereas invertebrates were less abundant. Food of human origin was approximately a half of the diet. In late winter and spring, females ate more small mammals and invertebrates than males, whereas yearlings had diets similar to adults. The body fat and size were not related to the volume of any food item. Seasonal variation was large for most categories, vertebrates being eaten mainly in winter and spring, and fruits in summer and autumn. Invertebrates were eaten mainly in summer. Several of these trends could be explained by the availability of food, but small mammals were eaten less when they were presumably more abundant. Globally, the diet in rural areas was homogeneous, and very different from that in areas with little human intervention. Over the whole province, differences were limited to three secondary items of human origin. Grass and other vegetable matter in stomachs and in intestines were significantly related to the consumption of invertebrates, not to the presence of parasite worms in the intestines. The high consumption of fruits and of resources of human origin is a characteristic trait of the fox diet in this and other areas of Italy. Fruits may be a supplementary food item, whereas small mammals may be a key resource. Foxes ate more fruits when and where fox population density was higher. Reasons for these trends are discussed.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Coxiella Subversion of Intracellular Host Signaling. Coxiella burnetii is a highly infectious bacterial pathogen that replicates in a specialized vacuole inside eukaryotic cells. Due to a prolonged growth cycle, Coxiella continuously manipulates cellular processes to generate this parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and promote host cell viability. Here, we discuss recent findings that indicate Coxiella modulates several host signaling pathways to influence survival and ensure intracellular replication. The pathogen actively inhibits apoptotic cell death and activates the pro-survival kinases Akt and Erk1/2 to promote host viability. Coxiella's anti-apoptotic activity also involves the interface between autophagy and apoptosis, which is regulated by the interaction of autophagy-related Beclin-1 and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Additionally, Coxiella requires host kinase activity for PV biogenesis and maintenance. Thus, signaling modulation by Coxiella is critical for multiple aspects of host cell parasitism. Collectively, recent signaling studies have enhanced our understanding of the unique Coxiella-host cell interaction. Identification of bacterial factors that regulate signaling events will further our ability to model this intriguing infectious process.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 42]}
{"token": "The stomatal response to evaporative demand persists at night in Ricinus communis plants with high nocturnal conductance. Evidence is building that stomatal conductance to water vapour (g(s)) can be quite high in the dark in some species. However, it is unclear whether nocturnal opening reflects a mechanistic limitation (i.e. an inability to close at night) or an adaptive response (i.e. promoting water loss for reasons unrelated to carbon gain). Further, it is unclear if stomatal responses to leaf-air vapour pressure difference (D) persist in the dark. We investigated nocturnal stomatal behaviour in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) by measuring gas exchange and stomatal responses to D in the light and in the dark. Results were compared among eight growth environments [two levels for each of three treatment variables: air saturation deficit (D-a), light and water availability]. In most plants, stomata remained open and sensitive to D at night. g(s) was typically lower at night than in the day, whereas leaf osmotic pressure (Pi) was higher at night. In well-watered plants grown at low D-a, stomata were less sensitive to D in the dark than in the light, but the reverse was found for plants grown at high D-a. Stomata of droughted plants were less sensitive to D in the dark than in the light regardless of growth D-a. Drought also reduced g(s) and elevated Pi in both the light and the dark, but had variable effects on stomatal sensitivity to D. These results are interpreted with the aid of models of stomatal conductance.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "A multi-center field study of two point-of-care tests for circulating Wuchereria bancrofti antigenemia in Africa. Conclusions/Significance This study has provided extensive new information on the performance of the FTS compared to ICT in Africa and it has confirmed the increased sensitivity of FTS reported in prior studies. Variability in FTS/ICT was related in part to endemicity level, history of MDA, and perhaps to the medications used for MDA. These results suggest that FTS should be superior to ICT for mapping, for transmission assessment surveys, and for post-MDA surveillance.The tests were compared prior to MDA in two study sites (Congo and Cote d'Ivoire) and in three sites that had received MDA (DRC and 2 sites in Liberia). Data were analyzed with regard to% positivity, % agreement, and heterogeneity. Models evaluated potential effects of age, gender, and blood microfilaria (Mf) counts in individuals and effects of endemicity and history of MDA at the village level as potential factors linked to higher sensitivity of the FTS. Lastly, we assessed relationships between CFA scores and Mf in pre- and post-MDA settings.MethodologyThe Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis uses point-of-care tests for circulating filarial antigenemia (CFA) to map endemic areas and for monitoring and evaluating the success of mass drug administration (MDA) programs. We compared the performance of the reference BinaxNOW Filariasis card test (ICT, introduced in 1997) with the Alere Filariasis Test Strip (FTS, introduced in 2013) in 5 endemic study sites in Africa.BackgroundPrincipal findingsPaired test results were available for 3,682 individuals. Antigenemia rates were 8% and 22% higher by FTS than by ICT in pre-MDA and in post-MDA sites, respectively. FTS/ICT ratios were higher in areas with low infection rates. The probability of having microfilaremia was much higher in persons with CFA scores >1 in untreated areas. However, this was not true in post-MDA settings.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Russian debt problems in the 1990s. A specialist on the Soviet and Russian financial systems analyzes the origins of Russia's foreign-debt crisis. Data are drawn from varied Soviet and Russian sources to construct time-series of Russian debt obligations during the 1980s and 1990s. The article analyzes the relationship between debt-assumption and macroeconomic performance, Russian capacity to repay debts, the correlates of Western willingness to reschedule or increase debt, the distribution of loans and credits among Western banks, companies, governments, and multilateral organizations, increases in internal debt in the 1990s, and the uses to which foreign credits and loans were put by the Russian government.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Flexible growth rates in Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels: A response to environmental variability. We examined the degree that growth in Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma (furcata) chicks varies among individuals and years. Data on wing chord length and body mass were collected on 10 or more chicks per year on the Barren Islands, Alaska, during seven years over two decades. In contrast to the apparently uniform growth rates in other storm-petrels (e.g. Leach's Storm-Petrel [Oceanodroma leucorhoa] and British Storm-Petrel [Hydrobates pelagicus]), Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel chicks on the Barren Islands displayed a two-fold variation in both wing growth and mass gain. Variation in growth rate was apparent both within and among years. Correlations between wing growth and mass gain were significant in only four of seven years, a finding we interpret as indicative of the importance of changes in food quality and quantity on growth. The decadal changes in growth rate of this species between the 1980s and 1990s are consistent with the regulating role that environmental variation appears to play in the growth and survival of storm-petrels. We suggest that the wide range of observed growth rates among individuals, years, and between decades is a response to environmental variability.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Screening of vulvovaginal infections during pregnancy in resource constrained settings: Implications on preterm delivery. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of clinical and microbiological investigations available in limited resource settings for an effective diagnosis of vaginal infections/abnormal vaginal microbiota among pregnant women. As an outcome of the study we intended to find the association of various vaginal infections during pregnancy with preterm delivery. Pregnant women presenting for routine antenatal care at an antenatal clinic in south India were enrolled in the study. Each participant underwent clinical and microbiological examinations for the diagnosis of vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and trichomoniasis. In addition, Gram's stained high-vaginal smears were evaluated for the presence of partial BV and vaginitis. Diagnostic accuracies of clinical diagnosis for the aforementioned infections was determined in comparison with gold standard microbiological diagnosis. Proportion of women with vulvovaginal infections were estimated using descriptive statistics and incidence risk ratio for preterm delivery with each form of the infection was estimated using univariate analysis. A total of 790 pregnant women were recruited in the study. Positive predictive values of clinical diagnosis for BV, VVC and Trichomoniasis in comparison with reference method were 72.7, 33.5 and 37.6% respectively. Partial BV (3.2%) and vaginitis due to mixed bacterial etiology (9.4%) were per exclusionem diagnosed using the microbiological smear examination. Microbiological diagnosis of BV and vaginitis were found to have a statistically significant association with preterm delivery. Effective diagnosis of vaginal infections/abnormal vaginal microbiota associated with preterm delivery can be achieved by the adjunct of microbiological smear examination of the vaginal smears to the clinical examination in limited resource settings. (C) 2017 King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "Cell-to-cell transport of movement-defective cucumber mosaic and tobacco mosaic viruses in transgenic plants expressing heterologous movement protein genes. To determine if the movement proteins (MPs) of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) and tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV) are complementary in function, transgenic plants expressing genes encoding TMV or CMV MP were inoculated with movement-defective mutants of TMV and CMV. Transgenic plants expressing the MP gene of CMV strain S (subgroup II) complemented the cell-to-cell and systemic spread of a movement-defective mutant of CMV strain Fny (subgroup I) but not the local or systemic spread of a movement-defective mutant of TMV. Plants that contained the MP gene from CMV-S were not resistant to wild-type TMV infection. When inoculated with a movement-defective mutant of TMV that produced beta-glucuronidase, transgenic plants with the CMV MP gene supported only subliminal infection. Conversely, immunodetection and in situ localization techniques revealed that transgenic plants accumulating the TMV MP supported cell-to-cell spread, but not systemic transport, of a movement-defective CMV. These studies suggest that the transgenic TMV MP shares some of the functions with the CMV MP required to transport CMV, whereas the transgenic CMV MP is deficient in functions that are needed to mobilize the spread of TMV infection. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": " ... the marvelous freedom to research what one finds interesting' Theodor Boveri at the Naples Zoological Station. In this paper, I will try to outline the unique working conditions that Boveri found at Naples. By 1888, the Naples Station was already an expanding, smoothly functioning organism. Excellent animal supply and research equipment, the constant presence of an international scientific community and the beauties of Mediterranean nature and European culture fostered a creative atmosphere that gave particular relevance to a research stay at Naples. In 1910, Boveri defined the Naples Station a \\\\'permanent international congress of zoologists\\\\'. Boveri's \\\\'Naples experience\\\\' will be described and some light will also be shed on Boveri's role in keeping the memory of Anton Dohrn alive.In January 1888, shortly after his Habilitation (Nov. 1887), Theodor Boveri came for the first time as guest investigator to the Naples Zoological Station. The last of his eight research stays took place in spring 1914, the year before his untimely death in 1915. The Naples Station was therefore a constant presence in all his scientific life. At least 20 of his publications are based on research done at Naples.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 45]}
{"token": "Quantitative Description of Duplex Stainless Steels Microstructure Using Selective Etching. The properties of duplex stainless steels (DSSs) depend on the ferrite-austenite ratio, on the content of secondary phases and on the contamination with non-metallic inclusions. To assess the quality of DSSs, it is necessary to use an integrated approach which includes controlling for the volume fraction, the morphology and the distribution of all phases and non-metallic inclusions. Samples of several grades of DSSs were obtained using various heat treatments, such as solution annealing and quenching from 1050 to 1250 & DEG;C to obtain different amounts of ferrite and to provoke annealing at 850 & DEG;C to precipitate sigma-phase. As a result, a metallographic technique of phase analysis in DSSs based on selective etching and subsequent structure parameters estimation according to ASTM E1245 was developed. We demonstrated that the developed method of quantitative analysis based on selective etching and metallographic analysis according to ASTM E1245 allows us to obtaining much more accurate results, compared to the point count method described in ASTM E562 and to the XRD method.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Cortistatin protects against inflammatory airway diseases through curbing CCL2 and antagonizing NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting millions of people around the world, yet much remains unknown about its underlying mechanisms. Cortistatin (CST) is a neuropeptide which is reported to be a potential endogenous anti-inflammatory factor in several conditions. To testify the potential involvement of CST in airway inflammatory reaction, an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mice model was established in wild-type (WT) as well as CST-knockout (Cort(-/-)) mice. Thereafter, lung tissue or cell samples were gathered in each group, and histological analysis as well as cell counting assay indicated that Cort(-/-) mice exhibited exaggeration of asthma compared with WT control group. Moreover, mRNA sequencing assay revealed that CCL2 was a potential target of CST in asthma, and administration of CCL2 inhibitor alleviated airway inflammation of asthma in Cort(-/-) mice. Moreover, NF-kappa B signaling pathway might be closely associated with the protective function of CST in asthma, as enhanced activation of NFkB signaling pathway was observed in OVA-induced asthma model of Cort(-/-) mice, and SN50, an inhibitor of NF-kappa B signaling pathway, antagonized asthma development in Cort(-/-) mice. In summary, CST might represent as a promising target for the treatment of asthma through interacting with CCL2 and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "GRADE guidelines: 21 part 1. Study design, risk of bias, and indirectness in rating the certainty across a body of evidence for test accuracy. Study Design and Setting: We present an overview of the GRADE approach and guidance for rating certainty in TA in clinical and public health and review the presentation of results of a body of evidence regarding tests. Part 1 of the two parts in this 21st guidance article about how to apply GRADE focuses on understanding study design issues in test accuracy, provide an overview of the domains, and describe risk of bias and indirectness specifically.Objectives: This article provides updated GRADE guidance about how authors of systematic reviews and health technology assessments and guideline developers can assess the results and the certainty of evidence (also known as quality of the evidence or confidence in the estimates) of a body of evidence addressing test accuracy (TA).Results: Supplemented by practical examples, we describe how raters of the evidence using GRADE can evaluate study designs focusing on tests and how they apply the GRADE domains risk of bias and indirectness to a body of evidence of TA studies.Conclusion: Rating the certainty of a body of evidence using GRADE in Cochrane and other reviews and World Health Organization and other guidelines dealing with in TA studies helped refining our approach. The resulting guidance will help applying GRADE successfully for questions and recommendations focusing on tests. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Metastable intermediates in the condensation of semiflexible polymers. Motivated by results from an earlier Brownian dynamics simulation for the collapse of a single, stiff polymer in a poor solvent [B. Schnurr, F. C. MacKintosh, and D. R. M. Williams, Europhys. Lett. 51, 279 (2000)] we calculate the conformational energies of the intermediate (racquet) states suggested by the simulations. In the absence of thermal fluctuations (at zero temperature) the annealed shapes of these intermediates are well-defined in certain limits, with their major structural elements given by a particular case of Euler's elastica. In appropriate units, a diagram emerges that displays the relative stability of all states, tori, and racquets. We conclude that, in marked contrast to the collapse of flexible polymers, the condensation of semiflexible or stiff polymers generically proceeds via a cascade through metastable intermediates, the racquets, towards a ground state, the torus or ring, as seen in the dynamical simulations.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Genotype-phenotype analysis of S326C OGG1 polymorphism: a risk factor for oxidative pathologies. 8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG) activity was measured by an in vitro assay in lymphocytes of healthy volunteers genotyped for various OGG1 polymorphisms. Only homozygous carriers of the polymorphic 026 allele showed a significantly lower OGG activity compared to the homozygous S326 genotype. The purified S326C OGG1 showed a decreased ability to complete the repair synthesis step in a base excision repair reaction reconstituted in vitro. The propensity of this variant to dimerize as well as its catalytic impairment were shown to be enhanced under oxidizing conditions. Mass spectrometry revealed that the extra cysteine of the variant protein is involved in disulfide bonds compatible with significant conformational changes and/or dimerization. We propose that the S326C OGG1 catalytic impairment and its susceptibility to dimerization and disulfide bond formation in an oxidizing environment all concur to decrease repair capacity. Consequently, the 026 homozygous carriers may be at increased risk of oxidative pathologies. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Efficient and doubly-robust methods for variable selection and parameter estimation in longitudinal data analysis. New technologies have produced increasingly complex and massive datasets, such as next generation sequencing and microarray data in biology, dynamic treatment regimes in clinical trials and long-term wide-scale studies in the social sciences. Each study exhibits its unique data structure within individuals, clusters and possibly across time and space. In order to draw valid conclusion from such large dimensional data, we must account for intracluster correlations, varying cluster sizes, and outliers in response and/or covariate domains to achieve valid and efficient inferences. A weighted rank-based method is proposed for selecting variables and estimating parameters simultaneously. The main contribution of the proposed method is four fold: (1) variable selection using adaptive lasso is extended to robust rank regression so that protection against outliers in both response and predictor variables is obtained; (2) within-subject correlations are incorporated so that efficiency of parameter estimation is improved; (3) the computation is convenient via the existing function in statistical software R. (4) the proposed method is proved to have desirable asymptotic properties for fixed number of covariates (p). Simulation studies are carried out to evaluate the proposed method for a number of scenarios including the cases whenpequals to the number of subjects. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method is efficient and robust. A hormone dataset is analyzed for illustration. By adding additional redundant variables as covariates, the penalty approach and weighting schemes are proven to be effective.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION THROUGH START-UP OR ACQUISITION: A REPLICATION. Research summary: We use a sample of Singapore firms to replicate Barkema and Vermeulen's (1998) study of international expansion through start-ups or acquisitions by Dutch firms. We discover that the authors misinterpreted the regression coefficients for hypothesis testing and only two of their four hypotheses were actually tested. For these two hypotheses, one is not supported in either their study or ours, while the other is supported in their study but not ours. For the remaining two hypotheses we find support for one of them, which is concerned with the curvilinear effect of product diversity on the mode of expansion. In sum, the original study claims that all four hypotheses are supported, whereas only one is supported in the replication. More specifically, the former results, including the effects of the independent and control variables, are largely not generalizable to the latter.Managerial summary: Barkema and Vermeulen's (1998) study investigates the international expansion by Dutch firms during the period from 1966 to 1994. Their results indicate that whether a firm expands through setting up a greenfield operation or acquiring an existing operation is affected by the diversity of the firm's product lines, the diversity of the countries to which it has expanded, and how far the expansion is related to its existing business. We replicate their study using a sample of Singapore firms for the period from 1980 to 2000. Our results show only an effect of a firm's product diversity on its mode of international expansion. Our study clearly indicates the risk of drawing managerial implications from the results of a single study. More replication studies are needed for establishing a solid theoretical foundation to inform management decisions. Copyright (C) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Microscleres and gemmoscleres as phylogenetic signals in Spongillida: phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Metania Gray, 1867 (Porifera, Metaniidae). The genus Metania comprises 11 species of freshwater sponge that are distributed circumtropically: five are Neotropical, three Afrotropical, two Oriental and one Australian. Here we infer the phylogeny of the genus Metania and examine the processes that lead to the current biogeographic distribution using cladistic analysis. One matrix with 26 morphological characters was analysed using the TNT software, and resulted in two most parsimonious cladograms (strict consensus). Our results support monophyly of Metania due to two characters unique to the genus: presence of acanthoxeas and presence of spines in the shaft of the gemmoscleres. Also, the genera Drulia and Houssayella were synonymised with Metania. The family Metaniidae - allocated in the recently proposed order Spongillida - now contains three genera: Acalle Gray, 1867, Metania Gray, 1867 and Corvomeyenia Weltner, 1913. Brooks parsimony analysis of Metania resulted in a single area cladogram showing a Gondwanan pattern: (Neartic (Australian (Oriental (Afrotropical, Neotropical)))) and thus the current distribution is explained by the breakup of Gondwana.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
{"token": "Clinicians' informal acquisition of accounting literacy in UK clinical commissioning groups. IMPACT This article offers practitioners important insights into the way clinicians can be engaged in the management of funds through situated learning in the workplace. Situated learning has the potential to foster accountability by engaging clinicians in meaningful and goal-driving activities and to stimulate the acquisition of accounting literacy informally. When clinicians work alongside accountants, learning takes place informally. A context needs to be created in which clinicians and accountants can work together to achieve common goals. This has been achieved in clinical commissioning groups (CCG) in the UK.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Chemical and microbiological changes in Norway spruce deadwood during the early stage of decomposition as a function of exposure in an alpine setting. Alpine ecosystems are vulnerable to ever-changing environmental conditions, leading to shifts in vegetation distribution and composition with implications on soil functionality and carbon (C) turnover. Although deadwood represents an important global C stock, scarce information is available on how slope exposure influences the wood-inhabiting microbiota throughout the decomposition process in an Alpine setting. We therefore evaluated the impact of slope exposure (north- vs. south-facing sites) on physicochemical and microbiological properties (microbial abundance based on real-time PCR: fungal 18S rRNA, dinitrogen reductase [nifH]; microbial biomass: double strand DNA; and microbial activity: hydrolytic enzyme activities of the main nutrient cycles) of Picea abies wood blocks and the underlying soil in a field experiment in the Italian Alps during a three-year period. Overall, a higher abundance of fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria was recorded in the soil at the north-facing site where cooler and moister conditions were observed. In contrast, no exposure effects were found for these two microbial groups in the wood blocks, while their abundance increased over time, accompanied by more acidic conditions with progressing decay. The impact of exposure was also enzyme specific and time dependent for both the P. abies wood blocks and the underlying soil.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 52]}
{"token": "Temporality and Textual Engagement in a Middle School English Language Arts Classroom. Using Gadamer's concept of tarrying, this paper explores the impact of classroom temporality on students' engagement with text in an 8th grade English Language Arts classroom. Through an analysis of interactional data collected during two years of an ethnographic study of classroom activities, I show how reading strategies helped constitute and were constituted by a linear, dimensional temporality, within which text and reader were individuated and textual meaning objectified, characterized by an \\\\'ontology of static substance\\\\' (Ross 2006). In such cases, the act of reading was defined as a processual movement through or consumption of text, which could break down requiring strategies to restore the smooth flow. At other moments, however, interaction around text took on a tarrying temporality. These less frequent moments resonate with Gadamer's claims for the state of understanding associated with the experience of art, a \\\\'being moved\\\\' (2001: 76), an \\\\'uninterrupted pure gazing\\\\' (2006: 72) associated with the \\\\'absolute presentness\\\\' of art (2006: 60). In classroom moments I call tarrying, students were more often engaged in an open-ended, exploratory co-construction of meaning with other participants, rather than producing items at someone else's request. Text was not possessed but, on the contrary, became something that took hold of participants and was jointly occupied or shared. Within such moments, reading strategies, usually decontextualized tools to be applied by an individual subject to a text, receded instead into the tarrying or \\\\'playing\\\\'-a \\\\'movement backwards and forwards\\\\' (Gadamer 1975: 93)-of the immediate interactional context.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 28]}
{"token": "TAX LAW AS FOREIGN POLICY. The use of economic statecraft is at a high-water mark. The United States uses sanctions, tariffs, and import and export controls more than ever before. These tools have problems, though. They impose financial costs on domestic interests. They can induce retaliation by target states. And overuse of these tools could drive the United States from its central position in the global financial and economic system, undermining the effectiveness of U.S. economic statecraft in the long run. But there is an underappreciated tool that could perform valuable foreign policy work: tax law. We argue that tax law holds promise to advance U.S. foreign policy interests and that it is especially important to deploy tax tools now. Tax law has distinctive features that make it both a partial substitute and a partial complement to other tools of economic coercion, which means that it can extend the influence of U.S. economic power while reducing the risk of overusing other economic tools.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "The State of Music Therapy Studies in the Past 20 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis. Purpose: Music therapy is increasingly being used to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs of individuals. However, publications on the global trends of music therapy using bibliometric analysis are rare. The study aimed to use the CiteSpace software to provide global scientific research about music therapy from 2000 to 2019. Methods: Publications between 2000 and 2019 related to music therapy were searched from the Web of Science (WoS) database. The CiteSpace V software was used to perform co-citation analysis about authors, and visualize the collaborations between countries or regions into a network map. Linear regression was applied to analyze the overall publication trend. Results: In this study, a total of 1,004 studies met the inclusion criteria. These works were written by 2,531 authors from 1,219 institutions. The results revealed that music therapy publications had significant growth over time because the linear regression results revealed that the percentages had a notable increase from 2000 to 2019 (t = 14.621, P < 0.001). The United States had the largest number of published studies (362 publications), along with the following outputs: citations on WoS (5,752), citations per study (15.89), and a high H-index value (37). The three keywords \\\\'efficacy,\\\\' \\\\'health,\\\\' and \\\\'older adults,\\\\' emphasized the research trends in terms of the strongest citation bursts. Conclusions: The overall trend in music therapy is positive. The findings provide useful information for music therapy researchers to identify new directions related to collaborators, popular issues, and research frontiers. The development prospects of music therapy could be expected, and future scholars could pay attention to the clinical significance of music therapy to improve the quality of life of people.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Hyperbranched red light-emitting phosphorescent polymers based on iridium complex as the core. A series of hyperbranched,pi-conjugated light-emitting polymers containing an iridium complex as the branched core unit and polyfluorene or poly(fluorene-alt-carbazole) as the branched segments were synthesized via a palladium catalyzed Suzuki polymerization. Apparent Forster energy transfer in the photoluminescent spectra as thin films was observed, while no discernible characteristic absorbance and photoluminescence of the iridium complex can be realized in dilute solutions. Copolymers based on poly (fluorene-alt-carbazole) as the branched segments demonstrated enhanced highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels relative to those based on polyfluorene. The electroluminescent spectra of these copolymers exclusively showed the characteristic emission of the iridium complex, with corresponding CIE coordinates of (0.67 +/- 0.01, 0.31). All devices exhibited relatively slow roll-off of efficiency, and the best device performance with the maximum luminous efficiency of 5.33 cd A(-1) was attained by using PFCzTiqIr3 as the emissive layer. These results indicated that the hyperbranched conjugated architectures can be a promising molecular design strategy for efficient electrophosphorescent light-emitting polymers. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Choosing Justice Over Abandonment Amidst Abundance. This plenary presentation from the Society of Pastoral Theology Annual Meeting in June 2021 addresses the intersection of systemic racism, systemic poverty, ecological devastation, the war economy, and the false narrative of Christian Nationalism and puts forward a vision of justice that comes from listening to the needs and priorities of the 140 million poor and low-income Americans. Drawing lessons from the 1968 Poor People's Campaign, this paper suggests that poverty is not inevitable, not willed by God, nor an unfortunate accident, but the result of policy choices by political, religious, academic and health institutions. It argues that people of faith, pastoral theologians, practitioners have a role to play in building a moral movement to fully address inequality. Special attention is paid to the Poor People's Campaign: A National Call for Moral Revival and grassroots organizing in communities across the United States in the first quarter of the twenty-first century.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Participant-Centric Initiatives and Medical Research: Scoping Review Protocol. Conclusions: The scoping review will be the first to map the extent and range of PCIs currently available across the United Kingdom, United States, and Japan, and will be the first review to contribute to a better understanding of what PCIs patients may benefit from. Researchers and practitioners will be able to use information in this review as a guide for patients and also as a guide for the development of future tools and programs. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations.Objective: The main objective of this scoping review is to describe the extent and range of PCIs across the United Kingdom, United States, and Japan that are designed to facilitate medical research.Methods: The methodological framework described by Levac et al will be applied to this scoping review. We will search electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing, and Allied Health Literature and CiNii), grey literature sources, Internet search engines (Google and Bing), and hand search key journals and reference lists of relevant articles. All digital tools and programs will be eligible for inclusion if there is a description of key features and functions that fall within the parameters of a PCI. Only those that play a role in medical research will be included.Results: Preliminary searches conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE retrieved 1820 and 2322 results, respectively. The scoping review will be completed by January 2018.Background: Significant advances in digital technologies have meant that health care data can be collected, stored, transferred, and analyzed for research purposes more easily than ever before. Participant-centric initiatives (PCI) are defined as \\\\'tools, programs, and projects that empower participants to engage in the research process\\\\' using digital technologies and have the potential to provide a number of benefits to both participants and researchers, including the promotion of public trust in medical research, improved quality of research, increased recruitment and retention, and improved health care delivery.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Commodities trade, river transport and colonialism: The Brahmaputra river valley in the nineteenth century. The article seeks to show how Assam's riverine environment, and its natural resources, generated and inflected a process of commercialisation in the nineteenth century. Historically, present-day Assam was connected to the rest of the world through the Brahmaputra river and its tributaries. In the early decades of colonial rule, plants such as caoutchouc and tea were discovered in the valley. These developments, together with transportation networks built with state and private capital, heralded a new phase of commerce in the region. A rich scholarship in South Asian history has shown how the river played a crucial role in the economic changes in different regions. The article belongs in that scholarship but stresses the role of the river as an artery of transportation rather than as an agricultural resource. The river system facilitated Assam's closer integration with the world economy and the colonial regime.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Non compact continuum limit of two coupled Potts models. We study two Q-state Potts models coupled by the product of their energy operators, in the regime 2 < Q <= 4 where the coupling is relevant. A particular choice of weights for the square lattice is shown to be equivalent to the integrable a(3)((2)) vertex model. It corresponds to a selfdual system of two antiferromagnetic Potts models, coupled ferromagnetically. We derive the Bethe ansatz equations and study them numerically for two arbitrary twist angles. The continuum limit is shown to involve two compact bosons and one non compact boson, with discrete states emerging from the continuum at appropriate twists. The non compact boson entails strong logarithmic corrections to the finite-size behaviour of the scaling levels, an understanding of which allows us to correct an earlier proposal for some of the critical exponents. In particular, we infer the full set of magnetic scaling dimensions (watermelon operators) of the Potts model.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Early neonatal diagnosis of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiencies. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has been introduced in several newborn screening programs for the detection of a large number of inborn errors of metabolism, including fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAOD). Early identification and treatment of FAOD have the potential to improve outcome and may be life-saving in some cases; an estimated 5% of sudden infant deaths are attributable to undiagnosed disorders of fatty acid oxidation. We report very early neonatal presentations of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) and mitochondrial trifunctional protein (TFP) deficiencies confirmed by molecular analysis. Both patients had cardiorespiratory collapse and hypoglycemia, without a history of maternal pregnancy complications. Retrospective MS/MS analysis of the original newborn screening blood spots revealed characteristic acylcarnitine profiles. These cases are among the earliest reported presentations of LCHAD and TFP deficiencies and further illustrate the potential of MS/MS as a valuable tool for newborn screening of FAOD. However, timely analysis and reporting of results to clinicians are essential, because these disorders can manifest in the first few days of life. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Exercise and physical activity in children with cystic fibrosis. Regular exercise and habitual physical activity are important for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Research has demonstrated the benefits of aerobic, anaerobic, and strength exercise training programs for health and quality of life, however, the CF patient is faced with unique barriers and challenges to participation. Recently, increased levels of habitual physical activity have been shown to slow the decline in lung function in patients with CF, and regular participation in a variety of activities may result in greater adherence in the long term. Research is now available to justify the incorporation of exercise into the routine care of patients with CF. This paper provides the background and rationale for the implementation of exercise and habitual physical activity recommendations by the health care team. Education of health care providers regarding the importance of exercise and habitual physical activity for patients with CF is needed in order for exercise and physical activity to be incorporated as key components of clinical practice and into the lives of patients with CF. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF TUNICATE (HALOCYNTHIA-RORETZI) HEMOCYTES. Hemocytes from hemolymph of the tunicate, Halocynthia roretzi were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nine types were identified according to their ultrastructural characteristics: phagocytes or macrophages (PH cells), granulocytes with small granules (GS cells), granulocytes with large granules (GL cells), vesicle-containing cells (VC cells), fibrous material-containing cells (FM cells), vacuolated cells type 1 (VA1 cells), vacuolated cells type 2 (VA2 cells), basophilic cells (BA cells) and lymphoid cells (LY cells). Among these hemocyte types VC cells and FM cells were unique and novel. One functional assay, i.e. phagocytic activity against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and rat red blood cells (RRBC) was developed. This investigation resulting from improved fixation has served as the basis for standardizing hemocyte types and for defining future analyses that can be used in functional assays.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Dynamic behaviors of a predator-prey model with weak additive Allee effect on prey. This paper deals with a reaction-diffusion system modeling predator-prey interaction with additive Allee effect. We first analyze nonnegative constant equilibrium solutions and study the stability of the unique positive solution. Then we investigate the steady state bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation from the unique positive constant solution, respectively. The main tools used here include the bifurcation theory, the space decomposition and the implicit function theorem. Moreover, we describe the global structure from a simple eigenvalue. Finally, for the case d(1) = 0, we prove the existence of far-from-equilibrium steady states with jump discontinuities. Moreover, by applying the singular perturbation method, we give a proof of the existence of large amplitude solutions when d(1) is sufficiently small. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Chronic Toxicities of Neonicotinoids to Nymphs of the Common New Zealand Mayfly Deleatidium spp.. Neonicotinoid insecticides have been shown to have high chronic toxicity relative to acute toxicity, and therefore short-term toxicity tests <= 96 h in duration may underestimate their environmental risks. Among nontarget aquatic invertebrates, insects of the orders Diptera and Ephemeroptera have been found to be the most sensitive to neonicotinoids. To undertake a more accurate assessment of the risks posed by neonicotinoids to freshwater ecosystems, more data are needed from long-term tests employing the most sensitive taxa. Using nymphs of the common New Zealand mayfly genus Deleatidium spp., we performed 28-d static-renewal exposures with the widely used neonicotinoids imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam. We monitored survival, immobility, impairment, and mayfly moulting propensity at varying time points throughout the experiment. Imidacloprid and clothianidin exerted strong chronic toxicity effects on Deleatidium nymphs, with 28-d median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 0.28 and 1.36 mu g/L, respectively, whereas thiamethoxam was the least toxic, with a 28-d LC50 > 4 mu g/L (highest concentration tested). Mayfly moulting propensity was also negatively affected by clothianidin (during 3 of 4 wk), imidacloprid (2 of 4 wk), and thiamethoxam (1 of 4 wk). Comparisons with published neonicotinoid chronic toxicity data for other mayfly taxa and larvae of the midge genus Chironomus showed similar sensitivities for mayflies and midges, suggesting that experiments using these taxa provide reliable assessments of the threats of neonicotinoids to the most vulnerable freshwater species. (C) 2019 SETAC", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
{"token": "Identification and characterization of a novel tick-borne flavivirus subtype in goats (Capra hircus) in Spain. In 2011, a neurological disease was reported in a herd of goats (Capra hircus) in Asturias, Spain. Initial sequencing identified the causative agent as louping ill virus (LIV). Subsequently, with the application of whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, empirical data demonstrates that the LIV-like virus detected is significantly divergent from LIV and Spanish sheep encephalitis virus (SSEV). This virus encoded an amino acid sequence motif at the site of a previously identified marker for differentiating tick-borne flaviviruses that was shared with a virus previously isolated in Ireland in 1968. The significance of these observations reflects the diversity of tick-borne flaviviruses in Europe. These data also contribute to our knowledge of the evolution of tick-borne flaviviruses and could reflect the movement of viruses throughout Europe. Based on these observations, the proposed name for this virus is Spanish goat encephalitis virus (SGEV), to distinguish it from SSEV.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
{"token": "Shenfu injection protects human ECV304 cells from hydrogen peroxide via its anti-apoptosis way. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that SFI could prevent the ECV304 cells against H2O2 oxidative-stress by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, reducing the membrane lipid peroxidation, as well as upregulating antiapoptotic and downregulating apoptosis protein expressions. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: When compared with control group, lower survival rate of ECV304 cells was observed in H2O2 group (p < 0.01); 20 mu l/ml, 30 mu l/ml and 40 mu l/ml SFI increased the survival rate of ECV304 cells under H2O2 oxidative stress (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). The activities of SOD and GSH-PX were higher and MDA level was lower in H2O2 group than those in control group. These effects of H2O2 on SOD, GSH-PX activities and MDA content were reversed by SFI in concentration-dependent way (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Flow cytometry and AO-EB double staining discovered that SFI pretreatment inhibited the ECV304 cells apoptosis. The protein expression of caspase3 in 30 mu l/ml and 40 mu l/ml SFI groups significantly decreased whereas Bcl2 protein expressions in 20 mu l/ml, 30 mu l/ml and 40 mu l/ml SFI groups were higher than H2O2 group, with Bax protein expression much lower than H2O2 group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01).Ethnopharmacological relevance: The pathogenesis of thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) has not been fully elucidated until now. Shenfu injection (SFI), a traditional Chinese formula has been widely used clinically for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases for more than two decade. Our previous results first suggested that SFI can cause a significant therapeutic effect on experimental TAO model rats. This experiment was designed to further investigate the protective effect of SFI on VEC damaged by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidative stress in vitro.Meterials and methods: The cell viability was evaluated by the MTT assay, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX and the content of MDA in the supernatants of the cultured ECV304 cells were evaluated by a colorimetry method, cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and an AO/EB double staining method. The protein expressions of Bcl2, Bax and caspase-3 were examined by Western blotting.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "Narrative beyond postmodernism: Scenes from Paul Auster'sSunset Park. This essay examines the way Paul Auster'sSunset Park(2010) moves beyond postmodern conceptions of narrative by treating it as a liberating phenomenon and a strategy of survival. It argues that the characters' thoughts and decisions, which value construction and communication, represent an underlying motive to transcend the generic postmodern incredulity toward narrative to reveal. Although the novel offers disjointed narratives as part of an attempt to deny unification and coherence, it also conveys a longing for connection-regardless of its possibility-to move beyond the postmodern mood of disbelief and skepticism. To clarify its argument, this essay draws on the theories of Irmtraud Huber about contemporary fiction and how new aesthetic shifts have sidelined postmodern maxim of deconstruction in favor of a more constructive approach. Therefore, by analyzing scenes fromSunset Parkthat display such a sensibility, this research attempts to examine this new understanding of the interplay between narrative and knowledge as a larger experiment beyond postmodern principles.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Structural determinants of HIV/STI prevalence, HIV/STI/sexual and reproductive health access, and condom use among immigrant sex workers globally. Objective: Given stark health inequities among precarious and criminalized workers, we aimed to apply a structural determinants framework to systematically review evidence on HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence, access to HIV/STI/SRH services, and condom use among im/migrant sex workers (ISWs) globally. Methods: Systematic search of peer-reviewed studies published in English (2009-2019). Eligible studies reported HIV/STI, access to HIV/STI/SRH services, and/or condom use outcomes and/or lived experiences among ISWs. Quantitative and qualitative data were synthesized using a structural determinants framework. Results: Of 425 studies screened, 29 studies from 15 countries were included. HIV prevalence ranged from 0.3 to 13.6% and varied across settings, with highest prevalence among undocumented ISWs in a high-income country (Portugal). Precarious immigration status was a structural factor associated with poorer HIV/STI outcomes, whereas qualitative narratives showed ISWs' lived experiences as strongly shaped by policing and stigma. Despite disparities, in some settings, HIV and STI prevalence were lower and odds of condom use with clients were higher among ISWs relative to non-im/migrant sex workers. This review identified a paucity of research on SRH and male and gender-diverse ISWs. Across legislative settings, criminalization of SW and im/migrant status, policing, and migration-related marginalization were prominent structural barriers to ISWs' HIV/STI/SRH access. Conclusion: This review identified important inequities and variation in HIV/STI prevalence among ISWs globally. Our findings highlight impacts of the intersections of migration and criminalization, and suggest a need to reform criminalized sex work laws; address punitive policing and immigration enforcement; enable safer indoor work environments; and expand community-based interventions towards promoting HIV/STI/SRH access and health equity among ISWs.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
{"token": "Temperature Influences the Interaction between SARS-CoV-2 Spike from Omicron Subvariants and Human ACE2. SARS-CoV-2 continues to infect millions of people worldwide. The subvariants arising from the variant-of-concern (VOC) Omicron include BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5. All possess multiple mutations in their Spike glycoprotein, notably in its immunogenic receptor-binding domain (RBD), and present enhanced viral transmission. The highly mutated Spike glycoproteins from these subvariants present different degrees of resistance to recognition and cross-neutralisation by plasma from previously infected and/or vaccinated individuals. We have recently shown that the temperature affects the interaction between the Spike and its receptor, the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The affinity of RBD for ACE2 is significantly increased at lower temperatures. However, whether this is also observed with the Spike of Omicron and sub-lineages is not known. Here we show that, similar to other variants, Spikes from Omicron sub-lineages bind better the ACE2 receptor at lower temperatures. Whether this translates into enhanced transmission during the fall and winter seasons remains to be determined.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Bacterial meningitis in febrile young infants acutely assessed for presumed urinary tract infection: a systematic review. Urinary tract infections, the most common severe bacterial infections in young infants, may be associated with co-existing meningitis. There is no consensus on when to perform a lumbar puncture in these infants. Our aim was to quantify the frequency of co-existing bacterial meningitis in febrile young infants acutely assessed for presumed urinary tract infections. We systematically reviewed PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for studies including infants <= 3 months with suspected/confirmed urinary tract infections, who underwent a lumbar puncture. Two investigators independently reviewed articles for inclusion and extracted relevant data. Our outcomes were culture-confirmed meningitis and identification of low-/high-risk criteria of meningitis. Overall 20/2079 studies, including 4191 infants, met inclusion criteria. A total of 11 infants had bacterial meningitis (frequency between 0 and 2.1% across studies) and were mostly neonates. Of 253 infants meeting the low-risk criteria (well-appearing, age > 21 days, procalcitonin <= 0.5 ng/ml, and C reactive protein <= 20 mg/L) none developed meningitis, but only 15 underwent lumbar puncture. Conclusion: Co-existing bacterial meningitis in febrile young infants with urinary tract infection is rare. In those meeting low-risk criteria, a lumbar puncture may not be indicated. A case by case assessment should be made in infants not meeting low-risk criteria. Trial registration: CRD42018105339What is known:center dot When caring for febrile infants <= 3 months with urinary tract infections, clinicians may have uncertainty on whether to perform a lumbar puncture (LP) for possible co-existing meningitisWhat is new:center dot An up-to-date systematic review of 20 studies found the frequency of co-existing meningitis in this population to be between 0 and 2.1%center dot Despite limited data, an LP may not be indicated in infants meeting low-risk criteria (being well-appearing, age > 21 days, procalcitonin <= 0.5 ng/ml, C reactive protein <= 20 mg/L). Ill-appearance and neonatal age appear to be significant risk factors of co-existing meningitis", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Foreign technology, spillovers, and R&D policy. We study the appropriate domestic RED policy in an asymmetric duopoly with R&D rivalry and technological spillovers from the more advanced firm. A ''foreign'' and a ''home'' firm compete over two periods on R&D and output. Initial foreign R&D lowers the cost of home's subsequent R&D improvements. The optimal policy balances the strategic incentive to reduce initial foreign R&D with the spillover incentive to increase it. If discounted home profits increase (decrease) with higher initial foreign R&D-the spillover (strategic) effect dominates-a tax (subsidy) to first-period home R&D is appropriate.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Moral friends? The idea of the moral relationship. What role do human relationships play within the moral domain? There appears to be a lot of agreement that relationships play an important role in and for morality, but certainly not any foundational one. Yet, there has been a recent interest in seeking to explain the foundation of morality in relational terms. According to these relational proposals, the very foundation of impartial morality, and in particular the domain of \\\\'what we owe to each other\\\\' can be found in the same normative structures that are characteristic of interpersonal relationships and the partial reasons they give rise to. This suggestion has been met with serious criticism, according to which any seeming appeal to a so-called moral relationship does no work in grounding morality and the obligations that we owe to each other. The present paper intends to challenge this conclusion by arguing that the objections rendered are not decisive, as a result of which we can begin to make sense of the idea that we do share a reason-giving relationship with each other in the moral sphere. The moral relationship, the paper argues, is one we simply share with each other in virtue of our shared vulnerability to attitudinal injury as rational agents.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Principle and clinical usefulness of the infrared fluorescence endoscopy. Specific antibodies tagged with ICG-derivative with the reinforcement agent canlabel cancer cells and generate a strong enough fluorescent signal to detect small cancerswhen examined with an IR fluorescence endoscope.Since there isno infrared fluorescence materials in the living body, infrared fluorescence labeling materials are very useful formaking a diagnosis of a micro cancer. We have developed an infrared fluorescence endoscope (IRFE) and indocyanin green (ICG)-derivative as infrared fluorescence labeling materials to evaluate gastrointestinal neoplastic lesions. The study aims were to apply an IRFE and to demonstrate its usefulness in detecting cancerous tissue using an antibody coupled with ICG-derivative.IRFE consisted of an infrared endoscope equipped with excitation (710-790nm) and barrier (810-920nm) filters and an intensified CCD camera. We have developed ICG N-hydroxy sulfo succinimide ester (ICG-sulfo-OSu) and 3-ICG-acyl-1, 3-thiazolidine-2-thione (ICG-ATT) as an infrared fluorescent-labeling reagent. ICG-derivative-labeledmouseanti-human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody and MUC1 antibody were employed in this study. Moreover, we examined the ability of a reinforcement agent, octylglucoside, to intensity fluorescence from the labeled antibody. Biopsy specimens of gastric cancer were stained with anti-CEA antibody by the avidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex method. Among the positive specimens, freshly resected stomach from three cases were used for the infrared (IR) imaging analysis.The incubation of freshly resected stomach specimens with ICG-anti-CEA antibody-complex resulted in positive staining of the tumor sites by IRFE, and the IR fluorescent images correlated well with the tumor sites. The immunohistochemical studies suggested that the intensity of IR fluorescence of ICG-ATT-MUC1was stronger than that of ICG-sulfo-OSu. In tumorsections, the reinforcement agent intensified fluorescence, ever at low antibody concentrations.Therefore, we conclude that an anti-CEA (and/orMUC1) antibody with affinity for cancerous lesions and labeled with ICG-derivative can be imaged with this IRFE.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Teaching arabic-spanish/catalan translation: Specificities and pedagogical challenges. Teaching Arabic-Spanish/Catalan translation requires from the trainer a certain theoretical thinking about the features that make this linguistic pair unique. Far from willing to dwell on the differences between the two linguistic and/or cultural systems in contact (since these differences exist, albeit in various levels, between any pair of languages), I analyze in this paper some of the main specificities of Arabic-Spanish/Catalan translation from a pedagogical perspective. In other words, considering its utility for Arabic translators training. On the basis of the work carried out during numerous years both as a translation lecturer and as translator from Arabic to Spanish and Catalan, I have come to isolate seven types of specific Arabic-Spanish/Catalan translation problems related to: (1) graphic and stylistic conventions; (2) documentation and use of dictionary; (3) lexical and morphological aspects; (4) textual cohesion; (5) cultural elements; (6) text type, and (7) linguistic change. This taxonomy, and subsequent thinking, can be useful both for academic curriculum design and for creating new teaching material or focused exercises. In this regard, the notion of problem plays here not only an articulatory role, but it also allows a pedagogical thinking about the most effective methods to develop students' strategic knowledge when coping with specific barriers related to this pair of languages. Many examples will be provided for each of the categories proposed.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "GENERATING HIGH FREESTREAM TURBULENCE LEVELS. This paper presents a method of generating a highly turbulent freestream flow, up to levels of 20% with a relatively uniform mean velocity field. This method was developed as a result of a combined water channel and wind tunnel study. The method for generating these high turbulence levels includes using high-velocity jets issuing into a mainstream cross-flow. A range of turbulence levels can be generated, using this same flow geometry, by adjusting the jet-to-mainstream velocity ratio or the Reynolds number of the flow.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Killing two birds with one stone: How do Plant Viruses Break Down Plant Defenses and Manipulate Cellular Processes to Replicate Themselves?. As simple organisms with a parasite nature, viruses have become masters in manipulating and subvert cellular components, including host proteins and organelles, to improve viral replication. Therefore, the understanding of viral strategies to manipulate cell function disrupting plant defenses and enhancing viral infection cycles is fundamental to the production of virus-resistant plant lines. After invading susceptible plants, viruses create conditions that favor local and systemic infections by suppressing multiple layers of innate host defenses while use cellular machinery to own benefit. Viral interference in interlinked essential cellular functions results in phenotypic changes and disease symptoms, which debilitates plants favoring infection establishment. Herein in this review, the novelty it will be the discussion about the strategies used by (+) single strand RNA viruses to affect cellular processes and components to improve viral replication, in parallel to overcome plant defenses, favoring disease establishment by applying in one action using the same viral protein to coordinate viral replication and breaking down plant defense. This focus on plant-virus interaction was never done before, and this knowledge has the potential to help in the development of new strategies to produce resistant plants.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "THE NORWEGIAN HOLOCAUST Changing views and representations. Seven-hundred-and-seventy-two Jews were deported from Norway during World War II, and Norway was de facto the only Scandinavian country incorporated in the Nazi Final Solution. Holocaust discourse in Norway has concentrated on only a few, but vital, topics: the awareness of the Final Solution among Norwegian perpetrators, the 'image' of the perpetrator, the role of the Norwegian police, and, finally, to what extent the Jews were offered help by the organized resistance.The views on these topics have changed considerably in the years since 1945, both in public discourse and in academic research. In the public discourse, the topics have regularly re-emerged, from the early 1960s until today. Academic works, however, appeared late; not until the 1980s. From the mid-1990s, the interest in Holocaust-related topics has become far more present, resulting in more academic, as well as public, interest.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The Myth of the Chersonesus Destruction: An Episode of the Literary Development of Crimea. In travel literature of the 19th century (P.I. Sumarokov, V. B. Bronevsky, I.M. Muraviev-Apostol, E.D. Clark, F. Dubois de Montpere, K. Omer de Gell and others), there was a legend that ancient Chersonesus was destroyed to extract building materials for the construction of Sevastopol. The objective data analysis shows that it is a literary myth that originates from the work of P.S. Pallas \\\\'Observations Made During Traveling Over Southern Provinces of the Russian State in 1793-1794\\\\' (1799-1801). The scholar argued that the \\\\'destruction\\\\' of Chersonesus was a consequence of the active construction of Sevastopol in the 1780s-1790s. In 1818, P.S. Pallas's viepoint was supported by N.M. Karamzin, whose History of the Russian State tells (with reference to P.S. Pallas) that Chersonesus was destroyed \\\\'to take stones to construct houses in Sevastopol\\\\'. Since then, this version of the events has become a commonplace in almost any text about Chersonesus. At the same time, some European authors (E.D. Clark, K. Omer de Gell) used this \\\\'common place\\\\' as an instrument of political propaganda. It has been documented that only four objects of modest scale were built out of Chersonesus stone in 1783: a chapel, a smithy, a pier and an admiral's house. Then, they started to produce building materials in F.F. Mekenzi's estate and in the Inkerman quarries, which made the industrial extraction of stone in Chersonesus impractical. Why did the experience of the first city constructions entail such generalizing conclusions in P.S. Pallas's book? The reconstruction of the historical situation allows to single out two main reasons. That time Crimea was considered a fragment of classical antiquity acquired by Russia. The remains of ancient constructions became the primary object of literary and research interests. However, the first travelers were deceived in their expectations, since in Crimea they mostly found medieval monuments erected on the site of ancient ones. Modern archaeologists know that in the 6th - 7th centuries ancient Chersonesus was completely rebuilt, which explains the scantiness of ancient traces. However, in the era of P.S. Pallas, it was easier to explain the absence of antique artifacts by the destruction caused by those who built Sevastopol. Yet there was another reason. Sevastopol quickly became the most populous city on the peninsula. This led to spontaneous development and unauthorized extraction of building materials, including the territory of Chersonesus. It was impossible to tackle the problem of protecting ancient monument at the level of local initiatives and funds. The exaggerations found in P.S. Pallas's writing can be explained by the awareness of the spontaneous threat to the ruins of the ancient polis. A small fragment of the text written by P.S. Pallas about the destruction of Chersonesus was rather a signal of alarm calling for measures to preserve the settlement, than a strictly historical statement. This signal, relayed by many literary texts, eventually caused the required reaction - Chersonesus became an object of historical heritage protection. However, at the same time, P.S. Pallas's text turned into a mythologeme, firmly entrenched in literary ideas about the history of Chersonesus and Sevastopol.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Archaeological prospection of a high altitude Neolithic site in the Arctic mountain tundra region of northern Sweden. During the summer of 2008 archaeological excavations and geophysical prospection surveys were carried out in the mountain tundra region of north-eastern Sweden. The investigations focused on locating settlement remains connected with a Middle Neolithic tool production site discovered by archaeologists in 2001.Magnetic susceptibility surveys using the MS2D system by Bartington Instruments and an EM38 by Geonics measuring the Inphase component of the electromagnetic field were used for the prospection of measurable traces of anthropogenic activity and structures such as hearths and middens within the estimated settlement area. Soil samples for phosphate analysis were also collected and analysed using a field analysis method developed by Merck.The magnetic susceptibility measurements successfully located a waste heap containing fire-cracked stones and refuse from a seasonal settlement. The results of the survey were confirmed by subsequent archaeological excavations, which also revealed a piece of resin with the imprint of a human tooth. One additional piece of resin dated the site to 3340-3100 BC. The soil phosphate analysis showed slightly increased values over the central part of the site and over the heap of fire-cracked stones. Comparison between the MS2D and EM38 measurements revealed a weak impact of the bedrock on the results, indicating a potential for the applicability of magnetic surveys to this specific type of environment. Future geophysical archaeological prospection in the Swedish mountain tundra region could benefit from a combined approach using high-resolution magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility measurements. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Evaluation of the occurrence of infestation by triatomines in domiciliary environments of the municipality of Aurora-CE in the period between 2012 to 2015. Background and objectives: Triatomines are invertebrate hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi, etiological agent of Chagas Disease, a parasitosis that affects mammals, including humans. Considering these insects as natural sources of infection, this study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of triatomine infestation in home environment in the Municipality of Aurora, CE between 2012 and 2015. Methods: The secondary data on catches of species and analysis of T. cruzi infection were obtained from the Chagas Disease Control Program's of Medical Entomology Laboratory Medica Zolide Mota Ribeiro in Juazeiro do Norte-CE. Results: A total of 1.176 triatomine specimens were captured, most of them found in the peridomiciliary area (85,71%), and were identified as Triatoma pseudomaculata (81,38%), T. brasiliensis (15,73%), Rhodnius nasutus (1,45%), Panstrongylus lutzi (1,28%), and Panstrongylus megistus (0,17%). Of the analyzed triatomines the majority were nymphs (64,80%), followed by adult males (17,52%) e 0,34% of them were infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. These infected insects belonged to the species Triatoma pseudomaculata (0,42%) and T. brasiliensis (0,54%), most of them in nymph stage (80%). Conclusion: The triatominal infestation index is significant in intradomicile and, especially, in the peridomicile, representing a health risk for the population of Aurora, CE, since triatomines parasitized by Trypansoma cruzi have already been diagnosed. Furthermore, the most prevalent species founded in this study are among the main vectors of Chagas disease in Cariri region, State of Ceara and Brazil.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "HIV-1 Nef Protein Visits B-Cells via Macrophage Nanotubes: A Mechanism for AIDS-Related Lymphoma Pathogenesis?. This letter refers to the recent demonstration that HIV-1 infected macrophages form specialized conduits that connect to B-cells (1). The conduit selectively transports the HIV-1 nef protein, providing nef with numerous means to interfere with cellular processes. Currently, no consideration of the connection between the conduit and the development of AIDS-related lymphoma (ARL) has been offered. ARL is one of the primary causes of death in the HIV-infected population and is related to B-cell proliferation and activation. In this letter we discuss several studies that link HIV-infected macrophages and specific forms of the nef protein to the development of ARL. The conduits discovered by Xu et al. [1] may lead to a better understanding of how HIV infection results in lymphomagenesis.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
{"token": "Improving the chiral properties of lattice fermions. The chiral properties of lattice fermions can be improved by altering either their fermion-gauge coupling or the pure gauge part of the action (or both). Using both perturbation theory and nonperturbative simulation, we compare a simple alteration of the gauge action [which encompasses the Wilson, Symanzik, Iwasaki, and doubly blocked from Wilson action in two coupling space (DWB2) actions], and hypercubic-blocked links in the fermion action. Perturbative tests include calculations of the potential, flavor-changing quark scattering amplitudes, and matching factors for currents. Nonperturbative tests include the potential, measurements of flavor symmetry breaking for staggered fermions, the behavior of topological objects, and properties of overlap actions. Our results display the bad properties of these actions as well as their good ones.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Births and ectopic prelgnancies in a large cohort of women tested for Chlamydia trachomatis. Results: We observed 9.6 births per 100 person-years of observation among women with negative tests only and 10.2 per 100 person-years among women with at least 1 positive test (hazard ratio adjusted for age at first test, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.12). Ectopic pregnancy incidence rates were higher for women with positive test(s) compared with women with negative test only (0.24 vs. 0.13 per 100 person-years; hazard ratio adjusted for age at first test and parity, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.27-2.60). Among women with at least 1 registered pregnancy, the adjusted hazard ratio was 2.03; 95 %/ CI, 1.28-3.22).Methods: Our cohort consisted of 20,762 women born during 1970 1984 who were tested for CT during 1990-2003. We linked CT data to data on ectopic pregnancies and births during 1990-2004. Cox regression with time-dependent covariates was used to assess the association between CT history and births/ectopic pregnancies adjusted for age at first test. Analyses with ectopic pregnancy as outcome were also adjusted for parity.Conclusion: Although women diagnosed with CT were at higher risk for ectopic pregnancy than women with negative test results only, our study suggest that their fertility prospects were better than they would have been had CT screening not been implemented in this population. Opportunistic CT screening is an appropriate method for maintaining female reproductive health.Background: Recent studies show divergent results concerning the risk of ectopic pregnancy following Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection.Goal: Our goal was to investigate future reproductive health outcomes (births and ectopic pregnancies) among women tested for CT.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Abundance estimations of ixodid ticks on Boran cattle and Somali sheep in Northern Tanzania. Assessing tick abundance on live animals is often required for management or research purposes, but tick counts on the entire body are time-consuming. In order to develop models to estimate tick abundance on the entire body of an animal by counting ticks on only one or two body parts, we counted ticks on one lateral side of Boran cattle (n=44) and Somali sheep (n=20) in Manyara Ranch, Northern Tanzania. Ticks were counted on nine distinct body parts (head, ears, neck, forelegs, abdomen, udder/groin, hind legs, perineum and rest of body). A total of 2559 ticks representing 10 species were collected from the two livestock species. For cattle, tick counts on the combined head (head and ear) constituted 32.02% of total ticks per animal, and were positively and significantly correlated with tick abundance on the entire host animal. In sheep, tick counts on the head (constituting 32.48% of all ticks on a host) and head including the ears (48.08%) were also highly correlated with tick abundance on the entire body. Linear regression models were established to estimate total tick abundance for cattle and sheep based on tick counts on the head and ears. These models had high predictive power (cattle: R-2=0.71; sheep: R-2=0.88) and thus appear to reliably estimate tick abundance on a given host individual. These models allow for much quicker collection time in assessing tick abundance under field conditions and hence reduce examination-related stress to the animal.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Perspectives of access to mental health care for common mental disorders. Anxiety and depressive disorders, together with substance and alcohol abuse disorders, were the disorders that contributed for the most part to the global burden of all mental disorders. However, the majority of people affected by these disorders do not receive any treatment. This is surprising, given the evidence on the efficacy of psychotherapies and antidepressants, and lead us to reflect on the possible factors that cause lack of access to mental health care.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Time-resolved XAFS study on the supporting process of Rh-6(CO)(16) cluster on gamma-Al2O3. The structural change during the supporting process of rhodium cluster [Rh-6(CO)(16)] on Al2O3 has been studied by time-resolved energy-dispersive XAFS. With the increase of temperature, the bridging CO desorbs continuously at first and almost completely desorbs until 460 K. However, less than 20% terminal CO desorbs until 420 K. About 60% terminal CO desorbs between 420 and 500 K and remaining terminal CO desorbs above 500 K. The Rh-Rh distance decreases from 0.277 to 0.268 nm suddenly between 470 and 490 K then gradually decreases to 0.264 nm. About a half Rh-O interaction grew at the same temperature as the change of Rh-Rh distance and remaining Rh-O grows up above 490 K. The support of rhodium cluster on alumina is controlled by the desorption of bridging CO and the Rh-Rh distance changes simultaneously (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Consumer-perceived quality in 'traditional' food chains: The case of the Greek meat supply chain. Recent food scares have increased consumer concern about meat safety. However, the Greek 'traditional' meat supply chain from producers to local butchers does not seem to realise the pressing consumer demand for certified meat quality. Or is it that, in such food chains, this demand is not so pressing yet? The present paper seeks to answer this question based on a survey conducted in the Athens area, involving a sample of 268 participants responsible for food purchasing decisions. The survey mainly aims to develop an integrated model of factors that affect consumer-perceived meat quality and to develop the profile of different consumer segments in relation to these perceptions. The substantial findings of the survey include the fact that, despite their enormous per capita consumption, the majority of consumers are not particularly involved in the meat-purchasing process. Rather they attach importance to visual intrinsic quality cues evaluated in a pre-purchasing context. In this respect, intrinsic quality cues are assigned a role similar to that of quality certification; coupled with the choice of traditional channels and the resulting personal relation with the butcher, they can be understood as efforts to decrease risk of the purchasing decision. Moreover, consumers with such behaviour seem to relate domestic country of origin of meat mostly with perceptions of general safety. Finally, a small, but promising trend with substantial marketing implications of frequent purchases of chicken and pork at supermarkets should not be ignored. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
{"token": "A property rights-based analysis of the illegal logging for fuelwood in Kosovo. The increased demand for fuelwood may have the side-effect of unsustainable use of forest resource. The case of Kosovo fuelwood production is of a peculiar relevance to studying the drivers of the unsustainable patterns of forest biomass use in a post-war and poor economic context. The domestic market demand for fuelwood in Kosovo is estimated at more than 1.5 hm(3), while the legal supply, including imports, is slightly higher than 0.3 hm(3). Illegal logging for satisfying Kosovo population fuelwood needs is therefore widespread. The annual illegal fuelwood harvesting represents a market of up to 21.6 million euro and is done mostly by well organised groups of individuals, with market-oriented behaviour, acting rather in State than in private forests. After identifying the drivers of illegal logging for fuelwood, the paper provides an analysis of fuelwood extraction in relation with property rights distribution, structured along two lines: a) which was the evolution of the management and exclusion rights over the forest resource during the latest decades; b) which are the current enforcement mechanisms of the property rights and how are they performing. The paper describes a decades-long history of mismatching economic property rights arrangements. Thus, the dispute between the central agency and municipalities in performing exclusion rights on timber extraction definitely weakened the Kosovo system of law enforcement. Currently, the enforcement mechanism proved to be unhelpful in controlling illegal logging. As result, most of the Kosovo fuelwood production is based on an de facto open-access regime. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
{"token": "Tripeptide inhibitors of dengue and West Nile virus NS2B-NS3 protease. A series of tripeptide aldehyde inhibitors were synthesized and their inhibitory effect against dengue virus type 2 (DENV2) and West Nile virus (WNV) NS3 protease was evaluated side by side with the aim to discover potent flaviviral protease inhibitors and to examine differences in specificity of the two proteases. The synthesized inhibitors feature a varied N-terminal cap group and side chain modifications of a P(2)-lysine residue. In general a much stronger inhibitory effect of the tripeptide inhibitors was observed toward WNV protease. The inhibitory concentrations against DENV2 protease were in the micromolar range while they were submicromolar against WNV. The data suggest that a P(2)-arginine shifts the specificity toward DENV2 protease while WNV protease favors a lysine in the P(2) position. Peptides with an extended P(2)-lysine failed to inhibit DENV2 protease suggesting a size-constrained S(2) pocket. Our results generally encourage the investigation of di- and tripeptide aldehydes as inhibitors of DENV and WNV protease. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 21]}
{"token": "Multi-classifier for reinforced concrete bridge defects. Classifying concrete defects during a bridge inspection remains a subjective and laborious task. The risk of getting a false result is approximately 50% if different inspectors assess the same concrete defect. This is significant in the light of an over-aging bridge stock, decreasing infrastructure maintenance budgets and catastrophic bridge collapses as happened in 2018 in Genoa, Italy. To support an automated inspection and an objective bridge defect classification, we propose a three-staged concrete defect classifier that can multi-classify potentially unhealthy bridge areas into their specific defect type in conformity with existing bridge inspection guidelines. Three separate deep neural pre-trained networks are fine-tuned based on a multi-source dataset consisting of self-collected image samples plus several Departments of Transportation inspection databases. We show that this approach can reliably classify multiple defect types with an average mean score of 85%. Our presented multi-classifier is a contribution towards developing a mostly or fully inspection schema for a more cost-effective and more objective bridge inspection.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Losses caused by potato cyst nematode (Globodera sp.) in Bolivia and Peru. Economic losses caused by Globodera sp. in Bolivia and Peru were estimated on basis of available documented information concerning its distribution (incidence) and yield losses (severity) in potato crop. It was established that Globodera sp. is present at different infestation densities in all prospected Andean departments of both counties. Extrapolation of cultivated areas, incidence, severity of damage, and price of the tubers, showed an economic loss of the gross value of potato production in Bolivia and Peru of US $13,000.000 and US$ 128'000,000, respectively. The dominating species in Peru was G. pallida and G. rostochiensis in Bolivia, although mixed populations of both species were also found. Globodera species were most frequently found between 3,500 masl and 4,000 masl.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Synthesis, structure-activity relationship and molecular docking studies of 3-O-flavonol glycosides as cholinesterase inhibitors. The prime objective of this research work is to prepare readily soluble synthetic analogues of naturally occurring 3-O-flavonol glycosides and then investigate the influence of various substituents on biological properties of synthetic compounds. In this context, a series of varyingly substituted 3-O-flavonol glycosides have been designed, synthesized and characterized efficiently. The structures of synthetic molecules were unambiguously corroborated by IR, H-1, C-13 NMR and ESI-MS spectroscopic techniques. The structure of compound 22 was also analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis. All the synthetic compounds (21-30) were evaluated for in vitro inhibitory potential against cholinesterase enzymes. The results displayed that most of the derivatives were potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with varying degree of IC50 values. The experimental results were further encouraged by molecular docking studies in order to explore their binding behavior with the active pocket of AChE and BChE enzymes. The experimental and theoretical results are in parallel with one another.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 36, 42]}
{"token": "The Secret of the Celts Revisited. What makes the Celts so popular today? Anton van Hamel and Joep Leerssen published on the popularity of imagery connected with pre-Christian Celts, Van Hamel seeing the holistic worldview and Leerssen mysteriousness as appealing characteristics. They explain waves of 'Celtic revival' that washed over Europe as reaction and romanticising movements that search for alternatives from contemporaneous dominant culture. Each period has produced its modernized versions of the Celtic past. Besides periodical heightened interest in things Celtic, Van Hamel saw a permanent basis of attraction in Celtic texts, which accommodate 'primitive' and romantic mentalities. This article also analyses Celtic Christianity (through The Celtic Way by Ian Bradley and The Celtic Way of Prayer by Esther de Waal) on the use of Celtic texts and imagery of Celtic culture. Two case studies are done (on the use of the Old-Irish Deer's Cry and the description of a nineteenth-century Scottish ritual). Both the current search for 'spirituality' and the last wave of 'Celtic revival' seem to have sprung from a reaction movement that criticizes dominant religion/culture and seek inspiration and precursors in an idealized past. The roots of this romantic search for a lost paradise are, however, also present in medieval Irish literature itself. Elements such as aesthetics, imaginative worlds and the posited lost beauty of pre-industrial nature and traditional society are keys in explaining the bridges among the gap between 'us' and the Celts. The realization that Celtic languages are endangered or dead heightens the feeling of loss because they are the primary gates towards this lost way of (thinking about) life.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Finding Your Crowd: The Role of Government Level and Charity Type in Revenue Crowd-Out. The literature on the relationship between government funding and private donations finds evidence of both crowd-out (a reduction in private donations due to the receipt of government funding) and crowd-in (increased donations rather than a reduction). This study uses organizational-level data and information regarding funding from multiple levels of government in Canada to provide an important contribution to the literature, which has traditionally relied upon aggregated measures of government funding. Results from dynamic panel estimations suggest that effects vary by type of charity and level of government funding source, with some subsectors displaying crowd-in, some crowd-out, and some both phenomenon depending on the level of government providing funding. These findings encourage more research into the context and variation involved in crowd-out, raising practical and theoretical questions about whether a uniform effect across subsectors or level of government funding should be expected.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Comparative seed ecophysiology of wild and cultivated Carica papaya trees from a tropical rain forest region in Mexico. To ascertain the effects of centuries of cultivation practices on seed behavior and dormancy mechanisms, we compared seed size and germination characteristics of wild and cultivated (domesticated) populations of Carica papaya L. Germination experiments were carried out under various conditions of temperature, light, seed soaking and gibberellic acid treatments. Wild papaya seeds showed responses to treatment that are characteristic of seeds of many rain forest pioneer trees. Seeds were small and light sensitive, whereas cultivated papaya seeds were 33% larger and their light responses as well as other physiological traits indicated that cultivation had resulted in a lessening in the importance of specific environmental conditions for dormancy breaking and germination.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Ocean acidification reduces hardness and stiffness of the Portuguese oyster shell with impaired microstructure: a hierarchical analysis. The rapidly intensifying process of ocean acidification (OA) due to anthropogenic CO2 is not only depleting carbonate ions necessary for calcification but also causing acidosis and disrupting internal pH homeostasis in several marine organisms. These negative consequences of OA on marine calcifiers, i.e. oyster species, have been very well documented in recent studies; however, the consequences of reduced or impaired calcification on the end-product, shells or skeletons, still remain one of the major research gaps. Shells produced by marine organisms under OA are expected to show signs of dissolution, disorganized microstructure and reduced mechanical properties. To bridge this knowledge gap and to test the above hypothesis, we investigated the effect of OA on juvenile shells of the commercially important oyster species, Magallana angulata, at ecologically and climatically relevant OA levels (using pH 8.1, 7.8, 7.5, 7.2). In lower pH conditions, a drop of shell hardness and stiffness was revealed by nanoindentation tests, while an evident porous internal microstructure was detected by scanning electron microscopy. Crystallographic orientation, on the other hand, showed no significant difference with decreasing pH using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). These results indicate the porous internal microstructure may be the cause of the reduction in shell hardness and stiffness. The overall decrease of shell density observed from micro-computed tomography analysis indicates the porous internal microstructure may run through the shell, thus inevitably limiting the effectiveness of the shell's defensive function. This study shows the potential deterioration of oyster shells induced by OA, especially in their early life stage. This knowledge is critical to estimate the survival and production of edible oysters in the future ocean.", "label": [4, 37, 38]}
{"token": "A question of morality: Artists' values and public funding for the arts. In 1989, the combination of art, religion, homosexuality, and public dollars set off an explosive two-year battle and a decade of skirmishes over funding for the National Endowment for the Arts. To promote artistic freedom and to avoid political controversy, federal arts policy delegates specific funding decisions to private donors and arts professionals. In an era of morality politics-hot-button issues driven by deeply held beliefs rather than by expertise-that strategy no longer works. Artists, donors, and arts audiences diverge widely from the rest of the American public in their attitudes toward religion, sexual morality, and civil liberties, as General Social Survey data show Delegating funding decisions to them has naturally led to some subsidies of art offensive to important segments of the population.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Adoption in the Service of Child Protection: An International Interdisciplinary Perspective. Existing over many centuries, adoption has been challenged in recent years by evidence about practices that do not respond to the principles, ethics and laws under which it should be enacted. Written from a multidisciplinary and international perspective, this article outlines the place of adoption in the child protection system, as well as its core elements of permanence and stability. Recent demographic changes in adoption throughout the world are first examined. The negative consequences of children's exposure to early adversities and the postadoption developmental trajectory of adopted people are also summarized. The focus of the argument is that adoption provides a legitimate model for the alternative care of children if undertaken within a rights and ethics framework that emphasizes children's best interests. as set out in international conventions and national laws. Implications for adoption policy and practice are presented.", "label": [2, 3, 5, 22, 29, 55]}
{"token": "Copper oxide-platinum/alumina catalysts for volatile organic compound and carbon monoxide oxidation: Synergetic effect of cerium and lanthanum. gamma -Alumina alone or modified with 3 mol% additive (La, Ce, or a mixture of both), on which Pt (0.5 mol%), copper oxide (10 mol% Cu), and CuO-Pt were supported, was characterized and tested for the oxidation of a mixture Of CO, C2H4, and CH4 in excess oxygen. Catalysts were also subjected to various thermal treatments. Due to its dispersed form, La was more effective than Ce in restraining the formation of corundum and copper aluminate. La-Ce solid solution led to an increase of cerium dispersion and a higher reducibility of ceria. Copper dissolved into the cerium lattice, in CuO/Ce-Al2O3, which, after thermal treatments at 1000 degreesC, produced smaller amounts of copper aluminate and lower particle size than on CuO/Al2O3. Besides the presence of surface Cu2+ species dispersed on alumina, on CuO/Ce-Al2O3 temperature-programmed reduction evidenced some Cu2+ interacting with ceria. The interaction between Cu and Ce led to stabilization of reduced copper and an enhancement of copper reducibility, thus leading to a substantial increase of CO oxidation for CuO/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst. The oxidation ability of Pt for CO and C2H4 was improved by the presence of CuO due to an increase of the Pt dispersion and decrease of the Pt particle size. For the oxidation of CH4 the activities of CuO and CuO-Pt were similar and superior to that of Pt, with or without additives. The presence of Ce decreased the oxidation activity of the CuO-Pt catalyst due to oxidation of Pt. However, a synergetic effect between La and Ce in the CuO-Pt/LaCe-Al2O3 catalyst led to more reduced Pt metal and ceria and a well-dispersed Pt with smaller particle size. This resulted in a highly active and thermally stable CuO-Pt/La-Ce-Al2O3 catalyst for oxidation reactions of model reactants. (C) 2001 Academic Press.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Dealing with missing data Part I. The principles of the iterative approach to deal with missing data are presented and the performance of this approach in multivariate methods such as PCA, PCR, PLS and N-way is studied. Matlab codes for these analyses are appended. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 40, 41]}
{"token": "Genetic screening for monogenic hypertension in hypertensive individuals in a clinical setting. Background Monogenic hypertension describe a series of hypertensive syndromes that are inherited by Mendelian laws. Sometimes genetic testing is required to provide evidence for their diagnoses, precise classification and targeted treatment. This study is the first to investigate the clinical utility of a causative gene screening and the combined yield of gene product expression analyses in cases with suspected monogenic hypertension. Methods We performed a large-scale multi-centre clinical genetic research of 1179 expertly selected hypertensive individuals from the Chinese Han population. Targeted sequencing were performed to evaluate 37 causative genes of potential cases of monogenic hypertension. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were classified using the American College of Medical Genetics guidelines. Additionally, 49 variants of unknown significance (VUS) that had relatively high pathogenicity were selected and analysed using immunoblot protein expression assays. Results 21 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in 33 of 1179 cases (2.80%). Gene product expression analyses showed 27 VUSs harboured by 49 individuals (4.16%) could lead to abnormally expressed protein levels. Consequently, combining genetic screening with gene product expression analyses increased the diagnostic yield from 2.80% to 6.79%. The main aetiologies established were primary aldosteronism (PA; 27, 2.29%) and pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL; 10, 0.85%). Conclusion Molecular diagnoses obtained using causative gene screening combined with gene product expression analyses initially achieved a modest diagnostic yield. Our data highlight the predominant roles of PA and PPGL. Furthermore, we provide evidence indicating the enhanced diagnostic ability of combined genetic and functional evaluation.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Guiding classroom discussions for democratic citizenship education. Classroom discussion is frequently proposes as an essential part of democratic citizenship education. Literature, however, pays little attention to what kind of discussion is most effective and how teachers can facilitate a discussion. This study aims to contribute to the development of a framework for analysing the characteristics of classroom discussions and the different roles teachers can adopt in guiding a discussionon controversial issues. In addition, we investigated how the way teachers guide the discussion is related to the structure and content features of the discussion. The framework was used to analyse five classroom discussions in secondary education. Our framework appeared to be useful for revealing differences in the structure and content features of the classroom discussions and in the way teachers guide the discussion. The results also indicated that a high degree of teacher regulation was related to high content quality and more participation from students. A high degree of student regulation was linked to more genuine discussion among students. The study underlines the importance of taking account of the teacher's role in research into the effectiveness of classroom discussions for democratic citizenship education and the study makes useful suggestions for teachers when preparing for a classroom discussion.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Who are the Asset-Poor in China: A Comprehensive Description and Policy Implications. There is a large body of literature asserting that household asset holdings play a critical role in prospects of economic and social well-being. This study examines asset-poverty rates in China using the 2013 survey data from the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP). The results indicate that asset-poverty rates in urban China were lower than those of developed countries, whereas rural and migrant households experienced more serious asset poverty than their counterparts in urban China. In addition, the asset-poverty rates were at least twice the income-poverty rates in China according to the different poverty lines used in the study. Several demographic characteristics were found associated with asset poverty. To assist the Chinese government in reaching its goal of eradicating absolute poverty by 2020 through targeted poverty alleviation, this study suggests including assets in the description and alleviation of poverty.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Susceptibility to Cunila angustifolia Essential Oil. The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), is an insect that lives in poultry houses, and high infestations may cause economic losses to producers. The control of this insect is usually done with insecticides; however, many of these chemicals have no effect on lesser mealworm. Therefore, control alternatives are needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of Cunila angustifolia (Benth) oil on larvae and adults of A. diaperinus. In vitro tests used larvae and adults of A. diaperinus distributed in petri dishes with 0, 1, 5, and 10% of oil in a single dose. In vivo tests were performed in poultry houses with five treatments: 0, 5, and 10% and chemical insecticide (cypermethrin) in a single application, and a group with 5% of oil applied twice 15 d apart. In vitro, oil bioactivity showed an efficacy of 100% both for larvae and adults, when tested at concentrations of 5 and 10%. A reduced number of larvae were observed using 1% of oil; however, it was not effective against adults as compared with the control group. In vivo, the oil effectiveness against lesser mealworm was verified by larva and adult reduction in all concentrations compared with control (0%) throughout the experiments, with better efficacy when used at 5% with two applications. Therefore, we concluded that the oil of C. angustifolia has larvicidal and insecticidal effect against A. diaperinus larvae and adults, in vitro and in vivo.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
{"token": "Transhydrogenation of pentane with 1,5-and 2,4-hexadiene over CrOx/Al2O3. Transhydrogenation of pentane (P) and 1,5-hexadiene (1,5HD) and pentane and 2,4-hexadiene (2,4HD) was studied over a CrOx/alumina catalyst at 523-773 K. Thermodynamic stability differences between the conjugated (2,4-hexadiene) and non-conjugated (1,5-hexadiene) isomers indicated that transhydrogenation was favoured between pentane and 1,5-hexadiene but not pentane and 2,4-hexadiene (+ ve increment G). At 773 K a significantly enhanced alkene yield was observed for the P/1,5HD system, clearly showing the effect of transhydrogenation. The yield of alkenes was similar to 50% and included alkylated and isomerized alkenes. Alkylation and isomerization were significant reactions under reaction conditions. Pentane was shown to affect the chemistry of 1,5HD and vice versa with the conversion of pentane significantly enhanced at all reaction temperatures, indicating a molecular interaction between the reactants even when transhydrogenation was not obvious. In contrast, no effect on the conversion of pentane was observed when the co-feed was 2,4HD. An unexpected effect of pentane on 2,4HD conversion was observed, with all reactions of cis-2,4-hexadiene (including alkylation and isomerization) being completely inhibited at low reaction temperatures (573 K and 523 K) by the presence of pentane, suggesting that pentane competes for the same sites as cis-2,4-hexadiene. Transhydrogenation activity between pentane and 1,5-hexadiene was less obvious at the lower reaction temperature, which appeared to be a kinetic effect. Direct hydrogenation of 1,5-hexadiene revealed that 1,5HD sampled the same hydrogen population for hydrogenation and transhydrogenation. Comparisons of transhydrogenation of 1-hexyne, 1,5-hexadiene, and 2,4-hexadiene with pentane have revealed significant differences in the adsorption and reaction chemistry of the three isomers.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Defences to the Invalidation and Infringement of Trade Marks: From Preclusion Due to Acquiescence to Preclusion Due to Coexistence. Trade mark coexistence is a situation in which two different parties use a similar or identical trade mark to identify similar or identical products or services. It is covered by a specific regulation, Art. 9 Trade Mark Directive, as well as by the Court of Justice case-law, which contains the principle of preclusion due to coexistence. This article examines the circumstances required for applying these rules and the relations between them.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Religion in the Age of Migration. There has been little research on the significance of religion in migration studies. The objective of this article is twofold: first, to explain religion as a complexly intertwined concept within migration discourses; second, to examine the implications of various terminologies such as Islamism, political Islam, and the politicization of Islam in the modern world within a broad migration framework. We have chosen 11 respondents from different countries by snow-ball technique to interview. The paper argues that religion becomes crucial to people's migratory experiences, aiming to construct a theoretically informed link between religion and migration. The study emphasizes the significance of international standards in ensuring migrants' 'religious rights' in host countries. The interesting thing is that migrants bring their religious beliefs, practices, and way of life with them, enriching destination countries by exposing them to new cultures and fostering social cohesiveness via peaceful coexistence.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 54, 33]}
{"token": "Assay for spermidine synthase activity by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection. An assay for spermidine synthase (SPDS) activity in rat liver has been developed using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection to enable the discovery of SPDS inhibitors. The assay was established by estimating the amount of spermidine (SPD) produced from the putrescine (PUT) present by SPDS. The SPD in an enzyme reaction mixture of homogenized rat liver could directly react with 7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-F) as a fluorescence derivatization reagent. The NBD derivatives of SPD and PUT could be separated and detected by MEKC-LIF detection within 15 min. The IC50 value measured for SPDS inhibitor, 4-methylcyclohexylamine, in rat liver by this assay was consistent with published data. Our SPDS assay using MEKC-LIF is simple and allows easy determination of SPDS activity in homogenized samples without troublesome procedures such as preparation of antibody or fluorescence-labeled substrate. The assay should be effective for discovering the SPDS inhibitors using biological samples. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "Acoustic emission characterization of the fracture process in fibre reinforced concrete. The present study occupies with the characterization of the fracture process of steel fibre reinforced concrete. Different acoustic emission indices are correlated with the accumulation of damage and the type of source. The amplitude distribution of the acquired signals is very sensitive to micro-cracking, while individual mechanisms like matrix cracking and fibre pull-out can be distinguished by the average frequency of the corresponding signals which exhibits a severe decrease at the moment of main. As a result, acoustic emission can be used as a warning against the failure of this material while the broadband transducers can be used to characterize the different damage mechanisms. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "The epidemiological, clinical, and pathological rationale for the herpes zoster vaccine. Worldwide, herpes zoster (HZ) affects millions of patients (particularly older adults) annually and causes significant suffering due to acute and chronic pain, or postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). The objective of this article is to explain the rationale for the HZ vaccine by summarizing data on the epidemiology of HZ in the immunocompetent host, with a focus on recent incidence and risk factor studies; to review information on the burden of HZ; and to discuss the challenges of lessening the morbidity of the disease. The incidence and severity of HZ and PHN are highest in older adults. Given the central nervous system damage caused by HZ, the difficulty of adequately treating HZ to prevent PHN, and the intractability of PHN, the advent of the HZ vaccine appears to be a crucial innovation for preventing HZ and PHN.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Variations of the interplanetary magnetic field and the electron and cosmic-ray intensities under the influence of Jupiter. Analysis of experimental data on the variations in the intensities of 2-12 MeV electrons and cosmic rays and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) magnitude has revealed \\\\'responses\\\\' to the influence of Jupiter in these parameters. Their amplitudes, in instrumental count units, are the following: 0.15 (71%) in the electron intensity, 48 (0.8%) in the cosmic-ray intensity, and 0.19 (2.8%) in the IMF magnitude. The maximum of the response in the electron intensity and the minimum of the response in the IMF magnitude coincide and lie near the magnetic field line that runs along the Sun-Earth-Jupiter axis. The minimum of the response in the cosmic-ray intensity is shifted against the solar rotation by 75 days from the magnetic field line connecting Jupiter and the Earth. Jupiter has the strongest influence on the intensity of high-energy electrons (71% of their total intensity).", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Towards a better understanding of supernova environments: a study of SNe 2004dg and 2012P in NGC 5806 with HST and MUSE. Core-collapse supernovae (SNe) are the inevitable fate of most massive stars. Since most stars form in groups, SN progenitors can be constrained with information of their environments. It remains challenging to accurately analyse the various components in the environment and to correctly identify their relationships with the SN progenitors. Using a combined data set of VLT/MUSE spatially resolved integral field unit (IFU) spectroscopy and HST/ACS+WFC3 high-spatial-resolution imaging, we present a detailed investigation of the environment of the Type II-P SN 2004dg and Type IIb SN 2012P. The two SNe occurred in a spiral arm of NGC 5806, where a star-forming complex is apparent with a giant HII region. By modelling the ionized gas, a compact star cluster and the resolved stars, we derive the ages and extinctions of stellar populations in the vicinity of the SNe. The various components are consistent with a sequence of triggered star formation as the spiral density wave swept through their positions. For SNe 2004dg and 2012P, we identify their host stellar populations and derive initial masses of 10.0(-0.2)(+0.3) and 15.2(-1.0)(+2.0) M-circle dot for their progenitors, respectively. Both results are consistent with those from pre-explosion images or nebular-phase spectroscopy. SN 2012P is spatially coincident but less likely to be coeval with the star-forming complex. As in this case, star formation bursts on small scales may appear correlated if they are controlled by any physical processes on larger scales; this may lead to a high probability of chance alignment between older SN progenitors and younger stellar populations.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Co-creating public services in social hackathons: adapting the original hackathon concept. IMPACT The co-creation method highlighted in this article provides public sector managers with the knowledge and tools to help them design and plan innovative solutions for local services. The article analyses the characteristics of social hackathons and how they can be used in improving public services. The authors shows how social hackathons can bring the public sector and the community together around problems and lay the ground for collaborative relationships. Such relationships reinforce value for the partnerships and increase mutual understanding in designing public services.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Complete genome sequence of two tomato-infecting begomoviruses in Venezuela: evidence of a putative novel species and a novel recombinant strain. At least six begomovirus species have been reported infecting tomato in Venezuela. In this study the complete genomes of two tomato-infecting begomovirus isolates (referred to as Trujillo-427 and Zulia-1084) were cloned and sequenced. Both isolates showed the typical genome organization of New World bipartite begomoviruses, with DNA-A genomic components displaying 88.8% and 90.3% similarity with established begomoviruses, for isolates Trujillo-427 and Zulia-1084, respectively. In accordance to the guidelines for begomovirus species demarcation, the Trujillo-427 isolate represents a putative new species and the name \\\\'Tomato wrinkled mosaic virus\\\\' is proposed. Meanwhile, Zulia-1084 represents a putative new strain classifiable within species Tomato chlorotic leaf distortion virus, for which a recombinant origin is suggested.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "A Single Mutation in the GALC Gene Is Responsible for the Majority of Late Onset Krabbe Disease Patients in the Catania (Sicily, Italy) Region. A high proportion of patients with late onset forms of Krabbe disease is observed in a region north of Catania in Sicily. Molecular analysis in five families from this region shows that this condition is mainly due to a not previously described p.Gly41Ser substitution in the GALC gene that abolishes catalytic activity of the galactocerebrosidase enzyme, as shown by expression studies. Three patients were homozygous for this mutation, the other two were heterozygous, one with a frameshift mutation and one with a missense mutation on the second allele. Therefore, the mutation must be a mild one since it leads to late onset disease in all patients. In addition, it is on a unique haplotype indicating that it represents a founder mutation. This is also supported by the fact that the mutation was not found in three late onset patients from other regions in Sicily, in whom four novel mutations were identified. (C) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "An inconvenient truth: barriers to truth recovery in the aftermath of institutional child abuse in Ireland. Contemporary settled democracies, including the USA, England and Wales and Ireland, have witnessed a string of high-profile cases of institutional child abuse in both Church and State settings. Set against the broader literature on transitional justice, this analysis argues that there are significant barriers to truth recovery within the particular context of historical institutional abuse by the clergy in the Republic of Ireland. In the main, it argues that the frameworks of the inquiries and commissions into historical institutional child abuse are not conducive to truth recovery or the search for justice in dealing with the legacy of an abusive past. It is the Church-State relationship which makes the Irish situation noteworthy and unique. The Catholic Church and child care institutions are especially self-protective, secretive and closed by nature, and strongly discourage the drawing of attention to any deficiencies in organisational procedures. The nature of the public inquiry process also means that there is often a rather linear focus on accountability and apportioning blame. Collectively, such difficulties inhibit fuller systemic investigation of the veracity of what actually happened and, in turn, meaningful modification of child care policies. The paper concludes by offering some thoughts on the implications for transitional justice discourses more broadly as well as the residual issues for Ireland and other settled democracies in terms of moving on from the legacy of institutional child abuse.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Molecular mechanisms of Nod factor diversity. The rhizobia-legume symbiosis is highly specific. Major host specificity determinants are the bacterial Nod factor signals that trigger the nodulation programme in a compatible host. Nod factors are lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) varying in the oligosaccharide chain length, the nature of the fatty acids and substitutions on the oligosaccharide. The nod genotype of rhizobia, which forms the genetic basis for this structural variety, includes a set of nodulation genes encoding the enzymes that synthesize LCOs. Allelic and non-allelic variation in these genes ensures the synthesis of different LCO structures by the different rhizobia. The nod genotypes co-evolved with host plant divergence in contrast to the rhizobia, which followed a different evolution. Horizontal gene transfer probably played an important role during evolution of symbiosis. The nod genotypes are particularly well equipped for horizontal gene transfer because of their location on transmissible plasmids and/or on 'symbiosis islands', which are symbiotic regions associated with movable elements.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "The importance of conceptual models in the reactive transport simulation of oxygen ingress in sparsely fractured crystalline rock. Redox evolution in sparsely fractured crystalline rocks is a key, and largely unresolved, issue when assessing the geochemical suitability of deep geological repositories for nuclear waste. Redox zonation created by the influx of oxygenated waters has previously been simulated using reactive transport models that have incorporated a variety of processes, resulting in predictions for the depth of oxygen penetration that may vary greatly. An assessment and direct comparison of the various underlying conceptual models are therefore needed. In this work a reactive transport model that considers multiple processes in an integrated manner is used to investigate the ingress of oxygen for both single fracture and fracture zone scenarios. It is shown that the depth of dissolved oxygen migration is greatly influenced by the a priori assumptions that are made in the conceptual models. For example, the ability of oxygen to access and react with minerals in the rock matrix may be of paramount importance for single fracture conceptual models. For fracture zone systems, the abundance and reactivity of minerals within the fractures and thin matrix slabs between the fractures appear to provide key controls on O(2) attenuation. The findings point to the need for improved understanding of the coupling between the key transport-reaction feedbacks to determine which conceptual models are most suitable and to provide guidance for which parameters should be targeted in field and laboratory investigations. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Invisible children? Non-recognition, humanitarian blindness and other forms of ignorance in Sabah, Malaysia. In the Malaysian state of Sabah, public antipathy towards the presence of large numbers of migrant workers influences a widespread ignorance of the educational and other exclusions of their children. Children of migrants are rendered invisible in Sabahan cultural discourse because they are not recognized as proper subjects, or even as 'normal' children. Cultural denial of such children's circumstances can be seen in local newspaper reports that consider such children with reference to fears of 'illegals' and their threat to future Sabahan citizens. This discourse draws on a particular understanding of child deservingness, and utilizes what Cohen describes as 'neutralization techniques'. However, such apparently wilful blindness can best be understood by considering it on a spectrum of different forms of ignorance and denial. This includes the blatant lack of recognition afforded by powerful individuals who should be more aware of the children of their workers, the humanitarian blindness of volunteer teachers who over-emphasize the saving power of education, and the complex and situational ignorance of children of migrants themselves. Appreciating other, potentially more benign or protective, forms of denial is crucial to understanding how ignorance of the complexity of the situation of children of migrants continues, even among those hoping to resolve it.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Wide range optofluidically tunable multimode interference fiber laser. An optofluidically tunable fiber laser based on multimode interference (MMI) effects with a wide tuning range is proposed and demonstrated. The tunable mechanism is based on an MMI fiber filter fabricated using a special fiber known as no-core fiber, which is a multimode fiber (MMF) without cladding. Therefore, when the MMI filter is covered by liquid the optical properties of the no-core fiber are modified, which allow us to tune the peak wavelength response of the MMI filter. Rather than applying the liquid on the entire no-core fiber, we change the liquid level along the no-core fiber, which provides a highly linear tuning response. In addition, by selecting the adequate refractive index of the liquid we can also choose the tuning range. We demonstrate the versatility of the optofluidically tunable MMI filter by wavelength tuning two different gain media, erbium doped fiber and a semiconductor optical amplifier, achieving tuning ranges of 55 and 90 nm respectively. In both cases, we achieve side-mode suppression ratios (SMSR) better than 50 dBm with output power variations of less than 0.76 dBm over the whole tuning range.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Development and Feasibility of an Interactive Smartphone App for Early Assessment and Management of Symptoms Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy. Background Patients who have undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy because of pancreatic cancer experience distressing symptoms and unmet supportive care needs after discharge. To meet these needs, we have developed a mobile health app (Interaktor) for daily assessment of symptoms and access to self-care advice that includes a risk assessment model for alerts with real-time interactions with professionals. Objective The study aim was to develop and test a version of the Interaktor app adapted for patients who have undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods The app was developed and tested for feasibility in 6 patients during 4 weeks. One nurse monitored and responded to alerts. Logged data from the app were collected, and all participants were interviewed about their experiences. Results Adherence to reporting daily was 84%. Alerts were generated in 41% of the reports. The patients felt reassured and cared for and received support for symptom management. The app was easy to use, had relevant content, and had few technical problems, although suggestions for improvement were given. Conclusions The daily reporting of symptoms and having access to a nurse in real time in the case of an alarming symptom seem to enhance symptom management and render a feeling of security in patients. Some modifications of the app are needed before use in a larger sample. Implications for Practice: Daily reporting of symptoms after pancreaticoduodenectomy enhances symptom management, self-care, and participation without being a burden to patients, indicating that mobile health can be used in clinical practice by patients with poor prognosis who experience severe symptoms.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Investigation on effect of solar energy generation on electricity price forecasting. Penetration of renewable energy resources into grid is necessary to meet the elevated demand of electricity. In view of this penetration of solar and wind power increasing immensely across the globe. Solar energy is widely expanding in terms of generation and capacity addition due its better predictability over wind energy. Electricity pricing is one of the important aspects for power system planning and it felicitates information for the electricity bidder for accurate electricity generation and resource allocation. The important task is to forecast the electricity price accurately in grid interactive environment. This task is tedious in renewable integrated market due to intermittency issue. In this paper, investigation has been done on the effect of solar energy generation on electricity price forecasting. Different state of the art Machine learning (ML) models have been applied and compared with LSTM model for electricity price forecasting and the evaluation of the impact of solar energy generation on electricity price has been done. During the investigation it was found from the results that the LSTM model outperform all other models and impact of solar energy generation on electricity price is evaluated using forecasting metrics. The forecasted electricity price considering the factor of solar energy generation was lower as compared with the forecast without solar energy generation. The reliability test of the MAPE values has been performed by calculating confidence interval for proposed model.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Energy expenditure and sex differences of golf playing. The purpose of the study was to assess the average physical intensity and energy expenditure during a single round of golf on hilly and flat courses in a heterogeneous group of healthy men and women of varying age and golf handicap. Forty-two males and 24 females completed an incremental cycle-ergometer exercise test to determine exercise performance markers. The heart rate (HR), duration, distance, walking speed, ascent and descent were measured via a global positioning system (GPS)/HR monitor during the game and energy expenditure was calculated. Playing 9 or 18-holes of golf, independent of the golf course design, the average HR was not significantly different between sexes or the subgroups. The intensities were light with respect to the percentage of maximal HR and metabolic equivalents of task (METs). Total energy expenditure of all participants was not significantly different for hilly (834 +/- 344kcal) vs. flat courses (833 +/- 295kcal) whereas male players expended significantly greater energy than female players (926 +/- 292 vs. 556 +/- 180kcal), but did not have significantly greater relative energy expenditure (2.8 +/- 0.8 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.7 METs). As a high volume physical activity, playing golf is suggested to yield health benefits. Since the intensity was well below recommended limits, golf may have health related benefits unrelated to the intensity level of the activity.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Prolactin response to d-fenfluramine in postmenopausal women on and off ERT: comparison with young women. Estrogen is thought to have an impact on both psychological well being and cognitive function. The biological basis to this is not fully understood, but may involve estrogen's interactions with central serotonergic (5-HT) systems. Therefore, we studied the effect of long-term estrogen hormone replacement therapy (ERT) on central 5-HT tone in healthy postmenopausal women and made comparisons with young women. Prolactin (PRL) responses to the specific 5-HT releasing and re-uptake inhibiting agent, d-fenfluramine, were measured in three groups of healthy women: 11 young, 11 postmenopausal on long-term ERT, and 11 postmenopausal ERT naive. PRL responses were significantly decreased in ERT naive women compared to young healthy women. In contrast, PRL responses were not different between estrogen-treated and young women. Overall, there was a significant relationship between older age and lower PRL responsivity. These results suggest that central 5-HT tone is reduced in healthy postmenopausal women who are ERT naive, but not in postmenopausal women who have received prolonged estrogen treatment. Estrogen may modulate age-related changes in 5-HT tone. This may partly explain why estrogen can decrease vulnerability to mood disorders and cognitive changes in postmenopausal women. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "On the Translation of Founding Narratives into Cartographic Images: America in Le Testu's Cosmographie Universelle (1556). This article analyzes the links between the first travel accounts of the New World and the production of cartographic images of America in Guillaume Le Testu's Cosmographie Universelle (1556). Produced in 1556 and dedicated to Admiral of France Gaspard de Coligny, the Norman pilot's manuscript atlas was created in the context of growing French colonial interest in Terra Brasilis. The transposition of America's founding narratives into cartographic images as presented in Le Testu's Cosmographie is interpreted here as an act of translation lato sensu. The translation of the continent's travel accounts in the strictest sense of the word, and the adaptation of New World information to new audiences and political contexts are also examined in the analysis of this manuscript nautical atlas.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Vision-based behavior control of autonomous systems by fuzzy reasoning. Vision-based motion control of an autonomous vehicle operating in real world requires fast image processing and robustness with respect to noisy sensor readings and with respect to varying illumination conditions. In order to improve vehicle navigation performance in out-door environments, this paper presents methods for recognizing landmarks based on fuzzy reasoning. Firstly, a fuzzy thresholding algorithm is proposed to segment roads and to extract white line marks on streets from images. Secondly, some special domain knowledge about edges on roads represented by fuzzy sets is integrated into the rule base of a fuzzy edge detector. Based on this, the fuzzy thresholding algorithm is adopted to recognize road edges. In addition, a method for path planning in sensor space is presented and a path following behavior based on a fuzzy rule base is defined to control vehicle motion. The proposed methods are applied to navigate the THMR-III autonomous vehicle in out-door environments. Some experimental driving maneuvers have been performed to prove their effectiveness and their robustness....", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Taxonomy and species diversity of Padina (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) from the Indo-Pacific with the description of two new species. Taxonomy, species diversity, and geographical distribution of the marine brown algal genus Padina (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) from tropical South-East Asian waters were investigated through a combination of morphological and molecular analyses. The study presents a new schematic diagram showing a suite of morphological characters including thallus hairline structures that are useful for species delineation in the genus. This study also revealed two new species from Myanmar, P. gracilis sp. nov. and P. lata sp. nov. based on molecular and morphological data. P. gracilis is characterised by a 2-layered thallus, thin hairlines on both surfaces of the thallus at equal distances, non-indusiate reproductive sori distally very close to the hairlines on the inferior surface, and the presence of Vaughaniella stage. P. lata is characterized by a 2-4-layered tiny thallus, broad hairlines located only on the inferior thallus surface, non-indusiate reproductive sori abutting the hairlines on the inferior surface and irregularly spreading on the superior surface, and the presence of Vaughaniella stage. This study also revealed new distributional records for four Padina species: P. okinawaensis from Myanmar and P. fasciata, P. ryukyuana and P. terricolor from the Philippines. These findings point to elevated species diversity in central Indo-Pacific waters. This study confirmed that most of the Padina species in the Pacific regions are showing overlapping distribution across the regions, in contrast to species from the Indian Ocean, which tend to be confined to specific localities.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
{"token": "Intersectional Encounters, Representative Bureaucracy, and the Routine Traffic Stop(sic)(sic)(sic)Palabras claves. We evaluate the factors associated with an officer's decision to search a driver or vehicle after a routine traffic stop, and we compare the accuracy of these searches by looking at the share leading to arrest. Racial disparities in search rates by race and gender of driver are similar for all types of officers; all tend to search Black male drivers at higher rates than any other demographic. White male officers have higher search rates for all types of drivers. Further, they conduct the greatest share of \\\\'fruitless searches\\\\' (those not leading to arrest), and these searches are particularly targeted on those drivers with the greatest number of cumulative disadvantages.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Developing and evaluating a novel technique for recording and asynchronous delivery of lectures. A novel and inexpensive technique for recording the handwritten, audio and video information in a lecture is described. The recording may be streamed to a standard free, multimedia player over any Internet connection (from 56kbaud modern upwards). In being able to handle graphical and mathematical material this method is particularly suited to the delivery of engineering lectures to off-campus students. An evaluation of student impressions of the technique is presented, and conclusions are drawn.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 15]}
{"token": "In vitro and in vivo expression studies of yopE from Yersinia enterocolitica using the gfp reporter gene. The Yersinia outer protein YopE belongs to the translocated effector proteins of pathogenic yersiniae. We constructed various truncated yopE genes fused to gfp (encoding the green fluorescent protein) to study yopE gene expression and YopE-GFP translocation of Y. enterocolitica in cell culture and mouse infection models. The hybrid gene fusions were co-expressed in Y. enterocolitica (i) on a low-copy plasmid in the presence of the virulence plasmid pYV08 (in trans configuration) and (ii) after co-integration by homologous recombination of a yopE-gfp-carrying suicide plasmid into pYV08 (co-integrate configuration). After 30 min of infection of HEp-2 cell monolayers, extracellularly located yersiniae began to emit green fluorescence after excitation. In contrast, internalized bacteria were weakly fluorescent. Translocation of YopE-GFP into HEp-2 cells by attached yersiniae was visualized by optical sectioning of fluorescent HEp-2 cells using confocal laser scanning microscopy and was confirmed by immunoprecipitation of cytosolic YopE-GFP from selectively solubilized HEp-2 cells. The co-translocation of other Yops was not significantly impaired by YopE-GFP as shown by YopH/ YopE-mediated suppression of the oxidative burst of infected neutrophils. The time course of yopE-gfp expression (in trans as well as in the co-integrate configuration) in the HEp-2 cell infection model as well as after in vitro induction was studied using a highly sensitive CCD camera and a flow cytometer. Similar results were obtained with a YopE-LUC (firefly luciferase) protein fusion as reporter. After intraperitoneal, intravenous and orogastrical infection of Balb/c mice with the recombinant yersiniae strains, green fluorescing bacteria could be visualized microscopically in the peritoneum, the spleen, the liver and in the Peyer's patches. However, only weakly fluorescent yersiniae were observed in the intestinal lumen. These results were quantified by flow cytometric measurements. The application of gfp as a reporter gene turned out to be promising for the study of protein translocation by protein type III secretion systems and differential virulence gene expression in vivo.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "Pseudomonas fildesensis sp. nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from Antarctic soil of King George Island, South Shetland Islands. The strain KG01(T) was isolated from a soil sample from King George Island, Antarctica. Cells of KG01(T) are rod-shaped and motile by means of multiple polar flagella. The absence of arginine dihydrolase activity could be a key feature to readily distinguish KG01(T) from its closest phylogenetic relative species. The main fatty acids of the strain include summed feature 3 (C-16:1 omega 7c and/or C-15:0 iso 2-OH), C-16:0 and C-18:1 omega 7c. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and on a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, rpoB, rpoD, gyrB) were carried out. These analyses allowed us to include the strain within the Pseudomonas fluorescens group, presenting the highest similarity of multilocus sequence with Pseudomonas veronii LMG 17761(T) (96.67%). The genome of KG01(T) was sequenced and in silico compared with genomes of the most closely related species of the P. fluorescens group. The average nucleotide identity (ANIb) and average amino acid identity (AAI) values of the species phylogenetically closest to KG01(T) were less than 95-96%, threshold currently accepted to define strain as belonging to a bacterial species, the highest scores being those to Pseudomonas veronii LMG 17761(T) (87.98%) and Pseudomonas marginalis ICMP 3553(T) (91.90%). Therefore, the phenotypic and genotypic analyses results, allow us to propose that KG01(T) represents a member of a novel species of the genus Pseudomonas, for which the name Pseudomonas fildesensis is proposed, and KG01(T) (=CECT 9084(T);=DSM 102036(T)) is established as the type strain.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Whole-genome sequence of Schistosoma haematobium. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by blood flukes (genus Schistosoma; schistosomes) and affecting 200 million people worldwide(1). No vaccines are available, and treatment relies on one drug, praziquantel(2). Schistosoma haematobium has come into the spotlight as a major cause of urogenital disease, as an agent linked to bladder cancer(1,3) and as a predisposing factor for HIV/AIDS(4,5). The parasite is transmitted to humans from freshwater snails'. Worms dwell in blood vessels and release eggs that become embedded in the bladder wall to elicit chronic immune-mediated disease(6) and induce squamous cell carcinoma(7). Here we sequenced the 385-Mb genome of S. haematobium using Illumina-based technology at 74-fold coverage and compared it to sequences from related parasites(8,9). We included genome annotation based on function, gene ontology, networking and pathway mapping. This genome now provides an unprecedented resource for many fundamental research areas and shows great promise for the design of new disease interventions.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Keeping one step ahead: A qualitative study among Norwegian health-care providers in hospitals involved in care coordination for patients with complex needs. Results: Common for the interviewees' care coordination experiences was to \\\\'keep one step ahead.\\\\' The scope of their coordination activities varied from diagnostics and treatment to orchestrating long-term, cross-sectional multi-disciplinary care. This work was often performed without designated resources. The interviewees applied experience, knowledge, and sensitivity when defining the patients' needs and searching for resources to orchestrate coordination work. They strived to balance the needs of patients with the resources available and adjusted the continuity ambitions on behalf of their patients to what they considered doable in the relevant contexts. However, many told of negotiating special solutions for selected patients with particularly complex needs.Discussion: Care coordination for patients with complex needs emerged as diverse and context-sensitive. Acknowledgement of coordination activities that go beyond established workflow routines and clinical pathways, together with flexible leadership support and accessible infrastructural resources are needed.Methods: A qualitative study using semi-structured individual, duo, and group interviews with 16 purposefully selected Norwegian health-care providers from different hospitals, departments, professions and with various roles. A thematic cross-case analysis using systematic text condensation was performed.Introduction: Various efforts aim to enhance continuity of care for patients with long-term health-care needs. Since 2012, Norwegian hospitals are mandated to appoint individual care coordinators for patients with complex needs to ensure continuity in the care pathway. New roles must meld with current practice. Implementation has been slow. This study investigates current care coordination across hospital contexts, from the perspective of health-care providers, a scarcely researched area.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Marine feeding areas and vertical movements of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as inferred from recoveries of data storage tags. We released 598 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) hatchery smolts in a river in Iceland in 2005 and 2006 tagged with data storage tags recording temperature and (depth) continuously. Five salmon returned in 2006 and two in 2007, all spending 1 year at sea. The complete temperature and depth profiles of the whole ocean migration were measured. The salmon stayed close to the surface most of the time and showed diurnal behavior, staying at slightly deeper waters during day. The salmon were in temperatures from 6 to 15 degrees C, with warmer temperatures in the summer. We compared the fish-recorded temperature with sea surface temperature from an available National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration database to locate the fish at different times. Utilizing the diurnal behavior of the salmon, we estimated solar noon each day during winter. Sea surface temperatures and diurnal activity were used to estimate daily locations using established Hidden Markov Model for fish geolocation. The salmon in the study stayed southwest of Iceland in the Irminger Sea during the first summer months, but in the fall they moved towards the Faroes Islands and then back to the Irminger Sea where they stayed, until returning to the river. The salmon also took shorter and deeper dives (>100 m) during the latter part of their ocean migration.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "SPICEE: An Extension of SPICE for Sparse Endmember Estimation in Hyperspectral Imagery. An extension to the sparsity promoting iterated constrained endmember (SPICE) algorithm, named as SPICEE, has been presented. In ICE and SPICE, endmembers are estimated using a pseudoinverse method, which may generate endmembers that are not physically possible when representing normalized reflectance spectra. Although this problem can be alleviated by increasing the regularization, too much regularization leads to finding erroneous endmembers. To solve these problems, in this letter, a quadratic optimization solution is proposed that constrains the endmembers to have values between zero and one. The results on three data sets indicate that when regularization is large enough, SPICE and SPICEE generate similar answers; and when regularization is small to none, SPICEE stays more robust. In doing so, besides generating realistic endmembers, SPICEE helps in decreasing the effort necessary for fine-tuning the regularization parameter.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Pre-analytical quality indicators in laboratory medicine: Performance of laboratories participating in the IFCC working group 'Laboratory Errors and Patient Safety' project. Quality indicators (QIs) are key tools for improving the quality of laboratory services, by reducing error rates and safeguarding patient safety. A body of accumulated evidence confirms the relevance of QIs and their impact on the overall quality of laboratory information. The consensus achieved on a list of \\\\'harmonized\\\\' QIs, along with the system used for data collection and reporting throughout an international benchmarking programme, has enabled achieving realistic performance targets, based on knowledge of the state-of-the-art. Data collected in 2017 and 2018 have been analyzed and performance measures obtained by laboratories participating in the project are summarized in the present article. The laboratory performance measures have been classified into three levels (optimum, desirable or minimum) in agreement with the widely accepted model of analytical quality specifications.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Thomas Willis' legacy on the 400 (th) anniversary of his birth. To celebrate the 400 (th) anniversary of the birth of Thomas Willis, his main contributions to the development of neurosciences, in particular neurology, are presented. Willis coined the term neurology and contributed significantly to the field of neuroanatomy, with the description of the arterial circle-located at the base of the brain-, which bears his name. He also described the striatum and cranial nerves. Furthermore, as a clinical neurologist, Willis participated in the description of various diseases, including myasthenia gravis and restless legs syndrome.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
{"token": "Neutralization of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 activity reduced fibrosis and enhanced regeneration of glycerol -injured rat muscle. Recently, we have shown that glycerol induces early fibrosis in rat muscles which persists up to two weeks after injury. The current study aims to determine the possible factor associated with fibrosis of rat muscle following glycerol injury. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats received either glycerol only (as a control) or a co-treatment of neutralizing antibody to transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 (5 and 12.5 mu g). Both antibody doses significantly decreased fibrosis and improved muscle regeneration suggesting that anti-TGF-beta 1 antibody has both antifibrotic and myogenic effects. In conclusion, fibrosis developed in glycerol-injured rat muscles, might be mediated, in part, by the upregulation of TGF-beta 1 expression. Targeting TGF-beta 1 could be a promising approach for inhibiting fibrosis and enhancing muscle regeneration.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Fictional father?: Oliver Sacks and the revalidation of pathography. This paper is a revalidation of Oliver Sacks's role in the development of medicine's narrative turn and, as such, a reinterpretation of the history of narrative in medicine. It suggests that, from the late 1960s, Sacks pioneered in his Romantic Science' a new medical mode that reunited the seemingly incommensurable art and science of medicine while also offering a way for medical humanities to shape clinical reasoning more effectively.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The Performance Prediction of Electrical Discharge Machining of AISI D6 Tool Steel Using ANN and ANFIS Techniques: A Comparative Study. AISI-D6 steel is widely used in the creation of dies and molds. In the present paper, first the electrical discharge machining (EDM) of the aforementioned material is performed with a testing plan of 32 trials. Then, artificial neural networks (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were applied to predict the outputs. The effects of some significant operational parameters-specifically pulse on-time (Ton), pulse current (I), and voltage (V)-on the performance measures of EDM processes such as the material removal rate (MRR), tool wear ratio (TWR), and average surface roughness (Ra) are extracted. To lead the process operators, process plans (i.e., parameter-effect correlations) are created. The outcomes exposed the upper values of pulse on-time caused by higher amounts of MRR and Ra, and likewise lower volumes of TWR. Furthermore, growing the pulse current resulted in upper volumes of the material removal rate, tool wear ratio, and surface roughness. Besides, the higher input voltage resulted in a lower amount of MRR, TWR, and Ra. The estimation models developed by using experimental data recounting MRR, TWR, and Ra. The root means the square error was used to determine the error of training models. Furthermore, the estimated outcomes based on the models have been proven with an unseen validation set of experiments. They are found to be in decent agreement with the experimental issues. The investigation shows the powerful learning capability of an ANFIS model and its advantage in terms of modeling complex linear machining processes.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "LC-MS/MS Validation of a Residue Analysis Method for Penicillin G and Its Metabolites in Commercial Orange Juice. Florida citrus depends on a breakthrough in the fight against citrus greening disease. Of the antibiotics used to treat this disease, penicillin G has been one of the most effective. Because orange fruit grown in the state of Florida are mainly used to produce orange juice, we have validated an ultra-HPLC tandem MS method to screen for penicillin G and its metabolites (penillic and penilloic acids) at the chemical residue level after treatment. In this method, three spike levels (0.25, 1, and 20 ng/g) were tested in triplicate. Absolute recoveries for penillic and penilloic acids were 60-75% depending on the matrix used, whereas corrected recoveries of penicillin G using an isotopically labeled internal standard were 100%. Two product ion transitions per analyte were required for identification, which contributes to a high degree of selectivity.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Conceptual Instability and the New Epistemic Possibility. We tend to think that our concepts are stable in the sense that, whilst their extensions may vary across distinct epistemic scenarios, the reference-fixing conditions by which we discover these extensions remain fixed. This paper challenges this orthodoxy. In particular, it aims to motivate the position that some concepts are unstable in that their reference-fixing conditions themselves vary across distinct epistemic scenarios. Furthermore, it aims to draw out the implications such instability has for epistemic possibility and apriority. I shall argue that when unstable concepts are concerned epistemic space will be widened, which in turn will restrict our a priori knowledge; and in ways that might be salient to solving certain familiar philosophical problems.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Photoelectrochemical biosensor for CEA detection based on SnS2-GR with multiple quenching effects of Au@CuS-GR. A novel signal on-off type photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensing system was designed for sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) based on tin disulfide nanosheets loaded on reduced graphene cxide (SnS2-GR) as the photoactive material and gold nanoparticles coated on reduced graphene oxide-functionalized copper sulfide (Au@CuS-GR) for signal amplification. It's the first time for SnS2-GR was exploited as a sensing matrix. Here, the photocurrent signals of SnS2 were amplified attributed to the sensitization effect of graphene. As signal amplifier, Au@CuS-GR could quench the photocurrents of SnS2-GR not only through the p-n type semiconductor quenching effect as well as the steric hindrance effect, but also as peroxidase mimetics to catalyze the oxidation of 4-Chloro-1-naphthol (4-CN) to produce insoluble product on the electrode surface. Based on the multiple signal amplification ability of Au@CuS-GR, CEA was detected sensitively with a linear range from 0.1 pg mL(-1) to 10 ng mL(-1) and limit of detection down to 59.9 fg mL(-1)(S/N = 3). Meanwhile, the PEC biosensor displayed excellent performance in the assay of human serum sample, showing good application prospects for various target analysis.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 36, 15, 42]}
{"token": "Financial crisis and global imbalances: its labour market origins and the aftermath. The objective of this paper is to articulate how the 2007-09 economic crisis is rooted in the uneven income distribution and inequality caused by the current finance-led model of growth. The process of financialisation that took place in the 1980s in the USA and then in the European Union was coupled with labour flexibility, wage moderation and soaring profits. The flexibility agenda of the labour market and the end of wage increases, along with the contraction of indirect wages (i.e. public social expenditure), diminished workers' purchasing power. This was partly compensated with increased borrowing opportunities and the boom of credit consumption, all of which helped workers to maintain unstable consumption capacity. However, in the long term, unstable consumption patterns derived from precarious job creation, job instability and poor wages have weakened aggregate demand. Hence, labour market issues such as flexibility, uneven income distribution, poor wages and the financial crisis are two sides of the same coin. Both have a direct impact on the economic crisis and the current global imbalances.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "A critical review for Cairo's green open spaces dynamics as a prospect to act as placemaking anchors. In recent decades, the integration of nature into cities has witnessed a wave of progressive advancement due to the environmental and anthropological disciplines. However, cities still face numerous challenges in terms of providing and maintaining green spaces. Thus, collaboration and partnerships between various stakeholders are being promoted as a possible solution to such a dilemma with a specific focus on community engagement and placemaking. This research examines the gaps triggering the scarce green open space challenge in Cairo, Egypt, as an example of a rapidly urbanising city in the Global South. In contrast to previous research on green spaces in Cairo, the current study investigates the cascade of the different scales and hierarchical levels of strategies as well as stakeholders concerned with green spaces. The results demonstrate the importance of understanding the dynamics and activating stronger networks between different stakeholders, especially on the community scale. The current research also highlights the importance of determining the actual value of green open spaces for various stakeholders as an essential entry point for placemaking. In addition, it is urging considering the multifunctionality of green spaces as a basis for formulating and negotiating an urban greening policy and strategy in Cairo.", "label": [1, 5, 17, 52]}
{"token": "Genetic variation in the GDNF promoter affects its expression and modifies the severity of Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) in rats carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is necessary for the migration of neural crest stem cells in the gut However, mutations in GDNF per se are deemed neither necessary nor sufficient to cause Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). In a previous study, a modifier locus on chromosome 2 in rats carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations was identified, and several mutations in the putative regulatory region of the Gdnf gene in AGH-Ednrb(sl) rats were detected. Specifically, the mutation -232C>T has been shown to be strongly associated with the severity of HSCR. In the present study, the influence of genetic variations on the transcription of the Gdnf gene was tested using dual-luciferase assay. Results showed that the mutation -613C>T, located near the mutation -232C>T in AGH-Ednrb(sl) rats, decreased Gdnf transcription in an in vitro dual-luciferase expression assay. These data suggested an important role of -613C in Gdnf transcription. Expression levels of the Gdnf gene may modify the severity of HSCR in rats carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "On Topologies Generated by Lower Porosity. In the paper we study properties of a lower porosity of a set in a normed space (X, parallel to parallel to). Two topologies (p) under bar (X, parallel to parallel to) and (s) under bar (X, parallel to parallel to) on X generated by the lower porosity are defined. Relationships between these topologies and, previously defined by V. Kelar and L. Zajicek, topologies p(X, parallel to parallel to) and s(X, parallel to parallel to) are studied. Applying topologies (p) under bar (X, parallel to parallel to) and (s) under bar (X, parallel to parallel to) we characterize maximal additive class of lower porouscontinuous functions. Some relevant properties of defined topologies are considered.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Two new enchytraeid species from Jeju Island, Korea (Annelida, Clitellata). The enchytraeid fauna of three areas in Jeju Island (Korea) was studied, and comparative morphological and molecular taxonomic examinations (based on COI, ITS and H3 sequences) were performed on nine samples collected in 2016. Twenty-two enchytraeid species were recorded and identified. The descriptions of two new species (Achaeta multisacculata sp. n. and Fridericia floriformis sp. n.) are presented in this paper. The main diagnostic features of A. multisacculata sp. n. are: three pairs of pyriform glands per segment, clitellum with two \\\\'baguette-like\\\\' packages of glands, dorsal blood vessel from VII, secondary pharyngeal glands absent, oesophageal appendages well developed, two pairs of preclitellar nephridia, the reproductive organs (except the spermathecae in V) shifted one segment forward. The main features of F. floriformis sp. n. are that they are large worms, have up to 2-4 chaetae in bundles, strong body wall, thick cuticle, five pairs of preclitellar nephridia, c-type coelomo-mucocytes sometimes with some retractile vesicles, chylus cells in XII-XV, sperm funnels approximately twice as long than wide, spermathecae with long ectal duct without glands, ampullae surrounded distally by about 9-12 sessile diverticula of varying size. Molecular phylogenetic analyses supported the morphological results and confirmed the status of the two new species.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Bronchoscopy for foreign body removal in children. A review and analysis of 210 cases. Objective: A foreign body aspiration in the tracheobronchial tree is a dangerous and common medical emergency in childhood, with serious and potentially lethal consequences. It must be suspected in children with a suggestive history, even though the clinical symptoms or radiographic findings are not pathognomonic for foreign body aspiration. Methods: In this study 210 pediatric cases, with a suggestive history of foreign body aspiration undergoing bronchoscopy in the last 8 years in the department, were reviewed. In all cases bronchoscopy was performed under general anesthesia using a Storz ventilation bronchoscope with distal cold light illumination. Results: In 130 patients a foreign body was discovered, in 17 cases pus was aspirated and in 63 cases there were no findings. Seventy-eight (60%) foreign bodies were found in the right main bronchus, 43 (33.1%) in left main bronchus, seven (5.4%) in both bronchi and two (1.5%) were found in the subglottic area. The incidence of bronchoscopy during the last 8 years was 28 procedures per 100 000 children population per year in the island of Crete. Conclusion: More attention should be given to the need for a careful history and the use of radiographs as supplemental information to make the decision to perform a bronchoscopy. The parents, also, should pay attention not to allow children dry fruits and small toys, as well as, teaching their children to avoid any physical or emotional activity while having a full mouth. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Anterior Knee Pain: State of the Art. Anterior knee pain (AKP) is one of the most common conditions to bring active young patients to a sports injury clinic. It is a heterogeneous condition related to multiple causative factors. Compared to the general population, there appears to be a higher risk of development of patellofemoral osteoarthritis in patients with AKP. AKP can be detrimental to the patient's quality of life and, in the larger context, significantly burdens the economy with high healthcare costs. This study aims to present a comprehensive evaluation of AKP to improve clinical daily practice. The causes of AKP can be traced not only to structures within and around the knee, but also to factors outside the knee, such as limb malalignment, weakness of specific hip muscle groups, and core and ligamentous laxity. Hence, AKP warrants a pointed evaluation of history and thorough clinical examination, complemented with relevant radiological investigations to identify its origin in the knee and its cause. Conservative management of the condition achieves good results in a majority of patients with AKP. Surgical management becomes necessary only when it is deemed to provide benefit-when the patient has well-characterized structural abnormalities of the knee or limb that correlate with the AKP clinically or in situations where the patient does not obtain significant or sustained relief from symptoms. AKP has a multifactorial etiology. The treatment strategy must be individualized to the patient based on the patient profile and specific cause identified. Hence, treatment of AKP warrants a pointed evaluation of history and thorough clinical examination complemented with relevant radiological investigations to identify the condition's origin and its cause. A holistic approach focused on the patient as a whole will ensure a good clinical outcome, as much as a focus on the joint as the therapeutic target.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "SPECIES ATTRIBUTION OF HAIR OF THE PAZYRYK FUR COAT FROM THE OLON-KURIN-GOL-10 BURIAL GROUND, MONGOLIA (BASED ON MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS). The analysis of hair from a fur coat found in a Pazyryk burial from Olon-Kurin-Gol-10, the Mongolian Altai, suggests that pelts of various animals were used. Hair from various parts of the coat and from the quiver found at the same burial ground was analyzed both macroscopically and microscopically. The comparison with standard samples of hair from the Zoological Museum of the Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology and with published data indicates that the fur came from sable (Martes zibellina L.), red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L.), and sheep (Ovis aries L.). Also, horse (Equus caballus L.) hair was used in the design. Samples from the quiver contained horsehair and that of deer apparently reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.).", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Caffeine indirectly activates Ca2+-ATPases in the vesicles of cardiac junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum. Agents that activate or inhibit the Ca2+ release channel in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) were tested for their abilities to affect the activity of the SR Ca2+-ATPase. Vesicles of junctional SR (heavy SR, HSR) from terminal cistemae were prepared from porcine cardiac muscle by density gradient centrifugation. The steady-state activity of Ca2+-ATPases in intact HSR vesicles was 347 +/- 5 nmol/min . mg protein (+/- SD). When the HSR vesicles were made leaky, the activity was increased to 415 +/- 5 nmol/min . mg protein. This increase is probably due to the uncoupling of HSR vesicles. Caffeine (10 mM), an agonist of the SR Ca2+ release channel, increased Ca2+-ATPase activity in the intact HSR vesicle preparation to 394 +/- 30 nmol/min . mg protein. However, caffeine had no significant effect in the leaky vesicle preparation and in the purified Ca2+-ATPase preparation. The effect of caffeine on SR Ca2+-ATPase was investigated at various concentrations of Ca2+. Caffeine increased the pump activity over the whole range of Ca2+ concentrations, from 1 mu M to 250 mu M, in the intact HSR vesicles. When the SR Ca2+-ATPase was inhibited by thapsigargin, no caffeine effect was observed. These results imply that the caffeine effect requires the intact vesicles and that the increase in Ca2+-ATPase activity is not due to a direct interaction of caffeine with the enzyme. We propose that the activity of SR Ca2+-ATPase is linked indirectly to the activity of the Ca2+ release channel (ryanodine receptor) and may depend upon the amount of Ca2+ released by the channels.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Elevation of sulfatides in ovarian cancer: An integrated transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis including tissue-imaging mass spectrometry. Conclusions: This study combined transcriptomic and lipidomic approaches to establish that sulfatides are elevated in ovarian cancer and should be evaluated further as factors that might be important in ovarian cancer biology and, possibly, as biomarkers.Results: Analysis of 12 ovarian tissues graded as histologically normal or having epithelial ovarian tumors by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC ESI-MS/MS) established that most tumor-bearing tissues have higher amounts of ST. Because ovarian cancer tissues are comprised of many different cell types, histological tissue slices were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-tissue-imaging MS (MALDI-TIMS). The regions where ST were detected by MALDI-TIMS overlapped with the ovarian epithelial carcinoma as identified by H & E staining and histological scoring. Furthermore, the structures for the most prevalent species observed via MALDI-TIMS (d18:1/C16:0-, d18:1/C24:1- and d18:1/C24:0-ST) were confirmed by MALDI-TIMS/MS, whereas, a neighboring ion(m/z 885.6) that was not tumor specific was identified as a phosphatidylinositol. Microarray analysis of mRNAs collected using laser capture microdissection revealed that expression of GalCer synthase and Gal3ST1 (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate:GalCer sulfotransferase) were approximately 11-and 3.5-fold higher, respectively, in the ovarian epithelial carcinoma cells versus normal ovarian stromal tissue, and they were 5- and 2.3-fold higher in comparison with normal surface ovarian epithelial cells, which is a likely explanation for the higher ST.Background: Sulfatides (ST) are a category of sulfated galactosylceramides (GalCer) that are elevated in many types of cancer including, possibly, ovarian cancer. Previous evidence for elevation of ST in ovarian cancer was based on a colorimetric reagent that does not provide structural details and can also react with other lipids. Therefore, this study utilized mass spectrometry for a structure-specific and quantitative analysis of the types, amounts, and tissue localization of ST in ovarian cancer, and combined these findings with analysis of mRNAs for the relevant enzymes of ST metabolism to explore possible mechanisms.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "An overlooked treatise in Greek political thought: An essay on 2 Maccabees as a Hellenistic politico-theological manifest. This essay does not dwell yet again on traditional issues associated with 2 Maccabees usually discussed through a Jewish lens by dozens of modern scholars. It also does not view the book within its traditional Jewish Hellenistic \\\\'Sitz im Leben,\\\\' with its self-evident Hellenistic-Jewish reading audience, and its aim is neither to draw a distinction between Greek topoi and biblical motifs nor to discuss its values as an historical text. Rather, the article assumes a pagan reading publicum alongside a Jewish Hellenistic one that, in contradistinction with its Jewish audience, could easily see in 2 Maccabees a standard narrative of a life in a Greek polis under foreign rule, where the \\\\'ancestral constitution\\\\' plays a significant role, so typical of Greek poleis from the classical period (Delian league) through the Hellenistic era (Macedonian Ptolemaic and Seleucid empires). Reading the book as a Greek would have can give us new insights concerning its socio-political and theological message (independently of its Jewish one). The article reconstructs a politeia as a learned Greek would have done. The book can actually be read as a reflection, or rather a microcosmos of the second century B.C.E. in the Greek sphere during the Hellenistic period. The overall message of the book emerges different than that broadcasted to the Hellenistic Jews, and constitutes a rich mine of theoretical information about the relationship between a subject city and an empire.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Identification of (-)-epicatechin as the direct substrate for polyphenol oxidase isolated from litchi pericarp. Postharvest browning of litchi fruit results in a short life and a reduced commercial value. The experiments were conducted to separate, purify and identify the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) substrates that cause litchi fruit to brown. PPO and its substrates were, respectively, extracted from fruit pericarp tissues. The substrates for litchi PPO were separated and purified using polyamide column chromatography, silica gel column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography. The substrate was further identified by 0.5% FeCl3 solution and enzymatic reaction with litchi PPO. On the basis of UV, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, and ESI-MS data, the direct substrate for the PPO from litchi fruit pericarp, tissues was identified to be (-)-epicatechin. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Did Max Weber's Agony and Ecstasy Influence His Scholarship?. When exploring the intellectual history of a discipline, one cannot help but wonder about the \\\\'real\\\\' person behind the scholarship. To what extent do personal life experiences influence a scholar's theories, conceptualizations, and expectations? Max Weber, the German scholar whose intellectual curiosity was, at least partially, inspired by strong personal anxieties, became one of the most influential social scientists of the twentieth century. His own intellectual and personal obsessions, along with the efforts of his wife and colleagues to present his work to a larger audience, had much to do with who he was, as well as the body of scholarship that he created.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "The influence of meteorological conditions of the preceding winter on the incidences of tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in the Czech Republic. Data on tick-borne encephalitis (TBE: 1995-2004, 4122 cases) and Lyme borreliosis (LB: 1999-2004, 7391 cases) occurring in the Czech Republic in the territory of Bohemia were extracted from the database EPIDAT (National Institute of Public Health, Prague). The relationship of the incidence of these diseases to meteorological characteristics of the preceding winter was examined. Included were data from 22 meteorological stations distributed over the territory of Bohemia in areas of high TBE and LB incidence (from the database of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague). Nineteen factors characterizing the severity of winter as a whole were examined. The closest correlation (statistically not significant) was between the incidence of TBE and the frost index, followed by the minimum winter temperature during the preceding winter season. Several other comparisons revealed similar correlation coefficients slightly below the limit of significance, nevertheless. even they also support the finding that the severity of winter influences TBE incidence in the following season. The occurrence of LB correlated in similar, not fully significant manner. The most distinct results were achieved with the number of days of thaw and the number of ice days. For both diseases, the meteorological parameters indicating the severity of winter are inversely proportional. (c) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 43, 21]}
{"token": "Lived experience of vulnerability from a Gypsy Roma Traveller perspective. DesignThis descriptive phenomenological study sought to explore the lived experience of vulnerability in a Gypsy Roma Travelling community.Relevance to clinical practiceThere is a wealth of evidence that Gypsy Roma Travellers experience high levels of morbidity and mortality, which has led to them being identified by health professionals and policy makers as a vulnerable community. Exploring their lived experience of vulnerability presents a different perspective regarding this concept and can help explain why they may experience poorer levels of physical and mental health.FindingsSix constituents of the phenomenon of vulnerability were identified as feeling: defined and homogenised as a group; pressurised to conform to live in a particular way; split in one's identity; a loss of one's heritage; discriminated, persecuted and threatened; and powerlessness.MethodsSeventeen Gypsy Roma Travellers were interviewed in 2013-2014 about their experiences of feeling vulnerable. This paper reports on the findings from the depth phase in which 13 individuals were interviewed. The interviews were conducted and analysed using Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological approach.Aims and objectivesTo describe the lived experience of vulnerability of individuals within a Gypsy Roma Travelling community.BackgroundPeople experience vulnerability whenever their health or usual functioning is compromised. This may increase when they enter unfamiliar surroundings, situations or relationships. One's experience of vulnerability can also be heightened through interactions between the individual and the society within which they live. Gypsy Roma Travellers are often identified as vulnerable owing to increased morbidity and mortality as well as their marginalised status within society. Yet little is known of the experiences of vulnerability by the individuals themselves. Without their stories and experiences, health professionals cannot effectively develop services that meet their needs.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "A BIM-based space-oriented solution for hospital facilities management. Purpose This paper aims to propose a space-oriented solution as an interface enabling the knowledge transfer between the building and the facilities management (FM) industry. Design/methodology/approach The research gap is explored based on practical investigations in six large-scale hospitals in China. The theory of engineering systems integration inspires the proposed solution. A practical scenario is demonstrated to explain the workflow of this solution. Findings It is founded that lagging information updates of FM systems in hospital project are one of the main reasons for inefficient and costly FM workflow. Building information modelling (BIM) model could provide accurate building information to the FM systems at the building handover stage. However, few researchers focus on the continuous information transfer solution from the BIM model to FM systems during the building in-use phase. An interface should be established for the \\\\'conversation\\\\' between the frequent changes of building and the FM systems in the post-construction period. Practical implications The information updates in three FM systems due to space changes in a hospital project is considered as a practical scenario in this paper. It is presented with the workflow and the data logic chain. Originality/value The originality of this paper is to propose a solution to integrate the space information provided by the BIM model with the parameters of particular FM systems. This solution deploys a BIM model for the FM industry. The solution could allow the FM personnel to ease operations and maintenance workflow by updating the space information in the BIM model.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Reversible rock-slope deformations caused by cyclic water-table fluctuations in mountain slopes of the Central Alps, Switzerland. Within the framework of the Gotthard Base Tunnel Project in the Central Alps, Switzerland, geodetic monitoring networks were installed above the tunnel trajectory in alpine valleys. Natural ground-surface deformation recorded in the years prior to the tunneling excavation was seen to contain an unexpectedly large cyclical component of horizontal strain across the valleys, which was seasonal and appeared to be due to elastic processes. The strain is strongly correlated with snow melt and rainstorm precipitation, suggesting the implied rock-mass deformation is driven by changes in water-table elevation within adjacent mountain slopes. The horizontal strains are of the order of 1-2 center dot A 10(-5), which is close to the design limits that can be accommodated by hydropower arch dams in the study area. This study investigates these processes in detail and describes a new mathematical model (REROD), which is able to accurately reproduce and predict such natural rock-slope displacements. The model implements a transfer-function approach to predict the valley-crossing strains from rainfall and winter snow height data recorded at nearby meteorological stations. It has been used to estimate and remove the natural strain signal from the net recorded deformation so as to resolve the component due to tunneling.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) promotes IgE-mediated mast cell activation through ROS/Gadd45b/JNK axis. Conclusions: PM2.5 regulates ROS production through Gadd45b/MEKK4/JNK pathway, facilitating IgEmediated mast cell activation.Background: Mast cells play an important role in allergic responses and persistently exposure to environmental fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exacerbates allergic diseases,but the details remained elucidative.Objectives: To investigate the effect of PM2.5 on IgE-mediated mast cell responses through an IgEmediated mouse model and mast cell activation. Methods: The beta-hexosaminidase release and a BALB/c model of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) was used to test IgE-mediated mast cells activation in vitro and in vivo. RNA-Seq technique was conducted to study the gene expression profile. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured by flowcytometry. RT-PCR,WB and ELISA were performed to examine targeting molecules expression. Results: PM2.5 facilitated IgE-mediated degranulation and increased cytokines expression in mast cells. Meanwhile, the Evan's blue extravasation as well as serum cytokines in mice was increased after treatment with PM2.5. Furthermore, PM2.5 treatment dramatically increased the expression of Gadd45b which is an oxidative stress molecule that directly activates down-stream pathway, such as MEKK4/JNK. PM2.5 treatment activated MEKK4, JNK1/2 but not ERK1/2 and p38. Meanwhile, Knockdown of Gadd45b significantly attenuated PM2.5-mediated JNK1/2 activation and expression of cytokines. In addition, a JNK1/2-specific inhibitor SP600125 blocked IgE-mediated mast cell activation and cytokine release in PCA model mice. Moreover, PM2.5 treatment increased the ROS level and ROS inhibitor dramatically blocked the PM2.5-induced ROS production and reversed the PM2.5-mediated gene expression in the mitochondrial respiratory chain.(c) 2021 Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Benthic nutrient fluxes on a basin-wide scale in the Skagerrak (north-eastern North Sea). Benthic ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate fluxes were measured on a basin-wide scale (14 locations) in the open Skagerrak. Fluxes were measured in situ at two of the locations using a benthic chamber lander. The benthic flux measurements revealed patterns of geographic variation of nutrient fluxes in the Skagerrak. Nitrate fluxes generally reflected sediment deposition patterns and were mainly directed into the sediment in the high accumulation areas, and out of the sediment in areas with relatively little import of allochtonous organic matter. The nitrate fluxes were related to GIN-ratios of sediments. Low C/N-ratios were associated with high (in relative terms) nitrate effluxes and high C/N-ratios were associated with high nitrate fluxes into the sediment, suggesting that the fastest net regeneration (and nitrification) of nitrogen occurred in nitrogen-rich (low C/N) sediments. The nitrate flux into nitrogen-poor (high C/N) sediments appeared to be due to denitrification in the main sediment deposition areas, where mainly allochtonous organic matter is thought to accumulate. Areas of net benthic nitrification were thus on the Danish shelf and in the western part of the Norwegian Trench. Areas of net denitrification were in the eastern, northeastern and also central deep part of the Skagerrak. In these areas virtually all of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen fluxes were directed into the sediment and they are suggested to constitute considerable sinks for non-gaseous nitrogen. Phosphate fluxes were highest in the central deep part and lower on the margins of the Skagerrak. They appeared to be positively related to clay contents of sediments. Silicate fluxes varied little: almost all fluxes were between 1 and 2 mmol . m(-2). d(-1). Sediment oxygen uptake did not correlate with any of the nutrient fluxes except with those of silicate. It is suggested that benthic silicate fluxes reflected the deposition of a large proportion of the fast-sinking, autochtonously produced diatoms on the sea-floor of the Skagerrak, whereas a great deal of other fresh in situ produced algal material may be flushed out of this sea.There was no relation between either organic carbon contents of sediments or water depths and benthic fluxes of any of the nutrients. The phosphate and silicate fluxes measured did not correlate with any of the other nutrient fluxes, nor with each other. The ammonium fluxes were, however, generally inversely related to the nitrate fluxes with high (in relative terms) influxes of ammonium correlating with high effluxes of nitrate. We suggest this was due to nitrification, and that the nitrifying bacteria could not meet their ammonium demand with what was regenerated in the sediment, so that additional ammonium had to be taken up from the overlying water. High nitrite influxes were associated with both high nitrate influxes and effluxes. Uptake of nitrite from the overlying water in association with nitrate effluxes is interpreted as a consumption of nitrite during nitrification, and uptake of nitrite in association with nitrate uptake was probably mainly due to nitrite consumption during denitrification. The observed relation between nitrite and nitrate fluxes indicates that the rate-limiting step in benthic nitrification was the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite, and in denitrification it probably was the reduction of nitrate to nitrite.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Recessive loss of function PIGN alleles, including an intragenic deletion with founder effect in La Reunion Island, in patients with Fryns syndrome. Fryns syndrome (FS) is a multiple malformations syndrome with major features of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, pulmonary hypoplasia, craniofacial dysmorphic features, distal digit hypoplasia, and a range of other lower frequency malformations. FS is typically lethal in the fetal or neonatal period. Inheritance is presumed autosomal recessive. Although no major genetic cause has been identified for FS, biallelic truncating variants in PIGN, encoding a component of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis pathway, have been identified in a limited number of cases with a phenotype compatible with FS. Biallelic variants in PIGN, typically missense or compound missense with truncating, also cause multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 1 (MCAHS1). Here we report six further patients with FS with or without congenital diaphragmatic hernia and recessive loss of function PIGN alleles, including an intragenic deletion with a likely founder effect in La Reunion and other Indian Ocean islands. Our results support the hypothesis that a spectrum of phenotypic severity is associated with recessive PIGN variants, ranging from FS at the extreme end, caused by complete loss of function, to MCAHS1, in which some residual PIGN function may remain. Our data add FS resulting from PIGN variants to the catalog of inherited GPI deficiencies caused by the disruption of the GPI-anchor biosynthesis pathway.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Enterovirus 71 triggering of neuronal apoptosis through activation of Abl-Cdk5 signalling. The molecular mechanism behind what causes an infection of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in young children to result in severe neurological diseases is unclear. Herein, we show that Cdk5, a critical signalling effector of various neurotoxic insults in the brain, is activated by EV71 infection of neuronal cells. EV71-induced neuronal apoptosis could be effectively repressed by blocking either Cdk5 kinase activity or its protein expression. Moreover, EV71-induced Cdk5 activation was modulated by c-Abl. The suppression of c-Abl kinase activity by STI571 notably repressed both the Cdk5 activation and neuronal apoptosis in cells infected with EV71. Although EV71 also induces apoptosis in non-neuronal cells, it did not affect Abl and Cdk5 activities in several non-neuronal cell lines. Intriguingly, coxsackievirus A16 (CA16), a genetically closely related serotype to EV71 that usually does not induce severe neurological disorders, could only weakly stimulate Abl, but not Cdk5 kinase activity. Taken together, our data suggest a serotype- and cell type-specific mechanism, by which EV71 induces Abl kinase activity, which in turn triggers Cdk5-signalling for neuronal apoptosis.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "Out of Africa? A dated molecular phylogeny of the cicada tribe Platypleurini Schmidt (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), with a focus on African genera and the genus Platypleura Amyot & Audinet-Serville. The Platypleurini is a large group of charismatic cicadas distributed from Cape Agulhas in South Africa, through tropical Africa, Madagascar, India and eastern Asia to Japan, with generic diversity concentrated in equatorial and southern Africa. This distribution suggests the possibility of a Gondwanan origin and dispersal to eastern Asia from Africa or India. We used a four-gene (three mitochondrial) molecular dataset, fossil calibrations and molecular clock information to explore the phylogenetic relationships of the platypleurine cicadas and the timing and geography of their diversification. The earliest splits in the tribe were found to separate forest genera in Madagascar and equatorial Africa from the main radiation, and all of the Asian/Indian species sampled formed a younger clade nested well within the African taxa. The tribe appears to have diversified during the Cenozoic, beginning c. 50-32 Ma, with most extant African lineages originating in the Miocene or later, well after the breakup of the Gondwanan landmass. Biogeographical analysis suggests an African origin for the tribe and a single dispersal event founding the Asian platypleurines, although additional taxon sampling and genetic data will be needed to confirm this pattern because key nodes in the tree are still weakly supported. Two Platypleurini genera from Madagascar (Pycna Amyot & Audinet-Serville, Yanga Distant) are found to have originated by late Miocene dispersal of a single lineage from Africa. The genus Platypleura is recovered as polyphyletic, with Platypleura signifera Walker from South Africa and many Asian/Indian species apparently requiring assignment to different genera, and a new Platypleura concept is proposed with the synonymization of Azanicada Villet syn.n. The genera Orapa Distant and Hamza Distant, currently listed within separate tribes but suspected of platypleurine affinity, are nested deeply within the Platypleurini radiation. The tribe Orapini syn.n. is here synonymized while the tribe Hamzini is pending a decision of the ICZN to preserve nomenclatorial stability.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Expression and localization of brain ankyrin isoforms and related proteins during early developmental stages of rat nervous system. Expression and localization of two isoforms of brain ankyrin, 440- and 220-kDa ankyrin,, were studied in the developing nervous system of the rat fetus. The 440-kDa ankyrin, appeared on as early as embryonic day 13, and its level increased progressively toward the day of birth, which was similar to the expression pattern of growth-associated protein (GAP)-43, a well-established axonal protein. On the other hand, 220-kDa ankyrin, was expressed at a low level but constitutively throughout the latter prenatal period and was a major isoform even before embryonic day 14. Whereas the localization of 440-kDa ankyrin, was essentially confined to the axons, judging from the similarity with that of GAP-43, 220-kDa ankyrin, showed a rather general distribution in neural tissue. The localization of L1, known as an ankyrin(B)-binding protein, was similar to that of 440-kDa ankyrin, in the brain tissue, whereas it was similar to that of 220-kDa ankyrin, in cultured neurons, suggesting that the interaction of L1 with brain ankyrins in neurons is affected by their environment.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
{"token": "` Crisis and Policy Change: The Role of the Political Entrepreneur. This paper seeks to investigate the inner mechanics of policy change. It aims to discover how ideas enter the political arena, and how endogenous forces within the policy making environment transform ideas into new policies. The central hypothesis is that in times of crisis, new ideas emanate from a number of change agents, but in order for any of these ideas to enter the institutional environment, one specific agent of change must be present: the political entrepreneur. Without political entrepreneurs, ideational change, and subsequent policy change, would not occur. The paper sets out a framework for identifying and explaining the endogenous drivers of policy change, and then tests this framework on two case studies, from two countries.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Characterization of DNAPL source zones with partitioning tracers: underscoring of partitioning kinetics. Pollution source characterization by the Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test method requires the assessment of the partitioning coefficient of the tracers with the pollutant. Experiments conducted on batch tests (static) and laboratory columns (dynamic) indicated a partitioning kinetics between the reactive tracer (4-methyl 2-pentanol) and the organic phase (trichlorethene); the partitioning coefficient decreases when the flow velocity through the porous medium increases. This partitioning kinetics has been confirmed by the interpretation of the tracer breakthrough curves with a first-order kinetic transfer model.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Efficacy of 3-day low dose quinine plus clindamycin versus artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenyan children (CLINDAQUINE): an open-label randomized trial. Background The World Health Organization recommends quinine plus clindamycin as first-line treatment of malaria in the first trimester of pregnancy and as a second-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria when artemisinin-based drug combinations are not available. The efficacy of quinine plus clindamycin was compared with that of artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children below 5 years of age. Methods An open-label, phase 3, randomized trial was conducted in western Kenya. Children aged 6-59 months with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were randomly assigned (1:1) via a computer-generated randomization list to receive 3 days of twice a day treatment with either oral quinine (20 mg/kg/day) plus clindamycin (20 mg/kg/day) or artemether-lumefantrine (artemether 20 mg, lumefantrine 120 mg) as one (for those weighing 5-14 kg) or two (for those weighing 15-24 kg) tablets per dose. The primary outcome was a PCR-corrected rate of adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) on day 28 in the per-protocol population. Results Of the 384 children enrolled, 182/192 (94.8%) receiving quinine plus clindamycin and 171/192 (89.1%) receiving artemether-lumefantrine completed the study. The PCR-corrected ACPR rate was 44.0% (80 children) in the quinine plus clindamycin group and 97.1% (166 children) in the artemether-lumefantrine group (treatment difference - 53.1%, 95% CI - 43.5% to - 62.7%). At 72 h after starting treatment, 50.3% (94 children) in the quinine plus clindamycin group were still parasitaemic compared with 0.5% (1 child) in the artemether-lumefantrine group. Three cases of severe malaria were recorded as serious adverse events in the quinine plus clindamycin group. Conclusions The study found no evidence to support the use of a 3-day low dose course of quinine plus clindamycin in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children under 5 years of age in Kenya, where artemether-lumefantrine is still effective. Trial Registration: This trial is registered with the Pan-African Clinical Trials Registry, PACTR20129000419241.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Micropolitical innovation arenas as a tool for analyzing innovation processes in the context of electronic government. E-Government requires technical and organizational innovation. Research has already shown that the respective innovation process is complex and contingent upon specific organizational structures. Managing such innovation processes successfully is difficult. Drawing on assumptions of micropolitical behavior, a framework of innovation arenas is proposed. It supports the analysis of ongoing E-Government projects as well as the ex post investigation of successful or failed projects. Testing this framework in case studies already demonstrates its usefulness for individual actors making strategic choices about change management. Furthermore, the results indicate that many commonly held assumptions about successful change management have to be reconsidered.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Identifying Expensive Trades by Monitoring the Limit Order Book. This paper provides an analysis of the impact of microstructure variables on the transaction costs for split orders on 171 Euronext large cap stocks. First, using the adaptive Lasso selection method, we conduct an exploratory study to identify which microstructure variables best explain the transaction costs of split orders. Then, we propose an ordinal logistic model to classify ex ante transaction costs into buckets. Our empirical work demonstrates that our model performs very well both in-sample and out-of-sample. All the findings show that microstructure information is of great importance for any investor who attempts to manage the execution of split orders throughout the day. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
{"token": "Gap Functions and Error Bounds for Weak Generalized Ky Fan Inequalities. In this paper, we study a weak generalized Ky Fan inequality with cone constraints through image space analysis. First, we characterize the separation for the weak generalized Ky Fan inequality with cone constraints using the saddle points of generalized Lagrangian function. Then, we use regular weak separation functions to construct gap functions and regularized gap functions for the weak generalized Ky Fan inequality with cone constraints in a general way, and establish its error bounds in terms of these gap functions.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Durability of ternary blends containing high calcium fly ash and slag against sodium sulphate attack. Cementing blends containing high-calcium fly ash (HCFA) is known to have low resistance to sulphate attack. This paper presents the results of an experimental program that focuses on attempts to enhance the performance of HCFA through the incorporation of granulated blast furnace slag in the mix. The expansions of various blends were evaluated using the mortar bar test according to ASTM C1012. Mortar bars were made with 100% Portland cement (control mix), binary blends of either HCFA or slag, and ternary blends of HCFA/slag. The expansions were measured up to two years. The addition of slag was found to improve the resistance to sulphate. When the level of combined HCFA and slag reached 60% of the total cementing materials, there was a significant reduction in the expansion regardless of the level of each of the individual material. In addition to expansion results, the paper evaluates the role of chemical and mineralogical composition of the cementing blend, the ion diffusion of the mixtures, and the calcium hydroxide consumption on the sulphate resistance of the different blends. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "A mass spectrometry-based proteornic approach to study Marek's Disease Virus gene expression. Marek's Disease Virus (MDV) is an avian herpesvirus that causes a lymphoproliferative disorder in chickens. MDV transitions between a lytic phase in which new viruses are produced and a latent phase in which the virus lays dormant. The mechanism controlling this lytic-to-latent switch remains unclear. To better understand the lytic phase of MDV infection, a mass spectrometry-based strategy was developed to identify viral proteins and to qualitatively examine their abundance in lytically infected chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells. A combination of strong cation exchange chromatography (SCXC) and microcapillary reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (mu rpLC/MS/MS) was used to resolve peptides from tryptic digests of MDV-infected CEF cell lysates. Peptides were identified by searching the tandem mass spectra against a protein database containing both MDV proteins and all currently available Gallus gallus proteins using the SEQUEST algorithm. A total of 427 MDV peptides, corresponding to 82 unique proteins, were identified, with 56 of them detected with at least two unique peptides. Overall, nearly 80% of all putative MDV proteins expressed in infected CEF cells were identified. We anticipate that this approach will be a viable method for determining how viral and host proteome changes occurring in Marek's Disease pathogenesis regulate the switch between the lytic and latent phases of the MDV life cycle. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
{"token": "Improved Satellite Cell Proliferation Induced by L-Carnosine Benefits Muscle Growth of Pigs in Part through Activation of the Akt/mTOR/S6K Signaling Pathway. (1) Background: L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine), a natural dipeptide, exists at relatively high concentrations in skeletal muscles, and has been shown to protect cells from adverse conditions due to its antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-glycation, and buffering properties. Satellite cells (SCs), residing on the myofiber surface, are crucial for muscle post-growth and regeneration. However, the effects of L-carnosine on muscle development of pigs in vivo, on proliferation and growth of SCs in vitro, and the relationship between SCs and muscle development have not yet been investigated. (2) Methods: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary L-carnosine on growth performance and longissimus dorsi muscle development of pigs in vivo, and to elaborate its molecular mechanisms in vitro using L-carnosine-treated SCs. (3) Results: It was shown that L-carnosine supplementation (0.2 and 2 mM) increased (p < 0.05) SC proliferation and cell percentage in the synthesis (S) phase and decreased cell percentage in the resting (G0)/first gap (G1)/phase. Moreover, average daily gain (ADG) of pigs fed diets containing 0.1% of L-carnosine was higher (p < 0.05) than that of pigs fed diets without L-carnosine, and the longissimus dorsi muscle weight of pigs assigned to the L-carnosine treatments was 7.95% higher compared to control pigs. Both in the longissimus dorsi muscle and cultured SCs of pigs, the Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway was activated (p < 0.05), suggesting that L-carnosine improved muscle growth and SC proliferation of pigs. (4) Conclusions: Considering the important role of SCs in post-natal muscle growth, there is evidence that L-carnosine may improve muscle growth of pigs through promoting SC proliferation via activating the Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Delegated versus Nondelegated Decision Making. This paper analyzes the value of menus of contracts in a context of delegated expertise with nondelegated decision making. Firms delegate to managers the task of obtaining information about strategic decisions, and they choose whether or not to delegate the actual decision-making process to these managers. A delegated decision-making process involves offering the expert a contract that stipulates different payoffs contingent on verifiable results, whereas a nondelegated decision-making process involves a menu of contracts from which the expert can choose. We find that menus of contracts are valuable because they induce efficient decision making at lower cost.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Characterizing Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures Comprised of Palm Leaf Ash. Cold bitumen emulsion mixtures (CBEMs) are a promising substitute for hot mix asphalt (HMA) due to their low environmental impact, cost effectiveness, and low energy production costs. Nevertheless, conventional CBEM has some disadvantages, mainly related to the long curing time required to reach its full strength and its higher susceptibility to moisture. This paper reports the experimental test results of research that aimed to investigate and develop a new CBEM containing a waste biomass material, palm leaf ash (PLA), a waste material produced by burning palm leaves. The new CBEM was compared with a conventional cold mix (CCM) as a control. The tests to assess the mixtures' mechanical properties were the Marshall test, indirect tensile strength, and wheel track test. Durability was evaluated by water sensitivity and aging tests. The results revealed noticeable improvements in the mechanical properties of the CBEMs comprising ordinary portland cement (OPC), and raised the possibility of replacing some of the OPC with PLA without compromising said improvements. Results have shown that the new CBEMs with PLA achieved outstanding results in comparison with traditional CBEM, with and without the addition of OPC. There was also a significant improvement in water sensitivity when using PLA. This paper therefore opens the door for the development of new CBEMs that have outstanding mechanical characteristics when made with biomass ash materials.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Mutation in the HPGD gene encoding NAD(+) dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase underlies isolated congenital nail clubbing (ICNC). Background: Isolated congenital nail clubbing (ICNC) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by enlargement of the terminal segments of fingers and toes with thickened nails due to proliferation of the connective tissues and abnormal function of the nail matrix. In the present study, we investigated a large Pakistani family with 11 affected individuals having hereditary congenital nail clubbing as a single invariable clinical feature without any associated ectodermal, skeletal or systemic imperfection.Results: We assigned the disease locus for the ICNC to a 13.25 cM region on chromosome 4q32.3-q34.1. This region corresponds to 12.27 Mbp according to the sequence based physical map (Build 36.1) and flanked by markers D4S2952 and D4S415. A maximum two point LOD score of 2.98 (theta = 0.00) was obtained at marker D4S2368 while a maximum multipoint LOD score of 3.62 was obtained with several markers along the disease interval. Sequence analysis of the candidate genes, in the ICNC linkage interval, revealed a homozygous missense mutation (c.577T>C; p.S193P) in exon 6 of the human HPGD gene encoding NAD(+) dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH).Objective: To identify a gene underlying the ICNC phenotype.Conclusions: The involvement of 15-PGDH in the pathogenesis of ICNC may open up interesting perspectives into the function of this enzyme in nail morphogenesis/development.Methods: A genome wide homozygosity linkage mapping strategy was used to identify the gene causing ICNC. DNA sequencing was performed to screen 10 candidate genes located in the linkage interval.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "INSTITUTIONAL IMPACT ON MEXICAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP. The dynamism of entrepreneurship represents perhaps the most basic element for market economies, offering different productive and social benefits, whose scope depends on the conditions in how it is generated. Therefore, this research analyzes the relationship between entrepreneurial activity and some of the public behaviors in Mexico, where government access and openness, the perception of insecurity and the quality of public services represent the institutional variables of this study. Through the cross-sectional method, the findings suggest that the quality of public services, government access and openness are significant institutional elements at the time of starting a business, while the perception of insecurity is not a statistically significant factor, what offers guidelines for its pertinent analysis.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Exploiting HD Camcorders for Close-Up Human Movement Applications. Lately, the cost of HD video camcorders has decreased greatly and the inclusion of an internal hard disk in many models has eased the bother of downloading video clips from cumbersome tape devices. These factors have increased their potential as 3D recording devices and measurement tools for the health monitoring of patients by practitioners. This investigation determined: (1) the 3D measurement quality of off-the-shelf high definition camcorders for human-movement-related medical applications; (2) the suitability of a low-cost LED synchronisation device for multi-camcorder tracking; and (3) the suitability of these imaging sensors for practitioners. The results show that a four-camcorder system is capable of measuring a 3D distance in a static setting to better than 0.050?mm; it can track a moving calibrated square-wave signal of 0.5 and 1 Hz to better than 0.3 and 0.2?mm, respectively. Using a calibrated scale bar mounted on a moving human leg, the error produced as a result of frame disparity using a low-cost LED frame-synchronising device was under 0.3?mm for a four-, three- and two-camcorder configuration.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "First-principles investigation of sodium and lithium alloyed alanates. We present a first-principles investigation to study the possible alloy phases of sodium and lithium alanates. Structural and energetics properties of alloy systems Na1-xLixAlH4 and Na3(1-x)Li3xAlH6 are studied via phase interpolation. Alloy system Na1-xLixAlH4 is found to have a small mixing energy (<5 kj/mol). The equilibrium structure undergoes a transition from a tetragonal structure to a monoclinic structure between x = 0.25 and 0.5. Within each structure the cell volume decreases with increasing x, which can be explained by Li having a smaller ion size than Na. Alloy system Na3(1-x)Li3xAlH6 is also studied, and one intermediate composition Na2LiAlH6 is found to be stable in agreement with experimental findings. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Phantom limb pain: a report of two cases. The efficacy of pre-emptive analgesia for phantom limb pain is still unclear. It is generally accepted that pre hyphen;amputation pain increases the incidence of phantom and stump pain, even if pre-emptive analgesia is performed before and during surgery and in the postoperative period. Two cases of traumatic upper limb amputations are described here with no pre-existing pain. Both received similar antinociceptive treatment by continuous block of the brachial plexus through infusion of ropivacaine 0.375% at 5 ml/h for 10 days. Treatment of case 1 was initiated immediately after surgery; however, this amputee developed intensive phantom limb pain which persisted at 6 months. Early use of the prosthesis after surgery was not possible for this patient. The intensity of phantom limb pain in case 2 decreased significantly after 6 months, even though brachial plexus blockade was not started until 5 weeks post-trauma. This patient used a functional prosthesis intensively beginning early after amputation. Serial magnetoencephalographic recordings were performed in both patients. Only case 2 showed significant changes of cortical reorganization. In case 1 markedly less cortical plasticity was found. A combination of relevant risk factors such as a painful neuroma, behavioural and cognitive coping strategies and the early functional use of prostheses are discussed as important mechanisms contributing to the development of phantom pain and cortical reorganization. (C) 2001 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "The effect of interactivity on learning physical actions in virtual reality. Virtual reality (VR) offers new possibilities,for learning, specifically for training individuals to perform physical movements such as physical therapy and exercise. The current article examines two aspects of VR that uniquely contribute to media interactivity: the ability to capture and review physical behavior and the ability to see ones avatar rendered in real time,from third person points of view. In two studies, the utilized a state-of-the-art, image-based tele-immersive system, capable of tracking and rendering inane, degrees of,freedom of human motion in real tine. In Experiment 1, participants learned better in VR than in a video learning condition according to self-report measures. and the cause of the advantage was seeing one's avatar stereoscopically in the third person. In Experiment 2, we added a virtual mirror in the learning environment to further leverage the ability to see oneself from novel angles in real time. Participants learned better in VR than in video according to objective performance measures. Implications for learning via interactive digital media are discussed.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "6,3 '-dibromoflavone and 6-nitro-3 '-bromoflavone: New additions to the 6,3 '-disubstituted flavone family of high-affinity ligands of the brain benzodiazepine binding site with agonistic properties. 6,3'-Dibromoflavone and 6-nitro-3'-bromoflavone inhibited [H-3]flunitrazepam binding to the benzodiazepine binding site of the gamma amino butyric acid receptor complex with K-i values between 17 and 36 nM in different brain regions. Their gamma amino butyric acid ratio for [H-3]flunitrazepam binding to cerebral cortex membranes indicated partial agonistic proper ties. Both compounds had similar pharmacological effects: they produced anxiolytic-like effects at low doses but did not alter locomotor activity or muscle tonicity; sedation was caused only at doses higher than 30 mg/kg in mice. These synthetic flavone derivatives join an existing family of 6,3'-disubstituted flavone compounds with high affinity for the benzodiazepine binding site and partial agonistic profiles. (C) 2000 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Seed germination of a South American forest tree described by linear thermal time models. Thermal time models may describe and compare seed germination, providing information useful to explain species distribution. However, the capacity of such threshold models to describe germination of tropical native species has been less studied. We evaluated seed germination of a legume tree species (Peltophorum dubium), typical from South American seasonal forests, as described by two linear thermal time models: probit model and graphic model. Seeds were provided from four different provenances in a latitudinal gradient in Brazil, and their physical dormancy mechanically released before the trials. Graphic model and probit regression were used to determine thermal parameters (cardinal temperatures and thermal time requirement) on sub- and supra-optimal ranges for the different seed provenances. Germination rate mainly followed linear relationship with temperature, and regression lines of different germination fractions converged base temperature in the x-axis. Therefore, probit model assumed a single-value of base temperature in the sub-optimal range and a normal distribution of thermal time. Base temperature tended to be higher in the Northern provenance, Porto Velho, showing slower germination under cooler temperatures. Supra-optimal temperatures have shown similar thermal time requirements and different values for ceiling temperature, according to model predictions. No clear patterns have been found between seed provenances and thermal time requirement. Both probit and graphic models have provided reasonable predictions of germination times (t10 and t50), except under the coolest temperatures. Probit regression always described at least 70% of seed germination. Thermal time assumptions, linear models applicability and their limitations are discussed.", "label": [4, 42, 47]}
{"token": "Withdrawn Food Rate for Larvae of Siberian Moth on Conifers of Siberia. Experimental evaluation of the mass of food withdrawn by larvae of the Siberian moth during their development on larch, cedar pine, fir, spruce, and common pine was carried out. The obtained dependences between the masses of larvae and food withdrawn by them can be directly used to determine the withdrawn food rate of Siberian moth on each of the Siberian conifer species.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Central Mg-2 indices for early-type galaxies. We present 210 new measurements of the central absorption line-strength Mg-2 index for 87 early-type galaxies drawn from the Prugniel & Simien (1996) sam sample. 28 galaxies were not observed before. The results are compared to measurements published previously as available in HYPERCAT, and rescaled to the Lick system. The mean individual internal error on these measurements is 0.(m)009 +/- 0.(m)003 and the mean external error is 0.(m)012 +/- 0.(m)002 for this series of measurements.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "The rich, the poor, and the law. This article explores the social and religious dynamics of parables of Jesus in which \\\\'rich\\\\' and \\\\'poor\\\\' are juxtaposed. It focuses on Luke 16:19-31 (the parable of the rich man and the poor beggar Lazarus) and on Luke 18:9-14 (the parable of the Pharisee and the tax collector). The core of the exploration relates to questions concerning \\\\'wealth\\\\' and \\\\'poverty\\\\' in a limited-good society such as first-century Palestine. The article aims to expose the legitimisation provided by the Israelite elite to ensure the collection of taxes placed on the peasant population by the Roman Empire.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Thermoelectric properties on n-type BixSb1-x/Bi2Te3 graded materials containing fullerite or carbon tube. BixSb1-x and Bi2Te3 are typical thermoelectric materials used for lower temperature. Samples of Graded materials containing different amount of fullerite or nanometer carbon tube and the were fabricated by hot pressing method. The relations about thermoelectric property, the addition of fullerite or nanometer carbon tube, and the microstructure were investigated in detail by normal measurement or analytical method.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Privity: Rights, Standing, and the Road Not Taken. Privity is generally understood as a rule comprising a burdens limb and a more controversial benefits or 'rights' limb. This rendition of privity is too simplistic. Privity has multiple aspects, but its underlying complexity has been obscured by an overwhelming focus on 'rights', explaining in part the persistent unclarity plaguing the area. In this article, I argue that an elision of concepts has hampered our understanding of privity and its reform. The literature on contractual rights to performance and secondary rights to damages for their breach is legion. By contrast, standing, as a separate and distinct concept, has been overlooked. These are concepts that need to be more clearly differentiated. While not a panacea to resolve all issues, it is a necessary step to a firmer handle over the distinct issues at stake, and to opening up a novel angle to privity reform-third-party standing-the road not taken.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Folklore and Education: A Short History of a Long Endeavor. Not all sub-fields in folklore leave the same type of scholarly footprints as evidence of their impact. For the area of folklore and education, the majority of scholarly media produced by the field is found in what is classified as \\\\'grey literature.\\\\' Examining the broad range of scholarly materials produced in folklore and education fills in a portrait of a robust field meagerly represented in the Journal of American Folklore.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Maintaining gut ecosystems for health: Are transitory food bugs stowaways or part of the crew?. Do food ecosystems feed gut ecosystems? And if so... fuel the immune system? Recent developments in metagenomics have provided researchers tools to open the \\\\'black box\\\\' of microbiome science. These novel technologies have enabled the establishment of correlations between dysbiotic microbial communities and many diseases. The complex interaction of the commensal microbiota with the immune system is a topic of substantial interest due to its relevance to health. The human gastrointestinal tract is composed of an immense number of resident and transient microorganisms. Both may play a direct and vital role in the maintenance of human health and well-being. An understanding of the interactions and mechanisms through which commensal and foodderived microbes shape host immunity and metabolism may yield new insights into the pathogenesis of many immune-mediated diseases. Consequently, by manipulating the contribution of food microbiota to the functionality of the gut ecosystem, there is great hope for development of new prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. This paper presents some insights and comments on the possible impact of exogenous fermented food microbes on the gut homeostasis. We shed light on the similar features shared by both fermented food microbes and probiotics. In particular, the key role of microbial strains as part of food ecosystems for health and diseases is discussed through the prism of fermented dairy products and gut inflammation. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 8, 43]}
{"token": "The role of endocrine therapies in reducing risk of recurrence in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Hormone receptor-positive breast cancer is increasingly considered a chronic disease, as there remains an ongoing risk of local and distant relapse for years after diagnosis. While early recurrence risk peaks 2-3 years post diagnosis, the majority of breast cancer recurrences and deaths occur following 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen. Aromatase inhibitors have achieved greater relative reductions in recurrence risk than tamoxifen alone and are now widely recommended as adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive breast cancer. Although both anastrozole and letrozole have demonstrated superior disease-free survival compared with tamoxifen, letrozole to date offers the greatest significant reduction in the risk of distant metastases in patients with hormone-sensitive breast cancer. Anastrozole and exemestane also reduce local and distant recurrence risk in the \\\\'switch setting\\\\' following 2-3 years of tamoxifen. Extended adjuvant letrozole, given after 5 years of tamoxifen, significantly reduces local and distant recurrence as well as mortality in patients with node-positive disease. Specialist nurses and nurse practitioners facilitate informed choice for breast cancer patients through explaining treatment options and side effects; they thus need an understanding of which treatment strategies reduce recurrence risk, especially the risk of distant metastases. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Transcription Factor Activity Inference in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with diverse clinical manifestations. Although most of the SLE-associated loci are located in regulatory regions, there is a lack of global information about transcription factor (TFs) activities, the mode of regulation of the TFs, or the cell or sample-specific regulatory circuits. The aim of this work is to decipher TFs implicated in SLE. Methods: In order to decipher regulatory mechanisms in SLE, we have inferred TF activities from transcriptomic data for almost all human TFs, defined clusters of SLE patients based on the estimated TF activities and analyzed the differential activity patterns among SLE and healthy samples in two different cohorts. The Transcription Factor activity matrix was used to stratify SLE patients and define sets of TFs with statistically significant differential activity among the disease and control samples. Results: TF activities were able to identify two main subgroups of patients characterized by distinct neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), with consistent patterns in two independent datasets-one from pediatric patients and other from adults. Furthermore, after contrasting all subgroups of patients and controls, we obtained a significant and robust list of 14 TFs implicated in the dysregulation of SLE by different mechanisms and pathways. Among them, well-known regulators of SLE, such as STAT or IRF, were found, but others suggest new pathways that might have important roles in SLE. Conclusions: These results provide a foundation to comprehend the regulatory mechanism underlying SLE and the established regulatory factors behind SLE heterogeneity that could be potential therapeutic targets.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "The Influence of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation in Patients with Graves' Disease. In Graves' disease, the IgG class autoantibody against thyrotropin receptor (TRAb) is produced excessively and induces hyperthyroidism. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of the human herpesviruses that persists for life, mainly in B lymphocytes, and is occasionally reactivated. Therefore, EBV may affect the antibody production of B lymphocytes that would normally produce TRAb. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association of EBV reactivation with the etiology of Graves' disease. Serum levels of EBV antibodies and IgE were determined by ELISA. TRAb levels were determined by radioreceptor assay. We performed in-situ hybridization (ISH) of EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER)1 on the thyroid tissue of one of our patients. In Graves' disease patients with TRAb levels >= 10%, EA antibody levels, which indicate EBV reactivation, were moderately but significantly correlated with the levels of TRAb, and weakly but significantly correlated with IgE. EBER1-ISH revealed that one of our patients had EBV-infected lymphocytes infiltrating the thyroid gland. EBV reactivation may stimulate antibody-producing B lymphocytes predisposed to make TRAb, and this may contribute to or exacerbate the disease.", "label": [2, 18, 21]}
{"token": "Fairness and competence in citizen participation - Theoretical reflections from a case study. This article reports progress on developing a theory of public participation that may prove useful to administrative bodies. The authors review a theory of public participation based on Habermas's theory of communicative action and then reconsider the theory in light of a case study. participants of a forest policy-making process reported their perceptions of a good process, and the authors used grounded theory methodology to induce criteria of good process. By contrasting the case study results with the theoretical criteria, insights are left into the strengths and shortcomings of the theory.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "If you care, I care: Perceived social support and public engagement via SNSs during crises. Social networking sites (SNSs) have become sources for seeking and sharing crisis information, especially during crisis to promote public engagement. However, SNSs users experience many challenges while participating with the intent to make public engagement during crisis. A quantitative study was conducted with the proposed perceived social support-public engagement (PSS-PE) model incorporating perceived social support, perceived benefits, and perceived risks, as well as intentions of seeking and intentions of sharing behaviors with the support of valid instruments. With the total of 505 respondents in Pakistan, this study concluded that perceived social support is positive significantly associated with perceived benefits but not with perceived risks during crises, while public engagement is predicted by the intentions of individuals for seeking and sharing crisis information on SNSs. The implications highlight the immediate need of the institutional attention toward appreciating public openness and to encourage public engagement during crises.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Political Theory as Both Philosophy and History: A Defense Against Methodological Militancy. This essay defends a broad, eclectic, and inclusive kind of political theory against methodological militants who would restrict political theory's permissible purview. It rejects the idea-frequently voiced by exponents of both analytic-philosophic and historicist methodologies-that philosophical and historical analyses are necessarily two separate enterprises that ought to be kept distinct, not just conceptually but as a matter of scholarly practice. Against the methodological militants, this essay explains the value of those forms of political theory that combine philosophy (the study of what should be done) with history (the study of what past authors thought about politics). It concludes by raising one further objection to the methodological militants: They fail to acknowledge the reality and importance of the \\\\'classic\\\\' work within the study of political thought.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Revelation on demand. Private data sometimes must be made public. A corporation may keep its customer sales data secret, but reveals totals by sector for marketing reasons. A hospital keeps individual patient data secret, but might reveal outcome information about the treatment of particular illnesses over time to support epidemiological studies. In these and many other situations, aggregate data or partial data is revealed, but other data remains private. Moreover, the aggregate data may depend not only on private data but on public data as well, e.g. commodity prices, general health statistics. Our GhostDB platform allows queries that combine private and public data, produce aggregates to data warehouses for OLAP purposes, and reveal exactly what is desired, neither more nor less. We call this functionality \\\\'revelation on demand\\\\'.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Evolution of micro and small enterprises' work safety behavior in high-risk industries. Plain English Summary In recent years, the input of work safety of MSEs is rather limited, and owners with decision-making power have a visual attitude towards work safety. \\\\'Accident occurrence-Inspection and rectification-Shutdown\\\\' has become government's usual practice in handling accidents in China, and it is difficult for control measures to address accidents at the source. Local government provides insufficient subsidies. The service level of work safety service agencies is low. Combined with internal resources and external constraints, this paper describes the interaction process of MSEs' work safety behavior in high-risk industries and constructs an evolution model to study it, based on agent-based simulation methods. The research results are follows. MSEs in high-risk industries need to improve their work safety resources, increase their investment in work safety, and progressively develop their awareness of independent work safety behavior. Government safety supervision departments need to strengthen supervision of MSEs and control penalty levels. MSEs can then gain more work safety benefits and develop internal drivers to implement work safety actively. For those companies who have intentions to pursue work safety behavior but lack funds, a service subsidy from local government will provide essential support. Given improvement of service levels from work safety service agencies, MSEs will purchase high-level work safety services and acquire more professional technical services to help them meet government standards. Thus, the results are conducive to the transformation of MSEs from passive restraint behavior to active work safety behavior.Abstract Due to external regulations and limited resources, micro and small enterprises' (MSEs) work safety behavior in China's high-risk industries is passive behavior under constraints. Based on stakeholder theory, this paper describes the attributes and behavior rules of MSEs, the government safety supervision department and work safety service agencies using the agent-based simulation methods. We construct an evolution model to study this behavior. The software platform Netlogo is used for simulation exercises. Under the four factors of enterprise work safety resource strength, government supervision, government subsidies, and organization service level, the evolution of MSEs' work safety behavior in high-risk industries is simulated and the results are discussed. It further reveals internal and external drivers of work safety of MSEs in high-risk industries, strengthens the scientific supervision and effective support of government safety supervision departments, and improves work safety service quality of service agencies multi-dimensionally.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 50]}
{"token": "Estimating pore fluid pressure-stress coupling. A pressure-depth model for rapid deposition on a continental margin, with OP exclusively generated by disequilibrium compaction and no change in effective stress in the overpressured section, represents a base case for compaction OP without poroelasticity. This model helps to reveal (1) that coupling values vary with the ratio of FP to lithostatic pressure (Sv); (2) since the 11 case study coupling values exceed the base case, one or more other (minor) coupling mechanisms are involved, potentially including poroelasticity; (3) values may be independent of tectonic environment; (4) one case study involving carbonate (chalk) is within the same range as those from siliciclastic sediments, and (5) the high coupling pore pressure-stress coupling values in the literature result from using fluid and fracture gradients including the shallow data where PP is normal, which distort the analysis. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Coupling of pore fluid pressure (PP) and FP at basin-scale has been recognised for several decades, with coupling ratio values mostly between 0.46 and 0.87, i.e. for every 10 MPa of PP increase at constant depth, FP increases by 4.6-8.7 MPa. These values are similar to estimates for reduction of FP with reservoir depletion of an oil/gas field during production. Poroelasticity has been suggested as the principal reason for coupling. Most previous coupling values were generated by examination of pressure gradients. A new method to estimate pore fluid pressure-stress coupling is proposed which plots the measured value of FP from a Leak Off Test (LOT) minus the expected FP value on the trend for normal pressures (termed the Fracture Pressure Residual, FPr) against overpressure (OP), which is the magnitude of PP above normal at the same depth. The coupling value is now the slope of FPr against OP. FPr:OP coupling values from 11 global basin datasets range from 0.24 to 0.43, approximately half the previous quoted basin-scale coupling values.Fracture Pressure (FP) prediction is a vital component in well planning for safe drilling in high pressure areas, in the estimation of seal capacity and seal breach risk analysis, for fluid injection and in fracture stimulation for oil/gas recovery from tight reservoirs and mature source rocks.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Optimization and Analysis of the Dual n/p-LDMOS Device. A scalable Dual n/p-LDMOS device with interesting R-SP versus V-BD performance for voltage applications in the range of 20-120 V is identified through proper optimization. Three designs have been proposed, based on different process implementations. The physical behavior of the device is reviewed and analyzed. The current expansion induced by the bipolar conductance in the drift region at high gate and drain biases is fully explained. The thermal behavior in a worst case condition is investigated, and the reduction in performance in terms of current and safe-operating area are reported. The switching performance is addressed, showing very good transient times in any analyzed load condition.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "No single homologous repeat region is essential for DNA replication of the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. The presence of homologous repeat (hr) regions in multiple locations within baculovirus genomes has led to the hypothesis that they represent origins of DNA replication. This hypothesis has been supported by transient replication assays where plasmids carrying hrs replicated in the presence of virus DNA replication. This study investigated whether any specific hr region was essential for viral DNA replication in vivo, by generating a series of recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus where the lacZ gene replaced hr1, hr1a, hr2, hr3, hr4a or hr4b. In addition, a double-hr knockout virus was constructed where both hr2 and hr3 were deleted. The successful construction of these knockout viruses indicated that no specific region was essential for virus production. These recombinant viruses were characterized by titrations of budded virus, expression of a variety of virus-specific proteins and the synthesis of viral DNA at various times after infection. The results demonstrated that each hr was dispensable for all of these properties and that no single region was absolutely essential for virus replication in cell culture. The functional significance of multiple origin regions is still unclear.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
{"token": "'SPRINGS OF NEWNESS AND BEAUTY' 1 : GRACE JANTZEN AND THE SEARCH FOR GOD. One of the key foci in the work of Grace Jantzen is an investigation of how we speak about God and who does the speaking. In this article I describe two ideas she investigates, namely God as embodied and God as the divine horizon. A sub-theme is Jantzen's critique of the Western preoccupation with mortality, death and violence and her suggestion that we instead look for signs and metaphors of flourishing, 'springs of newness and beauty'.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Black abolitionists, Irish supporters, and the brotherhood of man. Much of the scholarly attention toward black abolitionists in the British Isles has focused on celebrity lecturers in Britain. Yet Ireland was an important location for several black activists who helped shape the transatlantic abolitionist movement. The crowds at antislavery events are usually depicted as a faceless mass. Why they were drawn to these speakers as well as how they differed according to region, religion, and class is examined in detail below. Moreover, Daniel O'Connell and Frederick Douglass are traditionally viewed as nationalist heroes (Irish, Catholic, American, African-American, etc.) but this article illustrates the extent to which they also operated and were respected as committed internationalists. Douglass supported Irish independence. O'Connell advocated slave emancipation in the United States. In contrast to prevailing views of inevitable racial tensions between the Irish and Blacks, it traces a more internationalist consciousness through lectures, speeches, writings, public pronouncements, and popular reactions. The article seeks to illustrate the cross-border dimensions of emancipation as well as the utility of transnational historical analysis.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "A report on extensive lateral genetic reciprocation between arsenic resistant Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus strains analyzed using RAPD-PCR. The study involves isolation of arsenic resistant bacteria from soil samples. The characterization of bacteria isolates was based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The phylogenetic consanguinity among isolates was studied employing rpoB and gltX gene sequence. RAPD-PCR technique was used to analyze genetic similarity between arsenic resistant isolates. In accordance with the results Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus strains may exhibit extensive horizontal gene transfer. Arsenic resistant potency in Bacillus sonorensis and high arsenite tolerance in Bacillus pumilus strains was identified. The RAPD-PCR primer OPO-02 amplified a 0.5 kb DNA band specific to B. pumilus 3ZZZ strain and 0.75 kb DNA band specific to B. subtilis 3PP. These unique DNA bands may have potential use as SCAR (Sequenced Characterized Amplified Region) molecular markers for identification of arsenic resistant B. pumilus and B. subtilis strains. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "The genome analysis of Oleiphilus messinensis ME102 (DSM 13489(T)) reveals backgrounds of its obligate alkane-devouring marine lifestyle. Marine bacterium Oleiphilus messinensis ME102 (DSM 13489(T)) isolated from the sediments of the harbor of Messina (Italy) is a member of the order Oceanospirillales, class Gammaproteobacteria, representing the physiological group of marine obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (OHCB) alongside the members of the genera Alcanivorax, Oleispira, Thalassolituus, Cycloclasticus and Neptunomonas. These organisms play a crucial role in the natural environmental cleanup in marine systems. Despite having the largest genome (6.379.281 bp) among OHCB, O. messinensis exhibits a very narrow substrate profile. The alkane metabolism is pre-determined by three loci encoding for two P450 family monooxygenases, one of which formed a cassette with ferredoxin and alcohol dehydrogenase encoding genes and alkane monoxygenase (AlkB) gene clustered with two genes for rubredoxins and NAD(+)-dependent rubredoxin reductase. Its genome contains the largest numbers of genomic islands (15) and mobile genetic elements (140), as compared with more streamlined genomes of its OHCB counterparts. Among hydrocarbon-degrading Oceanospirillales, O. messinensis encodes the largest array of proteins involved in the signal transduction for sensing and responding to the environmental stimuli (345 vs 170 in Oleispira antarctica, the bacterium with the second highest number). This must be an important trait to adapt to the conditions in marine sediments with a high physico-chemical patchiness and heterogeneity as compared to those in the water column.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 45]}
{"token": "Phase constitution and creep properties of Ir-Ni-Al alloys. To design high-temperature materials with good creep properties at 1773 K, the Creep behavior of Ir-Ni-Al alloys was investigated. The phase constitution and microstructure of the Ir-Ni-Al alloys were examined using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Compression creep tests were then carried out with some of the Ir-Ni-Al alloys at 1773 K under 30 MPa. The deformation mechanism was discussed in terms of solid-solution hardening and precipitation hardening. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Between Exu and Ogum: politics of the sacred in the drama by Abdias do Nascimento. Critical study of mythic determinants in the construction of characters and composition of action in Sortilegio II (\\\\'Sortilege II\\\\'), drama by Abdias do Nascimento. The theater by Abdias obeys to paradigms of scene composition that go beyond the sintagmatic organicity of fable, but, in presenting the complexes and passions of Emanuel, it searches a discontinuous and paradigmatic organization in order to deal with the life of a unique and dominant subjectivity in scene. In Sortilegio II, this post-catastrophe theater configuration is ideal to weave the Emanuel's rememorative processes in the attempt to project the character traumatic past onto the present scene, marked by social violence, racial complexes and contradictory erotic relations with Ifigenia and Margarida. In the play, besides the structural definitions of action, the Afro-Brazilian sacred and the Orishas mythology are important cultural modulations that interfere in the relations of power among agents and in the processes of subjectivation that affect Emanuel. A social and symbolic network, under the tutelage of Eshu and Ogoun, contributes to the liberation and deification of the character. Through the recognition of black culture, of ethno-racial belonging, and mythical sacrifice, Emanuel leaves the human racist world to inhabit Orun, the divine plan of the Orishas.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "The Impact of Audiovisual Feedback on the Learning Outcomes of a Remote and Virtual Laboratory Class. Remote and virtual laboratory classes are an increasingly prevalent alternative to traditional hands-on laboratory experiences. One of the key issues with these modes of access is the provision of adequate audiovisual (AV) feedback to the user, which can be a complicated and resource-intensive challenge. This paper reports on a comparison of two studies of remote and virtual access to hardware, one with rich AV feedback and one without. The comparison shows that the learning outcomes of the remote access mode are dependent upon the richness of the feedback; the learning outcomes of the simulated access mode are largely robust to an absence of feedback. The students' preferences are affected by the feedback, with a clear preference for richer feedback.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 14]}
{"token": "The Origin of the Cerebral Palsies: Contribution of Population-Based Neuroimaging Data. Results MRIs or written reports from 3,818 children were available. The main clinical characteristics were similar to the 5,415 without such data. Most frequent was predominant white matter injury (49%), followed by predominant gray matter injury (21%). Maldevelopments were found in 11% of cases. Miscellaneous findings were present in 8.5% and normal findings in 10.6%. MRI patterns of children with unilateral spastic, bilateral spastic, and dyskinetic CP were mainly lesional (77, 71, and 59%, respectively), whereas children with ataxic CP had more maldevelopments, miscellaneous, and normal findings (25, 21, and 32%, respectively). In children born preterm, predominant white matter injury was most prevalent (80% in children born <32 weeks of gestation).Conclusion Analysis of MRI in the European CP database identified CP as a mainly lesional condition on a large population basis, maldevelopments were relatively uncommon. An exception was ataxic CP. Children born preterm mostly presented with a lesion typical for their gestational age (GA) at birth. The decreasing prevalence of CP in this group suggests that progress in perinatal and neonatal medicine may lead to a reduction of these lesions.Background Surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe (SCPE) presents the first population-based results on neuroimaging findings in children with cerebral palsy (CP) using a magnetic resonance imaging classification system (MRICS).Method MRIs of children with CP born between 1999 and 2009 from 18 European countries were analyzed. MRICS identifies patterns of brain pathology according to timing during brain development which was analyzed with respect to CP subtypes and gestational age.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "The Enigma of the Sphinx. The 'Crowd' in the Nineteenth Century Imaginary: Reading Lines. This article examines the sequences of the 'reinvention' of the crowd carried out during the Nineteenth century (and especially in the last three decades of the century) by social sciences, popular fiction, reflections on social pathologies and historical rereadings of the French Revolution. According to the author, the \\\\'crowd\\\\' represented, in the fin de siecle imaginary, much more than simply a new name of multitude, mob, or populace. The reflections on the crowd (and on crowd psychology) in fact contributed to the construction of a largely new image. In the \\\\'crowd\\\\' were first \\\\'condensed\\\\' all the nightmares of late Nineteenth century, but, at the same time, thanks to this new representation, the roots of (social and political) conflict and the tools to tame it were placed in a new \\\\'biopolifical\\\\' dimension.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Formation of Aldehydic Phosphatidylcholines during the Anaerobic Decomposition of a Phosphatidylcholine Bearing the 9-Hydroperoxide of Linoleic Acid. Lipid oxidation-derived carbonyl compounds are associated with the development of various physiological disorders. Formation of most of these products has recently been suggested to require further reactions of oxygen with lipid hydroperoxides. However, in rat and human tissues, the formation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal is greatly elevated during hypoxic/ischemic conditions. Furthermore, a previous study found an unexpected result that the decomposition of a phosphatidylcholine (PC) bearing the 13-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid under a nitrogen atmosphere afforded 9-oxononanoyl-PC rather than 13-oxo-9,11-tridecadienoyl-PC as the main aldehydic PC. In the present study, products of the anaerobic decomposition of a PC bearing the 9-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid were analysed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. 9-Oxononanoyl-PC (ONA-PC) and several well-known bioactive aldehydes including 12-oxo-9-hydroperoxy-(or oxo or hydroxy)-10-dodecenoyl-PCs were detected. Hydrolysis of the oxidized PC products, methylation of the acids obtained thereby, and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy with electron impact ionization further confirmed structures of some of the key aldehydic PCs. Novel, hydroxyl radical-dependent mechanisms of formation of ONA-PC and peroxyl-radical dependent mechanisms of formation of the rest of the aldehydes are proposed. The latter mechanisms will mainly be relevant to tissue injury under hypoxic/anoxic conditions, while the former are relevant under both normoxia and hypoxia/anoxia.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
{"token": "Apparent adult survival of the critically endangered Baltic Dunlin Calidris alpina schinzii during a period of strong population decline. Capsule: Apparent adult survival of the critically endangered Baltic Dunlin Calidris alpina schinzii, showed evidence of a decline between 1990 and 2006 from 0.817 to 0.650.Aims: In Europe, declines in wet-grassland breeding waders have been attributed to changes in breeding habitat but long-term information on survival is rare. We examined whether adult survival of the Baltic Dunlin declined during a period of strong population decline.Methods: We modelled apparent survival using Cormack-Jolly-Seber models and long-term capture-recapture data collected from a Danish population. We fitted models that constrained apparent adult survival with linear and quadratic trends, and compared them with constant and time dependent models to test whether survival declined during the study period.Results: Models including linear and quadratic trends were most supported. However, the trend variables explained only 24-35% of observed temporal variance suggesting that a large portion of variation in survival remained undescribed. Model averaged estimates indicated a decline in adult survival from 0.817 to 0.650 between 1990 and 2006 with increased uncertainty towards the end.Conclusion: Our results suggest that gradual long-term changes in adult survival may have contributed to the decline of the Baltic Dunlin.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "EPA Guidance on tobacco dependence and strategies for smoking cessation in people with mental illness. Tobacco dependence is the most common substance use disorder in adults with mental illness. The prevalence rates for tobacco dependence are two to four times higher in these patients than in the general population. Smoking has a strong, negative influence on the life expectancy and quality of life of mental health patients, and remains the leading preventable cause of death in this group. Despite these statistics, in some countries smokers with mental illness are disadvantaged in receiving intervention and support for their tobacco dependence, which is often overlooked or even tolerated. This statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) systematically reviews the current evidence on tobacco dependence and withdrawal in patients with mental illness and their treatment. It provides seven recommendations for the core components of diagnostics and treatment in this patient group. These recommendations concern: (1) the recording process, (2) the timing of the intervention, (3) counselling specificities, (4) proposed treatments, (5) frequency of contact after stopping, (6) follow-up visits and (7) relapse prevention. They aim to help clinicians improve the care, health and well-being of patients suffering from mental illness. (c) 2013 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Is Living Heritage Ignored? Revisiting Heritage Conservation at Cham Living-Heritage Sites in Vietnam. This study examines the heritage conservation of the Cham living heritage sites and perceptions of the Cham community in Vietnam. Data were collected using various methods, including participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, from a \\\\'living\\\\' sacred site of the Cham community in Ninh Thuan, Vietnam. This research demonstrates that the conservation of heritage in Vietnam has focused primarily on tangible forms of heritage, while local cultural meanings related to tangible aspects of the Cham temples have not been a central concern in heritage conservation practices. The construction of a new pathway is considered a significant offense to the Cham worldview with respect to cardinality and spiritual practice. Despite this addition's intention to facilitate access for visitors to this site, the Cham people believe that it contributes to a denigration of the sacred character of their temple and has negative effects on religious views and understandings among members of the community. The findings suggest that Indigenous living heritage and its role in local communities need to be recognized in safeguarding heritage.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Dynamic analysis of the endogenous metabolites in depressed patients treated with TCM formula Xiaoyaosan using urinary H-1 NMR-based metabolomics. Materials and methods: Twenty-one depressed patients were recruited from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University. Small endogenous metabolites present in urine samples were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and analyzed by multivariate statistical methods. The patients then received XYS treatment for six weeks, after which their Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores were significantly decreased compared with their baseline scores (p <= 0.01). Eight components in urine specimens were identified that enabled discrimination between the pre- and post-XYS-treated samples.Conclusions: The symptoms of depression had been improved after 6 weeks' treatment of XYS according to evaluation of HAMD scores. The dynamic tendency of the 8 metabolites that changed significantly during the treatment of XYS is consistent with the improvement in symptoms of depression. These metabolites may be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of depressive disorders or the evaluation of the antidepressant as well as the exploration of the mechanism of depression. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Results: Urinary of creatinine, taurine, 2-oxoglutarate and xanthurenic acid increased significantly after XYS treatment (p <= 0.05), while the urinary levels of citrate, lactate, alanine and dimethylamine decreased significantly (p <= 0.05) compared with pre-treatment urine samples. These statistically significant perturbations are involved in energy metabolism, gut microbes, tryptophan metabolism and taurine metabolism.Ethnophamacological relevance: Xiaoyaosan (XYS), one of the best-known traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions with a long history of use, is composed of Bupleurum chinense DC., Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Zingiber officinale Rosc., Atractylodes macro cephala Koidz., Clycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., and Mentha haplocalyx Briq. For centuries, XYS has been widely used in China for the treatment of mental disorders such as depression. However, the complicated mechanism underlying the antidepressant activity of XYS is not yet well-understood. This understanding is complicated by the sophisticated pathophysiology of depression and by the complexity of XYS, which has multiple constituents acting on different metabolic pathways. The variations of endogenous metabolites in depressed patients after administration of XYS may help elucidate the anti-depressant effect and mechanism of action of XYS. The aim of this study is to establish the metabolic profile of depressive disorder and to investigate the changes of endogenous metabolites in the depressed patients before and after the treatment of Xiaoyaosan using the dynamic analysis of urine metabolomics profiles based on H-1 NMR.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "Structure of Prototypic Peptide Transporter DtpA from E. coli in Complex with Valganciclovir Provides Insights into Drug Binding of Human PepT1. Members of the solute carrier 15 family (SLC15) transport di- and tripeptides as well as peptidomimetic drugs across the cell membrane. Structures of bacterial homologues have provided valuable information on the binding and transport of their natural substrates, but many do not transport medically relevant drugs. In contrast, a homologue from Escherichia coli, DtpA (dipeptide and tripeptide permease), shows a high similarity to human PepT1 (SLC15A1) in terms of ligand selectivity and transports a similar set of drugs. Here, we present the crystal structure of DtpA in ligand-free form (at 3.30 angstrom resolution) and in complex with the antiviral prodrug valganciclovir (at 2.65 angstrom resolution) supported by biochemical data. We show that valganciclovir unexpectedly binds with the ganciclovir moiety mimicking the N-terminal residue of a canonical peptide substrate. On the basis of a homology model we argue that this binding mode also applies to the human PepT1 transporter. Our results provide new insights into the binding mode of prodrugs and will assist the rational design of drugs with improved absorption rates.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Self-Affirmation and Self-Negation: An Analysis on the Ontological Disagreements between Christianity and Confucianism in Mou Zongsan's Criticism of Kierkegaard. Mou Zongsan rarely discusses Soren Kierkegaard's philosophy. Nevertheless, in On the Characteristicsof Chinese Philosophy, Mou uses Kierkegaard as an example to illustrate the fundamental ontological differences between Christianity and Confucianism. Mou claims that Confucians affirm moral subjectivity, while Christians urge one to deny one's sinful self and to be integrated into God's subjectivity. Therefore, Mou believes that Confucianism is characterized by self-affirmation, while Christianity is characterized by self-negation. As a response to this, this article argues that, even if one agrees that Kierkegaard's philosophy may represent this perspective of Christian ontology, \\\\'self-negation\\\\' can hardly outline the whole picture of Kierkegaard's philosophy. By criticizing Mou's oversimplified dichotomy of self-affirmation and self-negation, this article examines both Mou's Confucian and Kierkegaard's Christian perspectives on the ontological question of individual subjectivity, which can provide new insight to Confucian-Christian dialogue.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "A transgenic RNAi approach for developing tomato plants immune to Pepino mosaic virus. RNA interference (RNAi) or gene silencing is a natural defence response of plants to invading viruses. Here, we applied this approach against pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) isolates in their natural host, tomato. PepMV isolates differ in their genetic sequences, the severity of the disease they induce, and their worldwide distribution. PepMV causes heavy crop losses, mainly due to impaired tomato fruit quality. Resistant varieties are not yet available, despite many years of resistance breeding efforts within the tomato seed industry. To generate broad resistance to PepMV strains, conserved sequences from three different strains of PepMV (US1, LP, and CH2) were synthesized as a single insert and cloned in a hairpin configuration into a binary vector, which was used to transform tomato plants. Transgenic tomato lines that expressed a high level of transgene-siRNA exhibited immunity to PepMV strains, including a new Israeli isolate. This immunity was maintained even after graft inoculation, in which a transgenic scion was grafted onto nontransgenic infected rootstocks. However, an immune transgenic rootstock was unable to induce resistance in a nontransformed scion. These results provide the first example of engineered immunity to diverse PepMV strains in transgenic tomato based on gene silencing.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Ixodid tick species recovered from domestic dogs in Japan. The species of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) recovered from domestic dogs in Japan between September to November 2000 and April to June 2001 were identified. A total of 4122 ticks, including 1624 larvae, 1200 nymphs, 1016 females and 282 males were removed from 1221 dogs during these periods. Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann) was the most frequently found (40.3% of dogs), followed by H. flava (Neumann) (16.1% of dogs), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (4.8% of dogs) and Ixodes ovatus (Neumann) (4.1% of dogs). Small numbers of H. hystricis (Supino), H. campanulata (Warburton), H. japonica (Warburton), H. ias (Nakamura and Yajima), I. persulcatus (Schulze), I. nipponensis (Kitaoka and Saito) and Amblyomma testudinarium (Koch) were also recovered. In the spring sample, a total of 1408 ticks (78 larvae, 411 nymphs, 792 adult females and 127 adult males) were recovered from 570 dogs. The autumn sample included a larger proportion of larval stage and fewer adult ticks (1546 larvae, 789 nymphs, 224 adult females and 155 adult males). Haemaphysalis longicornis , H. flava and I. ovatus showed a wide geographical distribution from northern to southern Japan, whereas R. sanguineus were mainly distributed in the subtropical Okinawa prefecture with a few exceptions. Dogs in rural areas more frequently carried H. longicornis , H. flava and I. ovatus than dogs in urban or suburban areas, whereas R. sanguineus was more associated with the dogs in urban/suburban areas. Exposure to a garden was significantly associated with R. sanguineus and exposure to woodland was significantly associated with H. flava and I. ovatus . This is the first systematic survey of canine ticks in Japan.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
{"token": "Cholera revolts: a class struggle we may not like. Few have studied cholera revolts comparatively, and certainly not over the vast terrain from Asiatic Russia to Quebec or across time from the first European cholera wave of the 1830s to the twentieth century. Scholars have instead concentrated on the first European cholera wave in the 1830s and have tended to explain cholera's social violence within the political contexts of individual nations, despite these riots raging across vast differences in political landscapes from Czarist Russia to New York City but with similar fears and conspiracy theories of elites inventing cholera to cull populations of the poor. Moreover, the history of cholera's social toxins runs against present generalizations on why epidemics spawn blame and violence against others. Cholera riots continued, and in Italy and Russia became geographically more widespread, vicious, and destructive long after the disease had lost its mystery. The article then poses the question of why historians on the left have not studied the class struggles provoked by cholera, with riots of 10,000, murdering state officials and doctors, destroying hospitals, town halls, and in the case of Donetsk, an entire city. Finally, the article draws parallels between Europe's cholera experiences and those in West Africa with Ebola in 2014.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Problematic Internet use and academic engagement during the COVID-19 lockdown: The indirect effects of depression, anxiety, and insomnia in early, middle, and late adolescence. Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the transition of online learning introduces challenges for adolescents to engage in learning. The increased access and persistent Internet use could heighten the risk of problematic Internet use (PIU) that has been increasingly recognized as a risk factor for academic engagement. This study aims to investigate the direct and indirect relationships between PIU and academic engagement through psychopathological symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, insomnia) in early, middle, and late adolescence. Methods: In all, 4852 adolescents (51.5% females; Mage = 13.80 +/- 2.38) from different regions of Chinese mainland participated in the study and completed questionnaires. Results: Depression and then insomnia as well as anxiety and then insomnia mediated the relationship between PIU and academic engagement. Anxiety exhibited a double-edged effect, that is, a positive relation with academic engagement directly and a negative relation with academic engagement indirectly through insomnia. Multigroup analyses showed that the indirect effects of PIU on academic engagement through depression and subsequent insomnia in middle and late adolescence were stronger than that in early adolescence, whereas the direct effect in early adolescence was stronger than that in middle adolescence. Limitation: This study was cross-sectional in design and relied upon self-report measures. Conclusion: These findings improve the understandings of how PIU relates to academic engagement through psychopathological symptoms and highlight developmental differences of adolescence.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Collective Responsibility and the Career Military Officer's Right to Public Dissent. Current norms among professional military officers that govern obedience and dissent strongly discourage officers from offering public criticism of policy enacted by civilian authorities, even if that policy is immoral, illegal, or unconstitutional. We identify a set of circumstances that create a moral imperative for an officer to take action and we leverage prevailing ethical guidelines to argue that in certain cases, even individual officers not directly involved in the execution of the policy have moral standing to offer public criticism of it. We consider the consequences of relaxing norms prohibiting public dissent and explore the trade-off between tolerating immoral policy and the likelihood of mistakenly criticizing appropriate policy. Finally, we offer evidence that current military-civilian relations in the United States are such that placing higher value on dissent would benefit professional military officers and may improve policy.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Early Kanem-Borno fired brick elite locations in Kanem, Chad: archaeological and historical implications. One of the most intriguing problems concerning the Kanem-Borno sultanate of the central Sahel between the eighth and nineteenth centuries AD concerns its early intra-African connections. Apart from historically documented linkages with North and parts of West Africa, were there trade and other contacts with eastern regions such as Darfur, the Middle Nile Valley and areas beyond prior to the fifteenth century? Addressing the results of recent archaeological field research conducted in Kanem, Chad, this paper lays the foundations of an answer to that and other pressing questions concerning Kanem-Borno. Because the region concerned is a virtual archaeological blank, the first and foremost goal of fieldwork was securely to identify and describe locations once related to the sultanate. Based on previous studies as well as various new surveys, test-excavations and radiometric dating, archaeological sites undoubtedly associated with early Kanem-Borno were located and preliminarily investigated. Those sites consist of the ruins of fired brick enclosures encompassing fired brick buildings or groups thereof dated to the eleventh to fourteenth centuries. Taking into account the construction materials used and newly available absolute dates, as well as historical data, it is assumed that these sites were elite localities very probably founded and occupied by members of what would become the Sayfuwa aristocracy and related groups.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Piercing jurisdictional immunity: The possible role of domestic courts in enhancing World Bank accountability. This article looks at the role domestic courts currently do and in future might play in enhancing the accountability of the World Bank for projects financed and supported by loans and grants of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). The piece will first outline its underlying assumption that international institutions, including the World Bank, are of increasing importance in global governance and make decisions which, to an incremental extent, directly affect people's lives. Like similar organizations, the World Bank invokes its jurisdictional immunity in order to shield itself from suits before domestic courts. That it regularly achieves so successfully will be shown in the second part of this article. However, the World Bank has also established the Inspection Panel as a forum for relief for people negatively affected by Bank-funded projects. After an analysis of the Panel's jurisdiction and powers, the article will examine whether victims claiming to suffer damage or harm from a Bank project should pursue remedies on the national level or ask for a request of investigation before the Panel (Part IV). Thereby, it shall analyze to what extent the establishment of the Panel has an impact on the scope of the Bank's immunity as granted by domestic courts (and vice versa) and whether an adjustment of this relation is desirable and feasible.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Strategies used by families to cope with chronic mental illnesses: Psychometric properties of the family crisis oriented personal evaluation scale. Purpose This study was aimed at investigating the psychometric properties of the Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale (F-COPES) for Turkish society, which assesses the coping skills of caregivers of individuals with chronic mental illnesses. Design and Methods The study was conducted with 153 family caregivers of patients with a chronic mental illness admitted to the inpatient and outpatient units of two university hospitals and Izmir Schizophrenia Solidarity Association. For the language validity, the translation-back translation method was performed, for the content validity, expert opinions were obtained, for the construct validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed. For the reliability analysis, Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was calculated and the test-retest reliability analysis was performed. Findings The content validity index of the scale was 0.96. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for the overall scale was .80. Factor loadings of the subscales ranged between 0.56 and 0.69 for the Acquiring Social Support subscale, between 0.43 and 0.74 for the Reframing subscale, between 0.53 and 0.74 for the Seeking Spiritual Support subscale. The model fit indexes were as follows: chi(2 )= 176.369, df = 116, chi(2)/df = 1.52, RMSEA = 0.059, CFI = 0.90, IFI = 0.91, GFI = 0.88. Practice Implications The results of the present study show that the levels of psychometric properties of F-COPES in Turkish society are acceptable. It is thought that it would be useful to use the F-COPES in the assessment of coping behaviors of individuals who give care to patients with a chronic mental illness and that it can be used as measurement tool in studies to be conducted with caregivers of patients with a chronic mental illness to assess their coping skills.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
{"token": "Suppression of the vortex in ladle by static magnetic field. The vortex formation in draining the melt in ladle can be suppressed by the reduction of the tangential flow velocity of the melt. Two magnetic devices were designed in order to reduce the tangential flow velocity and tested with wood metal melt. One consists of 4 permanent magnets (PM device) and the other consists of an electromagnet (EM device). Magnetic flux density around each device was calculated and compared with the measured one. Induced body force in the melt was calculated with both of the calculated magnetic flux density and velocity profile. The dimensionless vortex formation height, where the vortex formation height is divided by orifice inner diameter, decreased from 1.7 down to 0.85 in both cases of the PM device and the EM device as the static magnetic field increased up to 0.17 T.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Market and European identity: ethical pluralism according to Paolo Prodi. Paolo Prodi's work identifies the European genetic code with the persistent tension between different powers: the States, the Church, the market with its ethical principles of self-regulation. The ethical principles of the market were constructed in the early modern period through the widening of the category of theft, seen as a breach of loyalty, trust and equity in trade. The risk is, for contemporary Europe, that of replacing the existing pluralism with the monism of a global market. The narrative is intense and fascinating, yet it overplays the intrinsic ethics of the market in the early modern period, through the lens of mainly doctrinal \\\\'scholastic\\\\' sources that ignore practices, contexts, conflicts.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "DAILY VALIDATION PROCEDURE OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC ASSAY USING GAUSSOEXPONENTIAL MODELING. High performance liquid chromatography is one of the most successful analytical methods used for the quantitative determination of drugs in biological samples. However, this method is marked by a lack of performance reproducibility: chromatographic peaks become wider and even asymmetrical as the column ages. These progressive changes in the chromatographic parameters have to be taken into account when evaluating the validation criteria for the method. These criteria change with the ageing process of the column leading to the need for new estimations to assure the quality of the results. Procedures are proposed for the daily determination of some validation criteria using the exponentially modified Gaussian (EMG) model of the chromatographic peak. This modelling has been studied on simulated chromatographic peaks in order to obtain the relationships between chromatographic measurements and EMG parameters.", "label": [2, 4, 36, 22]}
{"token": "Learning strategies and motivational development: An empirical study with as a Foreign Language students in Brazil. This article is based on the relation of some \\\\'learning strategies\\\\' especially those of Oxford about Motivation. That is, what activities are more motivational in the study of the Spanish as Foreign Language of Brazilian students in a context of learning of no immersion? In the empirical study, the questions of the questionnaires and the interviews were based on models of learning strategies proposed by Oxford. The results point to use the arts as the more motivational learning strategies.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 28]}
{"token": "Study of the performance of three micromixing models in transported scalar PDFsimulations of a piloted jet diffusion flame ('Delft Flame III'). Numerical simulation results are presented for a turbulent nonpremixed flame with local extinction and reignition. The transported scalar PDF approach is applied to the turbulence-chemistry interaction. The turbulent flow field is obtained with a nonlinear two-equation turbulence model. A C, skeletal scheme is used as the chemistry model. The performance of three micrornixing models is compared: the interaction by exchange with the mean model (IEM), the modified Curl's coalescence/dispersion model (CD) and the Euclidean minimum spanning tree model (EMST). With the IEM model, global extinction occurs. With the standard value of model constant C-phi = 2 the CD model yields a lifted flame, unlike the experiments, while with the EMST model the correct flame shape is obtained. However, the conditional variances of the thermochemical quantities are underestimated with the EMST model, due to a lack of local extinction in the simulations. With the CD model, the flame becomes attached when either the value of C-phi is increased to 3 or the pilot flame thermal power is increased by a factor of 1.5. With increased value of C-phi better results for Mixture fraction variance are obtained with both the CD and the EMST model. Lowering the value of C-phi leads to better predictions for mean temperature with EMST, but at the cost of stronger overprediction of mixture fraction variance. These trends are explained as a consequence of variance production by macroscopic inhomogeneity and the specific properties of the micromixing models. Local time stepping is applied so that convergence is obtained more quickly. Iteration averaging reduces statistical error so that the limited number of 50 particles per cell is sufficient to obtain accurate results. (c) 2005 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Dopaminergic modulation of appetitive trace conditioning: the role of D1 receptors in medial prefrontal cortex. Impaired trace conditioning under SKF81297 is likely to be mediated in part (but not exclusively) within the IL and PL mPFC sub-regions. The finding that trace conditioning was impaired rather than enhanced under SKF81297 provides further evidence for the inverse U-function which has been suggested to be characteristic of mPFC DA function.Whilst treatment with SCH23390 impaired motor responding and/or motivation, SKF81297 had relatively little effect in the pre-trained animals tested in experiment 1b. However, systemic SKF81297 depressed the acquisition function at the 2-s trace interval in experiment 2. Similarly, in experiment 3, SKF81297 (0.1 mu g in 1.0 mu l) microinjected into either PL or IL mPFC impaired appetitive conditioning at the 2-s trace interval.Experiment la was run to establish trace conditioning in a shortened procedure which would be suitable to test the effects of dopamine (DA) D1 receptor agents administered by microinjection directly into the brain. Experiment lb examined the effects of the DA D1 agonist SKF81297 and the DA D1 antagonist SCH23390 following systemic administration in pre-trained animals. Experiment 2 went on to test the effects of systemically administered SKF81297 on the acquisition of trace conditioning. In experiment 3, SKF81297 was administered directly in prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) sub-regions of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to compare the role of different mPFC sub-regions.Trace conditioning may provide a behavioural model suitable to examine the maintenance of 'on line' information and its underlying neural substrates.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Phylogeography of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and its primary endosymbiont, 'Candidatus Carsonella ruddii': an evolutionary approach to host-endosymbiont interaction. BACKGROUNDIn insects, little is known about the co-evolution between their primary endosymbionts and hosts at the intraspecific level. This study examined co-diversification between the notorious agricultural pest Diaphorina citri and its primary endosymbionts (P-endosymbiont), Candidatus Carsonella ruddii' at the population level.RESULTSMaximum likelihood, haplotype network, principal components and Bayesian clustering identified three lineages for D. citri and its P-endosymbiont: a Western clade containing individuals from Pakistan, Bhutan (Phuentsholing), Vietnam (Son La), USA, Myanmar and China (Ruili, Yunnan); a Central clade, with accessions originating from Southwest China, Bhutan (Tsirang) and Bangladesh; and an Eastern clade containing individuals from Southeast Asia, and East and South China. A more diverse genetic structure was apparent in the host mitochondrial DNA than their P-endosymbionts; however, the two sets of data were strongly congruent.CONCLUSIONThis study provides evidence for the co-diversification of D. citri and its P-endosymbiont during the migration from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia. We also suggest that the P-endosymbiont may facilitate investigations into the genealogy and migration history of the host. The biogeography of D. citri and its P-endosymbiont indicated that D. citri colonized and underwent a secondary dispersal from South Asia to East and Southeast Asia. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical Industry", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "Structural studies of Li3N using neutron powder diffraction. The search for alternative fuel has spurred interest in complexes with high hydrogen absorption-desorption capacities. Among these compounds complex metal hydrides have received much attention. More recently, it was proposed that simple metal nitrides such as lithium nitride (Li3N), with its 9 wt% recyclable hydrogen uptake, could be good candidates for reversible hydrogen storage. In this paper, we present the results of detailed structural study of Li3N through the temperature range 20-673 K using neutron powder diffraction. Commercially purchased compound showed a co-existence of alpha and beta phases of Li3N. We observed a steady decline of the beta phase above 473 K and a very small fraction (similar to 2.5 wt%) remained untransformed at 673 K. This transformation (beta to alpha) was not reversible on cooling. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Circular polarization shows the nature of pulsar magnetosphere composition. It has been argued in previous papers that an ion-proton plasma is formed at the polar caps of neutron stars with positive polar-cap corotational charge density. The present paper does not offer a theory of the development of turbulence from the unstable Langmuir modes that grow in the outwards accelerated plasma, but attempts to describe in qualitative terms the factors relevant to the emission of polarized radiation at frequencies below 1-10 GHz. The work of Karastergiou & Johnston is of particular importance in this respect because it demonstrates in high-resolution measurements of the profiles of 17 pulsars that the relative phase retardation between the O- and E-modes of the plasma is no greater than of the order of pi. Provided the source of the radiation is at low altitudes, as favoured by recent observations, this order of retardation is possible only for a plasma of baryonic-mass particles.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Socioecological disparities in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina. Despite growing interest in urban resilience, remarkably little is known about vegetation dynamics in the aftermath of disasters. In this study, we examined the composition and structure of plant communities across New Orleans (Louisiana, USA) following catastrophic flooding triggered by levee failures during Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Focusing on eight neighborhoods that span a range of demographic and topographical conditions, we assessed whether plant communities in post-Katrina New Orleans reflect flooding disturbance and post-disaster landscape management policies. We then contextualized vegetation patterns and associated ecosystem services and disservices with census-based demographic trends and indepth interviews to draw inferences about the drivers and outcomes of urban land abandonment in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. We found that areas subject to the greatest flooding disturbance exhibit the highest rates of vegetation response. Disturbance intensity and elevation, however, are relatively weak drivers of vegetation differences among the studied neighborhoods. Rather, we found that household income, racial demographics, and land abandonment are important drivers of vegetation community composition and structure across the city. Our findings indicate that resettlement and landscape management policies can mediate post-flooding ecological outcomes and demonstrate that unmanaged, emergent vegetation on abandoned lands can be an environmental justice concern in underserved and historically marginalized communities.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Mooring subjects of heritage: proprioceptive emplacement at Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump. This article examines how visitors to Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (HSIBJ) in Fort Macleod, Alberta, are physically and affectively situated within an immersive heritage landscape. A designated UNESCO World Heritage Site, HSIBJ is inextricably tied to regional Blackfoot and settler-colonial histories, as well as the tensions that emerge between the two. HSIBJ's Interpretive Centre is organised to plunge audiences inside the live' archaeological scene and an evocative heritage landscape. It does so through technologies, including motion-triggered projections, which locate and secure visitors within official national - and universal - heritage narratives. The central argument of this article is that HSIBJ's Interpretive Centre beckons subjects of heritage through proprioception, the awareness of the body's position in and movement through space. Extending beyond the physiological sensation of one's own body, proprioception also works alongside the two other substantiating buttresses of archaeology and heritage to provide a gravitational ground upon which the visitor is located and their subjectivity confirmed. Proprioceptive grounding emplaces a body within an expanded and ancient' narratology of nation, and in this way, also becomes the mechanism through which exogenous settlers assuage anxieties about their latecoming status.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Cusp and boundary layer observations by interball. Interball Tail Probe was launched on August 2, 1995 together with its subsatellite MAGION-4 into a highly elliptical orbit with apogee at 31 R-E and inclination 63 degrees. During the course of one year all local times are visited, In this paper we will present initial results obtained from measurements in the cusp, mantle and eveningside plasma sheet in January, 1996, It is found that the cusp was well defined and persistent at altitudes of 4-10 R-E, In one case both the main satellite and the subsatellite were in the cusp proper for two uninterrupted hours. We believe this to be the first ever multi-point satellite observation of the high-altitude cusp. The data indicate that the cusp was very stable with a wide entry area and that plasma entry took place at high latitudes rather than at the subsolar point. Pressure pulses, possibly due to Alfven waves were found, Sunward and antisunward moving plasma was measured simultaneously during a case of northward IMF but no convection was discovered, Plenty of plasma of cusp/magnetosheath type was also found mixed with plasma sheet plasma both equatorward of the cusp and in the eveningside plasma sheet. (C) 1997 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Resprouting in the Mediterranean-type shrub Erica australis affected by soil resource availability. Soil resource availability may affect plant regeneration by resprouting in disturbed environments directly;,by affecting plant growth rates, or indirectly by determining allocation to storage in the resprouting organs. Allocation to storage may be higher in stressful, low resource-supply soils, but under such conditions plant growth rates may be lower. These factors could act in opposite directions leading to poorly known effects on resprouting. This paper analyses the role played by soil resources in the production and growth of resprouts after removal of above-ground plant tissues in the Mediterranean shrub Erica australis. At 13 sites, differing in substrate, we cut the base of the stems of six plants of E. australis and allowed them to resprout and grow for two years. Soils were chemically analysed and plant water potential measured during the summer at all sites to characterize soil resource availability. We used stepwise regression analysis to determine the relationships between the resprouting response [mean site values of the number of resprouts. (RN), maximum length (RML) and biomass (RB)] and soil nutrient content and plant water potential at each site. During the first two years of resprouting there were statistically significant differences among sites in the variables characterizing the resprouting response. RML was always different among sites and had little relationship with lignotuber area. RN was less different among sites and was always positively correlated with lignotuber area. RB was different among sites after the two years of growth. During the first months of resprouting, RN and RML were highly and positively related to the water status of the plant during summer. At later dates soil fertility variables came into play, explaining significant amounts of variance of the resprouting variables. Soil extractable cations content was the main variable accounting for RML and RB. Our results indicate that resprout growth of E. australis is positively affected by high water availability at the beginning of the resprouting response and negatively so by high soil extractable cation content at later periods. Some of these factors had previously shown to be related, with an opposite sign, to the development of a relatively larger lignotuber. Indeed, RML and RB measured in the second year of resprouting were significantly and negatively correlated with some indices of biomass allocation to the lignotuber at each site. This indicates that sites favouring allocation to the resprouting organ may not favour resprout growth.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37, 9]}
{"token": "Development of the Russian matrix sentence test. Objective: To develop the Russian matrix sentence test for speech intelligibility measurements in noise. Design: Test development included recordings, optimization of speech material, and evaluation to investigate the equivalency of the test lists and training. For each of the 500 test items, the speech intelligibility function, speech reception threshold (SRT: signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, that provides 50% speech intelligibility), and slope was obtained. The speech material was homogenized by applying level corrections. In evaluation measurements, speech intelligibility was measured at two fixed SNRs to compare list-specific intelligibility functions. To investigate the training effect and establish reference data, speech intelligibility was measured adaptively. Study sample: Overall, 77 normal-hearing native Russian listeners. Results: The optimization procedure decreased the spread in SRTs across words from 2.8 to 0.6 dB. Evaluation measurements confirmed that the 16 test lists were equivalent, with a mean SRT of - 9.5 +/- 0.2 dB and a slope of 13.8 +/- 1.6%/dB. The reference SRT, - 8.8 +/- 0.8 dB for the open-set and - 9.4 +/- 0.8 dB for the closed-set format, increased slightly for noise levels above 75 dB SPL. Conclusions: The Russian matrix sentence test is suitable for accurate and reliable speech intelligibility measurements in noise.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
{"token": "High-Resolution Typing Reveals Distinct Chlamydia trachomatis Strains in an At-Risk Population in Nanjing, China. We investigated Chlamydia trachomatis strains from Nanjing, China, and whether these strains differed from Amsterdam, the Netherlands. C. trachomatis type was determined with multilocus sequence typing. Most strains were specific to Nanjing, but some clustered with strains from Amsterdam. This demonstrates a geographical variation in C. trachomatis previously left undetected.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "La Famille Dansant. Investigating the Family Structure and Repertory of the Johannesenske Balletselskab. The performance history of the Johannesenske Balletselskab spans a long period. In different shapes, sizes and names the ensemble was on the road for 30 years. This article analyses the activities of the Johannesenske enterprise through the lenses of itinerant performance traditions. Two features are discussed in this article: the reliance on family members as performers and the ensemble's diverse repertory. The ensemble featured a repertory popular in its own time, consisting chiefly of national and character dances as well as pantomimes. Arguably, an investigation of the ensemble's performance history offers information on little explored perspectives of nineteenth century Nordic ballet. In particular, the Johannesenske Balletselskab offers insights into family structures and the repertoire typical of itinerant ensembles. This information is also useful on a more general level, given that there were several ensembles similar to the Johannesenske travelling in the Nordic countries that functioned similarly to La famille dansant. Through analysing the use of the repertoire, it can be shown that the Johannesenske enterprise was, in their programming, up to date as a \\\\'ballet ensemble\\\\'. The family kept up itinerant traditions through their use of children as performers and reliance on pantomimes. The Johannesenske ensemble is, therefore, especially valuable for revealing insights into dance practices and dance styles, which have, so far, been little researched.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Pendant Photochromic Conjugated Polymers Incorporating a Highly Functionalizable Thieno[3,4-b]thiophene Switching Motif. The ability to externally modulate conjugated polymer optoelectronic properties is an important challenge for modern organic electronics. One attractive approach entails the incorporation of stimuli-responsive molecular systems, such as diarylethenes, into polymeric materials. Our approach involves the design of polymers possessing photochromic moieties pendant to the main conjugated chain to allow for electronic influence along the polymer backbone while avoiding substantial conformational demands that may affect solid-state performance. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of thieno[3,4-b]thiophene (TT)-based photo chromes that demonstrate drastically different optoelectronic properties upon cyclization. Experimental and computational investigations of aryl-extended model compounds provided crucial insight on the interplay between electronic structure and photochromic activity, thus allowing for the realization of pendant photoswitchable conjugated copolymers that reflect the activity found in the related model systems.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Food finding and the influence of information, local enhancement, and communal roosting on foraging success of North American vultures. I investigated foraging behavior and competition for food between Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura) and Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus) in southern Texas. Turkey Vultures usually located carcasses first, but often were displaced by later-arriving Black Vultures, which used local enhancement to locate the carcasses. Turkey Vultures occurred equally frequently at carcasses of all sizes, but Black Vultures were more likely to visit large carcasses (>5 kg) than small ones. In addition, at very large carcasses (>100 kg), Black Vultures outnumbered Turkey Vultures. Turkey Vultures apparently depend primarily on small items, which they can consume quickly before Black Vultures usurp them. Both vulture species roost communally and it has been suggested that their roosts may function as information centers. However, because recent research indicates that the information-center hypothesis is unlikely to be a sufficient explanation for communal roosting in vultures, I explored other possible foraging benefits of communal roosting. Specifically, I incorporated field data collected on the foraging behavior of vultures into two simulation models designed to evaluate the possibility that communal roosting facilitates the use of local enhancement by roost members, either by promoting the formation of foraging groups (the assembly-point hypothesis) or by concentrating birds in space (the spatial-concentration hypothesis). I conclude that birds depending on spatial-concentration effects occasionally may forage more successfully than noncommunally roosting individuals, but those that form foraging groups do best. Thus, communal roosting may be advantageous because it facilitates the formation of foraging groups.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Safety and efficacy results of simulated post-exposure prophylaxis with human immune globulin (HRIG; KEDRAB) co-administered with active vaccine in healthy subjects: a comparative phase 2/3 trial. We conducted a clinical trial to assess the safety and putative efficacy of an additional human rabies immune globulin (HRIG; KEDRAB) versus an older product (Comparator, HyperRAB S/D (R) [Grifols]) and determine whether HRIG interferes with development of endogenous antibodies versus Comparator, when each is given with an active rabies vaccine. This was a prospective, double-blind, single-period, non-inferiority study in which subjects were randomized (1:1) to a single dose (20 IU/kg) of HRIG or Comparator on day 0 and rabies vaccine (RabAvert (R) [GlaxoSmithKline]; 1 mL of >= 2.5 IU/mL) on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28. Anti-rabies antibodies were measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test on day 14, and subjects were followed until day 185. Rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers >= 0.5 IU/mL were considered seroconversion putatively indicative of protection. The non-inferiority criterion was the lower limit of the 90% confidence interval (CI) >-10%, for the between-group difference in the proportion of subjects achieving RVNA >= 0.5 IU/mL. On day 14, 98.3% of 59 subjects in the HRIG group and 100% of 59 in the Comparator group had RVNA >= 0.5 IU/mL (difference between proportions - 1.8%; 90% CI, - 8.2, 3.1; non-inferiority criterion met). One subject in the HRIG group did not meet the seroconversion criteria for anti-rabies antibody, and one subject in the Comparator group showed an anamnestic response, with much higher than expected anti-rabies antibody levels at both baseline and on day 14. Thus, HRIG allows for prophylactic anti-rabies antibody titers and is non-inferior to Comparator, when administered with rabies vaccine.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
{"token": "A Culture of non-citation: Assessing the digital impact of British History Online and the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This article discusses the culture of digital citation within the humanities, with specific reference to research done on the citation of two well-used digital resources: British History Online and the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. Because these two resources are available in both print and digital form, they provide a good test case of whether academics prefer to cite print sources when they have used digital resources in their research.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Distinct tubulin dynamics in cancer cells explored using a highly tubulin-specific fluorescent probe. A highly specific fluorescent probe (OC9) was discovered exhibiting tubulin-specific affinity fluorescence, which allowed selective labeling of cellular tubulin in microtubules. Moreover, distinct tubulin dynamics in various cellular bio-settings such as drug resistant or epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) cancer cells were directly observed for the first time via OC9 staining.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Impact ionization wave breakdown of drift step recovery diodes. High frequency IMPATT oscillations followed under certain conditions by reversible impact ionization wave breakdown of the p(+)-n-n(+) diode structure have been experimentally observed for the first time in a drift step recovery diode operating in the avalanche breakdown mode after a fast voltage restoration of the p-n junction. (C) 2001 MAIK \\\\'Nauka/Interperiodica\\\\'.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Interception of seed-transmitted viruses in broad bean germplasm imported into India during 1996-2006. The quarantine processing of 524 broad bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasm accessions from International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Syria (512), Eritrea (8), Iraq (1) and Spain (3) revealed the presence of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) from Spain; Broad bean stain virus (BBSV) and Broad bean wilt virus (BBWV) from ICARDA, Syria; Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) from Spain and ICARDA, Syria on the basis of visual inspection, growing-on test, electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seeds were harvested from virus-free plants and released to the indenters which eliminated the risk of introduction of BBSV not reported from India and PSbMV not known to occur on V. faba in India, known to cause significant yield losses.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Subjective quality of life and positive appraisal of care among Japanese family caregivers of older adults. Most family caregiving research has portrayed caregiving as a negative life experience for caregivers, but a broader perspective is necessary to examine its impact on the caregiver quality of life (QL). The role that positive appraisal of care plays in the caregiving experience among Japanese families of older adults was examined in relation to the caregiver's subjective QL. Positive as well as negative appraisal of care was measured by a newly developed multi-dimensional scale, which included the domains of 'relationship satisfaction,' 'role confidence,' 'consequential gain,' 'normative fulfillment' (positive appraisal), 'role exhaustion,' 'isolation,' 'relationship difficulty,' and 'symptom management difficulty' (negative appraisal). Subjective QL was measured by WHO/QL-26. Altogether 337 Japanese family caregivers participated in this survey. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that 'role confidence,' 'normative fulfillment,' and 'role exhaustion' had a significant independent impact on physical QL, while 'role confidence' and 'role exhaustion' on psychological QL. The association of 'normative fulfillment' with physical QL was negative while that of 'role confidence' was positive, despite the positive correlation between the two domains. The results underline the importance of considering positive as well as negative appraisal of care when examining subjective QL of the family caregivers.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Properties of an enzyme-based low-level iodine disinfectant. An enzyme-based iodine (EBI) disinfectant that continuously generates free molecular iodine in a controlled fashion was developed and evaluated for use in disinfecting flexible fibreoptic endoscopes (FFEs). EBI is a powder concentrate that produces iodine from sodium iodide and calcium peroxide when catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase. After dissolution in water, it delivers relatively high concentrations of free molecular iodine (>15 ppm) at relatively low concentrations of total iodine (30-40 ppm). It demonstrates the ability to function as an effective low level iodine disinfectant by rapidly inactivating bacteria, fungi and viruses. A unique feature of the EBI system is the ability to reoxidize reduced iodine which results in a constant level of active (free molecular) iodine during use. EBI inactivates Mycobacterium bovis var BCG more rapidly than 2% glutaraldehyde (Cidex-7). Its sporicidal activity, however, was found to be slower than the aldehyde formulation. The qualification of EBI for use as a practical disinfectant was shown by its negligible toxicity in dermal, ocular, oral and inhalation studies on animals, which is attributed to the low level of total iodine in the solution. (C) 1999 The Hospital Infection Society.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "Trophic Structures of Two Contrasting Estuarine Ecosystems With and without a Dike on the Temperate Coast of Korea as Determined by Stable Isotopes. To evaluate the modification of carbon flow in estuarine systems by a dike construction, we compared the trophic structures of the macrobenthic food webs in two contrasting estuaries, one with and one without a dike, on the western and southern coasts of Korea, by measuring the delta C-13 and delta N-15 values of subtidal macrobenthic consumers. The isotopic values of most organic matter sources were similar between the two estuaries, but there was a different pattern in the isotopic spatial variability between them. For the consumer delta C-13 values in the diked estuary, there were no significant spatial differences among sites and the isotopic niche widths were much narrower than those in the dike-free estuary. Moreover, the indices of community-wide metrics were smaller in the diked estuary than in the dike-free estuary. These results suggest a lower trophic diversity of macrobenthic consumers with their increased trophic redundancy in the diked estuary. These differences between the dike and dike-free estuaries might be explained by the decrease of benthic producers and then their lower food availabilities for consumers resulting from the presence of the dike. Our findings provide evidence that dike construction and subsequent alteration of hydrologic and circulation processes may lead to modification of the trophic structure of estuarine macrobenthic communities.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Chemical interactions between cement and E-glass fibers with a CaO-BaO-SiO2-TiO2 coating. E-glass fibers were coated with a 15CaO-15BaO-20SiO(2)-50TiO(2) thin film by the sol-gel method. Mechanical and chemical tests were performed on coated and uncoated fibers in cement and cement extract solutions to investigate the interactions between cement and gel-glass film. The results show that the resistance of E-glass fibers to the alkali cement medium is enhanced by the 15CaO-15BaO-20SiO(2)-50TiO(2) coating. The significant roles of TiO2, CaO, and BaO in the protection fibers from the alkaline attack of cement are described. Some evidence is presented that the alkali corrosion of the coated fibers results in the formation of a thick and compact Ti film that suppresses further corrosion reaction.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Diabetes does not influence treatment decisions regarding revascularization in patients with stable coronary artery disease. OBJECTIVE - To evaluate whether in stable angina preference for coronary revascularization by either percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) is influenced by diabetes status and whether this has prognostic implications.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - A total of 2,928 consecutive patients with stable angina who were enrolled in the prospective Euro Heart Survey on Coronary Revascularization were studied. Multivariable analyses were applied to evaluate the relation between diabetes, treatment decision, and 1-year outcome.CONCLUSIONS - in stable angina, treatment decisions regarding revascularization or the choice for CABG or PCI were not influenced by the presence of diabetes. Diabetes was not associated with a poor prognosis.RESULTS - Diabetes was documented in 587 patients (20%) who had more extensive coronary disease. Revascularization was intended in 74% of patients with diabetes and in 77% of those without diabetes. In patients selected for revascularization, CABG was intended in 35% of diabetic and in 33% of nondiabetic patients. Multivariable analyses did not change these findings, but in some subgroups diabetes influenced treatment decisions. For example, diabetic subjects with mild heart failure had more often intended revascularization (91%) than those without diabetes (67%, P < 0.001). Treatment decisions in patients with more extensive (left main, multivessel, or proximal left anterior descending artery) disease were not influenced by diabetes status. Diabetes was not associated with an increased incidence of all-cause death, nonfatal cerebrovascular accident, or nonfatal myocardial infarction at 1 year, regardless of preferred treatment. The incidence of the combined end points was 7.3% in diabetic and 6.8% in nondiabetic patients (adjusted hazard ratio 1.0 [95% CI 01.7-1.41]).", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Self-referential processing during observation of a speech performance task in social anxiety disorder from pre- to post-treatment: Evidence of disrupted neural activation. Self-referential processing is critical to understanding social anxiety disorder (SAD). This study examined neural differences in self-referential processing in healthy controls (HC) and participants with SAD at pre- and post-treatment. Participants (n = 64) underwent fMRI scanning while viewing a video of themselves (\\\\'Self\\\\') or another person (\\\\'Other\\\\'). SAD participants were randomized to cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), or waitlist, and were re-scanned at post-treatment. In SAD vs. HC, the fusiform face area (FFA) showed significantly more activation during Self vs. Other, and greater SAD severity was associated with significantly more activation during Self vs. Other in the right FFA and the left extrastriate body area (EBA). Greater reduction in SAD severity was associated with stronger connectivity between the amygdala and FFA during Self vs. Other at post-treatment, whereas the strength of connectivity during Self and Other was comparable at post-treatment for those with less SAD reduction. Thus, there were significant differences in activation and functional connectivity of brain regions implicated in self-referential processing in SAD. Change in connectivity between the amygdala and FFA were observed as a function of change in SAD severity, suggesting that improvements in SAD severity may correct this altered functional connectivity.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "A concept analysis of family caregivers' uncertainty of patient's illness. Aim: To analyze and examine the concept of uncertainty of the patient's illness among family caregivers.Background: Promoting family caregivers' health is significant in nursing. Family caregivers may experience uncertainty related to their loved ones' illness. A lack of clarity exists regarding the uncertainty concept among family caregivers and its implications in nursing.Data Source: A review of the literature that focused on family caregivers of adult patients using PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus databases was completed.Conclusions: Individuals can perceive uncertainty differently as a patient-facing uncertainty in illness versus a family caregiver facing uncertainty of their loved ones' illness.Results: Eight articles were analyzed. Attributes of family caregivers' uncertainty included the patient's illness probability and family caregivers' perception of the illness. Antecedents included the characteristics of the patient's illness, factors associated with the family caregivers' perception of the illness, and family responsibilities of caregiving. The consequences included family caregivers' emotional, psychological, and financial outcomes. Family caregivers' uncertainty is defined as the perception of the inability to process information regarding the patient's illness trajectory when caring for significant others' illness.Methods: The Walker and Avant framework was applied to identify the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of family caregivers' uncertainty.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Religion and spirituality: the experience of families of children with Chronic Renal Failure. Objective: To describe the manifestations of religiosity and spirituality in families of children with Chronic Kidney Failure undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Methods: This qualitative research is a case study with multiple subjects. Meaningful content analysis was adopted, using the thematic type, in the framework of family nursing in health promotion. Results: Four families participated in the study, totaling fourteen participants. Religion and spirituality appear as important resources for family members in coping with the chronic disease, mainly in view of threatening prognoses. Conclusion: It is important for nurses to understand the family's religious and spirituality in the disease process, with a view to their work in health promotion.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Doxycycline-mediated effects on persistent symptoms and systemic cytokine responses post-neuroborreliosis: a randomized, prospective, cross-over study. Discussion: No doxycycline-mediated improvement of post-treatment symptoms or quality of life was observed. Nor could any doxycycline-mediated changes in systemic cytokine responses be detected. The study was completed without any serious adverse events. To conclude, in this pilot study, doxycycline-treatment did not lead to any improvement of either the persistent symptoms or quality of life in post-NB patients. Accordingly, doxycycline does not seem to be the optimal treatment of diverse persistent symptoms post-NB. However, the results need to be confirmed in larger studies.Background: Persistent symptoms after treatment of neuroborreliosis (NB) are well-documented, although the causative mechanisms are mainly unknown. The effect of repeated antibiotic treatment has not been studied in detail. The aim of this study was to determine whether: (1) persistent symptoms improve with doxycycline treatment; (2) doxycycline has an influence on systemic cytokine responses, and; (3) improvement of symptoms could be due to doxycycline-mediated immunomodulation.Methods/Design: 15 NB patients with persistent symptoms >= 6 months post-treatment were double-blindly randomized to receive 200 mg of doxycycline or a placebo for three weeks. After a six-week wash-out period, a cross-over with a three-week course of a placebo or doxycycline was conducted. The primary outcome measures were improvement of persistent symptoms assessed by neurological examinations, a symptom severity score and estimation of the quality of life. The secondary outcome measure was changes in systemic cytokine responses.Results: All 15 patients finished the study. No doxycycline-mediated improvement of post-treatment symptoms or quality of life was observed. Nor could any doxycycline-mediated changes in systemic cytokine responses be detected. The study was completed without any serious adverse events.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Reconciling safe planetary targets and planetary justice: Why should social scientists engage with planetary targets?. As human activity threatens to make the planet unsafe for humanity and other life forms, scholars are identifying planetary targets set at a safe distance from biophysical thresholds beyond which critical Earth systems may collapse. Yet despite the profound implications that both meeting and transgressing such targets may have for human wellbeing, including the potential for negative trade-offs, there is limited social science analysis that systematically considers the justice dimensions of such targets. Here we assess a range of views on planetary justice and present three arguments associated with why social scientists should engage with the scholarship on safe targets. We argue that complementing safe targets with just targets offers a fruitful approach for considering synergies and trade-offs between environmental and social aspirations and can inform inclusive deliberation on these important issues.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Cervical insufficiency, amniotic fluid sludge, intra-amniotic infection, and maternal bacteremia: the need for a point-of-care test to assess inflammation and bacteria in amniotic fluid. Acute cervical insufficiency is frequently associated with subclinical intra-amniotic inflammation and intra-amniotic infection. Amniotic fluid analysis has been recommended prior to the placement of a cervical cerclage given that preexisting infection is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. We report a case for which commonly available laboratory tests-amniotic fluid Gram stain, white blood cell count, and glucose concentration-did not detect either intra-amniotic inflammation, diagnosed by elevated amniotic fluid interleukin-6, or intra-amniotic infection, diagnosed by cultivation. Following cerclage placement, the patient developed clinical chorioamnionitis and bacteremia and experienced a spontaneous mid-trimester pregnancy loss. This case illustrates the need for a rapid and sensitive point-of-care test capable of detecting infection or inflammation, given recent evidence in support of treatment of intra-amniotic infection and intra-amniotic inflammation with antimicrobial agents.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Electing women to new Arab assemblies: The roles of gender ideology, Islam, and tribalism in Oman. As Arab monarchies increasingly adopt and empower consultative assemblies, women's representation varies markedly across countries. What leads citizens in these new electoral systems to vote for women? This study investigates the determinants of support for women's representation using the first electoral survey ever conducted in Oman, prior to the October 2015 Majlis al Shura elections. It considers cross-nationally recognized factors - gender ideology and religion - and tribalism, a factor heretofore largely unexplored. Confirming prior studies, citizens with traditional gender ideology are much less supportive of women's representation. Developing a simultaneous equations model, we show that religiosity and tribalism shape gender ideology. Unlike in Western countries, education is unassociated with attitudes, and there is no generational shift towards equality; younger men are less supportive of women's representation than are older men. Increasing women's representation requires not only increasing citizen demand for female leaders, but also changing informal tribal and formal electoral institutions.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Updated search for the standard model Higgs boson in events with jets and missing transverse energy using the full CDF data set. We present an updated search for the Higgs boson produced in association with a vector boson in the final state with missing transverse energy and two jets. We use the full CDF data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9: 45 fb(-1) at a proton-antiproton center-of-mass energy of root s = 1.96 TeV. New to this analysis is the inclusion of a b-jet identification algorithm specifically optimized for H -> b (b) over bar searches. Across the Higgs boson mass range 90 <= m(H) <= 150 GeV/c(2), the expected 95% credibility level upper limits on the VH production cross section times the H -> b (b) over bar branching fraction are improved by an average of 14% relative to the previous analysis. At a Higgs boson mass of 125 GeV/c(2), the observed (expected) limit is 3.06 (3.33) times the standard model prediction, corresponding to one of the most sensitive searches to date in this final state. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.87.052008", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "A new approach for the adaptation of HMMs to reverberation and background noise. Looking at practical application scenarios of speech recognition systems several distortion effects exist that have a major influence on the speech signal and can considerably deteriorate the recognition performance. So far, mainly the influence of stationary background noise and of unknown frequency characteristics has been studied. A further distortion effect is the hands-free speech input in a reverberant room environment.The use of a hands-free speech input comes along with the recording of any background noise that is present in the room. Thus there exists the need of combining the adaptation to reverberant conditions with the adaptation to background noise and unknown frequency characteristics. A combined adaptation scheme for all mentioned effects is presented in this paper. The adaptation is based on an estimation of the noise characteristics before the beginning of speech is detected. The estimation of the distortion parameters is based on signal processing techniques. The applicability is demonstrated by showing the improvements on artificially distorted data as well as on real recordings in rooms. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.A new approach is presented to adapt the energy and spectral parameters of HMMs as well as their time derivatives to the modifications by the speech input in a reverberant environment. The only parameter, needed for the adaptation, is an estimate of the reverberation time. The usability of this adaptation technique is shown by presenting the improvements for a series of recognition experiments on reverberant speech data. The approach for adapting the time derivatives of the acoustic parameters can be applied in general for all different types of distortions and is not restricted to the case of a hands-free input.", "label": [4, 35, 40]}
{"token": "Characterizing the Lassa Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Membrane Proximal External Region for Its Role in Fusogenicity. The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of Lassa virus (LASV) glycoprotein complex (GPC) is critical in modulating its functionality. Till now, the high-resolution structure of the intact GPC, including MPER is not available. In this study, we used alanine substitution to scan all 16 residues located in LASV MPER. Western blotting and quantification fusion assay showed that the residues located at the C terminus of the HR2 (M414 and L415) and N terminus of the MPER (K417 and Y419) are critical for GPC-mediated membrane fusion function. Furthermore, cell surface biotinylation experiments revealed that M414A, K417A and Y419A expressed similar levels as WT, whereas L415A mutant led to a reduction of mature GPC on the cell surface. Moreover, substitution of these residues with the similar residue such as M414L, L415I, K417R and Y419F would partly compensate the loss of the fusion activity caused by the alanine mutant in these sites. Results from this study showed that several key residues in the MPER region are indispensable to promote the conformational changes that drive fusion events and shed light on the structure analysis of LASV GPC and anti-LASV therapeutics.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Surgical Correction of an Arteriovenous Fistula in a Ring-Tailed Lemur (Lemur catta). A 10-y-old ovariohysterectomized ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) was presented for exacerbation of respiratory signs. The lemur had a history of multiple examinations for various problems, including traumatic lacerations and recurrent perivulvar dermatitis. Examination revealed abnormal lung sounds and a femoral arteriovenous fistula with a palpable thrill and auscultable bruit in the right inguinal area. A diagnosis of congestive heart failure was made on the basis of exam findings, radiography, abdominal ultrasonography, and echocardiography. The lemur was maintained on furosemide until surgical ligation of the fistula was performed. Postoperative examination confirmed successful closure of the fistula and resolution of the signs of heart failure. Arteriovenous fistulas are abnormal connections between an artery and a vein that bypass the capillary bed. Large arteriovenous fistulas may result in decreased peripheral resistance and an increase in cardiac output with consequent cardiomegaly and high output heart failure. This lemur's high-flow arteriovenous fistula with secondary heart failure may have been iatrogenically induced during blood collection by prior femoral venipuncture. To our knowledge, this report is the first description of an arteriovenous fistula in a prosimian. Successful surgical correction of suspected iatrogenic femoral arteriovenous fistulas in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) and a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) have been reported previously. Arteriovenous fistula formation should be considered as a rare potential complication of venipuncture and as a treatable cause of congestive heart failure in lemurs.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
{"token": "Bordetella parapertussis Survives the Innate Interaction with Human Neutrophils by Impairing Bactericidal Trafficking inside the Cell through a Lipid Raft-Dependent Mechanism Mediated by the Lipopolysaccharide O Antigen. Whooping cough is a reemerging disease caused by two closely related pathogens, Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. The incidence of B. parapertussis in whooping cough cases has been increasing since the introduction of acellular pertussis vaccines containing purified antigens that are common to both strains. Recently published results demonstrated that these vaccines do not protect against B. parapertussis due to the presence of the O antigen on the bacterial surface that impairs antibody access to shared antigens. We have investigated the effect of the lack of opsonization of B. parapertussis on the outcome of its interaction with human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs]). In the absence of opsonic antibodies, PMN interaction with B. parapertussis resulted in nonbactericidal trafficking upon phagocytosis. A high percentage of nonopsonized B. parapertussis was found in nonacidic lysosome marker (lysosome-associated membrane protein [LAMP])-negative phagosomes with access to the host cell-recycling pathway of external nutrients, allowing bacterial survival as determined by intracellular CFU counts. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen was found to be involved in directing B. parapertussis to PMN lipid rafts, eventually determining the nonbactericidal fate inside the PMN. IgG opsonization of B. parapertussis drastically changed this interaction by not only inducing efficient PMN phagocytosis but also promoting PMN bacterial killing. These data provide new insights into the immune mechanisms of hosts against B. parapertussis and document the crucial importance of opsonic antibodies in immunity to this pathogen.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) from Thailand. Original information on aphidiine braconids from Thailand is presented. Collections of specimens from 2006 through 2008 using Malaise traps and yellow pan traps yielded 7 new species records for the country, i.e., Binodoxys indicus Subba Rao et Sharma, Bioxys japonicus Stary et Schlinger, Diaeretus leucopterus (Haliday), Ephedrus lacertosus (Haliday), Fissicaudus thailandicus Stary et Rakshshani, Indaphidius curvicaudatus Stary and Parabioxys songbaiensisShi et Chen. The new records demonstrate faunal connections with India, Vietnam, the eastern Palaearctic, and more interestingly disjunct connections with the western Palaearctic, i.e. Ephedrus lacertosus (Haliday), Diaeretus leucopterus (Haliday), Lipolexis gracilis Forster, and afrotropical regions, i.e. Aphidius autriquei Stary. In all, 11 species belonging to 10 genera are presented.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Antecedents and Consequents of Loyalty to a Religious Organization. The objective of the study is to identify antecedent and consequent factors of loyalty to a religious organization. The study is based on the theory of planned behavior, which is designed to identify which variables antecede the individual's behavior of being loyal to a religious organization and have the constructs intrapersonal religious commitment and interpersonal religious commitment as constructs that are consequent of an individual's behavior of being loyal to religious organizations. A theoretical model is proposed with the constructs attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, loyalty to a religious organization and interpersonal and intrapersonal religious commitment. Therefore, a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study with 364 respondents was conducted. The study shows that a positive behavioral evaluation, opportunities in performing behavior and intention tend to be factors that influence loyalty behavior; additionally, once loyal, there is a greater likelihood of the individual being committed to his/her beliefs and the practice of those beliefs. Thus, attitude and subjective norms potentially influence commitment to a creed.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "When are goshawks not there? Is a single visit enough to infer absence at occupied nest areas?. We tested the efficacy of three methods (historical nest search, broadcast search, and tree transect search) for detecting presence of the Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) at occupied nest areas during the 1994 breeding season using only a single visit to a previously known nest area. We used detection rates in a probability model to determine how many visits are required to have confidence in reporting absence of goshawks. The purpose of this study is to understand if the three methods for detecting goshawks are robust enough for managers to rely on them for making land management decisions that may impact goshawk nest areas. Blind tests were conducted throughout the western United States. Results were similar among methods with goshawk presence going undetected at 36-42% of the Occupied nest areas after a single visit. These results indicate that a single visit to a nest area is inadequate to provide reliable information on nest area occupation. Our probability of detection model showed that if each detection method is repeated three (historical or tree transect) or four (broadcast) Limes, goshawk absence can be inferred with a high level of confidence. Conclusions regarding nest area Occupation using a single visit sampling method should be made with utmost caution. Classifying a nest area as vacant, when in fact goshawks are present, is a serious concern and leads to spurious Conclusions. Land managers making habitat-altering decisions should not rely on a single visit to nest areas to establish the absence of goshawks. Possibilities for improving the detection of nesting goshawks include Multiple independent visits using the same method, using a sequence of techniques in combination to yield an improved Cumulative probability of detection, or developing a new method yielding a higher probability of detection. The historical nest search obtained the best results, followed by the tree transect and broadcast search.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Mixed isogeometric collocation methods for the simulation of poromechanics problems in 1D. Isogeometric collocation is for the first time considered as a simulation tool for fluid-saturated porous media. Accordingly, with a focus on one-dimensional problems, a mixed collocation approach is proposed and tested in demanding situations, on both quasi-static and dynamic benchmarks. The developed method is proven to be very effective in terms of both stability and accuracy. In fact, the peculiar properties of the spline shape functions typical of isogeometric methods, along with the ease of implementation and low computational cost guaranteed by the collocation framework, make the proposed approach very attractive as a viable alternative to Galerkin-based approaches classically adopted in computational poromechanics.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Managing stakeholder knowledge for the evaluation of innovation systems in the face of climate change. Social implications - The developed methodological framework aims to include societal groups in the climate policy-making process by acknowledging stakeholders' role in developing transition pathways. The system map codifies stakeholder input in a structured and transparent manner.Originality/value - This is the first study that clearly defines the system mapping approach in the frame of climate policy and introduces the first dedicated software option for researchers and decision makers to use for implementing this methodology.Practical implications - This approach can provide policymakers with significant insight into the strengths and weaknesses of current policy frameworks based on tacit knowledge embedded in stakeholders.Research limitations/implications - This study explores how system mapping addresses gaps in analytical tools and complements the systems of innovation framework. Knowledge elicitation, however, must be facilitated and build upon a structured framework such as technological innovation systems.Findings - System mapping can contribute to evaluating systems for climate change by capturing knowledge of expert groups with regard to the dynamic interrelations between climate policy strategies and other system components, which may promote or hinder the desired transition to low carbon societies.Design/methodology/approach - This methodological framework is based on the concepts of market maps. The process of eliciting and visualising expert knowledge is facilitated by means of a reference implementation in MATLAB, which allows for designing technological innovation systems models in either a structured or a visual format.Purpose - The aim of this paper is to frame the stakeholder-driven system mapping approach in the context of climate change, building on stakeholder knowledge of system boundaries, key elements and interactions within a system and to introduce a decision support tool for managing and visualising this knowledge into insightful system maps with policy implications.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "The value frameworks and motivations for intergenerational transfers from older Australians. Transfers of time and money from people aged 50 or more may be made upward to living parents or downward to children, or both. The role of family in such transfers has strong implications for the level of social support offered by the state. This article takes a qualitative approach to reveal the value frameworks and motivations behind these transfers, based on a subsample of 30 respondents from a larger Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) survey. Family solidarity is still a strong norm in Australian society but adherence to this norm is flexible. Most Australians expect the state to supplement interfamilial assistance.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "AN ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF WILDERNES. Many share the conviction that wilderness should play a special role in any environmental ethic, even though the concept of wilderness remains contentious. Ever since it has been recognized that the traditional concept of a wilderness as a region \\\\'untrammeled\\\\' by human beings has a number of intractable difficulties, there has been no consensus on how we should understand wilderness, and most definitions or descriptions of wilderness remain negative (defining wilderness in terms of what it is not). I propose a new ecological concept of wilderness, and show that this concept escapes the difficulties of the traditional concept and its recent alternatives, while being a useful ancillary to some of the leading contemporary theories in environmental ethics.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Movement Disorders in Children. Context Movement disorders represent a common presentation in pediatrics and are often a source of clinical and diagnostic dilemmas. In this review, we provide an overview of common causes along with simplified clinical approach and management options for major movement disorders. Sources This narrative review is based on contemporary evidence and personal experience. Medline was searched for recent advances, current understanding and consensus on classification, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Results Movement disorders are classified as hyperkinetic and hypokinetic disorders, the latter being rare in childhood. The hyperkinetic disorders include dystonia, chorea, athetosis, tics and tremor, stereotypies, myoclonus, startle syndromes and functional disorders. Some movement disorders can be benign and developmental. A large proportion of conditions are genetic in origin with a guarded prognosis. Some of the conditions may be post-infectious, immune-mediated or drug induced. Multiple types of movement disorders are present in many conditions. The age at onset, type and distribution of abnormal movements and presence of associated neurological and systemic features help in narrowing the differential diagnosis. The pharmacotherapy of movement disorders is complex and evolving. Conclusion A synopsis of movement disorders presenting in pediatric age has been provided, incorporating the latest evidence. A simplified approach for clinical diagnosis has been developed for dystonia and chorea.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Ratcheting behavior of sandwiched assembly joined by sintered nanosilver for power electronics packaging. Ratcheting behavior of sandwiched structure joined by sintered nanosilver was studied by both experiment and simulation. An electronic universal testing apparatus and an innovative non-contact detecting system were developed to measure deformation of the sintered nanosilver joints. The effect of force amplitudes, mean forces, and peak forces at room temperature on the ratcheting behavior of the sintered nanosilver joint was investigated by force-controlled cyclic shear tests. A viscoplastic constitutive model based on Ohno-Wang and Armstrong-Fedrick (OW-AF) nonlinear kinematic hardening rule and Anand model were embedded in ABAQUS to predict the ratcheting behavior of the sintered nanosilver joint. The higher the force amplitude, mean force, and peak force, the larger the ratcheting displacement of the sintered nanosilver joint. Predicted results of OW-AF model agree with experiment better than those of Anand model. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Kernel abnormalities in malting barley - determining terminology and assessment. Kernel abnormalities are favourably influenced by extreme weather conditions in the corn ripening phase. Frequent occurence of such phenomena has to be taken into consideration should there be a change in climate in central Europe due global warming. Abnormalities of kernels can inhibit the utilization of malting barley. Because of the varying importance in malting and brewing technology, each phenomena must be clearly separated from one another. Differences are made between grain with split kernels, incomplete overlapping of husks, damaged husks, second tillering and pre-harvest sprouting. As well as the environmental effects, genetic variability also becomes apparent which is valuable for the determination of plant breeding and variety selection. influences of technical production can significantly increase or even reduce the risk but are relatively insignificant when compared with the overall variability. The breeding of early ripening varieties should be encouraged, not only because of its relation to second tillering. Examination conditions in barley breeding and variety authorisation should be modified to favour early ripening varieties.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Designing a biochip following multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Salmonella serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Infantis, Hadar, and Virchow in poultry products. Salmonella-contaminated foods, especially poultry-derived foods (eggs, chicken meat), are the major source of salmonellosis. Not only in the European Union (EU), but also in the United States, Japan, and other countries, has salmonellosis been an issue of concern for food safety control agencies. In 2005, EU regulation 1003/2005 set a target for the control and reduction of five target Salmonella enterica serovars-S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis, S. Hadar, and S. Virchow-in breeding flocks. Thus, a simple biochip for the rapid detection of any of these five Salmonella serovars in poultry products may be required. The objectives of this study were to design S. Virchow-specific primers and to develop a biochip for the simultaneous identification of all or any of these five Salmonella serovars in poultry and poultry products. Experimentally, we designed novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for the specific detection of S. Virchow, S. Infantis, and S. Hadar. The specificity of all these primers and two known primer sets for S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis was then confirmed under the same PCR conditions using 57 target strains and 112 nontarget Salmonella strains as well as 103 non-Salmonella strains. Following multiplex PCR, strains of any of these five Salmonella serovars could be detected by a chromogenic biochip deployed with DNA probes specific to these five Salmonella serovars. In comparison with the multiplex PCR methods, the biochip assay could improve the detection limit of each of the Salmonella serovars from N x 10(3) cfu/mL to N x 10(2) cfu/mL sample in either the pure culture or the chicken meat samples. With an 8-hour enrichment step, the detection limit could reach up to N x 10(0) cfu/mL. Copyright (C) 2017, Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) cDNA protects cells from chemotherapeutic agents. Transduction of hematopoietic progenitors with a multidrug resistance gene like mdr-1 or mrp aims to protect bone marrow from toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, The interest in the use of mrp as an alternative to mdr-1 gene transfer for bone marrow protection lies in its different modulation, Indeed, classical P-gp reversal agents, tested in the clinic to decrease mdr-1 tumor resistance, have little or no effect on MRP function, This would allow, in the same patient, the use of reversal agents to decrease P-gp tumor resistance without reversing bone marrow protection of the transduced hematopoietic cells provided by multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), As a first step, we have constructed and tested two different mrp-containing vectors with either the Harvey retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR) or PGK as promoters and generated ecotropic producer cells, We have shown by Southern blot analysis that retroviral supernatant from these producer cells can efficiently transmit the mrp gene to target cells, Mrp expression could be detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis in the producer cells, The transduced cells have increased resistance to doxorubicin, vincristine, and etoposide, Furthermore, chemoprotection of the transduced cells was increased after selection with chemotherapeutic agents in the presence of glutathione, a co-factor for MRP function, These data indicate that mrp retroviral vectors may be useful for chemoprotection and selection.", "label": [2, 18, 19, 20]}
{"token": "POPULAR EDUCATION for ADULT LITERACY and HEALTH DEVELOPMENT in INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIA. The focus of this paper is adult literacy, and the impact this has on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander individual and community health. It directs attention to those Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people and adults who have not benefited from the formal school education system, and who, as a consequence, have very low levels of basic English language literacy. Analysing data from a range of sources, I suggest that these people comprise as much as 35% of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adult population nationally, and a much bigger proportion in some communities and regions. Moreover, they are key to improving overall health outcomes in the population as a whole, because they are among the people most at risk. Drawing on research in countries of the global South over recent decades, the paper then suggests that one of the most effective ways to improve health outcomes and foster health development is through a popular mass adult literacy campaign. Popular education is not formal education, of the kind provided by schools, TAFEs and universities. It is \\\\'non-formal\\\\' education, provided on a mass scale, to people in marginalised and disadvantaged communities, as part of wider social and political movements for equality. The paper concludes that this is the most appropriate form of education to deal with the massive social and economic inequality at the heart of the social determinants of Indigenous health.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Staphylococcus aureus dry-surface biofilms are more resistant to heat treatment than traditional hydrated biofilms. Aim: To test the susceptibility of planktonic, hydrated biofilm and dry-surface biofilm forms of Staphylococcus aureus, to dry-heat and wet-heat treatments.Findings: Dry-surface biofilms remained culture positive even when treated with the harshest dry-heat condition of 100 degrees C for 60 min. Following autoclaving samples were culture negative but 62-74% of bacteria in dry-surface biofilms remained alive as demonstrated by live/dead staining and confocal microscopy. Dry-surface biofilms subjected to autoclaving at 121 degrees C for up to 30 min recovered and released planktonic cells. Recovery did not occur following autoclaving for longer or at 134 degrees C, at least during the time-period tested. Hydrated biofilm recovered following dry-heat treatment up to 100 degrees C for 10 min but failed to recover following autoclaving despite the presence of 43-60% live cells as demonstrated by live/dead staining.Methods: S. aureus was grown as both hydrated biofilm and dry-surface biofilm in the CDC biofilm generator. Biofilm was subjected to a range of temperatures in a hot-air oven (dry heat), water bath or autoclave (wet heat).Conclusion: S. aureus dry-surface biofilms are less susceptible to killing by dry heat and steam autoclaving than hydrated biofilms, which are less susceptible to heat treatment than planktonic suspensions. (C) 2017 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Background: The importance of biofilms to clinical practice is being increasingly realized. Biofilm tolerance to antibiotics is well described but limited work has been conducted on the efficacy of heat disinfection and sterilization against biofilms.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "A Compound Heterozygote SLC26A2 Mutation Resulting in Robin Sequence, Mild Limbs Shortness, Accelerated Carpal Ossification, and Multiple Epiphysial Dysplasia in Two Brazilian Sisters. A new Intermediate Phenotype Between Diastrophic Dysplasia and Recessive Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia.. Mutations in solute carrier family 26 (sulfate transporter), member 2 (SLC26A2) gene result in a spectrum of autosomal recessive chondrodysplasias that range from the mildest recessive form of multiple epiphysial dysplasia (rMED) through the most common diastrophic dysplasia (DTD) to lethal atelosteogenesis type II and achondrogenesis IB. The clinical variability has been ascribed to quantitative effect of mutations of the sulfate transporter activity. Here we describe two Brazilian sisters, born to healthy and non consanguineous parents, with Robin sequence, mild shortening of upper and lower limbs, brachymetacarpalia/tarsalia, additional and accelerated carpal ossification, marked genu valgum, and multiple epiphysial dysplasia. This phenotype was intermediate between DTD and rMED, and both girls have a compound heterozygous mutations for the SLC26A2, a Finnish founder mutation (c.-26 + 2T>C), and R279W. This combination of mutations has been observed in individuals with different phenotypes, including DTD, DTD variant, and rMED. The distinct phenotype of our cases reinforces the hypothesis that other factors may be influencing the phenotype as previously suggested. Copyright (C) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Wristwatch PCR: A Versatile and Efficient Genome Walking Strategy. Genome walking is a method used to retrieve unknown flanking DNA. Here, we reported wristwatch (WW) PCR, an efficient genome walking technique mediated by WW primers (WWPs). WWPs feature 5'- and 3'-overlap and a heterologous interval. Therefore, a wristwatch-like structure can be formed between WWPs under relatively low temperatures. Each WW-PCR set is composed of three nested (primary, secondary, and tertiary) PCRs individually performed by three WWPs. The WWP is arbitrarily annealed somewhere on the genome in the one low-stringency cycle of the primary PCR, or directionally to the previous WWP site in one reduced-stringency cycle of the secondary/tertiary PCR, producing a pool of single-stranded DNAs (ssDNAs). A target ssDNA incorporates a gene-specific primer (GSP) complementary at the 3'-end and the WWP at the 5'-end and thus can be exponentially amplified in the next high-stringency cycles. Nevertheless, a non-target ssDNA cannot be amplified as it lacks a perfect binding site for any primers. The practicability of the WW-PCR was validated by successfully accessing unknown regions flanking Lactobacillus brevis CD0817 glutamate decarboxylase gene and the hygromycin gene of rice. The WW-PCR is an attractive alternative to the existing genome walking techniques.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Diversity of Fusarium head blight populations and trichothecene toxin types reveals regional differences in pathogen composition and temporal dynamics. Analyses of genetic diversity, trichothecene genotype composition, and population structure were conducted using 4086 Fusarium graminearum isolates collected from wheat in eight Canadian provinces over a three year period between 2005 and 2007. The results revealed substantial regional differences in Fusarium head blight pathogen composition and temporal population dynamics. The 3ADON trichothecene type consistently predominated in Maritime provinces (91%) over the sampled years, and increased significantly (P < 0.05) between 2005 and 2007 in western Canada, accounting for 66% of the isolates in Manitoba by the end of the sampling period. In contrast, 3ADON frequency was lower (22%, P < 0.001) in the eastern Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec and did not change significantly between 2005 and 2007, resulting in two distinct longitudinal dines in 3ADON frequency across Canada. Overall, genetic structure was correlated with toxin type, as the endemic population (NA1) was dominated by 15ADON isolates (86%), whereas a second population (NA2) consisted largely of 3ADON isolates (88%). However, the percentage of isolates with trichothecene genotypes that were not predictive of their genetic population assignment (recombinant genotypes) increased from 10% in 2005 to 17% in 2007, indicating that trichothecene type became an increasingly unreliable marker of population identity over time. In addition, there were substantial regional differences in the composition of recombinant genotypes. In western and maritime provinces, NA2 isolates with 15ADON genotypes were significantly more common than NA1 isolates with 3ADON genotypes (P < 0.001), and the reverse was true in the eastern provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Temporal trends in recombinant genotype composition also varied regionally, as the percentage of 15ADON isolates with NA2 genetic backgrounds increased approximately three fold in western and Maritime provinces, while the opposite trends were observed in Quebec and Ontario. The results indicate that F. graminearum population dynamics in Canada have been influenced by a complex adaptive landscape comprising different regional selective pressures, and do not reflect a simple model of dispersal and integration following the introduction of a novel pathogen population. In addition, we identified F. graminearum strains that produce the recently discovered A-trichothecene mycotoxin (NX-2) for the first time in Canada, representing a significant expansion of the known range of NX-2 producing strains in North America. Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Combustion of condensed systems consisting of HMX and a binder capable of self-sustained combustion. The combustion of various systems consisting of HMX and an active binder that is capable of self-sustained combustion is studied. It is established that, depending on the HMX particle size and the ratio of the combustion rates of the HMX and binder, the fuel can burn as a unified system, a sequential model, or through interlayers of the binder. Therefore, the combustion rate of the system can be decreases, increased, or remain unchanged with the introduction of HMX.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Lessons from unsuccessful attempts to establish Spodoptera pectinicornis (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), a biological control agent of waterlettuce. We released nearly 332 000 Spodoptera pectinicornis individuals for biological control of the floating aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes (waterlettuce) at 22 sites in Florida during December 1990-December 1997. Predation (by boat-tailed grackles, fire ants, and spiders) and Allee effects (resulting fi om rapid dispersal of adults) prevented populations from persisting during early attempts. These efforts consisted of small releases at multiple sites, with no nurturing of the introduced populations. Modification of our initial approach resulted in a series of release strategies that consisted of multiple releases at fewer sites and employed progressively more intensive nurturing of the introduced populations. The most successful strategy incorporated: (i) cages to restrict adult dispersal and exclude flying predators; (ii) plant-free zones around the cages to exclude crawling predators, (iii) enhancement of the nutritional quality of waterlettuce in the cages; and (iv) frequent inoculation of the cages with laboratory-reared insects. Use of this strategy resulted in several provisionally-established S. pectinicornis populations, numbering as much as 23.5 S. pectinicornis individuals m(-2), and produced up to seven post-release generations. Unfortunately, all of these incipient populations declined until S. pectinicornis was undetectable. We conclude that field populations of this moth no longer persist in Florida, and offer an introspective assessment of how this project might have been improved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
{"token": "Homelessness, Empowerment and Self-reliance in Scotland and Ireland: The Impact of Legal Rights to Housing for Homeless People. This paper explores the impact of legal rights to housing for homeless people, focusing on the capacity of such rights to 'empower' those experiencing homelessness. Lukes' (2005) three-dimensional view of power, complemented by Bourdieu's (1972) concept of 'habitus', is used to distinguish between conceptualisations of empowerment. A distinction is drawn between 'traditional' understandings of empowerment, which focus on people's capacity to realise their 'subjective interests', and on understandings that foreground 'real interests'. These latter 'radical' perspectives direct attention to people's 'habitus' - their internalised dispositions to perceive situations and act in particular ways. Empirically, the paper draws on a qualitative comparison of approaches to homelessness in Scotland and Ireland. Whereas in Scotland virtually all those who are homeless now have a legal right to settled accommodation, Ireland has rejected such a 'legalistic' approach, pursuing a consensus driven 'social partnership' model. Based on primary research with national experts, service providers and homeless single men in both countries, it is argued that legal rights can effectively empower homeless people. These findings call into question popular and political understandings of the relationship between legal welfare rights and self-reliance.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Special Sciences, Conspiracy and the Better Best System Account of Lawhood. An important obstacle to lawhood in the special sciences is the worry that such laws would require metaphysically extravagant conspiracies among fundamental particles. How, short of conspiracy, is this possible? In this paper we'll review a number of strategies that allow for the projectibility of special science generalizations without positing outlandish conspiracies: non-Humean pluralism, classical MRL theories of laws, and Albert and Loewer's theory. After arguing that none of the above fully succeed, we consider the conspiracy problem through the lens of our preferred view of laws, an elaboration of the MRL view that we call the Better Best System (BBS) theory. BBS offers a picture on which, although all events supervene on a fundamental level, there is no one unique locus of projectibility; rather there are a large number of loci corresponding to the different areas (ecology, economics, solid-state chemistry, etc.) in which there are simple and strong generalizations to be made. While we expect that some amount of conspiracy-fear-inducing special science projectibility is inevitable given BBS, we'll argue that this is unobjectionable. It follows from BBS that the laws of any particular special or fundamental science amount to a proper subset of the laws. From this vantage point, the existence of projectible special science generalizations not guaranteed by the fundamental laws is not an occasion for conspiracy fantasies, but a predictable fact of life in a complex world.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Understanding Safety Management Practices and Safety Performance amid Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic among Nurses in Public Hospitals. The study aims to examine the role of safety management practices and safety performance among nurses working in public hospitals amid the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic in Nigeria. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed for data collection and a total of 229 nursing staff from the public health facilities in Abuja, Nigeria participated in the study. The results demonstrated that the level of safety performance was moderately high. These findings support the influence of management commitment on safety, safety training, and employees' involvement on safety compliance. It was also found that management commitment to safety, safety training, and safety promotion policies posed significant effects on safety participation. This study provides empirical support for the assertion that safety management practices are of paramount importance in improving safety performance among nurses in public hospitals, especially during the Covid-19 Pandemic.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Efficient Removal of Hg(II) from Water under Mildly Acidic Conditions with Hierarchical SiO2 Monoliths Functionalized with -SH Groups. In this work, novel adsorbents based on 3D hierarchical silica monoliths functionalized with thiol groups were used for the removal of Hg(II) ions from an acidic aqueous solution (pH 3.5). Silica monoliths were synthesized by using two different pluronic triblock polymers (P123 and F127) to study the effect of porous structure on their sorption capacity. Before and after functionalization by grafting with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS), the monoliths were characterized by several techniques, and their Hg(II) removal potential was evaluated in batch experiments at 28 degrees C and pH 3.5, using different initial concentrations of Hg(II) ions in water (200-500 mg L-1). The thiol groups of the monoliths calcined at 550 degrees C showed thermal stability up to 300 degrees C (from TG/DTG). The functionalized monolith synthesized with P123 polymer and polyethylene glycol showed favorable hierarchical macro-mesopores for Hg(II) adsorption. M(P123)-SH exhibited 97% removal of Hg(II) at concentration 200 mg L-1. Its maximum adsorption capacity (12.2 mmol g(-1)) was two times higher than that of M(F127)-SH, demonstrating that the 3D hierarchical macro-mesoporosity allowing accessibility of Hg(II) to thiol groups favors the physical and chemical adsorption of Hg(II) under slightly acidic conditions.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "A New Glider-Compatible Optical Sensor for Dissolved Organic Matter Measurements: Test Case from the NW Mediterranean Sea. The MiniFluo-UV is a new glider-compatible optical sensor for measurements of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural waters. The working principle, sensor design and challenges faced during the validation phase are reported. The first in situ application of the sensor during three glider deployments in the NW Mediterranean sea (spring, summer, and fall) are also presented. For these campaigns, the two channels of the sensor were adjusted to target Tryptophan-like (excitation/emission wavelengths lambda(Ex)/lambda(Em): 275/340 nm) and Phenanthrene-like (lambda(Ex)/lambda(Em): 255/360 nm) fluorescence. These were chosen because they represent fluorophores of interest commonly found in seawater. While Tryptophan (an amino-acid believed to be a by-product of biological activity) is naturally found in the ocean, Phenanthrene (a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) is mainly introduced in the environment by human activities. The addition of these variables to more common physical and biogeochemical glider measurements reveals new features of DOM dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea. For example, the temporal and spatial decoupling between Tryptophan-like and Chl-a fluorescence suggests that the former is not only a marker of phytoplankton activity, but could also give more subtle information on the microbial processes occurring. The identification of a Phenanthrene-like layer just below the pycnocline at all seasons also raises questions on the mechanisms driving its presence in the Mediterranean. Knowing that the role of ocean DOM on atmospheric carbon sequestration is becoming clearer, the high spatio-temporal resolution possible with this new sampling strategy may represents a key step toward our deep understanding of DOM dynamics and its role on the biological pump.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "The animal and the man. Derrida reads Heidegger. The question of the limit and the difference between man and animal has become a philosophical issue of special relevance. Just look at its political, social, economic, etc. implications. For the first time man can direct his evolutionary process. From that context, the Heideggerian arguments on the subject arc analyzed and discussed, taking their Denidian reading as a conductive thread. It reveals the contradiction between the thematic and operational need for a limit (between the animal and Dasein in relation to death) and the impossibility of founding it.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Identification of a copper transporter family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Despite copper ions being crucial in proteins participating in plant processes such as electron transport, free-radical elimination and hormone perception and signaling, very little is known about copper inward transport across plant membranes. In this work, a five-member family (COPT1-5) of putative Arabidopsis copper transporters is described. We ascertain the ability of these proteins to functionally complement and transport copper in the corresponding Saccharomyces cerevisiae high-affinity copper transport mutant. The specific expression pattern of the Arabidopsis COPT1-5 mRNA in different tissues was analyzed by RT-PCR. Although all members are ubiquitously expressed, differences in their relative abundance in roots, leaves, stem and flowers have been observed. Moreover, steady-state COPT1 and COPT2 mRNA levels, the members that are most efficacious in complementing the S. cerevisiae high-affinity copper transport mutant, are down-regulated under copper excess, consistent with a role for these proteins in copper transport in Arabidopsis cells.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "The long way to innovation adoption: insights from precision agriculture. The adoption of innovations may boost the transition to sustainable agricultural models. Among these innovations, precision farming offers a fundamental contribution to sustainable soil management and the improvement in product quality. The work is set against this background and aims to analyse the rate of introducing precision farming tools and the variables that prevent/facilitate this adoption. Although adoption rates in Italy remain relatively low, it is vital to underline the obstacles that limit the broader use of precision agricultural technologies inside farms. To this end, the literature has highlighted various elements of complexity (farm characteristics, socio-economic and psychological), which can hinder or generate perceived complexity and significantly reduce the potential for technology adoption. In this context emerges the increasing importance of public and private activities related to knowledge transfer. The paper focuses on agricultural knowledge and innovation systems, which are also relevant in light of the recent proposal for the new regulation on rural development. The awareness-knowledge-adoption-product (AKAP) sequence was used to reveal the gap between the potential and actual adoption of innovation on Italian farms to comprehend the adoption process and identify relevant barriers and the role knowledge systems played. Empirical findings show that AKIS has a critical mediating function in promoting innovation uptake. Strengthening knowledge systems, acting on the different phases of the AKAP sequence, could allow a greater understanding of precision agriculture techniques and bottlenecks to adoption.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
{"token": "Environments for multiagent systems state-of-the-art and research challenges. It is generally accepted that the environment is an essential compound of multiagent systems (MASs). Yet the environment is typically assigned limited responsibilities, or even neglected entirely, overlooking a rich potential for the paradigm of MASs.In this paper, we first give an overview of the state-of-the-art on environments in MASs. The survey discusses relevant research tracks on environments that have been explored so far. Each track is illustrated with a number of representative contributions by the research community. Based on this study and the results of our own research, we identify a set of core concerns for environments that can be divided in two classes: concerns related to the structure of the environment, and concerns related to the activity in the environment. To conclude, we list a number of research challenges that, in our opinion, are important for further research on environments for MAS.Opportunities that environments offer, have mostly been researched in the domain of situated MASs. However, the complex principles behind the concepts and responsibilities of the environment and the interplay between agents and environment are not yet fully clarified.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "GEOTECHNICAL PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH PILING IN HONG-KONG. The paper is a compilation of published accounts of geotechnical phenomena associated with piling in the various geological formations of urban Hong Kong.  The occurrence of some of these phenomena may give rise to design and performance problems or construction difficulties.  The paper examines the extent to which these problems and difficulties are addressed in traditional pile design.  Limitations of traditional practice are identified and remedies are suggested.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "Potentials of collaborative foresight for SMEs. Fast speed of changes induces all types of business enterprises, including small and medium enterprises (SMEs), to seek for instruments of innovation development. Foresight process is one of the most efficient methods of strategic planning that allows setting goals and estimating precisely the potential consequences of developing new technologies, products, and services. Taking into account SMEs features (resource limitations, scope and time horizon of foresight process etc.), while building innovation strategy and conducting corporate foresight, we propose collaborative foresight that allows overcoming these obstacles. This process has a synergetic effect not only on SMEs and its competitiveness, but also on region as a whole.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Ng'angas - Zambian Healers-Diviners and their Relationship with Pentecostal Christianity: The Intermingling of Pre-Christian Beliefs and Christianity. The aim of the article is to establish if pre-Christian beliefs in Zambia are influencing the Pentecostal Christianity, and to establish what the healers-diviners' relationship with different Pentecostal churches is. During field studies undertaken by both authors, it has been established that many Bantu speaking people still believe in some aspects of their native religions, especially in the powers of the ancestral spirits. Christianity is the dominant religion in Zambia, but it is far from homogenous. Apart from world religions like Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, there is a plethora of Pentecostal, Charismatic, and grassroot churches, many of them not immune to ancient spirit veneration. People who are believed to cooperate with spirits are called healers-diviners who are believed to be called to their profession by spirits. A great majority is Christian who combines Christianity with their native beliefs. The field studies in 2021 were sponsored by the Polish National Science Centre (Narodowe Centrum Nauki), Poland, project no. 2017/25/N/HS1/02500.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Cord blood zinc status effects on pregnancy outcomes and its relation with maternal serum zinc levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Background The association between maternal and cord blood zinc level and pregnancy outcomes remains uncertain. The present study aims to assess whether maternal blood zinc level represents cord blood zinc level correctly. Methods In this meta-analysis, systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for relevant available English articles which included mean and standard deviation values of cord blood zinc level up to April 2019. For the assessment of the relation between cord blood zinc level and pregnancy outcomes, the pooled standard mean difference with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used and 23 studies were analyzed. Results Cumulative analysis showed that cord blood zinc level was found significantly decreased in pregnancies with complications compared with healthy pregnancy controls [REM:P = 0.0007, mean difference - 7.9 (- 12.48, - 3.31)]. For further analysis, maternal serum zinc level status was determined from same studies to compare with cord blood levels and subgroups were detected as \\\\'Preterm\\\\', \\\\'Preeclampsia\\\\', \\\\'Small for gestational age/Intrauterine growth restriction and Low birth weight\\\\'. It was observed that cord blood zinc levels in subgroup analysis were also decreased and/or tend to be decreased compared to healthy pregnancies, except for preeclampsia subgroup. Also, a correlation was seen between cord blood and maternal blood zinc level status (R = 0.4365, 95% CI - 0.530, 0.756;P = 0.0351). Conclusion It was thought that cord blood zinc level might tend to decrease more than maternal serum zinc level in the pathological conditions during pregnancies.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Landslides on Charon. We investigated five large landslides identified in the Serenity Chasma region of Charon. The identification of these landslides involved a search for these features in images taken by cameras onboard the New Horizons spacecraft. Various landslide properties were analyzed based on their morphologies using a digital terrain model of the region. We found that landslides are confined to the walls of the large normal fault scarps that make up Serenity Chasma. Based on extensive landslide runout lengths (L) relative to their drop heights (H), we classified these features as long-runout landslides. By analyzing their geometries, we estimated the friction coefficients of the landslide material (H/L) to be between 0.15 to 0.31 and the runout efficiencies (L/H) to be between 3.2 and 6.8. We also estimated that the specific energy released during landslide motion ranged from 0.8 to 1.3 kJ kg(-1). These amounts of energy were too low to have generated significant melt around landslide particles.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Becoming the Baddest: Masculine Trajectories of Gang Violence in Medellin. Drawing upon forty life-history interviews with gang members in Medellin, Colombia, this paper argues that many young men join gangs to emulate and reproduce 'successful' local male identities. The accumulation by the gang of \\\\'masculine capital\\\\', the material and symbolic signifiers of manhood, and accompanying stylistic and timely displays, means that youths often perceive them to be spaces of male success, driving the social reproduction of the gang. Once in the gang, they become increasingly \\\\'bad\\\\' using of violence to defend the gang's interests in exchange for masculine capital. Gang leaders, colloquially known as duros or \\\\'hard men\\\\', tend to be the mas malo, the \\\\'baddest\\\\'. The \\\\'ganging process\\\\' should not be understood in terms of aberrant youth behaviour, rather there is practical logic to joining the gang as a site of identity formation for aspirational young men who are coming-of age when conditions of structural exclusion conspire against them.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 54]}
{"token": "Activation of the dopamine D-1 receptor can extend long-term spatial memory persistence via PKA signaling in mice. Many works have been performed to understand the mechanisms of the formation and persistence of memory. However, it is not fully understood whether the decay of long-term memory can be modulated by the activation of dopamine D-1 receptor. A Barnes maze task was employed to measure long-term spatial memory. We observed that the spatial memory acquired through 3 trials per session for 4 days had begun to fade out by the 14th day and had completely disappeared by 21 days after the first probe test. The intraperitoneal administration of SKF 38393 (a dopamine D-1 receptor agonist) for 7 days beginning on the 14th day after the first probe test prevented natural memory forgetting, and the intraperitoneal administration of SCH 23390 (a dopamine D-1 receptor antagonist) prevented this memory persistence. In the Western blotting, the administration of SKF 38393 increased the phosphorylation levels of PKA, ERK1/2, CaMKII, and CREB in the hippocampus. In addition, such increased levels were decreased by the corresponding antagonist (SCH 23390). Moreover, the inhibition of PKA could completely reverse the preservation of spatial memory induced by dopamine D1 receptor activation. These results suggest that the activation of the dopamine D-1 receptor plays a critical role in the persistence of long-term spatial memory through the PKA signaling pathway.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
{"token": "HORNED PITVIPER (SERPENTES: VIPERIDAE: Ophryacus smaragdinus) CAN DETECT SUBSTRATE VIBRATIONS OF POTENTIAL PREY OF DIFFERING SIZE. Despite that snakes lack outer traces of an auditory system, they respond to acoustic stimuli in the air, in terrestrial substrates and in water, through a functioning cochlea and a somatic system. In reptiles, the use of vibrations has been primarily associated with communication among individuals. However, vibrations also can be a useful mechanism in predator-prey interactions, facilitating efficient hunting. The aim of our study was to examine the ability of horned pitvipers (Ophryacus smaragdinus) to detect and discriminate prey through their vibrations, which were recorded and played back with a transmitter of acoustic waves under a controlled experimental condition. We analyzed the capability of snakes to detect and discriminate potential prey (mouse and lizard) of different sizes, by playing back vibrations that prey species emitted when moving. Our results showed that O. smaragdinus has the ability to detect vibrations of its prey, but it does not discriminate among prey species or size based on the vibrations. We conclude that the auditory system of O. smaragdinus is an important first step to detect prey via vibrations, and that this species likely uses other complementary sensory strategies, such as chemoperception and or thermoperception, for prey recognition.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system. Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 +/- 0.004 to 0.85 +/- 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 +/- 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Populist Democracies: Post-Authoritarian Greece and Post-Communist Hungary. This article makes the case for a novel democratic subtype, populist democracy, indicating a situation in which both the party in office and at least the major opposition force(s) in a pluralist system are populist. Based on a minimal definition of populism as 'democratic illiberalism', and through the comparative analysis of post-authoritarian Greece and post-communist Hungary, the article reveals the particular stages, as well as the causal mechanisms, that may prompt the emergence of populist democracy in contemporary politics. It also points to the tendency of such systems to produce polarized two-party systems, and it calls for further research on the topic.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Vernadsky's philosophical legacy: A perspective from the Anthropocene. Vernadsky is rightly associated with the seminal contemporary concept of the 'Biosphere', which acknowledges that the world we belong to is a functionally integrated, global phenomenon. Beyond this fundamental idea (that ecology should be thought of at the planetary scale, presaging the concept of Earth System Science), Vernadsky also anticipated the idea of the so-called Anthropocene, i.e. the recent geological era dominated by the global environmental impact of human expansion and activities. Yet, this two-fold legacy of Vernadsky seems still underestimated when it comes to its philosophical implications. In this paper, I explore more particularly three philosophical implications of the planetary and cosmic view that Vernadsky had of the role of ecological/biological organization (including that of humankind) in the great chemical cycles of the Earth, with regard to epistemology, ethics and (in a more speculative way) metaphysics.", "label": [4, 5, 38, 52]}
{"token": "Increase in breast cancer mortality in Southern Brazil from 1980 to 2002. Breast cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer in the world. Breast cancer mortality rates are high in Brazil and show striking variations between geographic regions. A time-trend ecological study was performed in Southern Brazil from 1980 to 2002. Data were collected from the Mortality Information System (Ministry of Health) to assess age-standardized mortality rates. Linear regression for mortality time-trend analysis and multiple regression for mortality differences among three States were calculated. The highest mean mortality rate (14.45) was observed in Rio Grande do Sul, significantly greater (p < 0.001) than in Santa Catarina (8.93) and Parana (9.95). An annual increase of 0.47 in the mortality rate was observed in the three States of Southern Brazil. According to these results, the South of Brazil and especially the State of Rio Grande do Sul showed a significant upward trend in breast cancer mortality. Continued efforts are needed to help explain these numbers and reverse the present situation.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Multiuser Detection in a Dynamic Environment-Part II: Joint User Identification and Parameter Estimation. The problem of jointly estimating the number, the identities, and the data of active users in a time-varying multiuser environment was examined in a companion paper (IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 53, no. 9, September 2007), at whose core was the use of the theory of finite random sets on countable spaces. Here we extend that theory to encompass the more general problem of estimating unknown continuous parameters of the active-user signals. This problem is solved here by applying the theory of random finite sets constructed on hybrid spaces. We do so deriving Bayesian recursions that describe the evolution with time of a posteriori densities of the unknown parameters and data. Unlike in the above cited paper, wherein one could evaluate the exact multiuser set posterior density, here the continuous-parameter Bayesian recursions do not admit closed-form expressions. To circumvent this difficulty, We develop numerical approximations for the receivers that are based on Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods (\\\\'particle filtering\\\\'). Simulation results, referring to a code-divisin multiple-access (CDMA) system, are presented to illustrate the theory.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Food Consumption Data as a Tool to Estimate Exposure to Mycoestrogens. Zearalenone and alternariol are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium and Alternaria species, respectively, that present estrogenic activity and consequently are classified as endocrine disruptors. To estimate the exposure of the Portuguese population to these two mycotoxins at a national level, a modelling approach, based on data from 94 Portuguese volunteers, was developed considering as inputs: i) the food consumption data generated within the National Food and Physical Activity Survey; and ii) the human biomonitoring data used to assess the exposure to the referred mycotoxins. Six models of association between mycoestrogens urinary levels (zearalenone, total zearalenone and alternariol) and food items (meat, cheese, and fresh-cheese, breakfast cereals, sweets) were established. Applying the obtained models to the consumption data (n = 5811) of the general population, the median estimates of the probable daily intake revealed that a fraction of the Portuguese population might exceed the tolerable daily intake defined for zearalenone. A reference intake value for alternariol is still lacking, thus the characterization of risk due to the exposure to this mycotoxin was not possible to perform. Although the unavoidable uncertainties, these results are important contributions to understand the exposure to endocrine disruptors in Portugal and the potential Public Health consequences.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Locking out predators by silk, a new counterattack behaviour in a social spider mite. 3. This reversal of roles in the predator-prey system was then re-reversed (returned to a normal state) by the behaviour of T. bambusae females. Immature predators could maintain their predacious natures due to the presence of attending adult females, which are able to cope with the prey counterattack behaviours.2. First, the efficiency of the S. nanjingensis (prey) counterattacking T. bambusae (predator) was observed. The prey females frequently locked the immature predators out of their nests using silk web, and the predators subsequently died of starvation. Furthermore, the prey males often killed immature T. bambusae mites after they invaded the nests.1. A type of arms race that includes predation, counterattacks and cross-counterattacks occurs between the phytophagous mite Stigmaeopsis nanjingensis (Ma et Yuan), which lives in self-woven nests and exhibits cooperative sociality, and its specialised phytoseiid mite predator, Typhlodromus bambusae Ehara.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Henry Maine's 'Modern Law': From Status to Contract and Back Again?. I go on to show that \\\\'status\\\\'-like elements-i.e., elements that play on the rhetoric and directionality rather than the substance of Maine's thesis-and contractual elements interact to mediate both tensions. Linear (or absolutist) and dialectical (or \\\\' pendulum swing\\\\') theories of socio-legal evolution consequently fall short. Mainean \\\\'status\\\\'-speak is equally unable to account for the conceptual interaction that my discussion brings to light.I dedicate the remainder of the Article to exploring why-in the face of clear countervailing evidence-modern private law scholars continue to engage in Mainean \\\\'status\\\\'-speak. For this purpose, I tease out several interesting parallels between status as part of Maine's theory and \\\\'status\\\\' as part of modern private law discourse.I firstly suggest that scholars mirror Maine's thesis with their argument that interpersonal rights and obligations frequently result from naturally occurring societal processes that the law normatively reflects; conversely, that said rights and obligations are not necessarily the result of private-autonomous agreements between freestanding individuals. While this argument strikes me as plausible, the conceptual problems that transplanting Maine's categories into contemporary private law discourse entails call for additional justification. I therefore, secondly suggest that it is the directional appeal of Maine's linear or absolutist view that has led modern private law scholars to engage in Mainean \\\\'status\\\\'-speak.In light of these exhortations, I look at one final answer to the question of why modern jurists continue to engage in Mainean \\\\'status\\\\'-speak. Might increasing references to Maine's conceptual categories be evidence of a rediscovery of the value of macro-historical approaches for engaging critically with (private) law as a fundamental social institution? I contend that employing such macro-historical approaches is indeed necessary if modern jurists are to take seriously their duties as members of the legal profession, as participants in a broader intellectual and academic discourse, and as citizens of their respective societies.Inconsistencies, however, remain even if we reconstruct modern private law along the lines of contract-status and status-contract. Hence, I call for an update of modern private law's terminological toolbox. To this end, it is imperative to draw on Maine's very own methodological postulates. Contemporary scholars intent on saying anything of interest about modern private law would thus be well-advised to emulate Maine's approach of combining empirical inquiry into economy and society with categories and concepts from the realm of legal theory-all the while freeing themselves from the overbearing influence of his original, loaded categories.To clarify any such interaction between \\\\'status\\\\'-like and contractual elements, I introduce, explain, and to some extent defend, two hybrid types-contract-status and status-contract. These hybrid types, I argue, go some way toward capturing current tendencies in modern private law.In order to assess the defensibility of this claim, I consider whether the \\\\'from Status to Contract and back again\\\\' thesis has any merit. Are we witnessing a reverse movement from the mostly private-autonomous creation of contractual rights and obligations to the heteronomous imposition of such rights and obligations on the part of society or the state? To answer this question, I examine a variety of conceptual forces struggling for dominance in modern private law. Two complementary tensions present themselves as relevant to my discussion: the tension between freedom of contract and constitutional paternalism, and the tension between perfect contracting solutions and second-best alternatives.In this Article, I conduct a long overdue assessment of Henry Maine's \\\\'from Status to Contract\\\\' thesis in light of two essentially modern phenomena: contract standardization and relational contracting. Drawing on comparative legal history, classical sociological and anthropological literature, contemporary contract law theory, and recent works in the field of (behavioral) law and economics, I discuss the claim that modern private law is witnessing a reverse movement \\\\'from Contract to Status.\\\\' I show that this claim is historically inaccurate and conceptually simplistic in that it attributes shades of meaning to status that Maine never contemplated.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Youth's Entrepreneurial Intention: A Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis of the Factors Influencing Greek HEI Students in Time of Crisis. Governments' coronavirus disease (COVID-19) measures have forced the community to stay at home. During this period, youths have had time to think about their career paths. For some, a conventional eight-hour job in a private company is undesirable; meanwhile, entrepreneurship can mitigate the adverse effects of the crisis, such as unemployment. Accordingly, this study investigates the intention of Greek youths that study in a higher education institution (HEI) to engage in entrepreneurship in times of crisis, and highlights the factors that drive them to enter the business arena. This study designed and distributed a questionnaire to 369 Greek youths who were studying at the University of Thessaly. The data from the empirical research were used to develop a multinomial logistic regression model to investigate youths' entrepreneurial intention and reveal the driving factors. The results showed that during times of crisis, youths appeared hesitant to enter the business arena. However, those who were more confident indicated that entrepreneurship could provide them with greater satisfaction. Driving factors for engaging in entrepreneurship were family and friends. Inhibiting factors for establishing a new business were having previous work experience in a family business and lack of educational knowledge. This study contributes to the understanding of youths' entrepreneurial intention and the driving factors that play a key role in shaping this intention in Greece during a crisis period, since there are few studies on this topic.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "RHEED and STM studies of the pseudo-tenfold surface of the xi(')-Al77.5Pd19Mn3.5 approximant crystal. The pseudo-tenfold surface of the xi'-Al77.5Pd19Mn3.5 crystal, an approximant of the icosahedral Al-Pd-Mn quasicrystal, is investigated by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and scanning tunneling microscopy. The observed RHEED patterns of the surface after sputtering are found to be consistent with those of a simple cubic lattice with (1(1) over bar 0) surface plane. The [001] and [110] axes of the surface plane are oriented along the principal low-index axes of the bulk. The RHEED patterns of the sputter-annealed surface consist of diffraction streaks with periodic spacings expected for the bulk truncated surface. The surface prepared under different preparation methods is found to exhibit different step-height distribution and terrace morphology. A longer annealing yields a high density of shallow pentagonal pits on terraces, separated predominantly by 0.80-nm high steps and occasionally by double steps. In contrast, the surface prepared with shorter annealing time exhibits highly perfect terraces with 0.80-nm-high steps and additional unusual steps of heights close to 0.40 nm. All step heights observed for both preparation methods are consistent with interlayer spacings of the bulk model.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "The 3 ' Overhangs at Tetrahymena thermophila Telomeres Are Packaged by Four Proteins, Pot1a, Tpt1, Pat1, and Pat2. Although studies with the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila have played a central role in advancing our understanding of telomere biology and telomerase mechanisms and composition, the full complement of Tetrahymena telomere proteins has not yet been identified. Previously, we demonstrated that in Tetrahymena, the telomeric 3' overhang is protected by a three-protein complex composed of Pot1a, Tpt1, and Pat1. Here we show that Tpt1 and Pat1 associate with a fourth protein, Pat2 (Pot1 associated Tetrahymena 2). Mass spectrometry of proteins copurifying with Pat1 or Tpt1 identified peptides from Pat2, Pot1a, Tpt1, and Pat1. The lack of other proteins copurifying with Pat1 or Tpt1 implies that the overhang is protected by a four-protein Pot1a-Tpt1-Pat1-Pat2 complex. We verified that Pat2 localizes to telomeres, but we were unable to detect direct binding to telomeric DNA. Cells depleted of Pat2 continue to divide, but the telomeres exhibit gradual shortening. The lack of growth arrest indicates that, in contrast to Pot1a and Tpt1, Pat2 is not required for the sequestration of the telomere from the DNA repair machinery. Instead, Pat2 is needed to regulate telomere length, most likely by acting in conjunction with Pat1 to allow telomerase access to the telomere.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "Maximizing oilseed rape's yield by glyphosate under Mediterranean conditions. Adverse hot and dry environmental conditions prevailing during the period of oilseed rape ripening can be blamed for considerable yield losses during the crop's mechanized harvesting in the Mediterranean area. In this paper, the effect of chemical dessication of oilseed rape with glyphosate applied 35 days after anthesis for reducing seed yield loss was studied. The experiment was conducted in four fields at two locations in central Greece and for two growth periods following a completely randomized plot design with 8 treatments in three replications. Treatments include all possible combinations of two crop varieties and four levels of glyphosate (as dessicant) application. A significant positive effect of dessicant application level on crop yield for both. studied varieties was found. The application dose of 200 g a.i. of glyphosate per hectare had the best results. The highest dry weight was found among the plants sprayed with 200 g. a.i. of glyphosate per hectare. The highest seed yield and oil yield were found among the plants sprayed with 200 g a.i. per hectare. which makes clear the positive effect of this spraying minimizing pod shattering and yield losses. The greatest 1000-seed weight was found among the plants sprayed with 200 g a.i. ha(-1), due to the greater size of seeds that remained on the plants until harvesting. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Effects of erythropoietin on erythrocyte deformability in non-transfused preterm infants. Methods: Sixteen infants were treated with rhEPO (250 IU/kg three times weekly) a total of 15 times beginning on day of life 5 whereas fifteen infants served as controls. Haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, reticulocyte count, ferritin level and erythrocyte deformability were measured on days 5, 14, 28, 42 and 63. Erythrocyte elongation was determined as an indicator of erythrocyte deformability using a shear stress diffractometer (Rheodyn SSD) at shear forces of 0.3 to 60 Pa.Conclusion: RhEPO markedly increases the erythropoiesis in preterm infants in the critical first weeks of life and the anaemia of prematurity is obviously reduced. The erythrocyte deformability improved under rhEPO treatment. Erythrocyte deformability was significantly related to the reticulocyte count indicating that the improvement of erythrocyte deformability was due to the formation of well-deformable young erythrocytes.Results: Haemoglobin concentration was significantly higher on days 28 and 42 and reticulocyte percentage on day 28 in the rhEPO group compared to the controls. Serum ferritin was lower in the rhEPO group on day 28. Erythrocyte deformability was significantly increased on days 28 and 42 in the infants receiving rhEPO. We found a strong relationship between erythrocyte elongation and reticulocyte count.Aim: Suppression of erythropoiesis due to low plasma erythropoietin levels is an important factor in the development of anaemia of prematurity. Premature infants may therefore be treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). This prospective, randomised and controlled study was designed to find out whether rhEPO treatment improves erythrocyte deformability in preterm infants.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Selecting in or Selecting Out? Gender Gaps and Political Methodology in Europe. Studies investigating gender gaps in the doctoral training of political science students have focused so far overwhelmingly on the US context. Although important research within this context has made strides in identifying the persistent challenges to women's incorporation in political methodology, much remains unknown about whether women and men have different experiences in methods training during their PhD programs. We contribute to this debate by analyzing data from an original survey on the methods-training experiences of political science PhD students at different European universities. We assess whether gender gaps exist with respect to PhD students' methods training and confidence in employing methods skills. Our findings show that women cover significantly fewer methods courses in their doctoral training. When women do participate in methods training, they show levels of method employment similar to their male colleagues. We discuss the implications of these findings in the context of European doctoral training.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Estimates for the overall linear properties of pointwise heterogeneous solids with application to elasto-viscoplasticity. New estimates are derived for the overall properties of linear solids with pointwise heterogeneous local properties. The derivation relies on the use of 'comparison solids' which, unlike comparison solids considered previously, are themselves pointwise heterogeneous. The estimates are then exploited within an incremental homogenization scheme to determine the overall response of multiphase elasto-viscoplastic solids under arbitrary loading histories. By way of example, the scheme is applied to incompressible Maxwellian solids with power-law plastic dissipation; particularly simple estimates of the Hashin-Shtrikman type are obtained. Predictions are confronted with full-field simulations for particulate composites under cyclic and rotating loading conditions. Good agreement is found for all cases considered. In particular, elasto-plastic transitions, tension-compression asymmetries (Bauschinger effect) and stress-path distortions induced by material heterogeneity are all well-captured, thus improving significantly on commonly used elastic-plastic decoupled schemes. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 12]}
{"token": "Star anise from a fifteenth century Indonesian shipwreck. Maritime trade routes in Southeast Asia date to at least the last millennium BC evidenced by excavations of port-cities, entrepots and early coastal polities in Peninsular Thailand, the Mekong Delta and Island Southeast Asia. This trade network intensified over the next millennium and by the fifteenth century, the number of trade goods throughout Medieval Southeast Asia was prolific. The bulk of studied material comprises trade ceramics, particularly in archaeological investigations of shipwreck cargoes which provide information on regional trading patterns. Although ceramic assemblages constitute the bulk of shipwreck cargo, other types of material have also been found, including the spice star anise. In this paper, we focus on the organic contents from two jars found in the Bakau shipwreck dating to the early fifteenth century AD. The finds are significant as this spice (star anise, Illicium verum) is being transported together with items of high value for trade.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 39, 30]}
{"token": "Colonization During Colonialism: Developing a Framework to Assess the Rapid Ecological Transformation of Mauritius's Pristine Ecosystem. The colonization of Mauritius exemplifies the role played by humans in altering the ecosystems of remote oceanic islands. This paper focuses on how we study those islands first colonized under the global mantle of colonialism. Here we aim to provide a theoretical framework for historical ecological investigations to disentangle the processes, impacts, and outcomes of colonization during colonialism, considering local, regional, and global drivers. The paper provides a review of existing literature, outlines a proposed research program encompassing paleoecology, paleoclimatology, archeology, and history, and offers details of potential research sites. We present \\\\'historical ecology\\\\' as a framework to aid future work, and argue that a refined understanding of the impact of human colonization can help create a nuanced chronology of environmental degradation that typifies Mauritius. Such detailed assessment is necessary to inform contemporary ecological conservation efforts. Finally, we argue that narratives of changing ecosystems and practice can help construct \\\\'usable pasts,\\\\' often missing from historical records, for the multicultural populace of the island.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Small head circumference at birth and early age at adiposity rebound. ConclusionWe hypothesize that the small head size at birth that preceded an early adiposity rebound was the result of inability to sustain a rapid intra-uterine growth trajectory initiated in association with large maternal body size. This was followed by catch-up growth in infancy, and we hypothesize that this depleted the infant's fat stores.MethodsLongitudinal study of 2877 children born in Helsinki, Finland, during 1934-1944.AimsThe adiposity rebound is the age in childhood when body mass index is at a minimum before increasing again. The age at rebound is highly variable. An early age is associated with increased obesity in later childhood and adult life. We have reported that an early rebound is predicted by low weight gain between birth and 1year of age and resulting low body mass index at 1year. Here, we examine whether age at adiposity rebound is determined by influences during infancy or is a consequence of foetal growth. Our hypothesis was that measurements of body size at birth are related to age at adiposity rebound.ResultsEarly age at adiposity rebound was associated with small head circumference and biparietal diameter at birth, but not with other measurements of body size at birth. The mean age at adiposity rebound rose from 5.8years in babies with a head circumference of 33cm to 6.2 in babies with a head circumference of >36cm (P for trend=0.007). The association between thinness in infancy and early rebound became apparent at 6months of age. It was not associated with adverse living conditions. In a simultaneous regression, small head circumference at birth, high mother's body mass index and tall maternal stature each had statistically significant trends with early adiposity rebound (P=0.002, <0.001, 0.004).", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Becoming an Atheist in America: Constructing Identity and Meaning from the Rejection of Theism. This study explores the identity formation process of self-avowed atheists in the context of American culture. Drawing on data collected from participant observation and 40 individual in-depth interviews with atheists in Colorado, four stages of atheist identity development are presented: the starting point/the ubiquity of theism, questioning theism, rejecting theism, and \\\\'coming out\\\\' atheist. I argue that an atheist identity is an achieved identity, and one that is constructed in social interaction. Focusing on the interactional processes and narrative accounts of participants, I discuss the process of rejecting the culturally normative belief in God, and the adoption instead, of an identity for which the \\\\'theist culture\\\\' at large offers no validation. This research illustrates how identification with atheism in America becomes an important aspect of self for those who adopt this label. Further, it makes a qualitative contribution to our incipient understanding of the subjective experience and identities of actual atheists, as well as the dynamics of irreligion and unbelief in America-an area of inquiry within the sociology of religion that is in need of further development.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
{"token": "Description of two new genera and species of Eriococcidae (Hemiptera : Coccoidea) from southern South America. Two new genera of Eriococcidae, Intecticoccus Kondo and Orafortis Hardy, each with a new species ( I. viridis Kondo and O. luma Hardy), are described and illustrated based on the adult females. I. viridis was collected on Nothofagus antarctica (Nothofagaceae) in Argentina and Chile, and O. luma was collected in Chile on Amomyrtus luma ( Myrtaceae). Based on a phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA (18S) sequence data, I. viridis and O. luma are placed within the Gondwanan group of eriococcids ( sensu Cook & Gullan 2004), which also includes other Nothofagus-feeding genera such as Chilechiton Hodgson & Miller, Chilecoccus Miller & Gonzalez and Madarococcus Hoy. Major genera within the Gondwanan group that feed on other plant groups include Lachnodius Maskell, Opisthoscelis Schrader and some species currently assigned to Eriococcus Targioni Tozzetti. We consider that I. viridis and O. luma are each sufficiently distinct from other named taxa to warrant erection of two new genera. DNA data do not support a relationship of Chilechiton with the New Zealand genus Eriochiton Maskell. A revised taxonomic key to the adult females of Eriococcidae known from Chile is provided.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "The efficacy of psychological interventions on psoriasis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Conclusion: CBT is effective in the treatment of psoriasis in terms of area and severity reduction. Systemic treatment does not further enhance the efficacy of CBT. The effect of the psychological intervention is stronger in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis.Materials and methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase, and major Chinese academic journal databases were searched for articles published before January 2018. Studies of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that applied psychological interventions in the treatment of psoriasis and used area and severity as the outcome measures were meta-analyzed. The pooled mean difference between groups was estimated using either fixed-effects models or random-effects models in the presence of heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis was performed by method of intervention and severity of psoriasis.Results: Out of the 4,152 potentially relevant studies, 8 RCTs were included. The pooled mean difference was -1.36 (95% CI: -2.52 to -0.19; P=0.02). The pooled estimate was -1.80 (95% CI: -2.57 to -1.03; P<0.001) for CBT intervention and was -0.70 (95% CI: -2.39 to 0.99; P=0.42) for non-CBT intervention. The pooled estimates for mild and moderate-to-severe psoriasis were -1.95 (95% CI: -3.91 to 0.00; P=0.05) and -0.61 (95% CI: -1.61 to 0.38; P=0.23), respectively.Objectives: The aim of this study was to systematically review the psychological interventions used in the treatment of psoriasis and to meta-analyze the efficacy of psychological interventions on psoriasis with respect to area and severity reduction.Background: Previous observational studies have shown comorbidity between psoriasis and psychological disorders. However, the evidence of the efficacy of psychological interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and other treatments, on psoriasis is still debated.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "A rheological equation for anisotropic-anelastic media and simulation of field seismograms. In many cases, geological formations are composed of layers of dissimilar properties whose thicknesses are small compared to the wavelength of the seismic signal, as for instance, a sandstone formation that has intra-reservoir thin mudstone layers. A proper model is represented by an anisotropic (transversely isotropic) and viscoelastic stress strain relation. In this work, we consider a sandstone reservoir, such as the Utsira formation, saturated with CO2 and use White's mesoscopic model to describe the energy loss of the seismic waves. The mudstone layers are assumed to be isotropic, poroelastic and lossless. Then, Backus averaging provides the complex and frequency-dependent stiffnesses of the transversely isotropic (TI) long-wavelength equivalent medium. We obtain the associated wave velocities and quality factors as a function of frequency and propagation direction, while the synthetic seismograms are computed with a finite-element (FE) method in the space-frequency domain. In this way, the frequency-dependent properties of the medium are modeled exactly, without the need of approximations with viscoelastic mechanical models. Numerical simulations of synthetic seismograms show results in agreement with the predictions of the theories and significant differences due to attenuation and anisotropic effects compared to the ideal isotropic and lossless rheology. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "A new species of Mimosa (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) from Madagascar. The new species Mimosa manumboensis Lefevre & Labat (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), known only from two populations in the Mikea Forest in southwestern Madagascar, is described, illustrated, and assigned a provisional IUCN conservation status of critically endangered.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Tickets ... and More Tickets: A Case Study of the Enforcement of the Ontario Safe Streets Act. Anti-social behaviour statutes are proliferating in western societies, yet little statistical analysis has been conducted on their enforcement patterns and trends, particularly in Canada. A study of the Ontario Safe Streets Act enforcement in Toronto shows a 2,000 percent increase in tickets from 2000 to 2010, with most being issued downtown to homeless individuals. Further research shows that this increase is not the result of increasing crime rates, increases in aggressive solicitation practices, widespread complaints from businesses or the public, or police responses to gangs, nor is it for revenue generation. We argue such anti-social behaviour statutes are a misguided public policy response to the visibility of homelessness.", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
{"token": "The Doctrine of Incommensurability in Paul Feyerabend. An Objection Against a Particular Conception of Scientific Rationality. Incommensurability has caused many controversies and debates. In these debates seems to be unanimous the interpretation of that doctrine as an objection to objectivity, realism and scientific progress. Now this is a narrow hermeneutical framework for understanding the intention of Paul Feyerabend when formulating his doctrine of incommensurability. Because he was never intended to challenge such notions in themselves but only to show how vain turns out to be the neo-positivism and Popperian rationalism's attempt to define them. In a positive sense we argue that incommensurability, according to Paul Feyerabend, prevents or impedes when we comes to define those notions return to dialectical of logical positivism or critical rationalism. Our intention in this paper is to present his thesis of incommensurability as a challenge to a particular way of conceiving scientific rationality and its consequent notions of objectivity, progress and scientific realism.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "The use of the GRADE dose-response gradient domain in nutrition evidence syntheses varies considerably. Objectives: This study aimed to identify and describe the use of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) dose -response gradient domain to upgrade the certainty of evidence (CoE) in nutrition systematic reviews (SRs).& nbsp;Study Design and Setting: We searched for SRs of observational studies of nutrition topics that used GRADE and upgraded the CoE of at least one outcome for a dose -response gradient or reported reasons for not upgrading.& nbsp;Results: Within eligible SRs (21/281), 123 of 371 outcomes were upgraded for a dose -response gradient. For 118 outcomes, the au-thors conducted linear dose -response analyses, and for 106 outcomes, the authors conducted nonlinear dose -response analyses. From these, 107 outcomes showed a statistically significant (P ! 0.05) association in the linear dose -response model, and for 28 outcomes, the test for nonlinearity was statistically significant. The CoE for 0.8% of all outcomes was rated as high, 47.2% as moderate, 43.9% as low, and 8.1% as very low. Fifty-five percent of outcomes that were upgraded for a dose -response gradient were already downgraded for at least one domain. This is contrary to GRADE guidance.& nbsp;Conclusion: The approach for rating up the CoE for dose -response relationship is not consistent in nutrition reviews, likely because of a lack of clear guidance for when and how to do it. Therefore, more comprehensive GRADE guidance is necessary to enhance the correct use and comparability of dose -response upgrading. (C)& nbsp;2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Effect of various attentional focus instructions on novice javelin throwing skill performance. Methods. For this purpose, 21 female university students (Mage=23.5, SD=7.5) were selected as the accessible sample and assigned into four different conditions, namely internal attentional focus (focusing on body movements), proximal external attentional focus (focusing on the javelin trajectory in the air), distal external attentional focus (focusing on a distant target) and control condition (with no attentional focus instructions).Results. Results obtained within-group ANOVA with repeated measurements showed that participants in both the external attentional focus (distal and proximal) led to significantly better performance compared to those in the internal attentional focus and control groups (P<0.05).Aim. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of various attentional focus instructions on novice javelin-throwing skill performance.Conclusion. No difference was observed amongst different distances in external attentional focus (P=0.32). Therefore, the external attentional focus instruction is recommended for enhancing novice throwing skills.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "miR-26a Inhibits Feline Herpesvirus 1 Replication by Targeting SOCS5 and Promoting Type I Interferon Signaling. In response to viral infection, host cells activate various antiviral responses to inhibit virus replication. While feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) manipulates the host early innate immune response in many different ways, the host could activate the antiviral response to counteract it through some unknown mechanisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) which serve as a class of regulatory factors in the host, participate in the regulation of the host innate immune response against virus infection. In this study, we found that the expression levels of miR-26a were significantly upregulated upon FHV-1 infection. Furthermore, FHV-1 infection induced the expression of miR-26a via a cGAS-dependent pathway, and knockdown of cellular cGAS significantly blocked the expression of miR-26a induced by poly (dA:dT) or FHV-1 infection. Next, we investigated the biological function of miR-26a during viral infection. miR-26a was able to increase the phosphorylation of STAT1 and promote type I IFN signaling, thus inhibiting viral replication. The mechanism study showed that miR-26a directly targeted host SOCS5. Knockdown of SOCS5 increased the phosphorylation of STAT1 and enhanced the type I IFN-mediated antiviral response, and overexpression of suppressor of the cytokine signalling 5 (SOCS5) decreased the phosphorylation of STAT1 and inhibited the type I IFN-mediated antiviral response. Meanwhile, with the knockdown of SOCS5, the upregulated expression of phosphorylated STAT1 and the anti-virus effect induced by miR-26a were significantly inhibited. Taken together, our data demonstrated a new strategy of host miRNAs against FHV-1 infection by enhancing IFN antiviral signaling.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Dose-dependent effects of higher methionine levels on the transcriptome and metabolome of transgenic Arabidopsis seeds. Key message Higher methionine levels in transgenic Arabidopsis seeds trigger the accumulation of stress-related transcripts and primary metabolites. These responses depend on the levels of methionine within seeds.Abstract Methionine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, is a key metabolite in plant cells. To reveal the regulatory role of the Arabidopsis thaliana CYSTATHIONINE gamma-SYNTHASE (AtCGS), methionine main regulatory enzyme, in the synthesis of methionine in seeds, we generated transgenic RNAi seeds with targeted repression of AtCGS during late developmental stages of seeds. Unexpectedly, these seeds accumulated 2.5-fold more methionine than wild-type seeds. To study the nature of these seeds, transcriptomic and primary metabolite profiling were employed using Affymetrix ATH1 microarray and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, respectively. The results were compared to transgenic Arabidopsis seeds expressing a feedback-insensitive form of AtCGS (named SSE-AtD-CGS) that were previously showed to accumulate up to sixfold more soluble methionine than wild-type seeds. Statistical assessments showed that the nature of transcriptomic and metabolic changes that occurred in RNAi::AtCGS seeds were relatively similar, but to lesser extents, to those previously reported for SSE-AtD-CGS seeds, and linked to the induction of global transcriptomic and metabolic responses associated with stronger desiccation stress. As transgenic seeds obtained by both manipulations exhibited higher, but different methionine levels, the data strongly suggest that these changes depend on the absolute amounts of methionine within seeds and much less to the expression level of AtCGS.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "A novel DFNA5 mutation does not cause hearing loss in an Iranian family. Mutations in DFNA5 lead to autosomal dominant non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss that starts at the high frequencies. To date, only three DFNA5 mutations have been described, and although different at the genomic DNA level, all lead to exon 8 skipping at the mRNA level. This remarkable fact has led towards the hypothesis that DFNA5-associated hearing loss is caused by a gain-of-function mutation and not by haplo-insufficiency as previously thought. Here, we describe a fourth DFNA5 mutation: the insertion of a cytosine at nucleotide position 640 (AF073308.1:_c.640insC, AAC69324.1:_p. Thr215HisfsX8). Unlike the previously described mutations, this frameshift mutation truncates the protein in exon 5 of the gene. Although the mutation was found in an extended Iranian family with hereditary hearing loss, it does not segregate with the hearing loss phenotype and is even present in persons with normal hearing. This fact provides further support for the hypothesis that DFNA5-associated hearing loss is caused by a gain-of-function mutation.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Does network board capital matter? A study of innovative performance in strategic SME networks. This article examines the effects of network board capital (i.e., human capital and relational capital) on total, radical and incremental network innovative performance. Results from five-year longitudinal study of network boards in 53 strategic networks Suggest that a network board's diversity, education level, and interlocking directorates with other Such networks affect network innovative performance. The degree of board diversity and interlocking directorates primarily influence incremental innovation, whereas education level influences radical innovation. The study finds that a network board's diversity of expertise and education level are important for improving all components of innovative performance (total, radical and incremental) in smaller networks. Managerial implications of these findings are discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Network Pricing: How to Induce Optimal Flows Under Strategic Link. Network pricing games provide a framework for modeling real-world settings with two types of strategic agents: operators of a network and users of the network. Operators of the network post a price so as to attract users and maximize profit; users of the network select routes based on these prices and congestion from other users. Motivated by the fact that equilibrium in these games may not exist, may not be unique, and may induce an inefficient network performance, our main result is to observe that a simple regulation on the network owners' market solves these three issues. Specifically, if an authority could set appropriate caps (upper bounds) on the tolls (prices) operators can charge, then the game among the link operators has a unique and strong Nash equilibrium and the users' game results in a Wardrop equilibrium that achieves the optimal total delay. We call any price vector with these properties a great set of tolls and investigate the efficiency of great tolls with respect to the users' surplus. We derive a bicriteria bound that compares the users' surplus under great tolls with the users' surplus under optimal tolls. Finally, we consider two different extensions of the model. First, we assume that operators face operating costs that depend on the amount of flow on the link, for which we prove ex-istence of great tolls. Second, we allow operators to own more than one link. In this case, we prove that, when operators own complementary links (i.e., links for which an increase in toll value may only increase the flow on the other owned links), any toll vector that induces the optimal flow and that is upper bounded by the marginal tolls is a great set of tolls, and furthermore, we show that, when all links in the network are complementary, then the aforementioned toll vector is also a strong cap equilibrium.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Double-stranded RNA delivery through soaking mediates silencing of the muscle protein 20 and increases mortality to the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. RESULTSThe muscle protein 20 gene DcMP20 was characterized from D. citri in an effort to impair proper muscle development through RNAi. Phylogenetic analysis showed that DcMP20 was more closely related to MP20 from Drosophila compared with its counterpart from other insect species. Developmental expression analysis revealed that transcription of DcMP20 was development dependent and reached a maximum level in the last instar (fourth-fifth) of the nymphal stage. The extent of RNAi in D. citri was dose dependent, with dsRNA-DcMP20 at 75ng mu L-1 being sufficient to knock down endogenous DcMP20 expression, which resulted in significant mortality and reduced body weight that positively correlated with the silencing of DcMP20. No effect was found when dsRNA-GFP or water was used, indicating the specific effect of dsRNA-DcMP20.CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that dsRNA can be delivered to D. citri through soaking, and DcMP20 is an effective RNAi target to be used in the management of D. citri. (c) 2017 Society of Chemical IndustryBACKGROUNDAsian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the most important economic pest of citrus because it transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the causal agent of huanglongbing (HLB). Silencing genes by RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising approach for controlling D. citri. RNAi-based insect management strategies depend on the selection of suitable target genes.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "Reasoning about probabilistic sequential programs. A complete and decidable Hoare-style calculus for iteration-free probabilistic sequential programs is presented using a state logic with truth-functional propositional (not arithmetical) connectives. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Four new C-20-diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum rotundifolium. [GRAPHICS]Four new C-20-diterpenoid alkaloids, rotundifosines D-G (1-4), along with eight known ones (5-12) were isolated from the whole plant of Aconitum rotundifolium Kar. & Kir. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, including HR-ESI-MS and 1D, 2D NMR. Rotundifosine F (3) is a rare C-20-diterpenoid alkaloid with quaternary ammonium salt. Alkaloids 1-4, 5, 6, 9, and 12 were evaluated for cytotoxicity against MCF-7, HCT-116 and HepG2 human cancer cell lines..", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 36, 22, 9]}
{"token": "Allometric Scaling Laws for Temporal Proximity in Perceptual Organization. In both space and time, proximity plays an important role in the formation of perceived groups, objects, and scenes. Proximity is especially critical in the temporal domain where there are constraints-pauses or delays between neighboring events, that when of sufficient size, defeat the grouping processes that underlay temporal integration. A framework is developed where temporal proximity constraints are theorized to reflect lifetimes of exponential decay processes, and this identification leads to an inquiry into their scaling properties. In a study focusing on rhythmic pulse, the slowest tempo permitting stable rhythmic performance is shown to satisfy an allometry with a power-law exponent close to that of heart rate. The coefficient of variation, a measure of drumming stability and precision, is also shown to obey an allometry. A theory is developed that predicts that allometry in the coefficient of variation exists only at adagio and largo tempi. In a second experiment, this theory is tested by replicating the finding of precision allometry at 60 bpm, and by finding that precision is independent of body size at the marching tempo of 120 bpm. A third experiment examined proximity constraints in apparent motion, historically a defining example of temporal organization. Using a behavioral method for measuring path vividness, it is demonstrated that proximity constraints for the percept of illusory motion paths also satisfy an allometry. These two examples of proximity constraint scaling suggest that allometry may be a generic feature of temporal integration.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Sipunculan Larvae and 'Cosmopolitan' Species. Sipuncula is a relatively small taxon with roughly 150 recognized species. Many species are geographically widespread or \\\\'cosmopolitan.\\\\' The pelagosphera larvae of some species are estimated to spend several months in the plankton. However, recent molecular evidence suggests that many of the \\\\'cosmopolitan\\\\' species actually represent species-complexes, some not even monophyletic. Herein, we present data on three sipunculan species with different developmental modes that occur both in the Sea of Japan and in the Northeast Pacific. The development of the three species-Phascolosoma agnssizii, Thysanocardin nigra, and Themiste pyroides-is exceptionally well studied in both regions of the Pacific. Significant differences have been observed between the two regions with respect to egg size, developmental mode, and developmental timing. In general, eggs are larger and development slower in the Northeast Pacific when compared with the Sea of Japan. These differences have been explained as a result of phenotypic plasticity exhibited under different environmental conditions, in particular temperature, but we show that the populations of all three species are also remarkably distinct genetically and that gene flow between the two regions is extremely unlikely. In Thysanocardia nigra, we even found two very distinct genetic lineages within the same location in the Northeast Pacific. The amount of genetic divergence between populations from the Sea of Japan and those from the Northeast Pacific is not correlated with developmental mode. Themiste pyroides, the species with the most abbreviated development, actually has the least degree of genetic divergence between the regions. Analyses of molecular variance show that the majority of the observed variation in all three species is between the regions. We conclude that all three \\\\'cosmopolitan\\\\' species actually represent complexes of cryptic or pseudo-cryptic species. These examples demonstrate that a solid taxonomic framework based on molecular and morphological evidence is a prerequisite for evaluating relationships between dispersal capabilities, species' ranges, and the connectivity of populations.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "The impact of elevated CO2 on the elemental concentrations of field-grown rice grains. Although the projected increases in global atmospheric CO2 levels are expected to lead to greater yields, little is known about the effects of elevated CO2 on the grain nutrient concentrations of staple food crops such as rice (Oryza sativa L.). Large changes could have potential implications for the micro-elemental nutrition of populations where these grains provide a large proportion of the dietary needs. The limited data on the effects of elevated CO2 on grain elemental concentrations is derived from plants growing in pots placed in environmental enclosures: these indicate that elevated CO2 can cause large decreases in grain elemental concentrations. In view of the lack of data from field-grown plants, we analysed the elemental concentrations of archived grain samples collected from temperate rice crops grown under free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) conditions. Like in the pot experiments, in our study elevated CO2 increased biomass and grain production and decreased grain N concentrations. In contrast however, we found no changes in the concentrations of any of the other elements analysed. We thought it is likely that dilution was observed in the pot studies because nutrient supplies were limiting, primarily because of the small rooting volumes. In contrast, our experiment was conducted under field conditions, with highly fertile soils and large rooting volumes leading to plentiful nutrient supplies (especially micro-elements). The root production response under elevated CO2 was more than twice the aboveground biomass response; we hypothesised that if this led to a greater relative nutrient uptake capacity, elemental uptake may have matched the increase in aboveground biomass and hence no change in concentration would be detected. We conclude that a dilution of elements in the grain is not a foregone conclusion under elevated CO2: where elements are in plentiful supply and uptake rates can match increases in yield, no dilution will be detected. However, because elemental levels in most agro-ecosystems are usually less than in our experiment, some dilution is likely to occur, but to a lesser extent than that found in pot experiments where nutrient dilution is likely to be common phenomena. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Multi-point momentum interpolation correction on collocated meshes. Since the momentum interpolation method was proposed by Rhie and Chow in 1983, it has been widely used in studies of Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD). The conventional momentum interpolation methods were designed across the edge between two neighboring cells. In this study, an alternative momentum interpolation method, called multi-point momentum interpolation correction (IC) method, is proposed. The proposed IC method is distinguished from the conventional cross-edge momentum interpolation methods by correcting and improving the edge velocity with the interpolated values of its surrounding edges. Examples including analytic, experimental and field cases demonstrated that the proposed IC method is generally capable of improving the convergence process and numerical accuracy. (C) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35, 40]}
{"token": "Mesencephalic tuberculous abicess in a patient with aids. Focal TB lesions are rare and may present as tuberculomas and, still more infrequent, as brain abcesses, rare conditions of considerable neurosurgical interest(4,5).The review of recent published papers demonstrates that a considerable amount of brain abscesses has been associated to opportunist microorganism, such as Toxoplasma ghondii, Aspergillus spp., Nocardia spp., Mycobacteria spp., Criptococcus neoformans and Listeria monocytogenes. Those data reflects the enlarging number of imunocompromised patients (AIDS, post-transplantation) as an important risk group for this condition(1). The high spread of HIV infection, besides raising tuberculosis prevalence, is an important cause of the considerable proportion of extrapulmonary, disseminated, drug resistant and multi-infection tuberculosis (TB) nowadays(2). When there is association between HIV and TB infections, central nervous system (CNS) is affected in 5-20% of the cases(3). The main clinical presentation is TB meningitis in those patients.We report one such case.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
{"token": "Brucella neotomae Infection in Humans, Costa Rica. Several species of Brucella are known to be zoonotic, but B. neotomae infection has been thought to be limited to wood rats. In 2008 and 2011, however, B. neotomae was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of 2 men with neurobrucellosis. The nonzoonotic status of B. neotomae should be reassessed.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Morphometric characterization of adult Artemia (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) populations from costal and inland Tunisian salt lakes. Tunisia has many Artemia populations, but little information is available concerning their taxonomy, biometry and morphology. This work is an updated systematic inventory of Artemia populations in Tunisia, based on the comparison of different morphometric parameters measured in cultured adult individuals. Sixteen Tunisian Artemia populations were examined. The study included reference samples of two Artemia franciscana (San Francisco Bay, California, USA; and Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA) populations. The variability among the diverse populations was studied by statistical treatment of data through the analysis of variance. This analysis did not unveil any particular similarity among the Artemia populations studied, apart from the width of the head of male specimens (F = 1.088, P = 0.360). Biometrical analysis of these data was performed via multivariate discriminant analysis, and using the origin of each population as a separation factor. Results revealed that all the Tunisian Artemia populations studied can be classified as Artemia salina, with the exception of the Artemia population from Sabkhet Halk El Menzel, which belongs to Artemia franciscana.", "label": [4, 44, 39, 47]}
{"token": "Sports and recreation related injury episodes in the US population, 1997-99. Conclusion: As physical activity continues to be promoted as part of a healthy lifestyle, SR injuries are becoming an important public health concern for both children and adults. Prevention efforts aimed at reducing SR injuries through targeting high risk activities, places of occurrence, activity, risk behaviors, and use of protective devices need to go beyond focusing on children and also consider physically active adults.Results: Annually, an estimated seven million Americans received medical attention for SR injuries (25.9 injury episodes per 1000 population). For 5-24 year olds, this national estimate was about 42% higher than estimates based on SR injuries seen only in emergency departments over a similar time frame. The highest average annual SR injury episode rates were for children ages 5-14 years (59.3 per 1000 persons) and persons aged 15-24 years (56.4 per 1000 persons). The SR injury episode rate for males was more than twice the rate for females. The age adjusted injury rate for whites was 1.5 times higher than for blacks (28.8 v 19.0 per 1000 population). Basketball was the most frequently mentioned SR activity when the injury episode occurred, with a rate of about four injury events per 1000 population. Strains and sprains accounted for 31% of injury episodes. An estimated 1.1 million SR episode related injuries involve the head or neck region, of which 17% were internal head injuries. The most common mechanisms of injury were struck by/against (34%), fall (28%), and overexertion (13%).Objective: To characterize sports and recreation related (SR) injury episodes in the US population. SR activities are growing in popularity suggesting the need for increased awareness of SR injuries as a public health concern for physically active persons of all ages in the US population.Setting: The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is a face-to-face household survey conducted yearly by the National Center for Health Statistics, part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Demographic and health data are collected from a nationally representative sample of the civilian, non-institutionalized population residing in the US.Methods: Medically attended injury events reported in the 1997-99 Injury Section of the NHIS were categorized according to the associated sport or recreational activity using a classification scheme based on the International Classification of External Causes of Injury system. Episodes where the injured person received any type of medical attention (that is, medical advice or treatment) from any health care provider were used to report the incidence, severity, and nature of SR injuries sustained by US citizens.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Genomics Course Design and Combined Teaching Strategy to Enhance Learning Initiatives in Classroom. Genomics is a core course for bioscience-majored undergraduates in many universities. However, the teaching of genomics faces many challenges such as the need for rapid updating of related knowledge, content overlap between genomics and molecular biology, lack of motivation of students in the traditional passive classroom-learning model, the difficulty of presenting omics data analysis processes through lectures, and the challenges of developing the research abilities of senior students. Here we report our updated genomics course design and the teaching practices we used to address these issues, including: use of the presentation-assimilation-discussion (PAD) pedagogy and opportunities for students to practice real data analysis and intensive reading of research papers. The resultant positive outcomes and problems are also discussed. (c) 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 42]}
{"token": "Spontaneous clearance and treatment of acute hepatitis C infection in HIV-positive men with 48 weeks of interferon-alpha and ribavirin. Acute hepatitis C infection in the context of HIV is an emerging problem in men who have sex with men (MSM). We conducted a retrospective cohort study of MSM diagnosed with and treated for acute hepatitis C infection over 10 years. Genotype 1 was the commonest type representing 69% of cases; the spontaneous clearance rate was 20%. The overall sustained virological response (SVR) rate on an intention-to-treat basis was 83%; SVR and was 92% for those completing 48 weeks of treatment. The presence of detectable RNA at week 12 had a 100% negative predictive value for SVR. This is the largest single cohort treated with 48 weeks of interferon and ribavirin and the treatment SVR is one of the highest reported. We propose that a 48-week treatment regimen may be superior to shorter (24-week) regimens though we acknowledge the need for a randomized controlled trial.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Inefficiencies of court administration despite participants' goodwill. Although Australia has been at the forefront of community and court interpreting, inconsistencies and some clear inefficiencies in the way interpreters are accommodated in court processes can still be observed. Despite a desire for further improvement of interpreting practices and steps continuously undertaken by the court system, the management of court interpreter services falls short in comparison to international practices. These aspects can negatively affect the work of interpreters and in some cases affect the overall conduct of cases. This article assesses the extent to which current inconsistent practices affect the interpreters' professional performance in contributing to a communicatively effective and efficient court system. Some of the inconsistencies identified include interpreter employment practices, interpreter facilities in courts, interpreters' physical working conditions, practices and court protocols ( or lack of protocols), recognising the professional needs of interpreters, and intra-court communication with interpreters. The article shows that some courts seem unaware of the damaging impact current inconsistent practices have on interpreters as professionals, and the quality of interpreting they provide. Despite limited funding and an equally limited pool of competent interpreters, solutions can be found within the existing system.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Lionfish: a major marine invasion. Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans/miles were likely introduced to Florida coastal waters via the aquarium trade and have spread rapidly along the southeastern coast of the United States and throughout the greater Caribbean region, including Bermuda and the Gulf of Mexico. This mesopredator has strong consumptive effects on native demersal fishes, especially on coral reefs but also including a variety of other nearshore habitats. The invader may also have substantial indirect effects on reef ecosystems by over consuming ecologically important species. Given growing concern over what is likely the most damaging marine fish invasion to date globally, this Theme Section presents findings reported during a lionfish symposium at the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute annual conference convened in Panama City, Panama, in November 2015. New findings include mechanisms that enhance the success of the invader, the extremely broad and variable diet of invasive lionfish, the ecological effects of the invader on native fish populations in various environmental contexts, and non-consumptive interactions between invasive lionfish and native predators.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 39]}
{"token": "The force of the useless. Truth and establishment in Michel Foucault. The interest of the present article is to articulate a reflection on a key problem in Foucault's corpus that, despite its variations, has remained a constant throughout his work, his concern for Truth. To do this, we intend to analytically isolate three spaces of inquiry on which Foucault sought to deploy it: the historical-methodological, the political and the ethical.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Bioactivity Screening of Microalgae for Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anticancer, Anti-Diabetes, and Antibacterial Activities. Marine microalgae are considered a potentially new and valuable source of biologically active molecules for applications in the food industry as well as in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic sectors. They can be easily cultured, have short generation times and enable an environmentally-friendly approach to drug discovery by overcoming problems associated with the over-utilization of marine resources and the use of destructive collection practices. In this study, 21 diatoms, 7 dinoflagellates, and 4 flagellate species were grown in three different culturing conditions and the corresponding extracts were tested for possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetes, antibacterial, and anti-biofilm activities. In addition, for three diatoms we also tested two different clones to disclose diversity in clone bioactivity. Six diatom species displayed specific anti-inflammatory, anticancer (blocking human melanoma cell proliferation), and anti-biofilm (against the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis) activities whereas, none of the other microalgae were bioactive against the conditions tested for. Furthermore, none of the 6 diatom species tested were toxic on normal human cells. Culturing conditions (i.e., nutrient starvation conditions) greatly influenced bioactivity of the majority of the clones/species tested. This study denotes the potential of diatoms as sources of promising bioactives for the treatment of human pathologies.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Screen Violence and Youth Behavior. Violence in screen entertainment media (ie, television, film, video games, and the Internet), defined as depictions of characters (or players) trying to physically harm other characters (or players), is ubiquitous. The Workgroup on Media Violence and Violent Video Games reviewed numerous meta-analyses and other relevant research from the past 60 years, with an emphasis on violent video game research. Consistent with every major science organization review, the Workgroup found compelling evidence of short-term harmful effects, as well as evidence of long-term harmful effects. The vast majority of laboratorybased experimental studies have revealed that violent media exposure causes increased aggressive thoughts, angry feelings, physiologic arousal, hostile appraisals, aggressive behavior, and desensitization to violence and decreases prosocial behavior (eg, helping others) and empathy. Still, to more fully understand the potential for long-term harm from media violence exposure, the field is greatly in need of additional large-sample, highquality, longitudinal studies that include validated measures of media violence exposure and measures of other known violence risk factors. Also, although several high-quality media violence intervention studies have been conducted, larger-scale studies with more comprehensive and longer-term assessments are needed to fully understand long-term effects and to inform the development of tools that will help to reduce problems associated with aggression and violence. The evidence that violent screen media constitutes a causal risk factor for increased aggression is compelling. Modern social-cognitive theories of social behavior provide useful frameworks for understanding how and why these effects occur.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "The American system of shared powers: The president, congress, and the NLRB. The purpose of this article is to develop and test a model of political influence on regulation that incorporates both the competing interests of elected officials and the relevant institutional constraints. To do this, we focus on one channel of political influence: the appointment of agency leaders to a multimember regulatory board. The model has two stages: first, a bargaining stage between the president and Senate in which they choose a target policy; and second, the appointments stage in which they attempt to implement this target by choosing the median board member. The model's empirical leverage arises because elected officials can replace board members only when seats on the board become available through term expiration or resignation. This yields specific predictions about how and whether each appointment will change policy. We apply the model to the NLRB. The empirical results, investigating all appointments to the NLRB from 1949 until 1988, fit our theory remarkably well.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 29]}
{"token": "A remarkable new genus and species of dragonfly (Odonata: Anisoptera: Libellulidae) from Brazil and notes on its bionomics and phylogenetic affinities. Orionothemis felixononi n. gen., n. sp. from Bahia state, Brazil, is described and illustrated from larvae, reared adults and an immature adult male taken in association with its possible larval shuck. This taxon exhibits remarkable features among the Odonata, such as enormous dorsal and lateral spines perpendicular to the body axis, totally fused last abdominal segments in the larva, strongly differentiated and sexually dimorphic posterior legs, and the incompletely chitinized eighth abdominal tergite of the adult. Orionothemis is closely related to Elasmothernis (Neotropical) and Onychothemis (South-East Asia). The larvae were collected in the abundant immersed vegetation in a clear and cool stream in the Brazilian 'planalto' (central plateau) in an area that is endangered by deforestation and irrigation. Better knowledge of the libellulid or more generally odonata larvae could help taxonomy and phylogeny of the group.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Deterministic and stochastic seismic analysis of buildings with uncertain-but-bounded mass distribution. The actual and the computed seismic response of buildings are in general different due to the unavoidable uncertainties involved in the definition of the mass and stiffness distributions as well as in the estimation of the ground motion spatial variability. The discrepancies are accounted for by building codes through the so-called accidental eccentricity, which defines the bounds of the actual position of the centre of mass for each floor. Therefore, the seismic analysis problem is posed as the finding of the response of a structural system with uncertain-but-bounded parameters forced by deterministic or stochastic loads. In this paper, in the framework of the interval perturbation method, a procedure for determining upper and lower bounds of the dynamic response of structures with uncertain-but-bounded mass distribution vibrating under either deterministic or stochastic input is proposed. The procedure requires the definition of a unique structural model so reducing the number of analyses to be performed. Moreover, by the proposed approach all the possible permutations are implicitly considered so to include the worst condition. Numerical results showed a very good accuracy of the proposed procedure for all the cases analyzed. (C) 2011 Civil-Comp Ltd and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Resting state default-mode network connectivity in early depression using a seed region-of-interest analysis: Decreased connectivity with caudate nucleus. Reports on resting brain activity in healthy controls have described a default-mode network (DMN) and important differences in DMN connectivity have emerged for several psychiatric conditions. No study to date, however, has investigated resting-state DMN in relatively early depression before years of medication treatment. The objective of the present study was, therefore, to investigate the DMN in patients seeking help from specialized mental health services for the first time for symptoms of depression.Methods:Fourteen depressed subjects and 15 matched controls were scanned using 4-T functional magnetic resonance imaging while resting with eyes closed. All but one subject was medication free. A precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (P/PCC) seed-region connectivity analysis was used to identify the DMN and compare study groups in regions of relevance to depression.The present study is the first to investigate resting-state DMN in the early stages of treatment-seeking for depression. Depressed subjects had decreased connectivity between the P/PCC and the bilateral caudate, regions known to be involved in motivation and reward processing. Deficits in DMN connectivity with the caudate may be an early manifestation of major depressive disorder.The P/PCC analysis identified the DMN well in both study groups, consistent with prior literature. Direct comparison showed significantly reduced correlation between the P/PCC and the bilateral caudate in depression compared with controls and no areas of increased connectivity in the depressed group.Conclusions:Aim:Results:", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "What Makes the Identity of a Scientific Method? A History of the 'Structural and Analytical Typology' in the Growth of Evolutionary and Digital Archaeology in Southwestern Europe (1950s-2000s). Usual narratives among prehistoric archaeologists consider typological approaches as part of a past and outdated episode in the history of research, subsequently replaced by technological, functional, chemical, and cognitive approaches. From a historical and conceptual perspective, this paper addresses several limits of these narratives, which (1) assume a linear, exclusive, and additive conception of scientific change, neglecting the persistence of typological problems; (2) reduce collective developments to personal work (e.g. the \\\\'Bordes'\\\\' and \\\\'Laplace's\\\\' methods in France); and (3) presuppose the coherence and identity of these \\\\'methods\\\\' over time. It explores the case of the \\\\'Structural and analytical typology\\\\' method, developed in France, Spain, and Italy from the 1950s to the 2000s by Georges Laplace and his collaborators for lithic implements. This paper (1) provides a detailed historical account of the evolving content of this collective endeavour over five decades; (2) it addresses the epistemological question of what makes the identity and unity of a scientific method, demonstrating that the core component of the \\\\'analytical typology\\\\' lies in its particular way to represent real-world phenomena through its notation system; and (3) it reveals how this little known but significant episode of advances in the methods and theory of archaeology, contemporary but independent of the \\\\'New Archaeology\\\\' trend in English-speaking archaeology, was instrumental in the continuation of evolutionary perspectives in France and in the development of quantitative and formal methods in archaeology in southwestern Europe, foreseeing crucial knowledge representation issues raised today by digital methods in archaeology and data curation.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Allegory and Via Negativa in Samuel Beckett's Work. Allegory and Via Negativa in Samuel Beckett's Work This article purposes to establish the possibility of a reading linking Beckett's texts to the philosophical system by counterpoising two reading methods at the heart of Martin Buning's thought : the use of allegory and the via negativa. The works of Paul de Man and Martin Bulling make an allegorical interpretation of Beckett possible, so long as allegory is understood, in a modern sense, as accepting of fragmentation, negation, and no longer relying on a totalising system of representation of the world.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Scorpion diversity and endemism in the Rio Negro region of Brazilian Amazonia, with the description of two new species of Tityus CL KOCH (Scorpiones, Buthidae). In recent publications, evidence based on the biodiversity and biogeographic patterns of scorpions has been proposed in support of the hypothesis that Rio Negro is one of the most important endemic regions of occidental Amazonia. In this note, two new species of buthid belonging to the genus Tityus C.L. KOCH are described from the areas of Barcelos and Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira, respectively in central and upper Rio Negro. These new descriptions provide further confirmation of the high biodiversity and important level of endemism found in the Rio Negro region.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Anaerobic co-digestion of Chinese cabbage waste and cow manure at mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures: Digestion performance, microbial community, and biogas slurry fertility. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mixing ratios of Chinese cabbage waste (CCW) and cow manure (CM) on methane yields, microbial community, and biogas slurry fertility during anaerobic co -digestion. Batch experiments were conducted at mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures with five different CCW/CM mixing ratios. Methane yields at mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures were 4.2-184.4 mL g(-1) Volatile solids(added) (mL g(-1) VSadded) and 11.8-321.7 mL g(-1) VSadded, respectively. The richness and diversity of bacteria and archaea at mesophilic temperatures were higher than those at thermophilic temperatures. Compared with the unfertilized control, the dry weight of corn seedlings with the follow-up application of mesophilic or thermophilic biogas slurry increased by 12.3 %-73.4 % or 16.8 %-43.3 %, respectively. This study demonstrates that thermophilic temperatures are conducive to increasing methane yields, but mesophilic temperatures are conducive to improving the biogas slurry fertility.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
{"token": "DID DESCARTES COMMIT AN ERROR? NEW DIMENSIONS FOR COGITO ARCHITECTURE. The approaches to brain-mind-environment interaction practiced within classical epistemology, modern neurophilosophy, and neuroscience are considered together with the comparative research design,. The concept of natural dualism is introduced. On above grounds, the operational or protopraxis model of behaviour is discussed, which is based on the rigid distinctions between useful, harmful, and neutral fragments selected during life. For the human being, the environment is not limited to nature but includes the body as well as many cognitive processes. The question is who (or what) benefits in the end, if even our internal world is adjusted to its demands. By now it is a construct with philosophically presupposed meaning, which also can be interpreted as both cogito and the Self. Philosophy of psychiatry may propose the minimal or non-programmed cogito as an alternative starting point. This system can be enriched with two more elements - affective cogito and reward centre. Thus, we receive a harmonious categorical structure for the description of psyche and its external activity or practice.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Blocking of Potentiation of Latent Inhibition. We present a theory of latent inhibition based on the Pearce Hall (Pearce & Hall, 1980) model for classical conditioning. Its central features are (1) that the associability of a stimulus declines as it comes to predict its consequences and (2) that nonreinforced exposure to a stimulus engages an associative learning process that makes the stimulus an accurate predictor of its consequences (in this case, the occurrence of no event). A formalization of this theory is shown to accommodate the finding that preexposure in compound with another cue can potentiate latent inhibition to the target cue. It further predicts that preexposure to the added cue will eliminate the potentiation effect. An experiment using rats and the flavor-aversion procedure confirmed this prediction.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
{"token": "Beyond Transparency, Participation, and Collaboration? A Reflection on the Dimensions of Open Government. Open government has become an important strategy for administrative reform in the last decade incentivizing many countries around the world to design and implement initiatives related to information access, transparency, participation, and collaboration. However, there is limited clarity about the definition of open government and its main conceptual dimensions. Based on a review of the existing literature, this article proposes a framework to understand and represent the multidimensionality of open government as a socio-technical phenomenon. The paper identifies five dimensions: information availability, transparency, participation, collaboration, and information technology. We argue that these dimensions could inform both researchers and practitioners of open government by not only providing guidance for analyses of open government as a whole, but also the examination of the individual dimensions and their relationships in specific initiatives. This article also presents summaries of the articles included in this special issue and highlights some of their characteristics and their use of the aforementioned open government dimensions.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Carnosine Protects against Cerebral Ischemic Injury by Inhibiting Matrix-Metalloproteinases. Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. However, treatment options for ischemic stroke remain limited. Matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to brain damage during ischemic strokes by disrupting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and causing brain edemas. Carnosine, an endogenous dipeptide, was found by us and others to be protective against ischemic brain injury. In this study, we investigated whether carnosine influences MMP activity. Brain MMP levels and activity were measured by gelatin zymography after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (pMCAO) in rats and in vitro enzyme assays. Carnosine significantly reduced infarct volume and edema. Gelatin zymography and in vitro enzyme assays showed that carnosine inhibited brain MMPs. We showed that carnosine inhibited both MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity by chelating zinc. Carnosine also reduced the ischemia-mediated degradation of the tight junction proteins that comprise the BBB. In summary, our findings show that carnosine inhibits MMP activity by chelating zinc, an essential MMP co-factor, resulting in the reduction of edema and brain injury. We believe that our findings shed new light on the neuroprotective mechanism of carnosine against ischemic brain damage.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "Wave propagation in nonlocal elastic continua modelled by a fractional calculus approach. In the present paper, the wave propagation in one-dimensional elastic continua, characterized by nonlocal interactions modeled by fractional calculus, is investigated. Spatial derivatives of non-integer order 1 < alpha < 2 are involved in the governing equation, which is solved by fractional finite differences. The influence of long-range interactions is then analyzed as alpha varies: the resonant frequencies and the standing waves of a nonlocal bar are evaluated and the deviations from the classical (local) ones, recovered by imposing alpha = 2, are discussed. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 41, 12]}
{"token": "HLA-B*14:02-Restricted Env-Specific CD8(+) T-Cell Activity Has Highly Potent Antiviral Efficacy Associated with Immune Control of HIV Infection. Immune control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection is typically associated with effective Gag-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. We here focus on HLA-B*14, that protects against HIV disease progression, but the immunodominant HLA-B*14-restricted anti-HIV response is Env-specific (ERYLKDQQL, HLA-B*14-EL9). A subdominant HLA-B*14-restricted response targets Gag (DRYFKTLRA, HLA-B*14-DA9). Using HLA-B*14/peptide-saporin conjugated tetramers, we show that HLA-B*14-EL9 is substantially more potent at inhibiting viral replication than HLA-B*14-DA9. HLA-B*14-EL9 also has significantly higher functional avidity (p<0.0001) and drives stronger selection pressure on the virus than HLA-B*14-DA9. However, these differences were HLA-B*14 subtype-specific, applying only to HLA-B*14:02 and not HLA-B*14:01. Furthermore, the HLA-B*14-associated protection against HIV disease progression is significantly greater for HLA-B*14:02 than for HLA-B*14:01, consistent with the superior antiviral efficacy of the HLA-B*14-EL9 response. Thus, although Gag-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses may usually have greater anti-HIV efficacy, factors independent of protein specificity, including functional avidity of individual responses, are also critically important to immune control of HIV.IMPORTANCE In HIV infection, although CTL play a potentially critical role in eradication of viral reservoirs, the features that constitute an effective response remain poorly defined. We focus on HLA-B*14, unique among HLA associated with control of HIV in that the dominant CTL response is Env-specific, not Gag. We demonstrate that Env-specific HLA-B*14-restricted activity is substantially more efficacious than the subdominant HLA-B*14-restricted Gag response. Env immunodominance over Gag, and strong Env-mediated selection pressure on HIV, are only observed in subjects expressing HLA-B*14:02, and not HLA-B*14:01. This reflects increased functional avidity of Env response over Gag, substantially more marked for HLA-B*14:02. Finally, we show that HLA-B*14:02 is significantly more strongly associated with viraemic control than HLA-B*14:01. These findings indicate that, although Gag-specific CTL may usually have greater anti-HIV efficacy than Env responses, factors independent of protein specificity, including functional avidity, may carry greater weight in mediating effective control of HIV.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Past and present work practices of European interventional cardiologists in the context of radiation protection of the eye lens-results of the EURALOC study. This paper investigates over five decades of work practices in interventional cardiology, with an emphasis on radiation protection. The analysis is based on data from more than 400 cardiologists from various European countries recruited for a EURALOC study and collected in the period from 2014 to 2016. Information on the types of procedures performed and their annual mean number, fluoroscopy time, access site choice, x-ray units and radiation protection means used was collected using an occupational questionnaire. Based on the specific European data, changes in each parameter have been analysed over decades, while country-specific data analysis has allowed us to determine the differences in local practices. In particular, based on the collected data, the typical workload of a European cardiologist working in a haemodynamic room and an electrophysiology room was specified for various types of procedures. The results showed that when working in a haemodynamic room, a transparent ceiling-suspended lead shield or lead glasses are necessary in order to remain below the recommended eye lens dose limit of 20 mSv. Moreover, the analysis revealed that new, more complex cardiac procedures such as chronic total occlusion, valvuloplasty and pulmonary vein isolation for atrial fibrillation ablation might contribute substantially to annual doses, although they are relatively rarely performed. The results revealed that considerable progress has been made in the use of radiation protection tools. While their use in electrophysiology procedures is not generic, the situation in haemodynamic procedures is rather encouraging, as ceiling-suspended shields are used in 90% of cases, while the combination of ceiling shield and lead glasses is noted in more than 40% of the procedures. However, we find that still 7% of haemodynamic procedures are performed without any radiation protection tools.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 22, 15, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Factor graph optimization for GNSS/INS integration: A comparison with the extended Kalman filter. Factor graph optimization (FGO) recently has attracted attention as an alternative to the extended Kalman filter (EKF) for GNSS-INS integration. This study evaluates both loosely and tightly coupled integrations of GNSS code pseudorange and INS measurements for real-time positioning, using both conventional EKF and FGO with a dataset collected in an urban canyon in Hong Kong. The FGO strength is analyzed by degenerating the FGO-based estimator into an \\\\'EKF-like estimator.\\\\' In addition, the effects of window size on FGO performance are evaluated by considering both the GNSS pseudorange error models and environmental conditions. We conclude that the conventional FGO outperforms the EKF because of the following two factors: (1) FGO uses multiple iterations during the estimation to achieve a robust estimation; and (2) FGO better explores the time correlation between the measurements and states, based on a batch of historical data, when the measurements do not follow the Gaussian noise assumption.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Occurrence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in soils subjected to livestock grazing in Azores archipelago: an environment-health pollution issue?. Antibiotics are successful drugs used in human and animal therapy; however, they must be considered as environmental pollutants. This study aims to isolate and characterize the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli soil from Azores Archipelago subjected to livestock agricultural practices. Twenty-four soil samples were collected from three different pasture systems with different number of cattle heads, and from a control site. Antibiotic susceptibility method was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against 16 antibiotics, and the presence of genes encoding lactamases, antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence factors, and phylogenetic groups was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nine ESBLs were recovered from the three grazing sites, and all isolates presented the beta-lactamase genes bla(CTX-M-3) and bla(SHV). E. coli isolates were resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin and harbored the tetB, strA, and strB genes. One isolate also showed resistance to sulfonamides, and the genes sul1 and sul2 were detected. The isolates were grouped into the following phylogenic groups: B1 (n = 6), D (n = 2), and A (n = 1). The presence of antibiotics and resistance genes in soils may be the source to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which may have negative consequences in human and animal health.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
{"token": "Statistical Eye-Diagram Estimation Method Considering Power/Ground Noise Induced by Simultaneous Switching Output (SSO) Buffers. In this article, we propose a novel statistical eye-diagram estimation method considering nonlinear power/ground noise induced by parallel simultaneous switching output (SSO) buffers. Probability density functions (pdfs) of output step-responses affected by the SSO are derived based on the occurrence probability of each SSO pattern. From the derived output response pdfs, main-cursor (MC) pdfs and intersymbol interference (ISI) pdfs are defined. Statistical output responses are derived based on recursive convolution between the MC-pdfs and ISI-pdfs affecting each other. The proposed method, for the first time, considers steady-state responses affected by the SSO to estimate more accurate statistical eye-diagrams. The proposed method is verified by comparing the derived statistical eye-diagrams with eye diagrams obtained using full transient simulation. Also, bit error rate (BER) bathtub curves derived using the proposed method and full transient simulation are compared for verification. The proposed method is compared with the previous study to emphasize importance of the steady-state responses. Finally, the proposed method is expanded to consider previous bit patterns, which are also affected by the SSO.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "A Robust Adaptive CMAC Neural Network-Based Multisliding Mode Control Method for Unmatched Uncertain Nonlinear Systems. This paper proposes a new robust adaptive cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) neural network-based multisliding mode control strategy for a class of unmatched uncertain nonlinear systems. Specifically, by employing a stepwise recursion-based multisliding mode method, such a proposed strategy is able to obtain the virtual variables and the actual control inputs of each order first, and then it reduces the conservativeness for controller parameter design by adopting the CMAC neural network to learn both system uncertainties and virtual control variable derivatives of each order online. Meanwhile, with the hyperbolic tangent function being chosen to replace the sign function in the variable structured control components, the proposed strategy is able to avoid the chattering effects caused by the discontinuous inputs. The stability analysis shows that the proposed control strategy ensures that both the system tracking errors and the sliding modes of each order could converge exponentially to any saturated layer being set. The control strategy was also applied onto a passive electrohydraulic servo loading system for verifications, and simulation results show that such a proposed control strategy is robust against all system nonlinearities and external disturbances with much higher control accuracy being achieved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
{"token": "Phase transition and selection in a four-species cyclic predator-prey model. We study a four-species ecological system with cyclic dominance whose individuals are distributed on a square lattice. Randomly chosen individuals migrate to one of the neighboring sites if it is empty or invade this site if occupied by their prey. The cyclic dominance maintains the coexistence of all four species if the concentration of vacant sites is lower than a threshold value. Above the threshold, a symmetry breaking ordering occurs via growing domains containing only two neutral species inside. These two neutral species can protect each other from the external invaders (predators) and extend their common territory. According to our Monte Carlo simulations the observed phase transition seems to be equivalent to those found in spreading models with two equivalent absorbing states although the present model has continuous sets of absorbing states with different portions of the two neutral species. The selection mechanism yielding symmetric phases is related to the domain growth process with wide boundaries where the four species coexist.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Aerial and aquatic visual acuity of the grey bichir Polypterus senegalus, as estimated by optokinetic response. The present study assessed the aerial and aquatic visual abilities of juvenile grey bichir Polypterus senegalus, fish capable of terrestrial locomotion, by measuring the optokinetic response to stimuli of varying speed and spatial frequency. In water, fish tracked slow-moving (2 degrees s(-1)) stimuli moderately well and fast-moving stimuli very poorly. Spatial acuity was very low compared with many other species, with maximum response observed at 0.05-0.075 stimulus cycles per degree of visual arc; however, it should be noted that adult fish, with their larger eyes, are likely to have somewhat improved spatial acuity. Low spatial acuity and limited stimulus tracking ability might be expected in a nocturnal ambush predator such as P. senegalus, where gaze stabilization may be less crucial and other sensory inputs may have greater importance in perception of the environment. In air, spatial and temporal acuity were both poorer by every measure, but some visual ability persisted. As the eye shows no anatomical specialization for aerial vision, poor vision was expected; however, the large decrease in saccade velocity observed in air trials was unexpected. Stimulus parameters typically have little effect on the characteristics of the saccade, so this finding may suggest that the function of the reflex system itself could be compromised in the aerial vision of some fishes capable of terrestrial locomotion.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "The breeding population of Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands in 2014. Capsule: Overall numbers of Peregrines are higher than previously recorded, due primarily to the growth of lowland populations, despite declines in many upland areas.Methods: Two types of survey methods were used. Site-based visits focussed on locations where Peregrines were known to have bred previously, while area-based searches aimed to find all Peregrines breeding in randomly chosen 5 km x 5 km squares. Findings from each method were used to estimate population size in different parts of the survey area. Breeding outcome and site type were assessed for most of the pairs found during either survey.Results: In 2014, the breeding population of Peregrines in the UK, Isle of Man and Channel Islands was estimated at 1769 pairs. This is 22% larger than the population estimate from the previous survey in 2002. Most of this increase is accounted for by increases in lowland England. Populations in some upland areas have declined.Conclusions: The gap between the fortunes of lowland and upland Peregrines has continued to grow, along with the overall UK population. Likely reasons for the continued success of Peregrines in the lowlands include increasing uptake of breeding sites on human structures, abundant availability of prey in many lowland situations and, in many areas, a relative lack of conflict with humans. Factors likely to be limiting upland Peregrine populations vary between different regions, and include ongoing illegal killing and deliberate disturbance, and food supply.Aims: To estimate the breeding population of Peregrines, and changes in this population over time, as well as to relate variation in trends and observed breeding success to variation in region, breeding site type and other ecological influences.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Elasto-Plastic Finite Element Modeling of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced 3D Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Composites. This research extends the existing classical lamination theory based finite element (FE) models to predict elasto-plastic and bimodular behavior of 3D printed composites with orthotropic material properties. Short carbon fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene was selected as the 3D printing material. Material characterization of a 3D printed unidirectional laminate was carried out using mechanical tests. A bimodular material model was implemented using explicit FE analysis to predict the tension and bending behavior of a 3D printed laminate. The results of the FE model predictions were experimentally validated. Hill's yield function was effective at predicting the elasto-plastic stress-strain behavior of the laminate in tension. In bending, bimodular material behavior along with Hill's yield function worked reasonably well in predicting the elasto-plastic bending of the laminate. The material model proposed can be used to predict the mechanical behavior of 3D printed parts with complex geometry under complex loading and boundary conditions.", "label": [1, 4, 11, 13, 39]}
{"token": "The shocking near-infrared spectrum of the Homunculus Nebula surrounding eta Carinae. Near-infrared long-slit spectra of the Homunculus Nebula surrounding eta Carinae reveal emission from molecular hydrogen for the first time in this object, as well as strong intrinsic [Fe II] emission. H-2 emission is seen only in the polar lobes of the Homunculus, which v = 1-0 show emission in the K band, but no v = 2-1 emission. The strengths of certain [Fe ii] lines are enhanced in the same regions of the polar lobes as the H-2 emission, where [Fe II] 1.6435 mum is by far the brightest near-infrared line emitted in the Homunculus Nebula. The intrinsic spectrum of the northwest polar lobe resembles the near-infrared spectra of some supernova remnants, and shock excitation is required to explain the strengths of the [Fe II] and H-2 lines. Shock-excited emission in the polar lobes suggests that the central star has a fast bipolar wind and a slower equatorial wind. The H-2 lines observed in these spectra represent the first detection of any molecular gas in the Homunculus Nebula, which has important implications for the density structure in the polar lobes and in the stellar wind during and after the Great Eruption.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Experiences in the Application of Project-Based Learning in a Switching-Mode Power Supplies Course. This paper presents the introduction of problem-based learning (PBL) in a power electronics course at the University of Oviedo, Gijon, Spain, by means of two practical projects: the design and construction of a switching-mode power supply (SMPS) prototype and the static study of a dc-dc converter topology. The goal of this innovation was for students to apply in practice the knowledge they had acquired in theory classes. PBL is known to be a motivating, problem-centered teaching method that brings the real professional world closer to the student. The instructors thus considered PBL to be the most suitable methodology to obtain the desired results. The underlying methodology, task planning, and assessment of these projects will be presented. Furthermore, the influence of the introduction of PBL in practical sessions versus the traditional teaching method will be discussed. Finally, the instructors' reflections and conclusions regarding the application of PBL in this course from 2007-2009 will be presented.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 14]}
{"token": "Deep Education. This theoretical essay is to clarify what could be a deeper approach to education and its characteristics. The deep approach is a broad phenomenon that encompasses several domains. It manifest a turning point in the way we reflect on a variety of disciplines such as ecology, economy, engineering, mathematics, cross-cultural communication, psychology, and languages. The trend is influenced by semiotics-the science of meaningful signs-as an overarching discipline, process philosophy and complexity theory to address ontological dualism. The deep approach is an applied trend that is revolutionizing the ways we think about what should be accomplished in Education and Teacher Education, and how it should be done. It defines a move towards deeper conceptions of curricula in any disciplines and towards curriculum interconnectedness.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Dried ridge gourd: An excellent source for ecofriendly activated carbon. In the current work, the activated carbon has been prepared from a resource which is considered as the waste and ecofriendly. In addition to above, the used raw material also does not contain the polluting element such as Sulphur or any others. The activated carbon prepared from dried ridge gourd (scrubbing sponge-luffa) by chemical activation methods mitigates the above stated requirements. For the characterization of prepared activated carbon and also determination of the efficiency of the activated carbon as an adsorbents, various types of characterization methods such as BET surface area analysis, morphology verification by SEM, EDX and FT-IR, and Methylene Blue separation experimentation are performed, respectively. The BET SSA is found to be 1221.57 m(2)g(-1), which is comparable with the values reported in literature. The characterization clearly reveals the structure is very similar to honey comb pattern and identified micro pore volume is 0.407 cm(3)g(-1). The removal efficiency of Methylene Blue (MB) by activated carbon (adsorbent) ensures its suitability for the separations and it seems that the experimental data are concurred with Langmuir isotherm of monolayer adsorption. The whole adsorption process is divided into three different regimes on the basis of their controlling parameters, which makes easy to select the appropriate operating zone for a process.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Concordance for childhood cancer in twins. The causes of most childhood cancer remain elusive; some children clearly have a genetic predisposition, but in the majority the relative contributions of environmental and host factors are not established. One approach to this question is through twin concordance studies, but only the most common malignancy, acute leukemia, has been studied to date, owing to the rarity of other forms of childhood cancer. The aim of the study was to determine the concordance rates for childhood cancer in twins, in order to clarify the importance of constitutional predisposition for a range of tumor types. Twins with cancer were ascertained through three cooperative clinical trials groups, a cancer-twin registry, and a large pediatric hospital. Subjects were sent a postal questionnaire requesting information on cancer concordance and zygosity. Data were obtained on 556 twins with cancer. Three twin pairs, out of 197 twin pairs (76 monozygous, MZ, twin pairs), were concordant for leukemia, giving an MZ case-wise concordance rate (5%) that is substantially lower than previously reported. The case-wise MZ concordance for non-retinoblastoma solid tumors was 2.2%: Two twin pairs were concordant for CNS tumors, one was concordant for neuroblastoma, and two twin pairs were concordant for cancer but not for the type of cancer. The results of the present study, together with previous data from population studies of siblings and offspring, suggest that there is not in general a strong constitutional genetic component for childhood cancers other than retinoblastoma. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Cephalic de-mucosalized superiorly-based pharyngeal flap: A modified mucosa-preserving technique for velopharyngeal insufficiency. Results: 13 VPI patients were included in this study. Their age ranged from 5 to 12 years with a mean of 5.6 +/- 1.2. The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 14 months. All flaps and beds were completely healed within 2-3 weeks and no patients showed flap dehiscence, infection or palatal fistula. Postoperative speech assessment showed significant improvement of velopharyngeal function, resonance balance, and reduction in nasal emission.Conclusions: The modified technique provides an immediate self-mucosa cover to the superior part of the posterior pharyngeal wall, thus it could promote primary healing at the donor site with a short period of convalescence. CDPF separates the two opposing raw surfaces of the flap and the posterior pharyngeal wall. The mucosal flap might guard against downward migration of the flap.Introduction: Superiorly-based pharyngeal flap (PF) is the most frequently employed surgical technique to correct velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Bared posterior pharyngeal wall might prolong the period of convalescence with throat pain and discomfort. Delayed donor site healing problems and subsequent fibrosis with downward migration of the transposed flap might be one a cause of failure and might necessitate revision. Aim of the work: To present a modified technique of PF aiming at dealing with the problems of donor site defects via immediate self-mucosal covering of the cephalic portion of the bed.Methods: This case series study was conducted on patients with persistent VPI. All patients underwent the new modified technique of cephalic de-mucosalized pharyngeal flap (CDPF). The basic premise was to harvest a laterally-based mucosal flap from the upper part of the posterior pharyngeal wall. A superiorly-based pharyngeal flap (with a bared cephalic segment and a mucosalized caudal segment) was elevated off the posterior pharyngeal wall and inserted in the soft palate. Then the laterally-based mucosal flap was spread over the superior part of donor site of the posterior pharyngeal wall.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Magnitude of child sexual abuse and its associated factors among high school female students in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Plain language summary Child sexual abuse (CSA) refers to the involvement of a child (< 18 years) in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent to, or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent, or that violates the laws or social taboos of society.\\\\' Child sexual abuse is a common and serious public health problem affecting millions of people each year worldwide but the most neglected and least documented form of violence in Ethiopia among school girls. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of child sexual abuse and its associated factors among female high school students in the Dire Dawa administration, Eastern Ethiopia. In this study, an institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among female high school students in the Dire Dawa administration between March 1 and 23/2021. Stratified and multistage sampling techniques were employed to include 794 participants from selected high schools. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used and the data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 24. The findings of this study showed that the proportion of female students who reported at least one form of sexual abuse was 384 (48.9%) and approximately 19% of female students reported rape from the total respondents. Students who live alone 4.3 times, those who live with their friends five times, and those who live with single parents three times more likely to experience lifetime sexual abuse than those living with both parents. The likelihood of experiencing lifetime sexual abuse among students of rural residence was 3.2 times higher than their urban counterparts. Students who didn't drink alcohol were 70% more protective than those who drank alcohol. In conclusion: this study demonstrated that the magnitude of child sexual abuse among female students in the Dire Dawa administration is high. Lack of discussion about sexual issues with parents, living without both parents, drinking alcohol, and being a rural residence had a significant association with child sexual abuse. Unwanted pregnancy, abortion, and STIs were the most commonly reported reproductive health consequences of sexual abuse. Therefore, policymakers should introduce and strengthen comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education both in school and out of school, in addition to formal education to reduce the magnitude of the problem. Parents should discuss all sexual and reproductive health issues with their children to reduce the magnitude and consequences of child sexual abuse.Background Child sexual abuse (CSA) refers to the involvement of a child (< 18 years) in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent to, or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent, or that violates the laws or social taboos of society. It is a serious public health problem affecting millions of people each year worldwide but the most neglected and least documented form of violence in Ethiopia among school girls. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of child sexual abuse and its associated factors among female high school students in the Dire Dawa administration, Eastern Ethiopia. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among female high school students in Dire Dawa administration between March 1 and 23/2021. We employed stratified and multistage sampling techniques to include 794 participants from selected high schools. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 24. Results The proportion of students who reported at least one form of sexual abuse was 384 (48.9%) and approximately 19% of the students reported rape from the total respondents. Students who live alone 4.3 times (AOR 4.30; 95% CI 1.81-10.24), those who live with their friends five times (AOR 5.02; 95% CI 2.24-8.04), and those who live with their single parent three times (AOR 3.31; 95% CI 1.23-8.89) more likely to experience sexual abuse than those living with both parents. The odds of experiencing sexual abuse among students of rural residence were 3.2 times higher than their urban counterparts (AOR 3.2; 95% CI 2.02-4.51). Students who didn't drink alcohol were 70% more protective than those who drank alcohol (AOR 0.70; 95% CI 0.28-0.97). Among rape survivors (64, 37.9%) developed unwanted pregnancies, 26.0% of them underwent an abortion, and (39, 26.0%) developed STI as an outcome of sexual abuse. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the magnitude of child sexual abuse among female students in Dire Dawa was high. Lack of discussion about sexual issues with parents, living without both parents, drinking alcohol, and being a rural residence had a significant association with child sexual abuse. Unwanted pregnancy, abortion, and STIs have been reported as reproductive health outcomes of rape. Therefore, policymakers should introduce and strengthen comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education both in school and out of school, in addition to formal education to reduce the magnitude of the problem. Parents should discuss all sexual and reproductive health issues with their children to reduce the magnitude and consequences of child sexual abuse.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Soul, freedom and salvation: a literary, cinematic and musical journey to the crossroads. It is tempting to assume that the construction of rational arguments for the existence of God reflects the basic logical form of theological discourse and debate. However, it would also seem that most if not all major religions are grounded mainly in stories ( including biographies) of divine or divinely inspired saviours or prophets, and that the form of much ordinary religious understanding is 'narratival'. In addition, such latter-day moral and social theorists as Alasdair MacIntyre have held that human moral and spiritual understanding cannot but take a narrative form, and regarded religious stories as contributing crucially to such appreciation. However, while it is tempting to support such claims by reference to classics of literary and artistic culture, it is arguable that much contemporary cinematic and other popular art has also developed the major moral and spiritual themes of classical culture in significantly insightful ways. This article explores the movie Crossroads as a particularly fertile instance of such development.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 33]}
{"token": "Spouse-aided therapy with depressed patients. Twenty-three non-maritally distressed depressed patients who were married or cohabitating were randomly assigned to either individual behavioral-cognitive therapy or spouse-aided treatment. Both treatment conditions focused on depressed mood, behavioral activity, and dysfunctional cognitions, the difference being that in the spouse-aided treatment the partner was involved in all aspects of treatment whereas in the individual condition the partner was not involved. MANOVAs revealed that treatment led to statistically significant improvement on depressed mood, behavioral activity, and dysfunctional cognitions. Treatment did not affect relationship variables (marital satisfaction, communication, and expressed emotion) for both spouses. Spouse-aided therapy was as effective as individual cognitive-behavior therapy.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Ground-based transmitter signals observed from space: Ducted or nonducted?. The principal loss mechanism for electrons from the inner radiation belt (1.2 < L < 2.0) and slot region (2.0 < L < 3.0) is atmospheric precipitation driven by several processes, including coulomb collisions, plasmaspheric hiss, lightning-generated whistlers, and manmade transmissions. Several studies have shown that ducted and nonducted VLF waves can precipitate radiation belt energetic electrons into the upper atmosphere. Here we investigate the propagation of VLF communication transmitter signals using plasma wave instruments on board the CRRES and DEMETER satellites in order to determine if nonducted transmitter signals are significant in radiation belt loss processes. We investigate the regions where strong transmitter signals are observed in the ionosphere directly above the transmitter, in the magnetosphere near where the signals cross the geomagnetic equator, and in the ionospheric region geomagnetically conjugate to the transmitter. For very low L-shell transmitters (L < 1.5) there is evidence that a significant proportion of the wave energy propagating into the plasmasphere is nonducted. However, at higher L-shells the waves become highly ducted in the plasmasphere. Strong evidence for this comes from the lack of significant wave power propagating above the electron half gyrofrequency limit for interhemispherically ducted waves. We conclude that manmade transmissions in the frequency range (18-25 kHz) will be restricted to driving electron precipitation primarily from the inner radiation belt (L = 1.3-2.5). This will come about through a combination of propagation types, partly through nonducted wave propagation at very low L-shells (L = 1.3-1.5), but predominantly through ducted wave propagation at higher L-shells (L = 1.5-2.5), ultimately limited by the electron half-gyrofrequency limit for ducted waves.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Considering elements of natural strategies to control salmon lice infestation in marine cage culture. Salmon lice are a severe problem in salmonid aquaculture and also affect wild salmon smolts migrating through fjord systems in spring. To keep the lice burden within acceptable limits, frequent use of chemical delousing has resulted in the parasite becoming resistant to these treatments. Alternative thermal and mechanical delousing practices induce welfare problems and loss of farmed fish. To avoid losing the constant arms race with the parasite, we need a new approach to the problem. Inspired by the natural host-parasite balance, we propose a change in salmonid aquaculture practices by combining and improving existing management strategies for a more holistic and sustainable vision of the industry. Before salmonids were farmed in open cages, few hosts were available for salmon lice during winter, which reduced the salmon lice populations to a minimum when the wild smolts were migrating to sea. Thus, the natural strategy is to decrease host availability for a sufficient period of time to allow salmon lice nauplii to die of starvation. Due to the long survival and drift of the nauplii, it is important to significantly increase the distance between open farming units, either by organising and aggregating farms in extensive fallowing areas with significant distance to other corresponding areas or by controlling water flow through active production units during extensive fallowing. Here we primarily address environmental interactions. Economic and juridical implications of the proposed strategy are not discussed in detail. However, we do briefly suggest relevant current regulations and possible costs and benefits of reducing delousing treatment intensity.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "System dynamics modelling of health workforce planning to address future challenges of Thailand's Universal Health Coverage. Background System dynamics (SD) modelling can inform policy decisions under Thailand's Universal Health Coverage. We report on this thinking approach to Thailand's strategic health workforce planning for the next 20 years (2018-2037). Methods A series of group model building (GMB) sessions involving 110 participants from multi-sectors of Thailand's health systems was conducted in 2017 and 2018. We facilitated policymakers, administrators, practitioners and other stakeholders to co-create a causal loop diagram (CLD) representing a shared understanding of why the health workforce's demands and supplies in Thailand were mismatched. A stock and flow diagram (SFD) was also co-created for testing the consequences of policy options by simulation modelling. Results The simulation modelling found hospital utilisation created a vicious cycle of constantly increasing demands for hospital care and a constant shortage of healthcare providers. Moreover, hospital care was not designed for effectively dealing with the future demands of ageing populations and prevalent chronic illness. Hence, shifting emphasis to professions that can provide primary care, intermediate care, long-term care, palliative care, and end-of-life care can be more effective. Conclusions Our SD modelling confirmed that shifting the care models to address the changing health demands can be a high-leverage policy of health workforce planning, although very difficult to implement in the short term. of health workforce planning, although very difficult to implement in the short term.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
{"token": "Predictors of disengagement from treatment in an early psychosis program. Background: Disengagement from treatment is a major concern in psychiatry. This is of particular concern for those presenting for care at their first episode of psychosis (FEP). The purpose of this study is to determine the rate of disengagement from a three year FE treatment program and the predictors of disengagement.Conclusions: Engagement in early services may be helped by attending carefully to substance use to prevent early dropout, to those who may have had a short duration of untreated psychosis and to working with families to engage families in the program. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Method: We used a longitudinal cohort design. The cohort consisted of 286 FEP individuals. Measures included assessments of positive and negative symptoms, depression, substance use, premorbid and current functioning, cognition and duration of untreated psychosis. Disengagement from treatment was defined as leaving the program before the 30 months.Results: At 30 months after treatment, the estimated rate of disengagement from treatment was 31%. Predictors of disengagement were examined via Cox proportional hazards models which revealed that lower ratings on negative symptom scores at baseline (HR = 0.946; CI = 0.909-0.985), a shorter duration of untreated psychosis (HR = 0.997; CI = 0.994-0.999), and not having a family member involved in the program (HR = 0.310; CI = 0.196-0.490) contributed significantly to predicting disengagement from treatment. An examination of those who dropped out at different times revealed that those who dropped out prior to 6 months had significantly greater cannabis (p<0.05) and other drug use (p<0.01).", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Caffeine mouth rinse enhances performance, fatigue tolerance and reduces muscle activity during moderate-intensity cycling. We investigated the effects of caffeine mouth rinse on endurance performance, muscle recruitment (i.e., electromyographic activity of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris), rating of perceived effort and heart rate. Twelve physically-active healthy men cycled at 80% of their respiratory compensation point until task failure. The participants rinsed their mouths for 10 seconds with placebo (PLA, 25 mL of a solution composed of non-caloric mint essence) or caffeine (CAF, 25 mL of 1.2% of anhydrous caffeine concentration with non caloric mint essence) every 15 minutes of exercise. Time until exhaustion increased 17% (effect size = 0.70) in CAF compared to PLA (p = 0.04). The wavebands of low-frequency electromyographic activity (EMG) of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris was lower in CAF group than PLA at 50% of the time until exhaustion (p = 0.04). The global EMG signal was lower in CAF group than PLA at 100% of the time until exhaustion (p = 0.001). The rating of perceived effort pooled was higher in CAF mouth rinse (p = 0.001) than PLA group. No effect was found on the heart rate between the groups (p > 0.05). Caffeine mouth rinse increases endurance performance, rating of perceived effort and decreases muscle activity during a moderate-intensity exercise.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "A Young Girl Reading: Martha's Quest through Literature and Realism in Martha Quest. This paper examines the young heroine's ambivalent relationship with books in Doris Lessing's coming-of-age novel Martha Quest Martha, a young British girl growing up in the British colony of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in the wake of World War II, is a voracious young reader who reads extensively in order to make sense of the world in which she is living. Sometimes the books she reads lead her to think critically and challenge the canonical authorities and patriarchal society; however, at times her reading experience is also unsettling and frustrating because the books she reads are mostly produced within a biased system she intends to go beyond. The paper analyzes how Martha relies on books to reshape her national identity and personal life, and how she deals with the discrepancy between the world represented in books and reality in terms of Benedict Anderson's concept of an 'imagined community'. Furthermore, this paper also discusses how Martha's portrait as a bewildered reader of realist literature mirrors Lessing's own ambiguous relationship with her realist narratives.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "ANALYTICAL MODEL OF STRATEGY PROCESS: APPLICATION IN THE CREATION EPISODE OF THE SCHOOL OF ARTS, COMMUNICATION AND HUMANITIES (EACH), USP. The aim of the paper is to understand the strategic process of creating a new unit in a public university, through an analytical model developed by the author. The study is based on the strategic management of university organizations, focusing on the process of strategies formation in this kind of organization. This is a case study that focused on the analysis of the creation and implementation event of the School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities (EACH) at the University of Sao Paulo (USP), from its Strategic Institutional Project, during the period going from 2002 to 2009. Data were collected from the following sources: organizational data, non-participating observations and interviews based on narratives with fifteen managers and professors. The analysis shows that the strategy was developed from an initial intention access expansion while maintaining USP quality - from which actions were triggered by managers involving officers from various USP's units, which was a successful way to manage culture and to promote the dissemination of meaning of the new strategy in the university. Among the key findings, we can quote the importance of the managers' role in conducting the intended strategy, featuring a kind of political and symbolic leadership.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Between the Language and Silence of War: Martha Gellhorn and the Female Characters of Hemingway's The Fifth Column. The Fifth Column (1938) explicitly dramatizes militarized codes of behaviour among men in war. The play also documents the labour of women produced by the economic realities and imaginative possibilities of war time. Hemingway's written representations of women, intended for mimetic embodiment, enact both misogynist fantasy and feminist agency and embody, to draw from Teresa de Lauretis, the language of men and the silence of women. Dorothy Bridges is based on the real Martha Gellhorn who, in 1937, was crafting a burgeoning career as a war journalist. Dorothy, like Martha on whom she is based, remakes, from her own vantage point, a world unmade by spectacular violence. Simultaneously, Anita, a fictive prostitute, exposes the multiple sexualized spheres of inter- and intra- gender exploitation produced by militarism. Hemingway's fictional characters combine with their historical counterparts to disrupt the oppositional categorizations of masculinity versus femininity upon which the rhetoric of war depends.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Modeling of gaseous hydrocarbons solubility in aqueous-amine systems by VTPR model. It is crucial to know the solubility of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons in aqueous alkanolamine solutions in order to quantify accurately the hydrocarbon losses in treating processes. Hence, consistent experimental data and accurate models are essential for the efficient design and optimization of these processes. In this work, a homogeneous approach based on the modified Volume Translation Peng-Robinson (VTPR) cubic equation of state was adopted to represent the solubility of methane, ethane and propane in aqueous mono-ethanol-amine, di-ethanol-amine and methyl-di-ethanol-amine which are the most common solvents used in the effluent treatment processes. The model parameters were estimated on the basis of binary and ternary vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibrium data. The model developed shows a satisfactory representation of the experimental data with average deviations ranging from 1 to 28% for all systems, and gives a solid foundation for predicting hydrocarbon solubility in aqueous alkanolamine solutions. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Techno-Economic Study of Castor Oil Crop Biorefinery: Production of Biodiesel without Fossil-Based Methanol and Lignoethanol Improved by Alkali Pretreatment. Castor, a non-edible oil crop that flourishes even under extreme cultivation conditions, can be cultivated in wastewater with a lower cultivation cost than similar plants, e.g., rapeseed and soybean. This plant, containing seeds and lignocellulosic residues, has a promising perspective for biofuel production. The oil extracted from the seeds is inexpensive and can be efficiently converted to biodiesel, while the lignocellulosic parts are suitable for ethanol production after pretreatment with NaOH. Biodiesel typically produced from the fossil-based methanol; however, it can also be produced from the ethanol. In this study, ethanol used for biodiesel production is produced from the lignocellulosic residues (scenario 1), which are more sustainable and environmentally friendly; the process was compared with that of the methanol (scenario 2). In this study, techno-economic analyses were used to compare the technical and economic aspects of producing biodiesel from methanol and the produced ethanol. Simulations of the processes were carried out by Aspen plus software, and economic studies were conducted by Aspen Economic Analyzer. The prices of produced ethanol as a byproduct in scenarios 1 and 2 were USD 0.701 and 0.693 per liter, respectively, which are greater than that of gasoline. The prices of biodiesel produced as a primary product for scenarios 1 and 2 are USD 0.410 and 0.323/L, lower than the price of diesel in the Middle East region. The profitability indices for scenarios 1 and 2 are 1.29 and 1.41, respectively. Therefore, despite environmental benefits, the biorefinery based on producing biodiesel from methanol is more economically feasible than that produced from ethanol.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Construction of Au-Pd alloy shells for enhanced catalytic performance toward alkyne semihydrogenation reactions. This communication reports an efficient bimetallic catalyst by incorporating Au atoms onto the surface of palladium nanocrystals via a simple solution phase surface alloying process. While retaining the original surface structure of Pd, the surface alloy catalyst shows the highest activity and the best selectivity toward alkyne semi-hydrogenation reactions in comparison to commercial Pd/C and Lindlar catalysts. This simple surface alloying process could be easily extended to the optimization of commercial Pd/C catalysts to significantly improve their catalytic performance. The surface modification approach proposed in this work not only provides a new direction in engineering efficient metal nanocatalysts for fine chemical industries, but also improves our understanding of bimetallic nanocrystal surfaces.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
{"token": "Effects of Corynebacterium bovis on Engraftment of Patient-derived Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia Cells in NSGS Mice. Modeling chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) in immunodeficient NSGS mice relies on unique human CMML specimens and consistent murine engraftment. Only anecdotal comments have thus far supported the notion that research data may be altered by Corynebacterium bovis, an opportunistic cutaneous pathogen of immunodeficient mice. C. bovis disseminated by asymptomatic and clinically affected mice with hyperkeratotic dermatitis, resulting in resilient facility contamination and infectious recurrence. Herein we report that, compared with C. bovis PCR-negative counterparts, C. bovis PCR-positive NSGS mice developed periocular and facial hyperkeratosis and alopecia and had reduced metrics indicative of ineffective human CMML engraftment, including less thrombocytopenia, less splenomegaly, fewer CMML infiltrates in histopathologic sections of murine organs, and fewer human CD45(+) cells in samples from murine spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood that were analyzed by flow cytometry. All CMML model metrics of engraftment were significantly reduced in the C. bovis PCR-positive cohort compared with the -negative cohort. In addition, a survey of comprehensive cancer center practices revealed that most murine facilities do not routinely test for C. bovis or broadly decontaminate the facility or its equipment after a C. bovis outbreak, thus increasing the likelihood of recurrence of invalidated studies. Our findings document that CMML engraftment of NSGS mice is diminished-and the integrity of murine research data jeopardized-by C. bovis infection of immunodeficient mice. In addition, our results indicate that C. bovis should be excluded from and not tolerated in murine facilities housing immunodeficient strains.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
{"token": "Simulating interdiffusion microstructures in Ni-Al-Cr diffusion couples: a phase field approach coupled with CALPHAD database. We develop a method for phase field modeling of interdiffusion microstructures in Ni-Al-Cr by linking directly the free energy and mobility data to available databases by the CALPHAD method. Its applications are demonstrated for microstructural evolution in gamma + beta/gamma and gamma + beta/gamma + beta diffusion couples. (C) 2004 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
{"token": "TR05915 two-row malting barley with reduced deoxynivalenol result of in vitro selection. TR05915 is an anther Culture derived doubled haploid two-row malting barley line selected from the cultivar CDC Kendall using in-vitro selection with deoxynivalenol (DON) added during the anther Culture step at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. It was jointly developed with the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, and will be registered for commercial production in 2009. TR05915 is similar to CDC Kendall in all traits, except that it accumulates about 25-30% less DON. Commercial acceptance of TR05915 should be facilitated since its malting quality is similar to CDC Kendall, a widely grown cultivar desired by maltsters and brewers.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "PENSION DESIGN AND GENDER. Pension systems and their reforms may have a different impact on men and women because of their different employment histories and demographic characteristics. This paper examines the design of pension systems from a gender perspective. We describe the features of systems and analyse their expected effects on incentives, pension benefits and income distribution for men and women. Empirical results show estimates of the outcomes for men and women in the new Swedish pension system.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Taxonomic recommendations for British birds. These recommendations of the Taxonomic Sub-committee of the BOU Records Committee will take effect immediately for the purposes of the British List. A paper outlining the approach of the Sub-committee to species-level decisions has recently been published (Helbig et al . 2002. Guidelines for assigning species rank. Ibis 144 : 518-525).", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Color Psychology: Effects of Perceiving Color on Psychological Functioning in Humans. Color is a ubiquitous perceptual stimulus that is often considered in terms of aesthetics. Here we review theoretical and empirical work that looks beyond color aesthetics to the link between color and psychological functioning in humans. We begin by setting a historical context for research in this area, particularly highlighting methodological issues that hampered earlier empirical work. We proceed to overview theoretical and methodological advances during the past decade and conduct a review of emerging empirical findings. Our empirical review focuses especially on color in achievement and affiliation/attraction contexts, but it also covers work on consumer behavior as well as food and beverage evaluation and consumption. The review clearly shows that color can carry important meaning and can have an important impact on people's affect, cognition, and behavior. The literature remains at a nascent stage of development, however, and we note that considerable work on boundary conditions, moderators, and real-world generalizability is needed before strong conceptual statements and recommendations for application are warranted. We provide suggestions for future research and conclude by emphasizing the broad promise of research in this area.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Comparative analysis of the properties: Microcrystalline cellulose fiber polyamide composites filled with ethylene copolymer and olefin elastomer. Polyamide 6.10 (PA) composites, reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose fibers, were prepared separately using two types of coupling agents, Exxelor VA1803 (VA) and Bondyram 7103 (BR), using extrusion followed by an injection molding process. The fiber loading was fixed to 30 wt%, whereas the coupling agent was fixed to 5 wt%. The properties of the composites were characterized by the tensile properties, impact testing, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic thermomechanical, thermogravimetric, and X-ray diffraction analyses. The distribution of the fibers into the PA was examined by a scanning electron microscope. It was found that the VA improved the mechanical and thermomechanical properties slightly compared to BR-based samples. Overall, the structural, morphological, and thermal properties of the composites were also improved comparatively using VA.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
{"token": "White matter metabolism differentiates schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a preliminary PET study. Fluorodeoxyglucose-F18 positron emission tomography studies (FOG-PET) have shown similar corticolimbic metabolic dysregulation in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, with hypoactive prefrontal cortex coupled with hyperactive anterior limbic areas. However, it is not clear whether white matter metabolism connecting these regions is differently affected in the two disorders. Twenty-six patients with schizophrenia (mean age +/- 5.0.=30.23 +/- 9.7 year-old; 19 males; mean weight +/- S.D.=71 +/- 3 kg) and 26 patients with bipolar disorder (mean +/- age S.D.=48.73 +/- 13 year-old; 18 males; mean weight +/- S. D.=75 +/- 15 kg) underwent an FOG-PET scan. Normalized datasets the two groups of patients were compared on a voxel-by-voxel basis using a two-sample t. statistic Lest as implemented in SPM8, and adding age as covariate. Group differences were assessed applying a threshold of p < 0.0005. White matter metabolic rates significantly differed between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, whereas no differences were shown for cortical activity. This is the first FOG-PET, to our best knowledge, directly comparing subjects with schizophrenia to those with bipolar disorder, It reports decreased activity in the center of large fronto-temporal and cerebellar white matter tracts in patients with schizophrenia in respect to those with bipolar disorder. This feature may characterize and differentiate the regional brain metabolism of the two illnesses. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Real-time control of inertial focusing in microfluidics using dielectrophoresis (DEP). In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid microfluidic device, for the first time, which integrates and fully couples both dielectrophoresis (DEP) and inertial focusing. A DEP force is coupled with inertial lift force to adjust particle's equilibrium position in the vertical direction in real time. The focusing pattern and position of the particles along the horizontal plane can be concurrently adjusted by adjusting their vertical position with DEP forces. The magnitude of secondary flow drag dramatically increases when particles are levitated towards the centre of the channel in the vertical direction. The paper analytically and experimentally investigates the mechanism of this tuneable DEP-inertial microfluidic device. The proposed hybrid device possesses the advantages of both DEP and inertial microfluidic devices, working in a high-throughput manner, as well as having precise controllability in real-time. This DEP-inertial microfluidic device is potentially a versatile and robust platform for a feedback-controlled manipulation and separation of particles and cells.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "SYNCHRONOUS-TO-ASYNCHRONOUS CONVERSION OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC CIRCUITS. This paper introduces a novel method for the conversion of synchronous cryptographic circuits into equivalent asynchronous ones. The new method is based on ASERT (Asynchronous Scheduling by Edge Reversal Timing), a fully decentralized timing signaling and synchronization algorithm. From a synthesizable HDL code, an asynchronous timing network, made from standard cells libraries, is generated in order to replace the clock tree of the target circuit. ASERT works with matched delays, local clocks or any equivalent way of determining, statically or dynamically, the operating time of each functional unit. Synchronous to asynchronous conversion of three different cryptographic circuits, including the fully synthesized netlists of AES, Reed-Solomon decoder, and RSA cipher cores, are presented.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Love, value and supervenience. People are prone to ascribe value to persons they love. However, the relation between love and value is far from straightforward. This is particularly evident given certain views on the nature of love. Setting out from the idea that what causes us to have an attitude towards an object need not be found in the intentional content of the attitude, this paper depicts love as an attitude that takes non-fungible persons as intentional objects. Taking this view as a starting point, the paper shows why it is difficult to combine with certain views on value. The main challenge comes from the idea that value judgments are universalizable. This view squares badly with the thought that the people whom we love are irreplaceable. Introducing the idea that properties may have different functions in the intentional content of the attitude, this paper determines what precisely it is about love that makes it hard to combine with universalizability. Moreover, it suggests two ways of meeting this challenge.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a lung transplant recipient: Isolation of John Cunningham (JC) virus from bronchoalveolar lavage. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by polyomavirus John Cunningham (JC) virus. We report the case of a 60-year-old woman who presented 16 months after right single lung transplant with worsening memory, behavioral problems, emotional lability, and progressive left upper extremity weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed white matter changes suggestive of PML. JC virus infection was confirmed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from both the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and cerebrospinal fluid. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PCR isolation of JC virus from a BAL specimen. We also review the two additional cases in the literature that describe PML after lung transplantation. JC virus infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lung transplant recipients who develop neurological symptoms. BAL may have a role in the etiologic diagnosis of PML after lung transplantation.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Development of a double-tee flange connection using shape memory alloy rods. This study investigated the out-of-plane shear performance of a newly developed shape memory alloy (SMA) connector and a commonly used shear/alignment connector. The innovation lies in developing a durable and easily installed and maintained flange-to-flange connector between precast concrete double-tee members. The proposed connector consists of a superelastic SMA curved bolt inserted into a duct. that is then cast into the precast concrete member. Two types of sealant materials were used: polyurethane elastomeric sealant and nonshrink cementitious grout. The shear/alignment and SMA connectors were tested under monotonic vertical shear. The tests were conducted on 4 ft x 4 ft x 4 in. (1.2 m x 1.2m x 100 mm) slab specimens. The resulting capacities and associated damage were summarized. Higher stiffness and lower ductility were observed for the SMA connector with nonshrink grout compared with the shear/alignment connector with polyurethane elastomeric sealant. The average stiffnesses of the SMA and shear/aligrunent connector specimens were 116,681 lb/in. (20,434 kN/m) and 31,300 lb/in. (5481 kN/m), respectively. The ductility of the SMA connector was improved when using polyurethane elastomeric sealant; however, more tests should be done to confirm this behavior. The SMA rod was reused in several tests through reheating of the SMA element. The shear/alignment connector cannot be reused.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Illegible Humanity: The Refugee, Human Rights, and the Question of Representation. Given the restrictive discursive field in which the refugee as object of representation and knowledge is constructed, this paper argues that it is necessary to find alternative narratives that provide different perspectives on the refugee experience. This process involves interrogating the very notion of the human and of humanity in the most powerful discourse currently available to make claims on behalf of the refugee: that of human rights and humanitarianism. To be a refugee is to lose certain rights, and in the absence of these rights a person is not recognizable as such and thus becomes socially irrelevant, devoid of significance, and meaningless to the prevailing schemes of representation. If this kind of social death is reserved for someone who is less than or other than human, where do we situate the refugee? This paper argues that we cannot take for granted the transparency and self-evidence of the human in 'human rights' when figures of apparent humanity such as the refugee remain illegible in the conceptual and representational scheme at hand.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 57]}
{"token": "Preliminary Fusion Testing Between Whole Young Colonies of Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Everyyear in Brazil, colonies of the exotic termite Coptotermes gestroi increase their production of alates, which is the caste responsible for the foundation of new colonies. Colonies of this invasive species have huge populations, and their economical impacts have increased in urban areas during recent years. To simulate the meeting of neighboring colonies in field situations, we arranged intercolony interactions in the laboratory. Additionally, we exchanged one king or queen between colonies to observe how termites react to foreign reproductives. After 15 days of interactions, the mixed colony showed survival of both queens in 80% of the replicates and death of one king in 100% of the replicates. The present study also demonstrated tolerance of C gestroi colonies to foreign reproductives. The low agonism of the neuter caste (workers and soldiers) in the mixed colonies and the stability of the termite populations confirm the fusion of C. gestroi colonies. Probably, the few introductions of this species in Brazil resulted in populations of C. gestroi that are genetically very similar with high inter-colony relatedness.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Are avoidance and acclimation responses during hypoxic stress modulated by distinct cell-specific mechanisms?. Plants respond to hypoxic stress through either acclimation to the stress or avoidance of it, as they do to most environmental stresses. The hypothesis that has general consensus among the community is that ethylene response factors ( ERFs) are central elements that control both types of responses to hypoxia. Recent studies suggest that this may not be the case for all cells experiencing hypoxic stress. Mature maize root cells undergoing hypoxic stress were found to undergo acclimation and avoidance mechanisms involving ERFs, whereas meristematic root cells and cells still undergoing differentiation acclimated to the response without the involvement of ethylene synthesis or ERFs. Phytoglobins ( PGBs) and NO were demonstrated to be components critical to the acclimation response. These findings are discussed relative to the possibility that PGBs may be acting as molecular switches controlling cellular stress responses and hormonal changes and responses in cells.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Real moral problems in the use of virtual reality. In this paper, we argue that, under a specific set of circumstances, designing and employing certain kinds of virtual reality (VR) experiences can be unethical. After a general discussion of simulations and their ethical context, we begin our argument by distinguishing between the experiences generated by different media (text, film, computer game simulation, and VR simulation), and argue that VR experiences offer an unprecedented degree of what we call perspectival fidelity that prior modes of simulation lack. Additionally, we argue that when VR experiences couple this perspectival fidelity with what we call context realism, VR experiences have the ability to produce virtually real experiences. We claim that virtually real experiences generate ethical issues for VR technologies that are unique to the medium. Because subjects of these experiences treat them as if they were real, a higher degree of ethical scrutiny should be applied to any VR scenario with the potential to generate virtually real experiences. To mitigate this unique moral hazard, we propose and defend what we call The Equivalence Principle. This principle states that if it would be wrong to allow subjects to have a certain experience in reality, then it would be wrong to allow subjects to have that experience in a virtually real setting. We argue that such a principle, although limited in scope, should be part of the risk analysis conducted by any Institutional Review Boards, psychologists, empirically oriented philosophers, or game designers who are using VR technology in their work.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52, 32]}
{"token": "Development of music performance skills as formation of a higher psychological function. Peculiarities of the development of music performance skills in the school age discussed in the article and an experimental study of the role of cultural tools in that development suggest that this process is governed by the general regularities of the formation of higher psychological functions. In children of primary and middle school ages performance skills develop through the use of exterior cultural tools while high school children mainly rely on interior tools. It has been proved that an adequate exterior tool for developing a capacity for creating a performance image at early stages of instruction is a fairy tale composed by children. The music pieces to be mastered are incorporated in the tale. An objective criterion for this tool is cognitive complexity of the tale which is directly proportional to its productivity.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Allergic Contact Dermatitis Due to Methylisothiazolinone in a Young Girl's Laundry Detergent. Methylisothiazolinone (MI) is an emerging and increasing cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in children. We present the case of a 7-year-old girl with an unusual dermatitis suspicious for contact allergy. Patch testing confirmed allergy to MI, found only in the patient's laundry detergent. This case highlights the importance of checking household product ingredients and the role of MI as an increasing cause of ACD in children.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Model Studies and Modernization of a Manipulator for Tapping Spout Replacement in Continuous Steel Casting. We study the operating conditions for the specialized tapping spout used to protect molten steel against secondary oxidation between the steel pouring ladle and the tundish in a continuous billet casting machine. The following are found to be the major factors affecting premature failure of the tapping spout: Localized damage to the tapping spout walls due to installation-related misalignment between the spout and the refractory-lined slide-gate valve, and gradual encrustation of the spout during the pour process, with oxygen lancing subsequently being required to remove the encrustation. The accuracy of spout alignment with the ladle slide gate can be improved by modifying the functional configuration of the manipulator to support self-alignment of the spout to its proper location. The wear on the spout can be reduced by using a pneumatic vibrator to induce vibration, and this has been confirmed by laboratory studies using a model experiment. The proposed modernization of the manipulator will enhance tapping spout operating efficiency by reducing premature tapping spout failures.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Black Atlantic maritime networks, resistance and the American 'domestic' slave trade. This article on the formation and operation of maritime networks of resistance and solidarity during the United States 'domestic' coastal slave trade contributes to the history of Atlantic maritime radicalism in the Age of Revolution. After 1807, the legal trans-shipment of enslaved people from the Chesapeake to the antebellum slave markets enclosed the seas along the Atlantic seaboard and into the Gulf of Mexico. The legal, geopolitical and physical limitations of slavery at sea turned the Florida Straits - a densely trafficked maritime chokepoint - into a contested space. Rather than viewing this globally significant maritime space as primarily a site of contestation between British imperial sovereignty and US internecine national politics, the focus is on the undercurrents of collective black Atlantic political action, memory and connection that shaped the Straits as a transnational maritime route from slavery to freedom.", "label": [5, 56, 52, 57]}
{"token": "We have to learn how to balance all of that': Community health needs of a state-recognized Gulf Coast Indigenous tribe. The community and health programmatic needs of state-recognized tribes vary in comparison to tribes who are federally recognized. Federal recognition provides tribes with access to federal programs through Indian Health Services (IHS) and ensures a certain level of sovereignty. Little research explores the gaps in community programs experienced by state-recognized tribes as a result of their non-federal status or explores their resilience as a community in filling these gaps through other supports. Through collaboration with a community advisory board (CAB), a qualitative descriptive methodology was used to conduct 31 semi-structured interviews with adult women that self-identify as members of a state-recognized Gulf Coast Indigenous tribe. Using conventional content analysis, the following themes were identified: (a) Wellness Programs and the Power of Connection (b) Transmission of Traditional Knowledge (c) The Need for Women's Support Groups; (d) Gaps in Programs; and (e) Barriers to Participating in Community and Tribal Programs. These results demonstrate the immense importance of community events as opportunities for transmission of cultural knowledge for tribal members, an integral aspect of securing tribal holistic wellbeing. Although social support and enculturation activities contribute to Indigenous groups' overall health, this topic has been less studied for state-recognized tribes, particularly for those in the Gulf Coast tribe. Key implications of this study include the need for federal recognition and increased access to programmatic resources and highlights the importance of increased support and sovereignty for state-recognized tribes.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Spiroplasma montanense sp. nov, from Hybomitra horseflies at northern latitudes in north America. Spiroplasma strain HYOS-1(T) was isolated from a tabanid fly, Hybomitra opaca. The organism was serologically distinct from other spiroplasma species, groups, and subgroups and was recently designated the representative of spiroplasma group XXXI. The cells of strain RYOS-1(T), as determined by light microscopy, were long motile helices, Electron microscopic examination revealed wall-less cells delimited by a single membrane, The cells passed through 450- and 300-nm filter pores with a 10-fold reduction in titer, but failed to pass through 100-nm pores, Strain HYOS-1(T) grew very well in most conventional medium formulations for spiroplasmas or other mollicutes. The organism grew at temperatures ranging from 5 to 41 degrees C, and the optimum temperature was 32 degrees C, The doubling time at the optimum temperature was 0.7 h, one of the shortest values obtained for members of the genus Spiroplasma, The strain catabolized glucose and hydrolyzed arginine but not urea, Growth of the organism was stimulated by cholesterol and serum, but the strain was nevertheless able to grow in the absence of sterols or serum. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was about 28 +/- 1 mol%, and the genome size was 1,225 kbp, On the basis of the experimental results reported here and previously reported data, group XXXI strain HYOS-1 (= ATCC 51745) is designated the type strain of a new species, Spiroplasma montanense.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "In defence of the indefensible: an alternative to John Paley's reductionist, atheistic, psychological alternative to spirituality. John Paley has rightly observed that, while spirituality is widely discussed in the nursing literature, the discussions are uncritical and unproblematic. In an effort 'to reconfigure the spirituality-in-nursing debate, and to position it where it belongs: in the literature on health psychology and social psychology, and not in a disciplinary cul-de-sac labelled \\\\'unfathomable mystery\\\\' ', Paley has proposed an alternative, reductionist approach to spirituality. In this paper, I identify two critiques developed by Paley: one political, the other 'logical'. Paley's political critique claims the concept of 'spirituality' has been appropriated by nursing theorists as part of an attempt to accrue professional power and jurisdiction over occupational territory. I suggest that Paley's analysis masks his own exclusivist, secularizing jurisdictional claim made at the expense of spirituality. Paley's so-called 'logical' critique is motivated by an intention to 'determine what the \\\\'spirituality\\\\' terrain looks like from the naturalistic point of view'. However, noting a number of inconsistencies, I challenge his 'logical move' as a naive attack on a straw man. In place of Paley's reductionism, I propose my own alternative alternative and argue ( after Foucault) that 'spirituality' is a discourse, a non-reductionist attempt, in a post-religious society, to speak about the human condition open to the unknown. I conclude with a definition and a description of empirically congruent spirituality.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Can Anopheles gambiae be infected with Wolbachia pipientis? Insights from an in vitro system. Wolbachia pipientis are maternally inherited endosymbionts associated with cytoplasmic incompatibility, a potential mechanism to drive transgenic traits into Anopheles populations for malaria control. W. pipientis infections are common in many mosquito genera but have never been observed in any Anopheles species, leading to the hypothesis that Anopheles mosquitoes are incapable of harboring infection. We used an in vitro system to evaluate the ability of Anopheles gambiae cells to harbor diverse W. pipientis infections. We successfully established W. pipientis infections (strains wRi and wAlbB) in the immunocompetent Anopheles gambiae cell line Sua5B. Infection was confirmed by PCR, antibiotic curing, DNA sequencing, and direct observation using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The infections were maintained at high passage rates for > 30 passages. Our results indicate that there is no intrinsic genetic block to W. pipientis infection in A. gambiae cells, suggesting that establishment of in vivo W. pipientis infections in Anopheles mosquitoes may be feasible.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
{"token": "Many-body quantum electrodynamics networks: Non-equilibrium condensed matter physics with light. We review recent developments regarding the quantum dynamics and many-body physics with light, in superconducting circuits and Josephson analogues, by analogy with atomic physics. We start with quantum impurity models addressing dissipative and driven systems. Both theorists and experimentalists are making efforts towards the characterization of these non-equilibrium quantum systems. We show how Josephson junction systems can implement the equivalent of the Kondo effect with microwave photons. The Kondo effect can be characterized by a renormalized light frequency and a peak in the Rayleigh elastic transmission of a photon. We also address the physics of hybrid systems comprising mesoscopic quantum dot devices coupled with an electromagnetic resonator. Then, we discuss extensions to Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) Networks allowing one to engineer the Jaynes-Cummings lattice and Rabi lattice models through the presence of superconducting qubits in the cavities. This opens the door to novel many-body physics with light out of equilibrium, in relation with the Mott-superfluid transition observed with ultra-cold atoms in optical lattices. Then, we summarize recent theoretical predictions for realizing topological phases with light. Synthetic gauge fields and spin-orbit couplings have been successfully implemented in quantum materials and with ultra-cold atoms in optical lattices - using time-dependent Floquet perturbations periodic in time, for example - as well as in photonic lattice systems. Finally, we discuss the Josephson effect related to Bose-Hubbard models in ladder and two-dimensional geometries, producing phase coherence and Meissner currents. The Bose-Hubbard model is related to the Jaynes-Cummings lattice model in the large detuning limit between light and matter (the superconducting qubits). In the presence of synthetic gauge fields, we show that Meissner currents subsist in an insulating Mott phase. (C) 2016 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Did Dutch Smugglers Provoke the Boston Tea Party?. The people of Boston dramatically rejected the Tea Act of 1773. This article imbricates Boston within the intercolonial, transAtlantic, and global networks that sustained its commerce. Like New Yorkers and Philadelphians, Bostonians smuggled tea and other commodities (sometimes called the \\\\'Dutch trade'') and joined the colonial nonimportation agreements. Unlike their counterparts, however, some Boston merchants had also violated the agreements by continuing to import British tea. This article argues that Atlantic smugglers trading with the Netherlands and other European nations helped create the conditions for the Boston Tea Part and helped provoke it.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Boundary Work: Transcendence and Authoriality in Religious and Secular Law. The semiotic investigation of the divine or transcendent authoriality of religious law involves, in the context of discussions concerning the propriety or impropriety of the influence of religion in \\\\'secular'' political and legal systems, preliminary boundary work to discern the meanings of \\\\'religion'', \\\\'secular'', and \\\\'belief.'' Jeremy Waldron's account of the propriety of religion in \\\\'secular'' politics, mirroring but reversing John Rawls' account of religion's impropriety in that context, can be contrasted with neo-Calvinist (and other) conceptions of pluralism and the inevitability of fundamental \\\\'beliefs'' in all political and legal thought. In the latter perspectives, religious believers are neither unique in their appeal to transcendent values, nor relegated to advancing theocracy (because pluralism is conceived as a religious value rather than religion's opposite). A workable alternative to the conventional discourse of religious influence in politics and law is therefore evident.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 29, 52]}
{"token": "Bifidobacterium longum relieves constipation by regulating the intestinal barrier of mice. Constipation is a major health concern worldwide, requiring effective and safe treatment options. This study mainly focused on three species and nine strains of bifidobacteria from different sources to study their abilities to relieve constipation induced by loperamide in BALB/C mice. By monitoring constipation-related indicators, it was found that only Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum) relieved constipation, which indicated that bifidobacteria had inter-species differences in relieving constipation. Furthermore, through the detection of biological, chemical, mechanical, and immune barriers in mice, it was discovered that B. longum upregulates the relative abundance of 22 genera that were positively related to faecal water content, small intestinal propulsion rate, acetate, propionate, and intestinal mechanical barrier and negatively correlated with inflammatory factors, AQP8 and the time of first black stool and downregulates the relative abundance of Akkermansia. Furthermore, it increased the level of acetate in faeces and reduced the expression of AQP8 in the colon. This enhances intestinal motility and improves water and electrolyte metabolism. Meanwhile, it inhibited inflammation and prevented loperamide-induced intestinal barrier damage in constipated mice by upregulating occludin and downregulating IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. In summary, B. longum relieved constipation by regulating the intestinal barrier in constipated mice.", "label": [0, 4, 8, 42]}
{"token": "Muscle Disease. Educational Gaps5. Formulate a differential diagnosis for a patient who has an acquired muscle disorder.4. Know the laboratory studies available to diagnose muscle disease of childhood.3. Know the differential diagnosis of weakness and an increased serum creatine kinase level.2. Know the natural history and late complications of the muscular dystrophies.1. Know the clinical features of DMD.Objectives After completing this article, readers should be able to:2. In a boy younger than 5 years, if serum CK is at least 50 times normal, large calf muscles are present, and inherited pattern is consistent with X-linked recessive trait, DMD is the most likely diagnosis. Blood dystrophin gene mutation study will confirm the diagnosis of DMD if out-of-frame mutation is detected.1. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) may be mistaken for liver disease because of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Sometimes, especially in the early stage, when the child does not have obvious or progressive muscle weakness, the patient may occasionally be subjected to unnecessary liver biopsy or other gastrointestinal diagnostic procedures. When a preschool boy with delay in walking and difficulty in running, as well as elevated ALT and AST levels, is seen, serum creatine kinase (CK) and gamma-glutamic transpeptidase (GGTP) are useful to perform. If elevated serum CK but normal GGTP levels are detected, muscle diseases are most likely.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "The Internet accessible mathematical computation framework. The Internet Accessible Mathematical Computation (IAMC) framework aims to make it easy to supply mathematical computing powers over the Internet/Web. The protocol-based IAMC framework enables developers to create interoperable clients and servers easily and independently Presented are conceptual and experimental work on the IAMC framework architecture and major components: the Mathematical Computation Protocol (MCP), a client prototype (Dragonfly), a server prototype (Starfish), a mathematical encoding converter (XMEC), and an open mathematical compute engine interface (OMEI).", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Short distance phase shifts revisited: tracking clock-shifted homing pigeons (Rock Dove Columba livia) close to the loft. Clock-shifted homing pigeons (Rock Dove Columba livia) were tracked from familiar release sites using a direction recorder. At relatively short distances from the home loft (< 3.2 km), it was discovered that two different mechanisms for homing were present. One involved the sun compass and the other was independent of this. At a further site (9.95 km) none of the birds used the sun compass for navigation. The possibilities for the non-sun compass-based mechanism are discussed.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Evaluation of the alcohol-mediated interaction between micelles using percolation processes of reverse micellar systems. The effectiveness of the addition of small amount of alcohols on the micellar-micellar interaction of the reverse micellar systems (RVMS) has been studied by the quantitative analysis of its percolation phenomena. By adding various alcohols to RVMS, the alcohol-induced micellar-micellar interaction was evaluated and correlated based on the role of each group constituting the alcohol molecule to the percolation process, namely, the hydrocarbon group, hydroxyl group, and halogen substituents. Among these groups, the hydrophobic hydrocarbon groups suppress the micellar-micellar interaction proportionally to their chain number, while hydrophilic hydroxyl groups enhance it. Halogen groups also suppress the micellar-micellar interaction depending on their number and species. These results suggest that the effect of alcohols can be explained by the additive contributions of each group of alcohol, which are proportional to the accessible surface area. We have constructed equations for estimating the effect of alcohols on the micellar-micellar interactions, which should also be useful for predicting various interesting effects of alcohols and for evaluating the unified role of various alcohols on micelles. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 19, 16]}
{"token": "Modelling Potential Distribution of Snow Leopards in Pamir, Northern Pakistan: Implications for Human-Snow Leopard Conflicts. The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is a cryptic and rare big cat inhabiting Asia's remote and harsh elevated areas. Its population has decreased across the globe for various reasons, including human-snow leopard conflicts (HSCs). Understanding the snow leopard's distribution range and habitat interactions with human/livestock is essential for understanding the ecological context in which HSCs occur and thus gives insights into how to mitigate HSCs. In this study, a MaxEnt model predicted the snow leopard's potential distribution and analyzed the land use/cover to determine the habitat interactions of snow leopards with human/livestock in Karakoram-Pamir, northern Pakistan. The results indicated an excellent model performance for predicting the species' potential distribution. The variables with higher contributions to the model were the mean diurnal temperature range (51.7%), annual temperature range (18.5%), aspect (14.2%), and land cover (6.9%). The model predicted approximately 10% of the study area as a highly suitable habitat for snow leopards. Appropriate areas included those at an altitude ranging from 2721 to 4825 m, with a mean elevation of 3796.9 +/- 432 m, overlapping between suitable snow leopard habitats and human presence. The human encroachment (human settlements and agriculture) in suitable snow leopard habitat increased by 115% between 2008 and 2018. Increasing encroachment and a clear overlap between snow leopard suitable habitat and human activities, signs of growing competition between wildlife and human/livestock for limited rangeland resources, may have contributed to increasing HSCs. A sound land use plan is needed to minimize overlaps between suitable snow leopard habitat and human presence to mitigate HSCs in the long run.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "The problem of Spinoza's and Nietzsche's cosmological radicalism: analysis from two Nietzschean readings. In trying to establish how much Nietzsche owes Spinoza in the configuration of his radical view of the world, and which of the two takes the most decisive steps in the dissolution of transcendence, we encounter various difficulties. The first is that the dispute about Spinoza's atheism seems as it will never be settled to an acceptable degree. The second relates to Nietzsche's image of Spinoza, since it might be considered biased due to the indirect knowledge of his work. The third is that to determine, partly, what does Nietzsche's interpretation of the Dutch philosopher owes, requires a thorough and detailed analysis of his source authors. Taking into account these complexities, the author of the article advocates that, in order to form a proper idea of Nietzsche's radicalism debt with Spinoza and to judge which of them precipitates us with more relevance to pure immanence; it is necessary to study his readings on the Jewish philosopher, even the most neglected, beyond Kuno Fischer. Accordingly, this paper analyzes in this reflection two little used readings of Nietzsche; scilicet: Heinrich Heine (1797-1856) y Jean-Marie Guyau (1854-1888). Thus, it is assumed that, in order to reach a higher level of clarity in the studied subject, the bibliographical framework in which Nietzsche's hermeneutics and its sources should be carried out must be narrowed. Keeping these presuppositions in mind, pantheism, the world's deanthropomorphisation and Spinoza's conatus sese conservandi, are compared with monism, the extramorality of the world and Nietzsche's will to power, respectively, in order to evaluate the scope of the cosmological radicalism of one and other author.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Food for insect pollinators on farmland: insect visits to flowers of annual seed mixtures. Intensification of agriculture in recent decades has impoverished farmland for insect pollinators by removing their food plants. Arable farmland can be enhanced as a habitat for these insects by growing annual nectar-and pollen-producing herbaceous plants for them in non-cropped areas such as set-aside and field margins. In 1996 and 1997, observations were made in Hertfordshire, UK, on the flowering phenology and flower-attractiveness to visiting Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera of plots sown to mixtures of six annual flowering plant species: borage (Borago officinalis), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), cornflower (Centaurea cyanus), mallow (Malva sylvestris), marigold (Calendula officinalis) and phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia) in different proportions. The mixtures had good agronomic and biological properties. They established and flowered well from a range of seed rates and sowing-dates. They attracted a diversity of flower-visiting insects, including the honey bee and eight species of bumble bee amongst 16 species of aculeate Hymenoptera, 17 species of Diptera, mostly syrphids, and six species of Lepidoptera. Sequential sowings provided nectar and pollen from early summer to late autumn during the period after arable crops had finished flowering and food for pollinators was scarce. Different insect species were favoured by different sowing-dates and plant species.", "label": [4, 44, 39]}
{"token": "Extortion and Abuse of Power in the Dutch Republic: The Case of Bailiff Lodewijk van Alteren. Administrative systems sometimes need to answer to two normative frameworks, which are mutually incommensurable. Historians give accounts of what happened when one set of values was replaced with another, usually during blatant scandals. What went on in everyday life, when people simply worked with their conflicting systems, is much less obvious. In the case study below, we try to answer that question by looking at a case of \\\\'normal\\\\' corruption.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Dynamic resource allocation in OFDMA wireless metropolitan area networks. 0In this article We present important resource allocation problems in IEEE 802.16 wireless metropolitan area networks employing orthogonal frequency division multiple access. We first highlight the unique aspects of these networks and identify challenges and opportunities provided by the physical and medium access control layers. Next, we concentrate on four interrelated resource allocation problems: dynamic subcarrier allocation, adaptive power allocation, admission control, and capacity planning. We describe solution techniques, provide preliminary results, and discuss open problems for future research.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Preparation of synthetic wood composites using ionic liquids. Synthetic wood composite films containing cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the three major components of natural wood, were prepared in a room temperature ionic liquid solvent, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, [EMIM][Ac]. Various synthetic wood composites were obtained by dissolution of individual wood components together with additives, including polyethylene glycol (PEG), chitosan, and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in [EMIM][Ac]. The addition of water affords a gel that was dried in either a low humidity environment or under vacuum. Synthetic wood films showed smoother surface textures, higher water resistance, and higher tensile strengths than cellulose films formed by the same methods. Tailor-made synthetic wood composites were also prepared having a variety of desirable properties, including antimicrobial activities, controlled hydro-phobicity/philicity, high relative dielectric constant, and a high degree of cohesiveness.", "label": [0, 1, 6, 11]}
{"token": "The effect of temperature and other factors on roosting times of Szechenyi Monal Partridges Tetraophasis szechenyii during the breeding season. In response to low temperatures, birds can choose between reducing their activity to minimize heat loss and increasing it in the hope of higher heat production. In this study, these aspects were evaluated in the rare Szechenyi Monal Partridges Tetraophasis szechenyii by examining the timing of breeding-season roosting. The partridges arrived at roost sites 54.7 3.0 min before sunset (n = 78), perched on branches 22.9 1.8 min before sunset (n 78), and departed 7.3 0.1 min after sunrise (n = 91). Generalized linear mixed modelling with temperature and several other environmental variables (e.g. day length, cloud cover and precipitation) included as factors, showed that-all otherthings being equal - the partridges perched earlier and departed later on cold days. This result suggests that Szechenyi Monal Partridges reduce their activity to minimize heat loss in low temperatures. However, the partridges did not arrive early at roost sites on cold days, and the effects of low temperature on departure times were less than those on perching times: temperature had a partial coefficient of -0.89 for departure times versus -1.29 for perching times. Thus, we argue that the amplitude of these temperature effects may depend on food availability, or the birds level of hunger.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Parasitism of lepidopteran defoliators of urban plants by Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Heraclides anchisiades capys (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), Citioica anthonilis (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), and Methona themisto (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) are tree and shrub pests commonly found in urban areas. The parasitism capacity of Palmistichus elaeisis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was evaluated on pupae of these lepidopteran pests as well as on 2 commonly used alternative hosts, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The number of parasitoids produced per mg of host pupal biomass was significantly greater on H. anchisiades capys and T. molitor compared with the other 3 lepidopteran species. The mean number of parasitoids emerging per host pupa was also significantly more on H. anchisiades capys compared with C. anthonilis, M. themisto, A. gemmatalis, or T. molitor. All host species tested in this study show the potential to be used in mass rearing P elaeisis in the laboratory. However, the lower parasitism and emergence of P. elaeisis on H. anchisiades capys pupae suggests that this lepidopteran pest may not be a suitable host for this parasitoid in the field.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Electrophysiologic evaluation of peripheral nerve injuries in children following the Marmara earthquake. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical, demographic, and electromyographic (EMG) characteristics of 12 earthquake victims in the pediatric age group and to compare the findings with those of the adult group. Following the 1999 Marmara earthquake, 75 subjects with suspected peripheral nerve injury were referred to our EMG laboratory for evaluation. In the pediatric age group, five patients had a history of short-term temporary trauma and seven had a history of being trapped under the debris for 4 to 10 hours and sustaining long-term trauma. Five patients had developed compartment syndrome and one had developed crush syndrome. The EMG examinations revealed peripheral nerve injury findings in all patients. The brachial plexus was damaged in 2 patients, and 19 peripheral nerves were damaged in 10 patients. Peroneal and posterior tibial nerves were predominantly affected. Regeneration was detected in all of the patients with brachial plexus damage at a mean follow-up of 3.5 months and in 62.5% of patients with peripheral nerve damage at a mean follow-up of 7.7 months. Being buried under the debris, compartment syndrome, peripheral nerve injuries in the lower extremities, and total axonal damage in the first EMG examinations were found to be higher in the pediatric age group. Regeneration findings were found at similar rates in both groups, with the brachial plexus being the most favorable. When it is considered that the regeneration process lasts 15 to 18 months and EMG findings mostly show pathologies in the form of neuropraxia and axonotmesis, we think that the prognosis of our patients will be good.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Linking leader inclusiveness to work unit performance: The importance of psychological safety and learning from failures. Despite burgeoning interest in how groups and organizations learn from failures, little is known about how leader behavior influences these learning processes. We analyzed longitudinal data collected at a large hospital and found that leader inclusiveness was positively associated with members' perceptions of psychological safety at Time 1, and that this relationship was stronger for members in low-performing units. Unit psychological safety climate appeared to facilitate learning from failures within the work unit (Time 2), which was positively associated with subsequent unit performance (Time 3). (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50, 55]}
{"token": "Quantitative analysis of specific Th1/Th2 helper cell responses and IgG subtype antibodies in interferon-alpha-treated patients with chronic hepatitis C. This study aimed to characterise the immune mechanisms relevant to viral clearance in interferon (IFN)-alpha -treated chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from sustained complete IFN-c( therapy responders (n = 8), nonresponders (n = 13), untreated patients (n = 10), and healthy controls (n=5) were measured retrospectively upon stimulation with recombinant HCV-antigens (core, helicase, NS3, NS4, and NS5) and the secretion of IFN-gamma and interleukins (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-12) were tested by ELISA. Furthermore, IFN-gamma as well as IL-10 secreting CD4+ T cells were quantitated by intracellular cytokine staining. Anti-HCV core and NS3-specific IgG subclass antibodies were quantitated in the corresponding patient sera. Sustained therapy responders had more frequent and stronger NS3 and helicase-specific cellular immune responses than nonresponders, untreated HCV patients and healthy controls. Independent from therapy outcome HCV-stimulated T cells in IFN-alpha treated patients secreted preferentially IFN-gamma The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were even decreased in nonresponders, while the IL-12 secretion was not influenced. With respect to the humoral immune response sustained complete responders showed significantly reduced IFN-gamma independent anti-HCV-core and -NS3 IgG1 antibody synthesis. In conclusion, vigorous NS3-specific T-helper cell responses were associated with viral clearance in IFN-alpha recipients; however, the cytokine and antibody analysis argues against a Th1/Th2 imbalance as a major factor that influence the therapy outcome. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Leadership and Job Satisfaction: Addressing Endogeneity With Panel Data From a Field Experiment. The interaction between leaders and employees plays a key role in determining organizational outcomes and performance. Although the human resources management literature posits positive effects of leadership behaviors on employee job satisfaction, the causal path between the two is unclear due to potential endogeneity issues inherent in this relationship. To address the issue, we first provide theoretical explanations about why and how transformational and transactional leadership behaviors would enhance employee job satisfaction. Second, we test the relationship between leadership behaviors and employee job satisfaction using panel data from a year-long randomized field experiment that engaged leaders and employees from hundreds of public and private organizations in Denmark. Primary findings suggest that although leadership training does not have direct effects on changes in employee job satisfaction, leadership-training-induced changes in leadership behaviors (transformational leadership and verbal rewards) are positively related to changes in job satisfaction.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "INFLUENCE OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND FACTORS AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE HOUSING AND UTILITIES SECTOR IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. Empirical marketing regional research on supply and demand factors of housing and communal services (HCS) revealed determinants of customer loyalty and satisfaction with the service level and factors influencing on willingness to purchase additional services. Specific features of housing and utilities sector (HUS) as a social significant industry determine requirements to models reflecting reciprocal influence of indices of satisfaction, loyalty and economic indices of operation. The article presents definition of requirements along with development of techniques for modeling influence of satisfaction and loyalty on consumer behaviour of clients. The authors demonstrate trustworthy statistical results of correlative interrelationship of different factors. There have been designed regression models for taking management solutions by executives of management company housing and communal services at the development environmental responsibility. The causes that lead and hamper development of socially oriented services in different regions of the Russian Federation have been identified.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "An artificial nest experiment indicates equal nesting success of waders in coastal meadows and mires. Degradation of the distinct, diverse and abundant wader communities in Estonian coastal meadows has been recorded along with the ceasing agricultural management there. At the same time, the same species have been occupying adjacent inland mires. This study examined the possibility that waders are switching their habitat due to increased nest predation in coastal meadows. However, no differences in the average daily survival rates of artificial nests were found between meadows and mires. Data on real wader nests indicated that artificial nests reflect the fate of real nests. We suggest that meadows may have lost a past safety advantage and now the breeders are re-settling according to the current habitat quality. However, given the general decline of waders, the temporally increasing populations of mire breeders are hardly self-sustaining. Therefore, attempts to restore coastal meadows are crucial for the Baltic Populations of several wader species.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Comparison of Volatile Oils and Primary Metabolites of Raw and Honey-Processed Ephedrae Herba by GC-MS and Chemometrics. Background Ephedrae Herba (EH) is the terrestrial stem of Ephedra sinica Stapf, E. intermedia Schrenk et C. A. Mey., or E. equisetina Bge, which has been used as a diaphoretic, antiasthmatic, and diuretic. Honey-processed EH (HEH) is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, and has a better effect of dispersing lung qi and relieving asthma and a lower effect of dispelling cold than raw EH (REH). Objective To understand the differences in volatile oils and primary metabolites between REH and honey-processed HEH, and to provide a reference for elucidating the mechanism behind the effect of this processing. Methods A system data acquisition and mining strategy was designed to investigate the differences in volatiles and primary metabolites between the REH and HEH, based on GC-MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis, including principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Results Overall, 15 volatile oils and 14 primary metabolites were shown to be potential characteristic markers differentiating REH and HEH. Conclusion The results may provide a scientific foundation for comprehensively revealing the honey-processing mechanism of EH.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
{"token": "The best predictor of future behavior is ...': examining the impact of past police misconduct on the likelihood of future misconduct. Previous studies have identified numerous correlates of police misconduct, but no study to date has examined the impact of prior misconduct on the likelihood of future misconduct. Using a population heterogeneity/state-dependence conceptual framework, this study explores the potential influence of low self-control and prior misconduct on future intentions to engage in misconduct among a multi-agency sample of 101 first-line police supervisors. Across three types of misconduct, the results demonstrate stronger support for the state-dependent effect of prior misconduct. Specific findings, policy implications, and directions for future research are discussed.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 57]}
{"token": "Neoproterozoic to Early Triassic tectono-stratigraphic evolution of Indochina and adjacent areas: A review with new data. The Neoproterozoic to Early Triassic tectono-stratigraphic evolution of Indochina and adjacent areas can be divided into six mega-episodes: (1) The Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian mega-episode was characterized by shallow marine environment in the Sino-Vietnam composite terrane. Meanwhile, the different blocks of the Indochina composite terranes were still separated by branches of the Proto-Tethys. Sino-Vietnam and part of Indochina amalgamated along the Proto-Song Ma suture by the end of the Early Cambrian. (2) During the Middle Cambrian-Early Ordovician mega-episode, shallow shelf carbonate deposition prevailed north of the Proto-Song Ma suture with associated strata containing a rich benthic fauna. This contrasts with deep marine and volcanic arc setting in the south of the Proto-Song Ma suture. (3) The Middle Ordovician-Silurian mega-episode was characterized by subduction of the Tam Ky-Phuoc Son Ocean beneath the Viet-Lao terrane in the north and the Kon Tum terrane in the south. This was followed by a collisional orogeny that sutured the Kon Tum terrane with the Viet-Lao and Viet-Cambodia terranes along the Tam Ky-Phuoc Son suture. The hypothetic Po Ko and Chu Sinh sutures are discussed. The collision led to an intra-continental orogeny in the Sino-Vietnam composite terrane. By the end of the mega-episode, a unified Sino-Vietnam-Indochina super-terrane was established. During the latest Silurian-Early Devonian, benthic fauna and flora of the Sino-Vietnam and Indochina composite terranes shared Cathaysian affinity. (4) The Devonian-Toumaisian mega-episode was characterized by an Early-Middle Devonian transgression and a Late Devonian-Earliest Carboniferous regression, except for parts of northern Indochina where deep marine conditions remained. (5) During the Visean-Middle Permian, the Song Ma ocean reopenned in the north of Indochina. Meanwhile in the west, a volcano-plutonic belt formed due to eastward subduction of the Paleo-Tethys under the Indochina composite terrane. (6) The Late Permian-Early Triassic mega-episode was characterized by Emeishan mantle plume related continental rifting, and the Indosinian orogeny resulting from resuturing of the Indochina and Sino-Vietnam composite terranes along the Song Ma suture.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Bodily suffering, suffering of the land: Narrating the Spanish Republic at war. Maud JOLY Bodily suffering, suffering of the land: Narrating the Spanish Republic at war This article seeks to analyse the linkages between body, sex, violence and nation in order to comprehend the way in which a discourse on nation and war from the republican point of view came to be forged during the Civil War period. Within the fabric of discourses on the nation at war, the discourse concerning ill-treatment of women's bodies is at once functional, revealing and sensitive. It is functional in that it contains within it the makings of a discourse of mobilisation and of affirmation of a national consciousness and experience. It is revealing in that it demonstrates the reality of a sexually-oriented depiction of the nation at war which is couched in the form of a national heroics narrated from a feminine viewpoint. It is sensitive in that by showing the crude and often unbearable reality of the violence, it adds an emotional register to the discourse on the nation at war, rendering the \\\\'Suffering Republic\\\\' in words and images.", "label": [3, 31, 28]}
{"token": "Scanless multitarget-matching multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy. Using the combination of a reflective blazed grating and a reffective phase-only diffractive spatial light modulator (SLM), scanless multitarget-matching multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy (SMTM-MPM) was achieved. The SLM shaped an incoming mode-locked, near-infrared Ti:sapphire laser beam into an excitation pattern with addressable shapes and sizes that matched the samples of interest in the field of view. Temporal and spatial focusing were simultaneously realized by combining an objective lens and a blazed grating. The fluorescence signal from illuminated areas was recorded by a two-dimensional sCMOS camera. Compared with a conventional temporal focusing multiphoton microscope, our microscope achieved effective use of the laser power and decreased photodamage with higher axial resolution.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 35]}
{"token": "Central bank haircut policy. We present a model of central bank collateralized lending to study the optimal choice of the haircut policy. We show that a lending facility provides a bundle of two types of insurance: insurance against liquidity risk as well as insurance against downside risk of the collateral. Setting a haircut therefore involves balancing the trade-off between relaxing the liquidity constraints of agents on one hand, and increasing potential inflation risk and distorting the portfolio choices of agents on the other. We argue that the optimal haircut is higher when the central bank is unable to lend exclusively to agents who actually need liquidity. Finally, for a temporary surprise drop in the haircut, the central bank can be more aggressive than when setting a permanent level of the haircut.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Clinical features and natural history of neuroferritinopathy caused by the FTL1 460InsA mutation. Neuroferritinopathy is a progressive potentially treatable adult-onset movement disorder caused by mutations in the ferritin light chain gene (FTL1). Features overlap with common extrapyramidal disorders: idiopathic torsion dystonia, idiopathic Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, but the phenotype and natural history have not been defined. We studied a genetically homogeneous group of 41 subjects with the 460InsA mutation in FTL1, documenting the presentation, clinical course, biochemistry and neuroimaging. The mean age of onset was 39.4 years (SD = 13.3, range 13-63), beginning with chorea in 50%, focal lower limb dystonia in 42.5% and parkinsonism in 7.5%. The majority reported a family history of a movement disorder often misdiagnosed as Huntington's disease. The disease progressed relentlessly, becoming generalized over a 5-10 year period, eventually leading to aphonia, dysphagia and severe motor disability with subcortical/frontal cognitive dysfunction as a late feature. A characteristic action-specific facial dystonia was common (65%), and in 63% there was asymmetry throughout the disease course. Serum ferritin levels were low in the majority of males and post-menopausal females, but within normal limits for pre-menopausal females. MR brain imaging was abnormal on all affected individuals and one presymptomatic carrier. In conclusion, isolated parkinsonism is unusual in neuroferritinopathy, and unlike Huntington's disease, cognitive changes are absent or subtle in the early stages. Depressed serum ferritin is common and provides a useful screening test in routine practice, and gradient echo brain MRI will identify all symptomatic cases.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Multiple factors, including arena size, shape the functional responses of ladybird beetles. 4. Our results also show that experimental arena size has a large, consistent effect on space clearance rate. Arena size is more important in determining foraging rates at low prey densities than any other factor considered here, including predator mass and temperature. Efforts to use laboratory-based functional response experiments to evaluate the efficacy of biocontrol predators are therefore confounded by the choice of arena size.1. Functional response studies are often used to determine the suitability of predators as biocontrol agents. Ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are often used for the control of crop pests such as aphids. However, most functional response studies on coccinellids compare a limited number of species at different life stages, temperatures or sexes. A large-scale comparison of ladybird beetle functional responses is needed to evaluate the utility of these species as potential biocontrol predators and to understand the traits that influence the interaction strength between ladybird beetles and their prey.3. Our results show that functional response parameters (handling time and space clearance rate) are affected by predator stage, predator mass, prey type, temperature and arena size. Although complicated by interaction terms, space clearance rate generally increased with predator size, temperature and predator stage, while handling time decreased with predator size, temperature and predator stage. Coleopteran prey induced the highest handling times.2. We compiled 158 ladybird beetle functional responses from 30 studies and tested for effects of taxa, traits, temperature and arena size on functional response parameters using linear mixed-effects models.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "In Toronto, Iranians and Israelis Make Music, Not War': Political Communication via Engaged Musicking. Engaged musicking creates enjoyable, meaningful aesthetic experiences and strengthens citizen engagement in public policy. This case study of March 2015 Converging Paths concert in Toronto, organized by the Israeli-Iranian Musical Initiative, demonstrates how acting through this worldview included political communication as a key sphere of action. Applying Mannheim's Documentary Approach, three interpretations are presented: The Objective Interpretation details what occurred. Subjective Interpretation presents analyses of organizer-composer-musicians' explanations for why and how they constructed and communicated their alternative political narrative. Documentary Interpretation explains how organizers' initiatives, including political communication, are consonant with efforts by critical communicators, conflict transformation through social change, audiotopias.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 54]}
{"token": "The system symbols, from deep-insights to universal applications. This research paper surveys the system symbols, and their development, notation, mnemonics and depiction are explained. The history, stages and praxis over more than four decades are relayed. Today the elaborated system symbols have matured into a consistent repertoire of universals as a frame of reference for drawing board representation, architectural design, sketching and structural modelling. Furthermore there exists a scientific base-plate, and formalizations for measurement. and testing in a multitude of uses. Methodology foundations derived out of assembled insights can be retrieved from the quoted bibliographic references. As now experienced, a few different systems approaches when combined constitute integrative complements. They can display the flow-dynamics and entailment loops of propagation-pattern-recognition to harvest a breed of deep-insights cumulation towards global applicability. Here is a rapprochement, merging general living systems theory, cybernetics, informatics networks and sociotechnical methods. Organizational redesign, development, constructive balance and subsystems harmony are ultimately dependent on systemic nature-laws, physical principles and experience rules. They are intrinsic to this domain of time-longitudinal deep-insights grown as a resource generated by years and praxis. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "A conceptual model of the cement hydration process. Cement hydration development has been analyzed on the basis of measured data obtained by the microcalorimetrical method. Based on the most appropriate model assumed, thermokinetic analysis has been carried out for the polymineral and polysize system tested on industrial cement samples. A computer program has been developed to determine specific kinetic parameters describing individual hydration processes. The program makes it possible to determine the controlling processes during hydration and their share. Certain kinetic parameters make it possible to observe differences in hydration of pure clinker minerals and of Portland cement in a subtler way. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
{"token": "THE ETHNIC TENSIONS BETWEEN THE EDOMITES AND THE ISRAELITES IN OBADIAH. This paper examines the ethnic tensions between the Edomites and the Israelites in the book of Obadiah. The paper has three related parts. The first discusses the authorship and date of the book of Obadiah. Secondly, the paper analyses the ethnic animosity between the Israelites and the Edomites. Lastly, the paper examines how theology in general, and the Obadiah text in particular, could assist or hinder us in addressing the ethnic problem in Africa.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Distribution, habitat use and plant associations of Moluchia brevipennis (Saussure, 1864) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae): an endemic cockroach from Chilean Mediterranean Matorral biome. Wild cockroaches are often described as abundant and diverse insects from wet tropical zones; however, they can also be found in arid and semiarid areas. It is proposed that in these drier environments cockroach survival may dependent on its tight association with native plant species. In this work, using bait trapping and active collection methods, we surveyed cockroach species along central Chile coastal scrubland; the southern limit of the semiarid Mediterranean Matorral biome in the Neotropical Region (32 degrees S). Based on morphological and DNA barcoding methods we found that our collected cockroaches belonged to native species Moluchia brevipennis (Saussure, 1864) (Blattodea: Ectobiidae). Furthermore, thanks to field sampling, we noticed for the first time that M. brevipennis predominantly can be found in patches of native vegetation from Matorral biome, for instance, associated to endemic plant species from Puya (Bromeliaceae) genus, where we recorded these wild cockroaches feeding on flowers at dusk. Under the light of these findings, we discuss the relevance of the association between M. brevipennis and native plants for its survival in this semiarid habitat, its potential ecological function and the ongoing hazards for native insect species resulting from nearby urban sprawl in coastal central Chile. (C) 2017 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Sacred islands and island symbolism in Ancient and Imperial China: an exercise in decolonial island studies. This paper explores conceptions of islands in Ancient and Imperial China. From at least the 3rd Century BCE, mainland Chinese culture regarded islands as sacred, unapproachable fairylands, home to the elixir of immortality. This inspired a trend for voyages in search of mythological sacred islands as well as a landscape architecture trend for constructing artificial islands in imperial palace gardens. Over time, Taoism came to associate islands with the home of the gods, and Chinese Buddhism came to associate islands with dragon kings. As China's maritime activity increased, so, too, did fiction regarding islands of adventure. These conceptions of sacred islands and islands of adventure coexisted with the use of actual islands as places of political exile. By exploring island traditions in Chinese literature, this paper adds to our knowledge of how and why people throughout history have regarded islands and archipelagos as special. This paper also pursues a decolonial island studies by challenging some of the Eurocentric and imperialistic tendencies within the research field, which have led to a privileging of Western island metaphors and understandings.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Quantification of conserved antigens in Helicobacter pylori during different culture conditions. In this study, we raised monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against three conserved Helicobacter pylori antigens, i.e., the N-acetylneuraminyllactose-binding fibrillar hemagglutinin, HpaA; the flagellin subunits, FlaA. and FlaB; and a species-specific 26-kDa protein. The MAbs were used for the development of sensitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for quantification of these antigens in H. pylori during various culture conditions. The quantities of these antigens varied considerably (up to 8-fold) during different culture procedures and between strains (up to 10-fold).", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Effects of feeding organic trace minerals on milk production and reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows: A meta-analysis. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementation with the organic trace minerals (OTM; Availa-4 and 4-Plex, Zinpro Corp., Eden Prairie, MN) on milk yield, composition, and component yields and reproductive performance in dairy cows. Twenty research papers and reports on the effects of OTM were considered in this meta-analysis. Criteria for inclusion in the study were information on the form of OTM, an adequate description of randomization, production and reproduction data, and associated measures of variance (SE or SD) and P-values. The OTM increased milk production by 0.93 kg [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.61 to 1.25], milk fat by 0.04 kg (95% CI = 0.02 to 0.05), and milk protein by 0.03 kg (95% CI = 0.02 to 0.04) per day. Milk SCC was not different in cows supplemented with OTM. All production outcomes except milk solids (yield) and milk SCC were heterogeneous. Meta-regression analysis showed that feeding before calving, feeding for a full lactation after calving, and the use of other supplements increased responses over feeding after calving only, feeding for part of lactation, or not using other supplements, respectively. Supplementation of cows with OTM reduced days open (weighted mean difference = 13.5 d) and number of services per conception (weighted mean difference = 0.27) in lactating dairy cows. The risk of pregnancy on d 150 of lactation was greater in cows fed OTM (risk ratio = 1.07), but OTM had no significant effect on the interval from calving to first service and 21-d pregnancy rate. There was no evidence of heterogeneity for any of the reproductive outcomes evaluated. The results of this meta-analysis showed that organic trace mineral supplementation could improve production and reproduction in lactating dairy cows.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
{"token": "Orbital Compression Syndrome in Sickle Cell Crisis. This article is about a 9-year-old boy with known homozygous sickle cell disease who developed unilateral exophthalmia and eyelid swelling during a sickle cell crisis. The symptoms were due to a vaso-occlusive event in the orbital bones, known as orbital compression syndrome, which is a rare complication of sickle cell disease.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Millimeter-wave characteristics of flip-chip interconnects for multichip modules. Electromagnetic simulation and measurement data of flip-chip transitions are presented, First-order effects are identified and design criteria for millimeter-wave multichip interconnects are derived. Results cover chip detuning and bump geometry as well as simplified modeling. In a coplanar environment, the dip-chip scheme provides interconnects with excellent low-reflective properties. For conductor-backed structures, parasitic modes occur leading to unwanted crosstalk, These effects dominate the behavior so that overall performance of the flip-chip scheme can be evaluated properly only in conjunction with the actual motherboard packaging setup.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Polymorphisms of the BK virus subtypes and their influence on viral in vitro growth efficiency. The major capsid protein, VP1, of the human polyomavirus BK (BKV) is structurally divided into five outer loops, referred to as BC, DE, EF, GH, and HI. The BC loop includes a short region, named the BKV subtyping region, spanning nucleotides 1744-1812 and characterized by non-synonymous nucleotide polymorphisms that have been used to classify different strains of BIN into four subtypes. The aim of this study was to determine if the nucleotide changes clustered within the BIN subtyping region may influence the in vitro growth efficiency of the virus. We therefore infected the African Green Monkey kidney cell line Vero with four different viral strains (named BIN I. II, III, and IV) that contained the nucleotide sequences of the BIN subtypes within the same genomic background. Infected cells were followed for 59 days and viral replication was assessed at different time points by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR). BIN I, II, and IV were successfully propagated over time in Vero cells, whereas BKV III viral loads progressively decreased during the infection course, demonstrating that the non-synonymous nucleotide polymorphisms of subtype III confer a strong disadvantage for viral replication. Since subtype III differs from all the other subtypes at position 68 of the VP1, where Leu is replaced by Gln, we created viral strains bearing Gln at this position together with the polymorphisms of subtypes I, II, IV and tested their growth in Vero cells. Our results demonstrate that this amino acid substitution does not lower the replication efficiency of subtypes I, II, and IV. In conclusion, this study provides further insights to the importance of the BC loop of BKV in the virus life cycle. In addition, given the effect of the amino acid substitutions of the four BIN subtypes on infectious spread of the virus, our results suggest the need to investigate their potential association with BIN related complications. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "In defense of exclusionary deliberation: Communication and voting with private beliefs and values. We analyze strategic communication and voting when agents do not necessarily have common beliefs and values. The potential for some pairs of participants to have opposed preferences makes truthful revelation difficult to support. Nonetheless, truthful equilibria are shown to exist for some parameterizations in which non-common values are likely. Truthful equilibria exist if and only if participants of all possible preference types are optimistic that a majority of the group has their preference type. In settings in which truthful equilibria exist for all population sizes, asymptotic efficiency attains. The probability that the collective choice corresponds to that which a majority would choose with full-information approaches one as population size tends to infinity. In many settings, however, truthful equilibria exist only for small groups. In these cases, we characterize a natural partially revealing equilibrium; asymptotic efficiency fails in these equilibria. Interestingly, we find that larger groups need not outperform smaller groups as truthful equilibria are easier to support with small deliberative bodies. Thus, the design of deliberative institutions involves a trade-off between the statistical benefit of more participants and the difficulty in supporting information transmission in larger settings. For many reasonable cases, the latter effect is dominant and excluding randomly chosen participants is desirable.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "The influence of duckweed species diversity on ecophysiological tolerance to copper exposure. In excess, copper is toxic to plants. In the plants, Landoltia punctata and Lemna minor grown in mixed and monoculture, the effects of exposure to varying concentrations of copper (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg L-1 Cu) for seven days were assessed by measuring changes in the chlorophyll, protein and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity. According to results, Cu levels in plants increased with increasing Cu concentration. The level of photosynthetic pigments and crude proteins decreased only upon exposure to high Cu concentrations. However, the starch and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased. These results suggested a stress alleviation that was possibly the result of antioxidants such as CAT and SOD, the activities of which increased with increasing Cu levels. APX activity increased in L. punctata, but decreased in L. minor, under monoculture or mixed culture conditions. In addition, the duckweed in mixed culture exhibited increased antioxidant enzyme activities which provide increased resistance to copper in moderate copper concentrations. As the copper concentration increased, the duckweed in the mixed culture limited the uptake of copper to avoid toxicity. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 45]}
{"token": "Completion Time and Energy Consumption Minimization for UAV-Enabled Multicasting. This letter investigates the completion time and energy consumption minimization for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)-enabled multicasting over a large area. We propose a fly-and-communicate protocol, where the UAV sweeps the area by a zigzag pattern and disseminates some common information to all the ground users, whose locations are unknown at the UAV. We jointly design the flying speed, UAV altitude, and antenna beamwidth to minimize the completion time and energy consumption. For a given beamwidth, the completion time decreases monotonically with altitude. Furthermore, the optimal beamwidth can be obtained via a 1-D search with a given allowable maximum altitude. In addition, the optimal altitude and beamwidth can be obtained by alternate iteration to minimize the energy consumption.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Weight of the evidence of genetic investigations of ancestry informative markers. Ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) are markers that give information about the ancestry of individuals. They are used in forensic genetics for predicting the geographic origin of the investigated individual in crime and identification cases. In the exploration of the genogeographic origin of an AIMs profile, the likelihoods of the AIMs profile in various populations may be calculated. However, there may not be an appropriate reference population in the database. The fact that the likelihood ratio (LR) of one population compared to that of another population is large does not imply that any of the populations is relevant.To handle this phenomena, we derived a likelihood ratio test (LRT) that is a measure of absolute concordance between an AIMs profile and a population rather than a relative measure of the AIMs profile's likelihood in two populations. The LRT is similar to a Fisher's exact test. By aggregating over markers, the central limit theorem suggests that the resulting quantity is approximately normally distributed. If only a few markers are genotyped or if the majority of the markers are fixed in a given population, the approximation may fail. We overcome this using importance sampling and show how exponential tilting results in an efficient proposal distribution.By simulations and published AIMs profiles, we demonstrate the applicability of the derived methodology. For the genotyped AIMs, the LRT approach achieves the nominal levels of rejection when tested on data from five major continental regions. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Insight & awareness of illness in psychiatry II: recent empirical studies - The measure of insight. Poor insight has been associated with schizophrenia subtypes, age of onset, severity and prognosis, suicidality, negative and positive symptoms, neuropsychological impairments, intellectual quotient, level of education, therapeutic compliance, IRM, etc. Poor insight could also be the target of therapeutic intervention.There is a renewed interest for insight and awareness of illness in Psychiatry on a practical and a theoretical point of view (I.S. Markova, G.-E. Berrios, 1995). Several rating scales are currently used to explore this important domain of Psychopathology. Poor insight is a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon. It has several components: 1) unawareness of being ill; 2) unawareness of different symptoms; 3) unawareness of the need for treatment; 4) unawareness of the consequences of disorder; 5) causal attribution. Several studies are presented, particularly X.F. Amador et al.'s SUMD (1994), as well as A.S. David's (1990) and I.S. Markova & G.-E. Berrios's scales (1992).Lack of insight is the most constant clinical element throughout schizophrenia sub-types. It is present in 50 to 75% of patients. Associated to other factors, it could define a sub-type of this pathology. This unawareness of disorder has been considered as a psychological defense, a coping mechanism, or a neuropsychological deficit (anosognosia), related to frontal dysfunction.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Competition of three aggregated microbial species for four substrates in the rumen. Rumen microorganisms play a vital role in the digestion of food and the supply of energy and amino acids to the host in the form of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbial protein. Because the products of rumen digestion are affected by microbial numbers and species composition, it is necessary to understand the population dynamics of different types of microorganisms. Mathematical models have been developed to represent the behaviour of rumen microbes, and these models have been included in whole-rumen models, however, several challenges still remain which include representing changes in microbe numbers and the interactions between microbial species or groups of species. We have developed a mathematical model based on a chemostat-type model of competition between functional representatives of microbes in the rumen and have studied the system numerically. Our objective was to develop and evaluate a mathematical model to examine the effect of changing the proportions of substrate and the effect of ammonia supplementation on the abundance of each species. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Karyotypes of Six Soricomorph Species from Emei Shan, Sichuan Province, China. We report the karyotypes of six species of the order Soricomorpha (Mammalia), based on specimens collected from Emei Shan (Mount Emei) in central Sichuan Province, China: two talpid species, Uropsilus andersoni (diploid chromosome number [2n]=34, fundamental number of chromosome arms including two X chromosomes [FN]=56) and Scaptonyx fusicaudus (2n=34, FN=64); and four soricid species, Episoriculus sacratus (2n=58, FN=108), Anourosorex squamipes (2n=48, FN=96), Sorex cylindricauda (2n=30, FN=50), and Sorex bedfordiae (2n=24/25, FN=46/48). This is the first report of the karyotypes of all species except Sc. fusicaudus and A. squamipes. Episoriculus sacratus is considered to be a valid species in Sichuan, separated from the Nepalese E. soluensis based on differences in the karyotype. The karyotype of S. bedfordiae showed polymorphism due to the occurrence of a B chromosome. Differences in the karyotypes of S. cylindricauda and S. bedfordiae could be explained mostly by seven Robertsonian translocations revealed by G-band karyotypes.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "The changing roles of internal auditors in the Ukrainian central government. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how internal auditors' (IAs) roles have changed because of the diffusion of neoliberal ideologies in the Ukrainian public sector. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative methodological approach was applied. Data were collected from 29 semi-structured interviews with public sector auditors in Ukraine's central government; secondary data analysis was also performed. Findings IAs' role in Ukraine's central government has changed significantly, with reforms attempting to move to performance auditing. Consequently, Ukrainian central government IAs appeared in the multi-expectation situation, due to the division of the role senders into two different areas. On one hand, IAs are expected to perform new roles set by the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, while their traditional role as \\\\'watchdogs\\\\' is still expected by managers (heads of institutions). Diverging expectations resulted in the role conflict that impedes the change in IAs' role and performance auditing introduction in the Ukrainian central government. Moreover, we identify factors that motivate IAs to prioritise managers' expectations, while trying to cope with the existing role conflict in Ukraine's central government. Originality/value This study makes a threefold contribution by enriching the understanding of auditors' roles, role conflicts that public sector auditors may experience and factors that influence how auditors cope with such conflicts, through the lenses of role theory; exploring the change in roles with the emergence of performance auditing; and shedding light on public sector auditing in the less explored context of a post-Soviet country.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Evidence-based Care of the Human Trafficking Patient. Human trafficking is the intentional exploitation of vulnerable individuals for the personal gain of the exploiter and is now recognized as an emerging public health care priority. Health care providers are well positioned to identify and assist trafficked individuals as well as those who may be at risk for exploitation. Trauma informed care is essential to identify victims and evaluate the impact of traumatic stress while highlighting survivors' strengths and supporting their resiliency. Human trafficking demographics, including mental and physical health problems, health considerations, risk factors, screening, implications for practice, and national resources, are reviewed.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "On the phase transition of argon adsorption in an open end slit pore-Effects of temperature and pore size. The phase evolution of argon adsorbed in open ended graphitic slit pores at temperatures below the 2D-critical temperature of the first layer was simulated using the grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and meso-canonical ensembles (MCE). In the latter the adsorption system is connected to a finite reservoir and the combined system is a canonical ensemble. Hysteresis loops and sigmoid van der Waals loops were found for the GCMC and MCE simulations respectively, corresponding to the observed 2D-transitions, which comprised vapor-solid, vapor-liquid and liquid-solid changes of state depending on the temperature. The MCE isotherms in large open end pores exhibited a sequential adsorption, not previously noted in the literature, where the monolayer filling on one wall is followed by monolayer filling on the opposite wall, giving rise to a double van der Waals loop. When the spacing between the pore walls is decreased, this double-vdW loop evolves to form a fused single loop, and the transition shifts from being predominantly a surface adsorption to pore volume filling. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "The relationship between smoking machine derived tar yields and biomarkers of exposure in adult cigarette smokers in the US. Comprehensive data on human exposure to smoke constituents from different machine-measured tar yield cigarettes is limited. Methods: This study used a stratified, cross-sectional, multi-center design to estimate biomarkers of exposure (BOE) from nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), pyrene, CO, acrolein, and 1,3-butadiene and their relationship to tar yield categories of cigarette in adult smokers in the U.S. 3625 adults smokers were enrolled into four tar categories <= 2.9 mg (T1), 3.0-6.9 mg (T2), 7.0-12.9 mg (T3), and >= 13.0 mg (T4). Biomarkers were measured in blood (carboxyhemoglobin, 4-aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin (4-ABP-Hb)-adducts, serum cotinine) and 24 h urine (nicotine and five metabolites, calculated as nicotine equivalents (NE), NNAL, I-OH-pyrene, 3-HPMA, MHBMA and DHBMA). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Tar was a significant factor for most biomarkers in the ANCOVA models. The largest least square mean differences between tar categories was 35% for NE per day, 28% for NE per cigarette, 36% for serum cotinine, 42% for NNAL per day, 29% for NNAL per cigarette, 26% for 1-OHP, 24% for COHb, 14% for 3-HPMA and 40% for 4-ABP-Hb. Variability in BIDE ranged from 41% to 154% CV. Conclusions: There was a statistically significant effect of machine-measured tar yield on most BOE, which were generally lower with lower tar yield. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
{"token": "Facilitators and challenges of community action for health. Comparative analysis of four case studies in neighbourhoods of Barcelona. In a context of welfare austerity and growing inequalities many citizens ask for public sector reforms in the health sector and for community action as a relevant practice. However, analyses of community action for health are still limited to single actions. For this reason, this article analyzes community action for health as a whole process of a public intervention in the neighbourhood context, including multiple actors and actions. Based on research on four disadvantaged districts in Barcelona, we develop and apply an analytical tool that allows to identify facilitators and challenges of community action for health on three dimensions of policy: symbolic (why), substantive (what) and operational (how). In this regard, several factors emerge as key ones: generating a shared discourse on health and its assets, developing a common and integral agenda (health promotion, prevention and treatment), ensuring institutional recognition and improving participation and involvement at all times of the different agents.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Prevalence and Correlates of Tobacco Use Among a Sample of MSM in Shanghai, China. Introduction: Men who have sex with men (MSM) have higher smoking rates than the general population in the United States, but less is known about smoking among MSM in developing countries. Thus, we examined the prevalence and correlates of smoking among MSM in China.Results: Smoking prevalence was 65.9% in this sample. Recent smoking (i.e., in the past 3 months) was significantly associated with lower education, greater alcohol use, and higher LGBIS scores, after controlling for important sociodemographics. Among smokers, smoking >= 10 cigarettes per day (CPD), in comparison with <10 CPD, was related to older age and lower LGBIS scores and marginally related to heavy alcohol use. Although bivariate analyses indicated a relationship of CES-D and SPS scores to recent smoking, these factors did not contribute to the regression models.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 404 MSM in Shanghai, China (half of whom were male sex workers), recruited through respondent-driven sampling. Assessments included sociodemographics; tobacco, alcohol, and drug use; the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D); the Social Provisions Scale (SPS); and the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity Scale (LGBIS).Conclusions: Smoking rates among MSM in China are higher than MSM in the United States and men in China. Less comfort with one's sexual orientation was related to smoking, particularly light smoking. Heavier alcohol consumption, lower education, and older age were also associated with smoking. Future research should confirm these findings and examine mediators and moderators of these relationships in order to inform cessation interventions and tobacco control policy.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "In vivo immune evasion mediated by the herpes simplex virus type 1 immunoglobulin G Fc receptor. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoproteins gE and gI form an immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptor (Fc gamma R) that binds the Fe domain of human anti-HSV IgG and inhibits Fc-mediated immune functions in vitro, gE or gI deletion mutant viruses are avirulent, probably because gE and gI are also involved in cell-to-cell spread, In an effort to modify Fc gamma R activity without affecting other gE functions, we constructed a mutant virus, NS-gE(339), that has four amino acids inserted into gE within the domain homologous to mammalian IgG Fc gamma Rs. NS-gE(339) expresses gE and gI, is Fc gamma R-, and does not participate in antibody bipolar bridging since it does not block activities mediated by the Fc domain of anti-HSV IgG, In vivo studies were performed with mice because the HSV-1 Fc gamma R does not bind murine IgG; therefore, the absence of an Fc gamma R should not affect virulence in mice. NS-gE(339) causes disease at the skin inoculation site comparably to wild-type and rescued viruses, indicating that the Fc gamma R- mutant virus is pathogenic in animals. Mice were passively immunized with human anti-HSV IgG and then infected with mutant or wild-type virus. We postulated that the HSV-1 Fc gamma R should protect wild-type virus from antibody attack. Human anti-HSV IgG greatly reduced viral titers and disease severity in NS-gE(339)-infected animals while having little effect on,wild-type or rescued virus. We conclude that the HSV-1 Fc gamma R enables the virus to evade antibody attack in vivo, which likely explains why antibodies are relatively ineffective against HSV infection.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Improving Shape Depiction under Arbitrary Rendering. Based on the observation that shading conveys shape information through intensity gradients, we present a new technique called Radiance Scaling that modifies the classical shading equations to offer versatile shape depiction functionalities. It works by scaling reflected light intensities depending on both surface curvature and material characteristics. As a result, diffuse shading or highlight variations become correlated with surface feature variations, enhancing concavities and convexities. The first advantage of such an approach is that it produces satisfying results with any kind of material for direct and global illumination: we demonstrate results obtained with Phong and Ashikmin-Shirley BRDFs, Cartoon shading, sub-Lambertian materials, perfectly reflective or refractive objects. Another advantage is that there is no restriction to the choice of lighting environment: it works with a single light, area lights, and interreflections. Third, it may be adapted to enhance surface shape through the use of precomputed radiance data such as Ambient Occlusion, Prefiltered Environment Maps or Lit Spheres. Finally, our approach works in real time on modern graphics hardware making it suitable for any interactive 3D visualization.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Dietary and economic effects of eliminating shortfall in fruit intake on nutrient intakes and diet cost. Conclusions: Meeting fruit consumption guidelines without a substantial increase in diet costs may be a challenge. Combining whole fruit with 100 % fruit juice capped at AAP standards may be one approach to meeting fruit recommendations within cost constraints. Identifying approaches to increasing whole fruit consumption in as cost-neutral a fashion as possible should be a priority.Results: Among all children, vitamin C (+22.8 mg [95 % CI 21.4, 24.1] in the WF model and +48.1 mg [95 % CI 45.2, 51.1] in the FJ + WF model) and potassium intakes (+203 mg [95 % CI 190, 215] in WF and +263 mg [95 % CI 248, 280] in FJ + WF) were increased in both models. The FJ + WF model resulted in a marginal increase in dietary fiber (e.g., a relative change less than 10 %), while the WF model resulted in a meaningful increase in dietary fiber (e.g., a relative change greater than 10 %; +2.2 g [95 % CI 2.1, 2.3]). Conversely, the WF model resulted in only a marginal increase in calcium, while the FJ + WF model resulted in a meaningful increase in calcium (+85 mg [95 % CI 79, 89]). Calories were increased in all models (+4.5 % [95 % CI 4.1, 4.9 %] for FJ + WF and +3.5 % [95 % CI 3.2, 3.7 %] for WF). Meeting the fruit shortfall with whole fruit alone increased estimated diet costs by 9.9 % (+$0.44/d [95 % CI 0.42, 0.47]), while the fruit juice/whole fruit combination increased diet costs by 5.2 % (+$ 0.23/d [95 % CI 0.22, 0.25]).Background: Children in the United States do not consume the recommended amounts of fruit. The economic and dietary consequences of meeting the shortfall in fruit consumption have not been evaluated.Methods: Analyses were based on a nationally representative sample of 4-18 year-old children (n = 2,647) from the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The shortfall in total fruit consumption for each child was estimated based on the USDA MyPlate recommendations. The potential impact of filling the shortfall in total fruit consumption was projected with whole fruit alone (WF model) or a combination of 100 % fruit juice and whole fruit (FJ + WF model). Juice consumption was capped using American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) standards. The USDA national food prices database was used to estimate the cost of meeting the dietary recommendations for fruit. Selected nutrient and mineral intakes, as well as daily diet cost were estimated after eliminating the shortfall in fruit consumption.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Ultrastructural observations on the spermatozoa of a species of Lepidodasys (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida). The ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of a species in the marine gastrotrich genus Lepidodasys is described. The filiform cell is composed of a cork-screw acrosome, a long single mitochondrion surrounded by a helical nucleus, and a flagellum with a 9 x 2 + 2 axonemal arrangement. The structure of the sperm of this species from Denmark appears closely similar to those of the other two species of Lepidodasys studied so far from Italy and Florida (US). Peculiar features (cylindrical nucleus, absence of a periaxonemal sheath) place this genus far from the others in the family Lepidodasyidae. The absence of synapomorphies between Lepidodasys and other genera of Lepidodasyidae suggests that the family is polyphyletic. The sperm ultrastructure fully fits the species of Lepidodasy.s into the marine order Macrodasyida, with the sperm ground plan of which its sperm shares a number of details.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Evolution and status of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (1997-1999). The Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) was the major climatic event in the circulation and water mass properties of the Mediterranean in the last century. In this paper, we describe the present status of the EMT and its evolution since 1995 using hydrological and tracer data from 1997 to 1999. Few but important changes have been observed in the circulation pattern. The intrusion of the Asia Minor Current (AMC) that carries the saline Surface Levantine Waters into the Aegean has been reduced compared to the picture of late 1980s. This means that one of the mechanisms that increased the salt content of the Aegean during the peak of the EMT is no longer present. The Modified Atlantic Water (MAW) signal that has been weakened in the Levantine Basin during the early stages of the EMT has also been re-enhanced. The Aegean still functions as a source of deep (Cretan Deep Water, CDW) and intermediate waters (Cretan Intermediate Water, CIW) for the Eastern Mediterranean, although with modified characteristics. The most important changes in the thermohaline structure of the Cretan Sea (southern Aegean Sea) are the weakening of the signal of the old Mediterranean mid-depth waters and the modification of the properties of the CDW both leading to a reduced stratification. The outflowing CDW is no longer dense enough to reach the bottom of the adjacent basins, but ventilates layers between 1500 and 2500 in. Only the deep eastern Straits of the Cretan Arc are still active in the discharge of CDW, while at the western Strait (Antikithira), the density of the outflowing water was reduced significantly. The intermediate water CIW formed in the Aegean is characterized as a shallow CFC-12, temperature and salinity maximum layer, and differs much from the \\\\'old\\\\' CIW formed before the EMT, which was found in the layer below the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW). The new CIW extends into the Ionian Basin through Antikithira Strait. It has lately been observed to enter the Adriatic, where its high salinity is expected to re-establish deep-water formation in this basin. The spreading of the CDW that had been deposited in the Cretan Passage in the first phase of the EMT has progressed further. The entire bottom layer of the Levantine Basin is now covered by the CDW. In the Ionian, the CDW has reached the Straits of Sicily and Otranto. Similar pathways in the Ionian are followed by the new shallower outflow of the CDW. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Reexamining the determinants of foreign direct investment in China. This study examines significant determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in China using bounds test approach for the period of 1980-2015. It shows that the main determinants of FDI include labour cost, size of market (gross domestic product, GDP), trade openness, economic policy uncertainty, and real exchange rate. The system of the Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) Model with Impulse Response Function (IRF) and Variance Decomposition Method (VDM) is used to empirically demonstrate the relationship between FDI and its main determinants in China. The study also examines the causality of the relationship, drawing on Granger Causality test and the Toda-Yamamoto-Dolado Lutkephol (TYDL) approach. It is revealed that FDI and its determinants have bidirectional causal relationship in the long-run and also a significant relationship in the short-run. The study finds that the extra volume of inward FDI can be attracted when emerging market economies try to open for external trade. Furthermore, it suggests that the GDP growth is an important determinant of FDI inflow. Such a result implies that policy makers need to establish a more effective, liberal and transparent FDI policy framework, which can help the FDI-based policies lead to stimulating economic growth.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Planning for a Payout: Effectiveness of Special Purpose Entities as State Lottery Administrations. Public management literature has previously examined privatization in which government contracts with private firms or other organizations to provide goods or services to the public. However, privatization of organizational structure through the creation of special purpose organizations remains relatively underexplored. This study examines the policy consequences of privatizing state lottery organizations by comparing the revenue returned to state governments from lotteries managed by independent state agencies to lotteries managed by privatized special purpose organizations. Using data on the organizational structure and revenue returns of the state lottery administrations in the United States from 1985-2008, fixed effects analyses demonstrate that independent state lottery agencies are more effective than privatized special purpose administrations. The revenue costs of lottery administrative privatization are robust to multiple measurements and specifications, and suggest that choosing a privatized organizational structure can cost states tens of millions of dollars in lost lottery revenue annually. Special purpose lottery administrations maximize returns to state governments in average-sized states with low African American populations. State-agency lottery administrations maximize returns to state governments in small- or large-sized states with high per capita income and high population density. Implications of state special purpose administrations and future research opportunities are discussed.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "The maturing relationship between Quaternary paleoecology and ancient sedimentary DNA. In the two decades or so since ancient sedimentary DNA (sedaDNA) took its place as a new Quaternary paleo-proxy, there have been large advances in the scope of its applications and its reliability. The two main approaches, metabarcoding and shotgun sequencing, have contributed exciting insights into areas such as floristic diversity change, plant-herbivore interactions, extinction, conservation baselines and impacts of invasive species. Early doubts as to its potential to contribute novel information have been dispelled; more is now understood about the passage ofsedaDNA from the original organism to a component of soil or sediment and about the range of uncertainties that must be addressed in the interpretation of data. With its move into the mainstream, it is now time to develop effective data archives forsedaDNA, refine our understanding of central issues such as taphonomy, and further expand the potential for describing, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the history of past ecosystems.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Egungun be careful, na Express you dey go': Socialising a newcomer-celebrity and co-constructing relational connection on Twitter Nigeria. The paper is a case study on socialising a Nigerian celebrity new to Twitter and the co-construction of relational connection among the interactants on Twitter Nigeria. The data comprise tweets retrieved from the Twitter timeline of the celebrity and subjected to interactional pragmatics analysis. The analysis reveals that the Twitter users deployed the interactional practices of joint fantasising, intertextual allusions and ethnolinguistic repertoire to orient to the newcomer-celebrity's identity, mark their own regular users' identity and co-construct the need for caution by the celebrity. The paper argues that socialising celebrities new to Twitter might include emphasising that their statuses as celebrities might expose them to more savage replies and targeted bullying in the form of 'dragging', perhaps more frequently and at a much larger scale than an 'ordinary' Twitter user; and that they need to be cautious in their deployment of micro-celebrity strategies targeted at amassing followers/fans on Twitter and in their overall interactional and relational behaviours on Twitter as celebrities. Concerning relational connection, as the architecture of Twitter is not built around people who have prior connections, it is argued that relational connection may need to be co-constructed from scratch by interacting Twitter users who may be total strangers. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Humic acid and trihalomethane breakdown with potential by-product formations for atmospheric air plasma water treatment. In this study an atmospheric air plasma reactor was studied for the degradation of HA and THMs in water. Plasma treatment showed significant breakdown efficacies for HA and THMs. At an applied voltage of 80 kV about 93% of HA and >70% of THMs were degraded after 15 min and 30 min treatment time respectively, with the degradation following a first order kinetic model. Plasma induced reactive species including nitrates and H2O2 were quantified in the treated water. The results of FTIR analysis revealed that the molecular structure of HA was altered by the plasma treatment, with a decrease in aromaticity observed. (C) 2017 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "The analysis of the NSW wheat variety database .2. Variance component estimation. The efficiency of various trialling systems for wheat variety evaluation in New South Wales (NSW) is considered. This involved the estimation of the variance components due to genotype, genotype-by-year, genotype-by-location and genotype-by-year-by-location. It is shown that there is a significant reduction in the magnitude of these variance components by the inclusion of the interaction of genotype maturity, winter habit and aluminium tolerance with environment.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 7, 20, 9]}
{"token": "A MECHANISTIC MODEL TO DESCRIBE ORGANOSILICON SURFACTANT PROMOTION OF TRICLOPYR UPTAKE. The foliar uptake by field bean (Vicia faba L.) of triclopyrtriethylammonium formulations with and without the organosilicon surfactant 'Silwet L-77' was assessed over 24 h. The Michaelis-Menten formalism was found to describe the data well and enabled a mechanistic explanation of the effects of L-77 on triclopyr uptake to be established. L-77 significantly reduced the time to reach half the maximum uptake of herbicide, k (by 2.8 times), by providing an alternative route via stomatal pores for herbicide entry into the plant. The use of an abscisic acid pretreatment, which artificially closed the stomata, confirmed this route as being the principal contributor to L-77-enhanced triclopyrtriethylammonium uptake.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "Improvement of Fermentation and Nutritive Quality of Straw-grass Silage by Inclusion of Wet Hulless-barley Distillers' Grains in Tibet. In order to develop methods that would enlarge the feed resources in Tibet, mixtures of hulless-barley straw and tall fescue were ensiled with four levels (0, 10%, 20%, and 30% of fresh weight) of wet hulless-barley distillers' grains (WHDG). The silos were opened after 7, 14 or 30 d of ensiling, and the fermentation characteristics and nutritive quality of the silages were analyzed. WHDG addition significantly improved fermentation quality, as indicated by the faster decline of pH, rapid accumulation of lactic acid (LA) (p<0.05), and lower butyric acid content and ammonia-N/total N (p<0.05) as compared with the control. These results indicated that WHDG additions not only effectively inhibited the activity of aerobic bacteria, but also resulted in faster and greatly enhanced LA production and pH value decline, which restricted activity of undesirable bacteria, resulting in more residual water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in the silages. The protein content of WHDG-containing silages were significantly higher (p<0.05) higher than that of the control. In conclusion, the addition of WHDG increased the fermentation and nutritive quality of straw-grass silage, and this effect was more marked when the inclusion rate of WHDG was greater than 20%.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "The association of skin diseases with human herpesvirus 8 infection in HIV carriers. The seroprevalence to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) was surveyed in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) carriers with or without skin diseases, and also in HIV-I negative individuals in Thailand. Using an immunofluorescence assay, the seropositive rates to lytic antigens of HHV-8 in HIV-I carriers with or without skin diseases were 25% and 7.4%, respectively, but none of HIV-1 negative individuals had antibody. The seroprevalence to HHV-8, antigens was high in HIV positive individuals with low CD4/CD8 ratio, suggesting that HHV-8 is reactivated during the immunosuppressive state. Several polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 34-38,000 and 40,000, which were specific to HHV-8, were identified by the immunoprecipitation test using the seropositive sera. Our results suggested that HHV-8 co-existed with HIV in HIV-I carriers and the existence of HHV-8 may be associated with clinical features in the skin.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "The view of the encyclical Deus Caritas est on the workers of Charitas. The study elaborates on the encyclical view of Deus caritas est on employees of catholic charities. It reflects the encyclical comments of selected theologians and compares their conclusions with the teachings of the constitutions of Lumen Gentium and Gaudium et Spes.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Computing dissipative particle dynamics interactions to render molecular structure and temperature-dependent properties of simple liquids. Simulating structural and thermodynamical properties of liquids has always been a challenge. Typical examples of liquids that demonstrate particular structure and properties are water and the low molecular weight alcohols, for which hydrogen bond interactions lead to their distinctive properties, such as cage -like structures and temperature-dependent properties. Modeling these materials at the coarse-grained level is even a bigger challenge due to the loss of atomistic-level interactions. Nevertheless, one is inter-ested in mimicking these typical properties at the coarse-grained level due to the relevance of these sys-tems in complex environments, for which fully atomistic simulations still remain a challenge. In this paper, we introduce a mesoscopic level parameterization of DPD interactions to study the particular structural and thermodynamic properties of liquid water, methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol. The conser-vative repulsive DPD interactions are explicitly computed by a bottom-up parameterization, in which experimental thermodynamics data are used. A previously developed statistical mechanics approach is used to compute the hydrogen bond strength. The transport properties, such as viscosity, and thermody-namical properties, such as isothermal compressibility, are found to agree reasonably well with experi-mental data. Moreover, the structure as characterized by the radial distribution function and angular distributions of three neighboring molecules are in line with the atomistic simulations performed in this work. Furthermore, the temperature-dependency of the repulsive DPD interactions is modeled by incor-porating the experimental isothermal compressibilities at different temperatures. The effect of the tem-perature on the hydrogen bond strengths is considered as well and the structural properties are predicted via the DPD simulations. In general, our work can be viewed as an attempt to model systems by the DPD simulations, where hydrogen bonds play a crucial role. The computed parameterization of DPD interac-tions is believed to pave the way towards extending the current applicability of DPD method to more complex systems. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Evolution of Sound Source Localization Circuits in the Nonmammalian Vertebrate Brainstem. The earliest vertebrate ears likely subserved a gravistatic function for orientation in the aquatic environment. However, in addition to detecting acceleration created by the animal's own movements, the otolithic end organs that detect linear acceleration would have responded to particle movement created by external sources. The potential to identify and localize these external sources may have been a major selection force in the evolution of the early vertebrate ear and in the processing of sound in the central nervous system. The intrinsic physiological polarization of sensory hair cells on the otolith organs confers sensitivity to the direction of stimulation, including the direction of particle motion at auditory frequencies. In extant fishes, afferents from otolithic end organs encode the axis of particle motion, which is conveyed to the dorsal regions of first-order octaval nuclei. This directional information is further enhanced by bilateral computations in the medulla and the auditory midbrain. We propose that similar direction-sensitive neurons were present in the early aquatic tetrapods and that selection for sound localization in air acted upon preexisting brain stem circuits like those in fishes. With movement onto land, the early tetra pods may have retained some sensitivity to particle motion, transduced by bone conduction, and later acquired new auditory papillae and tympanic hearing. Tympanic hearing arose in parallel within each of the major tetrapod lineages and would have led to increased sensitivity to a broader frequency range and to modification of the preexisting circuitry for sound source localization. (C) 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel", "label": [2, 4, 5, 18, 55, 47]}
{"token": "'Public enemy no. 1': Tobacco industry funding for the AIDS response. This article analyzes the history of tobacco industry funding for the AIDS response - a largely ignored aspect of private donor involvement. Primary documents from the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library and AIDS organizations are analyzed, alongside existing literature on the tobacco control and AIDS responses. Research on the tactics of transnational tobacco companies has documented how they have used various charitable causes to subvert tobacco control efforts and influence public health policy. This raises questions, which this paper seeks to answer, about if donations by tobacco companies to AIDS organizations have been used for similar means, and if so how AIDS organizations have responded to tobacco industry overtures. Two examples illustrate how tobacco companies initially tried to use the AIDS response to counter tobacco control measures: (1) During the 1990s, Philip Morris, one of the largest corporate donors of the AIDS response in the USA, used its connections with AIDS organizations to create competition for health resources, improve its reputation, and market tobacco products to the LGBT community; (2) In both Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, Philip Morris and British American Tobacco championed the AIDS response in order to delegitimize efforts to develop the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. However, from the late 1990s onwards, AIDS organizations began to refuse tobacco funding and partnerships - though these policies have been not comprehensive, as many tobacco companies still fund programs in sub-Saharan Africa. The article concludes that tobacco companies aimed to exploit competition between health issues, and use the high-profile AIDS response to improve their reputation and market access. However, AIDS organizations, adhering to broader health goals and drawing on extensive resources and networks, were able to shut the tobacco industry out of much of the response, though pockets of influence still exist. This demonstrates the importance of co-operation and policy convergence across health sectors and suggests that tobacco control advocates, and other charitable sectors that receive funding from the tobacco industry, may be able to draw lessons from the experiences of AIDS organizations.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Genetic differentiation in Eurasian Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) from the Azores. The Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola is a widespread Palaearctic migratory wader, with purportedly sedentary populations occurring in the Macaronesian archipelago of the Azores. Here we used microsatellite markers to investigate patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation in these insular birds, and compared Azorean populations with those from mainland Europe. Azorean populations show a (non-significant) trend for reduced diversity, and low but consistent differentiation from mainland populations; evidence for widespread over-water migration (in either direction) is weak but must occasionally occur given the recovery of an Azorean ringed bird in France. It is thus likely that the Azorean populations diverged recently from their mainland counterparts, but gene flow is currently restricted.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "The Emergency Resiliency Initiative: A Pilot Mindfulness Intervention Program. Purpose:To assess the feasibility of a pilot mindfulness intervention program, the Emergency Resiliency Initiative (ERI), as well as to investigate changes in burnout scores and key drivers to burnout among registered nurses (RNs) and patient care technicians (PCTs) in a Level 1 trauma center emergency department (ED).Design:A mixed methods pre/post study with data collection points before and after the 3-month intervention.Method:Three mindfulness educational/experiential sessions were delivered once a month at staff meetings with topic themes of Introduction to Mindfulness, Practical Applications of Mindfulness, and Cultivating Compassion. Participants were asked to complete a minimum of two weekly 5-minute meditations. Burnout scores were assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory at preintervention (baseline) and postintervention.Findings:From the pre- (n= 35) to post- (n= 26) intervention period there was a significant increase in personal accomplishment scores (p= .01) and decrease in emotional exhaustion scores (p= .03) for RNs and PCTs combined. Qualitative interviews revealed five burnout-related themes: (a) prioritization distress, (b) change fatigue, (c) self-protection through superficiality, (d) intentional response, and (e) community amid chaos.Conclusion:The ERI was a feasible and acceptable program associated with improvements in burnout scores. Qualitative interviews revealed the positive impacts of mindfulness on ED clinician resiliency and identified future opportunities to address burnout from a holistic perspective.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "CFD Study of Hydrogen Injection in Blast Furnaces: Tuyere Co-injection of Hydrogen and Coal. Hydrogen is a carbon-free clean energy and a potential fuel to mitigate CO2 emission in ironmaking blast furnaces (BFs) where the co-injection of hydrogen/coal is one of the most promising and feasible technologies. In this article, a 3D steady-state industrial-scale CFD model is improved and used for investigating the co-injection of hydrogen/coal in BFs. The model involves gas-particle-solid flow, heat and mass transfer related to the chemical reactions of hydrogen, coal and coke. This model has been validated against the measurements in terms of gas distribution, temperature and burnout. Several injection schemes of the co-injection of hydrogen/coal are designed under the conditions of constant bosh gas volume. The typical in-furnace phenomena, including the interaction between hydrogen and coal, are described, and the effects of the hydrogen injection rate on the co-injection of hydrogen/coal are analyzed. The simulation results indicate that hydrogen combustion enhances the devolatilization of coal, but hinders the volatiles combustion. It is found that, as the hydrogen rate increases, the raceway volume-averaged temperature increases and the raceway peak temperature increases and then decreases; both the raceway surface-averaged burnout and final burnout increase. Such different responses of them to hydrogen injection rates indicate the importance of 3D modeling study. In addition, the higher hydrogen injection rate increases the molar fraction of reducing gas components (H-2 and CO) in the coke bed. The model provides a cost-effective tool for the design, optimization and industrialization of the co-injection of hydrogen and coal.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Can fractal dimensions objectivize gastropod shell morphometrics? A case study from Lake Lugu (SW China). Morphometrics are fundamental for the analysis of size and shape in fossils, particularly because soft parts or DNA are rarely preserved and hard parts such as shells are commonly the only source of information. Geometric morphometrics, that is, landmark analysis, is well established for the description of shape but it exhibits a couple of shortcomings resulting from subjective choices during landmarking (number and position of landmarks) and from difficulties in resolving shape at the level of micro-sculpture. With the aid of high-resolution 3D scanning technology and analyses of fractal dimensions, we test whether such shortcomings of linear and landmark morphometrics can be overcome. As a model group, we selected a clade of modern viviparid gastropods from Lake Lugu, with shells that show a high degree of sculptural variation. Linear and landmark analyses were applied to the same shells in order to establish the fractal dimensions. The genetic diversity of the gastropod clade was assessed. The genetic results suggest that the gastropod clade represents a single species. The results of all morphometric methods applied are in line with the genetic results, which is that no specific morphotype could be delimited. Apart from this overall agreement, landmark and fractal dimension analyses do not correspond to each other but represent data sets with different information. Generally, the fractal dimension values quantify the roughness of the shell surface, the resolution of the 3D scans determining the level. In our approach, we captured the micro-sculpture but not the first-order sculptural elements, which explains that fractal dimension and landmark data are not in phase. We can show that analyzing fractal dimensions of gastropod shells opens a window to more detailed information that can be considered in evolutionary and ecological contexts. We propose that using low-resolution 3D scans may successfully substitute landmark analyses because it overcomes the subjective landmarking. Analyses of 3D scans with higher resolution than used in this study will provide surface roughness information at the mineralogical level. We suggest that fractal dimension analyses of a combination of differently resolved 3D models will significantly improve the quality of shell morphometrics.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Building for the visual age. While architects and builders in practice have embraced ever more visually based ways of working, the research into these new visual practices has lagged behind. The recent special issue on `Visual Practices: Images of Knowledge Work' (2007) provided important new understanding of the ways in which the visual and the use of visual objects actually operate in our professions. This Forum paper explores some of the challenges and difficulties that researchers face, and it develops an agenda for the future development of this important line of inquiry.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Inflation and deflation of a pseudo-elastic spherical shell. A constitutive model for finite deformation equibiaxial stretch of an incompressible isotropic pseudo-elastic solid is proposed, and this is used to consider cycles of finite deformation inflation and deflation, of a pseudo-elastic thick-walled spherical shell. The model is based on a non-linear finite deformation elastic stress-stretch relation for loading from the unstressed state and another non-linear stress-stretch relation for unloading which results in a hysteresis effect with no residual deformation at zero stress. Cycles of loading and reloading from partially unloaded states are also incorporated in the model. The method of solution of the thick-walled spherical shell problem uses the stress-stretch relation for equibiaxial tension and can be adapted to use experimentally determined stress-stretch relations. Numerical results are presented for a particular case of the equibiaxial tension model which has a Mooney-Rivlin stress-stretch relation for loading from the unstressed state and modifications of the Mooney-Rivlin relation for unloading or reloading from a partially unloaded state. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "DOCUMENTING HUMOROUS EPISODES - THE CASE OF THE ISRAELI SCHOOLTEACHERS. 51 teachers and college student-teachers in Israeli primary and high schools summarized 84 humorous episodes which they encountered during their professional careers. These episodes were compared with 30 humorous events similarly documented by 26 British teachers. Content analysis of the texts employing emic categories has been performed.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 55]}
{"token": "A NEW CYCLONEUROTERUS MELIKA & TANG OAK GALLWASP SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE: CYNIPINI) ASSOCIATED WITH LITHOCARPUS (FAGACEAE) FROM TAIWAN. A new species of oak gallwasp, Cycloneuroterus megaformosanus, n. sp., is described from Taiwan. The species induces integral stem swelling galls on young shoots of Lithocarpus corneus. Data on the diagnosis, distribution, and biology of this new species are given. Different Cycloneuroterus species are known to induce galls across multiple host plant genera in Fagaceae, so the evolution of host associations in this genus is also discussed briefly.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Do collective bargaining rights save lives? A rare event analysis of firefighter fatalities in the United States. Risk analysis research often focuses on regulation, assessment, and management rather than risk governance. This study contributes to the risk governance literature by analyzing the relationship between collective bargaining rights for firefighters and firefighter fatalities in the United States. Using state-level data from 2009 through 2018, this analysis shows that states with duty-to-bargain rights for firefighters have fewer firefighter fatalities than those without duty-to-bargain rights. Further, this analysis shows that the benefit of duty-to-bargain rights dissipates in states with a high percentage of fully volunteer fire departments. This study concludes with a discussion of the implications for fire departments and public policy.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Exclusion of ground predators improves Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus chick survival. Many farmland-breeding wader species have declined across Europe, probably due to reductions in reproductive output caused by high nest losses as a result of agriculture or predation, or low chick survival between hatching and fledging. Most studies have focused on nest failures, and the factors affecting post-hatching survival of chicks are poorly known. In an experimental approach, we fenced parts of the arable foraging areas of Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus families to quantify chick survival simultaneously in the presence and absence of ground predators. Lapwing chicks were radiotagged to estimate survival probabilities by daily locations, applying multistate capture-recapture models. During the night, chick survival was considerably lower outside fenced plots than within. During the day, chick survival was higher than at night and did not differ between protected and unprotected plots. This suggests that nocturnal ground predators such as Red Foxes Vulpes vulpes were responsible for a significant proportion of chick mortality. Cumulative survival probability from hatching to fledging was 0.24 in chicks within fenced plots, but virtually zero in chicks outside fenced plots. In farmland, temporary electric fences can be effective in minimizing the impact of ground predators and offer a promising short-term method to increase fledging success of precocial birds.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "A Preliminary Study of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere Coupling at Jupiter: Juno Multi-Instrument Measurements and Modeling Tools. The dynamics of the Jovian magnetosphere are controlled by the interplay of the planet's fast rotation, its main iogenic plasma source and its interaction with the solar wind. Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere (MIT) coupling processes controlling this interplay are significantly different from their Earth and Saturn counterparts. At the ionospheric level, they can be characterized by a set of key parameters: ionospheric conductances, electric currents and fields, exchanges of particles along field lines, Joule heating and particle energy deposition. From these parameters, one can determine (a) how magnetospheric currents close into the ionosphere, and (b) the net deposition/extraction of energy into/out of the upper atmosphere associated to MIT coupling. We present a new method combining Juno multi-instrument data (MAG, JADE, JEDI, UVS, JIRAM and Waves) and modeling tools to estimate these key parameters along Juno's trajectories. We first apply this method to two southern hemisphere main auroral oval crossings to illustrate how the coupling parameters are derived. We then present a preliminary statistical analysis of the morphology and amplitudes of these key parameters for eight among the first nine southern perijoves. We aim to extend our method to more Juno orbits to progressively build a comprehensive view of Jovian MIT coupling at the level of the main auroral oval.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Scaling the System Capacity and Reach of a 10G-TDM-OCDM-PON System Without an En/Decoder at an ONU. To realize high scaling of a 10-Gbps-class optical access system, we propose and demonstrate two different long-reach hybrid multiplexing passive optical network (PON) systems. First, we demonstrate good scalability in the ultimate transmission distance over 100 km single-mode fiber without dispersion compensation of a 10G wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-time division multiplexing (TDM)-optical code division multiplexing (OCDM) PON system. Second, we also demonstrate a 100 km 10G/1G-TDM-OCDM-PON system for the purpose of the scalability of the current mixed GE-PON and 10G-EPON system.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 40]}
{"token": "Dawn-Dusk Asymmetries in Mercury's Magnetosphere. This chapter offers a review of dawn-dusk asymmetries in Mercury's magnetosphere. Five years' of data collected by the MESSENGER spacecraft have revealed many intriguing observations, suggesting several different asymmetries within the system for which we have only a marginal understanding to date. Some of these features include a strong preference for Kelvin-Helmholtz waves in the postnoon and dusk-side region of the magnetopause compared to the dawn side, and a thicker and more commonly occurring low-latitude boundary layer inside the prenoon section of the magnetopause compared to the postnoon section. There are also asymmetries in the distribution of the planetary sodium ions, which is concentrated toward the dusk-side flank of the magnetosphere, as well as asymmetries in the magnetospheric wave population. Many of these effects may be attributed to kinetic-scale physics, as the ion gyro radius can be comparable to some of the fundamental scale sizes associated with the small magnetosphere. This is in particular true for the heavier planetary elements, such as sodium ions. These comparatively large gyro radii will change the behavior of the plasma, introducing, for example, finite Larmor radius and nonadiabatic effects.", "label": [4, 34, 38]}
{"token": "Development of national consensus statements on food labelling interpretation and protein allocation in a low phenylalanine diet for PKU. BackgroundIn the treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU), there was disparity between UK dietitians regarding interpretation of how different foods should be allocated in a low phenylalanine diet (allowed without measurement, not allowed, or allowed as part of phenylalanine exchanges). This led to variable advice being given to patients.MethodologyIn 2015, British Inherited Metabolic Disease Group (BIMDG) dietitians (n=70) were sent a multiple-choice questionnaire on the interpretation of protein from food-labels and the allocation of different foods. Based on majority responses, 16 statements were developed. Over 18-months, using Delphi methodology, these statements were systematically reviewed and refined with a facilitator recording discussion until a clear majority was attained for each statement. In Phase 2 and 3 a further 7 statements were added.ResultsThe statements incorporated controversial dietary topics including: a practical scale' for guiding calculation of protein from food-labels; a general definition for exchange-free foods; and guidance for specific foods. Responses were divided into paediatric and adult groups. Initially, there was majority consensus (86%) by paediatric dietitians (n=29) for 14 of 16 statements; a further 2 structured discussions were required for 2 statements, with a final majority consensus of 72% (n=26/36) and 64% (n=16/25). In adult practice, 75% of dietitians agreed with all initial statements for adult patients and 40% advocated separate maternal-PKU guidelines. In Phase 2, 5 of 6 statements were agreed by 76% of respondents with one statement requiring a further round of discussion resulting in 2 agreed statements with a consensus of 71% by dietitians in both paediatric and adult practice. In Phase 3 one statement was added to elaborate further on an initial statement, and this received 94% acceptance by respondents. Statements were endorsed by the UK National Society for PKU.ConclusionsThe BIMDG dietitians group have developed consensus dietetic statements that aim to harmonise dietary advice given to patients with PKU across the UK, but monitoring of statement adherence by health professionals and patients is required.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
{"token": "Argan Oil as a Rich Source of Linoleic Fatty Acid for Dietetic Structured Lipids Production. Argan oil is rich in long-chain unsaturated fatty acids (FA), mostly oleic and linoleic, and natural antioxidants. This study addresses the production of low-calorie structured lipids by acidolysis reaction, in a solvent-free system, between caprylic (C8:0; system I) or capric (C10:0; system II) acids and argan oil, used as triacylglycerol (TAG) source. Three commercial immobilized lipases were tested: Novozym(R) 435, Lipozyme(R) TL IM, and Lipozyme(R) RM IM. Higher incorporation degree (ID) was achieved when C10:0 was used as acyl donor, for all the lipases tested. Lipozyme(R) RM IM yielded the highest ID for both systems (28.9 & PLUSMN; 0.05 mol.% C10:0, and 11.4 & PLUSMN; 2.2 mol.% C8:0), being the only catalyst able to incorporate C8:0 under the reaction conditions for biocatalyst screening (molar ratio 2:1 FA/TAG and 55 & DEG;C). The optimal conditions for Lipozyme(R) RM IM in system II were found by response surface methodology (66 & DEG;C; molar ratio FA/TAG of 4:1), enabling to reach an ID of 40.9 mol.% of C10:0. Operational stability of Lipozyme(R) RM IM in system II was also evaluated under optimal conditions, after eight consecutive 24 h-batches, with biocatalyst rehydration between cycles. The biocatalyst presented a half-life time of 103 h.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "Regeneration and analysis of interspecific asymmetric potato - Solanum ssp hybrid plants selected by micromanipulation or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Recipient protoplasts from three Solanum tuberosum genotypes, cv 'Folva' (2n = 4x = 48), cv 'Matilda' (4n) and '161:14' (2n), were electrofused with X-ray-irradiated donor protoplasts from two wild species S. spegazzinii (2n) or S. microdontum x S. vernei (2n). Prior to fusion, protoplasts were fluorescence-labelled with either fluorescein diacetate or scopoletin. Fusion products were identified by dual fluorescence and selected by micromanipulation or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FAGS). All putative hybrid plants were analysed by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Our analysis demonstrates that each asymmetric hybrid plant has an individual and stable profile of donor-specific RAPD bands. The irradiation of donor protoplasts hampered the growth of selected heterofusion products in a dose-dependent way. Irradiation resulted in donor chromosome elimination, but not in a dose dependent way, in the tested interval. In asymmetric hybrids with the S. spegazzinii donor 33-68% of the donor-specific RAPD bands were missing, indicating a similar-level of chromosome elimination. In asymmetric hybrid plants with the S. microdontum x S. vernei donor 74-95% of the donor RAPD bands were missing. Chromosome countings revealed that these hybrids had chromosome numbers equal to or below the chromosome numbers found in the tetraploid recipients. This is the first time that highly asymmetric hybrid plants between two tetraploid potato recipients and the donor S. microdontum x S. vernei have been obtained.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 7, 20, 9]}
{"token": "Concepts of Art and Interpretation in Interviews with Educators from Tate Britain. Educational practices in art museums are determined, to a great degree, by ideas of art and interpretation put into play, consciously or not, by both museums and educators. This article presents the results of research conducted at Tate Britain in which we have analysed the concepts of art and interpretation that underlie the discourses of the educators interviewed in this gallery. To this end we have designed a methodological device, a model that proposes four ways of understanding and interpreting art commonly found in educational contexts. This model has arranged the various conceptions from more visual or perceptual approaches to the most experientially complex as those summarised below: works of art as a visual representation and interpretation as identification; works of art as a message to be revealed, and interpretation as decodification; works of art as an intellectual, historical and cultural fact, and interpretation as an opportunity for critical reflection; works of art as the materialisation of an experience, and interpretation as an opportunity for self-development. We conclude that in interviews with educators working in the Tate Britain different narratives about the idea of art and the idea of interpretation coexist, which in many cases are complementary and in some others are contradictory. Examples of the interviews are presented throughout the article.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 30]}
{"token": "Reflection terahertz time-domain imaging for analysis of an 18th century neoclassical easel painting. Terahertz time-domain imaging (THz-TDI) has been applied for imaging a hidden portrait and other subsurface composition layers of an 18th century (18C) easel painting by Nicolai Abildgaard, the most important 18C Danish neoclassical painter of historical and mythological subjects. For the first time, a real hidden portrait on an easel painting has been imaged by THz-TDI, with an unexpected richness of detail. THz C-and B-scans have been compared with images obtained by x-ray radiography and invasive cross-sectional imaging, leading to a deeper understanding of the strengths and limitations of this technique for art diagnostic purposes and defining its role among complementary tools for the investigation of art objects. We present a fast and effective method to separate single THz pulse reflections of interest from the entire signal across the image, adapted for uneven surfaces typically encountered in practical applications of the technique. Interfaces between layers of the painting have been successfully imaged, contributing substantially to the understanding of the structure of the painting. (C) 2015 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Bauhinia proboscidea (Fabaceae: Cercidoideae), a new species from Costa Rica and Panama, with notes on B. beguinotii, B. gorgonae and B. pansamalana. Bauhinia proboscidea, a new species from Costa Rica and Panama, is described and illustrated, and compared to the closely related B. pansamalana of southern Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. It is also compared with B. beguinotii, with which has been confused in herbaria. Bauhinia gorgonae, endemic to Gorgona Island in Colombia and which has been classified as a variety of B. beguinotii, is here considered a separate species. A key to the Neotropical species of Bauhinia with three fertile stamens is provided. Some observations on the morphology and reproductive biology of B. proboscidea are presented. Global-level assessments of the conservation status according to IUCN Red List criteria indicate that B. proboscidea and B. beguinotii (which was previously assessed using some misidentified records) should both be considered as species of Least Concern (LC), B. gorgonae should be considered as Endangered (EN), and B. pansamalana should be considered Not Threatened (NT). Country-level conservation assessments are also provided for all four species. The homology of the \\\\'intrastipular spines\\\\' of Bauhinia is briefly discussed.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Succinic acid production from sucrose by Actinobacillus succinogenes NJ113. In this study, sucrose, a reproducible disaccharide extracted from plants, was used as the carbon source for the production of succinic acid by Actinobacillus succinogenes NJ113. During serum bottle fermentation, the succinic acid concentration reached 57.1 g/L with a yield of 71.5%. Further analysis of the sucrose utilization pathways revealed that sucrose was transported and utilized via a sucrose phosphotransferase system, sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase, and a fructose PTS. Compared to glucose utilization in single pathway, more pathways of A. succinogenes NJ113 are dependent on sucrose utilization. By changing the control strategy in a fed-batch culture to alleviate sucrose inhibition, 60.5 g/L of succinic acid was accumulated with a yield of 82.9%, and the productivity increased by 35.2%, reaching 2.16 g/L/h. Thus utilization of sucrose has considerable potential economics and environmental meaning. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
{"token": "You be the judge: No thanks!. In the light of proposals to give jurors a sentencing role in response to media portrayals of judges as soft on crime and out of touch, this article reports on a study which explored jurors' thoughts about such a role using survey questions and interviews. Most shied away from such a role.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "From Collectives to Corporations: Sheila Hicks' Transnational Air/Craft. Throughout the mid-1960s and 1970s, American artist Sheila Hicks executed large-scale fiber commissions for transportation, communication, and finance companies. During this same period, she also collaborated with workshops in Mexico, India, and Morocco to reinvigorate textile industries in these countries. These poles of Hicks' practice collided in the untitled abstract tapestries she embroidered for Air France's Boeing 747 aircraft (1969-77), which obliquely reference the textiles she concurrently produced in settings that were decidedly non-corporate. Rather than straightforwardly representing these sources, however, Hicks' tapestries comprise ambivalent visual signifiers that slip between and through different cultural identifications, simultaneously exposing and obscuring networks of global labor.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Late Antique Glass Vessels and Production Indicators from the Town of Herdonia (Foggia, Italy): New Data on Cao-Rich/Weak HIMT Glass. In the framework of the archaeometric research on Apulian Late Antique glass, a collection of 24 glass vessels (third to seventh centuries ad) and production indicators found at Herdonia (Foggia, Italy) was examined, by means of SEM-EDS, EMPA, ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS. A fragment of crucible was further investigated by SEM-EDS and EMPA. The results obtained were discussed together with another glass collection from Herdonia previously investigated. The full set of 48 samples was made of siliceous sands mixed with plant ashes (two samples: a dark green slab and a colourless beaker/lamp) or natron (all the other 46 samples). The latter were assigned to the following compositional groups: HIMT, Levantine 1, RNCBGY1, RNCBGY2, RC/LAC-Sb, intermediate HIMT/RNCBGY1, intermediate RNCBGY1/HIMT, intermediate Levantine/RNCBGY2 and two other groups, the CaO-rich HIMT and the CaO-rich/Na2O poor HIMT, which showed a prevailing Adriatic distribution and a close similarity to the weak HIMT glass group. Most Herdonia samples were similar to the HIMT productions, and thus of likely Egyptian origin, while a smaller number of samples referred to the Levantine productions.", "label": [3, 4, 36, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Assessing the importance of artificial nest-sites in the population dynamics of endangered Northern Aplomado Falcons Falco femoralis septentrionalis in South Texas using stochastic simulation models. Habitat availability might be the most important determinant of success for a species reintroduction programme, making investigation of the quality and quantity of habitat needed to produce self-sustaining populations a research priority for reintroduction ecologists. We used a stochastic model of population dynamics to predict whether attempts to improve existing breeding territories using artificial nest platforms improved the population growth rate and persistence of a reintroduced population of Northern Aplomado Falcons Falco femoralis septentrionalis in South Texas. We further assessed whether the creation of new territories, i.e. conversion of entire areas to suitable habitat and not simply the erection of nest platforms, would lead to a subsequent increase in the nesting population. Our model was able to reproduce several characteristics of the wild population and predicted the number of breeding pairs per year strikingly well (R-2 = 0.97). Simulations revealed that the addition of nest platforms improved productivity such that the population would decline to extinction without them but is stable since their installation. Moreover, the model predicted that the increase in productivity due to nest platforms would cause the population to saturate available breeding territories, at which point the population would contain a moderate proportion of non-territorial birds that could occupy territories if new ones become available. Population size would therefore be proportional to the increase in available territories. Our study demonstrates that artificial nest-sites can be an effective tool for the management of reintroduced species.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Transcriptome response of previtellogenic ovary in Anguilla japonica after artificial hormone injection. In this study we investigate the intra-ovarian pathways underlying early follicle development in Japanese eels, Anguilla japonica. We conducted high-throughput transcriptome analyses in the initial development of the ovary via the next-generation sequencing (NGS). Japanese eels were treated with three weekly salmon pituitary homogenate (SPH) injections. Using RNA-seq, we obtained 29,117,237 and 41,867,557 reads from the control and the SPH-injected groups, respectively. Combining these RNA-seq datasets, we acquired a total of 101,711 unigenes (N50 = 1,517 bp) after performing de novo assembly. After differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, 4,211 and 7,059 annotated genes showed upregulation and downregulation respectively in SPH-injected ovarian tissues. Furthermore, functions of annotated genes were classified by GO and KEGG analyses. The PTEN/PI3K-Akt pathway, Tsc/mTOR signaling, oocyte meiosis and reproduction functions were found in data of differentially expressed genes. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 45]}
{"token": "Narratives of art-making in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: Three case studies. This paper explores the narratives of three women who had lived with severe chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) for many years, and who engaged in art-making as a leisure activity rather than for psychotherapy. Three distinct narratives about the role of art-making in CFS/ME were inferred. One participant represented art as a way of filling time rather than having further psychological significance. In her narrative, art provided satisfaction but also functioned as a witness to time and opportunity that had been lost to an unchanging illness. The second participant narrated both illness and art-making as intertwined journeys towards a more able and useful self. Her narrative had features of the quest described in previous typologies. The third participant also provided a quest narrative, but her struggle focused inwards on understanding her feelings about her illness and its effects on her life. The analytic focus on narrative revealed the distinctive constructions of illness and art-making that are usually submerged when qualitative analysis focuses on themes common to groups of participants. These narratives of art-making in CFS/ME have relevance to understanding the multi-faceted therapeutic benefits of art. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
{"token": "First Record of Millipeds as Hosts for Horsehair Worms (Nematomorpha) in North America. We report several cases in which Gordionus lineatus (Horsehair Worm) (Nematomorpha) parasitizes the diplopod Cambala annulata (Myriapoda, Diplopoda) in Ohio. Diplopods as host for nematomorphs in North America have previously only briefly been mentioned. This report is the first host record for a Nearctic Gordionus species. Gordionus lineatus is also a new record for Ohio. Though the sample size is small, the prevalence may be high (50%). Myriapods appear to survive the parasitization. As Cambala annulata is likely to be herbivorous, pathways of infection with nematomorphs are discussed.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "MELANCHOLY IN ARCHITECTURE. The term of melancholy has left the domain of human psyche becoming a contemporary philosophical experience. In contemporaneity it appears as such in creating architectural space, showing its diverse faces melancholic subjects, poetics of space associated with an issue of duration - melancholy of monuments or melancholic ruins. Examples of the phenomenon of melancholy in architecture, described in the article, show its various incarnations, both in built and drawn space - architecture widely understood as: buildings, urban spaces, land art and artistic interventions in built environment.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Design of multilayer diffractive optical elements with polychromatic integral diffraction efficiency. What we believe to be a new method for designing multilayer diffractive optical elements (MLDOEs) for wideband with consideration of polychromatic integral diffraction efficiency (PIDE) is presented. The benefit of this method is that the maximum PIDE over the entire waveband for MLDOEs can be obtained. The design process and simulation of the MLDOEs with regard to an example for visible waveband are described, and the comparison of diffraction efficiencies of the MLDOEs for different choices of design wavelengths with different methods is given. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Biosorption and biodegradation of triphenyltin by Brevibacillus brevis. Triphenyltin (TPT) is an endocrine disruptor highly toxic to non-target organisms, and has contaminated the environment worldwide. To accelerate TPT elimination, the study on the behavior and mechanism of TPT biosorption and biodegradation by Brevibacillus brevis was conducted. The results revealed that TPT and coexisted Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ in solution could be adsorbed effectively by B. brevis, and TPT was further transformed to diphenyltin, monophenyltin and tin intracellularly. The removal efficiency of 0.5 mg L-1 TPT after degradation by 0.3 g L-1 biomass for 5 d was about 60%. Suitable kinds and levels of oxygen, nutrient, surfactant and metals obviously improved TPT biodegradation. When concentrations of H2O2, glucose, rhamnolipid, Cu2+ and Zn2+ varied from 1.5 to 6 mmol L-1, 0.5 to 5 mg L-1, 5 to 25 mg L-1, 0.5 to 6 mg L-1 and 0.5 to 1 mg L-1, separately, TPT biodegradation efficiencies increased 15-25%. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
{"token": "NET STRUCTURE OF SUBJECT-TO-SUBJECT RELATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES PROVISION. The purpose of the work is to form the net structure of management of the system of administrative services provision on the basis of implementation of subject-to-subject interactions between state sector and civil society. Methodology. The methodology basis for the investigation is the abstract-logical analysis of theoretical and methodological backgrounds for management of relations and interactions. For the theoretical generalization and formation of net structure, there are used scientific recommendations of Ukrainian scientists regarding the necessity to implement subject-to-subject relations in the system of administrative services provision. Results. The investigations allowed confirming that the hierarchical structure of the state governance system does not give an opportunity to implement equal interaction between a subject of provision and a subject of an appeal as these relations have one - way communication and the feedback channel has a formal character. Moreover, the civil society is not considered by state sector to be a source of methods and ways to develop the system of state governance, in particular, the management system of administrative services provision. Practical meaning. The net structure of management will allow implementing the subject-subject relations in the system, under which the actions of the subject of provision - that means state sector - will be directed to the realization of rights and interests of the subjects of appeal. In their turn, apart from the performance of all legislative responsibilities that they should perform, they can carry out activities directed to the development of management activity in the system of administrative services provision and the whole system of state governance as an integral system of management. Meaning/Distinction. The provided model of the net structure will allow involving citizens in the processes of state governance and increasing the impact of the civil sector during the making of state and management decisions and, as a result, to confirm subject-to-subject positions in the relations.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "A redetermination of the structure of tetraethylammonium mer-oxidotrichlorido(thenoyltrifluoroacetyl acetonato-kappa(2)-O,O ')niobate(V). The tetraethylammonium salt of the mono-anionic coordination compound mer-oxidotrichlorido(thenoyltrifluoroacetylacetonato-kappa O-2,O')niobate(V) (NEt4)[NbOCl3](ttfa)], has been prepared under aerobic conditions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. (NEt4)[ NbOCl3](ttfa)] crystallized in the monoclinic P2(1)/c space group, with a = 11.483 (5), b = 12.563 (5), c = 17.110(5) angstrom, and beta = 100.838 (5)degrees. The complex structure exists in a 50.0% (Nb-A) : 50.0% (Nb-B) positional disorder ratio.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "TRUTH AND A PRIORI POSSIBILITY: EGAN'S CHARGE AGAINST QUASI-REALISM. In this journal Andy Egan argued that, contrary to what I have claimed, quasi-realism is committed to a damaging asymmetry between the way a subject regards himself and the way he regards others. In particular, a subject must believe it to be a priori that if something is one of his stable or fundamental beliefs, then it is true. Whereas he will not hold that this is a priori true of other people. In this paper I rebut Egan's argument, and give further consideration to the correct way to think about our own fallibility.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "A SYMBOL-BASED ANALYSIS FOR MULTIGRID METHODS FOR BLOCK-CIRCULANT AND BLOCK-TOEPLITZ SYSTEMS. In the literature, there exist several studies on symbol-based multigrid methods for the solution of linear systems having structured coefficient matrices. In particular, the convergence analysis for such methods has been obtained in an elegant form in the case of Toeplitz matrices generated by a scalar-valued function. In the block-To eplitz setting, that is, in the case where the matrix entries are small generic matrices instead of scalars, some algorithms have already been proposed regarding specific applications, and a first rigorous convergence analysis has been performed in [M. Donatelli et al., Numer. Linear Algebra Appl., 28 (2021), e2356]. However, with the existent symbol-based theoretical tools, it is still not possible to prove the convergence of many multigrid methods known in the literature. This paper aims to generalize the previous results, giving more general sufficient conditions on the symbol of the grid transfer operators. In particular, we treat matrix-valued trigonometric polynomials which can be nondiagonalizable and singular at all points, and we express the new conditions in terms of the eigenvectors associated with the ill-conditioned subspace. Moreover, we extend the analysis to the V-cycle method, proving a linear convergence rate under stronger conditions, which resemble those given in the scalar case. In order to validate our theoretical findings, we present a classical block structured problem stemming from an FEM approximation of a second order differential problem. We focus on two multigrid strategies that use the geometric and the standard bisection grid transfer operators and prove that both fall into the category of projectors satisfying the proposed conditions. In addition, using a tensor product argument, we provide a strategy to construct efficient V-cycle procedures in the block multilevel setting.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Cluster observations of magnetospheric substorm behavior in the near- and mid-tail region. The Cluster constellation of spacecraft has returned substantial new data on particle and field variations in the near- and mid-magnetotail regions of Earth's magnetosphere. Using the Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors (RAPID) system onboard the four Cluster vehicles, we have identified substorm-related energetic (E > 20 keV) electron enhancement events during the period March 2001 through October 2001 in the geocentric radial range of 4-19 Earth radii. We have used Concurrent data from other Cluster instruments as well as from the POLAR, IMAGE, FAST, GPS, and geostationary orbit spacecraft in order to understand particle injection and transport phenomena throughout this key region of the magnetotail. Electron enhancements in the plasma sheet at intermediate radial distances have been studied in a global substorm context. A particularly well-observed substorm case occurred oil August 27, 2001 when Cluster was almost exactly in the midnight meridian. We find evidence that Cluster was very near the near-Earth substorm neutral line and that magnetic reconnection began some seven minutes prior to the substorm auroral brightening of the expansive phase onset. We also Study in some detail the recovery phase of the substorm and the associated expansion of the plasma sheet over the 4-satellite Cluster constellation. (c) 2005 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "NARRATIVES OF DECLINE IN THE DUTCH NATIONAL SOCIALIST MOVEMENT, 1931-1945. Generic fascism scholarship, which has turned strongly towards cultural political history in recent years, has focused heavily on themes of rebirth in fascist culture, but rebirth's counterpart of decline remains under-researched. After emphasizing the existence of several distinct and even mutually exclusive ideological strands in the NSB, this article shows how ideological difference was marked by narratives of decline. But they were equally used to generate a coherent political message about the contemporary state of the Netherlands. Central to their functionality as a unifying tool was party newspaper Volk en Vaderland, which served to promote a patriotic, news-focused, and peculiarly Dutch narrative of decline that overarched ideological difference. Yet more than just tying ends together, one narrative in particular served as a crucial ideological constant in the Movement, namely the Leider Anton Mussert's narrative of decline since the early modern Golden Age of the Dutch Republic, which tied traditional liberal patriotic themes into fascist discourse. Where other historians have emphasized Mussert's lack of moral and ideological leadership, the article impresses how narratives of decline functioned as moral support, and rallied NSB loyalists throughout the German occupation of the Netherlands, until Mussert's own death.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "CHARACTERIZATION OF LACCASE ACTIVITY PRODUCED BY Cryptococcus albidus. This study deals with the characterization of laccase enzyme activity produced by Cryptococcus albidus. Industrial wastes like effluent and sludge are complex mixtures of a number of chemicals. These chemicals can interfere with the proper functioning of the enzymes used for bioremediation. Thus, it is important to study the effect of such interfering solvents, detergents, metal chelators, and other chemicals on enzyme activity before industrial applications. Laccase showed maximum activity at pH 2.5 and temperature 20-30 degrees C when ABTS was used as a substrate. The enzyme followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics: K-m was 0.8158 mM and V-max was 1527.74 U/mg. Laccase showed good thermostability with a half-life of 81 min at 25 degrees C, 77 min at 35 degrees C, 64 min at 45 degrees C, 36 min at 55 degrees C, and 21 min at 65 degrees C. There was no effect of sodium dodceyl sulfate (SDS) (0.1-1.0%) and EDTA (0.1-0.5%) on laccase activity. Sodium azide and 2-mercaptoethanol showed complete inhibition of laccase activity at 0.1% concentration. At lower concentrations of acetone and acetonitrile, laccase was able to maintain its activity. However, the activity was completely inhibited at a concentration of 50% or above of acetone, methanol, 1,4-dioxan, and acetonitrile.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
{"token": "Biochemical and structural insights into bacterial organelle form and biogenesis. Many heterotrophic bacteria have the ability to make polyhedral structures containing metabolic enzymes that are bounded by a unilamellar protein shell (metabolosomes or enterosomes). These bacterial organelles contain enzymes associated with a specific metabolic process ( e. g. 1,2-propanediol or ethanolamine utilization). We show that the 21 gene regulon specifying the pdu organelle and propanediol utilization enzymes from Citrobacter freundii is fully functional when cloned in Escherichia coli, both producing metabolosomes and allowing propanediol utilization. Genetic manipulation of the level of specific shell proteins resulted in the formation of aberrantly shaped metabolosomes, providing evidence for their involvement as delimiting entities in the organelle. This is the first demonstration of complete recombinant metabolosome activity transferred in a single step and supports phylogenetic evidence that the pdu genes are readily horizontally transmissible. One of the predicted shell proteins ( PduT) was found to have a novel Fe-S center formed between four protein subunits. The recombinant model will facilitate future experiments establishing the structure and assembly of these multiprotein assemblages and their fate when the specific metabolic function is no longer required.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Psychiatric Conditions and Behavioural Problems in Adolescents With Intellectual Disabilities: Correlates With Autism. Objective: To determine whether psychiatric and behavioural disorders occur more frequently in adolescents with autism and intellectual disabilities, compared with those without autism.Conclusions: Adolescents with autism are prone to compulsive behaviours and stereotypies as well as specific manifestations of anxiety, fears, and phobias.Results: Compulsive behaviours and stereotypies were significantly more common in adolescents with autism.Method: A population-based case-control study was undertaken and 36 adolescents with autism were pairwise matched for age and IQ to 36 adolescents without autism. Caregivers were interviewed with structured psychiatric interview and questionnaire measures of psychiatric and behavioural problems.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Physical activity and rural young people's sense of place. This paper explores rural young people's perceptions of their local environments in relation to their experiences with physical activities through the use of visual methodologies. The main findings from map, photo and interview data from 13 rural young Australians included the importance of friends, family, and gender structures which are discussed in relation to developing a sense of place and how this shapes their experience in physical activities. The findings highlight the importance of sociocultural issues and raises questions regarding measuring physical activity prompting further qualitative research to inform sustainable and equitable physical activity promotion initiatives for rural young people.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Unfolding the chemistry of FOX-7: Unique energetic material and precursor with numerous possibilities. FOX-7 demonstrates a fascinating explosophoric motif with a unique combination of detonation performance and stability. Unlike classical explosives, such as TNT, TATB, and RDX, FOX-7 exhibits superior energetic performance originating from its high density, oxygen balance, and dinitro groups. Indeed, owing to its unique energetic properties and versatile molecular structure, a variety of neutral compounds and salts have been synthesized during the past two decades and continuing. These materials comprise NH2 and NO2 groups on the C = C bond as an integral structural unit that provides an opportunity for a diverse blend of physical and detonation properties. This critical review summarizes several synthetic strategies used for structural modification of FOX-7 and highlighted their energetic properties. Due to the chemically tailorable framework, synthetic accessibilities, and superior energetic characteristics, FOX-7 is subjected to intense and expansive research and is undoubtedly considered a promising precursor for developing new explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "New insights into the solid-state hydrogen storage of nanostructured LiBH4-MgH2 system. In this study, the nano-mixture of LiBH4 + MgH2 is prepared by ball milling (BM) of 1 mol MgH2 with in-situ aerosol-spraying (AS) of 1 mol of LiBH4 (called BMAS). It is shown, for the first time, that Mg(BH4)(2) can be formed via the reaction between MgH2 and LiBH4 through the BMAS process and it contributes to H-2 release at temperature <= 265 degrees C. Three parallel H-2 release mechanisms have been identified from the BMAS powder. These include (i) H-2 release from the decomposition of nano-LiBH4 and then Li2B12H12 decomposition product reacts with nano-MgH2 to release H-2, (ii) H-2 release from the decomposition of nano-Mg(BH4)(2), and (iii) H-2 release from the decomposition of nano-MgH2. Together, these three mechanisms result in 4.11 wt% H-2 release in the solid-state at temperature <= 265 degrees C, which is among the highest quantities ever reported for LiBH4 + MgH2 mixtures to date. Furthermore, the H-2 release temperature for each mechanism described above is lower than the corresponding temperature reported using other synthesis methods. In addition, the predicted property of a small amount of the Fe3B phase in the BMAS powder in absorbing more H-2 than releasing is confirmed experimentally for the first time in this study. All these enhancements are achieved in the solid-state without any catalyst, which highlights the efficacy of mechanical activation and nanoengineering as well as the future opportunity to further improve the reversible hydrogen storage properties of LiBH4 + MgH2 in solid-state.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Conceptual reductions, truthmaker reductive explanations, and ontological reductions. According to conceptual reductive accounts, if properties of one domain can be conceptually reduced to properties of another domain, then the former properties are ontologically reduced to the latter properties. I will argue that conceptual reductive accounts face problems: either they do not recognise that many higher-level properties are correlated with multiple physical properties, or they do not clarify how we can discover new truthmakers of sentences about a higher-level property. Still, there is another way to motivate ontological reduction, the truthmaker reductive explanations (TRE). TRE can be given by using resources from John Heil's truthmaker theory and the a priori entailment view or the a posteriori entailment view. I will argue that we can give these truthmaker reductive explanations if there are various less-than-perfectly similar physical properties that can be the truthmakers of sentences about higher-level properties and the physical similarity between them can explain why an irreducible higher-level property is not needed.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Dramatising Cultural Diversity: Youth Theatre as a Performance of Local Memory and Identity in a Multiethnic Environment. This article presents a comparative analysis of two ethnographic case studies conducted in local theatres in the Slovak town of Komarno and the British city of Coventry. These two locations are very different - one is a small town on the Slovak-Hungarian border and the other an urban centre in the Midlands region of Britain - and yet they are both characterised by the multiethnic and culturally diverse composition of their populations. The two youth theatres in question are also distinct in their genres: one bases its performances on folklore traditions, whereas the other is an avant-garde physical theatre. At the same time, the productions of both groups manifest a deep involvement in the representation of cultural heritage and the current social issues in their respective locations. Drawing on anthropological conceptualisations of theatre as a form of ritualised performance (see Turner, 1969, 1982; Schechner, 1985, 1993), this paper explores the processes and contexts of the enactment of past conflict and/or violence presented by the two theatrical groups in order to engage with traumatic events in local (and national) history. These processes, which embrace the values of cultural diversity and inclusion, are important for the construction of community identities. The liminality of ritualised performance enables actors and audiences to cross social (including ethnicity and class) and temporal boundaries. They reproduce memories of past violence to make sense of present tensions, such as growing nationalism and xenophobia, and to project their vision of the communal future. This often results in the contestation of the very meaning of place, community and belonging. Furthermore, the article demonstrates that such artistic interpretations of the local past and heritage are instrumental in shaping the identities of the participating youth. The comparison of the two cases also reveals noticeable differences between cosmopolitan and ethno-cultural discourses, which are prevalent in imagining the place, history and heritage of Coventry and Komarno respectively.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Reproduction in the amphipod, Echinogammarus marinus: a comparison between normal and intersex specimens. The fecundity and occurrence of intersexuality in the amphipod, Echinogammarus marinus, collected from populations oil the east coast of Scotland are reported. Intersex specimens have significantly smaller mean brood sizes than normal specimens. Embryo survival, as measured by the ratio of eggs/embryos in early and late stages of development, is lower in intersex specimens than normal specimens. Greater differences in the number of early stage eggs compared with late stage eggs in intersex specimens is suggested to arise by the active ejection of non-viable eggs, or from the passive loss of eggs through malformed brood plates in females. An apparent reduction in brood sizes between early and late stages of development in 'normal' specimens, emphasizes the importance of quantifying different egg/embryo stages in amphipod toxicology and fecundity studies.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Load-sharing and redistribution in a one-story woodframe building. This paper presents the results of a series of experiments on a full-scale one-story L-shaped woodframe house. The major objective of the experiments was to collect data for use in the validation of analytical models, and to examine the load redistribution in a nonsymmetrical light-frame structure under lateral loading. In these experiments, the distribution of the reaction forces underneath the walls, and the displaced shape of the house were measured in detail under static and static-cyclic loading. The experimental results have provided the most detailed picture of the reaction forces beneath a nonsymmetrical light-frame structure under lateral loading ever recorded. It was shown that there is potential for significant sharing and redistribution of applied lateral load, between the main shear walls of a light-frame house under both pseudoelastic and inelastic response conditions. Commonly used techniques for lateral load distribution in light-frame structures do not accommodate redistribution of the loading between the walls in the structure.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Estimating confidence intervals for technical efficiency of rainfed rice farming system in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach - Special attention is directed to the construction of confidence interval (Cl) for individual efficiency estimates using stochastic frontier production model.Originality/value - Contrary to the previous efficiency studies, the present study demonstrates that economic inferences drawn on the basis of Cl seem plausible to provide much more fruitful and insightful information about the TE of farms in the country, rather than the point estimation alone.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyze the technical efficiency (TE) of the raided rice farming system in Nigeria.Findings - The results show that the coefficient of the regression monotonically and significantly increased output level, while returns-to-scale (RTS) of 0 943 suggest decreasing RTS in the study. An average point estimate of TE of 0 669 is obtained from the analysis Cl show that the TE intervals are quite wide, as the assumption that farms originally identified to be on the frontier, or very close to the frontier, by the point estimate may be below the frontier. Age and years of schooling of the farmers are efficiency-increasing policy variables found in the study.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
{"token": "The return of reform - Russia's local self-administration on the outs?. Local government is a recent phenomenon in Russia; it has only been recognized in the constitution for the last ten years. The weak consolidation of democracy and a very low income from local taxation have in practice restricted the autonomy of local government. The practice of shifting federal competences onto the municipalities without providing them with the necessary resources has made things even more difficult. The reform of the federal system and a reform of local government were intended to provide a remedy, but the draft law reflects the spirit of the times. In addition to a recentralization of political power, the draft involves a return to the Soviet understanding of local politics as the last link in a chain of administrative commands, and to a system of financing via subsidies paid from the centre. There is therefore more at stake than the fate of local government.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Estimation of flexible fuzzy GARCH models for conditional density estimation. In this work we introduce a new flexible fuzzy GARCH model for conditional density estimation. The model combines two different types of uncertainty, namely fuzziness or linguistic vagueness, and probabilistic uncertainty. The probabilistic uncertainty is modeled through a GARCH model while the fuzziness or linguistic vagueness is presented in the antecedent and combination of the rule base system. The fuzzy GARCH model under study allows for a linguistic interpretation of the gradual changes in the output density, providing a simple understanding of the process. Such a system can capture different properties of data, such as fat tails, skewness and multimodality in one single model. This type of models can be useful in many fields such as macroeconomic analysis, quantitative finance and risk management. The relation to existing similar models is discussed, while the properties, interpretation and estimation of the proposed are provided. The model performance is illustrated in simulated time series data exhibiting complex behavior and a real data application of volatility forecasting for the S&P 500 daily returns series. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "CISG in Chinese Courts: The Issue of Applicability. This Article makes a long overdue inquiry into the current practice of Chinese courts in approaching the issue whether the CISG is applicable to the dispute at hand. Despite growing interest in judgments delivered by Chinese courts on this issue, it remains a mystery whether, and to what extent, such judgments conform to both the words and spirit of the Convention and give adequate consideration to internationally developed CISG jurisprudence. Drawing upon both empirical and doctrinal analyses of 177 Chinese court judgments, the Article identifies the courts' failure, due possibly to oversight, to address the internationality test under Article 1(1)(a) of the CISG as the most pressing problem in need of immediate rectification and reveals the differing forms and magnitude in which Chinese courts exhibit a \\\\'homeward trend\\\\' in dealing with discrete aspects of the issue of applicability. Responsive suggestions are accordingly made to tackle the problems identified.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "National, Catholic, and Ecumenical. The Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) is one of the most remarkable churches in the Philippines, yet, its history is largely underresearched. This paper uses newly researched archival resources from the archives of this church and of partner churches to explore the way in which this \\\\'revolutionary church\\\\' came to be accepted as part of the broader ecumenical movement. Special attention is given to two of the most prominent full communion partners of this church, the Episcopal Church and the Old Catholic Churches of the Union of Utrecht. In this way, it is also clear that the IFI came to be recognized as a fully catholic church by other catholic churches, moving beyond any doubt of lingering Unitarianism (as it was part of the later theology of Gregorio Aglipay). The study also shows how various national, even nationalist churches were able to enter into international and intercultural relations with each other, thus creating a fellowship that spans the globe.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "The Russian crisis: Beginning of the end or end of the beginning?. A distinguished British specialist on Soviet and Russian politics analyzes failures in Yeltsin's Russia and the reasons many observers have failed to understand or anticipate them. The article analyses Westerners' use of the term, \\\\'reform,\\\\' and the impact of economic ideologies on perceptions. A discussion of the role of the state cites both Western and Russian political scientists and economists. The article ends with possible scenarios for the future.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Impedimetric biosensor for detection of cancer cells employing carbohydrate targeting ability of Concanavalin A. The successful development of selective detection of cancer cells from normal cells is a highly demanded but challenging task. Herein, we have developed a rapid and label-free impedimetric biosensor for quantitative determination of cancer cells with high glycoprotein expression. Homogenously distributed 2-9 nm graphene quantum dots (GQDs) was anchored on the surface Fe3O4 through covalent bonding. Concovalin A (ConA) was then adhered onto GQDs by physical mixing to fabricate ConA-GQD@Fe3O4 nanosensing probe. A good dynamic range in the cell concentration of 5 x 10(2)-1 x 105 cells mL(-1) with LOD values of 246 and 367 cells mL(-1) for HeLa and MCF-7, respectively, is obtained. The impedimetric responses to the cancerous HeLa and MCF-7 cells are 16.7 and 13.1 times higher than those of their original sensor electrodes. However, the interaction between sensing probe and normal MCF-10 and bEnd.3 cells is negligible, confirming the specific selectivity toward cancer cells. Cellular uptake images as well as in-vitro cytotoxicity corroborates the electrochemical results. In addition, the successful detection of cancer cells in human serum and circulating tumor cells in blood sample envisions the feasibility of using ConA-GQD@Fe3O4 as the nanosensing probe for clinically early diagnosis of cancer cells with high glycoprotein expression.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 36, 15, 42]}
{"token": "THE EFFECTS OF BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF Fe-RICH SMECTITE ON THE FATE OF Pb. Fe-rich smectite is ubiquitous in soil environments and closely linked to the fate and mobility of hazardous trace metals and particularly to the variations in the biogeochemical redox reactions of structural Fe that determine the sorption and desorption properties of clay minerals. The biotic/abiotic redox reactions of a Fe-rich smectite, nontronite (NAu-1), were performed at various reaction times using the Fe-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at 30 degrees C and Na-dithionite (Na2S2O4), respectively. The extent of biotic Fe-reduction of NAu-1 after 30 days of incubation reached up to 10.7% of total Fe and the range of abiotic Fe-reduction varied from 4.9-46.6% at reaction times of 5 min, 30 min, 1 h, and 4 h. The biotically and abiotically Fe-reduced NAu-1 samples were spiked with Pb concentrations of 0.07, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg and incubated under aerobic or anaerobic conditions for 24 h.The amounts of Pb in the supernatants were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) and Multi-collector (MC)-ICP-MS. The amounts of Pb removed from the supernatants were negatively related to the extent of Fe(III) reduction in the abiotically Fe-reduced NAu-1 samples. In contrast, less Pb (similar to 15%) was removed from the biotically Fe-reduced NAu-1 samples with a similar extent of Fe(III) reduction. Changes in the isotopic Pb-208/204 ratio indicated that the lighter Pb-204 isotope was preferentially adsorbed to the NAu-1 samples with less Fe reduction and indicated that variations in the net layer charge affected isotopic fractionation. Significant differences in the Pb-208/204 ratios for NAu-1 samples that were biotically Fe-reduced under anaerobic conditions were measured and indicate that the reversibility of the structural/chemical modifications that occur under redox conditions can affect Pb removal and, thus, isotope fractionation. These results collectively infer that the biogeochemical properties of clay minerals should be considered in order to understand the fate of trace metals in natural environments.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Excessive suicide mortality and risk factors for suicide among patients with heroin dependence. Conclusions: Individuals dependent on heroin are more likely to die of suicide compared to the general population. We recommend that clinical psychiatric staff carefully gather information related to the identified risk factors to prevent suicide among heroin users. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Background: The mortality risk is high among individuals dependent on heroin, and suicide is a severe consequence of long-term heroin use. We estimated the incidence of suicide mortality and its risk factors in a large Asian cohort with heroin dependence.Results: The findings showed a 7.9-fold SMR for all-cause mortality among heroin users compared to the general population while the SMR for suicide mortality was 16.2. Multivariate analysis showed that suicide attempt as the reason for the index admission (adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 4.29, p = 0.035) and depressive syndrome anytime during life (adjusted RR = 2.61, p = 0.019) were associated with the risk of suicide mortality.Methods: A consecutive series of 2750 inpatients dependent on heroin admitted to a psychiatric center in northern Taiwan between 1990 and 2010 were retrospectively enrolled as the study cohort. These patients were linked to the Taiwan National Mortality Database to obtain each mortality event. We determined the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) for each cause of death. Among the deceased, 69 deaths were due to suicide (cases); 138 controls were randomly selected using risk-set density sampling based on a nested case-control design. We collected clinical information from subjects' medical records. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was employed to explore the correlates of suicide mortality.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Islam's Attitude towards Democracy Comparative Study in International Human Rights Law. Democracy was established in the Greek cities in the fifth century B.C. It is a liberal western system. In this regard, various Islamic countries applied democracy as a political and legal system where the people elect their representatives in the legislative authority in order to put the legal regulations that organize the human behavior. The research included a brief idea about liberal democracy, its history and objectives, the political and legal system in the Islamic state, the dispute among Muslim scholars on the application of democracy in the Islamic states; some Muslim scholars refuse to apply democracy since the legal system in Islam relies on the Holly Qor'an and the Prophet's speeches, which are a biding regulation for Muslims, while other authors believe that Islam accepts democracy and others think that Islam should have its special democracy that differs from the liberal democracy. This paper discussed the political and legal systems that were applied the Islamic state during the history of Islam. Finally the paper presented the most conclusions and recommendations reached by the researcher.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Evidence for mixed and biodegraded crude oils in the Socororo field, Eastern Venezuela Basin. This work presents a geochemical study of crude oils from the Socororo field (Socororo Major Area) in the Maturin Sub-basin of the Eastern Venezuelan Basin. The V + Ni total concentrations and V/(V + Ni) ratios suggest the presence of two oil groups. These oils are heavy aromatic-asphaltic and according to their sulfur content, API gravity and hydrocarbon compositions, fall into the same two groups established from the V and Ni proxies. Although the analyzed crude oils show evidence of biodegradation, it was possible to determine, based on various biomarkers parameters, that the oils originated from marine organic matter in a marine carbonate or marine marl source rock deposited under anoxic to suboxic conditions. The oils were generated near the peak of the oil window. Distributions of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, hopanes and steranes combined with a prominent unresolved complex mixture (UCM) indicate that the oils are biodegraded. Moreover, the presence of pristane and phytane, along with alteration of hopanes and steranes and the presence of 25-norhopanes, reveals that these oils are mixtures showing different levels of biodegradation. Sulfur content, V and Ni concentration and saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene (SARA) composition provide additional evidence for oil mixing. Such mixed oils originate from several episodes of charging and biodegradation in the reservoirs. The first charge was severely biodegraded and many biomarkers susceptible to degradation (n-alkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, terpanes, methyl hopanes, methyl steranes and steranes) were extensively altered or completely removed. The second oil charge was subjected to a lower degree of biodegradation and only the n-alkanes show significant biodegradation. Both oil charges seem to come from the same source rock, which was deposited under variable redox conditions. Moreover, due to their similar maturity, the generation and migration of these oils to reservoirs likely occurred close together in time. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Recovering low quality MODIS-Terra data over highly turbid waters through noise reduction and regional vicarious calibration adjustment: A case study in Taihu Lake. Remote sensing of water quality in turbid coastal and inland waters requires accurate atmospheric correction, which is technically challenging. While previous efforts have shown the advantage of using the short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands instead of near-infrared (NIR) bands for atmospheric correction, such an approach could only be applied to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite (MODISA). This is because MODIS data from the Terra satellite (MODIST) contain more noise and other sensor artifacts, thus this sensor has been generally regarded by the ocean color research community as not being able to provide science quality data. Here, we address this technical challenge through noise reduction and regional vicarious calibration adjustment, and demonstrate preliminary success using turbid Taihu Lake as an example. The noise in the three SWIR bands was evaluated first, and then reduced through a noise reduction method. The SWIR bands were adjusted over open-ocean waters using the well-calibrated NIR ocean bands (1-km resolution) and radiative transfer, which were then used to adjust the land bands (250-m and 500-m resolution) in the visible and NIR over turbid waters where concurrent field-measured reflectance spectra are available. Of all three combinations of SWIR bands, the combination of 1240 and 1640-nm bands was found to perform the best, showing significantly improved retrieval accuracy for Taihu Lake, leading to recovery of low-quality MODIST data to higher-quality data comparable to MODISA, and thus doubling valid data coverage. Testing of this approach on another highly turbid lake (Chaohu Lake, China) showed similar results. While the general application of this approach to turbid lakes still needs to be tested as local tuning of the calibration coefficients may be required, these results suggest that MODIST may be used as effectively as MODISA for monitoring Taihu Lake water quality. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Mapping Atmospheric Corrosivity in Shandong. Air pollution can significantly accelerate the process of material corrosion, which may cause significant economic losses and serious safety incidents. Atmospheric corrosion maps provide atmospheric corrosivity in a given geographic scope, which can guide the designers to select the most suitable anti-corrosion materials for outdoor projects, also provide useful information for maintenance. This article investigated mapping of atmospheric corrosivity in Shandong Province, China. In order to obtain atmospheric corrosivity data, 100 exposure corrosion test sites were established in Shandong according to International Standard Organization (ISO) 8565. Hot-dip galvanized steel samples were exposed for 1 year in the test sites. Taking the results of exposure corrosion test as the data, inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) interpolation algorithm were used to estimate the atmospheric corrosivity of Shandong Province according to ISO 9223. The validity of OK and IDW was compared in developing atmospheric corrosion maps of Shandong Province on a 1x1 km resolution. The cross-validation results showed that OK interpolation algorithm with Gaussian semivariogram model get the best result in the prediction of corrosion rate. When the corrosion category was used as the criterion, the IDW interpolation algorithm of power 4 performed best, predicted results of 74 sites (n=100) were consistent with observed. However, high mean relative errors (MRE more than 37%) and relatively low correlation (R-2 about 24%) indicated that the prediction results of the two interpolation algorithms had a large error, which was caused by the low data density and the complicated corrosive factors of the atmosphere.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants by Multiple Diagnostic Assays Second RESUBMISSION JCV-D-21-00675R2. Introduction: : The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOC) and Variants Being Monitored (VBM) have presented additional clinical and public health concerns regarding potential virus transmissibility, disease severity, and immune evasion. It is imperative that diagnostic assays can detect all such variants, and since commercial oligo sequences are commonly not available, empirical testing may be necessary to confirm this. To confirm the sensitivity of the SARS-CoV-2 assays used at the Wadsworth Center for the detection of VOC and VBM, relevant specimens were selected from the specimen archive and tested in the various platforms. Materials and Methods: : Patient respiratory specimens submitted from clinal laboratories across the state were selected; three samples per variant were chosen to account for inter assay and variant reproducibility. The four molecular diagnostic platforms for SARS-CoV-2 currently in use at our facility were examined.Results: : A total of 64 specimens were tested, representing 2 VOC, 8 VBM and 4 other variants circulating in New York State. For certain samples, original Ct values provided by sample submitters were much higher, or lower, than those obtained from this study. The investigation of submitter testing platforms, with consideration of the assay's viral targets, confirmed the differences in Ct were not variant specific.Conclusions: : It was demonstrated that the diagnostic methods investigated in this study detected all the variants tested. Because of the continual evolution of the virus, it is vital to monitor new variants as they emerge for the ability of molecular diagnostic methods to detect them with acceptable sensitivity.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Intermental Thought and Mutual Focalization Narrative Sympathy in North and South. The inability for characters to read other characters' minds accurately is a situation that the realist novel explores. Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South explores the instabilities created by this impossibility, and yet, through a combination of focalization and consciousness representation, attempts to overcome it. Techniques of fictional minds and focalization are crucial for understanding the ethical claims of the realist novel. Following Alan Palmer's recognition of \\\\'the need fora rhetorical and ethical perspective on analyses of social minds\\\\' (\\\\'Social Minds in Fiction\\\\' 234), this article demonstrates that the Victorian understanding of sympathy is ultimately a desire for \\\\'intermental\\\\' thought expressed through mutual focalization.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "The behavioural response of the professional buyer on social cues from the vendor and how to measure it. Findings - Social cues are likely to be of substantial value in the (first) encounter between buyer and seller. Positively evaluated social cues create an approach-motivated behavioural intention, whereas negatively evaluated ones create avoidance. This process is probably predominantly mediated by trust and moderated by personality and contextual factors.Purpose - Vendors' social cues - physical or behavioural hints - have an impact on the professional buyer. However, little is known about that impact. The purpose of this paper is to place knowledge about the impact of social cues that other disciplines acquired in the context of business-to-business (B2B) marketing to contribute constructively to the research agenda.Research limitations/implications - This paper stimulates research about the impact of social cues in a B2B context. While such knowledge would add practical value, this paper also explores possibilities for managers to use neuroscientific techniques to assess and train sales agents.Design/methodology/approach - By integrating findings on the processing of social cues and the behavioural response from the disciplines of neuroscience, biology and psychology (specifically the behavioural inhibition system [BIS]/behavioural activation system [BAS]-theory), this paper aims to provide an interdisciplinary perspective on the automatic evaluation of vendors by professional buyers.Originality/value - The impact of social cues is hardly covered in the B2B marketing literature, but they have an important impact on B2B decision-making. The conceptual framework combines the BIS/BAS theory (approach/avoidance) with the SOR-model (stimulus-organism-response), which is unique to the B2B marketing field.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Environmental factors associated with the distribution of Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinquefasciatus in a rice agro-ecosystem in Mwea, Kenya. Studies were conducted between May and June, 2006 to investigate the environmental factors affecting the distribution of An. arabiensis Patton and Culex quinquefasciatus Say in Mwea, Kenya. The sampling unit comprised all non-paddy aquatic habitats and ten randomly selected paddies and canals located within a 200 m radius from the periphery of the study site. Thirteen physico-chemical variables were recorded for each sampling site in each sampling occasion and a sample of mosquito larvae and other aquatic invertebrates collected. The non-paddy aquatic habitats identified included pools and marshes. Morphological identification of 1,974 mosquito larvae yielded four species dominated by Cx. quinquefasciatus (73.2%) and An. arabiensis (25.0%). Pools were associated with significantly higher Cx. quinquefasciatus larval abundance and less diversity of other aquatic invertebrates compared with other habitat types. In contrast, the abundance of An. arabiensis did not differ significantly among habitat types. Culex quinquefasciatus habitats had higher water conductivity and exhibited a higher abundance of other aquatic invertebrates than An. arabiensis habitats. Chi-square analysis indicated that the two species were more likely to coexist in the same habitats than would be expected by chance alone. Anopheles arabiensis larvae were positively associated with dissolved oxygen and adults of family Haliphdae and negatively associated with emergent vegetation and Heptageniidae larvae. Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were positively associated with dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, Chironomidae larvae, and Microvelidae adults and negatively associated with emergent vegetation. These findings suggest that both biotic and abiotic factors play a significant role in niche partitioning among Cx. quinquefasciatus and An. arabiensis, a factor that should be considered when designing an integrated vector control program.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "High quality draft genome sequence of Streptomyces sp. strain AW19M42 isolated from a sea squirt in Northern Norway. Here we report the 8 Mb high quality draft genome of Streptomyces sp. strain AW19M42, together with specific properties of the organism and the generation, annotation and analysis of its genome sequence. The genome encodes 7,727 putative open reading frames, of which 6,400 could be assigned with COG categories. Also, 62 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA operons were identified. The genome harbors several gene clusters involved in the production of secondary metabolites. Functional screening of the isolate was positive for several enzymatic activities, and some candidate genes coding for those activities are listed in this report. We find that this isolate shows biotechnological potential and is an interesting target for bioprospecting.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 43]}
{"token": "Recurrent ossifying epulis in a dog. A seven-year-old neutered/male Siberian Huski-cross dog was referred for evaluation of a gingival mass. Two years previously, the referring veterinarian had resected an ossifying epulis from the same area between the maxillary left first and second premolars. The neoplasm recurred 4-months after the original surgery En bloc resection provided tumor-free margins. An oral examination 12-months following surgery indicated no gross signs of recurrence.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "SMOS Semi-Empirical Ocean Forward Model Adjustment. A prerequisite for the successful retrieval of geophysical parameters from remote sensing measurements is the development of an accurate forward model. The European Space Agency Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), carrying onboard an L-band interferometric radiometer (Microwave Interferometric Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis), was launched on November 2009. Due to the lack of L-band passive ocean measurements from space, several prelaunch forward models were developed and initially used in the SMOS ocean salinity operational processor. In this paper, an update of the prelaunch semi-empirical forward model is presented, using for the first time, real SMOS data. In particular, the ocean surface emissivity modulation at L-band due to rough sea surface is reviewed and reanalyzed. A new model definition is provided with the help of a simple neural network. The improvement is quantified in terms of retrieved salinity accuracy compared with the climatology and concerns essentially the range of wind speeds higher than 12 m.s(-1).", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Study on the dynamic relation between spring discharge and precipitation in Fusong County, Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province of China. Mineral water is the main source of drinking water and is a dominant component of local economic development in Fusong County, Changbai Mountain, Jilin Province of China. Precipitation is the main recharge factor for mineral water in Fusong County; therefore, it is necessary to determine whether precipitation can effectively guarantee the supply of mineral water resources. In this study, precipitation data from the Donggang hydrological station in Fusong County were collected and analyzed to determine annual changes in characteristics and extreme probability. The results show that precipitation is stable and that the probability of extreme precipitation is small. Precipitation and mineral spring discharge in the Mingshui, Baixi, No. 2 Jinjiang, and Laoling springs were then collected and analyzed for separate periods by using a continuous wavelet method. The results show that the main oscillation period of both precipitation and spring discharge is approximately 11 months. Finally, the cross-wavelet method is conducted to analyze the period relationships between spring discharge and precipitation. The results show that both precipitation and spring discharge share the same phase, which indicates spring discharge has an immediate reaction to precipitation changes.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Structural complexity of macroalgae influences epifaunal assemblages associated with native and invasive species. Habitat structure is a primary factor determining the organism distribution. Here, two native and one invasive macroalgal species, apparently different in morphology, were sampled to examine the effects of habitat complexity on the abundance (N), taxon richness (S) and structure of their associated epifaunal assemblages by means of univariate and multivariate techniques. Dry weight and fractal measures were used as proxies of habitat quantity and habitat architecture respectively. Results revealed significant differences in the complexity and in N, S and the structure of epifaunal assemblages among macroalgae and significant correlations between complexity and epifauna. Results suggested that, beside the effect of habitat quantity, the habitat architecture also seems to play a significant role in shaping epifaunal assemblages. Complexity of the studied invasive macroalga significantly differed from that of native species and hosted also different assemblages. Therefore, our findings suggest that invasive macroalgae, if structurally different from native species, induce changes in the associated epifauna. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 22, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Digital Resources for Academic Education: Experiences from the Scientific Project 'Data Base Bulgarian Revival Towns'. State University of Library Studies and Information Technologies (SULSIT, Sofia) is a logical centre for realization of contemporary research, applied and educational projects, connected to the using of information technologies in the Humanity Studies. The research of period of the Bulgarian Revival focuses the interest of specialists from different scientific fields from Bulgaria and abroad. The project \\\\'Data Base \\\\'Bulgarian Revival Towns\\\\' (CD) aims to create new, solid information resource for the 50 towns which will serve the needs of scientific researches and the academic education. The present report summarizes the scientific activities in the mentioned project and their implementation in learning process with students of Library Management and Information Funds of Cultural and Historical Heritage specialties.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Quantitative monitoring the concentration changes of organic acids in fermentation process of Clostridium acetobutylicum using capillary ion electrophoresis. A method for monitoring the concentration changes of organic acids in the fermentation process of Clostridium acetobutylicum by capillary ion electrophoresis has been developed. In this study, 4-methoxybenzoic acid was used as the background electrolyte for the indirect ultraviolet detection, and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) was employed as the electroosmotic flow modifier. The sample of fermentation was simply treated by centrifugation and dilution. The optimal conditions for the separation were established as 10 mmol/L of 4-methoxybenzoic acid solution (pH 5. 8) and 0. 15 mmol/L of CTAC solution. The limits of quantification for lactate, acetate and n-butyrate were 1. 22, 0. 38 and 0. 58 mg/L, respectively. The method can be successfully used for the metabolic flux analysis of Clostridium acetobutylicum.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Reduced Neuronal Activity in Language-Related Regions After Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy for Auditory Verbal Hallucinations. Results: TMS-treated patients showed positive clinical effects, which were indicated by a reduction in AVH scores (p <= .001). Cerebral blood flow was significantly decreased in the primary auditory cortex (p <= .001), left Broca's area (p <= .001), and cingulate gyrus (p <= .001). In control subjects, neither positive clinical effects nor cerebral blood flow decreases were detected. The decrease in cerebral blood flow in the primary auditory cortex correlated with the decrease in AVH scores (p <= .001).Methods: Thirty patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were investigated. Fifteen patients received a 10-day TMS treatment to the left temporoparietal cortex, and 15 received the standard treatment. The stimulation location was chosen according to an individually determined language region determined by a functional magnetic resonance imaging language paradigm, which identified the sensorimotor language area, area Spt (sylvian parietotemporal), as the target region.Conclusions: TMS reverses hyperactivity of language regions involved in the emergence of AVH. Area Spt acts as a gateway to the hallucination-generating cerebral network. Successful therapy corresponded to decreased cerebral blood flow in the primary auditory cortex, supporting its crucial role in triggering AVH and contributing to the physical quality of the false perceptions.Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a novel therapeutic approach, used in patients with pharmacoresistant auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). To investigate the neurobiological effects of TMS on AVH, we measured cerebral blood flow with pseudocontinuous magnetic resonance-arterial spin labeling 20 +/- 6 hours before and after TMS treatment.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
{"token": "Histopathological Findings in a Fatal Case of Paraquat Poisoning. Fatal paraquat ingestion presents many interesting pathological findings for the forensic pathologist. The majority of prior research regarding paraquat poisoning has focused on the lung and liver, this article is further directed to and presents some of the histopathological findings present in the brain. Typical macroscopic and histopathological findings of paraquat poisoning were identified in the liver and lungs. The brain was found to be edematous with widening of the centrum semiovale, whereas histologically, it was found that there was extravasation of erythrocytes into the surrounding Virchow-Robin spaces, a finding normally associated with blunt force head injury and, therefore, commonly interpreted by forensic pathologists as a cortical contusion hemorrhage.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 29]}
{"token": "An Increasing Dependence to Wage Labour in Family Farming? The Case of Seasonal Workers in Senegalese Family Farming (Niayes and Delta Regions). Senegal is experiencing an increasing demand for seasonal labour in the agricultural sector. In the context of family farming, this phenomenon results from a socio-economic differentiation induced by decades of State support for specific agricultural production models. This article analyses seasonal work from the perspective of seasonal workers, often socially and politically invisibilised. It aims to understand how this activity shapes their biographical trajectory and contributes to their livelihoods and those of their families. Based on data collected in 2018 and 2019 on seasonal workers in the Senegal River Delta and Niayes regions, we show that the precarious working conditions of this seasonal labour force, which is exclusively male in the areas studied, constraints livelihoods and accumulation as well as the collective action capacities of these workers.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Bioassay for spore polar tube extrusion of shrimp Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). The microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an intracellular spore-forming parasite, which has recently become a serious threat of cultivated penaeid shrimp in Asia. These studies were aimed to generate comprehensive study on EHP infection as well as establishing innovative strategies to reduce its viability and potential infectivity in shrimp farms. The EHP spore purification method by using Percoll gradient separation with ultracentrifugation step at 15 degrees C has been developed. The viability of the purified spores has been evaluated by its polar tube extrusion with Phloxin B staining. The active EHP spores were exposed to different temperature (-20 degrees C, 4 degrees C and 33 degrees C) and chemical treatments including calcium hypochlorite, formalin, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and ethanol to identify the conditions that can be used to inhibit the extrusion of the polar tube. Complete inhibition of activity was demonstrated either by freezing the spores at -20 degrees C for at least 2 h or by treating them with chemicals. The chemicals that yielded 100% inhibition were 15 ppm KMnO4 for 15 min, 40 ppm of 65% active chlorine for 15 min or 10 ppm of 65% active chlorine for 24 h and 20% ethanol for 15 min. However 200 ppm formalin resulted in a maximum reduction of 95.33%. Taken together, our protocol demonstrates for the first time that living EHP spores can be isolated and purified, providing a potential platform for future testing and development of EHP's control strategies.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "Technical solution for data collection, data safety and data privacy legislation: experiences from the SWEET study. Background One of the most important tasks of the SWEET study is benchmarking the data collected. Information on the occurrence of the disease of diabetes, the treatment, and their outcomes in children from the different member states of European Union (EU) is crucial. How the collection of data is realized is essential, concerning both the technical issues and the results. The creation of SWEET Centers of Reference (CoR), all over Europe will be facilitated by the access to safe data collection, where legal aspects and privacy are ascertained. Objective To describe the rationale for- and the technical procedure in the data collection implementation, in the SWEET study. Subjects Selected data on all patients treated at SWEET CoR are collected. Methods The SWEET project data collection and management system, consists of modular components for data collection, online data interchange, and a database for statistical analysis. Conclusion The SWEET study and the organization of CoR aims for the goal of offering an updated, secure, and continuous evaluation of diabetes treatment regimens for all children with diabetes in Europe. To support this goal, an appropriate and secure data management system as described in this paper has been created.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Small-Scale Dynamic Behavior of Embedded Beams Under Moving Force in Complex Environments. Forced and free dynamic responses of nanobeams resting on a three-parameter foundation subjected to a moving force in magneto-hygro-thermal conditions are investigated based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory. Also, a detailed parametric study is conducted to identify the impact of slender ratio, axial and distributed tangential loads on the vibration characteristics and dynamic phenomena of the small-scale system. Comparative studies with existing results in the literature are performed to ensure the accuracy of the presented model and solution approach. Analytical and numerical methods are implemented to detect the effects of foundation coefficients, environmental conditions, geometrical and scale parameters on the dynamic amplification factor, critical moving force velocity, cancellation, and maximum free response mechanisms of the system. The outcomes revealed that the critical moving force velocity is enhanced by ascending the slender ratio, elastic, and shear moduli of the foundation. It is found that when the damping factor is considered for the foundation, it is feasible to prevent the occurrence of the cancellation phenomenon. Also, it is concluded that by fine-tuning scale parameters and environmental conditions, unwanted vibration of the system can be suppressed. The attained results of this study can be helpful in the vibration control of nanoscale actuators, switches, and resonators.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "The impact of a hot spot policing program in Montevideo, Uruguay: an evaluation using a quasi-experimental difference-in-difference negative binomial approach. Hot spot policing has proven to be effective in reducing crime in cities in North America, Europe and Australasia, but to date, its application and evaluation in Latin American settings has been limited. PADO (Programa de Alta Dedicacion Operativa) is a large-scale hot spot policing program implemented by the Uruguay Police in April 2016 in the city of Montevideo. Using an evaluation technique that compares the differential effect between areas where PADO was deployed and control areas, a 23 percent reduction in the rate at which robberies occurred was experienced in the PADO areas, with no significant displacement to neighboring areas, or other areas of the city during the study period. The study indicates that hot spot policing programs can be effective in reducing crime in Latin American urban environments and illustrates how targeted police interventions can be robustly evaluated when control areas are not established at the outset of an intervention.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Distribution of BK Polyomavirus Genotypes in Tunisian Renal Transplant Recipients Between January 2008 and May 2009. BK polyomavirus (BKV) is a ubiquitous virus in humans that remains latent in the urogenital tract after a primary infection during childhood. The virus, which is reactivated frequently and excreted in urine, can cause nephropathy in renal transplant recipients. BKV sequences are classified into four subtypes (I-IV). Subtype I and IV are divided further into four and six subgroups, respectively. To characterize the subtypes of BKV prevalent in Tunisia, the presence of the virus was investigated by real-time PCR in urine samples from 77 renal transplant recipients. For subtype identification, a DNA fragment in the VP1 coding region, amplified by nested PCR from positive samples, was sequenced and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. In the studied population, subtype I (75.5%), II (14.5%), and IV (2.5%) were identified with a clear predominance of subtype Ib-2 (73%) as observed in European population. This study suggests that in North Africa, the BKV genotype distribution is similar to that of Europe and different from that of sub-Saharan Africa. J. Med. Virol. 83:725-730, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "The role of aggregate risk aversion in the pricing of economic uncertainty. We find that time-varying aggregate risk aversion is a vital state variable to the pricing of economic uncertainty documented by Bali et al. (2017). Economic uncertainty is priced only during periods with a high aggregate risk aversion level. Risk aversion-related component in economic uncertainty contributes the major proportion of uncertainty premium. This proportion fluctuates with real economy, whereas the remaining varies with market sentiment. Uncertainty premium is most prominent following periods simultaneously having high aggregate risk aversion and high economic uncertainty.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Frequency of occurrence and ground cover of Cirsium arvense on pastoral farms in New Zealand: a farmer opinion survey. To determine the peak cover of Cirsium arvense (Californian thistle) on pastoral farms throughout New Zealand (NZ), a postal and telephone-based questionnaire survey of 600 pastoral farms using a stratified-random sampling procedure was conducted. Three key results emerged from the analysis of data received from 502 responding farms: (1) overall, 89% of NZ farms support C. arvense (79%, 87%, 85%, 97% and 94% for beef, dairy, deer, sheep and sheep/beef farms, respectively); (2) the weed is spread across the entire farm in 45% of cases (35%, 40%, 56%, 50% and 53% for beef, dairy, deer, sheep and sheep/beef farms, respectively); (3) the peak percentage grazed area covered by C. arvense is overall 6% (4%, 6%, 6%, 12% and 6% for beef, dairy, deer, sheep and sheep/beef farms, respectively). This analysis provides the first quantitative information on the occurrence and cover of C. arvense on pastoral farms throughout New Zealand.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Effect of SLM Forming Parameters on Relative-Density of 18Ni-300 Die Steel. This study investigates the effect of process parameters on the relative density and microscopic pores of samples formed using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. To analyze and discuss the 18Ni- 300 maraging steel, an orthogonal experimental scheme is designed. With the three-dimensional SLM forming process parameters (laser power, scanning speed, and hatch spacing), the relative density of printed parts is studied and analyzed based on the gray theory, the corresponding relationship between the relative density and volume energy density is obtained, and the microstructure and holes of the material are analyzed. The results show that when the volume energy density is 30.50 J/mm(3), the relative density is low. In addition, increasing the volume energy density within this range can significantly improve the relative density of the material and keeping the volume energy density at 50. 150 J/mm(3) can achieve high relative density. With increasing relative density, the holes in the sample gradually becomes smaller and its shape becomes regular. When the relative density reaches 99%, the tiny holes with a regular shape are obtained. The samples with high or low density can be obtained by changing the range of process parameters.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "Clinical learning environment, supervision and nurse teacher (CLES plus T) scale: Translation and validation of the Arabic version. Aim: This study aimed to translate the Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher (CLES + T) scale into Arabic and to evaluate its psychometric properties in the context of Morocco. Background: The CLES + T scale is internationally valid and reliable instrument used to evaluate the quality of the clinical learning environment for students in the health professions. Design: Transcultural validation study Methods: The present study was carried out between March and May 2019 at two public nursing education institutions in Morocco. The sample included 1550 undergraduate students enrolled in the first, second and third year of nursing, midwifery and health-techniques degree program and who have just completed a course of clinical practicum in hospital ward or primary healthcare settings. The CLES + T scale was translated into Arabic and back-translated. Internal consistency reliability and construct validity using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted. Results: The CLES+T scale showed alpha coefficients ranging from 0.71 to 0.92 and the five factors identified explained 55% of the variance, with \\\\'Role of nurse teacher \\\\' and \\\\'Supervisory relationship \\\\' as the two main factors explaining 41% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis approved the factor structure of the Arabic version of the instrument. Conclusion: The Arabic version of CLES+T displayed suitable psychometric properties for using it in evaluating the quality of clinical learning environment of nursing students in Morocco and likely in other Arabic speaking countries.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "ICSI - A biotechnological method to produce equine embryos in vitro. Progress in assisted reproduction in the horse has been rapid over the last 10 years. Efficient methods for oocyte recovery from live mares have generated clinical interest in methods for in vitro fertilization (IVF). The conventional method of IVF as used in the bovine has proved to be inefficient in the horse. Therefore, a method for more efficient production of equine zygotes has been developed - the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The aim of our investigation was to establish this method in our laboratory and to test its efficiency in generating developmentally competent equine embryos. Altogether, 146 COCs with different cumulus morphology were recovered. The polar body extrusion rate after IVM was between 48 and 64% depending on the cumulus morphology and the maturation time. The cleavage rate after ICSI was between 40% and 47%. Under the chosen in vitro conditions, we could obtain 16 cell stage embryos and morulae on day 5 after ICSI.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE INVENTORY OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEOPLE WITH DISABILITY. Due to the lack of instruments to assess attitudes towards people with disability in childhood, the validation of the 'Inventory of Attitudes towards People with Disability (IAPD)' is presented. The sample is composed of 228 children with ages ranging from 7 to 10 years old. Results show that the IAPD has an adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha = .873) and temporal stability. We provide evidences of convergent validity based on correlations with the EAPD (Verdugo et al., 1994) - coefficients were significant and moderate-high in all assessments- and internal structure-based evidences based on exploratory factorial analysis. These results allow us to conclude that the IAPD has adequate evidences of validity and reliability to assess attitudes towards disability in the childhood.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Laboratory Evaluation on Pavement Performance of Polyurethane Mixture for Thin Overlay. The construction temperature of commonly polymer-modified asphalt for thin overlay is high, and the asphalt is prone to aging, which affects the service life of pavement. In this research, polyurethane (PU) binder was used to replace asphalt to prepare thin overlay mixtures with different gradations at room temperature. The pavement performance of the PU thin overlay mixtures is comprehensively evaluated by comparing with common polymer-modified asphalt mixtures. The results show that the mechanical strength of the PU mixtures is positively correlated with the PU content under the same type gradation. Due to the excellent mechanical strength of PU binder, the mechanical properties and dynamic stability of its mixtures are much higher than that of asphalt mixtures under the same gradation, and the Cantabro loss is also small. Besides, the difference variation is low in water sensitivity between the PU mixtures and asphalt mixtures. The PU mixtures can meet the requirements of low-temperature pavement performance and can also be used in most low-temperature environments. Finally, the evolution model of skid resistance of PU thin overlay mixtures was obtained through accelerated pavement test. It is proved that the PU mixtures have excellent skid resistance and durability. The model can well simulate the development of skid resistance with the number of loading times, which provides a certain reference for research on the durability of polymer and modified asphalt thin overlays.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Staphylococcus lugdunensis Infective Endocarditis: A Literature Review and Analysis of Risk Factors. CONCLUSION: S. lugdunensis endocarditis led to substantial morbidity and mortality. Detailed microbiological identification, echocardiography evaluation, and valve replacement may improve the clinical outcome of individuals with S. lugdunensis endocarditis.BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a rare disease. Since its first description in 1988, there have only been a few reports of this disease and the causative organism. These publications were primarily case reports and brief case series. We conducted a literature review to identify the nature of the disease and its risk factors.RESULTS: For the period 1988-2008, 67 cases from 27 articles were reviewed. The mean age of individuals was 53.9 years. Left-sided valvular endocarditis represented 52 (82.5%) of cases and native-valve endocarditis was evident in 48 (78.7%) of cases. A large proportion (82%) of 50 S. lugdunensis strains were susceptible to penicillin. Valve replacement operations were performed in 42 (66.7%) patients and the mortality rare was 38.8%. Univariate analysis showed a higher mortality rate in patients aged more than 50 years, those treated before 1995, those treated with antibiotics alone, and those with growth not detected by echocardiography. Medical treatment alone was the independent risk factor for mortality by multivariate analysis.METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the cases reported between 1988 and 2008 by searching the relevant literature using the keywords \\\\'endocarditis\\\\' and \\\\'Staphylococcus lugdunensis\\\\' in the Medline database. All cases included met the definition of the modified Duke criteria.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "A new multi-modal approach to bib number/text detection and recognition in Marathon images. Bib number/text detection and recognition in Marathon natural images is challenging because of unconstrained poses created by background and bib number font variations. This paper presents a new multi-modal approach to integrate torso and text detection approaches in a novel way to achieve good results in contrast to the conventional methods that rely on the characteristics of texts but not numerals of arbitrary orientations. In the first stage, we explore HOG features along with an SVM classifier for upper body detection from the input image. Then the well-known Grab Cut method is adapted for foreground segmentation from the upper body image. Next, the pictorial structural model has been used for torso detection with the help of conditional random field (CRF). In the second stage, we propose to use a text detection method for locating texts from torso results, which are used for recognition further. We conduct experiments on a standard database as well as our database for validating torso detection in real life scenarios. To show the effectiveness of the proposed multi-modal approach, we also conduct extensive experiments on text detection and recognition before and after torso detection. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Suppressed phonon density and Para conductivity of Cd doped Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca3Cu4-yCdyO12-delta (y=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) superconductors. The fluctuation-induced conductivity (FIC) above critical temperature (T-c) was measured in Cd doped (Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Ca3(Cu4-yCdy)O12-delta (y = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) as prepared and oxygen post-annealed superconductors using the Aslamazov-Larkin (AL) and Maki-Thompson (MT) models. From this FIC analysis the coherence length xi(c(0)) along the c-axis, inter-plane coupling, dimensionality of fluctuations, the phase relaxation time tau(phi) and Fermi velocity V-F of the carriers were calculated. All of the samples have shown 3D, 2D and 0D fluctuations above Tc. T*, the temperature at which the resistivity curve deviates from the linear behavior, is shifted to lower temperatures with increasing Cd concentration. Width of the transition Delta T is shrunked with the enhanced Cd doping. The crossover temperature T-o is shifted to lower temperature values with increased Cd contents. Most likely these effects may be arising due to the replacement of Cu atoms by the heavier Cd atoms thereby producing inharmonic oscillations and causes suppression of the density of phonons which in turn suppress T* and Delta T. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Legionella species of different human prevalence induce different rates of apoptosis in human monocytic cells. Legionella species of different human prevalence were examined with respect to induction of apoptosis in the human monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 (MM6). L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (Pontiac), L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (Philadelphia-1), L. longbeachae serogroup 1, L. gormanii, L. micdadei and L. steigeiwaltii were used to infect MM6 cells. Subsequent induction of apoptosis was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gel electrophoresis of cellular DNA extracts, and staining of cells with the DNA dye 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Additionally, the concomitant occurrence of infection and apoptosis was demonstrated by a combination of immunohistochemistry with nuclear DAPI counterstaining. Induction of apoptosis in MM6 cells by a given species of the genus Legionella correlates with their human prevalence rather than with their ability to multiply within this human monocytic cell line. Furthermore, we found that initiation of apoptosis of Mono Mac 6 cells was dependent on direct adherence of the pathogenic bacteria to the host cell and was triggered by extracellular bacteria.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43]}
{"token": "Sustainability change agents: leveraging political skill and reputation. Purpose Sustainability initiatives are important considerations for twenty-first century institutions. Employees, customers and other stakeholders expect responsible business practices that focus on people, profit and planet in unison. Sustainability efforts require a strong advocate who can champion relevant business practices and embed new practices within the culture and across the entire organization. The purpose of this paper is to explain the tangible actions described as necessary by change agents in order to move sustainability initiatives forward in their organizations. This research employs the narrative provided by these agents in interviews - to inform the activities outlined in an established model of political skill and reputation building. This analysis enables the model to illustrate the sequential patterns and process of events, i.e. antecedents and consequences that are simply assumed in the existing variance models. Design/methodology/approach This research is based on in-depth qualitative interviews with the sustainability managers from a variety of organization and industry contexts (e.g. building products, hospitals, banking, energy, environmental and manufacturing). Findings The exploration of sustainability initiatives reveals the importance of the change agent's reputation for building trust in their organizations. Reputation is fostered through political skill and persuasion, while leveraging social capital.Social implications Sustainability is vital to the future of our earth and humanity. Business and society would benefit from the growth of this phenomenon. Originality/value The authors aim to help change agents achieve their objectives through consideration of not just the goals, but the process as well.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Does investor personality moderate the relationship between information sources and trading behavior? Evidence from Chinese stock market. Originality/value - This research contributes to information search literature and behavioral finance literature and provides empirical evidence that the psychological characteristics of investors are significant predictors of the variations in information-trading link. The study offers new theoretical insights of investors' behavior due to the characteristics of Chinese stock market which are unique from other stock markets in the world. To the authors' best knowledge, no previous study has been conducted so far in Chinese stock market to explore variations with regards to the impact of the key sources of information on trading behavior by the Big Five investor personality and this paper seeks to fill this gap.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the key sources of information, namely, financial advice, word-of-mouth communication and specialized press, on trading behavior of Chinese stock investors. The study also analyzed if the association between the key sources of information and trading behavior is influenced by investor personality.Design/methodology/approach - The authors adopted the Big Five personality framework and examined the survey results of individual stock investors (n = 541) in China. Personality traits of investors were measured by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (Costa and McCrae, 1989). The authors performed probit regression analysis to evaluate the moderating influence of investor personality traits on the association between sources of information and stock trading behavior.Findings - The results of the study confirm the previous findings that the key sources of information used by investors as a foundation of their financial choices have a significant influence on their trading behavior. The study also provides empirical evidence that investor personality traits moderate the relationship between the key sources of information and trading behavior. Financial advisors tend to increase the frequency of trading in investors with openness, extraversion, neuroticism and agreeableness personality traits, and tend to decrease the intensity of trading in investors with conscientiousness trait. On the other hand, financial information acquired from word-of mouth communication is more likely to enhance trading frequency in extraverted and agreeable investors, and is more likely to reduce trading frequency in investors with openness, conscientiousness and neuroticism traits. Finally, the use of specialized press leads to more adjustment in portfolios of the investors with openness and conscientiousness traits than those with other personality traits. An alternative mediated model was not supported.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "CLASSIFICATION OF GLOBAL PHASE PORTRAITS OF A SYSTEM OF LIENARD TYPE. We give a complete classification of global phase portraits of a Lienard system whose trajectories have (deformed) mirror symmetry. To prove our results, we discuss mainly (i) whether trajectories go to infinity or not and (ii) whether trajectories approach the origin or not. (C) 1995 Academic Press,Inc.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Effects of tree species composition on the CO2 and N2O efflux of a Mediterranean mountain forest soil. Conversion of pine to oak forests in the region will likely decrease soil CO2 effluxes due to decreasing SOC contents on the long run and will likely enhance soil N2O effluxes. Our results present only a seasonal snapshot and need to be confirmed in the field.Pine stands showed highest soil CO2 efflux, followed by mixed and oak forests (up to 277, 245 and 145 mg CO2-C m(-2) h(-1), respectively). Despite contrasting soil microbial community composition (more fungi and less actinomycetes in pine plots), carbon decomposability and temperature sensitivity of the soil CO2 efflux remain constant among tree species. Soil N2O efflux rates and its temperature sensitivity was markedly higher in oak stands than in pine stands (70 vs. 27 mu g N2O-N m(-2) h(-1), Q(10), 4.5 vs. 2.5).Soil CO2 and N2O effluxes were measured from topsoil samples by lab incubation from 5 to 25 A degrees C. Soil microbial biomass and community composition were assessed.Tree species composition shifts can alter soil CO2 and N2O effluxes. We quantified the soil CO2 and N2O efflux rates and temperature sensitivity from Pyrenean oak, Scots pine and mixed stands in Central Spain to assess the effects of a potential expansion of oak forests.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
{"token": "A qualitative exploration of nursing students' perceptions of the homeless and their care experiences. The health care needs of the homeless are more complex than those of the population at large. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore undergraduate nursing students' perceptions of the homeless. Thematic content analysis of responses from 19 undergraduate nursing students yielded four themes describing student experiences with the homeless, their perceptions of homelessness and the health care of the homeless, and their suggestions for best teaching strategies. Students in this study had varying amounts of experience with and knowledge of the homeless. While our participants strongly believed that homeless people deserved compassionate, equitable nursing care, many of their statements suggested an implicit bias toward the homeless. This suggests that student nurses need more comprehensive education concerning the homeless and the health care needs of this vulnerable population. Few interventions aimed at educating student nurses about homelessness and changing their attitudes to mitigate bias are based on research, particularly research conducted from the perspective of the homeless, and few explore the impact of civil interactions on health outcomes. The findings of this study may assist nurse educators in developing education interventions to improve students' knowledge of homelessness.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PERFORMANCE OF GREEN LOW-INCOME SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSING. There is little empirical evidence in the literature about the indoor environmental quality performance of residential buildings in general and of social housing in particular. To address this problem, this study used a mixed-method approach to evaluate the indoor environmental quality performance of 17 green low-income single attached family houses in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. Questionnaires were administered to occupants to assess their snapshot and long-term satisfaction with the indoor environment. In addition, snapshot measurements were carried out to evaluate the indoor environmental quality factors of thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting and acoustics. Occupants' snapshot satisfaction was categorized into two groups (i.e. satisfied/comfortable or dissatisfied/uncomfortable) and compared with snapshot measurements. The results showed the measured IEQ parameters were well below recommended threshold levels. Further, occupants with higher snapshot satisfaction were generally exposed to relatively lower levels of indoor pollutants. A statistically significant difference was found in PM10 level only between the snapshot satisfied and snapshot dissatisfied groups of occupants. Apparent sound transmission classes were below the standard reference value of 50, suggesting potential problems in noise attenuation within different spaces in each apartment and between apartments. The findings of this study could help governments implement green shadowing for public-housing and also renovate existing houses using the same principles.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "A Comparison of Diarrheal Severity Scores in the MAL-ED Multisite Community-Based Cohort Study. Objectives:There is a lack of consensus on how to measure diarrheal severity. Within the context of a multisite, prospective cohort study, we evaluated the performance of a modified Vesikari score (MAL-ED), 2 previously published scores (Clark and CODA [a diarrheal severity score (Community DiarrheA) published by Lee et al]), and a modified definition of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) based on dysentery and health care worker diagnosed dehydration.Methods:Scores were built using maternally reported symptoms or fieldworker-reported clinical signs obtained during the first 7 days of a diarrheal episode. The association between these and the risk of hospitalization were tested using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Severity scores were also related to illness etiology, and the likelihood of the episode subsequently becoming prolonged or persistent.Results:Of 10,159 episodes from 1681 children, 143 (4.0%) resulted in hospitalization. The area under the curve of each score as a predictor of hospitalization was 0.84 (95% confidence interval: 0.81, 0.87) (Clark), 0.85 (0.82, 0.88) (MAL-ED), and 0.87 (0.84, 0.89) (CODA). Severity was also associated with etiology and episode duration. Although families were more likely to seek care for severe diarrhea, approximately half of severe cases never reached the health system.Conclusions:Community-based diarrheal severity scores are predictive of relevant child health outcomes. Because they require no assumptions about health care access or utilization, they are useful in refining estimates of the burden of diarrheal disease, in estimating the effect of disease control interventions, and in triaging children for referral in low- and middle-income countries in which the rates of morbidity and mortality after diarrhea remain high.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Investigating the Factors Leading to Speaking Difficulties: Both Perspectives of EFL Saudi Learners and Their Teachers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors leading to speaking difficulties from both the EFL Saudi learners and their teachers' perspectives through answering these questions: 1-What are the factors that affect Saudi students' speaking performance from their own perspectives? 2-What are the factors that affect that affect Saudi students' speaking performance from their teachers 'perspectives? 3-What are the difficulties that Saudi students' encounter when they learn how to speak English from their own perspectives? 4-What are the difficulties that Saudi students' encounter when they learn how to speak English from their teachers' perspectives? The subjects of the study were three hundred and fifty female EFL students and 20 teachers of English. Three instruments were used to answer the research questions: two questionnaires and a classroom observation sheet. The findings of the research proved that the following factors affect Saudi EFL students' speaking performance: conceptual knowledge, listening ability, motivation to speak, teachers' feedback during speaking activities, confidence, anxiety, mother tongue, law participation time allow to speak and time allowed for preparation. The findings also revealed that students face the following speaking difficulties when they try to speak: fear of mistakes, fear of criticism, the disability to think of anything to say, speak very little, their mother tongue and students' feel shy to speak. Data from class observations show that students' speaking performance is mainly affected by four factors: insufficient input, time for preparation, poor instructions and the unsatisfactory amount of practicing speaking.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Shortened telomere length in white matter oligodendrocytes in major depression: potential role of oxidative stress. Telomere shortening is observed in peripheral mononuclear cells from patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Whether this finding and its biological causes impact the health of the brain in MDD is unknown. Brain cells have differing vulnerabilities to biological mechanisms known to play a role in accelerating telomere shortening. Here, two glia cell populations (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) known to have different vulnerabilities to a key mediator of telomere shortening, oxidative stress, were studied. The two cell populations were separately collected by laser capture micro-dissection of two white matter regions shown previously to demonstrate pathology in MDD patients. Cells were collected from brain donors with MDD at the time of death and age-matched psychiatrically normal control donors (N=12 donor pairs). Relative telomere lengths in white matter oligodendrocytes, but not astrocytes, from both brain regions were significantly shorter for MDD donors as compared to matched control donors. Gene expression levels of telomerase reverse transcriptase were significantly lower in white matter oligodendrocytes from MDD as compared to control donors. Likewise, the gene expression of oxidative defence enzymes superoxide dismutases (SOD1 and SOD2), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) were significantly lower in oligodendrocytes from MDD as compared to control donors. No such gene expression changes were observed in astrocytes from MDD donors. These findings suggest that attenuated oxidative stress defence and deficient telomerase contribute to telomere shortening in oligodendrocytes in MDD, and suggest an aetiological link between telomere shortening and white matter abnormalities previously described in MDD.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Context specific descriptors for tracking deforming tissue. In minimally invasive surgery, deployment of motion compensation, dynamic active constraints and adaptive intra-operative guidance require accurate estimation of deforming tissue in 3D. To this end, the use of vision-based techniques is advantageous in that it does not require the integration of additional hardware to the existing surgical settings. Deformation can be recovered by tracking features on the surface of the tissue. Existing methods are mostly based on ad hoc machine vision techniques that have generally been developed for rigid scenes or use pre-determined models with parameters fine tuned to specific surgical settings. In this work, we propose a novel tracking technique based on a context specific feature descriptor. The descriptor can adapt to its surroundings and identify the most discriminate information for tracking. The feature descriptor is represented as a decision tree and the tracking process is formulated as a classification problem for which log likelihood ratios are used to improve classifier training. A recursive tracking algorithm obtains examples of tissue deformation used to train the classifier. Additional training data is generated by geometric and appearance modelling. Experimental results have shown that the proposed context specific descriptor is robust to drift, occlusion, and changes in orientation and scale. The performance of the algorithm is compared with existing tracking algorithms and validated with both simulated and in vivo datasets. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 22, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Biological Evidence and Molecular Modeling of a Grapevine Pinot gris Virus Outbreak in a Vineyard. Since its identification in 2003, little has been revealed about the spread of grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV), an emerging grapevine virus. According to studies from Italy, GPGV transmission in the vineyard can be fast but progressive over the years. To gain new insights into the spread of GPGV infections, we tested 67 grapevines in a single vineyard parcel in southern France. These vines were sampled over 8 years (2013 to 2020) and tested for GPGV by reverse-transcription PCR using a new primer pair designed from the recently described genetic diversity of GPGV worldwide. While focusing on a portion of the samples (n = 20), we observed a drastic increase in newly GPGV-infected vines from 2014 (5%, 1 of 20) to 2015 (80%, 16 of 20) and 2016 (90%, 18 of 20). Infected vines were scattered throughout the vineyard with no distinct pattern of distribution, and some rare vines remained negative through 2020. Using all available genomic information, we performed Bayesian-based phylogeographic analyses that identified a major intravineyard transmission in 2014 to 2015. To test our model, we analyzed 47 additional grapevines and confirmed the outbreak of GPGV in 2015, validating our in silico projection. Interestingly, some grapevines remained negative throughout the study, in spite of their close proximity to infected plants. These results raise questions about the dynamics of vector populations and environmental conditions that may be required for virus spread to occur in the vineyard.", "label": [0, 4, 43, 9]}
{"token": "Friction velocity estimation using a 2D sonic anemometer in coastal zones. Friction velocity (u*) is an important velocity scale used in the study of engineering and geophysical flows. The widespread use of 2D sonic anemometers in modern meteorological stations makes the estimation of u* from just the horizontal components of the velocity a very attractive possibility. The presence of different wind regimes (such as sea breezes in or near coastal zones) causes the turbulent parameters to be dependent on the wind direction. Additionally, u* depends on atmospheric stability, whch makes the estimation of u* from 2D measurements very difficult. A simple expression is proposed, and then tested with data from six independent experiments located in coastal zones. The results show that it is possible to estimate friction velocity from 2D measurements using the turbulence intensity as a proxy for u*, reducing substantially the sensitivity to the wind direction or atmospheric stability, with small root mean squared errors (0.06 < RMSE < 0.097) and high correlation coefficients (0.77 < r2 < 0.95).", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Verbal aspect in the New Testament: Towards a definition. This article presents a synthesis of the research on verbal aspect from the nineteenth century up to the present. It leads to a definition of this grammatical Category that is based on the latest discoveries related to aspect both in the fields of linguistics and psycho-linguistics. It is hoped that such an inter-disciplinary study may pave the way to a better interpretation of New Testament texts.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "OPTIMAL MONETARY POLICY FOR THE EMU ACCESSION COUNTRIES. A NEW KEYNESIAN APPROACH. This paper uses a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of a two-sector small open economy to analyze how the Maastricht criteria modify a fully credible optimal monetary policy in the Economic and Monetary Union accession countries. We show that if the country is not constrained by the criteria, optimal policy should stabilize fluctuations in PPI inflation, in the aggregate output gap, and in the domestic and international terms of trade. The optimal policy constrained permanently by the Maastricht criteria is characterized by reduced variability of the nominal exchange rate, CPI inflation, and the nominal interest rate and by lower optimal targets for CPI inflation and nominal interest rate. This policy results in higher variability and nonzero means for both PPI inflation and output gap, thus leading to additional, but small, welfare costs compared with the unconstrained policy.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Seagrass ecosystem response to long-term high CO2 in a Mediterranean volcanic vent. We examined the long-term effect of naturally acidified water on a Cymodocea nodosa meadow growing at a shallow volcanic CO2 vent in Vulcano Island (Italy). Seagrass and adjacent unvegetated habitats growing at a low pH station (pH = 7.65 +/- 0.02) were compared with corresponding habitats at a control station (pH = 8.01 +/- 0.01). Density and biomass showed a clear decreasing trend at the low pH station and the below- to above-ground biomass ratio was more than 10 times lower compared to the control. C content and delta C-13 of leaves and epiphytes were significantly lower at the low pH station. Photosynthetic activity of C. nodosa was stimulated by low pH as seen by the significant increase in Chla content of leaves, maximum electron transport rate and compensation irradiance. Seagrass community metabolism was intense at the low pH station, with significantly higher net community production, respiration and gross primary production than the control community, whereas metabolism of the unvegetated community did not differ between stations. Productivity was promoted by the low pH, but this was not translated into biomass, probably due to nutrient limitation, grazing or poor environmental conditions. The results indicate that seagrass response in naturally acidified conditions is dependable upon species and geochemical characteristics of the site and highlight the need for a better understanding of complex interactions in these environments. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 22, 45, 52]}
{"token": "The dubious guarantees of social science - A reply to Wallerstein. This is a critical response to Immanuel Wallerstein's 'Social Science and Contemporary Society: The Vanishing Guarantees of Rationality' in this journal, March 1996, and his claim that social scientists, as the new 'intellectual class', have the task of dissociating themselves from Liberal instrumental Rationality in order to help 'turn the world around'. First, the article questions whether Wallerstein is truly abandoning the 'Enlightenment project' or actually completing Comte's hope for a clerisy of universitaires. Second, it queries his conception of 'totalizing transformation', arguing that he sustains his grand narrative by under-playing the serial elaboration introduced by 19th-century social movements in order to overplay the potential for late 20th-century ones. Finally, it takes issue both with the role assigned to social scientists and to Wallerstein's notion of a guided process of total social transformation, which this article holds to be an impossibility given the ontological status of society as an open system. A more modest role of 'critical dialogue' with other corporate agents is advocated.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Correction of Mutant p63 in EEC Syndrome Using siRNA Mediated Allele-Specific Silencing Restores Defective Stem Cell Function. Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal dysplasia-Clefting (EEC) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by heterozygous mutations in the p63 gene and characterized by limb defects, orofacial clefting, ectodermal dysplasia, and ocular defects. Patients develop progressive total bilateral limbal stem cell deficiency, which eventually results in corneal blindness. Medical and surgical treatments are ineffective and of limited benefit. Oral mucosa epithelial stem cells (OMESCs) represent an alternative source of stem cells capable of regenerating the corneal epithelium and, combined with gene therapy, could provide an attractive therapeutic avenue. OMESCs from EEC patients carrying the most severe p63 mutations (p.R279H and p.R304Q) were characterized and the genetic defect of p.R279H silenced using allele-specific (AS) small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Systematic screening of locked nucleic acid (LNA)-siRNAs against R279H-p63 allele in (i) stable WT-Delta Np63 alpha-RFP and R279H-Delta Np63 alpha-EGFP cell lines, (ii) transient doubly transfected cell lines, and (iii) p.R279H OMESCs, identified a number of potent siRNA inhibitors for the mutant allele, which had no effect on wild-type p63. In addition, siRNA treatment led to longer acquired life span of mutated stem cells compared to controls, less accelerated stem cell differentiation in vitro, reduced proliferation properties, and effective ability in correcting the epithelial hypoplasia, thus giving rise to full thickness stratified and differentiated epithelia. This study demonstrates the phenotypic correction of mutant stem cells (OMESCs) in EEC syndrome by means of siRNA mediated AS silencing with restoration of function. The application of siRNA, alone or in combination with cell-based therapies, offers a therapeutic strategy for corneal blindness in EEC syndrome.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Space, state-building and the hydraulic mission: Crafting the Mozambican state. This article explores the role of large-scale water infrastructure in the formation of states in sub-Saharan Africa. We examine this through a focus on government agents and their shifting hydro-developmental visions of the state in colonial and post-colonial Mozambique. Over time, the focus, underlying principles and goals of the hydraulic mission shifted, triggered by contextual factors and historical developments within and outside the country. We identify the making of three hydraulic paradigms, fostering different imaginaries of 'the state' and social and spatial engineering of the territory: the 'Estado Novo' (1930-1974), the socialist post-independence state-space (1974-1987) and the neoliberal state (1987-present). We then conclude by discussing how the shifting discursive justifications for infrastructure projects consolidate different state projects and link these to material re-patterning of hydrosocial territories. Whilst promoted as a rupture with the past, emerging projects tend to reaffirm, rather than redistribute, power and water within the country.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Study on the Corroded Hollow Section RC Columns Strengthened by ICCP-SS System. In this paper, the behavior of corroded hollow section RC (reinforced concrete) columns strengthened by an Impressed Current Cathodic Protection and Structural Strengthening (ICCP-SS) system was investigated. The Carbon Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (C-FRCM) composite serves dual functions in the intervention method. The axial compression behavior of strengthened columns was firstly investigated through axial compression tests. The influence of corrosion ratio and C-FRCM strengthening on the test results, such as failure mode, load-displacement curve, ultimate load, and ultimate strain, were analyzed. Test results showed that the ultimate load of the corroded specimens could be enhanced significantly by C-FRCM, and the ductility of the strengthened specimens was larger than the specimens without strengthening, especially for the specimens with higher corrosion ratios. Secondly, the effects of the ICCP-SS system on the migration and distribution laws of chloride ions (Cl-) in hollow section RC columns were analyzed by the potentiometric titration method. The main parameters include charging time, current density, and salt addition. Results showed that the rebar would have a certain blocking effect on the migration of Cl-, which resulted in that the content of Cl- in the inner side of the rebar was always larger than that of the outer side; and research results also showed that the increase of impressed current density and charge time would reduce the Cl- content on both sides of the rebar, while the impressed current would cause the Cl- near the rebars to constantly move toward the vicinity of CFRP.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Recombinant Dengue Type 2 Viruses with Altered E Protein Domain III Epitopes Are Efficiently Neutralized by Human Immune Sera. Humans develop polyclonal, serotype-specific neutralizing antibody responses after dengue virus (DENV) infection. Many mouse antibodies that neutralize DENV bind to the lateral ridge or A strand epitopes on domain III of the viral envelope (EDIII) protein. It has been assumed that these epitopes are also the main target of human neutralizing antibodies. Using recombinant dengue serotype 2 viruses with altered EDIII epitopes, we demonstrate that EDIII epitopes are not the main target of human neutralizing antibody.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Party Politics and International Trade: Mainstream Parties, Niche Parties, and Trade Openness. Camyar, Isa. (2012) Party Politics and International Trade: Mainstream Parties, Niche Parties, and Trade Openness. International Studies Quarterly, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00714.x ?(c) 2012 International Studies Association How does party politics influence trade outcomes? Previous studies offer a limited understanding of the role of political parties in trade policymaking due to their restrictive assumptions that downplay the distinct organizational identity of political parties and the competitive logic of their interactions. This paper develops a theoretical argument that emphasizes the competitive forces of party politics as a key determinant of party preference for trade and hence of trade outcomes. This theoretical argument is illustrated and tested in analysis of the trade implications of strategic interactions between mainstream parties and niche parties. The empirical analyses confirm that party strategic factors need to be assigned a substantial analytical weight in explaining trade outcomes.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Practicing co-produced research: tackling domestic abuse through innovative multi-agency partnership working. Increased momentum for co-production in policing research undoubtedly requires collaborative research efforts which include methodologies, philosophies, ethos and indeed partnerships of co-production. This paper explores collaborative research efforts to apply co-production in policing research. It does so through a focus on research and evaluation of the policing of domestic abuse and with emphasis on innovations through multi-agency partnerships. It discusses the challenges of practicing co-produced research in these contexts drawing on two research projects. One experience of research was a contracted evaluation of an innovative approach to tackling domestic abuse. This is used to reflect retrospectively through the prism of doing co-produced research. The second experience of research is used to reflect on having engaged in co-produced research from outset. The paper offers particular insight in to practicing co-produced research in the context of tackling domestic abuse through innovative multi-agency partnership working and more broadly for those engaged in academic-police collaborations in other areas of policing. Furthermore, the reflections may be useful in terms of academic colleagues framing their societal impact in line with the ethos, philosophy and praxis of co-produced research.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Non-destructive Fluorescence Spectroscopy as a Tool for Discriminating Between Olive Oils According to Agronomic Practices and for Assessing Quality Parameters. A non-destructive fluorescence method combined with chemometric algorithms has been developed for discriminating between olive oils. The excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) of two olive oil varieties (Arbosana and Oliana) from two crop seasons, which had undergone two different irrigation treatments (control irrigation strategy and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI)), were recorded. EEMs were analysed using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) incorporating three PARAFAC components. This analysis was able to discriminate between olive oils according to crop season (100% of predictions in the validation set were correct) and variety (100% of predictions were correct). Moreover, good discrimination (80% of correct predictions) was also achieved when examining olive oils belonging to the same variety but submitted to two different irrigation treatments. Further, the olive oil quality parameters obtained using conventional methods were compared with those obtained using unfolded partial least squares (U-PLS). Good correlation coefficients were obtained for Rancimat hours (r = 0.87), K-270 (r = 0.75) and total polyphenol content (r = 0.94).", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Silencing GmFLS2 enhances the susceptibility of soybean to bacterial pathogen through attenuating the activation of GmMAPK signaling pathway. The plasma membrane (PM)-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play important roles in pathogen defense. One of the first cloned RLKs is the Arabidopsis receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2), which specifically recognizes'a conserved 22 amino acid N-terminal sequence of Pseudomonas syringae pv . tomato DC3000 (Pst) flagellin protein (flg22). Although extensively studied in Arabidopsis, the functions of RLKs in crop plants remain largely uninvestigated. To understand the roles of RLKs in soybean (Glycine max), GnsFLS2 was silenced via virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) mediated by Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). No significant morphological differences were observed between GmFLS2-silenced plants and the vector control plants. However, silencing GmFLS2 significantly enhanced the susceptibility of the soybean plants to Pseudomonas syringae pv . glycinea (Psg). Kinase activity assay showed that silencing GmFLS2 significantly reduced the phosphorylation level of GmMPK6 in response to flg22 treatment. However, reduced phosphorylation level of both GmMPK3 and GmMPK6 in response to Psg infection was observed in GmFLS2-silenced plants, implying that defense response is likely transduced through activation of the downstream GrnMAPK signaling pathway upon recognition of bacterial pathogen by GmFLS2. The core peptides of flg22 from Pst and Psg were highly conserved and only 4 amino acid differences were seen at their N-termini. Interestingly, it appeared that the Psg-flg22 was more effective in activating soybean MAPKs than activating Arabidopsis MAPKs, and conversely, Pst-fig22 was more effective in activating Arabidopsis MAPKs than activating soybean MAPKs, suggesting that the cognate recognition is more potent than heterologous recognition in activating downstream signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the function of FLS2 is conserved in immunity against bacteria pathogens across different plant species.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Evaluation of oral health knowledge and oral health status in mothers and their children with cleft lip and palate. Objective: To assess the oral health knowledge of mothers of children with cleft lip and/or palate, analyzing the practical application of this information on the basis of the oral hygiene of the children and caries prevalence of mothers and children.Conclusion: Even though the mothers interviewed had some knowledge on the causes and prevention of dental caries, other factors should be regarded as relevant in the caries process.Results: Of the mothers, 47.3% displayed poor oral health status (Group A) and 52.7% had a satisfactory oral health status (Group B). Children in Group A presented a mean dmft of 6.0, whereas children in Group B had a mean dmft of 5.6. No significant differences were observed between groups. Mothers demonstrated a reasonable knowledge on prevention of dental caries and oral hygiene.Materials and Methods: An interview with questions related to dietary habits and oral health knowledge and habits was conducted. Children and their mothers also were evaluated by intraoral clinical examination.Patients: Mothers (n = 300) and their children with cleft lip and/or palate, ages 3 years to 5 years 6 months.Setting: Pediatric Dentistry sector of the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies.Design: Cross-sectional.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "African Environmental Ethics: Keys to Sustainable Development Through Agroecological Villages. This essay proposes African-based ethical solutions to profound human problems and a working African model to address those problems. The model promotes sustainability through advanced agroecological and information communication technologies. The essay's first section reviews the ethical ground of that model in the work of the Senegalese scholar, Cheikh Anta Diop. The essay's second section examines an applied African model for translating African ethical speculation into practice. Deeply immersed in European and African ethics, Godfrey Nzamujo developed the Songhai Centers to solve the problem of rural poverty in seventeen African countries. Harnessing advanced technologies within a holistic agroecological ecosystem, Nzamujo's villages furnish education spanning the fields of ethics, information communication technology, microbiology, international development, and mechanical, electrical, civil and biological engineering in a community-based and centered development enterprise. The essay proposes a global consortium of ecovillages based on Nzamujo's model. The final section explores funding methods for the consortium. The conclusion contemplates a return to Africa to supplement environmental ethics that enhance life's future on earth.", "label": [0, 3, 5, 6, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Interpersonal racism and peer relationships: An integrative framework and directions for research. This paper presents a call for research to examine how interpersonal racism shapes and is shaped by peer re-lationships in adolescence. Prior research has primarily focused on individual experiences of interpersonal racism and their effects on individual adjustment. Moreover, this work has mostly relied on static indices of the peer context, which has hampered our ability to understand interpersonal mechanisms of racism in a larger peer system. We propose a conceptual framework that examines how interpersonal racism occurs in peer relationships by identifying (1) the multiple types of interpersonal racism perpetrated in peer relationships, (2) the peer consequences of interpersonal racism, and (3) the multiple roles that peers may play in interpersonal racism. This framework integrates culturally-and intergroup contact-informed models with peer relationship models to chart a comprehensive account of the antecedents and mechanisms through which interpersonal racism is embedded and unfolds in peer relationships. Carefully understanding these complex issues is necessary to advance devel-opmental theory and research on challenges and opportunities of intergroup peer relationships and to design more effective interventions to help reduce interpersonal racism and enhance positive intergroup peer re-lationships in adolescence.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "The use of cognitive reappraisal and humour as coping strategies for bullied nurses. This article explores the repercussions of workplace bullying on nurses and the health-care profession as a whole. I discuss the nature of workplace bullying and draw upon prior studies to explore some of the barriers that prevent witnesses to bullying from intervening, as well as barriers faced by targets in taking action to stop the bullying. As overt forms of resistance are often not feasible in situations where nurses occupy subordinate positions to their bullies, I propose that cognitive reappraisal can be an effective coping strategy, and situate this perspective within the research on humour, hope and optimism.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "The Ultrafilter Closure in ZF. It is well known that, in a topological space, the open sets can be characterized using filter convergence. In ZF (Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory without the Axiom of Choice), we cannot replace filters by ultrafilters. It is proven that the ultrafilter convergence determines the open sets for every topological space if and only if the Ultrafilter Theorem holds. More, we can also prove that the Ultrafilter Theorem is equivalent to the fact that u(X) = k(X) for every topological space X, where k is the usual Kuratowski closure operator and u is the Ultrafilter Closure with u(X)(A) := {x is an element of X : (there exists U ultrafilter in X)[U converges to x and A is an element of U]}. However, it is possible to built a topological space X for which u(X) not equal k(X), but the open sets are characterized by the ultrafilter convergence. To do so, it is proved that if every set has a free ultrafilter, then the Axiom of Countable Choice holds for families of non-empty finite sets. It is also investigated under which set theoretic conditions the equality u = k is true in some subclasses of topological spaces, such as metric spaces, second countable T(0)-spaces or {R}. (C) 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Termite assemblages in dry tropical forests of Northeastern Brazil: Are termites bioindicators of environmental disturbances?. Termites exhibit several characteristics that emphasize their potential as bioindicators of habitat quality for use in environmental monitoring studies, but little is known about this group in vegetations of semi-arid regions of Brazil. The present study was conducted in three areas of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance, in the High Backwoods of Sergipe State, aiming to verify whether termite communities create different groups associated with the conservation of the area, by analyzing richness, abundance, and composition. Twelve transects of 65 x 2 m were set up in each area, where each one consisted of five plots of 5 x 2 m, making it possible to collect termites in all potential nesting and foraging sites. Five feeding groups of termites were sampled: (WF) wood-feeders, (SF) soil-feeders, (SWF) soil/wood interface-feeders, (LF) litter-foragers, and (SPF) specialized-feeders. Soil samples were collected from each plot in order to measure the environmental variables particle size, moisture percentage, and soil pH. Overall, richness and abundance were significantly different in the three studied areas. Wood-feeders were the most dominant in number of species and number of encounters collected at all sites, whereas the composition of termites in each area, given the environmental disturbances, was distinct. The environmental variables reinforced that the areas are different in terms of degree of conservation. The agreement between environmental variables and ecological data for species composition fortifies the potential of termites as biological indicators of habitat quality in areas of Caatinga of Northeastern Brazil.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Rheological and chemical evaluation on the ageing properties of SBS polymer modified bitumen: From the laboratory to the field. This study investigated the ageing properties of the styrene-butadiene-styrene polymer modified bitumen (SBS PMB) from the laboratory to the field. The virgin SBS PMB had been kept for 23 years and its field-aged binder was extracted from the reclaimed stone matrix asphalt (SMA) after the 22-year service time. The rotating cylinder ageing test (RCAT) was performed to simulate the short term (STA) and the long term ageing (LTA) of the virgin binder in the laboratory; dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) was used to characterise viscosity and dynamic response of virgin and aged binders; Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) was adopted to analyse the molecular weight distribution of all binders. Results indicate that: (a) the 22-year field-aged binder had a higher viscosity than the 9-day lab-aged binder; (b) the field-aged binder had a similar dynamic response with the 5-day lab-aged binder; (c) the GPC result indicated applied lab ageing produced more asphaltenes than the field ageing. In general, the field ageing is very complicated and hardly mimicked by the lab ageing. Both rheological and chemical parameters of bitumen are needed to elaborate the relation between the ageing in the laboratory and in practice. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "CHARACTERIZATION OF NONTOXIC-NONHEMAGGLUTININ COMPONENT OF THE 2 TYPES OF PROGENITOR TOXIN (M AND L) PRODUCED BY CLOSTRIDIUM-BOTULINUM TYPE-D CB-16. A 9.8-kbp DNA fragment which contained a neurotoxin gene and its upstream region was cloned from Clostridium botulinum type D strain CB-16. Nucleotide sequencing of the fragment revealed that genes encoding for hemagglutinin (HA) subcomponents and one for a nontoxic-nonhemagglutinin (NTNH) component were located upstream of the neurotoxin gene. This strain produced two toxins of different molecular size (approximately 300 kDa and 500 kDa) which were designated as progenitor toxins (M and L toxins). The molecular size of the NTNH component of L toxin was approximately 130 kDa on SDS-PAGE and its N-terminal amino acid sequence was M-D-I-N-D-D-L-N-I-N-S-P-V-D-N-K-N-V-V-I which agreed with that deduced from the nucleotide sequence. In contrast, the M toxin had a 115-kDa NTNH component whose N-terminal sequence was S-T-I-P-F-P-F-G-G-Y-R-E-T-N-Y-I-E, corresponding to the sequence from Ser141 of the deduced sequence. A 15-kDa fragment, which was found to be associated with an M toxin preparation, possessed the same N-terminal amino acid sequence as that of the 130-kDa NTNH component. Furthermore, five major fragments generated by limited proteolysis with V8 protease were shown to have N-terminal amino acid sequences identical to those deduced from the nucleotide sequence of 130-kDa NTNH. These results indicate that the 130-kDa NTNH of the L toxin is cleaved at a unique site, between Thr and Ser, leading to the 115-kDa NTNH of the M toxin.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43]}
{"token": "Upstream changes and downstream effects of the San Marcos River of central Texas. Changes in the headwaters of the San Marcos River, with an area of 247 km(2), have caused major sedimentation and exotic plant invasion problems in its course through the city of San Marcos. Construction of upstream flood control dams, with insufficient flow-through provisions, has reduced the effective unregulated upstream drainage to 47 km(2) and reduced mean annual flood from 510 m(3)/See (18,000 ft(3)/sec) to 42 m(3)/sec (1,500 ft(3)/sec) which is less than the threshold value required for scouring the river channel. Headwaters area construction downstream of the flood control structures, particularly on the Southwest Texas State University campus, has increased sediment production from 160 m(3) to 920 m(3)/year. Since 1990, the combined effects of these changes have produced up to 0.50 m sedimentation in the main channel and an increase in exotic riparian and aquatic vegetation. Of the remedial actions proposed, the only Rely option involves increased efforts to reduce sediment production from construction sites. The October 1998 flood, triggered by a larger than 100-year precipitation event (401mm/24hr), demonstrated that the flood control structures reduced peak discharge in San Marcos to a discharge that would have been approximately a twenty-five year event. This event did not produce the sediment scour that would have been expected which suggests that sediment increase's and not a reduction of flows are the major cause of the sedimentation.", "label": [4, 37, 47]}
{"token": "Growth prognosis and surgical options for adolescents with tall stature. Children and adolescents with tall stature are usually treated in cases of psychological problems which have evolved because of a lack of social acceptance. After calculating a predicted final height of more than 200 cm for boys or 185 cm for girls,, adolescents are usually treated with testosterone or estrogen, respectively. As an alternative several operative procedures have been described. The bone age, growth velocity and secondary sex characteristics according to Tanner stages should be precisely determined before an operation. The bone age can be evaluated in a standardized procedure after acquiring a radiograph of the left hand. Other methods, such as described by Sauvegrain, can also be used. The remaining growth should then be determined using the Green and Anderson' tables, the Menelaus method or Paley's multiplier. Interventions should be carried out at the beginning of the pubertal growth spurt and aim to reduce the final height by a maximum of 8 cm. Most of the growth potential is located in the major epiphyses of the distal femur and proximal tibia. Longitudinal growth can be stopped by either destruction of the epiphysis (Canale method) or permanent blocking (e.g. eight-plate). Epiphysiodesis is a safe and reliable alternative to endocrinological therapy for tall stature.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Absence of replication-competent human-tropic porcine endogenous retroviruses in the germ line DNA of inbred miniature swine. The potential transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) has raised concern in the development of porcine xenotransplantation products. Our previous studies have resulted in the identification of animals within a research herd of inbred miniature swine that lack the capacity to transmit PERV to human cells in vitro. In contrast, other animals were capable of PERV transmission. The PERVs that were transmitted to human cells are recombinants between PERV-A and PERV-C in the post-VRA region of the envelope (B. A. Oldmixon, J. C. Wood, T. A. Ericsson, C. A. Wilson, M. E. White-Scharf, G. Andersson, J. L. Greenstein, H. J. Schuurman, and C. Patience, J. Virol. 76:3045-3048, 2002); these viruses we term PERV-A/C. This observation prompted us to determine whether these human-tropic replication-competent (HTRC) PERV-A/C recombinants were present in the genomic DNA of these miniature swine. Genomic DNA libraries were generated from one miniature swine that transmitted HTRC PERV as well as from one miniature swine that did not transmit HTRC PERV. HTRC PERV-A/C proviruses were not identified in the germ line DNAs of these pigs by using genomic mapping. Similarly, although PERV-A loci were identified in both libraries that possessed long env open reading frames, the Env proteins encoded by these loci were nonfunctional according to pseudotype assays. In the absence of a germ line source for HTRC PERV, further studies are warranted to assess the mechanisms by which HTRC PERV can be generated. Once identified, it may prove possible to generate animals with further reduced potential to produce HTRC PERV.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Performance of bricks and brick masonry prism made using coal fly ash and coal bottom ash. The major problem of a coal combustion-based power plant is that it creates large quantity of solid wastes. So, to achieve the gainful use of waste materials and to avoid other environmental problems, this study was undertaken. The quantity of coal ash by-products, particularly coal fly ash and coal bottom ash has been increasing from the coal power plants around the world. The other objective of this study was to explore the possibility of utilization of coal ash in the production of ash bricks. In 15 different mixes, Mix Designation M-1 to M-15, the varying percentages of lime and gypsum were used and sand was replaced with coal bottom ash. Further, it has been noticed that the water absorption and compressive strength of mix M-15 is 13.36% and 7.85 MPa which is better than the conventional bricks. The test results of this investigation show that the prism strength of coal ash masonry prisms was more than that of the conventional bricks.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Palynostratigraphy of the Maastrichtian dinosaur and mammal sites of the Raul Mare and Barbat Valleys (Hateg Basin, Romania). The palynomorph associations of the Upper Cretaceous dinosaur-bearing sediments of three different sites (Pui, Totesti-baraj and Nalat-Vad) within the Hateg Basin show a great similarity with the palynomorph associations of the stratotypes of the Densus-Ciula and Sanpetru Formations. The absence of volcanoclastic layers places the sediments within the Sanpetru Formation. Palynological evidence indicates a Maastrichtian age of the vertebrate sites studied. The age can be refined to the Early-Late Maastrichtian boundary interval based on the good correlation with the lower Rogancian (France), the lower Garumnian (Spain) and the Gulpen Formation (Maastrichtian stratotype, The Netherlands). The ancient vegetation, dominated by ferns and bryophytes with disperse flowering plants and gymnosperm trees, is indicative for a subtropical climate. Freshwater ferns flourished in the floodplain ponds. For the first time, the megaspore genus Ghoshispora is recorded in Europe.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Seizure Improved Lead-Free Electroplated Bearing Overlay System for Heavy-Duty Truck and Off-Highway Applications. The move to lead-free bearing materials is well known, and upcoming legislation, such as the restriction of hazardous substances, is increasing the drive to extend this trend toward heavy-duty diesel truck and off-highway applications. During the development of lead-free systems, new electroplated overlays and bronze-based substrates have been developed by various suppliers, but little attention has been given to the interlayer or diffusion barrier between the overlay and substrate materials. This interlayer is particularly necessary for tin-based solutions as it prevents the rapid diffusion of overlay species into the bronze substrate. The present development focuses on improving this often overlooked element in the system and provides a further robustness that could even be adapted to lead-based systems where increased performance is required. The incorporation of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as a solid lubricant in the nickel interlayer changes dramatically the interlayer properties and provides more typical bearing-like behavior for seizure resistance and scuff performance compared to nickel alone. The paper details the findings of respective rig tests as well as an actual engine test supporting the change in material characteristics and the associated improvement in seizure resistance.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Socioeconomic characteristics of the population and of their elected representatives in Brazilian legislative assemblies: analysis of convergence between profiles. The paper investigates the similarity relation between the general characteristics of the elected representatives in legislative assemblies and the demographic and socioeconomic profile of the population of voting age in the major regions and in the Brazilian states. The study analyzes the profile of the elected representatives concerning their general characteristics, i.e., gender, age, education level and occupation in the period 1998-2010, compared to the general characteristics of the population with respect age, sex, educational level and income level. It concludes that the legislative assemblies of the Brazilian states have no resemblance to the characteristics of Brazilian society. These do not reflect a reliable picture of society as a microcosm.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Comparative study of chikungunya Virus-Like Particles and Pseudotyped-Particles used for serological detection of specific immunoglobulin M. Non-purified PPs give a detection signal higher than for VL. Results suggested that the signal difference observed in MAC-ELISA was probably due to the intrinsic antigenic properties of particles.Bioparticles performances were established by MAC-ELISA; physico-chemical characterizations were performed by field-flow fractionation (HF5) and confirmed by electron microscopy.The use of CHIKV bioparticles such as VLPs and PPs represents an attractive alternative to VL. Compared to VL and VLPs, non-purified PPs have proven to be more powerful antigens for specific IgM capture.The incidence of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection has increased dramatically in recent decades. Effective diagnostic methods must be available to optimize patient management. IgM-capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (MAC-ELISA) is routinely used for the detection of specific CHIKV IgM. This method requires inactivated CHIKV viral lysate (VL). The use of viral bioparticles such as Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) and Pseudotyped-Particles (PPs) could represent an alternative to VL.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Predicting postoperative complications in pediatric surgery: A novel pediatric comorbidity index. Introduction/BackgroundStudy designObjectiveThis retrospective cohort study investigated children undergoing surgical procedures across seven specialties in 2014-2015 using the MarketScan (R) Research databases. The risk index was derived separately for ambulatory and inpatient surgery patients using logistic regression with backward selection. The performance of the novel index in discriminating postoperative complications vis-a-vis three existing comorbidity indices was compared using bootstrapping and area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC).DiscussionIn both inpatient and ambulatory pediatric settings, our novel comorbidity index demonstrated better performance at predicting postoperative complications than three widely used alternatives. This index will be useful for research and may be adaptable to clinical settings to identify high-risk patients and facilitate perioperative planning.Comorbidity-driven surgical risk assessment is essential for informed patient counseling, risk-stratification, and outcomes-based health-services research. Existing mortality-focused comorbidity indices have had mixed success at risk-adjustment in children.ResultsWe developed a novel pediatric comorbidity index with better performance at predicting postoperative complications than three widely used alternatives.ConclusionWe identified 190,629 ambulatory and 22,633 inpatient patients. The novel index had the best performance for discriminating postoperative complications for inpatients (AUC 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75-0.77) relative to the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI, 0.56, 95% CI 0.56-0.57), Van Walraven Index (VWI, 0.60, 95% CI 0.60-0.61), and Rhee Score (RS, 0.69, 95% CI 0.68-0.70). In the ambulatory cohort, the novel index outperformed all three existing indices, though none demonstrated excellent discriminatory ability for complications (novel score 0.68, 95% CI 0.67-0.68; CCI 0.53, 95% CI 0.52-0.53; VWI 0.53, 95% CI 0.52-0.53; RS 0.50, 95% CI 0.49-0.50).To develop a new comorbidity-driven multispecialty surgical risk index predicting 30-day postoperative complications in children.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Antibody responses within two leading Plasmodium vivax vaccine candidate antigens in three geographically diverse malaria-endemic regions of India. Conclusion: These data suggest that natural acquired antibody response is higher for PvMSP-1(19) antigen as compared to PvAMA-1 antigen in individuals living in three geographically diverse malaria endemic regions in India. PvMSP-1(19) appears to be highly immunogenic in Indian population and has great potential as a malaria vaccine candidate. The differences in immune response against vaccine candidate antigens in different endemic settings should be taken into account for development of asexual stage based P. vivax malaria vaccine, which in turn can enhance malaria control efforts.Background: Identifying highly immunogenic blood stage antigens which can work as target for naturally acquired antibodies in different eco-epidemiological settings is an important step for designing malaria vaccine. Blood stage proteins of Plasmodium vivax, apical membrane antigen-1 (PvAMA-1) and 19 kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein (PvMSP-1(19)) are such promising vaccine candidate antigens. This study determined the naturally-acquired antibody response to PvAMA-1 and PvMSP-1(19) antigens in individuals living in three geographically diverse malaria endemic regions of India.Methods: A total of 234 blood samples were collected from individuals living in three different eco-epidemiological settings, Chennai, Nadiad, and Rourkela of India. Indirect ELISA was performed to measure human IgG antibodies against recombinant PvAMA-1 and PvMSP-1(19) antigens. The difference in seroprevalence and factors associated with antibody responses at each site was statistically analysed.Results: The overall seroprevalence was 40.6% for PvAMA-1 and 62.4% for PvMSP-1(19). Seroprevalence to PvAMA-1 was higher in Chennai (47%) followed by Nadiad (46.7%) and Rourkela (27.6%). For PvMSP-1(19), seroprevalence was higher in Chennai (80.3%) as compared to Nadiad (53.3%) and Rourkela (57.9%). Seroprevalence for both the antigens were found to be higher in Chennai where P. vivax is the dominant malaria species. In addition, heterogeneous antibody response was observed for PvAMA-1 and PvMSP-1(19) antigens at each of the study sites. Two factors, age and malaria positivity were significantly associated with seropositivity for both the antigens PvAMA-1 and PvMSP-1(19).", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Direct Ink Writing of High Performance Architectured Polyimides with Low Dimensional Shrinkage. Despite of the outstanding chemical-resistance, thermal and thermomechanical properties, and dielectric performance of three dimensional (3D) printed polyimides, the high dimensional shrinkage (more than 45%) between the as-printed and final imidized objects may become the biggest obstacle on its practical applications. In this work, the authors present a two-state curing strategy for realizing 3D printing of high performance polyimides via UV-assisted direct ink writing (DIW) of poly (amide acid) (PAA) followed by thermal imidization. More specifically, PAA precursors modified with hydroxyethyl methacrylate are printed and thermally imidized at an elevated temperature to form 3D objects, which demonstrate a dimensional shrinkage less than 6%. The outstanding performances regarding thermal resistance, solvent-proofing, and mechanical strength are comprehensively characterized, and some attracting polyimide functional 3D devices, such as polyimide spring and enameled wire, are readily achieved. Their DIW strategy realizes three-dimensional polyimide architectures with low volume shrinkage and provides a tremendous potential for 3D printing of polyimides in many fields including aerospace, automobile, microelectronics, and engineering.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Evaluation of the implementation of the Meeting Centres Support Program in Italy, Poland, and the UK; exploration of the effects on people with dementia. MethodsNine pilot Meeting Centres (MCs) participated (Italy5, Poland2, UK2). Effectiveness of MCSP was compared with Usual Care (UC) on outcomes measuring behavioural and psychological symptoms (NPI), depression (CSDD), and quality of life (DQoL, QOL-AD), analysed by ANCOVAs in a 6-month pre-test/post-test controlled trial.ConclusionsMCSPs showed significant wellbeing and health benefits compared with UC, building on the evidence of effectiveness from the Netherlands. In addition to the previously reported successful implementation of MCSP in Italy, Poland, and the UK, these findings suggest that further international dissemination of MCSP is recommended.ObjectivesMEETINGDEM investigated whether the Dutch Meeting Centres Support Programme (MCSP) could be implemented in Italy, Poland, and the UK with comparable benefits. This paper reports on the impact on people living with dementia attending pilot Meeting Centres in the 3 countries.ResultsPre/post data were collected for 85 people with dementia and 93 carers (MCSP) and 74 people with dementia /carer dyads' receiving UC. MCSP showed significant positive effects for DQoL [Self-esteem (F=4.8, P=0.03); Positive Affect (F=14.93, P<0.00); Feelings of Belonging (F=7.77, P=0.01)] with medium and large effect sizes. Higher attendance levels correlated with greater neuropsychiatric symptom reduction (rho=0.24, P=0.03) and a greater increase in feelings of support (rho=0.36, P=0.001).", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 57]}
{"token": "Hepatitis C Point-of-Care Testing in Vulnerable Populations. One third of all hepatitis C virus (HCV) cases in the United States are incarcerated in jails and prisons. Hepatitis C virus testing is primarily accomplished through a clinical laboratory, yet point-of-care (POC) testing is less invasive and results are available in 20 minutes compared with up to 3 weeks, The purpose of this article was to describe the findings of a collaborative project between the Colleges of Engineering and Nursing at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in executing a human factors study for HCV antibody testing and screening. Observation and recording of three-step human factors data included length of time and resources required to execute a POC test and technology use data. In the three-step process, more time is spent on filling out paperwork (4.27 minutes) than is spent on the procedure (1.24 minutes) or on counselling (0.55 minutes), The majority of high-risk respondents had access to smart technology within the previous 3 years. Human factors data will enhance the capabilities of testing, data storage, self management, and aid in formulating an efficient screening model for marginalized patients with liver disease.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Effects on vegetation composition of a modified forest harvesting and propagation method compared with clear-cutting, scarification and planting. Conclusions: Our results elaborate on the details of the well-known effect of cutting on ground-layer flora, and also give support for the profound and long-lasting effect that soil scarification has on forest vegetation.Question: How does the vegetation of boreal forests respond to harvesting and scarification?Methods: The response of boreal forest vegetation to cutting and scarification was studied in a field trial, which consisted of three treatments plus conventional harvesting as a control in a complete block design with four replicates. The cutting was done 14 years prior to vegetation inventory and scarification and planting were conducted the first or second years after cutting.Results: The species most abundant at higher cutting intensities were crustose lichens, Cladonia spp., Cladina arbuscula, Polytrichum spp. and pioneer mosses, the grass Deschampsia flexuosa, and the tree Betula pubescens, A few species had substantially lower abundance in treatments with higher cutting intensity, notably Hylocomium splendens and Vaccinium myrtillus. Scarification had a strong effect that was different from the one created by cutting. In scarification treatments, Polytrichum spp. were the only species with high abundance; most species had low abundance, i.e. Barbilophozia lycopodioides, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Pleurozium schreberi, Carex globularis, Empetrum nigrum, Cladina arbuscula, Sphagnum spp.Location: 650 m a. s.l., central Sweden ( 61 degrees 38' N).", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37, 9]}
{"token": "The effects of free surfaces on martensite microstructures: 3D phase field microelasticity simulation study. The phase field microelasticity approach to coherent phase transformations is extended to the case of a finite sample with free surfaces. The 3D simulation model is based on numerical solution of exact elasticity equation. No ad hoc assumptions on the microstructure morphology along evolution path are made. It is used to investigate the effects of free surfaces on multi-variant martensitic transformations in AuCd and FeNi alloys. The simulation shows that formation of free surfaces changes the martensite microstructures mostly in the surface layers, the thickness of these layers being commensurate with the size of martensite domains. It also shows that the free surfaces affect the microstructures of the high-symmetry FeNi more significantly than that of the low-symmetry AuCd because the latter has more orientation variants and can achieve better stress accommodation. (C) 2003 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Relation between maternal thrombophilia and stillbirth according to causes/associated conditions of death. Antithrombin activity, Factor V Leiden, G20210A Prothrombin mutation (FII mutation) and acquired thrombophilia were analysed.Study design: In a consecutive, prospective, multicentre design, maternal DNA was obtained in 171 cases of antenatal SB and 326 controls (uneventful pregnancy at term, 1:2 ratio). Diagnostic work-up of SB included obstetric history, neonatologist inspection, placenta histology, autopsy, microbiology/chromosome evaluations. Results audited in each centre were classified by two of us by using CoDAC. Cases were subdivided into explained SB where a cause of death was identified and although no defined cause was detected in the remnants, 64 cases found conditions associated with placenta-vascular disorders (including preeclampsia, growth restriction and placenta abruption - PVD). In the remnant 79 cases, no cause of death or associated condition was found.Results: Overall, the presence of a thrombophilic defect was significantly more prevalent in mothers with SBs compared to controls. In particular, SB mothers showed an increased risk of carrying Factor II mutation (OR = 3.2, 95% Cl: 13-8.3, p = 0.01), namely in unexplained cases. Such mutation was significantly associated also with previous SB (OR = 8.9, 95%Cl 1.2-70.5). At multiple logistic regression, Factor II mutation was the only significantly associated variable with SB (adj OR =3.8, 95% CI: 1.3-13.5).Conclusion: These data suggest that Factor II mutation is the only condition specifically associated with unexplained SB and could represents a risk of recurrence. PVD-associated condition is unrelated to thrombophilia. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Objective: To investigate maternal thrombophilia in cases of Stillbirth (SB), also an uncertain topic because most case series were not characterised for cause/associated conditions of death.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "What is 'theology' in 'public theology' and what is 'public' about 'public theology'?. This article sets out to argue that institutional Christianity does not have the exclusive rights to \\\\'doing theology\\\\'. Since Plato theology has assumed systematization of ideas on the transcendent divine. The practice of theology is to be found in both the professional academy and in the public square. Spirituality is not to be reserved for people longing for God within the context of today's mass consumerist populist culture. Spirituality and religion overlap and, therefore, today's postmodern spirituality need not result in the end of religion. However, institutional religion is indeed dying and \\\\'public theology\\\\' Is not about theologians or pastors \\\\'doing theology\\\\' in the public square. Public theologicans are the film directors, artists, novelists, poets, and philosophers. The article argues that \\\\'public theology\\\\' could facilitate a dialogue between the theological discourse of academics and the public: theological discourse. The article shows that \\\\'public theology\\\\' does to an extent overlap with ecclesial and contextual theology. In its core \\\\'public theology\\\\' is seen as the inarticulate longing of believers who do not want to belong.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Glycosidically bound volatile profiles of green and roasted coffee beans and aromatic potential of the spent coffee ground. Coffee volatile compounds formation has been studied for years and the main flavour precursors have been identified. Coffee glycosidically bound volatiles (GBVs) are still underexplored and, yet, can act as aroma precursors during the post-harvesting processing and roasting. Free volatile compounds and GBVs of green coffee beans (CB), roasted CB and spent coffee ground (SCG) were analysed. Roasting led to the formation of a new GBVs pool from green to roasted CB and SCG. Most of the GBVs of green CB were hydrolysed during roasting. On the other hand, pyrroles, cycloketones, pyridines and pyrans were identified for the first time as bound volatiles and occurred only after the roasting process. This study supports the importance of GBVs on coffee aroma formation during the post-harvest processing. The release of the GBVs of roasted CB during brewing could enhance the varietal aromas of industrial ready-to-drink coffees. Furthermore, the SCG GBVs could be used as a new source of natural flavours for perfume industries.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Implementing voter ID: lessons from Missouri, USA. Many states have adopted laws requiring voters to present photo identification on Election Day. How are these laws implemented in a highly decentralized system of election administration? We report on a study of photo ID implementation in Missouri, focusing on the number of voters who check in at a polling place without photo identification during local and special elections held under the new law. These elections serve as early tests of the photo ID law and offer support for some hypotheses derived from implementation theory. We find evidence of uneven implementation of the photo ID requirement in Missouri. Local jurisdictions using electronic poll books checked in a much larger volume of voters without photo ID than jurisdictions using traditional paper poll books. Interviews with local officials suggest that voter and poll worker behaviour contribute to this pattern. Furthermore, other features, particularly jurisdiction size and the administrative and partisan structure of local officials, are associated with the number of voters who check in without photo identification. Therefore, the use of electronic poll books might overstate the number of voters lacking photo identification. In a decentralized system of election administration, it can be challenging to uniformly implement new voting requirements.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Automated Design and Integration of Asset Administration Shells in Components of Industry 4.0. One of the central concepts in the principles of Industry 4.0 relates to the methodology for designing and implementing the digital shell of the manufacturing process components. This concept, the Asset Administration Shell (AAS), embodies a systematically formed, standardized data envelope of a concrete component within Industry 4.0. The paper discusses the AAS in terms of its structure, its components, the sub-models that form a substantial part of the shell's content, and its communication protocols (Open Platform Communication-Unified Architecture (OPC UA) and MQTT) or SW interfaces enabling vertical and horizontal communication to involve other components and levels of management systems. Using a case study of a virtual assembly line that integrates AASs into the technological process, the authors present a comprehensive analysis centered on forming AASs for individual components. In the given context, the manual AAS creation mode exploiting framework-based automated generation, which forms the AAS via a configuration wizard, is assessed. Another outcome consists of the activation of a virtual assembly line connected to real AASs, a step that allows us verify the properties of the distributed manufacturing management. Moreover, a discrete event system was modeled for the case study, enabling the effective application of the Industry 4.0 solution.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Ibn Taymiyya, Radical Polymath, Part 2: Intellectual Contributions. Part one of this two-part article surveys Ibn Taymiyya's life with particular attention to biographical perceptions in the premodern as well as modern worlds. The second part hones in on Ibn Taymiyya's intellectual contributions to a number of debates in his lifetime and following, with particular attention to how secondary scholarship has framed his work. Contemporary authors often reduce Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) to a modern political inspiration by giving attention to his influence on allegedly puritanical religio-political movements in the modern world. Participants in these movements, including 'Salafis' and 'Wahhabis,' have selectively adopted his views on issues ranging from jihad to anti-Sufi tendencies and the promotion of state-sponsored Islamic law (shari'a). The complex polymath, however, wrote prodigiously on numerous topics including theology, political theory, qur'anic exegesis, jurisprudence, and mysticism. Although he espoused violence in some situations, he was a pacifist at other times. This, combined with his attention to independent legal reasoning (ijtihad), often offended authorities and landed him in jail on more than one occasion. Just as he upbraided certain Sufis, moreover, he also espoused a type of Sufism in accord with his own persuasions. We must therefore recognize the Damascene polymath for his abilities to adroitly navigate and contribute to all manners of debates in his time, regardless of-although relevant to-how modern scholars have understood his writings.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Independent Evidence for Earlier Formation Epochs of Fossil Groups of Galaxies through the Intracluster Light: The Case for RX J100742.53+380046.6. Fossil groups (FG) of galaxies still present a puzzle to theories of structure formation. Despite the low number of bright galaxies, they have relatively high velocity dispersions and ICM temperatures often corresponding to cluster-like potential wells. Their measured concentrations are typically high, indicating early formation epochs as expected from the originally proposed scenario for their origin as being older undisturbed systems. This is, however, in contradiction with the typical lack of expected well developed cool cores. Here, we apply a cluster dynamical indicator recently discovered in the intracluster light fraction (ICLf) to a classic FG, RX J1000742.53+380046.6, to assess its dynamical state. We also refine that indicator to use as an independent age estimator. We find negative radial temperature and metal abundance gradients, the abundance achieving supersolar values at the hot core. The X-ray flux concentration is consistent with that of cool core systems. The ICLf analysis provides an independent probe of the system's dynamical state and shows that the system is very relaxed, more than all clusters, where the same analysis has been performed. The specific ICLf is about 6 times higher, than any of the clusters previously analyzed, which is consistent with an older noninteractive galaxy system that had its last merging event within the last similar to 5 Gyr. The specific ICLf is predicted to be an important new tool to identify fossil systems and to constrain the relative age of clusters.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Predicate abstractions in higher-order logic programming. Lambda calculus offers a natural representation of syntactic structures involving higher-order constructs and local variables, and supports flexible manipulation of such concepts. Thus an integration of logic programming with lambda-terms would provide more direct support for meta-programming. While it is conceptually straightforward to replace first-order terms with lambda-terms, the extra search space in unification with respect to lambda-conversions cannot be ignored from a practical point of view. Our objective is to explore useful alternatives with weaker conversions that are computationally more tractable. In this paper, we study predicate abstractions, in which lambda-abstractions are used to provide anonymous predicates and functions that return predicates. The framework is based upon a simple logic of (untyped) lambda-calculus, called L(alpha). L(alpha) has a general model-theoretic semantics and an equality theory that corresponds to alpha-equivalence. Intended meanings of predicate abstractions are formalized by equivalence axioms over atomic formulas. We show that under certain conditions, computing with predicate abstractions does not incur any extra search space. Furthermore, programs in this language can be compiled statically into efficient Prolog programs and all most general answers are still preserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Traffic Safety Evaluation for Railway Bridges Using Expanded Multisensor Data Fusion. The traffic safety of a railway bridge is generally evaluated by levels of structural responses such as acceleration, vertical displacement, and deck twist. Whereas acceleration can be readily measured in general, acquiring displacement and twist responses in field testing is often a challenging task due to lack of appropriate sensors. As most existing displacement transducers are designed to measure at a single location, the deck twist which is calculated from four displacements requires costly and labor-intensive sensor instrumentation. To effectively address the issue, this study proposes an integral strategy for the traffic safety evaluation of railway bridges using multisensor data. The proposed approach provides a formulation to estimate the dense displacement necessary for obtaining twist responses using acceleration and strain measurements. Wireless sensors are adopted because of their intrinsic advantages in multimetric sensing of heterogeneous data, convenient sensor instrumentation, and high-fidelity time-synchronized data acquisition. The proposed approach for dense displacement estimation is numerically and experimentally validated using beam models. Subsequently, a full-scale experiment on a railway bridge is conducted to evaluate the traffic safety for high-speed trains at three different speeds of 280 km/h, 300 km/h, and 400 km/h. The acceleration, vertical displacement, and twist are obtained and compared with design limits to determine the traffic safety of the railway bridge.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Biomarkers of collagen turnover are related to annual change in FEV1 in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease within the ECLIPSE study. Methods: One thousand COPD subjects from the observational, multicentre, three-year ECLIPSE (Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints) study (NCT00292552, trial registration in February 2006) were included. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-generated fragments of collagen type I, and type VI (C1M and C6M) were assessed in month six serum samples. A random-coefficient model with both a random intercept and a random slope was used to test the ability of the markers to predict post-dose bronchodilator FEV1 (PD-FEV1) change over two years adjusting for sex, age, BMI, smoking, bronchodilator reversibility, prior exacerbations, emphysema and chronic bronchitis status at baseline.Results: Annual change of PD-FEV1 was estimated from a linear model for the two-year study period. Serum C1M and C6M were independent predictors of lung function change (p = 0.007/0.005). Smoking, bronchodilator reversibility, plasma hsCRP and emphysema were also significant predictors. The effect estimate between annual change in PD-FEV1 per one standard deviation (1SD) increase of C1M and C6M was + 10.4 mL/yr. and + 8.6 mL/yr. C1M, and C6M, had a significant association with baseline FEV1.Background: Change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) is important for defining severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Serological neoepitope markers of collagen turnover may predict rate of change in FEV1.Conclusion: We demonstrated that markers of tissue turnover were significantly associated with lung function change. These markers may function as prognostic biomarkers and possibly as efficacy biomarkers in clinical trials focusing on lung function change in COPD.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "THE EFFECT OF COLOR ON FRUIT SELECTION IN SIX TROPICAL ASIAN BIRDS. The preferences of frugivorous birds for certain colors have been proposed to explain the evolution of fruit color, but evidence supporting this hypothesis is weak. Furthermore, evidence from tropical Asia is lacking, although in tropical Asia birds are more important seed dispersers than are their counterparts in other regions. We experimented with artificial fruit of five colors to evaluate the color preferences of six bird species (33 individuals, 2 families) from tropical Asia. We also checked whether contrast affects color detection by displaying red and green artificial fruits against green and red backgrounds. We found that five species had a consistent and strong preference for red, and one species preferred blue, with a low degree of variation among individuals. Species that preferred a certain color also consumed a small portion of fruit of different colors. Contrast increased the rate of consumption of green and red fruit in comparison with that against a monochrome background. Because all the species in this experiment showed a strong preference for a fruit color, we conclude that the interaction between frugivorous birds and fruit color may be tighter in tropical Asia than in other regions. Although contrast mediated the rate of consumption of red and green fruit to some degree, red was still the most preferred and green the least consumed.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "DIFFERENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ALPHA-BUNGAROTOXIN-SENSITIVE AND ALPHA-BUNGAROTOXIN-INSENSITIVE NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTORS IN THE CHICK RETINA. The development of cells containing neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) in the chick retina was investigated by means of immunohistochemical techniques with antibodies directed against the alpha 3 and alpha 8 nAChR subunits. The alpha 3 subunit is one of the major:alpha-bungarotoxin-insensitive nicotinic receptor subunits in the chick retina, whereas alpha 8 appears to be the most common alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive subunit in the same structure. alpha 3-like immunoreactivity (alpha 3-LI) was first detected in bells of the vitreal margin, on the embryonic day 4.5 (E4.5). alpha 8-LI was first detected in the same type of cell almost a day later. However, the processes Of alpha 8-LI cells developed much faster than those of alpha 3-LI cells, generating visible stained laminae in the prospective inner plexiform layer as early as E7. alpha 3-LI was only clearly seen in laminae of the inner plexiform layer by E12. By this date, both alpha 3 and alpha 8-LI were seen in the same types of cells as in the adult retina, i.e., amacrines, displaced ganglion cells, and cells of the ganglion cell layer for alpha 3-LI; and amacrines, bipolar cells, and cells of the ganglion cell layer for alpha 8-LI. These results reveal different, patterns of development of cells containing the alpha 3 and alpha 8 nAChR subunits in the chick retina and indicate that those nAChR subunits are expressed in the chick retina before choline acetyltransferase-positive cells can be detected and well before synaptogenesis. These data also suggest that nAChRs may have a developmental function in the retina. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
{"token": "Conspicuous performances: ritual competition between Christian and non-Christian Hmong in contemporary Vietnam. After recognising Hmong Protestantism, the Vietnamese state continued an 'anti-conversion' politics. It did so by encouraging the revival of what they saw as traditional Hmong religion as a bulwark against Protestantism and by enriching the range of cultural commodities for the growing ethno-tourism market. For the non-converts, not only their resistance of Christianity began to be redefined as 'the battle' against Christianity, their belief and practices, up to then highly despised of by authorities, began to be restructured in order to gain new strength to rebound on the national and global religious stage. The new consciousness of the non-Christian Hmong, however, worried the Vietnamese state. This contribution charts the annual competitions held since 2005 between Christian and non-Christian groups in Lao Cai province in organising yearly Hmong communal rituals. It shows that what was meant to become a folklorised bulwark against Christianity became a new melee of ritual competition, as pioneering Hmong quickly seized the central stage. Ritual festivals thus become arenas of identity struggle in which none of the usual identity markers (secular, religious, communist, Christian, modern, traditional) can be taken at face value.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Modelling the linear viscoelastic rheological properties of bituminous binders. An extensive literature review on the modelling of the linear viscoelastic (LVE) rheological properties of bitumen over the last six decades is presented in this paper. The use of reliable models can, in general, be considered as a valuable alternative tool for estimating the LVE rheological properties of bitumen. These properties are normally presented in terms of complex modulus and phase angle master curves at a particular reference temperature. The review in this paper consists of three nonlinear multivariable models, 13 empirical algebraic equations and four mechanical element approaches. The details as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the models are discussed. In general, all the models are able to predict the LVE rheological properties of unmodified bitumen as well as follow the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP). However, the observations suggest a lack of agreement between predicted and experimental LVE rheological properties for materials that contain a phase transition, such as found for highly crystalline bitumen, structured bitumen with high asphaltenes content and highly modified bitumen. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Use of Information and Communication Technologies for Agricuitural Teaching and Research in Universities in Enugu State, Nigeria. This study examined the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for agricultural teaching and research in universities in Enugu State, Nigeria. Results show that almost all the respondents (lecturers 96.9%, students 90%) had acquired ICT training. Computers, GSM/telephone, photocopying machines, e-mail, flash drives, printers and Internet were the most frequently used ICTs. The age of the lecturers was the most important factor that significantly influenced the frequency of computer usage for teaching and research (P <= 0.05).", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "New results for relevant neutrino emission in superfluid neutron star matter. We evaluate exactly the suppression in superfluid neutron star matter of the neutrino emission due to the modified Urea process. Corresponding to realistic parameters for the neutron superfluid in the core, the reduced emissivity is found to be 1-3 orders of magnitude larger than that given by the approximate expressions used so far in the literature. We show that this effect has significant observable consequences on the evolution of the surface temperature of the star, whether or not any rapid cooling occurs in the deepest regions of the core. These results should be taken into account in realistic cooling calculations.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Photography's Fits and Starts: The Search for Antiquity and its Image in Victorian Britain. This article investigates the relationship between ancient objects and their visual depiction in British archaeological expeditions in the Middle East in the mid-nineteenth century. The article focuses on the exploration of Ancient Mesopotamia initiated by the British adventurer Austen Henry Layard. Modern scholarship on Layard's excavations and their reception in Europe has mostly presented them as well-organised, purposive, and logical enterprises in which finding objects and depicting them had a clear, well-defined purpose. Little attention has been paid to the fact that the excavated items were initially objects without a clear status, even after they had arrived in Europe. This article examines how the application of visual media - whether used for scholarship or for publicity - in the field and the museum reflected this uncertainty. In this context, photography as a new medium entered the chaos of the field and the museum as one among several media that brought along its own insecurities rather than a tool ready and able to solve a problem.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Regulatory interactions between iron and nitric oxide metabolism for immune defense against Plasmodium falciparum infection. Iron chelation therapy of Plasmodium falciparum infection alleviates the clinical course of cerebral malaria in children. This study assessed the underlying mechanisms of this therapy. Cytokine stimulation of human (intestinal cell line DLD-1) or murine cells (murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7) resulted in increased nitric oxide (NO) formation and decreased survival of plasmodia within cocultured human erythrocytes. The addition of desferrioxamine (DFO) before cytokine treatment increased both NO formation and parasite killing but had no effect in the presence of the inhibitor of NO formation, L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine. Moreover, peroxynitrite, which is formed after chemical reaction of NO with superoxide, appears to be the principal effector molecule for macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity toward P. falciparum, and interferon-gamma is a major regulatory cytokine for this process. The effect of DFO on the clearance of plasmodia appears to be due to enhanced generation of NO, rather than to limitation of iron availability to the parasite.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Mobile Teaching and Learning of Coupled-Line Structures: The multiple-1D coupled-line finite-difference time-domain method. In this article, we present mobile teaching and learning of coupled-line structures using the multiple-1D coupled-line finite-difference time-domain (M1D CL-FDTD) method. The formulation of the M1D CL-FDTD method applicable for CL structures is provided. The method bypasses the more computationally intensive full-wave 3D method, and it is well suited for implementation on mobile devices. Several mobile apps are developed to provide interactive visualization of electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation in CL structures. These visualizations allow the underlying resonating and coupling mechanisms to be elucidated clearly and improve students' understanding of CL theories. Mobile teaching and learning of various CL structures, including coupled transmission lines, CL bandpass filters, directional couplers, and branch-line couplers, are demonstrated and discussed.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "EXPLOITATION OF PARASITE-DERIVED ANTIGEN IN THERAPEUTIC SUCCESS AGAINST CANINE VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS. In an attempt to obtain therapeutic success against canine visceral leishmaniosis, the potential of LiF2 antigen (Leishmania infantum-derived Fraction 2, 94-67 kDa), given alone or in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent N-methylglucamine antimonate, was compared with conventional chemotherapy with that drug. Absence of any parasite in direct microscopic examination of bone-marrow aspirates in treated dogs was considered a parasitological cure, i.e. therapeutic success. Results showed that the disappearance of clinical symptoms did not always indicate parasitological healing in dogs. The parasitological healing rates with chemotherapy and immunotherapy alone were 37.5% and 25% respectively, in contrast to the 100% cure rate observed with chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. The development of a protective response in dogs, as measured by the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of monocyte-derived macrophages in the presence of autologous lymphocytes, was found to correlate well with the success of therapy. The overall findings of this study give an important insight into the immunotherapeutic strategy by which therapeutic success can be achieved in canine visceral leishmaniosis.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Gradient analysis of the chorogenetic structure of lowland and highland Scotch pine populations. Gradients of genetic distances (GGDs) between 26 adjacent cenopopulations of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) along the transects through the distinct landscape-ecotopic isolation borders were analyzed graphically. The results made it possible to reveal and quantitatively estimate gradients and borders of gene-pool structural patterns in populations of this species in the central part of Northern Eurasia. In lowland areas, the most distinct borders were found between pine populations growing on dry lands and in bogs (Pineta sphagnosa) in the forest zone of the Transural region, as well as between the Arakaragaiskii and Amankaragaiskii island pine forests in the steppe zone (Northern Turgai). In highland areas (the Urals and the Carpathians), the greatest GGDs were observed between low-mountain (about 600 m above sea level) and middle-mountain (850-900 m) populations. Analysis of GGDs is a promising gene-geographic method for determining population borders and studying the chorogenetic structure of species.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "The quadrupole magnets for the LHC injection transfer lines. Two injection transfer lines, each about 2.8 lan long, are being built to transfer protons at 450 GeV from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), A total of 180 quadrupole magnets are required; they are produced in the framework of the contribution of the Russian Federation to the construction of the LHC, The classical quadrupoles, built from laminated steel cores and copper coils, have a core length of 1.4 m, an inscribed diameter of 32 mm and a strength of 53.5 T/m at a current of 530 A, The total weight of one magnet is 1.1 ton. For obtaining the required field quality at the small inscribed diameter, great care in the stamping of the laminations and the assembly of quadrants is necessary. Special instruments have been developed to measure, with a precision of some mu m, the variations of the pole gaps over the full length of the magnet and correlate them to the obtained field distribution. The design has been developed in a collaboration between BINP and CERN. Fabrication and the magnetic measurements are done at BINP and should be finished at the end of the year 2000.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "A novel approach for simultaneous differentiation of closely related meat species by PCR assay using single primer pair. The aim of the present study was to design the primer pair for differentiation of closely related meat species i.e. cattle from buffalo, and sheep from goat employing PCR assay. The primer pair was designed based on the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequences of buffalo and then designed primer pair matched with other species available 12S rRNA gene sequences. The designed primer pair was successfully amplified to the desired DNA fragments of 316 bp from the buffalo and sheep in single PCR reaction assay without any cross reaction with cattle, goat, pig and chicken species. The developed PCR assay was able to differentiate the closely related meat species; however, this assay was not suitable for differentiation of buffalo from sheep species meat. This PCR assay was also effective in heat treated meat and meat emulsion without any adverse effect on amplification of DNA. It can be concluded that the developed PCR assay has potential application for the purpose of differentiation of closely related meat species.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "A 3-year Cohort Study to Assess the Impact of an Integrated Food- and Livelihood-based Model on Undernutrition in Rural Western Kenya. This study presents encouraging evidence that a multi-sectoral food- and livelihood-based model can improve diet quality, enhance food security and positively affect childhood nutritional outcomes. The wider application of this approach to a diversity of agro-ecological zones in sub-Saharan Africa is currently being assessed.A 3-year prospective cohort study was undertaken among 300 randomly selected wealth-stratified households. Detailed socio-economic and health surveys were conducted. A nutrition module assessed household levels of food security, food consumption frequency and diet diversity. This was complemented by anthropometric measurement and assessments of serum levels of vitamin A among children under 5 years old.Reducing extreme poverty and hunger is the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG). With undernutrition contributing to one third of all child deaths, improving nutrition is a precondition for accelerating progress towards other MDG targets. While the role of technical interventions such as micronutrient fortification and supplementation in reducing morbidity and mortality has been well documented, evidence to support more comprehensive multi-sectoral approaches remains inconclusive. This chapter aims to evaluate the impact of an integrated food- and livelihood-based model on nutrition-related outcomes in rural western Kenya.The average food insecurity score decreased from 5.21 at baseline to 4.13 at follow-up (P < 0.0001). Average diet diversity scores for daily, weekly and monthly time periods increased from 6.7 to 7.3; from 10.7 to 11.2; and from 12.4 to 12.6, respectively (P < 0.0001). Daily consumption for 14 out of 16 food groups increased significantly. For children under 2 years of age, underweight and stunting decreased from 26.2% to 3.9% (P = 0.002) and from 62.3% to 38.3% (P = 0.014), respectively. Vitamin A deficiency as measured by serum vitamin A levels decreased from 70.0% to 33.3% (P = 0.007) for children under 5 years old.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Structure and thermal expansivity of tetrahydrofuran deuterate determined by neutron powder diffraction. The crystal structure of tetrahydrofuran deuterate, a clathrate hydrate, has been refined from neutron powder diffraction data at five temperatures in the range 7-265 K. The thermal expansivity was shown to be greater than that of ice Ih in the same range of temperature (7), as observed in previous studies of other clathrates. The overall effect of T has been resolved into contributions from different geometrical parameters in the structure. Thus, an increase in T results in expansion of the host-lattice framework with increases in both the D-D and O-O distances and out-of-plane tilting of water molecules. The greatest dependence on T is exhibited by the D-D distances and the distortion of the hexagonal faces from planarity, which is particularly pronounced in the range 75-140 K. The cage volumes show a complex dependence on T. from 7 to 140 K, the volume of the small cage decreases slightly and that of the large cage increases, and between 140 and 205 K, the trend is reversed. The most pronounced structural changes occur in a similar regime of T as changes in guest dynamics observed in spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies. The temperature dependences of the structure and alpha(T), when considered along with the relation of (x(T) to the degree of anharmonicity in bonding,(34) could be formulated to provide a sensitive test of molecular models of clathrate hydrates.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "SUSTAINABLE SAUDI BUSINESS TOURISM (SBT) INNOVATION: IMPROVING THE POSITION OF SBT COPING WITH INFORMATION SYSTEM. This study provides insights about the activities, challenges, and options SBTs face when confronted with rapidly advancing information technology. Although much of the discussion of innovation focuses on new products and technologies, all innovation is based on challenging existing assumptions and ways of thinking. The tourism sector has experienced rapid technological development. In this new tourism environment innovation and knowledge creation are important for establishing a competitive advantage. This advantage can be accomplished by integrating marketing information systems and organizational knowledge creation methodologies. Management information systems (MISs) are generally described as sets of data that are analyzed through statistical programs and models. It is a unified scheme that brings together all of the components being used (raw data, information, reports, and models) in order to meet specific management objectives. This paper argues that one option to develop new ways of thinking and innovation in business tourism is to argue that there is no such thing as sustainable tourism. If we begin with the assumption that tourism cannot be sustainable in its own right but may contribute to the sustainable development of some regions under some circumstances, then a number of new approaches to tourism development emerge. In particular, it is argued that stronger links may emerge between tourism and other economic activities and development options. These potential synergies are described and illustrated with a range of examples. In addition, the paper sets out a series of additional criteria that could be used to evaluate different potential tourism developments and makes suggestions about the development of sustainability performance indicators. Finally, the paper highlights the importance of better knowledge management systems to support innovation in tourism.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "RUNES AND REVELATIO: CYNEWULF'S SIGNATURES RECONSIDERED. The question of Cynewulf's authorship of the four signed poems Christ II, Juliana, Elene and Fates of the Apostles has been a perennial concern of Old English scholarship, yet despite frequent reference to analogous runic strategies in the riddles, the signatures are rarely considered in the context of the wider runic tradition. This article re-examines the four signature passages in light of a developed association of the runic script with riddle solutions and the dual movement of concealing and revealing information-a dialectic encapsulated in the Latin term for the manifestation of divine truth, revelatio. In a departure from previous criticism, I argue that the contemplative space of the colophon is set up to move the reader beyond the surface display of the runes, encouraging a rejection of earthly name and fame in line with the statement in Fates of the Apostles that 'the borrowed ornaments of the body will diminish just as inexorably as water glides away' (l. 104). The runic signature is a mechanism designed to unravel in the very act of unlocking the true message of the colophon, modelling the kind of earthly dislocation needed to prepare for the Day of Judgement. Through close attention to the placement of the runic conceit and the language of the colophons, the apparent proprietorial motivations for the signature are thus redefined in the context of religious instruction.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "The pardon power and the American state constitutional tradition. Although the exercise of the presidential pardon power has sparked periodic controversies and generated various reform proposals in recent decades, the original Hamiltonian conception of the power-grounded in a preference for vesting clemency exclusively in the executive and keeping it as unfettered as possible-has gone virtually unchallenged at the federal level. At the state level, however, where the exercise of gubernatorial pardons has been no less controversial, constitution-makers have had numerous opportunities to reconsider the wisdom of the Hamiltonian model and to experiment with alternative arrangements. Through a study of the relevant state constitutional convention debates during the past two centuries, it becomes clear that state constitution-makers have frequently rejected the Hamiltonian model, insofar as they have provided for the participation of various officials other than the executive in the pardoning process and insofar as they have imposed various restrictions on the exercise of the power. An analysis of these convention debates can serve not only to illuminate the logic underlying the distinctive conceptions of the pardon power that have prevailed in a number of states, but also to inform contemporary assessments of various reform proposals at the federal level.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Mediterranean Carnage: Heretical Scholarship and Public Citizenship in an Age of Eloquence. The shipwreck of October 3, 2013, when at least 366 Eritrean refugees drowned off the Italian island of Lampedusa, points to ongoing border carnage in the region. As an anthropologist with research experience on Mediterranean migrations and as an Italian citizen, I seek to inform broader publics and policy discussions of this issue. My substantial contributions to the public sphere have, in turn, foregrounded analytical tensions involving anthropological knowledge, critical citizenship, and the politics of immigration and of representation. But is it even relevant to engage broader publics when our interventions risk inconsequential incorporation into the vortex of the corporate news cycle? Probing a densely occupied terrain of knowledge production, this article illuminates narrow interstices where anthropological knowledge can be publicly disseminated. Anthropological knowledge does not settle for a fatalistic chronicle of structural injustice, and yet it resists merely pleading for the world as it ought to be. It confronts a lethal status quo by conveying the transformative power of actually existing realities. In particular, the article makes the case for an unyielding commitment to a relational, anti-essentialist approach. This approach, encompassing anthropological knowledge from production to dissemination, constitutes a distinctive analytical and political asset. It challenges the entrenched reification of migrants and refugees, and allows for the public dimension of scholarship and of citizenship to come to fruition.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Peasant Women in Latin America: Transnational Networking for Food Sovereignty as an Empowerment Tool. Inside La Via Campesina, a transnational network of social movements, it is possible to identify women networks through specific struggles. This article aims to analyze how women have built their networking for food sovereignty as a cornerstone of labor within La Via Campesina using a multiscale perspective. The objectives are to identify how peasant women networks use the claim of food sovereignty and how they use the boomerang mechanism at different spatial levels. It further attempts to identify how food sovereignty is linked to other gender claims, such as combating gender violence, to become a tool of emancipation and empowerment of rural women in Latin America. It will consider how transnational networking operates to empower them.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Evaluating environmental, demographic and genetic effects on population-level survival in an island endemic. The population dynamics of island species are considered particularly sensitive to variation in environmental, demographic and/or genetic processes. However, few studies have attempted to evaluate the relative importance of these processes for key vital rates in island endemics. We integrated the results of long-term capture-mark-recapture analysis, prey surveys, habitat quality assessments and molecular analysis to determine the causes of variation in the survival rates of Komodo dragons Varanus komodoensis at 10 sites on four islands in Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Using open population capture-mark-recapture methods, we ranked competing models that considered environmental, ecological, genetic and demographic effects on site-specific Komodo dragon survival rates. Site-specific survival rates ranged from 0.49 (95% CI: 0.33-0.68) to 0.92 (0.79-0.97) in the 10 study sites. The three highest-ranked models (i.e. QAIC(c) < 2) explained approximate to 70% of variation in Komodo dragon survival rates and identified interactions between inbreeding coefficients, prey biomass density and habitat quality as important explanatory variables. There was evidence of additive effects from ecological and genetic (e.g. inbreeding) processes affecting Komodo dragon survival rates. Our results indicate that maintaining high ungulate prey biomass and habitat quality would enhance the persistence of Komodo dragon populations. Assisted gene flow may also increase the genetic and demographic viability of the smaller Komodo dragon populations.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "The influence of individual clay minerals on formation damage of reservoir sandstones: a critical review with some new insights. The influence of individual clay minerals on formation damage of reservoir sandstones is reviewed, mainly through the mechanism of fine particle dispersion and migration leading to the accumulation and blockage of pore throats and significant reduction of permeability. The minerals discussed belong to the smectite, kaolinite, illite and chlorite groups respectively. These minerals usually occur in an aggregate form in reservoir sandstones and the physicochemical properties of these aggregates are reviewed in order to reach a better understanding of the factors that lead to their dispersion in aqueous pore fluids. Particularly significant properties include the surface charge on both basal and edge faces of the clay minerals and how this varies with pH, external surface area of both swelling and non-swelling clays, porosity and pore size distribution in the micro- and meso-pore size range and overall aggregate morphology. For non-swelling clays, and perhaps even for swelling clays, dispersion is thought to be initiated at the micro-or meso-pore level, where the interaction between the pore solution and the charged clay surfaces exposed on adjacent sides of slit-or wedge-shaped pores brings about expansion of the diffuse double electric layer (DDL) and an increase in hydration pressure. Such expansion occurs only in dilute electrolyte solutions in contrast to the effect of concentrated solutions which would shrink the thickness of the DDL and so inhibit dispersion. Stable dispersions are formed, particularly where the solution pH exceeds the isoelectric pH of the mineral, which is often at alkali pH values, so that both basal face and edge surfaces are negatively charged and the particles repel each other. The osmotic swelling of smectitic clays to a gel-like form, so effectively blocking pores in situ, is often invoked as an explanation of formation damage in reservoir sandstones. Such swelling certainly occurs in dilute aqueous solutions under earth surface conditions but it is uncertain that stable smectitic gels could form at the temperatures and pressures associated with deeply buried reservoir sandstones.", "label": [4, 36, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Two-oscillator model of ventilatory rhythmogenesis in the frog. Frogs produce two distinct yet highly coordinated ventilatory behaviors, buccal and lung. Lung ventilation occurs in short episodes, interspersed with periods of buccal ventilation. Recent data suggests that two brainstem oscillators are involved in generating these behaviors, one primarily responsible for buccal ventilation, the other for lung. Here we use a modeling approach to demonstrate that the episodic pattern of lung ventilation might be an emergent property of the coupling between the oscillators, and may not require a perturbing input from another, as yet unidentified but previously postulated, neuronal oscillator. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "A Descriptive Study of Norms in Interpreting: Based on the Chinese-English Consecutive Interpreting Corpus of Chinese Premier Press Conferences. Interpreting performance is shaped by three major forces: a) the interpreter's interpreting competence, b) cognitive conditions on-site and c) norms of interpreting. This research is a descriptive study of norms in the Chinese-English interpreting of Chinese Premier Press Conferences, which reveals the actual norms of consecutive interpreting especially with regard to source text and target text relations. It employs the research paradigm of descriptive translation studies and the analytic tool of shifts. Through inter-textual comparative analysis of the parallel corpus of the on-site interpretation of 11 Chinese Premier Press Conferences (1998-2008), three types of shifts are identified, including Type A shifts (Addition), Type R shifts (Reduction) and Type C' shifts (Correction). With quantitative statistics of the regularity of the occurrences of shifts and qualitative analysis of every type of shifts in the corpus, four typical norms of ST-TT relations are identified: a) the norm of adequacy, b) the norm of explicitation in logic relations, c) the norm of specificity in information content, d) the norm of explicitness in meaning. This descriptive study of norms based on a relatively large corpus of on-site interpretation can serve as a tentative exploration of the methodology in descriptive interpreting studies. It may also shed new light on interpreting quality studies.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Larval location, mortality, and leaf area consumption on Bacillus thuringiensis-treated cotton. A commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki Berliner (Javelin) was evaluated 2 d after application at 0.025, 0.1, and 0.5 kg/ha to cotton leaves and terminals for its effect on location, mortality, and leaf area consumption of exposed bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), larvae. On leaves held in paper cups the percentage of larvae in the control was typically higher on the lower than upper surface, and results were similar at all B. thuringiensis rates and times. Increasing the B. thuringiensis rate also significantly decreased leaf area consumption, which was correlated inversely with larval mortality. Application of B. thuringiensis to cotton terminals resulted in a decrease in the percentage of live larvae located on meristematic tissue and squares at all sampling times (3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h) and an increase in the percentage on the holding cup surface and the terminal leaves, except at 48 h. The percentage of live larvae on the meristematic tissues and squares at the 2 highest B. thuringiensis rates after 6 h had been reduced 36 and 50% and 73 and 64%, respectively, from the control. These results show that within hours of B. thuringiensis application to cotton terminals there is a significant shift in the location of H. zea larvae away from meristematic tissue and squares to expanded leaves or off the terminal or both. This suggests that adequate B. thuringiensis consumption causes larval movement to locations where larvae are less damaging.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "From comparative historical analysis to 'local theory': The Italian city-state route to the modern state. Many explanations have been offered for why the dominant city-states of Italy declined, giving way to the larger, national states of Western Europe. Some, like World Systems theorists, have seen the decline of the Italian city-states as the result of the shift of trade from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, while others, like Richard Lachmann, have focused on institutional arrangements that rendered these systems less resilient when faced by external threats. This article focuses on the relations of local institutions with the interests of capital, and on the role of contentious politics within the city-state that developed as a result of this interaction. Taking as my starting point the comparative historical analysis of statebuilding in the work of Charles Tilly, in Coercion, Capital and European States, the article places contentious politics as a bridge between the Tillian categories of capital-domination and statebuilding, using the case of Florence in the late 14th and early 15th centuries to etch the skeleton of that bridge. With Tilly, I argue that the class interests of the urban elites that were built directly into the mechanisms of city-state politics worked at cross-purposes to the collective requirements of statebuilding. Next, I argue that Tilly pays too little attention to the specificities of the Italian case and gives short shrift to its internal political processes. Finally, I argue that class domination working through institutional conflicts led to periodic outbursts of conflict and built a lack of trust into the structure of governance. I conclude by suggesting why the Italian city-states, at least, were inhibited from taking the nation-state route to the modern world until quite late in their histories.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Enhanced elemental mercury removal by facile sulfurization of agrowaste chars. Facile sulfurization of char from agrowaste of coconut pith (CP) and elemental sulfur was developed towards producing cheaper adsorbents for elemental mercury (Hg-2) adsorption. It was found that physicochemical properties of the sulfurized chars changed with the initial CP to elemental sulfur ratio (CPS) and sulfurization temperatures, that generally affected the Hg-2 adsorption. The CPS ratio of 1:1 and sulfurization temperature of 300(2)C (i.e. CPS300(1:1)) resulted in outstanding Hg degrees adsorption performance. Characterization of the char indicates the presence of the organic compounds, organic sulfur and elemental sulfur species onto the adsorbents were likely favoring the He adsorption. The adsorption capacity of CPS300(1:1) was higher than 26077.7 mu g/g, since the adsorbents still did not reach breakthrough time even after 80 d of adsorption process. The study on the effect of bed temperature found that the adsorbent was still effective in removing He at any temperature (50 degrees C to 200 degrees C). The sulfurized-char however was non-regenerable. (C) 2019 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Unlocking the structural features for the xylobiohydrolase activity of an unusual GH11 member identified in a compost-derived consortium. The heteropolysaccharide xylan is a valuable source of sustainable chemicals and materials from renewable biomass sources. A complete hydrolysis of this major hemicellulose component requires a diverse set of enzymes including endo-beta-1,4-xylanases, beta-xylosidases, acetylxylan esterases, alpha-l-arabinofuranosidases, and alpha-glucuronidases. Notably, the most studied xylanases from glycoside hydrolase family 11 (GH11) have exclusively been endo-beta-1,4- and beta-1,3-xylanases. However, a recent analysis of a metatranscriptome library from a microbial lignocellulose community revealed GH11 enzymes capable of releasing solely xylobiose from xylan. Although initial biochemical studies clearly indicated their xylobiohydrolase mode of action, the structural features that drive this new activity still remained unclear. It was also not clear whether the enzymes acted on the reducing or nonreducing end of the substrate. Here, we solved the crystal structure of MetXyn11 in the apo and xylobiose-bound forms. The structure of MetXyn11 revealed the molecular features that explain the observed pattern on xylooligosaccharides released by this nonreducing end xylobiohydrolase.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Intralymphatic Spread is a Rare Finding Associated With Poor Prognosis in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma With Extranodal Involvements. Intralymphatic spread is common in solid cancers, but has been rarely studied in lymphomas. Review of 635 extranodal specimens from 475 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients revealed intralymphatic spread in 10 surgical resection specimens from 10 patients including 9 de novo DLBCLs and 1 Richter transformation. The prevalence in de novo DLBCL with extranodal involvements was 1.65%. The most common involved site of intralymphatic spread was the gastrointestinal tract, followed by the female genital tract and breasts. Lymphatic vessels, lined by D2-40-positive endothelial cells, were expanded by lymphoma cells, reminiscent of intravascular lymphoma or tumor emboli. None of the involved lymphatic vessels were located in the mucosa. Patients with intralymphatic spread had a trend of lower overall response rate and a trend of higher progressive disease than those without intralymphatic spread. Compared with patients without intralymphatic spread, those patients with intralymphatic spread had a shorter median overall survival (14.3 vs. 96.2 mo; P = 0.004) and a shorter median progression-free survival (11.2 vs. 64.2 mo; P = 0.01), respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that intralymphatic spread was an independent poor prognostic factor for overall survival (hazard ratio, 3.029; 95% confidence interval, 1.315-6.978; P = 0.009), irrespective of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network-International Prognostic Index, B symptoms, and serum albumin levels. Among patients who underwent surgical resection, intralymphatic spread was still an independent prognostic factor. In conclusion, our study demonstrated extranodal intralymphatic spread in DLBCL. Inspiringly, this rare morphologic finding may serve as a new negative prognostic indicator in DLBCL with extranodal involvements.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Substitution of the transmembrane domain of Vpu in simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHlV(Ku1bMC33))with that of M2 of influenza A results in a virus that is sensitive to inhibitors of the M2 ion channel and is pathogenic for pig-tailed macaques. The Vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type I has been shown to shunt the CD4 receptor molecule to the proteasome for degradation and to enhance virus release from infected cells. The exact mechanism by which the Vpu protein enhances virus release is currently unknown but some investigators have shown that this function is associated with the transmembrane domain and potential ion channel properties. In this study, we determined if the transmembrane domain of Vpu could be functionally substituted with that of the prototypical viroporin, the M2 protein of influenza A virus. We constructed chimeric vpu gene in which the transmembrane domain of Vpu was replaced with that of the M2 protein of influenza. This chimeric vpu gene was substituted for the vpu gene in the genome of a pathogenic simian human immunodeficiency virus, SHIVKU-1bMC33. The resulting virus, SHIVM2, synthesized a Vpu protein that had a slightly different M-r compared to the parental SHIVKU-1bMC33, reflecting the different sizes of the two Vpu proteins. The SHIVM2 was shown to replicate with slightly reduced kinetics when compared to the parental SHIVKU-1bMC33 but electron microscopy revealed that the site of maturation was similar to the parental virus SHIVKU1bMC33. We show that the replication and spread of SHIVM2 could be blocked with the antiviral drug rimantadine, which is known to target the M2 ion channel. Our results indicate a dose dependent inhibition of SHIVM2 With 100 mu M rimantadine resulting in a >95% decrease in p27 released into the culture medium. Rimantadine did not affect the replication of the parental SHIVKU-1bMC33. Examination of SHIVM2-infected cells treated with 50 mu M rimantadine revealed numerous viral particles associated with the cell plasma membrane and within intracytoplasmic vesicles, which is similar to HIV-1 mutants lacking a functional vpu. To determine if SHIVM2 was as pathogenic as the parental SHIVKU-1bMC33 virus, two pig-tailed macaques were inoculated and followed for up to 8 months. Both pig-tailed macaques developed severe CD4(+) T cell loss within I month of inoculation, high viral loads, and histological lesions consistent with lymphoid depletion similar to the parental SHIVKU-1bMC33. Taken together, these results indicate for the first time that the TM domain of the Vpu protein can be functionally substituted with the TM of M2 of influenza A virus, and shows that compounds that target the TM domain of Vpu protein of HIV-1 could serve as novel anti-HIV-1 drugs. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition of polysiloxane as adhesive nanolayer for silicon wafer bonding. Silicon wafer bonding is a fundamental process in the semi-conductor industry. In parallel, Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD) has gained interest for the deposition of polymer thin films. In the current study, we propose to use ultra-thin films of iCVD polysiloxane as adhesives for silicon wafer bonding. Various thin films of poly(1,3,5-trivinyltrimethylcyclotrisiloxane) with a thickness from 10 to 70 nm were deposited onto silicon wafer surfaces at a temperature ranging from 30? to 100?. Thermal compression was used to join such wafers with another silicon wafers. It led to bonded stacks with excellent bonding interfaces in terms of defects and adherence. Neither the polymer thickness nor the elaboration temperature had any significant impact on the bonding properties. Nevertheless, the bonding temperature increase led to a strong adherence increase: 4 J/m(2) could be reached for temperatures higher than 200?. Such a bonding stack is compatible with various manufacturing processes: grinding, dielectric deposition and annealing.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Recovery time period and quality of life after hysterectomy. Conclusions: It is recommended that nurses should improve their social support for women and families during recovering, to avoid pathological stress and improve quality of life.Results: Findings show that there is relationship between recovery time period and sexual activity (P=0.000). However, no significant relationship exists between recovery time period personal relationships and social support.Design and methods: 103 women post-hysterectomy from several community-integrated health center in Surabaya were selected using the total sampling technique.Background: Women who had undergone hysterectomy have to overcome problems related to sexual and reproductive health. They often suffer a decline in self-esteem due to sexual dysfunction and the inability to give birth, along with their quality of recovery. This study aims to describe the relationships between recovery time and the components of quality of life after hysterectomy.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "The Dissolution of 'Double Deck' Marriage in Nigeria. This contribution is a response to the continued contention that single dissolution of a subsequent statutory marriage by the same parties does not terminate the preceding customary law marriage. The co-existence theorists argued that the two systems of marriage (customary law marriage and statutory marriage), though decked together, co-exist with independent rights and obligations; and that the subsequent statutory marriage does not convert the preceding customary law marriage into a monogamous marriage in spite of the Supreme Court's pronouncements to the contrary in Okotie-Eboh's case. They further maintained that the High Courts have no jurisdiction over customary law marriage issues, hence cannot provide the legal platform upon which the appellate courts could entertain the appeal in the above matter; and that so long as the bride price is not refunded by the woman to the erstwhile husband, the marriage remains in existence. An additional argument from the same theorists has it that the Supreme Court showed some inconsistencies and contradicted itself in Okotie-Eboh's case. It is our submission that the contentions of the co-existence theorists are misplaced and places marriage outside its social relation context. The learned authors seem to express the marriage issues and divorce in particular in a simplistic way, thus losing its human relations content and contemporary realities under the present human rights regime and women's rights in particular. We submit that the legal plank upon which the conversion approach rests and the fact of the dissolution of the subsequent statutory marriage brings the 'double deck' relationship to an end is correct. Any other interpretation short of automatic simultaneous dissolution in the face of the crisis of divorce will lack practical legal reasoning and social sustainability in contemporary society. The Supreme Court's view in support of the conversion theory is, therefore, valid, correct and in accord with contemporary realities.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
{"token": "PAUL GROUSSAC'S ITINERARIES AS A CULTURAL AMBASSADOR. BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS, CELEBRATIONS, AND PUBLIC EVENTS, 1882-1911. This article focuses on Paul Groussac's performance and views in different contexts of international impact, such as: continental or universal expositions (some of which took place between 1882 and 1911), the 1898 war between Spain and the United States, and the Revolucion de Mayo Centennial in 1910. Through Groussac's perfomance in these cross-borders events, the paper studies the ways in which Groussac played the role of a cultural ambassador (as well as the reasons that explain why he was portrayed that way).", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Mouse lung infection model to assess Rhodococcus equi virulence and vaccine protection. The pathogenic actinomycete Rhodococcus aqui causes severe purulent lung infections in foals and immunocompromised people. Although relatively unsusceptible to R. aqui, mice are widely used for in vivo studies with this pathogen. The most commonly employed mouse model is based on systemic (intravenous) infection and determination of R. aqui burdens in spleen and liver. Here, we investigated the murine lung for experimental infection studies with R. aqui. Using a 107 CPU intranasal challenge in BALB/c mice, virulent R. aqui consistently survived in quantifiable numbers up to 10 days in the lungs whereas virulence-deficient R. equi bacteria were rapidly cleared. An internally controlled virulence assay was developed in which the test R. aqui strains are co-inoculated and monitored in the same mouse. Isogenic R. aqui bacteria lacking either the plasmid vapA gene or the entire virulence plasmid were compared using this competitive assay. Both strains showed no significant differences in in vivo fitness in the lung, indicating that the single loss of the virulence factor VapA was sufficient to account for the full attenuation seen in the absence of the virulence plaimid. To test the adequacy of the lung infection model for monitoring R. aqui vaccine efficacy, BALB/c mice were immunized with live R. aqui and challenged intranasally. Vaccination conferred protection against acute pulmonary challenge with virulent R. aqui. Our data indicate that the murine lung infection model provides a useful tool for both R. aqui virulence and vaccine studies. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 43, 10]}
{"token": "Applying a New Ensemble Approach to Estimating Stock Status of Marine Fisheries around the World. The exploitation status of marine fisheries stocks worldwide is of critical importance for food security, ecosystem conservation, and fishery sustainability. Applying a suite of data-limited methods to global catch data, combined through an ensemble modeling approach, we provide quantitative estimates of exploitation status for 785 fish stocks. Fifty-three percent (414 stocks) are below B-MSY and of these, 265 are estimated to be below 80% of the B-MSY level. While the 149 stocks above 80% of B-MSY are conventionally considered \\\\'fully exploited,\\\\' stocks staying at this level for many years, forego substantial yield. Our results enable managers to consider more detailed information than simply a categorization of stocks as \\\\'fully\\\\' or \\\\'over\\\\' exploited. Our approach is reproducible, allows consistent application to a broad range of stocks, and can be easily updated as new data become available. Applied on an ongoing basis, this approach can provide critical, more detailed information for resource management for more exploited fish stocks than currently available.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Strategies for sustainable urban development: towards green(er) Chinese cities?. In the face of more and more environmental pollution and the rapid pace of urbanisation, sustainable urban development has become an increasingly important issue for China. As the country aims to bring urbanisation levels up to 70% by 2035, the way its cities develop and the control of resources consumed for growing urban activity are of paramount importance. Yet, despite a rhetoric pushing for the realisation of sustainable cities, urban development practices currently show a persistently different picture, casting doubts over the effectiveness of policies adopted at the different levels of government. The different dimensions of environmental management in sustainable urban development policies still encounter important obstacles in their implementation.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "The photosynthetic response of cultivated juvenile and mature Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales) sporophytes to light and temperature. We investigated the effects of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature on the photosynthesis of juvenile (JS) and mature sporophytes (MS) of a temperate edible brown alga Undaria pinnatifida cultivated in northeastern Japan, using optical dissolved oxygen sensors and pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)-chlorophyll fluorometry. Photosynthesis-PAR experiments at 8, 15, and 22 degrees C revealed that the maximum net photosynthesis differed with temperature. Values for compensation and saturation PAR indicated a high affinity for a low-light environment. The photosynthetic response of U. pinnatifida to temperature revealed an optimum temperature for oxygenic photosynthesis of 18 degrees C, which was lower than other laminarian kelps and inconsistent with the wide distribution range of this U. pinnatifida. High temperature and irradiance tolerance differed between MS and JS. Notably, F-v/F-m of MS remained above 0.5 at 28 degrees C after 168 h of incubation under dark conditions, whereas F-v/F-m was reduced to 0 for the juveniles. Six hours of constant exposure to 200 (low) and 1000 mu mol (high) photons m(-2) s(-1) at 8, 15, and 22 degrees C induced chronic photoinhibition in all both MS and JS. In contrast to MS, the JS did not recover from photoinhibition in either of the PAR treatments, regardless of a period of darkness. The physiological performance of U. pinnatifida sporophytes indicate an affinity to low light, especially for JS. We expect that these finding will lead to further improvements in commercial production methods to prevent the withering of juvenile sporophytes.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
{"token": "A revision of the southern African katydid genus Griffiniana Karny (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae). The South African genus Griffiniana Karny of squamipterous to macropterous katydids (Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae: Aprosphylini) is revised and a key to species is provided; G. duplessisae sp. n. from the Western Cape Province is described; acoustic behavior of G. capensis Karny, G. duplessisae, and G. longipes (Naskrecki) is described. The genus Ewanella Naskrecki is considered a junior synonym of Griffiniana, and E. breviuscula Gorochov is synonymized with G. longipes.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Less Is More in the Fifties: Encounters between Logical Minimalism and Computer Design during the 1950s. This article frames some important computing developments of the 1950s, connecting them to two older traditions, one within (mathematical) logic and one within engineering. Both traditions could be termed logical minimalism, meaning the systematic use of (mathematical) logic in designing minimal systems and devices. The logical tradition is part of the more general research program into the foundations of mathematics and logic that was carried out in the beginning of the 20th century. The engineering tradition then emerged during the 1930s to design relay circuits and is part of a more general trend of using mathematical techniques in engineering. In the 1940s and 1950s, however, these traditions were redefined and (re) appropriated when computer engineers, logicians and mathematicians started searching for the small(est) and/or simple(st) machines with an eye on engineering a small and relatively cheap digital computer. The main focus is on how the transition of symbolic machines such as Turing's into real computers integrates minimalist philosophies as parts of more complex computer design strategies. The ensuing tradeoffs such as more involved and complex programming or a need for more memory for efficient operation are also discussed.", "label": [3, 4, 40, 30]}
{"token": "Is a culture of health always healthy?. Health care systems in the United States are increasingly focused on addressing the social and cultural determinants of health (ie, a biopsychosocial model of disease). We applaud this important and laudable shift within US healthcare, which has long been dominated by a merely biomedical model of disease. However, we offer three reasons for nurses and other healthcare providers to proceed with caution; otherwise, human culture could become merely a tool of the healthcare industry to be instrumentally deployed in meeting its procedural goals.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Doing Poverty: Learning Outcomes among Students Participating in the Community Action Poverty Simulation Program. This article discusses an application of the Lewinian/Kolb experiential learning model in the context of undergraduate participation in the Missouri Community Action Poverty Simulation (CAPS) program. CAPS is designed to simulate common, everyday experiences among people living in poverty as participants take on the roles of family members working to make ends meet. The creators of CAPS emphasize that \\\\'CAPS is not a game\\\\' but \\\\'a unique tool that community action agencies are able to use to educate everyone, from policy makers to community leaders, about the day to day realities of life with a shortage of money and an abundance of stress.\\\\' The authors facilitated the CAPS program with two large groups of undergraduate students enrolled in sociology, gerontology, and psychology courses at a medium-sized private college in south-central Pennsylvania. The analysis examines the experiential learning outcomes of the students as they reflect on their participation in the simulation. Following participation in CAPS, the students demonstrated an increased awareness of the material conditions of everyday life among families living in poverty.", "label": [5, 53, 57]}
{"token": "Alkaloids and Polyketides from Penicillium citrinum, an Endophyte Isolated from the Moroccan Plant Ceratonia siliqua. The endophytic fungus Penicillium citrinum was isolated from a fresh stern of the Moroccan plant Ceratonia siliqua. Extracts of P. citrinum grown on rice and white bean media yielded five new compounds, namely, citriquinochroman (1), tanzawaic acids G and H (2 and 3), 6-methylcurvulinic acid (4), 8-methoxy-3,5-dimethylisoquinolin-6-ol (5), and one new natural product, 1,2,3,11b-tetrahydroquinolactacide (6), which had previously been described as a synthetic compound. In addition, 13 known compounds including seven alkaloids and six polyketides were isolated. The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously determined on the basis of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy as well as by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Citriquinochroman (1) features a new skeleton, consisting of quinolactacide and (3S)-6-hydroxy-8-methoxy-3,5-dimethylisochroman linked by a C-C bond. 1,2,3,11b-Tetrahydroquinolactacide (6) may be a biogenetic precursor of quinolactacide. Citriquinochroman (1) showed cytotoxicity against the murine lymphoma L5178Y cell line with an IC50 value of 6.1 mu M, while the other compounds were inactive (IC50 > 10 mu M) in this assay.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "Using humor and boosting emotions: An affect-based study of managerial humor, employees' emotions and psychological capital. Evidence from emerging scholarly investigations consistently points to managerial humor as fruitful new grounds to expand management knowledge and practice. In light of this, the present study examined managerial humor as an affective event at work that has short-term emotional and long-term psychological outcomes for employees. To test this empirically, we recruited a sample of 2498 Australian employees to participate in a field experience sampling study. We also considered the potential moderating effect of leader-member exchange on the humor-emotions relationship. Findings provide initial support for managerial humor as an affective event such that when employees perceived their manager's humor as positive they reported experiencing positive emotions, and vice versa. Importantly, employees with high-quality relationships with their managers responded to their manager's humor use with a greater number of positive emotions and fewer negative emotions than did employees with low-quality relationships with their managers. We argue that humor is an event that managers must responsibly manage in order to produce positive emotional experiences for employees and support healthy emotion regulation at work. We also discuss the conditions under which it is advisable for managers to use humor with employees, and suggest future research directions to develop this growing field of inquiry.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "Studies on the electrochemical performance of glucose biosensor based on ferrocene encapsulated ORMOSIL and glucose oxidase modified graphite paste electrode. The electrochemical performance of a new glucose biosensor is reported. The glucose biosensor is developed using glucose oxidase (GOD) and ferrocene encapsulated palladium (Pd)-linked organically modified sol-gel glass (ORMOSIL) material incorporated within graphite paste electrode. The ORMOSIL material incorporated within graphite paste electrode behaves as an excellent electrocatalyst for the oxidation of enzymatically reduced. GOD. The electrochemical behavior of new glucose biosensor has been examined by cyclic volammetry and amperometric measurements. The bioelectrocatalysis of ORMOSIL embedded within graphite paste as a function of storage time and varying concentration of ORMOSIL is reported. The initial amperometric response on glucose sensing is recorded to be 145 muA at 15% (w/w) concentration of the ORMOSIL which is decreased to 20 muA at 5% of the same keeping GOD concentration constant. The variation of electrochemical behavior of the ORMOSIL embedded within graphite paste as a function of time has also been studied based on cyclic voltammetry. The voltammograms showing the reversible electrochemistry of ORMOSIL encapsulated ferrocene is changed into a plateau shape as a function of time, however, the electrocatalytic behavior is still retained. The practical usability of new glucose sensor has been compared with earlier developed glucose sensor. The sensitivity, response time and linearity of the new glucose biosensor are found to be excellent over earlier reported glucose biosensor. The amperometric response, calibration curve and practical applications of new glucose sensor are reported. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 36, 15, 42]}
{"token": "50 Years of Criticizing Religion: A Historical Overview of Norwegian Religious Education. The critique of religion is hotly debated in contemporary media, legal and educational discourses. This review takes almost 50 years (1976-2022) of Norwegian research on the critique of religion in religious education as a point of departure to highlight how the discourse on the critique of religion is negotiated and represented. The review showcases the intimate connection between historical contexts and discursive repertoires through historical and critical discourse analysis. The analysis showcases that the discourse on the critique of religion is dynamic and diverse-starting mainly to appear through theological discourses referencing internal and hermeneutical critique before developing into more diverse discourses emanating from multiple actors and genres centered around critical thinking, source-evaluation, intercultural competence, and negative criticism of religion.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "DECLINE OF EXOCRINE PANCREATIC FUNCTION IN CYSTIC-FIBROSIS PATIENTS WITH PANCREATIC SUFFICIENCY. Patients with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic sufficiency were investigated for evidence of progressive pancreatic disease. From a cohort of 630 patients, 20 pancreatic-sufficient patients became pancreatic insufficient after an average duration of 5.6 y (range 0.6-20.6 y) from diagnosis. Among 54 patients documented to be pancreatic sufficient by direct pancreatic stimulation test, 47 remained pancreatic sufficient and seven developed pancreatic insufficiency. The patients who ultimately developed pancreatic insufficiency were younger and had greatly reduced outputs of enzyme, fluid, and electrolytes. Those who remained pancreatic sufficient showed enzyme secretion close to or within the non-cystic fibrosis control range. Twenty of these patients underwent a second pancreatic stimulation test after an average interval of 4 y (range 1.3-6.2 y). No significant alteration in enzyme, fluid, or electrolyte output was seen in the patients who remained pancreatic sufficient, but there was further reduction in enzyme and fluid output in the patients who developed pancreatic failure. In conclusion, the majority of pancreatic-sufficient patients with pancreatic enzyme secretion within the control range showed no deterioration of function over an extended time period. However, a small number of pancreatic-sufficient patients with reduced enzyme and fluid secretion are at risk of pancreatic failure.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Vertical distribution of natural radionuclides in soil: Assessment of external exposure of population in cultivated and undisturbed areas. In the present work, naturally occurring radionuclides U-238, Th-232 and K-40 were measured in soil samples from the cultivated and undisturbed areas in Rudovci, municipality of Lazarevac, Serbia. There were three profiles, each profile divided into four horizons, giving the twelve soil samples. The specific activity of U-238, Th-232 and K-40 in soil and sediment samples was determined by gamma spectrometry using the HPGe semiconductor detector. Obtained activity concentrations ranged from 28.0 to 44.0 Bq/kg for U-238, from 59.4 to 71.4 Bq/kg for Th-232 and from 335.0 to 517.0 Bq/kg for K-40. The evaluation of the radiological hazards originated from U-238, Th-232 and K-40 in the samples, the absorbed dose rate (D) and the annual effective dose rate (E), calculated in accordance with the UNSCEAR 2000 report, are presented in this paper. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Coxiella burnetii Seroprevalence and Risk for Humans on Dairy Cattle Farms, the Netherlands, 2010-2011. Q fever, caused by Coxiella burnetii, is a recognized occupational infection in persons who have regular contact with ruminants. We determined C. burnetii seroprevalence in residents living or working on dairy cattle farms with >= 50 adult cows and identified risk factors for seropositivity. Serum samples from farm residents, including employees, were tested for C. burnetii IgG and IgM; seroprevalence was 72.1% overall and 87.2%, 54.5%, and 44.2% among farmers, spouses, and children, respectively. Risk factors included farm location in southern region, larger herd size, farm employment, birds in stable, contact with pigs, and indirect contact with rats or mice. Protective factors included automatic milking of cows and fully compliant use of gloves during and around calving. We recommend strengthening general biosecurity measures, such as consistent use of personal protective equipment (e.g., boots, clothing, gloves) by farm staff and avoidance of birds and vermin in stables.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Investigation and reflection on multimedia-assisted English classroom teaching. With the rapid development of information technology, multimedia-assisted instruction has been widely used in classroom teaching, especially in English classroom teaching, the importance of multimedia teaching has been generally recognized. However, there are still some problems in the practical application of multimedia teaching, which deserve further study. Taking 400 students and 50 teachers as the subjects of investigation, through my own English classroom teaching practice, observation and investigation, this paper explores and analyses the real situation of multimedia English teaching from many aspects, and reflects on how to improve multimedia English teaching more effectively in the multimedia environment. In English teaching, we should correctly view the position of multimedia in teaching, correctly understand the traditional English teaching relative to multimedia, organically combine multimedia English teaching with traditional English teaching, and pay attention to people-oriented, teacher-student interaction and emotional exchange in multimedia classroom teaching. Finally, according to the survey results, we can know that what is important is not the improvement of teaching methods and equipment but whether the teaching concept is updated.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 14]}
{"token": "Tuberculosis Lymphadenitis in Ethiopia. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most serious public health challenges in Ethiopia. Indeed, Ethiopia ranks 7th among 22 countries with a high burden of TB worldwide. Both pulmonary TB and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) are issues of concern. Ethiopia ranks 3rd in terms of the number of EPTB patients worldwide, with TB lymphadenitis (TBL) being the most common. According to the World Health Organization' s Global TB Report 2009, the estimated number of TB patients in Ethiopia was 314,267 in 2007, with an estimated incidence rate of 378 patients per 100,000 population. Furthermore, 36% patients suffered from EPTB, with TBL accounting for 80% of these patients. In Ethiopia, pathological services, culture, and drug susceptibility testing for mycobacterium species are not available as routine tests, not even for cases with suspected infection by drug-resistant strains. Therefore, the management of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB in Ethiopia is currently unsatisfactory. Against this background, a high index of clinical doubt and timely use of diagnostic methods, prompt confirmation of diagnosis, and early initiation of specific anti-TB treatment are the key factors for the successful management of MDR-TB and TBL in Ethiopia.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "DNA extraction from stamps and envelope flaps using QIAamp and QIAshredder. The use of Qiagen QIAamp and QIAshredder for extracting DNA from envelope flaps and stamps is reported. The stamps or flaps can be added directly to extraction solutions and the DNA is bound to a spin column containing a silicon membrane for washing prior to elution. DNA extracted from four stamps and four envelope flaps was amplified and analyzed using a multiplex PCR system. Complete DNA profiles were obtained from five samples.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education. Although augmented reality (AR) has gained much research attention in recent years, the term AR was given different meanings by varying researchers. In this article, we first provide an overview of definitions, taxonomies, and technologies of AR. We argue that viewing AR as a concept rather than a type of technology would be more productive for educators, researchers, and designers. Then we identify certain features and affordances of AR systems and applications. Yet, these compelling features may not be unique to AR applications and can be found in other technological systems or learning environments (e.g., ubiquitous and mobile learning environments). The instructional approach adopted by an AR system and the alignment among technology design, instructional approach, and learning experiences may be more important. Thus, we classify three categories of instructional approaches that emphasize the \\\\'roles,\\\\' \\\\'tasks,\\\\' and \\\\'locations,\\\\' and discuss what and how different categories of AR approaches may help students learn. While AR offers new learning opportunities, it also creates new challenges for educators. We outline technological, pedagogical, learning issues related to the implementation of AR in education. For example, students in AR environments may be cognitively overloaded by the large amount of information they encounter, the multiple technological devices they are required to use, and the complex tasks they have to complete. This article provides possible solutions for some of the challenges and suggests:topics and issues for future research. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 53, 40]}
{"token": "Patients behind the front lines: the exchange of mentally ill patients in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The British Mandate in Palestine ended abruptly in 1948. The British departure engendered a complex situation which affected all areas of life, and the country's health system was no exception. Gradual transition of the infrastructure was almost impossible owing to the ineffectiveness of the committee appointed by the United Nations. The situation was further complicated by the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli War. We relate for the first time the story of 75 Jewish patients who were left in a former British mental hospital in Bethlehem - deep behind the front lines. Despite the hostilities, there were complex negotiations about relocating those patients. This episode sheds light on the Jewish and Arab relationship as it pertained to mental institutions during and immediately after the British Mandate.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 23]}
{"token": "Nocturnal fungi: Airborne spores in the canopy and understory of a tropical rain forest. Pathogens and other symbiotic fungi that infect above-ground plant parts commonly disperse as airborne spores. Here we present diel patterns of the density of airborne fungal spores in the canopy and understory of a tropical rain forest. Spores were 52-fold more abundant in the understory than in the canopy. Additionally, spores were 5- to 35-fold more abundant at night than during the day, associated with environmental conditions conducive to germination and plant infection.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Numerical investigation of the nonlinear interaction between the sinusoidal motion-induced and gust-induced forces acting on bridge decks. With the increasing spans and complex deck shapes, aerodynamic nonlinearity becomes a crucial concern in the design of long-span bridges. This paper investigates the nonlinear interaction between the gust-induced and motion-induced forces acting on bridge decks using the Vortex Particle Method (VPM) as a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. This nonlinear interaction is complex and intractable by the conventional linear semi-analytical models that employ the superposition principle. To excite such interaction, a sinusoidally oscillating bridge deck is subjected to sinusoidal vertical gusts. Two distinct aspects are studied: The influence of large-scale sinusoidal vertical gusts on the shear layer of a moving body and the nonlinear dependence of the aerodynamic forces on the effective angle of attack. For the latter, the resultant aerodynamic forces based on a linear semi-analytical and a CFD model are compared for the same effective angle of attack due to sinusoidal gust and motion. The methodology is first employed to verify the linear behavior of a flat plate and then study the nonlinear behavior of two bridge decks. The results show that the linear superposition principle holds for streamlined bridge decks with minimal shear layer instability. However, this principle may not be valid for bluff bridge decks due to strong separation vortices that dictate the shear layer, which induces nonlinearity in the aerodynamic forces manifested through amplitude difference in the first harmonic and emergence of higher-order harmonics. The outcome of this study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the complex nonlinear fluid-structure interaction occurring for bluff bodies subjected to motion and free-stream gusts.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "The diffusion of risks in public private partnership contracts. Purpose - The UK government argues that the benefits of public private partnership (PPP) in delivering public infrastructure stern from transferring risks to the private sector within a structure in which financiers put their own capital at risk, and the performance-based payment mechanism, reinforced by the due diligence requirements imposed by the lenders financing the projects. Prior studies of risk in PPPs have investigated \\\\'what\\\\' risks are allocated and to \\\\'whom\\\\', that is to the public or the private sector. The purpose of this study is to examine \\\\'how\\\\' and \\\\'why\\\\' PPP risks are diffused by their financiers.Originality/value - The expectation inherent in PPP is that the private sector will better manage those risks allocated to it and because private capital is at risk, financiers will perform due diligence with the ultimate outcome that only viable projects will proceed. This paper presents empirical evidence that raises questions about these expectations.Findings - The findings show that the financial structure of the deals generates risk aversion in both debt and equity financiers and that the need to attract affordable finance leads to risk diffusion through a network of companies using various means that include contractual mitigation through insurance, performance support guarantees, interest rate swaps and inflation hedges. Because of the complexity this process generates, both procurers and suppliers need expensive expert advice. The risk aversion and diffusion and the consequent need for advice add cost to the projects, impacting on the government's economic argument for risk transfer.Design/methodology/approach - This study focuses on the financial structure of PPPs and on their financiers. Empirical evidence comes from interviews conducted with equity and debt financiers.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Design of semi-degradable hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) for cartilage tissue engineering. Articular cartilage damage is a persistent challenge in biomaterials and tissue engineering. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels have shown promise as implants, but their lack of integration with surrounding cartilage prevents their utility. We sought to combine the advantages of PVA hydrogels with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds, which have been successful in facilitating the integration of neocartilage with surrounding tissue. Through a novel double-emulsion technique, PLGA microparticles and a high level of porosity were simultaneously incorporated into PVA hydrogels. The porosity, average pore size and swelling properties of the hydrogels were controlled by varying initial processing parameters, such as the relative amounts of PLGA and solvent. Average pore sizes were in the ranged 50-100 mu m. The PLGA microparticles degraded within the hydrogels over time in aqueous conditions, resulting in increases in porosity and pore size. After 4 weeks in cell culture, immature cartilage tissue filled many of the pores of the hydrogels that initially contained PLGA, and proteoglycan production was proportional to the amount of PLGA. In contrast, there was little cell attachment and no proteoglycan production in control hydrogels without PLGA. The compressive moduli of the hydrogels were similar to that of healthy cartilage and increased over time from 0.05-0.1 to 0.3-0.7 MPa. The generation of a hybrid cartilage-hydrogel construct using this technique may finally allow the integration of PVA hydrogels with surrounding cartilage. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 15, 42]}
{"token": "Shelf life extension of roasted peanuts by surface lipid removal. Removal of lipids on the surface or from a layer adjacent to the surface of a roasted peanut kernel was investigated as a means to extend the oxidative stability or shelf life of roasted peanuts. Georgia green runner-type peanut kernels were roasted at 178 degrees C in an electric oven for 15 min. Roasted peanuts were subjected to lipid extraction in hexane by mechanical shaking and sonication at room temperature for various durations. Peanut oil was recovered from hexane using a Soxtec lipid extraction system. The surface conditions of the peanuts before and after lipid removal were examined using a florescence microscope. Results showed that surface lipids of the roasted peanuts used in this study existed at a level of approximately 0.56% of the total peanut mass. Florescence micrographs revealed that the surface of sonicated peanut kernels was clean and almost free of oil stains, as opposed to that of freshly roasted peanut kernels, where a considerable amount of lipids remained on the surface of roasted peanuts. Statistical analysis indicated that lipid removal could significantly improve the oxidative stability of roasted peanuts, and it was possible to extend the shelf life of roasted peanuts by removing partial lipids from the roasted peanuts. The results also showed that power ultrasound could remove the lipids more effectively than mechanical shaking.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Calibration of nonnuclear density gauge data for accurate in-place density prediction. Hot-mix asphalt (HMA) density is an important acceptance quality characteristic, which involves in situ tests for quality control and assurance (QC/QA). Highway agencies have conventionally used nuclear density gauges or core samples for mat density. More recently, alternate non-destructive testing methods have been considered to replace current test methods. Nonnuclear density gauges offer rapid testing while eliminating safety risks and costs associated with radioactive license. Although agencies have evaluated them, they are not implemented in acceptance testing so far. Results are presented from a field evaluation of three nonnuclear density gauges-PaveTracker, PQI 300, and PQI 301-conducted on Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) paving projects. The main goal was to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of nonnuclear gauges for use in QC/QA activities by WisDOT. The study involved field tests at 16 project sites and included 21 mix designs and a variety of mix design and pavement design parameters, such as aggregate type, nominal maximum aggregate size, layer thickness, design traffic, and base type. Density measurements were recorded at 30 test points at each site with one nuclear gauge and three nonnuclear gauges. Although the mean standard deviation values of the nonnuclear gauge data were less than those of the nuclear gauge measurements, a consistent bias was observed between the two data sets. This bias was adjusted by using a calibration factor to yield density predictions statistically the same as the nuclear gauge measurements. It is recommended that a calibration factor determined from 10 points by using a slope function be implemented for agency use. Further, daily calibration for each mix design is recommended when the project involves multiple paving days.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Distribution and developmental changes in GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. We examined three-dimensionally the arrangement of gamma-aminobutyric acid; (GABA)-like immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, by a combination of immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy on whole-mount preparations. GABA-like immunoreactivity was detected in all ganglia of the adult CNS. The following distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies was noted in the adult snail. Buccal ganglia: one cell body and five pairs of cell bodies, cerebral ganglia: one pair of cell bodies, pedal ganglia: two single cell bodies, two pairs of cell bodies, and three pairs of cell clusters, and pleural ganglia: one pair of cell bodies. In the asymmetrical parietal ganglia, three cell bodies were located in the left parietal ganglion; three cell bodies and three cell clusters were located in the right parietal ganglion. In the single visceral ganglion, a few scattered individual cell bodies and a cell cluster were GABA-like immunoreactive. Our results showed that the occurrence of GABA is widely spread in the CNS of adult L. stagnalis. GABA-like immunoreactivity in the CNS was not detected in the embryo but; was observed after hatching, although the number of stained cells was less than in the adult, with the exception of those in the cerebral ganglia where their number decreased with maturation. Our results provide detailed maps of the central GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in juveniles, immatures, and adults oft. stagnalis. J. Comp. Neurol. 418:310-322, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
{"token": "Redeeming Creation: Creatio ex nihilo and the Imago Dei in Augustine. Contemporary theology has sometimes been critical of the perceived abstract, speculative intellectualism in Augustine's anthropology, especially in his understanding of the imago Dei. Within the larger context of Augustine's claims on the soul, however, and, in particular, in the way he conceives the soul created from nothing according to the image of God, one finds an intimate binding of soteriological and moral concerns to his claims on the created origin of the soul. In this we see that Augustine's intellectualism does not remove the soul from time, history and the relations with God and the world forged therein, but underscores the soul's sensitivity to, and dependence on, its relations to God and the world.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Nonprofit Policy Advocacy under Authoritarianism. Despite the increasing volume and significance of research on nonprofit advocacy, most studies have focused on the phenomenon only in Western countries. This article expands the scope of the literature by examining the advocacy activities of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in authoritarian China. This article focuses on three aspects of advocacy behavior : advocacy investment and use of insider and outsider tactics. Data analyses of an original nationwide survey of 267 environmental NGOs and semistructured interviews with 30 highlight how resource and institutional factors-government funding, government affiliation, foundation funding, and peer collaborations-shape NGO advocacy in China. The findings also suggest ways in which institutional actors may enhance NGOs' capacity for policy advocacy.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Carnal Manifestations of Divine Love in the Mystical Writings of Elsbeth of Oye, Mechthild of Magdeburg and Margery Kempe. This article considers literary representations of the body in female mysticism from a transdisciplinary and comparative perspective. It is one of the first studies to provide a comparative reading of three female authors of the Middle Ages: Mechthild of Magdeburg's Das Flieende Licht der Gottheit (c. 1250), Elsbeth of Oye's Leben und Offenbarungen (c. 1340) and The Book of Margery Kempe (c. 1440). The literary depiction of bodily urges ranges from erotic encounters as a representation of mystical union, to longing, suffering and despair in order to be a living example of imitatio Christi. Through analysing relevant excerpts of the three mystical texts, which illustrate the yearning for physical pain (the vita of Elsbeth of Oye) and differing accentuations of sexuality (The Book of Margery Kempe, Das Flieende Licht der Gottheit), the instrumentalisation of the female body for salvific purposes becomes clear. These carnal manifestations of divine love can be viewed as major motifs structuring the texts rather than giving unmediated and 'documentary' evidence of their authors' experience.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Creatine effects in aerobic performance: a systematic rewiew. The controversy regarding creatine supplementation involves, among other topics, its use as an ergogenic aid in aerobic exercise. Few data are available in the literature on this subject. Thus, with the intention of seeking and evaluating data from the literature, this review, after a selection based on criteria of exclusion, together the findings of eight original articles that directly or indirectly related to creatine supplementation with aerobic performance. The great diversity of methodologies and approaches applied further enhances the dissemination of inaccurate and conflicting information regarding the use of creatine in order to increase the aerobic performance.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Oxygen ion induced variations in the structural and Linear/Nonlinear optical properties of the PVA/PANI/Ag nanocomposite film. In this work, the solution cast method was used to synthesize PVA/PANI/Ag nanocomposite films. Subsequently, the PVA/PANI/Ag films have been irradiated using oxygen ion beam irradiation fluence (8x10(17), 16x10(17), and 24x10(17) ions/cm(2)). The effect of ion irradiation on the crystal structure and functional groups of PVA/PANI/Ag films was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) respectively. Additionally, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was used to reveal the change in surface morphology of the irradiated films. The optical band gap and Urbach energy of the unirradiated and irradiated PVA/PANI/Ag films have been determined by employing Tauc's relation. Furthermore, the linear optical parameters, including extinction coefficient, refractive index, dielectric constant, and loss have been deduced. Besides, the dispersion parameters of the studied films were computed by Wemple and Di-Domenico model. Additionally, non-linear optical susceptibility and non-linear refractive index have been calculated for the unirradiated and irradiated films. The reported results show that the irradiated film by 24x10(17) ions/cm(2) is considered the best for non-linear optical applications and more convenient to the optoelectronic device.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Augmented and virtual reality for physics: Experience of Kazakhstan secondary educational institutions. Currently, computer-based training systems, such as virtual laboratories (VLs), are becoming more common not only in universities but also in secondary schools. For physics, VLs are of great importance, as they allow simulating processes that cannot be seen or reproduced. Technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) help us to create such physical visualizations. This study presents a VL, which allows users to solve various physical practical tasks or problems with the help of three-dimensional process visualizations performed in three different ways, namely desktop VR, AR, and VR using a Leap Motion controller. This study describes in detail the functionality and implementation of a VL. As an experiment, three schools were provided with the necessary equipment and software. Fifty pupils of the 9th grade used the developed VL for half of the academic year, after which they took part in a comprehensive survey. About 88% of them found the laboratory useful for studying physics. The children were satisfied with its functionality and usability. Interviews with teachers helped us to understand which of the three visualization methods is preferable for them and children in the present environment.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 53, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Energy conservation and coupling error reduction in non-iterative co-simulations. When simulators are energetically coupled in a co-simulation, coupling errors alter the total energy of the full system. This distorts system dynamics, lowers the quality of the results, and can lead to instability. Using power bonds to realize simulator coupling, theEnergy-Conservation-based Co-Simulationmethod (ECCO) (Sadjina et al. Eng Comput 33(3):607-620. 10.1007/s00366-016-0492-8,2017) exploits these concepts to define non-iterative global error estimation and adaptive step size control relying on coupling variable data alone. Following similar argumentation, theNearly Energy Preserving Coupling Element(NEPCE) (Benedikt et al. Nepce-a nearly energy preserving coupling element for weak-coupled problems and co-simulation. In: V International conference on computational methods for coupled problems in science and engineering, coupled problems, pp 1021-1032. International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering,2013) uses corrections to the simulator inputs to approximately ensure energy conservation. Here, we discuss a modification to NEPCE for when direct feed-through is present in one of the coupled simulators. We further demonstrate how accuracy and efficiency in non-iterative co-simulations are substantially enhanced when combining NEPCE with ECCO's adaptive step size controller. A quarter car model with linear and nonlinear damping characteristics serves as a co-simulation benchmark, and we observe reductions of the coupling errors of up to 98% utilizing the concepts discussed here.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "TRUTH AND FALSITY OF PREDICATIVE ASSERTION IN THE SOPHIST 259E-264B. This paper aims to expound and analyze the argument about the structure of logos, on which the theory of \\\\'predicative logic \\\\' developed in Plato \\\\'s Sophist (261d-264b) is based. By distinguishing \\\\'truth \\\\' from \\\\'falsity \\\\' as \\\\'qualities \\\\' of statements, the argument enables thought and language to function as means suited to the description and study of reality. The reading of \\\\'difference \\\\' as \\\\'incompatibility \\\\' explains why \\\\'Theatetus is flying \\\\' is a false statement; but neither the example nor this reading can be taken as a definition of what a false statement is.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Theoretical prediction of structural, electronic and optical properties of quaternary alloy Zn(1-x)Be(x)S(y)Se1-y. Within density functional theory based on the full potential-linearized augmented plane wave method, we carry out the first-principles calculation of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of the zinc blende quaternary alloy Zn1-xBexSySe1-y. The Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation based on the optimization of total energy and the Engel-Vosko generalized gradient approximation based on the optimization of the corresponding potential are used. Our investigation on the effect of the composition on lattice constants, bulk modulus, band gap, optical dielectric constant, and refractive index shows a non-linear dependence. The energy gap E-g(x, y) has been determined over the entire compositions x and y. In addition, the energy band gap of the technologically important quaternary alloy Zn1-xBexSySe1-y in conditions of being lattice matched to ZnS substrate has been investigated. It is noteworthy that the present work is the first theoretical study of the quaternary alloy of interest.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Web-based tutoring in power engineering. This paper deals with the application of web-based technologies to power engineering education in an interactive student/mentor environment. The modern teaching/learning concepts and new technologies to support these concepts have been developed. This project incorporates web-based tools, including Internet, videoconferencing, and educational intelligent system modules for power engineering education. Different student learning styles are adapted for power engineering applications. The proposed interactive learning environment allows the mentor and students to best utilize the facilities for effective teaching and learning.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "On the adequacy of identified Cole-Cole models. The Cole-Cole model has been widely used to interpret electrical geophysical data. Normally an iterative computer program is used to invert the frequency domain complex impedance data and simple error estimation is obtained from the squared difference of the measured (field) and calculated values over the full frequency range. Recently a new direct inversion algorithm was proposed for the 'optimal' estimation of the Cole-Cole parameters, which differs from existing inversion algorithms in that the estimated parameters are direct solutions of a set of equations without the need for an initial guess for initialisation. This paper first briefly investigates the advantages and disadvantages of the new algorithm compared to the standard Levenberg-Marquardt \\\\'ridge regression\\\\' algorithm. Then, and more importantly, we address the adequacy of the models resulting from both the \\\\'ridge regression\\\\' and the new algorithm, using two different statistical tests and we give objective statistical criteria for acceptance or rejection of the estimated models. The first is the standard X-2 technique. The second is a parameter-accuracy based test that uses a joint multi-normal distribution. Numerical results that illustrate the performance of both testing methods are given. The main goals of this paper are (i) to provide the source code for the new \\\\'direct inversion\\\\' algorithm in Matlab and (ii) to introduce and demonstrate two methods to determine the reliability of a set of data before data processing, i.e., to consider the adequacy of the resulting Cole-Cole model. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38, 40]}
{"token": "Activity coefficients of rubidium chloride and cesium chloride in methanol-water mixtures and a comparative study of Pitzer and Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg models (298.15 K). Activity coefficients of rubidium chloride and cesium chloride in methanol-water mixed solvent systems were determined by electromotive force (EMF) measurements at 298.15 K, in the range 0-40% (wt.%) methanol. For our work, the cells: Rb-ISE vertical bar RbCl (m), methanol (Y), water (1 - Y)vertical bar Cl-ISE; Cs-ISE vertical bar CsCl (m), methanol (Y), water (1 - Y)vertical bar Cl-ISE were used to obtain the emf data. The rubidium and cesium ion-selective electrodes were prepared by ourselves, and they exhibited reasonably good Nernst response. Then the experimental data were calculated by both Pitzer and Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg models. We got the corresponding parameters of two models, the standard potentials and the activity coefficients of rubidium chloride and cesium chloride. Moreover, the standard Gibbs free energies of transference of RbCl or CsCl from water to methanol-water mixtures had been discussed as well. After the comparative study, it was found that the Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg model was superior in this work. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
{"token": "The Kodak Syndrome: Risks and Opportunities Created by Decentralization of Forensic Capabilities. Forensic science laboratories are being challenged by the expanding decentralization of forensic capabilities, particularly for digital traces. This study recommends laboratories undertake digital transformations to capitalize on the decentralization movement, develop a more comprehensive understanding of crime and security-relevant problems, and play a more central role in problem-solving collaboratively with law enforcement organizations and other stakeholders. A framework for the bilateral transfer of information and knowledge is proposed to magnify the impact of forensic science laboratories on abating crime, strengthening security, and reinforcing the criminal justice system. To accomplish digital transformations, laboratories require personnel with different expertise, including investigative reasoning, knowledge codification, data analytics, and forensic intelligence. Ultimately, this study encourages managers, educators, researchers, and policymakers to look beyond the usefulness of forensic results for solving individual investigations, and to realize the value of combined forensic knowledge and intelligence for developing broader strategies to deal with crime in digitalized society.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Influence of formulated glyphosate and activator adjuvants on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in glyphosate-resistant and -susceptible Glycine max. Two Glycine max near-isolines, GL2415 (glyphosate sensitive) and GL2600RR (glyphosate resistant), were compared for susceptibility to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the fungus that causes white mold disease (also known as Sclerotinia stem rot). A formulated isopropylamine salt of glyphosate (RU) at 840, 1,680, and 2,520 g ae ha(-1) the RU formulation blank containing only adjuvants (RUFB) at 0.4% (v/v); organosilicone at 0.3% (v/v); a crop oil concentrate at 1.0% (v/v); and a nonionic surfactant at 0.5% (v/v) were evaluated for their influence on V5 G. max susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum in the field. The same treatments plus a formulated isopropylamine salt of glyphosate lacking adjuvants at 2,520 g ae ha(-1) and a formulated trimethylsulfonium salt of glyphosate at 2,520 g ae ha(-1) were applied to GL2600RR G. max in the greenhouse. Results from these studies indicated no differences in fungal growth, disease development, or G, max yield for any of these treatments. To determine if any interaction occurred between the chemicals, plants, and S, sclerotiorum, leaflets from both cultivars were dipped into and immediately removed from solutions of the RU at 4, 7, and 10% (v/v) and the RUFB and adjuvants at the rates described. The resulting lesion developments were similar across both cultivars but not across chemical treatments. Lesion developments were smaller on leaflets treated with RUFB and RU, but larger on leaflets treated with the other three adjuvants. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycelia growing on potato dextrose agar were inhibited by high concentrations of RU and of RUFB at 100 mM ae glyphosate and by the three adjuvants at 1% (v/v). Formulated glyphosate lacking adjuvants did not inhibit, mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar. The glyphosate resistance trait did not appear to be associated with the susceptibility of G. max to S, sclerotiorum. Neither the glyphosate resistance trait nor the applications of glyphosate and adjuvants influenced G. max susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Countertransference in End-of-Life Music Therapy. Countertransference is a complex and important issue for end-of-life music therapists. However, limited literature is available on the subject of end-of-life music therapy and countertransference to guide professionals as we encounter the effects of countertransference inside and outside sessions. There are circumstances associated with end-of-life music therapy that require a closer look, that demand recognition, and that may result in better music experiences for our clients. The purpose of this article is to explore the experiences and influences of countertransference in the unique situations presented by end-of-life music therapy, thus increasing readers' awareness of the potential impact of countertransference upon their clinical practices.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Echocardiographic MRI: an innovative fusion of functional and anatomic assessment strategy for CHD. We present a pilot case using an innovative fusion of echocardiogram and MRI achieved with a MATLAB-based imaging programme to explore the feasibility of this imaging strategy in the functional and anatomic assessment of a patient with repaired tetralogy of Fallot requiring pulmonary valve intervention. Echocardiogram and MRI neutralises the disadvantages and limitations of each individual imaging modality and yields important anatomic and haemodynamic information crucial to the treatment decision-making process. Future image fusion strategies can apply to three-dimensional images and image-directed therapy for CHD.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "The Importance of Being Formal. This paper presents work in the context of the certification of a safety component for autonomous service robots, and investigates the potential advantages offered by formally modelling the domain knowledge, specification and implementation in a theorem prover in higher-order logic. This allows safety properties to be stated in an abstract manner close to textbook mathematics. The automatic proof checking alleviates correctness concerns, and provides a seamless development process from high-level safety requirements down to concrete implementation. Moreover, the formalisation can be checked for correctness automatically, and the certification review process can focus on the correctness of the specification and safety cases.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Adherence to Streptococci Facilitates Fusobacterium nucleatum Integration into an Oral Microbial Community. The development of multispecies oral microbial communities involves complex intra- and interspecies interactions at various levels. The ability to adhere to the resident bacteria or the biofilm matrix and overcome community resistance are among the key factors that determine whether a bacterium can integrate into a community. Fusobacterium nucleatum is a prevalent Gram-negative oral bacterial species that is able to adhere to a variety of oral microbes and has been implicated in playing an important role in the establishment of multispecies oral microbial community. However, the majority of experiments thus far has focused on the physical adherence between two species as measured by in vitro co-aggregation assays, while the community-based effects on the integration of F. nucleatum into multispecies microbial community remains to be investigated. In this study, we focus on community integration of F. nucleatum. We demonstrated using an established in vitro mice oral microbiota (O-mix) that the viability of F. nucleatum was significantly reduced upon addition to the O-mix due to cell contact-dependent induction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production by oral community. Interestingly, this inhibitory effect was significantly alleviated when F. nucleatum was allowed to adhere to its known interacting partner species (such as Streptococcus sanguinis) prior to addition. Furthermore, this aggregate formation-dependent protection was absent in the F. nucleatum mutant strain Delta Fn1526 that is unable to bind to a number of Gram-positive species. More importantly, this protective effect was also observed during integration of F. nucleatum into a human salivary microbial community (S-mix). These results suggest that by adhering to other oral microbes, F. nucleatum is able to mask the surface components that are recognized by H2O2 producing oral community members. This evasion strategy prevents detection by antagonistic oral bacteria and allows integration into the developing oral microbial community.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 43]}
{"token": "Intuitionistic Propositional Logic with Galois Negations. Intuitionistic propositional logic with Galois negations (IGN) is introduced. Heyting algebras with Galois negations are obtained from Heyting algebras by adding the Galois pair ((sic), similar to) and dual Galois pair ((sic), (similar to) over dot) of negations. Discrete duality between GN-frames and algebras as well as the relational semantics for IGN are developed. A Hilbert-style axiomatic system HN is given for IGN, and Galois negation logics are defined as extensions of IGN. We give the bi-tense logic S4N(t) which is obtained from the minimal tense extension of the modal logic S4 by adding tense operators. We give a new extended Godel translation tau and prove that IGN is embedded into S4N(t) by tau. Moreover, every Kripke-complete Galois negation logic L is embedded into its tense companion tau(L).", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
{"token": "Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the L'Aquila district, central Italy. Objective-To estimate the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the L'Aquila district, central Italy.Methods-All available case sources were screened. Definite and probable cases of multiple sclerosis, classified according to the Poser criteria, were considered as prevalent cases.Results-On the prevalence day, 31 December 1996, 158 patients (105 women and 53 men; ratio 2:1) affected by definite (n=131) or probable (n=27) multiple sclerosis were alive and resident in the L'Aquila district. Mean (SD) age was 38.4 (11.9) years (38.9 (11.7) years for women and 38.5 (12.3) years for men, p=0.9). The overall crude prevalence was 53.0/100 000 (95% confidence interval (95% CI)=45.4-62.0); 68.4/100 000 (95% CI=56.5-82.8) in women, and 36.7/100 000 (95% CI=28.1-48.0) in men. The prevalence was similar (55.9/100 000) when standardised to the 1996 European population. Mean (SD) age at onset of multiple sclerosis was 29.4 (9.6) years and mean (SD) duration of the disease was 9.4 (7.4) years, without any significant difference between sexes. Mean age at onset was significantly higher in patients with the primary progressive than in those with the relapsing-remitting course (p=0.0002, Scheffe's test).Conclusions-The prevalence found in the L'Aquila district gives support to the consideration of Italy as an area in which multiple sclerosis has been shown to have high prevalence at least in the populations that were surveyed recently.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "False Discoveries in UK Mutual Fund Performance. We use a multiple hypothesis testing framework to estimate the false discovery rate (FDR) amongst UK equity mutual funds. Using all funds, we find a relatively high FDR for the best funds of 32.8% (at a 5% significance level), which implies that only around 3.7% of all funds truly outperform their benchmarks. For the worst funds the FDR is relatively small at 7.6% which results in 22% of funds which truly underperform their benchmarks. For different investment styles, this pattern of very few genuine winner funds is repeated for all companies, small companies and equity income funds. Forming portfolios of funds recursively for which the FDR is controlled at a acceptable value, produces no performance persistence for positive alpha funds and weak evidence of persistence for negative alpha funds.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "The Politics of Biblical Interpretation: A 'Criticism of Criticism'. Following Joseph Ratzinger's call for a 'criticism of criticism', this article situates the history of modern biblical criticism in its political context within the centuries long church state conflict. Beginning with Medieval Muslim polemical literature, this article traces through history the politically and theologically motivated philological analyses and hostility toward spiritual exegesis which formed the foundation upon which eighteenth and nineteenth century biblical criticism built. Rather than the result of some objective scientific enterprise, the methods modern Bible scholars employed often served state politics as well as other prior commitments.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Four new species of the genus Pseudosubhimalus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from the Indian subcontinent. Four new species of leafhoppers, Pseudosubhimalus asymmetricus sp. nov. (Himachal Pradesh: Katrain), P. dalangensis sp. nov. (Himachal Pradesh: Dalang), P. katraini sp. nov. (Himachal Pradesh: Katrain), P. lachungensis sp. nov. (Sikkim: Lachung), are described from the Indian subcontinent. A checklist and key to the species of Pseudosubhimalus are provided.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Reproducing, resisting and transcending discourses of femininity: a discourse analysis of women's accounts of leisure. Situated within a feminist, social constructionist perspective, this paper explores the utility of discourse analysis for the study of women's leisure. The accounts of 14 women who regularly participate in leisure and self-care were analysed and three discursive resources were identified. Whereas hegemonic constructions of femininity typically serve to forestall women's leisure participation, participants' accounts here are shown to negotiate these social meanings by reproducing, resisting or transcending dominant discourses of femininity. Findings are discussed with respect to health promotion initiatives aimed at supporting women's leisure.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "Patient's estimation of efficacy treatments in a dermatological of various hyperhidrosis clinic. Hyperhidrosis is a common ailment, which is accompanied by a low quality of life. There are many current treatment options. The aims of this study were to investigate: (i) the characteristics of sweating in patients referred for hyperhidrosis; (ii) their quality of life, using the Dermatology Life Quality Index and the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale; and (iii) their estimation of efficacy of the treatments given, using a patient's global assessment score and the quality of life scores. In 47 of 94 patients (50%) responding to the questionnaires, hyperhidrosis was confined exclusively to the axillae. In 21 (22%) of the patients, sweating in the axillae was combined with sweating of the hands and/or feet, face or other, more widespread, regions. Fifteen patients (16%) had generalized hyperhidrosis. In half of all cases, sweating occurred in attacks. Attacks were mostly triggered by warmth, exercise, emotions, or had no apparent cause. Quality of life was low in all cases. All treatments improved quality of life.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Otolaryngological manifestations of 'Muckle-Wells syndrome'. We present a follow-up of a cohort of three cases of Muckle-Wells syndrome (MWS). The aim of this report is to characterise the symptoms of this rare autosomal dominant condition with respect to the ENT practice. A retrospective analysis of the clinical features of MWS from our outpatient follow-up record of the three patients diagnosed with MWS. An extensive literature search was performed, using Medline through Pub Med (1950-2010), EMBASE (1980-2009) and Ovid (1958-2009). Retrospective case note study. In the present cohort, progressive sensorineural hearing loss was the main presentation and has been followed up over 10 years (median). The spectrum of head and neck presentation from the world literature was reviewed and includes hypothyroidism, amyloid goitre, cervical lymphadenopathy, and facial rash. This is the first documented report of the Otolaryngological features of the MWS in the English ENT literature. An awareness of this rare syndrome is essential in order to diagnose this uncommon syndrome and thus to plan for a long-term follow-up. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "The coupling VIV analysis of SCRs with rigid swing. With the development of deepwater oil and gas exploration, Steel Catenary Risers (SCRs) become preferred risers for resource production, import and export. Vortex induced vibration (VIV) is the key problem encountered in the design of SCRs. In this study, a new model, the rigid swing model, is proposed based on the consideration of large curvature of SCRs. The sag bend of SCRs is assumed as a rigid swing system around the axis from the hanging point to the touch down point (TDP) in the model. The torque, produced by the lift force and the swing vector, provides the driving torque for the swing system, and the weight of SCRs provides the restoring torque. The simulated response of rigid swing is coupled with bending vibration, and then the coupling VIV model of SCRs is studied in consideration of bending vibration and rigid motion. The calculated results indicate that the rigid swing has a magnitude equal to that of bending vibration, and the rigid motion affects the dynamic response of SCRs and can not be neglected in the VIV analysis.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "The French King and the Ostrich: Reflections on the Date of the Medieval Vercelli Map of the World. The Vercelli map has never been accorded its due place in the mappaemundi canon. Faced with problems of illegibility, few scholars have dared to research it. The availability of multispectral imaging (MSI), however, has provoked closer investigation. In this short note, attention is limited to the question of its date. Attempting to discover the genesis of a medieval map remains largely a matter of reasoned guesswork in stages. In this article, based on new assessments, a process of evolution is suggested that may enable us to reconcile the dating proposed more than hundred years ago by Carlo Errera (1270-1285), half a century ago by Carlo Felice Capello (1191-1218) and, more recently, by Dan Terkla (1217). It is hoped that further MSI will challenge scholars to detect additional layers in the map.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Vertical gradients in leaf trait diversity in a New Zealand forest. Leaves come in a remarkable diversity of sizes and shapes. However, spatial patterns in leaf trait diversity are rarely investigated and poorly resolved. We used a hierarchical approach to evaluate vertical variability in leaf morphology (i.e., leaf trait diversity) in 16 common tree and shrub species inhabiting a New Zealand forest. Height-related heterogeneity in leaf area, specific leaf area, circularity and length to width ratio was analyzed at three scales: (1) among leaves within plants, (2) among plants within species and (3) among species within functional groups (i.e., trees vs. shrubs). Results were scale dependent. Among-leaf morphological diversity was unrelated to plant height. Among-individual morphological diversity increased with the average height of each species, indicating that taller plant species express a greater range of leaf traits than shorter species. Among-species morphological diversity was higher in shrubs than in trees. We hypothesize that scale-dependent patterns in leaf trait diversity result from scale-dependent adaptations to forest environmental conditions. As trees grow from the forest floor into the canopy, they are exposed to a range of environmental conditions, which may select for a range of leaf traits through ontogeny. Conversely, shrubs never reach the forest canopy and may instead be differentially adapted to suites of environmental conditions associated with different stages of forest recovery from tree-fall disturbances. Overall results indicate that vertical patterns in leaf trait diversity exist. However, their strength and directionality are strongly scale-dependent, suggesting that different processes govern leaf shape diversity at different levels of ecological organization.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Persistence of perennial cool-season grass and legume cultivars under continuous grazing by beef cattle. Persistence of highly productive forage species in pastures is essential to maximize economic returns from grazing livestock, However, most forage cultivars are neither developed nor evaluated under grazing. The objective of this study was to evaluate several cool-season forage species and cultivars to determine their tolerance to continuous grazing. Three grazing experiments were established in 1996 in central Iowa: (i) 20 cultivars and populations of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), (ii) 15 cultivars representing five cool-season legume species, and (iii) 25 cultivars and germplasms of six tool-season grass species. Beef cattle (Bos taurus) continuously grazed the experiments for about four months in 1997 and 1998. Alfalfa yield was measured in adjacent plots. Stand survival ratings were taken each year. Among the alfalfa entries, grazing-tolerant 'Alfagraze' showed high persistence but moderate yield. Several new alfalfa populations combined excellent grazing tolerance with yield equal to the best hay-type cultivar, Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.) and white clover (T. repens L.) persisted better than alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), and red clover (T. pratense L.), with no loss of stand after two grazing years. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) persisted well, though considerable variation was present among orchardgrass cultivars after the second grazing year. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea i,.) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) stands were reduced to <10% after one grazing year. Although the severe, continuous grazing used in these experiments is not recommended, it clearly and quickly differentiates among species and cultivars for grazing tolerance.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Scrub Typhus Is an Under-recognized Cause of Acute Febrile Illness with Acute Kidney Injury in India. Methods: From September 2011 to November 2012, blood samples of all the patients with unexplained acute febrile illness and/or varying organ involvement were evaluated for evidence of scrub typhus. A confirmed case of scrub typhus was defined as one with detectable Orientia tsutsugamushi deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in patient's blood sample by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the gene encoding 56-kDa antigen and without any alternative etiological diagnosis. Renal involvement was defined by demonstration of abnormal urinalysis and/or reduced glomerular filtration rate. AKI was defined as per Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) definition.Conclusions: Scrub typhus was diagnosed in 24% of patients presenting with unexplained febrile illness according to a strict case definition not previously used in this region. Renal abnormalities were seen in almost 82% of all patients with evidence of AKI in 53%. Our finding is contrary to current perception that scrub typhus rarely causes renal dysfunction. We suggest that all patients with unexplained febrile illness be investigated for scrub typhus and AKI looked for in scrub typhus patients.Results: Out of 201 patients tested during this period, 49 were positive by nested PCR for scrub typhus. Mean age of study population was 34.1 +/- 14.4 (range 11-65) years. Majority were males and a seasonal trend was evident with most cases following the rainy season. Overall, renal abnormalities were seen in 82% patients, 53% of patients had AKI (stage 1, 2 and 3 in 10%, 8% and 35%, respectively). The urinalysis was abnormal in 61%, with dipstick positive albuminuria (55%) and microscopic hematuria (16%) being most common. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and shock were seen in 57% and 16% of patients, respectively. Hyperbilirubinemia was associated with AKI (p = 0.013). A total of 8 patients (including three with dialysis dependent AKI) expired whereas rest all made uneventful recovery. Jaundice, oliguria, ARDS and AKI were associated with mortality. However, after multivariate analysis, only oliguric AKI remained a significant predictor of mortality (p = 0.002).Background: Infection-related acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropical region. The prevalence and outcome of kidney involvement, especially AKI, in scrub typhus is not known. We investigated all patients with undiagnosed fever and multisystem involvement for scrub typhus and present the pattern of renal involvement seen.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Identification of a novel acetylated form of branched-chain polyamine from a hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis. Long/branched-chain polyamines are unique polycations found in thermophiles. The hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis contains spermidine and a branched-chain polyamine, N-4-bis(aminopropyl)spermidine, as major polyamines. The metabolic pathways associated with branched-chain polyamines remain unknown. Here, we used gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses to identify a new acetylated polyamine, N-4-bis(aminopropyl)-N-1-acetylspermidine, from T. kodakarensis; this polyamine was not found in other micro-organisms. The amounts of branched-chain polyamine and its acetylated form increased with temperature, indicating that branched-chain polyamines are important for growth at higher temperatures. The amount of quaternary acetylated polyamine produced was associated with the amount of N-4-bis(aminopropyl)spermidine in the cell. The ratio of acetylated to non-acetylated forms was higher in the stationary phase than in the logarithmic growth phase under high-temperature stress condition.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 19, 36, 8, 42]}
{"token": "Leading knowledge mobilization for public value: The case of the congestion charge zone (Area C) in Milan. The literature on public value creation has grown significantly in recent years. However, how such generation of public value is linked to the interaction between individual and organizational capabilities, and the role played by leadership in such interaction, is still underexplored. This analysis of the congestion charge zone (Area C) implemented by the Municipality of Milan in Italy explores this issue and highlights the role played by the knowledge orchestrator who, by assuming different leadership roles at different times, strives to create value through knowledge mobilization. Leveraging from existing resources, the knowledge orchestrator captures knowledge from the external environment and promotes collaboration among individuals and institutions, so as to generate a new reconfigured stock of knowledge. These activities nurture the capacity of public organizations to collaborate, produce innovations, and more broadly contribute to public value creation.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Social cognition in early course of schizophrenia: Exploratory factor analysis. Social cognition is a central contributor to social functioning in schizophrenia. A better understanding of the underlying structure of social cognition in the early course schizophrenia could help us identify more precise targets for intervention in this population. In the present study, we performed an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) on 90 patients within the early course of schizophrenia using 11 validated subtests assessing various domains of social cognitive skills. The factors derived from this analysis were then used to investigate relationships between these distinct domains of social cognition skills and neurocognitive performance, clinical symptoms, and social functioning satisfaction. The results revealed the presence of a 3-factor solution, representing the domains of Emotion Management, Emotion Recognition, and Theory of Mind, together accounting for 55.88% of the variance. Moreover, higher scores on the Theory of Mind factor were significantly related to higher social functioning satisfaction measures as well as with lower clinical symptoms severity. Our findings suggest that social cognitive skills are composed of three separate domains in the early course of schizophrenia and that theory of mind could be an important therapeutic target for early intervention.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "STATISTICS OF SPAIN'S COLONIAL TRADE, 1747-1820: NEW ESTIMATES AND COMPARISONS WITH GREAT BRITAIN. New estimates-of Spain's current-account balance with the \\\\'Indies\\\\' add new-perspectives to the recent debate on the aims and results of Spanish commercial policy. At the height of \\\\'comercio libre\\\\' in 1784-92, Spain's private commercial interests appear to have drawn larger financial returns from the Indies than did their British counterparts from wider colonial engagement. On this as on other scores, by the eve of the French wars the Spanish empire appears to have become a sounder economic proposition than might be inferred from recent pessimistic views. The empire's subsequent demise may have involved a greater degree of geographical and dynastic accident than is seemingly apparent.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Incorporating vascular-stasis based blood perfusion to evaluate the thermal signatures of cell-death using modified Arrhenius equation with regeneration of living tissues during nanoparticle-assisted thermal therapy. Cellular and biological tissue heating may result in reversible (or repairable injury) and irreversible (or lethal) thermal cell-death in living biological tissues. Continuous regeneration of living human tissues due to the continuous supply of oxygen through arterial blood must be taken into account to counter balance the thermal degradation at quasi-static thermal conditions. This study incorporates vascular-stasis based non-linear blood perfusion for magnetic nanoparticle assisted thermal therapy to model the thermal by-stander effect - a hyperthermia-induced deep infiltration of nanoparticles in the targeted tissue domain. Pennes bioheat model based on Fourier heat conduction theory is four-way coupled with Arrhenius and non-Arrhenius kinetic models of cell-death with healthy cells regeneration. In determination of treatment endpoint, the kinetic model must be coupled with quantitative and qualitative pathological biomarkers of thermal damage. Nanoparticle distribution volume increases by 39.62% after possible rupturing of cell membrane during heating. The release of intracellular solution by dead cells during heating promotes nanoparticle migration from the region of higher concentration to the regions of lower concentration thereby 80% enhancement in interstitial space and five-fold increase in diffusion coefficient. For such redistribution phenomenon, the heating time is sufficient to reduce the oxygen in erythrocytes (red blood cells) and maximize the necrosis zone inside tumour. However, at the interface, the regeneration of healthy cells triggers an immune response of biological tissue towards continued heating to suppress, prevent and restrict further accumulation of thermal damage within damage bounds of omega < 1. While modelling the kinetics of thermal damage of tumour, one must include and should not ignore the partial selfregeneration of connecting normal human tissues at the tumour periphery due to continuous matching of oxygen demands in the healthy tissue by the arterial blood.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Migraine, Helicobacter pylori, and oxidative stress. The interaction of nitric oxide was measured by the determination of both nitrite and nitrate concentrations in the sample.Results The study group included 31 women and 4 men (mean age 49 +/- 8 years) and the control group included 25 women and 4 men (mean age 52.6 +/- 11 years). The mean frequency of migraine attacks was 2.94 +/- 1.58 days/month and the mean duration of attacks was 21.2 +/- 3 hours.It was found that the study group has lower nitrate levels than the control group.Conclusions Our results do not support the role of oxidative stress in patients suffering from H. pylori infection and migraine.Background The aim of this study was to ascertain whether oxidative stress is a causative factor of migraine attacks for Helicobacter pylori-infected migraineurs.Material and Methods A total of 35 consecutive migraine patients without aura who came to gastroenterology polyclinic with various complaints and diagnosed H. pylori infection were included in the study group and compared with a group of 29 patients (control group) without migraine and H. infection. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by histopathological biopsies, which were taken by endoscopy (Olympus-GIFXQ240 endoscope). Both the diagnosis and the classification of migraine were made according to the International Headache Society criteria.Blood samples for nitric oxide were taken from patients with migraine during headache-free period as well as the control group.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 43]}
{"token": "Total abdominal colectomy is cost-effective in treating colorectal cancer in patients with genetically diagnosed Lynch Syndrome. Methods: A Markov decision tree was constructed using Treeage software to compare QALY of LS patients following SEG or TAC. Probabilities, cost, and utility were obtained from literature. Cost-effectiveness analyses were performed.Background: Lynch syndrome (LS) has a 80% lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer and metachronous cancer. No studies have examined the quality adjusted life expectancy after SEG or TAC for LS patients, which this study was aiming for. If TAC offers a higher quality adjusted life year (QALY) to SEG in LS patients, preoperative diagnosis of LS is critical as it alters the recommended surgical procedure.Results: TAC dominates SEG as both the life-saving and cost-saving strategy. TAC dominated SEG on QALY (17.80 vs 17.13 QALY) for a cohort of LS patients diagnosed at an average of 30 year old and followed every 2 years after initial surgery.Conclusions: We conclude that TAC as the primary surgical option for LS patients diagnosed with Stage IIII colon cancer is cost-effective. Further cost-effectiveness study is recommended to include extracolonic malignancies in LS patients. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Reflection and refraction of elastic waves at the interface of an elastic solid and partially saturated soils. The present problem deals with the reflection and refraction of plane waves at the interface of an elastic solid and partially saturated soils. A mathematical model of partially saturated soils developed by Ghasemzadeh and Abounouri (Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 51:1-8, 2013) is employed. The incidence of two main waves (PandSV) is considered. As a result of the incident wave, two reflected waves (in an elastic solid) and four refracted waves (in partially saturated soils) are generated. The elastic solid behaves non-dissipative, while partially saturated soils behave dissipative due to the presence of viscous pore fluids, as a result of which the incident and reflected waves are homogeneous and all the refracted waves are inhomogeneous. The coefficients of reflection and refraction for a given incident wave result in a non-singular system of linear equations. Further, these reflection and refraction coefficients are used to obtain the energy shares of various reflected and refracted waves. This study has been numerically tested to determine the effects of various properties of partially saturated soils on the various energy shares. The numerical example confirms that during the reflection or refraction process conservation of incident energy is obtained at each angle of incidence.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Formation of Adolescent Social Competence. The article presents the results of the study aimed at adolescent social competence development. The conduct of this study was conditioned by the fact that the prosperity and the success of a modern man depends on the ability to solve problems, on his awareness of social space issues, the degree of social competence development that make it possible to achieve the desired goals and come to a necessary result. In the framework of this study, psycho-pedagogical literature was analyzed, various approaches were identified to define the notion of \\\\'social competence\\\\', the age characteristics of adolescents were identified, the diagnostic tools were selected (\\\\'The scale of social competence\\\\' by A.M. Prikhozhan, \\\\'The methodology for student socialization study by M.I. Rozhkov, G. Gilford's \\\\'Social Intelligence Test\\\\'). The study was conducted on the basis of the school in Kazan. 30 teenagers took part in the experiment (15 boys, 15 girls) at the age of 13-14. Based on the generalization of theoretical knowledge concerning the formation of social competence, taking into account the age characteristics of adolescents and obtained empirical data, we compiled a psycho-pedagogical program. The program included organized forms and the methods of work on the development of lagging indicators of adolescent social competence, it was conducted once a week for 45-50 minutes in a classroom and after-hours.The effectiveness of the program was checked at the control stage of the study, it was checked by the methods of mathematical statistics and was described in detail in the article. The results and recommendations can be used in the practice of social educators, educators-psychologists, class leaders and tutors.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Immunogenicity in Oreochromis niloticus vaccinated with sonicated antigens against streptococcosis. Streptococcosis causes great economic losses in intensive culture of tilapia. Vaccination is the most effective and safest way to tackle infectious diseases. Thus, this study sought the more effective and safer antigenic fraction after sonication of Streptococcus agalactiae to elaborate a vaccine against streptococcosis in Nile tilapia. For this, twenty-one days after vaccination with different fractions (soluble and insoluble) of S. agalactiae, the fish were challenged with the homologous strain (LD50). Then, samples were taken at zero, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days postvaccination (DPV, n = 7). Blood and organs (cranial kidney, spleen and liver) were collected from vaccinated and unvaccinated fish. Finally, insoluble fraction vaccine presented the best effect, resulting in a 100% relative percent of survival (RPS) and without clinical manifestations. In view of the results, it was to evaluate the role of the insoluble fraction of the antigen in the protective immunity against streptococcosis. The results indicate that the spleen might be the main organ in the vaccine response in Nile tilapia due to the great morphological and immunological differences in vaccinated fish, evidenced by the greater of melanomacrophage centers (MMC) and IgM + lymphocytes in relation to the non-vaccinated fish. At 60 DPV, it was observed the peak of the protective immunity related to the maximum concentration of proteins, circulating leukocytes, antibody titers in the serum and tissue changes with greater expression of IgM + and MMC number in the spleen and kidney of Oreochromis niloticus. Vaccination with insoluble fraction of S. agalactiae was safe and provided effective protection against streptococcosis with maximum protective response at 60 DPV.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 6, 18, 45, 10]}
{"token": "Gender and social class in the construction of higher education aspirations among parents of girl students in Urban India. In this article we describe evolving educational aspirations and practices of female high school students and their families in the context of rapidly changing education and employment markets in Kolkata. We interviewed 35 families of girls attending two government high schools. The families are from lower middle-class and lower income backgrounds. The latter see access to education as a way towards upward social mobility. Using gender and social class as axes of analysis, we explore how these families negotiate educational aspirations and practices in connection with married life and motherhood. We also look at the influence of social, cultural, and economic capitals on the formation of aspirations, knowledge about careers, and the ability to put aspirations into practice. This work contributes to the domain of research on education and social class in India with a gendered perspective and a unique setting in government high schools for girls.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Cell polarity in the early Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. Beginning with the first mitotic division in a Caenorhabditis elegans embryo, asymmetric cleavages establish much of the body plan. Although they share a common axis of polarity, at least three kinds of asymmetric cell division occur: two are under intrinsic control, while a third requires an inductive signal and may operate repeatedly throughout development.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "20th Century Chinese Migration to Italy: The Chinese Diaspora Presence within European International Migration. International migration is changing the face of Europe, and the rapidly growing presence of the Chinese diaspora in Italy illustrates how longstanding migratory patterns are subject to global socioeconomic changes. Both Italy and China are traditionally points of emigration, but today, there is a unique juncture in the historical experience whereupon one community, the Italians, has become host to the other, the Chinese. Italy, with its promise of new or underdeveloped economic niches and relatively lax immigration policies, has served as a particular draw for Chinese migrants over the last two decades. The following article seeks to present a clearer picture of 20th century Chinese migration to Italy. First, I will establish the present state of immigration in Italy followed by an overview of contemporary Chinese migration to Italy. Second, I will consider the Zhejiangese migration to Europe, including Italy, and the motivations behind these global movements. Third, I will examine the traces of historical influence on the livelihoods of the Chinese residing in Italy today. The development of the Chinese community in Italy touches upon the need to learn from the past as Italy, and Europe, determines how to administer to and integrate the newest members of its society.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The role of collaborative knowledge building in the co-creation of artifacts: influencing factors and propositions. Purpose - This paper assesses the role of collaborative knowledge building in the co-creation of artifacts in the knowledge management field.Practical implications - The study will help managers understand the intricacies of collaborative knowledge building practices to increase organizational overall effectiveness and performance.Research limitations/implications - This study has limitations related to scope of contribution, covered time span (17 years) and restrictions in journal subscriptions.Originality/value - This study is a first attempt to systematically assess the role of collaborative knowledge building in the co-creation of artifacts, and therefore, it represents a primary reference in the knowledge management field. It proposes some initial propositions that can guide future empirical studies.Findings - Findings showed that several factors influenced the co-creation of artifacts in collaborative knowledge building. At the micro level, individual motivation, capabilities and reflexivity seemed to play a central role in co-creation processes. At the meso level, teamwork and shared understanding were identified as two key major factors. At the macro level, structural, behavioral and cognitive factors were identified; they included organizational rules and workplace setting, organizational culture and learning and memory. Managerial agency, characteristics of artifacts and knowledge brokers and boundary spanners also seemed to have an influence at the inter-organizational levels of analysis.Design/methodology/approach - Fifty-eight papers published in six knowledge management-related journals were analyzed. The framework for analysis included 13 codes. Studies were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "Automatic Generation of Semantically Rich As-Built Building Information Models Using 2D Images: A Derivative-Free Optimization Approach. Over the past decade a considerable number of studies have focused on generating semantically rich as-built building information models (BIMs). However, the prevailing methods rely on laborious manual segmentation or automatic but error-prone segmentation. In addition, the methods failed to make good use of existing semantics sources. This article presents a novel segmentation-free derivative-free optimization (DFO) approach that translates the generation of as-built BIMs from 2D images into an optimization problem of fitting BIM components regarding architectural and topological constraints. The semantics of the BIMs are subsequently enriched by linking the fitted components with existing semantics sources. The approach was prototyped in two experiments using an outdoor and an indoor case, respectively. The results showed that in the outdoor case 12 out of 13 BIM components were correctly generated within 1.5 hours, and in the indoor case all target BIM components were correctly generated with a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 3.9 cm in about 2.5 hours. The main computational novelties of this study are: (1) to translate the automatic as-built BIM generation from 2D images as an optimization problem; (2) to develop an effective and segmentation-free approach that is fundamentally different from prevailing methods; and (3) to exploit online open BIM component information for semantic enrichment, which, to a certain extent, alleviates the dilemma between information inadequacy and information overload in BIM development.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Severe hypertension and cardiac failure associated with neuroblastoma: A case report. The authors report on a 3-year-old-girl with neuroblastoma complicated by severe hypertension and cardiac failure. She had cardiomegaly and pleural and pericardial effusions, Echocardiogram showed left ventricular hypertrophy and decrease of the left ventricular ejection fraction to 0.36 (normal > .40). Abdominal computed tomographic scan indicated a 7 x 7-cm tumor in the left suprarenal area. There was a marked increase in catecholamines and metabolites in her body fluids. After hypertension was controlled with doxazosin (a long-acting alpha 1 adrenergic blocker), her cardiac function gradually improved, A tumor was surgically removed and diagnosed as a poorly differentiated ganglioneuroblastoma. Preoperative differentiation between neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma was slot possible on the basis of catecholamine analysis or imaging studies including computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging, It is important to control hypertension quickly in the patients with catecholamine induced cardiomyopathy to facilitate surgical intervention for diagnosis and treatment. Copyright (C) 1996 by W.B. Saunders Company", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "On-the-disk development of the halo coronal mass ejection on 1998 May 2. A halo coronal mass ejection (CME) was observed at 15:03 UT on 1998 May 2 by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Large-Angle Spectrometric Coronagraph. The observation of the CME was preceded by a major soft X-ray flare in NOAA Active Region 8210, characterized by a delta spot magnetic configuration and some activity in region 8214. A large transequatorial interconnecting loop (TIL) seen in the soft X-rays connected AR 8210 to a faint magnetic field region in the periphery of region 8214. Smaller loop systems were also connecting AR 8210 to other fainter bipolar magnetic structures, the interconnecting loop (IL) east of AR 8210 being one of the most visible. We present here a multiwavelength analysis of the large- and small-scale coronal structures associated with the development of the flare and of the CME, with emphasis placed on radio-imaging data. In the early phases of the flare, the radio emission sources traced the propagation paths of electrons along the TIL and the IL, which are accelerated in the vicinity of AR 8210. Furthermore, jetlike flows were observed in soft X-rays and in H alpha in these directions. Significantly, the TIL and IL loop systems disappeared at least partially after the CME. An EUV Imaging Telescope (EIT) dimming region of similar size and shape to the soft X-ray TIL, but noticeably offset from it, was also observed. During the \\\\'flash\\\\' phase of the flare, new radio sources appeared, presenting signatures of destabilization and reconnection at discrete locations of the connecting loops. We interpret these as possible signatures of the CME liftoff on the disk. An H alpha Moreton wave (blast wave) and an \\\\'EIT wave\\\\' were also observed, originating from the flaring AR 8210. The signatures in radio, after the wave propagated high into the corona, include type II-like emissions in the spectra. The radio images link these emissions to fast-moving sources, presumably formed at locations where the blast wave encounters magnetic structures. The opening of the CME magnetic field is revealed by the radio observations, which show large and expanding moving sources overlying the later-seen EIT dimming region.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "'My eyes are my ears': Deaf people appropriating AIDS education messages in Uganda. Resume L'action d'education de la population ougandaise sur le SIDA a souleve des questions sur la maniere de toucher les personnes en situation de handicap. Basee sur des entretiens semi-structures et des observations participantes avec des sourds a Kampala, cette etude a examine comment les technologies de communication sont utilisees en general par les sourds, et ce qui est specifique a la communication sur le VIH et le SIDA. Elle a constate que les technologies de communication, dont le but est de medier l'information, sont elles-memes mediees par les relations sociales. Deux contrastes sont apparents : entre les types de technologie et les types de relations. Les << vieilles >> technologies (radiodiffusion et impression) dependent souvent d'une mediation assuree par des personnes entendantes qui creent les messages et expliquent l'information audio a des personnes sourdes. Les << nouvelles >> technologies numeriques sous la forme de smartphones permettent aux personnes sourdes de communiquer directement entre elles et facilitent de nouvelles formes de socialite des sourds, a la fois en ligne et en personne. Elles transmettent l'information sur la prevention du SIDA, en evitant d'avoir a parler de sexe avec des membres de la famille appartenant a la generation parentale, culturellement sensible. Les smartphones sont tres apprecies par les personnes sourdes mais les couts d'acquisition et d'utilisation de ces appareils en excluent beaucoup.The Ugandan effort to provide AIDS education for the entire population raised questions about how to reach people with disabilities. Based on semi-structured interviews and participant observation with Deaf people in Kampala, this study examined how communication technologies are used in general by Deaf people, and what is specific to communicating about HIV and AIDS. It found that communication technologies, whose purpose is to mediate information, are themselves mediated by social relations. Two contrasts are apparent: between types of technology and types of relationships. The 'old' technologies - broadcast and print - often depend on mediation by hearing people, who create the messages and explain audio information to Deaf associates. The 'new' digital technologies in the form of smartphones allow Deaf people to communicate directly with one another and facilitate new forms of Deaf sociality, both online and in person. They convey information about AIDS prevention directly, obviating the need to discuss sex with family members of the parental generation, which is culturally sensitive. Smartphones are highly appreciated by Deaf people but the costs of obtaining and using them exclude many.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
{"token": "Mexican papita viroid and tomato planta macho viroid belong to a single species in the genus Pospiviroid. Tomato planta macho viroid (TPMVd) and Mexican papita viroid (MPVd) are two closely related (> 90% sequence identity) members of the genus Pospiviroid. Their current status as members of separate species is based upon the reported ability of TPMVd to replicate in Gomphrena globosa and the inability of this viroid to evoke flower break in N. glutinosa. Characterization of a viroid recently isolated from diseased tomato plants grown in Mexico (identical to GenBank accession GQ131573) casts doubt on this earlier report and indicates that these viroids should be classified as members of a single species. Giving priority to the older name, we propose including both of these viroids in the current species Tomato planta macho viroid.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Carnitine deficiency: Risk factors and incidence in children with epilepsy. Background: Carnitine deficiency is relatively common in epilepsy; risk factors reportedly include combination antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy with valproic acid (VPA), young age, intellectual disability, diet and enteral or parenteral feeding. Few studies have examined the correlation between each risk factor and carnitine deficiency in children with epilepsy. We examined the influence of these risk factors on carnitine deficiency, and identified a formula to estimate plasma free carnitine concentration in children with epilepsy.Conclusions: Carnitine-free enteral formula only by tube feeding, multiple AED treatment and low BW are risk factors for carnitine deficiency in children with epilepsy. L-carnitine should be administered to children at risk of deficiency to avoid complications. Treatment decisions can be informed using an estimation formula that does not require blood tests. (C) 2014 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Results: Carnitine deficiency was found in approximately 17% of patients with epilepsy and was significantly associated with carnitine-free enteral formula only by tube feeding, number of AEDs taken (independent of VPA use), body weight (BW), body height and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) score. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis indicated that carnitine concentration (in mu mol/L) could be accurately estimated from a formula that does not require blood testing: 42.44 + 0.14 x (BW in kg) - 18.16 x (feeding) - 3.19 x (number of AEDs), where feeding was allocated a score of 1 for carnitine-free enteral formula only by tube feeding and 0 for taking food orally (R-2 = 0.504, P < 0.001).Methods: Sixty-five children with epilepsy and 26 age-matched controls were enrolled. Plasma carnitine concentrations were measured using an enzyme cycling assay, and correlations were sought with patients' other clinical characteristics.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Social structure and helping behaviour of the Grey-crowned Babbler Pomatostomus temporalis. A 4-year study of cooperative breeding in the Grey-crowned Babbler Pomatostomus temporalis was conducted in the monsoon-tropics of northern Australia. Most groups comprised a single socially monogamous pair with up to seven helpers. We found no floaters. The sex ratio was almost unity for each year. Helpers included philopatric offspring, immigrating juveniles and immigrating sexually mature birds. Adults of both sexes moved frequently between groups. Pairs without helpers were unable to raise young to fledging and often divorced, suggesting that cooperative breeding was obligatory in this population. However, for groups with helpers, the group size effect was weak; there was no significant correlation between the number of fledglings and number of helpers. Breeding females exclusively contributed to incubation. Breeders contributed more to provisioning of nestlings than non-breeders. Although helpers did not enhance the total provisioning rate to nestlings, small groups should recruit helpers to maintain the group and enhance reproductive success.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "The local paradox in grand policy schemes. Lessons from Newfoundland and Labrador. We turn to the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador and its continuous reorganization of governance, its series of shocks, ambitions of reinvention and development to analyze the risks associated with Great Reset-style ambitions. We coin the concept of the local paradox: grand schemes need input from and implementation at a local level and this requires local governance to be autonomous, legitimate and to have the institutional and cognitive capacities, as well as the resources, to fulfill these roles. On the other hand, these requirements can entirely derail top-down ambitions. Currently, existing local governance might not be interested in transformation into more empowered political entities capable of contributing to greater collective goals. We suggest ways out of this conundrum, arguing for a strict avoidance of ideological tropes and false oppositions.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "MULTIYEAR USE OF KILLED STRIPS FOR FORAGE AND GRAIN-SORGHUM PRODUCTION IN A TALL FESCUE PASTURE. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is an excellent perennial grass for spring and fall forage production and for erosion control on sloping land. Tall fescue forage production is poor during the summer, however. Our objective was to improve pasture productivity without increasing erodibility by planting a sorghum x sudan hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench x Sorghum bicolor L. Moench] (S x S) or grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (GS) in 12 in. killed strips of tall fescue and to determine if strips could be used in subsequent pars without additional herbicide treatment. Forage from a block of tall fescue was harvested in May 1990, and plants were allowed to regrow for 1 wk before application of glyphosate in 12 in. strips on 30 in. centers at two rates of 1.2 and 0.6 lb ai/acre (strip-kill). For control treatments, the entire tall fescue sod was killed (complete-kill) or tall fescue was not sprayed in order to measure forage production from the grass monoculture. The SxS (cv. FFR 201) was planted into strip-kill and complete-kill plots 1 wk after glyphosate treatment in 1990 and again in 1991 and 1992 without additional glyphosate treatment. In May 1991, GS (cv. MFA GS-10) was planted into strip-kill and complete-kill plots and these! strips were used again in 1992. Tall fescue was successfully killed with a single application of each rate of glyphosate in the strip-kill and complete-kill systems. There was little difference in SxS dry matter yield or GS grain yield between glyphosate treatments, Dry matter yield of S x S in strip-kill plots decreased each year after initial treatment in 1990, probably a result of increased competition from tall fescue encroachment into the killed strips. Dry matter yield of S x S in strip-kill plots was 16, 49, and 52% less than that of the complete-kid plots in 1990, 1991, and 1992, respectively. Tall fescue yield in strip-kill plots was only slightly less than that of tall fescue (monoculture) control plots, Total forage yield (S x S plus tall fescue) in the strip-kill plots was 3.49, 2.39, and 1.63 tons/acre greater than that of the tall fescue (monoculture) control in 1990, 1991, and 1992, respectively, Grain sorghum yield in strip-kill plots was 25 bu/acre less than that in complete-kill plots in 1991 and 53 bu/acre less than that in complete-kill plots in 1991, Planting S x S into the same strip-kill plots is feasible for 3 yr, however for GS to be successful in a strip-kill system, tall fescue strips must be killed annually.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Social Capital, Embeddedness, and Market Interactions: An Analysis of Firm Performance in UK Regions. This article presents results of a research project examining the effects of social capital on small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) performance. The first main part of the article is a review of literature of relevance to the study. The second part reports the main quantitative results of research on the role of social capital in SME markets in the UK. It compares SME performance and social capital usage across UK regions, with samples stratified according to degrees of knowledge intensiveness of firms and economic status of their area. It shows, perhaps surprisingly, that for many SMEs the \\\\'market'' is more or less wholly constituted by social capital. The third main part of the article investigates in depth a number of representative and illustrative cases of SMEs deploying social capital in distinctive ways within markets. It shows that without social networks most firms cannot function in markets. It shows high performance firms to be the most intensive users of social capital. This research on social capital underlines the distorted nature of mainstream (neoclassical) economic theory by demonstrating \\\\'relational embeddedness'' to be an important indicator of SME performance.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "GROWTH AND ENERGETICS OF TERN CHICKS FROM TEMPERATE AND POLAR ENVIRONMENTS. I compared the energetics of Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea) chicks from Spitsbergen and The Netherlands, Common Tern (S. hirundo) chicks and Sandwich Tern (S. sandvicensis) chicks from The Netherlands, and Antarctic Tern (S. vittata) chicks from King George Island. Daily energy expenditure (DEE), measured using doubly-labeled water, was only slightly higher in the chicks from the polar environments, despite the higher levels of basal metabolisms (BMR) and higher costs for thermoregulation. Apparently, thermoregulatory cost as part of the DEE of the chick is only a minor item thanks to parental brooding, which may account for energy savings ranging from 40 to 80%. A simple model indicates that the magnitude of these savings is dictated by the parental time budget (i.e. the minimal foraging time needed to meet age-dependent energy requirements of chick). Basal metabolic rate in chicks of the six available studies increased with latitude. The differences could relate to a higher capacity to produce heat, which is necessary in polar environments. The basal-metabolic-rate levels in adult terms, however, do not match this latitudinal pattern for the growing chicks. Ontogenetic studies over a longer time scale would be required to clarify these discrepancies in latitudinal pattern of BMR, for which a functional explanation is given in terms of differences in migratory biology.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Emily Dickinson's Henry James. The year after the 1878 publication of Henry James's The Europeans, Emily Dickinson refers to the novel or its author twice in her epistolary writing. This article suggests that her two evocations of James provide further insights into the poet's relationships with the recipients of the letters, Elizabeth Holland and Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Writing Holland, Dickinson deploys characters from The Europeans sympathetically, in a complex articulation of the necessity of women's spiritual and artistic self-determination. Her letter to Higginson is a response to his Short Studies of American Authors; the poet seems to recognize that Higginson's objections to James's style echo his advice about her own work. Throughout his critical corpus and in his essay on James in Short Studies, Higginson conflates heteronormative ideals of gender with literary quality and true American citizenship. In these letters, Dickinson uses James and his characters to complicate the specifically gendered notions (of behavior, of style, of authorial citizenship) important to these correspondents.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "A comparison of occupational groups using different working postures in terms of their low back and neck health status. RESULTS: It was found that disability, emotional status and the quality of life were minimally affected, but kinesiophobia was increased in all of the occupational groups. In the group C, low back pain disability, quality of life and fear of movement were more affected than the other groups (p < 0.05).OBJECTIVE: To compare how disability, fear of movement, psychosocial status and quality of life are affected in terms of low back-neck health status in three occupational groups using different work postures.METHOD: Three hundred thirty-nine individuals participated in this study from the following three different occupational groups: group A, where the individuals worked in a prolonged sitting position (secretaries), group B, where the individuals performed dynamic activities in a standing position (cleaning workers) and group C, where the individuals worked in a prolonged standing position (private security officers). The participants were evaluated by Million Visual Analog Scale, Neck Disability Index, Oswestry Disability Index, Nottingham Health Profile, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale.CONCLUSION: For the occupational groups with long working years, the presence of kinesiophobia should be considered and cognitive-behavioural treatment methods should be recommended. In cleaning workers, low back pain is an important risk factor. Therefore, its awareness should be increased, and preventive programmes should be offered.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "The Debate on Maturational Constraints in Bilingual Development: A Perspective from First-Language Attrition. A controversial topic in research on second-language acquisition is whether residual variability and optionality in high-proficiency late second-language (L2) learners is merely the outcome of cross-linguistic transfer, competition, and processing limitations, or whether late learners have an underlying representational deficit due to maturational constraints on ultimate attainment in L2. This study argues that insights into this question can be gained by comparing advanced late L2 learners with late bilinguals who grew up with the language under investigation as their first language (L1), prior to emigrating to another country. The latter group, who use the language of the host country predominantly in their daily lives, typically exhibit increased optionality in their native language as a result of cross-linguistic transfer and L1 attrition. They do not, however, have a representational deficit in their L1, having acquired it monolingually during childhood. Such a comparison has the potential to distinguish grammatical features that are prone to bilingualism effects from those that natives can maintain but with which L2ers struggle persistently, possibly due to maturational limitations. This study compares 20 long-term attriters (English L2) with 20 highly advanced immersed learners of German (English L1) and 20 predominantly monolingual controls. The bilingual populations are matched for proficiency and for their use of German in daily life. The analysis comprises a group comparison and an investigation of individual performance, to assess whether there are L2 speakers who perform within the accuracy ranges of a larger population of attriters (n = 53) on all features, and similarly, whether any of the attriters perform within the accuracy range of a population of native controls (n = 53). The findings indicate that there are some areas of grammar (e. g., obligatory word order) where the L2 speakers are similar to the L1 attriters, and others (in particular noun phrase morphology) where attriters and monolinguals behave differently from the L2ers. This finding is interpreted as being consistent with an account that assumes some form of maturational constraint on language learning.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Factors influencing chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to marine environments. The present study concerns a literature review regarding chloride transport in terms of the diffusion coefficient (D) and surface chloride content (C-s) in concrete structures exposed to a marine environment. In addition, a refined model is proposed for D and C-s for time-dependent chloride transport. It is found that both D and C-s are time-dependent: D decreases and C-s increases with time, due to further cement hydration development. D and C-s are significantly influenced by concrete mix proportion, air void content in concrete, curing methods, degree of exposure to seawater and climate. Blended cement concretes are beneficial in decreasing D, but increase C-s, presumably due to a refinement of the concrete pore structures and chloride binding. An increase in the air void content in concrete increases D, but decreases C-s. The C-s depends on curing methods such as water, membrane and aeration. The degree of exposure to seawater does not have a clear relationship with C-s: higher exposure levels did not result in a higher level of C-s. Exposure in tropical areas results in higher C-s in concrete jetty structures with a similar level of D, mainly due to an increased temperature and concentration of salinity. Based on these findings, a refined model for C-s was proposed to provide more realistic prediction of the build-up of chlorides by chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to marine environments. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 11]}
{"token": "Enterprise Architecture for Personalization of e-Government Services: Reflections from Turkey. As there has not yet been enough work on enterprise architectures for fully integrated knowledge-based, highly-sophisticated (citizen-oriented) personalized services, this chapter aims to articulate a perspective to design architectures for the development and provision of sophisticated, personalized services. Doing so, the authors benefit from their knowledge and experience in the Turkish e-Government Gateway (eGG) and general e-Government services development and provision. First providing an introduction and background information, the chapter discusses the development of eGG services in Turkey, and then provides a visionary suggestion for knowledge-based personalized, citizen-centric e-Government. Among the suggested perspectives, an E-Citizen Decision Support System, and Entity-Utility and Information Flow Model could be useful for eGG development in Turkey and elsewhere.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 50, 51]}
{"token": "Walkers between two worlds: The indigenous representatives in Bolivia (19th century). The object of this article is to comprehend the fight undertaken by the legal indigenous attorney (apoderado indigena) for the defence of the lands wrested from the indians through the application of liberal policies in the 19(th) Century. These apoderados entered into political alliances with those elite faction that agreed to support their demands of land recovery. The success of the first alliance in 1871 was the landmark that opened the way to a later alliance with the Liberal Party in the 1899 civil war. It is also analyzed the mediation of the local powers that facilitated the encounter.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "A novel fault diagnosis model for gearbox based on wavelet support vector machine with immune genetic algorithm. A novel intelligent diagnosis model based on wavelet support vector machine (WSVM) and immune genetic algorithm (IGA) for gearbox fault diagnosis is proposed. Wavelet support vector machine is a powerful novel tool for solving the diagnosis problem with small sampling, nonlinearity and high dimension. Immune genetic algorithm is developed in this study to determine the optimal parameters for WSVM with the highest accuracy and generalization ability. Moreover, the feature vectors for fault diagnosis are obtained from vibration signal that preprocessed by empirical mode decomposition (EMD). The experimental results indicate that this proposed approach is an effective method for gearbox fault diagnosis, which has more strong generalization ability and can achieve higher diagnostic accuracy than that of the artificial neural network and the SVM which has randomly extracted parameters. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Linguistic self-correction in the absence of feedback: A new approach to the logical problem of language acquisition. In a series of studies children show increasing mastery of irregular plural forms (such as mice) simply by producing erroneous over-regularized versions of them (such as mouses). We explain this phenomenon in terms of successive approximation in imitation: Children over-regularize early in acquisition because the representations of frequent, regular plural forms develop more quickly, such that at the earliest stages of production they interfere with children's attempts to imitatively reproduce irregular forms they have heard in the input. As the strength of the representations that determine children's productions settle asymptotically, the early advantage for the frequent regular forms is negated, and children's attempts to imitate the irregular forms they have observed become more likely to succeed (a process that produces the classic U-shape in children's acquisition of plural inflection). These data show that children can acquire correct linguistic behavior without feedback in a situation where, as a result of philosophical and linguistic analyses, it has often been argued that it is logically impossible for them to do so.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Hybrid Models of Studied Objects Using Remote Laboratories for Teaching Design of Control Systems. This paper present models of studied objects with the help of remote laboratories containing physical and software components. These hybrid models were described as an integrated system with a hierarchy of controls. The functional structure of hybrid models was formalized using set theory. There are described examples of hybrid models, which software component contains subsystems of virtual models, models of the \\\\'hidden\\\\' part, the technical state models and environment models of the studied object. There are considered teaching scenarios of hybrid models application. It was given an example of design teaching scenario of diagnostic subsystem of a traffic light.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Charismatic Catholic Renewal in Bougainville: Revisiting the power of Marian devotion as a cultural and socio-political force. This article explores the interplay between culture and Christianity by detailing the history, experience, and impact of the Charismatic Catholic Renewal in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea (PNG). In 1985, the PNG Catholic Bishops' Conference approved the charismatic movement as one of the authentic movements for spiritual renewal of the Catholic Church in PNG. However, the conference stressed this renewal not to be made independent or outside of the Church. In this article I discuss how in Bougainville the Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) has been predominantly operating 'outside' the institutional Catholic Church, drawing upon both Catholic and cultural logics to mobilise devotees across Bougainville towards renewal and political change. In particular, I will focus on various local Marian movements, elucidating the power and force of the CCR in contexts of Bougainville's civil war (1988-1998). In doing so, this paper will explore what Catholicism and CCR may contribute to discussions about the positioning of culture within Christianity, at the same time showing how charismatic Marian devotion invites reassessment of recent prevailing discussions on cultural 'continuity' versus 'rupture', as well as doctrinal boundaries held so dearly by the CCR and the Roman Catholic Church in general.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Solvent effects on ground and excited electronic state structures of p-nitroaniline. Resonance Raman intensities of p-nitroaniline, a prototypical \\\\'push-pull\\\\' chromophore with a large first hyperpolarizability (beta), have been measured in dilute solution in five solvents having a wide range of polarities (cyclohexane, 1,4-dioxane, dichloromethane, acetonitrile, and methanol) at excitation wavelengths spanning the strong near-ultraviolet charge-transfer absorption band. The absolute Raman excitation profiles and absorption spectra are simulated using time-dependent wave packet propagation techniques to determine the excited-state geometry changes along the five or six principal Raman-active vibrations as well as estimates of the solvent reorganization energies. The total vibrational reorganization energy decreases and the solvent reorganization energy increases with increasing solvent polarity in all solvents except methanol, where specific hydrogen-bonding interactions may be important. The dimensionless normal coordinate geometry changes obtained from the resonance Raman analysis are converted to actual bond length and bond angle changes with the aid of normal mode coefficients from a ground-state density functional theory calculation. The geometry changes upon electronic excitation involve predominantly the C-phenyl-N-nitro, N-O, and phenyl C-2-C-3 bond lengths, with little involvement of the amino group. Nonresonant Raman spectra in 1,4-dioxane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetone, acetonitrile, and methanol show only a very small solvent dependence of the vibrational frequencies. This suggests that changing the solvent affects the excited state more than the ground state, calling into question two-state models that treat the ground and charge-transfer excited states as linear combinations of neutral and zwitterionic basis states with solvent dependent coefficients. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Ovine placental eluate immunoglobulins recognise isologous and third party acid-treated trophoblast microvesicle antigens in vitro. Placental microvesicles were prepared from ovine placentae and immunoglobulins eluted with 0.5 M glycine buffer pH 2.5. The ability of eluate immunoglobutins to re-associate with isologous (self) and third party acidified microvesicles was tested by ELISA. Ovine placental immunoglobulins re-associated with isologous and third party acidified microvesicles suggesting that at least 2 types of antigenic epitopes I and 11 maybe expressed on the ovine placentae. Type I antigens may be present on placentae of all ovines while type 11 epitopes may be paternally derived, hence unique to each pregnancy. Analysis by SDS PAGE revealed the heavy and light chains of IgG at 57 and 27 kDa, respectively, together giving a relative molecular weight of 158 kDa. Results suggest that immunoglobulins produced to placental microvesicle antigens may be directed to some but not all antigenic epitopes expressed on the trophoblast, possibly defining a mechanism by which the foetus evades maternal immunological rejection.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "An R-squared measure of goodness of fit for some common nonlinear regression models. For regression models other than the linear model, R-squared type goodness-of-fit summary statistics have been constructed for particular models using a variety of methods. We propose an R-squared measure of goodness of fit for the class of exponential family regression models, which includes legit, probit, Poisson, geometric, gamma, and exponential. This R-squared is defined as the proportionate reduction in uncertainty, measured by Kullback-Leibler divergence, due to the inclusion of regressors. Under further conditions concerning the conditional mean function it can also be interpreted as the fraction of uncertainty explained by the fitted model.", "label": [4, 5, 49, 41, 52]}
{"token": "A toll-like receptor 9 antagonist reduces pain hypersensitivity and the inflammatory response in spinal cord injury. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are mediators of the innate immune response to exogenous pathogens. They have also been implicated in sterile inflammation associated with systemic injury and non-infectious diseases via binding of endogenous ligands, possibly released by damaged cells. Emerging evidence indicates that some TLRs play a role in nervous system injury and especially in injury-elicited pain and sterile inflammation. However, no information is available about the contribution of TLR9, a member of the TLR family, to traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Moreover, the therapeutic potential of TLR9 ligands in the functional outcomes of SCI, including pain, has not been explored. We report, for the first time, that the intrathecal administration of a TLR9 antagonist, cyridine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynudeotide 2088 (CpG ODN 2088), to mice sustaining a severe contusion SCI, diminishes injury-induced heat hypersensitivity. Investigations on the potential mechanisms underlying the reduction in pain sensitivity indicated an attenuation of the inflammatory reaction manifested by a decrease in the number of CD11b-, CD45- and CD3-immunoreactive cells and a reduction in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression at the epicenter. Conversely, intrathecal delivery of a TLR9 agonist, CpG ODN 1826, increased inflammatory cell numbers and TNF-alpha expression in the epicenter. The CpG ODN 2088 treatment did not appear to induce systemic adverse effects as shown by spleen histology and serum cytokine levels. We propose that CpG ODN 2088 dampens injury-induced heat hypersensitivity by suppressing the inflammatory response and TNF-alpha expression. This investigation defines a previously unreported therapeutic role for CpG ODN 2088 in SCI-induced pain. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Role of kdr and esterase-mediated metabolism in pyrethroid-resistant populations of Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera : Muscidae) in Brazil. The born fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), has become a problem for Brazilian cattle producers even though its introduction into Brazil is relatively recent. Failure to control this cattle pest is becoming a concern, and horn fly populations from several ranches from the state of Mato Grosso do Sul were surveyed for pyrethroid resistance. Susceptibility bioassays revealed that cypermethrin resistance was widespread and reached high levels in horn fly populations throughout the state, with resistance factors (RFs) ranging from 50.4 to 704.8. Synergist bioassays failed to detect a major role for esterases as a pyrethroid resistance mechanism in these populations, except for the highly pyrethroid-resistant Estrela do Oeste population (RF = 704.8). The kdr sodium channel gene mutation was not detected in eight of the 13 populations, but < 7% of individuals from four populations and 50% of the flies from Estrela do Oeste exhibited this mutation. Neither the superkdr sodium channel gene mutation nor a resistance-associated gene mutation in the Hi alpha E7 carboxylesterase were found in any of the fly populations. Although target site insensitivity (kdr) and esterase-mediated metabolism occur in horn fly populations from Mato Grosso do Sul state, it seems that they are not the major mechanism causing pyrethroid resistance in most of these populations.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
{"token": "Mao's Dialectical Materialism: Possibilities for the Future. In this paper I present Mao's historical view based on dialectical materialism, and I propose that this socialist historiography can help the current PRC regime to reflect on its relationship to its past and its future. As we know, the contradictions of capitalism and communism lie not only in the economic and political realms but also in the completely different senses of time they offer. In the case of Maoism, it is the unfixed future that agitates people to revolutionary action. I will explore what dialectics means to Maoism by exploring both the original texts of Mao and the exegesis of various Maoist scholars, and I will also study poems written by Mao to explore his romantic view of history.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY WITH KERATIN MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES IN CANINE TISSUES - UROGENITAL TRACT, RESPIRATORY-TRACT, (NEURO-)ENDOCRINE TISSUES, CHORIOID PLEXUS AND SPINAL-CORD. Twelve oligo- or monospecific monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) directed against human keratin types were used in an immunohistochemical study of the canine male and female urogenital tract, the respiratory tract, the adrenal gland, the (para-)thyroid gland, the chorioid plexus and the spinal cord. The keratin MoAbs showed differences in staining patterns in the various epithelial tissues and the diverse epithelial cells. The kidney was characterized by a complex keratin staining pattern and the canine urothelium showed regional differences in keratin staining. Also in the female genital tract different keratin staining patterns were observed. Testicular and adrenal gland cells did not react with any of the keratin MoAbs. The keratin staining patterns in the various canine tissues showed, in addition to similarities, also distinct differences when compared to the staining patterns in corresponding tissues of other species, e. g. of man. These staining dissimilarities indicate that the reactivity patterns of the keratin MoAbs with restricted keratin immunoreactivity can not be always extrapolated from one species to another. Nevertheless, MoAbs directed against human keratin proteins can apparently be used to differentiate between various types of canine epithelia or epithelial compartments.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "And/and, rather than either/or? On combining Informed Consent and Community Consent in trans-cultural clinical research settings. Definition of the problem Obtaining Informed Consent is a central requirement of western medical research ethics. Other cultures, however, regard it as an alien concept, based on an individualistic culture of rights, and consider personal relations to be normatively superior. Here, medical decisions are not to be taken by individuals but by their community or their community's representatives, respectively. In order to respect different cultural norms, researchers working in transcultural settings are often advised to obtain both Community Consent and Informed Consent. The balance shall be turned, however, by the Informed Consent. Even if a community leader agreed to recruiting research subjects, individuals shall still have the right to turn down a researcher's request. Arguments The article argues that combining Community Consent and Informed Consent is ethically problematic if an individual's potential Informed Consent may be trumped by a community's veto. While this policy warrants a certain degree of protection against recruitment of research participants against their will, it fails to appropriately handle the possibility that a person may legitimately wish to participate in a research project in spite of a community's or community representative's misgivings. Conclusion A combination of Community Consultation and Informed Consent is better suited to allow protecting the rights of individuals and their relational embeddedness as it emphasizes that no one but the individual has the final say on whether or not he or she participates in a clinical trial, while acknowledging important potential benefits of community involvement in decision-making processes.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Idiopathic hypercalciuria of childhood: 4-to 11-year outcome. Apart from a minority with urolithiasis, the majority of children diagnosed with idiopathic hypercalciuria present with macro- or microhematuria, abdominal or back pain, or voiding symptoms. With dietary and pharmacological interventions, most such children become asymptomatic and are lost to follow-up, hence their long-term outcome is unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the status of 14 males and 19 females aged 8-17 years (mean 11.9 years, median 11.2 years) 4-11 years (mean 6.9 pears, median 6.5 years) after the initial diagnosis of idiopathic hypercalciuria not associated with urolithiasis. A questionnaire was answered and two random urine samples provided 3-4 weeks apart were analyzed for calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and creatinine (Cr). Urine Ca/Cr ratio greater than or equal to 0.21 (mg/mg) was defined as hypercalciuria. At the time of the study none were under follow-up, although 7 children were still exhibiting voiding symptoms. No child developed clinical urolithiasis. Based on the first urine specimen, 16 of the 33 (48.4%) were hypercalciuric. Their 2nd urinalysis showed persistent hypercalciuria in 8 and normocalciuria in 8. Urine Na/K ratio (mEq/mEq) decreased in the latter 8 from 5.08+/-2.67 to 3.03+/-2.23 (P<0.05). Of the 17 initially nonnocalciuric children, 5 did not submit a 2nd specimen, 11 remained normocalciuric, and 1 became hypercalciuric with an increase in urine Na/K ratio. Twenty-three children (all 8 persistently and 9 intermittently hypercalciuric plus 6 normocalciuric) were studied by ultrasonography. Only in 1 asymptomatic persistently hypercalciuric child was a single small renal calcification noted. Introduction of a low-Na/high-K diet in 7 persistently hypercalciuric children resulted in a decrease in UNa/K ratio from 7.34+/-2.15 to 4.14+/-3.09 (P<0.01) and UCa/Cr ratio from 0.25+/-0.04 to 0.13+/-0.03 (P<0.01). We conclude that even though over time most hypercalciuric children become asymptomatic, many remain hypercalciuric. Further follow-up is required to ascertain whether these children are at risk of developing kidney stones. If they are at risk then long-term compliance with a low-Na/high-K diet might be beneficial, as it can normalize calciuria in the majority of these children.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Decreased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha is associated with bile duct injury in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator(-/-) mice. Background: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is associated with mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. As proof of concept that CFTR dysfunction plays a role in PSC, induction of colitis in cftr(-/-) mice results in bile duct injury that can be prevented by pretreatment with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).Objectives: Determine whether 1) CFTR dysfunction in cftr-/- mice through a reduction in peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)alpha or gamma leads to bile duct injury and 2) whether DHA prevents bile duct injury through an increase in PPAR.Conclusion: DSS induced bile duct injury in cftr(-/-) mice is associated with a defect in PPAR alpha expression, which is reversed by DHA.Methods: Cftr(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis with or without pretreatment with oral DHA. PPAR alpha and gamma as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha were analyzed in liver tissue. PPAR alpha(-/)- mice were also treated with DSS and histology examined.Results: PPAR gamma mRNA levels were low, with DSS suppressing mRNA levels equally in WT and / cftr(-/-) mice. PPAR alpha levels were no different between cftr(-/-) and WT litter mates by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. After DSS, WT mice showed a 9.3-fold increase in PPAR alpha mRNA levels and increased nuclear localization compared with no DSS (P < 0.05), with no increase seen in cftr(-/-) mice. This was not caused by changes in TNF alpha. DHA treatment led to 7.0-fold incrcase in PPAR alpha mRNA levels in cftr(-/-) mice (P < 0.01). PPAR alpha(-/-) mice treated with DSS did not develop bile duct injury, indicating that PPAR(x alone is not sufficient to cause bile duct inflammation.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "TOMMASO CAMPANELLA AND THE ETERNITY OF THE WORLD. This study examines Tommaso Campanella's discussion of the eternity of the world, as presented in texts ranging from Philosophia sensibus demonstrata published to defend Telesio from Giacomo Antonio Marta's criticism, in 1591 - to Metaphysica, which Campanella drafted in a number of different versions and finally published in Paris in 1638. Campanella's stance is marked by some striking recurrent features: most notably, his criticism of Aristotelian eternalism and a connection with the Platonic-Ficinian tradition of prisca theologia. This framework, stemming from the ancient tradition of debates on Plato and Aristotle that extended well into the 15th century, is combined in Campanella's later works with a reference to the new astronomy, which - as the philosopher himself stresses-delivered a final blow to Aristotelian cosmology. The Apologia pro Galileo (1616) further shows that Campanella sought to incorporate Galileo's astronomy into the framework of prisca theologia.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Striving for perfection, accepting the reality: A reflection on adherence to airway clearance and inhalation therapy for paediatric patients with chronic suppurative lung disease. Non-adherence to prescribed treatment is considered the foremost cause of treatment failure in chronic medical conditions. Airway clearance techniques (ACT) play a key role in the management of chronic suppurative lung disease yet, along with inhaled therapies such as nebulised antibiotics, adherence to these is often lower than to other treatments. In this review we discuss methods of monitoring adherence to these therapies and potential barriers and outline suggestions for improving adherence in the paediatric population. Crown Copyright (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "SPECTRUM OF GALACTIC COSMIC RAYS ACCELERATED IN SUPERNOVA REMNANTS. The spectra of high-energy protons and nuclei accelerated by supernova remnant (SNR) shocks are calculated, taking into account magnetic field amplification and Alfvenic drift both upstream and downstream of the shock for different types of SNRs during their evolution. The maximum energy of accelerated particles may reach 5 x 10(18) eV for Fe ions in Type IIb SNRs. The calculated energy spectrum of cosmic rays after propagation through the Galaxy is in good agreement with the spectrum measured at the Earth.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Effect of assessment error and private information on stern-judging in indirect reciprocity. Stern-judging is one of the best-known assessment rules in indirect reciprocity. Indirect reciprocity is a fundamental mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. It relies on mutual monitoring and assessments, i.e., individuals judge, following their own assessment rules, whether other individuals are \\\\'good\\\\' or \\\\'bad\\\\' according to information on their past behaviors. Among many assessment rules, stern-judging is known to provide stable cooperation in a population, as observed when all members in the population know all about others' behaviors (public information case) and when the members never commit an assessment error. In this paper, the effect of assessment error and private information on stern-judging is investigated. By analyzing the image matrix, which describes who is good in the eyes of whom in the population, we analytically show that private information and assessment error cause the collapse of stern-judging: all individuals assess other individuals as \\\\'good\\\\' at random with a probability of 1/2. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35, 41]}
{"token": "Rapid and sensitive real-time loop meditated isothermal amplification for the detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei of shrimp. Pathogen virulence impacts have been increased in aquaculture and continuous observation was predominantly focused on Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). Qualitative and Quantitative analysis was achieved by using Real time Loop mediated isothermal amplification (real-time LAMP) method. Optimization of amplification was attempted with three different temperatures (64, 66 and 68 degrees C) and accomplished with 68 degrees C. Sensitivity analysis was achieved in comparison with nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction to real-time LAMP. It has been proved to be without any cross reactivity with other aquatic pathogens like white spot syndrome virus, Infectious myonecrosis virus, Vibrio panaeicida and microsporidium seriolae. Real-time LAMP can be used in sensitive, specific and early detection of EHP in shrimp. This study was recorded as first attempt in detection and quantification of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei in shrimp using real-time LAMP assay.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "Modeling and Characterization of Bio-Inspired Hydro-Acoustic Sensor. A biomimetic miniature underwater acoustic sensor is proposed and analyzed for the measurement of directivity of underwater sound propagation. Unlike a hydrophone array, which detects propagation direction by the arrival time of sound waves, this novel sensor is based on a mechanically coupled mechanism, which amplifies the time delay of the arriving sound wave. In this paper, a mathematical model of the sensor is developed based on the finite element (FE) modeling technique, and it is used to study performance characteristics of the sensor. Effects of the fluid-structure interaction are examined through simulation of the sensor model and the results are compared with those obtained by a full scale FE model developed in a commercial software package.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "An investigation on failure mechanisms of ceramic/metal armour subjected to the impact of tungsten projectile. The failure mechanism of AD95 ceramic/4340 steel armour subjected to the penetration of the tungsten projectile was investigated at the nominal velocity of 820 m/s. Typical failure modes of the targets with various boundary conditions were presented. The effect of cover plate and confinement on failure mechanisms of the target was analyzed. The results showed that the cover plate can effectively reduce the damage of the target due to it can force the ejected ceramic fragments to decelerate the projectile, and a ceramic powders column was formed beneath the eroded projectile in the confined ceramic sandwiched between cover and support plate during penetration. Compared to the confinement, cover plate is more effective to reduce the damage of the support plate. Based on the experimental results, the failure mechanisms and penetration process of different target configuration have been discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Work in progress: narratives of aspiration from the new economy. Central to the discourses of the new economy is the model of the flexible, adaptive, ambitious and individualistic worker. This article considers the subjective purchase of that model by analysing interviews with three young women living and working in urban Australia. Their respective narratives of aspiration illustrate contrasting responses to the challenges posed by an increasingly unclear and unstable vocational landscape. The first, Sarah, while in high school worked on a casual basis in a shop selling surf wear and her father initiated her to the surfing subculture. Consistent with the spirit of this subculture, she demonstrated a reluctance to embrace the prospect of forging a career or finding a vocation and expressed a desire to opt out of the looming responsibilities of adulthood. The second, Nadia, grew up in a relatively poor family and had part-time jobs while at school, including working in clothing stores. The insecurity created by her upbringing led her to aspire to become a teacher, a stable career, where other options appeared to offer only a precarious living. The third interview subject, Nadia, epitomised the new worker. She demonstrated a desire to abstract from particular work experiences-forged in situations as diverse as a hamburger outlet and a boutique clothing store-an accumulation of habits and skills that would equip her for the creative and cosmopolitan employment to which she aspired. She embraced the notion of lifelong learning and exemplified a willingness to take up diverse opportunities when they arose. The paper argues that the notion of vocational ambition is problematic because, in many cases, those who are most ambitious are least clear about where that ambition might take them. Longitudinal studies considering whether earlier ambitions were realised are less interesting than explorations of narrative strategies used to make sense of vocational trajectories.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Stepwise double excited-state proton transfer is not possible in 7-azaindole dimer. The nature of the excited-state double proton transfer in 7-azaindole (7AI) dimer-whether it is stepwise or concerted-has been under a fierce debate for two decades. Based on high-level computational simulations of static and dynamic properties, we show that much of the earlier discussions was induced by inappropriate theoretical modelling, which led to biased conclusions towards one or other mechanism. A proper topographical description of the excited-state potential energy surface of 7AI dimer in the gas phase clearly reveals that the stepwise mechanism is not accessible due to kinetic and thermodynamic reasons. Single proton transfer can occur, but when it does, an energy barrier blocks the transfer of the second proton and the dimer relaxes through internal conversion. Double proton transfer takes place exclusively by an asynchronous concerted mechanism. This case-study illustrates how computational simulations may lead to unphysical interpretation of experimental results.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "If it's offered, will they come? Influences on parents' participation in a community-based conduct problems prevention program. This study examined influences on the rate and quality of parent participation in the Fast Track Program, a multi-system, longitudinal preventive intervention for children who are at risk for conduct problems. A theoretical model of the relations among family coordinator characteristics, parent characteristics, the therapeutic engagement between family coordinator and parent, and rate and quality of parent participation was the basis for this study. \\\\'Family coordinators\\\\' are the Fast Track program personnel who conduct group-based parent-training sessions and home visits. Participants in this study included 12 family coordinators (42% were African American, 58% European American) and 87 parents (55% were African American, 45% European American). The level of therapeutic engagement between the parent and the family coordinator was positively associated with the rate of parent attendance at group training sessions. The extent of family coordinntor-parent racial and socioeconomic similarity and the extent of the family coordinator's relevant life experiences were highly associated with the level of therapeutic engagement. The quality, but not the rare, of participation was lower for African American parents. Implications of these findings for preventive intervention with this population are discussed.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 55, 24]}
{"token": "On the optimized design of next-generation wind farms. A transformation from fossil fuels to renewable energy has been ongoing in recent years, driven by growing environmental and sustainability demands from customers and society. An increased use of renewable sources can, in particular, help during climate change, which is a very sensitive topic right now.The optimization tools that we will describe have been used also for the design of Hollande Kust Zuid, the first offshore wind farm in the world to be constructed subsidy-free. We report results on a number of real instances, showing the impact of these techniques in decreasing costs and increasing profitability, with average gains of more than (sic) 10 M for each wind farm. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Because demand for green energy is increasing, while competition is also growing, innovation and optimization are of key importance in this business. In particular, because the offshore wind energy market is based on an auction system: the company that can construct and operate the farm with the lowest subsidies will win the auction and capitalize on its investment. It is therefore extremely important to both minimize costs and increase profits at the design phase of new farms. In this paper we will illustrate how Operational Research techniques can help companies be more competitive on the market. To be specific, we address two of the main design challenges arising in the design of new offshore wind farms, the optimal allocation of wind turbines (to minimize interference between them and position-related costs) and their electrical interconnection. We show that a synergic use of mixed integer programming models and heuristic methods in the so-called matheuristic framework can be used to solve both problems efficiently.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Organized, oppressed, amorphous. The masses in Robert Michels' 'Parties. The essay focuses on the concept of \\\\'mass/masses\\\\' in Robert Michels' Political Parties, published in German, Italian, French and English between 1911 and 1925. The author analyzes the genesis and developments of this concept in the context of evolution of Michels from socialism to fascism. He shows that this concept is used by Michels to indicate the working class and the organized masses of the socialist parties. His thesis is that the failure of international socialism, in particular of German social democracy, in its effort to educate and emancipate the masses through the party organization - which is at the heart of Political Parties - would have progressively led Michels, finally become a fascist, to a reinterpretation of the concept of \\\\'mass/masses\\\\' in the sense of the \\\\'psy-crowds\\\\' Gustave Le Bon.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Brexit and the Labour Party: Europe, cosmopolitanism and the narrowing of traditions. The phenomenon of Brexit is reordering British politics. Its effects have led to political and cultural shock, disruption and rifts. This article explores how the phenomenon of Brexit has decentered the Labour Party's ideational traditions. The article utilises a mixed methodology which combines qualitative and quantitative data in the form of scholarly literature on Labour history, Labour Party manifestoes, speeches and media interviews by front-line politicians as well as polling data. In particular, the article analyses how Labour politicians are reimagining the two main traditions of thought: the euro-enthusiast tradition and the euro-sceptic tradition. The article argues that Labour's euro-enthusiasts are reimagining the tradition as a full blooded cosmopolitanism and this is simultaneously controversial and high risk because it has refashioned Labour's interests into a narrower social and cultural electoral offering.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "The effect of porous coating on the flame acceleration in hydrogen-air mixture. Flame acceleration in the hydrogen-air mixture in the presence of porous materials was investigated experimentally. Polyurethane foam with different pore size placed on top and button sides of the channel was found to greatly affect flame acceleration in the channel. High-speed schlieren images showed, that polyurethane foam with larger pores leads to flame wrinkling. Dependencies of the flame velocity on the pore size were presented. It was found that final flame velocity by the end of the porous section can be up to 5 times higher while using polyurethane foam with 10 pores per inch compared to polyurethane foam with 80 pores per inch. The flame velocity in the smooth channel was lower than the flame velocity in the porous channel for all tested cases. Polyurethane foam with smaller pore size led to pressure decrease compared to solid channel. Supersonic combustion with velocity around 1600 m/s was registered in the channel with PF10 on the walls. It was discovered, that the use of such a porous coating can lead to preventing the increase in the shock wave pressure during the combustion of hydrogen-air mixtures. (C) 2020 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Population-typical behaviours are retained when eusocial and non-eusocial forms of Evylaeus albipes (F.) (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) are reared simultaneously in the laboratory. We compare the behaviour of daughters of Evylaeus albipes females from eusocial populations from the West of France with those from a non-eusocial population from the East of the country. When non-eusocial population females are placed in the laboratory under day lengths and temperature conditions similar to those experienced by eusocial foundresses under natural conditions, all five produced a brood of males and overwintering daughters with no workers. When 18 nests were initiated by non-eusocial foundresses under short summer daylengths but warmer than normal temperatures, two produced one worker amongst overwintering female and male brood. Both worker-producing non-eusocial females were from the warmest of the eastern localities. When foundresses of the social population are placed under day length conditions typical for the non-eusocial population but with temperature conditions that are intermediate between the two, all five produced at least one worker. Similarly, if the first brood produced by social foundresses is removed, they raise another brood that contains workers whereas non-eusocial population foundresses who have their first bro-od removed produce a second brood of overwintering females (although one foundress, again from the warmest of the non-eusocial localities, produced one worker in each of two broods, also with males and overwintering females). We conclude that i) non-eusocial foundresses do not readily produce workers under long summer conditions; ii) the lack of worker production by most non-eusocial population females is not because they cannot produce two broods, but because they have a tendency not to produce workers; iii) eusocial population daughters will become active without diapausing in the presence of any other female - even of the closely related E. calceatus, unless the first individual to eclose is the smallest and iv) social population foundresses are incapable of producing overwintering females without the help of workers. These data show an interesting combination of flexibility and constraint on social behaviour in these bees.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "ACCOUNTING DOCTORAL PROGRAM CHARACTERISTICS: A GUIDE FOR PROSPECTIVE STUDENTS. Purpose - To provide potential accounting doctoral students with relevant information on various doctoral program characteristics.Originality/value - The intended audience for this chapter is potential accounting doctoral students. Providing them with an awareness of the different program characteristics should prove to be useful in finding a program with the appropriate fit.Research limitations/implications - A single student at each doctoral program completed the survey. Doctoral students' experiences may differ between each other and programs may change. However, we asked students to respond to the survey questions as a \\\\'typical student\\\\' and as a whole, doctoral programs appear to have remained similar over the past half of century.Findings - Doctoral programs in accounting differ on many dimensions such as the structure of the courses and deliverables required, the student cohort profile, student research support, and teaching expectations. In addition, top tier programs differ on a variety of these characteristics from lower tiered programs.Methodology/approach - Current doctoral students in accounting, representing 60 different programs in the United States, completed a survey concerning various doctoral program characteristics at their respective doctoral institutions. We examine the survey responses along with program rankings and job placement data.", "label": [5, 48, 53]}
{"token": "On H-closed topological semigroups and semilattices. In this paper, we show that if S is an H-closed topological semigroup and e is anidempotent of S, then eSe is an H-closed topological semigroup.We give sufficient conditions on a linearly ordered topological semilattice to be H-closed. Also we prove that any H-closed locally compact topological semilattice and any H-closed topologicalakl U-semilattice contain minimal idempotents. An example, of countably compact topological semilattice whose topological space is H closed is constructed.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Internet addiction among adolescents in Lebanon. Internet addiction has been a subject of research since 1996. In step with this trend, this study aims to illuminate Internet addiction in Lebanon based on research evidence. The timing of this study coincides with the growing rate of penetration of Internet service across the country and with current plans to improve this service. This study investigates Internet usage among adolescents, who are the most vulnerable to Internet addiction in the population. Permission to access schools to conduct this research was obtained from the Ministry of Education and Higher Education. A web-based questionnaire was completed by 833 intermediate and secondary students from public and private schools. The questionnaire included items on demographic information and Internet usage and an Arabic version of Young's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT). The results showed that 4.2% of the sample had significant problems. Furthermore, the more problematic Internet use (PIU) was, the less the Internet was used for information and research, and the more it was used for entertainment. PIU is driven by deficiency needs fuelled by the use of interactive applications. The more deficient the need, the greater the obsession with top-notch interactive applications, and the less frequent the usage of non-interactive applications. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Effects of inset floodplains and hyporheic exchange induced by in-stream structures on nitrate removal in a headwater stream. Stream restoration efforts in the United States are increasingly aimed towards water quality improvement, yet little process-based guidance exists to compare pollutant removals from different restoration techniques for variable site conditions. Excess nitrate (NO3-) is a frequent pollutant of concern due to eutrophication in downstream waterbodies such as the Chesapeake Bay. We used MIKE SHE to simulate hydraulics and NO3- removal in a 90 m restored reach of Stroubles Creek, a second-order stream in Blacks-burg, Virginia. Site specific geomorphic, hydrologic, and hydraulic data were used to calibrate the model. We evaluated in-stream structures that induce hyporheic zone denitrification during baseflow and inset floodplains that remove NO3- during storm flows. We varied hydraulic conditions (winter baseflow, summer baseflow, storm flow), biogeochemical parameters (literature hyporheic zone denitrification rates and newly available inset floodplain removal rates) and boundary conditions (upstream NO3- concentration), sediment conditions (hydraulic conductivity), and stream restoration design parameters (inset floodplain length). Our results indicate that NO3- removal rates within the 90m reach were minimal. Structure-induced hyporheic zone denitrification did not exceed 3.1% of mass flowing in from the upstream channel, was achieved only during favorable background groundwater hydraulic conditions (i.e. summer baseflow), and was transport-limited such that non-trivial removal rates were achieved only when the streambed hydraulic conductivity (K) was at least 10(-4) m/s. Inset floodplain nitrogen removal was limited by floodplain residence time and NO3- removal rate, and did not exceed 1% of inflowing mass. Summing these removals for both restoration practices over the course of the year based on the frequency of storm and summer baseflow conditions yielded similar to 2.1% annual removal. Achieving 30% NO3- removal required increasing the length of stream reach restored to 0.9 km-819 km (depending on hydraulic conductivity) and 3.8-46 km (depending on inset floodplain length and nitrogen removal rate) for in-stream structures during baseflow and inset floodplains during storm flow, respectively. In one of the first comparisons of process-based modeling to the Chesapeake Bay Program stream restoration guidance, we found that the guidance overestimated hyporheic NO3- removal for our modeled reach, but correctly estimated inset floodplain removal. Overall, our results indicate that in-stream structures and inset floodplains can improve water quality, but overall required level of effort may be high to achieve desired results. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 37, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Nocturnal migrants foraging at night by artificial light. Artificial lights can have detrimental effects on nocturnal migrant birds and other wildlife, yet some species of typically diurnal insectivorous birds are capable of foraging at night under artificial illumination. Here, we report observations of at least 15 wood-warbler species (Parulidae), one tyrant-flycatcher (Tyrannidae), and one mimid (Mimidae) foraging at night in areas illuminated by powerful artificial lights. To our knowledge, our observations represent the first report of a mixed-species flock of birds foraging on insects attracted to artificial lights or within foliage illuminated by artificial lights at night.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "The Functions of Landscape in Jorge Isaacs and Soledad Acosta de Samper. Jorge Isaacs's Maria (1867) and Soledad Acosta de Samper's Un crimen (1869) encode landscape in ways that establish or undermine, respectively, hierarchies of class. Isaacs and Acosta de Samper represent landscapes as conveyors of meaning about relationships of dominance and subjugation, and they show how landscapes impose restrictions on their inhabitants in their narratives. Using concepts from cultural geography, this article argues that while Isaacs's text seeks to reproduce existing social conditions of inequality via a nostalgic reproduction of the landscape, Acosta de Samper's story calls into question the complicity of landscape with power and undermines the idyllic, pastoral narrative that Maria seeks to advance.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Efficient enzymatic synthesis of L-ascorbyl palmitate using Candida antarctica lipase B-embedded metal-organic framework. The Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was embedded in the metal-organic framework, zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), and applied in the enzymatic synthesis of L-ascorbic acid palmitate (ASP) for the first time. The obtained CALB@ZIF-8 achieved the enzyme loading of 80 mg g(-1) with 11.3 U g(-1) (dry weight) unit activity, 59.8% activity recovery, and 92.7% immobilization yield. Under the optimal condition, ASP was synthesized with over 75.9% conversion of L-ascorbic acid in a 10-batch reaction. Continuous synthesis of ASP was subsequently performed in a packed bed bioreactor with an outstanding average space-time yield of 58.1 g L-1 h(-1), which was higher than ever reported continuous ASP biosynthesis reactions.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
{"token": "Exploratory Study on Developing a Body Measurement Method Using Motion Capture. This was an exploratory study on measuring body surface measurement change in motion using a motion capture system. The purpose was to test the reliability of a motion capture system as a new body measurement method, and to investigate body surface measurement changes in motion. Using an optical motion capture system, this study focused on the measurement changes on the back of the body while the subject performed an arm rotation test. The results of this study suggested that the motion capture system can be used as a body measurement method, especially for measuring the body in continuous movement. The results of the body surface measurement change in the arm rotation motion test showed that upper body measurements increased or decreased corresponding to the shoulder joint and scapula movement. The shoulder width (-38.45%), back width (16.08%), and back arc at the armpit (27.69%) exhibited the most change.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
{"token": "60 GHz RF module with beam-steering optimization algorithm for high data rate access and backhaul communications. This paper presents an 802.11ad-based radio frequency module for high data rate fixed wireless access and backhaul communications. The transceiver chip is manufactured in SiGe BiCMOS technology covering 57-71 GHz, providing 16 RX and 16 TX paths with combined output power of more than 20 dBm. The chip is packaged using embedded wafer-level BGA technology of the size 12.6 x 12.6 x 0.8 mm (3) and employs advanced dielectric materials with 2 metallic redistribution layers. The package integrates the transceiver chip with RX and TX high gain PCB antenna arrays, allowing effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of more than 40 dBm. Beam steering is achieved in +/- 50(o) by the transceiver through providing appropriate weights to the antenna arrays. The paper presents generation of beamforming lookup table along with optimization of the power distribution to the array. This optimization results in flattening of the EIRP over the whole beam-steering range and frequency bandwidth. The module allows for data rates up to 10 Gbps by employing full- channel 128 QAM and half-channel 256 QAM single-carrier modulation.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "GDS capabilities, OD control and dynamic pricing. Airline revenue management has changed over the last years influenced by the advent of Internet distribution and global distribution system (GDS) functions like origin and destination control and seamless availability. The increased ability to price discriminate is seen as the main driver behind those changes. We analyse current GDS functionality under this aspect and describe how it can be used to implement dynamic pricing, similar to the possibilities of the Internet. We discuss shortcomings of current GDS distribution and propose solutions to improve the current capabilities. We present some ideas on how to overcome the booking class limitation, which is still the major drawback compared to direct Internet distribution.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Portraits, characters and persons. A recent experience of 'returning' photographs to acquaintances in Mt Hagen, Papua New Guinea, leads to questions about the recognition of character. People acknowledge characteristic ways of acting or behaving, but it is not at all clear that these are simply attached to individual persons. To what entity might such characteristics be attached, and what are the ethical repercussions? There seems something of a parallel between the way English-speakers bundle together the elements of someone's character and how they might compose a portrait; indeed to the various senses of 'character' as specification of qualities, intrinsic nature or customary habit, one might add the work it does in 'painting a portrait', as the metaphor goes. A completely unlooked-for response on the part of Hagen friends to my proposal to seek out people in order to give what in some cases I had thought of as portraits, namely photographs of themselves and close kin, forced me to think afresh about what it means to have pictures of persons. This in turn might throw some light on character as analytic.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "The Carrot or the Stick: Self-Regulation for Gender-Diverse Boards via Codes of Good Governance. Scholars have emphasized the potential of self-regulation, realized through 'codes of good governance', to improve gender diversity on boards. Yet, unconvinced of the effectiveness of this self-regulation, many regulators have implemented mandatory quota laws. Our study sheds light on this dilemma. Seeking to broaden our conceptual knowledge of how such 'codes' work in the specific case of gender diversity on boards, we ask: Under which conditions is self-regulation via voluntary principles of good governance effective? Expanding recent institutional-theory perspectives from the literature of women on boards, we show that, in the case of Austria, self-regulation via code recommendations is ineffective unless supported by additional forces. The primary reason for this, we argue, is that nominators do not expect benefits from gender-diverse boards. Furthermore, non-compliant companies face little pressure to change due to the small number of companies that have already adopted respective code recommendations. We identify two potential alternatives to boost the effectiveness of voluntary self-regulation for gender-diverse boards: First, the introduction of concrete targets for female representation and the public monitoring of fulfillment; and, second, the establishment of a credible threat that mandatory quotas will be imposed if diversity goals are not achieved. Drawing on longitudinal data from 2006 to 2016 on listed and state-owned companies in Austria, we give an empirical account of the conditions that assure effective self-regulation. Arguing that codes suffer from what we call 'opportunity bias', we conclude that political goals (such as gender equality) based on ethical rather than instrumental considerations are unlikely to be effectively implemented solely by codes of good governance.", "label": [3, 5, 48, 30]}
{"token": "Well Observed by the Poet': Elias Brand and Richardson's British Ancients. Although Elias Brand contributes only one letter to the first edition of Clarissa, and three letters to the revised third edition of 1751, he is considered by Samuel Richardson important enough to include in his list of the \\\\' Principal Characters.\\\\' This article accounts for Brand's complicated role by analyzing in detail the meaning of the forty- five quotations punctuating his letters, as well as the manner in which he quotes his tags and texts. Brand's marshalling of spurious evidence against Clarissa and his habit of quoting authors as authorities suggests that the latter may be a key to the credibility of the former. Brand repre sents himself as a confirmed \\\\' Ancient,\\\\' but taking the pedant at his own word is dangerous because of the extent of his surprising debt to the British \\\\' Moderns\\\\' and to the seventeenth- century Oxford scholar and Anglo- Latin poet, John Owen. This article concludes that Brand's letters are thematic and structurally integral to a novel that is, in many ways, about the consequences of right and wrong reading.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Metabolizable energy intake of client-owned adult cats. A retrospective analysis of the metabolizable energy (ME) intake of privately owned pet cats from the authors' nutrition consultation practice (years 2007-2011) was carried out to test whether current recommendations are suitable for pet cats. Data of 80 adult cats (median age: 9.0 years, median deviation from ideal weight: +22.5%, majority neutered) at maintenance were available. Six percentage of the cats were healthy and the others were affected by various chronic diseases. A standardized questionnaire was used, cat owners weighed cat and food. For ration calculation, the software Diet Check Munich (TM) was used (ME prediction according to National Research Council, 2006: Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. National Academy Press, Washington, DC). Data were analysed for the factors deviation from ideal weight, breed, age, gender, disease and type of feeding [prepared food (dry, wet) vs. home-made]. Over- or underweight were defined as >= 15% deviation from ideal body weight (BW) according to Kienzle and Moik (British Journal of Nutrition 2011, 106, Suppl 1: S113). Cat owner's estimation of ideal BW was higher than literature data from Kienzle and Moik (2011). Based on literature data, 26.3% of the pet cats were normal weight, 63.7% overweight and 10% underweight. The mean ME intake of all adult cats amounted to 0.40 +/- 0.14 MJ/kg actual BW0.67 (n=80). When the data were analysed according to normal, over- and underweight, there was a significant effect with normal weight cats eating 0.46 MJ/kg BW0.67. Underweight cats ate even more (0.49MJ/kg BW0.67), whereas overweight cats ate considerably less (0.36 MJ/kg BW0.67). The other factors had no influence on ME intake of adult cats.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
{"token": "Genetic and phenotypic changes accompanying the emergence of epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses from an enzootic subtype ID progenitor. Recent studies have indicated that epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses can evolve fi om enzootic subtype ID strains that circulate continuously in lowland tropical forests (A. M. Powers, M. S. Oberste. A. C. Brault, R. Rico-Hesse, S. M. Schmura, J. F. Smith, W. Kang, W. P, Sweeney, and S. C, Weaver, J. Virol, 71:6697-6705, 1997), To identify mutations associated with the phenotypic changes leading to epizootics, we sequenced the entire genomes of two subtype IC epizootic VEE virus strains isolated during a 1992-1993 Venezuelan outbreak and four sympatric, subtype ID enzootic strains closely related to the predicted epizootic progenitor. Analysis by maximum-parsimony phylogenetic methods revealed 25 nucleotide differences which were predicted to have accompanied the 1992 epizootic emergence; 7 of these encoded amino acid changes in the nsP1, nsP3, capsid, and E2 envelope glycoprotein, and 2 were mutations in the 3' untranslated genome region. Comparisons with the genomic sequences of IAB and other IC epizootic VEE virus strains revealed that only one of the seven amino acid changes associated with the 1992 emergence, a threonine-to-methionine change at position 360 of the nsP3 protein, accompanied another VEE virus emergence event. Two changes in the E2 envelope glycoprotein region believed to include the major antigenic determinants, both involving replacement of uncharged residues with arginine, are also candidates for epizootic determinants.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "LotuS2: an ultrafast and highly accurate tool for amplicon sequencing analysis. Conclusion: LotuS2 is a lightweight and user-friendly pipeline that is fast, precise, and streamlined, using extensive pre- and post-ASV/OTU clustering steps to further increase data quality. High data usage rates and reliability enable high-throughput microbiome analysis in minutes.Results: In LotuS2, six different sequence clustering algorithms as well as extensive pre- and post-processing options allow for flexible data analysis by both experts, where parameters can be fully adjusted, and novices, where defaults are provided for different scenarios.Background: Amplicon sequencing is an established and cost-efficient method for profiling microbiomes. However, many available tools to process this data require both bioinformatics skills and high computational power to process big datasets. Furthermore, there are only few tools that allow for long read amplicon data analysis. To bridge this gap, we developed the LotuS2 (less OTU scripts 2) pipeline, enabling user-friendly, resource friendly, and versatile analysis of raw amplicon sequences.We benchmarked three independent gut and soil datasets, where LotuS2 was on average 29 times faster compared to other pipelines, yet could better reproduce the alpha- and beta-diversity of technical replicate samples. Further benchmarking a mock community with known taxon composition showed that, compared to the other pipelines, LotuS2 recovered a higher fraction of correctly identified taxa and a higher fraction of reads assigned to true taxa (48% and 57% at species; 83% and 98% at genus level, respectively). At ASV/OTU level, precision and F-score were highest for LotuS2, as was the fraction of correctly reported 16S sequences.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Role of vanadium oxide on the lithium silicate glass structure and properties. The structural role of V in 28Li(2)O-72SiO(2) (in mol%) lithium silicate glass doped with 0.5 mol% V2O5 was assessed using Si-29 and V-51 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy techniques. Despite the low amount of V2O5 used, the structural information obtained or deduced from the statistical analysis of the NMR data could explain the evolution of glass properties after V2O5 addition. The XPS results indicated that all vanadium exists in 5+ oxidation state. Both the Si-29 NMR and FTIR data point toward an increase in the polymerization of the silicate network, caused by the V2O5 acting as network former, capable to form various QVn tetrahedral units (for n = 0, 1, and 2) in the glasses. These QVn units, which are similar to phosphate units, scavenge the Li+ ions and cause the silicate network to polymerize. However, in an overall balance, the entire glass network is depolymerized due to the additional nonbridging oxygens contributed by the vanadium polyhedra. The addition of vanadium causes the network to expand and increases the ionic conductivity.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "How radical is radical realism?. Radical realism is distinguished in part from other forms of political realism by its more explicit anti-status quo objectives. In particular, radical realists generally reject the legitimacy of liberal political institutions, and often defend some version of Marxism or anarchism. However, critics of radical realism sometimes argue that radical realist's aversion to certain kinds of normative theorising hinders their capacity to criticize the status quo. This objection may therefore be best understood as one of \\\\'self-frustration,\\\\' rather than \\\\'status quo bias.\\\\' According to the objection, radical realists want to criticise the status quo, but their own methodological positions prevent them from doing so effectively. I have three aims in this article. First, I will clarify the kinds of normativity which radical realists do (and do not) object. Second, I will then show how this enables us to see that the self-frustration objection fails. Third, I will suggest that it is not radical realism but its critics who may have a problematic relationship with the status quo.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Multiple contextual control over non-arbitrary relational responding and a preliminary model of pragmatic verbal analysis. The aims of the current study were (i) to explore the flexibility and generalizability of non-arbitrary relational contextual control in human participants and (ii) to provide a simple empirical model of pragmatic verbal analysis, a key element in the relational frame theory approach to problem solving. Participants were trained to respond to abstract shapes as cues for responding in accordance with non-arbitrary relations of sameness, difference and opposition. Next, sameness, difference and opposition relational responding was brought under additional contextual control by arbitrary B1-B3 stimuli, such that, depending on the B stimulus presented, relational responding was applied to one of three distinct physical dimensions of multidimensional shapes. Equivalence training and testing was then provided such that participants showed derived relations between the B stimuli and three novel arbitrary C stimuli. Two additional cues were then trained such that they occasioned comparative (more/less) relations. A final test showed that the C stimuli exerted contextual control over physical dimensions in the novel context of more/less/same non-arbitrary relational responding. These findings provide a simple, preliminary model of pragmatic verbal analysis.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Participation in faecal immunochemical testing-based colorectal cancer screening programmes in the northwest of Europe. Objective This study compared the participation in four faecal immunochemical testing-based screening programmes for colorectal cancer in Flanders, France, Basque country and the Netherlands, to identify factors to further optimize faecal immunochemical testing programmes. Method Background information and data on performance indicators were collected and compared for the four programmes. Results Invitation method, reminders, funding, faecal immunochemical testing cut-off and follow-up after positive faecal immunochemical testing differed in the four programmes. In France, only an invitation letter is sent by mail, while the sample kit must be collected from the general practitioner. In the other programmes, an invitation letter including the sample kit is sent by mail. Participation rates vary substantially according to the method of invitation, with the highest participation rates in the Netherlands (73.0%) and Basque country (72.4%), followed by Flanders (54.5%) and France (28.6%). Basque country (92.8%) and France (88.4%), the two programmes with most active involvement of general practitioners in referral for colonoscopy, had the highest participation rates for colonoscopy. Conclusions Large differences in screening participation observed between programmes according to the invitation method used suggest that changes to the design of the programme, such as including the sample kit with the invitation, or active involvement of GPs, might increase participation.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Internal exposure from the ingestion of foods contaminated by Cs-137 after the Chernobyl accident - Report 2. Ingestion doses of the rural population of Ukraine up to 12 Y after the accident (1986-1997). Doses from the ingestion of Cs-134 and Cs-137 during 12 y following the Chernobyl accident have been estimated for approximately 3 million persons living in rural areas of the Zhitomir, Rivne, and Kyiv Oblasts of northern Ukraine. This assessment is based upon an extensive monitoring campaign that provided measurements of Cs-137 in more than 120,000 samples of milk and in more than 100,000 persons; such measurements were made in approximately 4,500 locations. Two approaches were used for the dose assessment. In the first approach a so-called reference dose is estimated for each settlement on the basis of measured Cs-137 concentration in milk, determination of the milk equivalent of diet, and consumption rates; a further assumption is that a high fraction of the food consumed is produced locally. The reference dose is used as the official dose estimate, which is the basis for any decision on possible financial compensation and economic privileges. In a second step, the so-called real age-dependent dose is estimated from the results of whole body counter measurements and the kinetics of radiocesium in the human body. Real doses above 0.5, 5, and 50 mSv were received by about 40%, 10%, and 0.2%, respectively, of the considered population. With the exception of 1986, for which the monitoring results were limited, the real individual doses derived from whole-body counting are consistently lower than the reference doses. However, this difference declined from a factor of 3-4 in 1987-1989 to a factor of approximately 1.5 in the mid 1990's. The difference between reference and real doses is attributed to the effectiveness of countermeasures implemented after the accident. The effectiveness of these countermeasures decreased with time due to increasing economic problems in Ukraine. The collective reference and real doses of the rural population due to the intake of Cs-134 and Cs-137 are estimated to be 13,300 and 5,300 person-Sv, respectively. Thus, about 8,000 person-Sv is estimated to have been averted by countermeasures.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 22, 15, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Lybeaus Desconus: Transformation, Adaptation, and the Monstrous-Feminine. This three-part essay addresses the monstrous-feminine in Lybeaus Desconus, a Middle English romance extant in six manuscript versions. Part 1 foregrounds variations on the fierce kiss (fier basier) that signals a change in narratives of the 'Fair Unknown.' Part 2. addresses Lybeaus' status as an illegitimate son of Gawain and his reintegration into courtly society. Part 3 examines the means by which the monstrous-feminine plays a role in the transformation of a source text into two English versions in a complex process of adaptation.", "label": [3, 28, 30]}
{"token": "Molecular Studies of a Patient with Complete Androgen Insensitivity and a 47,XXY Karyotype. A phenotypic female with complete androgen insensitivity from a maternally inherited mutation in the androgen receptor had a 47,XXY karyotype. Partial maternal X isodisomy explained the expression of androgen insensitivity despite the presence of 2 X chromosomes. (J Pediatr 2009; 155:439-43)", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Socrates' pursuit of definitions. \\\\'Socrates' Pursuit of Definitions\\\\' examines the manner in which Socrates pursues definitions in Plato's early definitional dialogues and advances the following claims. Socrates evaluates definitions (proposed by his interlocutors or himself) by considering their consistency with conditions of the identity of F (F-conditions) to which he is committed. In evaluating proposed definitions, Socrates seeks to determine their truth-value. Socrates evaluates the truth-value of a proposed definition by considering the consistency of the proposed definition with F-conditions that F he believes to be true. (For instance, a proposed definition's inconsistency with one of these gives Socrates reason to believe that the definition is false.) Socrates' belief in the truth of a given F-condition to which he is committed may be based on self-evidence, its endoxic status, experience, or deduction from premises to which he is committed on the basis of any of the previous three. However, Socrates does not consider the epistemological grounds of his commitments to his F-conditions. This is part of a general avoidance of these ethical and ethical epistemological issues. Due to his avoidance of these, Socrates' pursuit of true definitions is theoretically naive. However, Socrates recognizes a certain limitation to his manner of pursuing definitions.These results are applied to advancing the following further points. (1) Although Socrates has a distinctive manner or style of pursuing definitions, it is inappropriate to ascribe to him a method of doing so in the following sense. The concept of method implies a certain theoretical conception of procedure that Socrates lacks. Moreover, according to Socrates' own conceptual framework, only one who possessed the relevant 'techne' would have a method. (2) Furthermore, Socrates' manner of pursuing definitions is not elenctic just insofar as the word \\\\'elenchus\\\\' is interpreted to have adversarial connotations; that is inconsistent with Socrates' motives and interests. (3) Socrates' manner of pursuing definitions is consistent among the early definitional dialogues. More specifically, there is no \\\\'demise of the elenchus\\\\' in a set of transitional dialogues, as Vlastos describes it. First, Socrates' manner of pursuing definitions is not \\\\'elenctic\\\\' (in the sense described). And, second, the fact that Socrates himself proposes definitions in allegedly post-elenctic dialogues (that is, \\\\'Lysis\\\\' and \\\\'Hippias Major\\\\') is consistent with his manner of pursuing definitions. (4) In the early definitional dialogues, Socrates does not have a theory of definition. In particular, he lacks a general theoretical ontology. Moreover, while his comments and implicit commitments entail beliefs about some conditions for a satisfactory definition (for example, that the 'definiens' must be a uniquely identifying true verbal description), such conditions do not constitute a theory. (5) Although in other early dialogues and in other parts of the definitional dialogues Socrates may express concern over the psychological states and well-being of his interlocutors, in the process of pursuing definitions, Socrates' principal concern is the evaluation of definitions, not the psychologies or lives of his interlocutors. (6)Finally, Socrates is committed to the epistemological priority of definitional knowledge for pertinent non-definitional knowledge. This does present a methodological problem of the kind to which Geach first drew attention. Specifically, according to the manner in which Socrates pursues definitions, it is unclear how he can get from belief that 'p' to knowledge that 'p'. Although this problem is genuine, Socrates himself is not unaware of such limits of his approach.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Clavulanic acid degradation in Streptomyces clavuligerus fed-batch cultivations. Clavulanic acid (CA) is an important antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces clavuligerus. CA is unstable and product degradation has turned out to have a major impact on product titers in fed-batch cultivations. Three different types of experiments have been used to elucidate CA degradation under fed-batch cultivation conditions. First, the influence of individual medium compounds was examined. Second, degradation was monitored during the exponential growth phase in batch cultivations. Third, CA degradation was studied in the supernatant of samples taken during a fed-batch. In addition, data from six fed-batch cultivations were studied to derive information about CA degradation during the production phase. These cultivations were based on a mineral medium, containing glycerol, glutamate, ammonium; and phosphate as the main nutrients. The ammonium concentration had a large influence on the degradation rate constant. In addition, either changes in the substrate availability or high concentrations of ammonium or glycerol cause a major increase in the degradation rate constant. Finally, a linear and a fuzzy logic model were made to predict CA degradation rates in these fed-batches.", "label": [0, 2, 19, 8]}
{"token": "Clinical profile and outcome of children with scrub typhus from Chennai, South India. Conclusion: Our 4-year study highlights the clinico-laboratory profile of Scrub typhus in children from Chennai, South India. Early recognition and prompt treatment reduces the complication and mortality.Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. We prospectively studied the clinico-laboratory profile and outcome of 358 children aged 1 day to 18 years diagnosed with scrub typhus from Chennai, South India. All children (100%) had fever. Eschar was seen in 67%. All children were treated with oral doxycycline and those with complications were treated with intravenous chloramphenicol/azithromycin. Rapid defervescence (within 48 h) after initiation of doxycline was seen in 306 (85%) and 52 (14.5%) developed complications. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that children who had an elevated aspartate amino transferase (> 120 IU/L) and the presence of thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 1 lac cells/mm(3)) at admission had high risk of developing complications. The overall mortality rate in this series was 0.8%.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Microalga Decreases Plasma Cholesterol by Down-regulation of Intestinal NPC1L1, Hepatic LDL Receptor, and HMG-CoA Reductase. The present study examined the cholesterol-lowering activity of algal powder (AP)), algal lipids (AL), and algal residue (AR) and their interaction with genes of transporters, receptors, and enzymes involved in cholesterol absorption and metabolism. In this experiment, 48 hamsters were fed either control diet or one of the three experimental diets containing 2% AP, 1.0% AL, or 1.0% AR for 6 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) and non-high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) were significantly decreased in the AP and AL groups but not in the AR group compared with those in the control hamsters. It was found that the cholesterol-lowering activity of AP and AL was associated with down-regulation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and intestinal Niemann-Pick Cl-like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter. It was concluded that the alga possessed the cholesterol-lowering activity and its lipids were the active ingredients. The mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering activity of algae were mediated most likely by increasing the sterol excretion and decreasing the cholesterol absorption and synthesis.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "A new deal for the community? Public participation in regeneration and local service delivery. In the UK regeneration strategies and patterns of local service provision have usually been imposed from the top down. Most communities have had little influence over plans to revitalise their areas or the design and delivery of services. The 'New Labour' government has emphasised its commitment to involving local people in a wide range of policy decisions relating to employment, health, crime reduction, education,local government services and regeneration. According to ministers an enhanced role for local people will increase local accountability and improve service standards. Previous experience of community-focused initiatives suggests however that there are significant obstacles to increasing public participation. Moreover, the present government's commitment to 'bottom-up' initiatives and local experimentation may be at odds with its strong centralising instinct and continuing insistence on 'zero tolerance of failure'.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Comparison of the ionic currents modulated during activity-dependent and normal presynaptic facilitation. One of the major questions in psychology is whether associative and nonassociative learning are fundamentally different or whether they involve similar processes and mechanisms. We have addressed this question by comparing mechanisms of a nonassociative form of learning, sensitization, and an associative form of learning, classical conditioning of the siphon-withdrawal reflex of hermaphroditic Aplysia. In an analog of differential conditioning, action potentials in one siphon sensory neuron (SN) were paired with shock to the pedal nerves, producing activity-dependent presynaptic facilitation, and action potentials in another SN were unpaired with the shock as a control. The difference between paired and unpaired training is a measure of associative plasticity. Before and after this training, we voltage clamped each SN and measured the outward current during depolarizing pulses. There was a significantly greater decrease in the net outward current in the paired SN than in the unpaired SN. We obtained similar results when we substituted the depolarizing voltage clamp pulse for action potentials during training. We then bathed the ganglion in serotonin as a measure of nonassociative plasticity. The current that was modulated differentially ( paired-unpaired) had time and voltage dependencies similar to the current that was modulated by serotonin (Is). These results suggest that an associative form of plasticity, activity-dependent presynaptic facilitation underlying conditioning, involves enhanced modulation of the same ionic current as a nonassociative form, normal presynaptic facilitation underlying sensitization.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
{"token": "A Quantified Temporal Logic for Ampliation and Restriction. Temporal logic as a modern discipline is separate from classical logic; it is seen as an addition or expansion of the more basic propositional and predicate logics. This approach is in contrast with logic in the Middle Ages, which was primarily intended as a tool for the analysis of natural language. Because all natural language sentences have tensed verbs, medieval logic is inherently a temporal logic. This fact is most clearly exemplified in medieval theories of supposition. As a case study, we look at the supposition theory of Lambert of Lagny (Auxerre), extracting from it a temporal logic and providing a formalization of that logic.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Dual career couples in academia, international mobility and dual career services in Europe. The number of dual career couples in academia is growing due to the increasing proportion of women with a doctoral degree and the greater propensity of women to choose another academic as their partner. At the same time, international mobility is required for career advancement in academia, creating challenges for dual career couples where both partners pursue careers. This paper has two objectives: (a) to raise the increasingly important issue of dual career couples in academia and the gendered effect that the pressure for mobility has on career advancement and work-life interference; and (b) to present examples of recently established dual career services of higher education institutions in Germany, Denmark and Switzerland, responding to the needs of the growing population of dual career couples. Due to long established practices of dual career services in the USA, the European examples will be compared with US practices. This paper raises the significance of considering dual career couples in institutional policies that aim for an internationally excellent and diversified academic workforce. It will appraise dual career services according to whether they reinforce or address gender inequalities and provide recommendations to higher education institutions interested in developing services and programmes for dual career couples.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Valorization of Soy Lecithin by Enzyme Cascade Reactions Including a Phospholipase A2, a Fatty Acid Double-Bond Hydratase, and/or a Photoactivated. A huge amount of phospholipids or lecithin is produced as a byproduct in the vegetable oil industry. However, most are just used as a feed additive. This study has focused on enzymatic valorization of lecithin. This was exploited by enzymatic transformation of soy lecithin into lysolecithin liposomes, including functional free fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, hydrocarbons, or secondary fatty alcohols. One of the representative examples was the preparation of lysolecithin liposomes containing secondary fatty alcohols [e.g., 9-Hydroxyheptadec-11-ene (9) and 9-heptadecanol (10)] by using a phospholipase A2 from Streptomyces violaceoruber, a fatty acid double-bond hydratase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and a photoactivated decarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis NC64A. The engineered liposomes turned out to range ca. 144 nm in diameter by dynamic light scattering analysis. Thereby, this study will contribute to application of functional fatty acids and their derivatives as well as valorization of lecithin for the food and cosmetic industries.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Neurodevelopmental evaluation of very low birth weight infants with sepsis at 18 to 24 months' corrected age. In this cohort study, neurodevelopmental outcome of 20 of 24 surviving very low birth weight infants with sepsis followed-up between 2008 and 2009 was compared with 20 control (uninfected infants). We found that plasma interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein values were negatively correlated with mental developmental index scores (r= -0.33, P= 0.03 and r= -0.40, P= 0.01, respectively) at 18 to 24 months' corrected age. The results of this study indicate that sepsis experienced in the neonatal period seems to be related to low mental developmental index scores at 18 to 24 months' corrected age.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Solitary wave solitons to one model in the shallow water waves. The current study utilizes the generalized tan(K(rho)/2)-expansion method, the generalized tanh-coth method and He's semi-inverse variational method in constructing various soliton and other solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional coupled variant Boussinesq equations which describes the elevation of water wave surface for slowly modulated shallow water waves in lakes and ocean beaches. The system represents collision of a nonlinear wave propagating along y-axis and long wave along x-axis. The integration mechanism that was adopted is modified direct algebraic method, which extracts different solitons (dark and singular) and combo (dark-singular) solitons for different values of parameters. The existence criteria for solitons production is also established for both Kerr and power nonlinearities. Additionally, some other solutions known as singular periodic and rational are also emerged in the process of derivation", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "A Novel Type of Polyhedral Viruses Infecting Hyperthermophilic Archaea. Encapsidation of genetic material into polyhedral particles is one of the most common structural solutions employed by viruses infecting hosts in all three domains of life. Here, we describe a new virus of hyperthermophilic archaea, Sulfolobus polyhedral virus 1 (SPV1), which condenses its circular double-stranded DNA genome in a manner not previously observed for other known viruses. The genome complexed with virion proteins is wound up sinusoidally into a spherical coil which is surrounded by an envelope and further encased by an outer polyhedral capsid apparently composed of the 20-kDa virion protein. Lipids selectively acquired from the pool of host lipids are integral constituents of the virion. None of the major virion proteins of SPV1 show similarity to structural proteins of known viruses. However, minor structural proteins, which are predicted to mediate host recognition, are shared with other hyperthermophilic archaeal viruses infecting members of the order Sulfolobales. The SPV1 genome consists of 20,222 bp and contains 45 open reading frames, only one-fifth of which could be functionally annotated.IMPORTANCE Viruses infecting hyperthermophilic archaea display a remarkable morphological diversity, often presenting architectural solutions not employed by known viruses of bacteria and eukaryotes. Here we present the isolation and characterization of Sulfolobus polyhedral virus 1, which condenses its genome into a unique spherical coil. Due to the original genomic and architectural features of SPV1, the virus should be considered a representative of a new viral family, \\\\'Portogloboviridae.\\\\'", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Corporal punishment and gender equality: regimes of care and rights in South African schools. Many policy interventions designed to achieve gender equality in education are predicated on the assumption that the enforcement of a human rights framework will promote equality and reduce (gender) inequalities. In South Africa, the ending of apartheid led to the introduction of a rights-based constitution in 1996. In line with this Constitution the education system was overhauled and a new Act, the South African Education Act of 1996 came into force. Despite one of the most progressive constitutions in the world and the authority of the Education Act, progress has been limited towards reducing gender inequality and gender-based violence. In this paper we focus on the continuing illegal use of corporal punishment (CP) to explore the limitations of a right-based approach to gender transformation in schools. Drawing on research undertaken in schools of vastly different socio-economic status we argue that rights-based approaches against CP resonate most in middle-class schools that have close links to formal work. In contrast, in other schools, certain types of CP have persisted often with the approval of parents and learners where they are thought of as a caring and necessary means to redress schooling inequities.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "CUBES phase a design overview The Cassegrain U-Band efficient spectrograph for the very large telescope. We present the baseline conceptual design of the Cassegrain U-Band Efficient Spectrograph (CUBES) for the Very Large Telescope. CUBES will provide unprecedented sensitivity for spectroscopy on a 8 - 10 m class telescope in the ground ultraviolet (UV), spanning a bandwidth of >= 100 nm that starts at 300 nm, the shortest wavelength accessible from the ground. The design has been optimized for endto-end efficiency and provides a spectral resolving power of R >= 20000, that will unlock a broad range of new topics across solar system, Galactic and extraglactic astronomy. The design also features a second, lower-resolution (R similar to 7000) mode and has the option of a fiberlink to the UVES instrument for simultaneous observations at longer wavelengths.Here we present the optical, mechanical and software design of the various subsystems of the instrument after the Phase A study of the project. We discuss the expected performances for the layout choices and highlight some of the performance trade-offs considered to best meet the instrument top-level requirements. We also introduce the model-based system engineering approach used to organize and manage the project activities and interfaces, in the context that it is increasingly necessary to integrate such tools in the development of complex astronomical projects.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Higher-dimensional generalisations of the Euler top equations. Generalisations of the familiar Euler top equations in three dimensions are proposed which admit a sufficiently large number of conservation laws to permit integrability by quadratures. The usual top is a classical analogue of the Nahm equations. One of the examples discussed here is a seven-dimensional Euler top, which arises as a classical counterpart to the eight-dimensional self-dual equations which are currently believed to play a role in new developments in string theory. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "The sacred and the search for significance: Religion as a unique process. Although many social scientists have assumed that religion can be reduced to more basic processes, there may be something unique about religion. By definition, religion has a distinctively meaningful point of reference, the sacred. Empirically, studies also suggest that religion may be a unique: form of motivation; source of value and significance; contributor to mortality and health; source of coping; and source of distress. These findings point to the need for: theory and research on the sacred; attention to the pluralization of religious beliefs and practices; evaluation of individual and social interventions that address spiritual problems and apply spiritual resources to their resolution; and collaboration between psychological and religious groups that draws on their unique identities and strengths.", "label": [5, 55, 57]}
{"token": "Silver-indium-sulfide quantum dots in titanium dioxide as electron transport layer for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Silver-indium-sulfide (AgInS2) quantum dots in TiO2 was prepared to use as an electron transport layer of planar perovskite solar cell (PSC). The average value of the root mean square of the surface roughness of the electron transport layer was slightly reduced by the addition of AgInS2 into TiO2. The electron mobility of the electron transport layer was enhanced from 1.34x10(-5) to 2.05x10(-5)cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) after the addition of AgInS2. The external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the device with TiO2:AgInS2 was improved in the region from 300 to 750nm as compared with that of the device without AgInS2. This result was separately caused by following two factors: one was the efficient light harvesting by AgInS2 in the region from 300 to 450nm, and another was the improvement of the charge transfer from perovskite layer to TiO2 through AgInS2 in the region from 450 to 750nm. Over 15% enhancement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSC was achieved by the addition of 0.8mgmL(-1) of AgInS2 into TiO2. Storage of the PSCs with or without AgInS2 with encapsulation in air resulted in long stability for 200days in terms of the PCEs, which were kept relatively 111% and 92% as compared with the initial values, respectively. Addition of AgInS2 into TiO2 brought the improvement of the durability against the photodegradation.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
{"token": "A ROMANIAN SURVEY ON THE IMPACT OF SARS-COV-2 PANDEMIC ON DYSTONIA PATIENTS. Methods. A questionnaire was applied between April 1st and April 15th, 2020 to a group of 50 dystonia patients that met the inclusion criteria for this study.Results. The majority of the respondents (92%) indicated that their greatest issue during SARS-CoV-2 lockdown was the lack of access to regular BoNT injections. Over 50% of respondents stated that they experienced atypical physical pain, followed by the inability to perform usual activities, with further impact on the QoL. Alteration of the physical status due to the inability to follow an in-clinic rehabilitation program was also reported by up to 25% of patients. In 10% of patients, dystonia became more severe, and led to further afflictions, with a great impact on their QoL. Younger dystonia participants registered lower QoL scores than older participants. Furthermore, isolation and income reduction were found to cause a moderate impact on QoL in most patients and may be associated with mild to moderate forms of depression.Objective. To assess the impact of botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection therapy discontinuation on the physical status and quality of life (QoL) of patients suffering from dystonia.Conclusion. The healthcare field must work to ensure that all these patients have access to their regular treatment plan in a safe environment. Meanwhile, recommendations should be made for these individuals to follow an adequate physical therapy program at home.Background. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic largely restricted the access of chronic patients to basic healthcare. One of the categories heavily affected by the lockdown were patients with dystonia.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Role of saturated fatty acids in lipase production - Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa. .Complex substrates always induce substantial amount of enzyme production during hydrolysis by microorganisms. In this study, ghee was taken for its saturated fatty acid content and analyzed as an inducer for the production of lipase. With ghee emulsion, the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa at optimal condition produced 60 units/min/L at 72 h. With olive oil emulsion, this organism produced only 41 units/min/L as maximum at 96 h. The saturated fatty acids present in ghee make it a hard substance for hydrolysis, which is the reason for the increased enzyme production. This was evaluated by the iodine number experiment. Ghee can also reduce the production cost whereas the costlier olive oil constitutes 25-50% of the total production cost for a commercial scale. The experimental results showed that the saturated fatty acids play an important role in lipase enzyme induction by P. aeruginosa. The use of ghee is cost-effective; hence, it can be used as a potential inducer for lipase production.", "label": [0, 4, 8, 42]}
{"token": "Benchmarking calculations of wavelengths and transition rates with spectroscopic accuracy for W XLVIII through W LVI tungsten ions. Atomic properties of n = 3 levels for W47+ - W55+ ions (Z = 74) are systematically calculated using two different and independent methods, namely, the second-order many-body perturbation theory and the multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock method combined with the relativistic configuration interaction approach. Wavelengths and transition rates for electric-and magnetic-dipole transitions involving the n = 3 levels of W47+ - W55+ are calculated. In addition, we discuss in detail the importance of the valence and core-valence electron correlations, the Breit interaction, the higher-order frequency-dependent retardation correction, and the leading quantum electrodynamical corrections for transition wavelengths. Spectroscopic accuracy is achieved for the present calculated wavelengths, and most of them agree with experimental values within 0.05%. Our calculated wavelengths, combined with collisional radiative model simulations, are used to identify the yet unidentified 25 observed lines in the extremely complex spectrum between 27 angstrom and 34 angstrom measured by Lennartsson et al. [Phys. Rev. A 87, 062505 (2013)]. We provide additional data for 472 strong electric-dipole transitions in the wavelength range of 17-50 angstrom, and 185 strong magnetic-dipole transitions between 36 angstrom and 4384 angstrom, with a line intensity greater than 1 photon/s. These can provide benchmark data for future experiments and theoretical calculations.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Politics 3: The fight of university under conditions of democracy. The article deals with pluralistic society whose analysis is based on the case of the university as a democratic institute. The authors substantiate three theses. The major one states that the biggest advantage of democracy (freedom of thought) leads to the fight and involves its biggest disadvantage - violence. According to the minor (second) thesis, university as part of democratic society embraces not only the freedom of thought, but also fight. The third thesis says that democracy is constituted \\\\'from below\\\\'. This insight is used as a point of departure to substantiate the first two theses.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Supraclavicular lymph node metastases of unknown origin: HPV-typing identifies the primary tumour. Cancers of unknown primary origin (CUP) account for 0.5-10% of all malignancies. CUP patients with metastases have a median survival of approximately 6 months, despite therapy. Identification of the primary tumour site may offer the opportunity of a specific and more efficient treatment. The case of a 45-year-old woman with supraclavicular lymph node metastases of a squamous cell CUP is reported. A staging laparoscopy with multiple biopsies and a loop diathermy excision of the cervix were performed. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-testing in the tissues revealed the tumour cells as metastases of an occult cervical cancer. Primary platin-based chemotherapy combined with paclitaxel leads to a complete apparative remission. Twelve months later, staging positron emission tomography with 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in combination with computed tomography identified an isolated left renal lymph node metastasis. The patient received targeted radiation therapy, combined with cisplatin. To date, 19 months after diagnosis, she is doing well without any evidence of disease. The presented case report addresses the difficulties involving the identification of CUP. HPV-DNA is found in over 95% of cervical cancers. As the presented case illustrates, testing for this virus DNA in human tissues can be a useful diagnostic tool in patients with CUP where cervical cancer is the possible primary tumour.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Design of the submerged horizontal plate breakwater using a fully coupled hydroelastic approach. This work provides a novel approach that combines computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with computational solid mechanics (CSM) to dynamically simulate the fully coupled hydroelastic interaction between nonlinear ocean waves and a submerged horizontal plate breakwater (SHPB). Based on a systematic series of simulations, it is shown that the wave damping performance of an SHPB can be evidently improved by an appropriate extent of deformation, which can be achieved through the design of its bending stiffness by varying elasticity and/or aspect ratio. The wave attenuation effect is found to be maximized when an SHPB has a deformation amplitude close to the incident wave amplitude. By accounting for the hydroelastic effect through the fully coupled CFD+CSM approach, this work presents a new computational technique that supports the design of deformable offshore and coastal structures.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Long-term prognosis after intracerebral haemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. Results We identified 122 eligible studies. The pooled estimate of 1-year survival was 46% (95% CI 43% to 49%; nine population-based studies (n=2408); I-2=27%) and 5-year survival was 29% (95% CI 26% to 33%; three population-based studies (n=699); I-2=6%). In 27 cohort studies, predictors most consistently associated with death were increasing age, decreasing Glasgow Coma Scale score, increasing ICH volume, presence of intraventricular haemorrhage, and deep/infratentorial ICH location. The annual risk of recurrent ICH varied from 1.3% to 7.4% in nine studies and this risk was higher after lobar ICH than non-lobar ICH in two of three hospital-based studies. Four studies reporting the risks of recurrent ICH and ischaemic stroke after ICH found no significant differences between these risks.Background and aim There is uncertainty about the long-term prognosis after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Therefore, we systematically reviewed the literature for studies reporting long-term survival and ICH recurrence, and their predictors.Conclusions Less than a half of patients with ICH survive 1 year and less than a third survive 5 years. Risks of recurrent ICH and ischaemic stroke after ICH appear similar after ICH, provoking uncertainties about the use of antithrombotic drugs.Methods We searched Ovid Medline 1946-2011 inclusive for cohort studies of >= 50 patients reporting long-term (>30 days) outcome after ICH. Two reviewers independently extracted data from each study. We meta-analysed 1-year and 5-year survival data from population-based studies using a random effects model (and quantified inconsistency using the I-2 statistic).", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Hume and Smith on Natural Religion. The prominence of David Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion in contemporary philosophy of religion has led it to overshadow his other short work, The Natural History of Religion, and thus obscure the fact that the social psychology of religion was in many ways of greater interest and more widely debated among the philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment than philosophical theology. This paper examines and compares the social psychology of religion advanced by Hume and Adam Smith. It argues that Hume's account of the psychological sources and social significance of religion is less satisfactory than Smith's.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Stigma and Mental Health of Sexual Minority Women Former Victims of Intimate Partner Violence. Sexual minority women (SMW) are at high risk of experiencing stigma, mental health problems, and being victims of intimate partner violence (IPV). This vulnerability can be explained by the sexual and gender minority stress model, stating that sexual and gender minority people suffer from specific stress factors added to general stressors, leading to more mental health and relationships problems. OBJECTIVE: The main goal of this study was to assess the impact of minority stress factors and former IPV victimization on the current mental health of Canadian SMW, as a function of their sexual and gender identity. METHOD: In total, 209 individuals identifying as women (M age = 33.9), living in Canada and who lived in a past violent relationship with a woman responded to an online survey. Well-validated questionnaires assessed sexual orientation and gender identity, former IPV behaviors, minority stress factors, depression, and anxiety. RESULTS: Hierarchical regressions showed that past psychological aggression was positively associated with anxiety symptoms and past sexual coercion with depressive symptoms. Not being monosexual was also associated more severe symptoms of depression and age was negatively associated with the severity of anxiety symptoms. After controlling for age, race/ethnicity, sexual and gender identity and former IPV victimization, having negative feelings about being a SMW was strongly associated with both depression and anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSION: These results provide new information on the interconnected associations between former IPV, minority stress and SMW's mental health. Findings highlight the need to adapt clinical interventions to help buffer against victimization faced by IPV victims who identify as sexual and gender minorities.", "label": [5, 52, 55, 57]}
{"token": "Lipid Profiles, Glycated Hemoglobin, and Diabetes in People Living at High Altitude in Nepal. This study aimed to describe lipid profiles and the distribution of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in a sample of a high altitude population of Nepal and to explore associations between these metabolic risk variables and altitude. A cross-sectional survey of cardiovascular disease and associated risk factors was conducted among 521 people living at four different altitude levels, all above 2800 m, in the Mustang and Humla districts of Nepal. Urban participants (residents at 2800 m and 3620 m) had higher total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) than rural participants. A high ratio of TC to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) (TC/HDL >= 5.0) was found in 23.7% (95% CI 19.6, 28.2) and high TG (>= 1.7 mmol/L) in 43.3% (95% CI 38.4, 48.3) of participants overall. Mean HbA1c levels were similar at all altitude levels although urban participants had a higher prevalence of diabetes. Overall, 6.9% (95% CI 4.7, 9.8) of participants had diabetes or were on hypoglycaemic treatment. There was no clear association between lipid profiles or HbA1c and altitude in a multivariate analysis adjusted for possible confounding variables. Residential settings and associated lifestyle practices are more strongly associated with lipid profiles and HbA1c than altitude amongst high altitude residents in Nepal.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Monoclonal Antibodies to Heat Shock Protein 60 Alter the Pathogenesis of Histoplasma capsulatum. Heat shock proteins with molecular masses of similar to 60 kDa (Hsp60) are widely distributed in nature and are highly conserved immunogenic molecules that can function as molecular chaperones and enhance cellular survival under physiological stress conditions. The fungus Histoplasma capsulatum displays an Hsp60 on its cell surface that is a key target of the cellular immune response during histoplasmosis, and immunization with this protein is protective. However, the role of humoral responses to Hsp60 has not been fully elucidated. We generated immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to H. capsulatum Hsp60. IgG1 and IgG2a MAbs significantly prolonged the survival of mice infected with H. capsulatum. An IgG2b MAb was not protective. The protective MAbs reduced intracellular fungal survival and increased phagolysosomal fusion of macrophages in vitro. Histological examination of infected mice showed that protective MAbs reduced the fungal burden and organ damage. Organs of infected animals treated with protective MAbs had significantly increased levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha and decreased levels of IL-4 and IL-10. Hence, IgG1 and IgG2a MAbs to Hsp60 can modify H. capsulatum pathogenesis in part by altering the intracellular fate of the fungus and inducing the production of Th1-associated cytokines.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Hydrogen desorption kinetics of MgH2 synthesized from modified waste magnesium. In the present study, hydrogen desorption properties of magnesium hydride (MgH2) synthesized from modified waste magnesium chips (WMC) were investigated. MgH2 was synthesized by hydrogenation of modified waste magnesium at 320 degrees C for 90 min under a pressure of 6 x 10(6) Pa. The modified waste magnesium was prepared by mixing waste magnesium with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and NaCl additions, applying mechanical milling. Next, it was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques in order to characterize its structural properties. Hydrogen desorption properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates (5, 10, and 15 degrees C/min). Doyle and Kissenger non-isothermal kinetic models were applied to calculate energy (E-a) values, which were found equal to 254.68 kJ/mol and 255.88 kJ/mol, respectively.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Application of a mitochondrial DNA control region frequency database for UK domestic cats. DNA variation in 402 bp of the mitochondrial control region flanked by repeat sequences RS2 and RS3 was evaluated by Sanger sequencing in 152 English domestic cats, in order to determine the significance of matching DNA sequences between hairs found with a victim's body and the suspect's pet cat. Whilst 95% of English cats possessed one of the twelve globally widespread mitotypes, four new variants were observed, the most common of which (2% frequency) was shared with the evidential samples. No significant difference in mitotype frequency was seen between 32 individuals from the locality of the crime and 120 additional cats from the rest of England, suggesting a lack of local population structure. However, significant differences were observed in comparison with frequencies in other countries, including the closely neighbouring Netherlands, highlighting the importance of appropriate genetic databases when determining the evidential significance of mitochondrial DNA evidence. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 20, 29]}
{"token": "In Vivo Mechanisms of Vaccine-Induced Protection against HPV Infection. Using a human papillomavirus (HPV) cervicovaginal murine challenge model, we microscopically examined the in vivo mechanisms of L1 virus-like particle (VLP) and L2 vaccine-induced inhibition of infection. In vivo HPV infection requires an initial association with the acellular basement membrane (BM) to induce conformational changes in the virion that permit its association with the keratinocyte cell surface. By passive transfer of immune serum, we determined that anti-L1 antibodies can interfere with infection at two stages. Similarly to active VLP immunization, transfer of high L1 antibody concentrations prevented BM binding. However, in the presence of low concentrations of anti-L1, virions associated with the BM, but to the epithelial cell surface was not detected. Regardless of the concentration, L2 vaccine-induced antibodies allow BM association but prevent association with the cell surface. Thus, we have revealed distinct mechanisms of vaccine-induced inhibition of virus infection in vivo.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
{"token": "EMQN Best Practice Guidelines for molecular and haematology methods for carrier identification and prenatal diagnosis of the haemoglobinopathies. Haemoglobinopathies constitute the commonest recessive monogenic disorders worldwide, and the treatment of affected individuals presents a substantial global disease burden. Carrier identification and prenatal diagnosis represent valuable procedures that identify couples at risk for having affected children, so that they can be offered options to have healthy offspring. Molecular diagnosis facilitates prenatal diagnosis and definitive diagnosis of carriers and patients (especially 'atypical' cases who often have complex genotype interactions). However, the haemoglobin disorders are unique among all genetic diseases in that identification of carriers is preferable by haematological (biochemical) tests rather than DNA analysis. These Best Practice guidelines offer an overview of recommended strategies and methods for carrier identification and prenatal diagnosis of haemoglobinopathies, and emphasize the importance of appropriately applying and interpreting haematological tests in supporting the optimum application and evaluation of globin gene DNA analysis.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Comparison between the fatigue response of hot and warm mix asphalts based on the dissipated energy approach. This study focused on the fatigue behaviour of warm mix asphalt (WMA) based on the dissipated energy (DE) approach. Two conventional binders consisting of 60/70 and 85/100 penetration-grade bitumens were used to prepare the control mix. WMA was prepared by incorporating 2% Sasobit by weight of bitumen. First, the basic properties of WMA containing optimum bitumen content were compared with those of control hot mix asphalt (HMA). The main laboratory programme included four-point flexural fatigue test that was accomplished at different strain levels of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 microstrain. The studied WMA had comparable Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength to those of control HMA. Furthermore, based on the resilient modulus test results, the temperature susceptibility of WMA was slightly more than that of the control mix. Fatigue lives of studied mixes were evaluated using the conventional fatigue curves that were developed based on the initial strain level. Comparison between these curves revealed the predominant fatigue behaviour of WMAs at different examined strain levels. The initial DE and the cumulative DE of WMAs were lower than those of HMAs. The latter issue justifies the predominant fatigue response of WMA. By considering the DE curve, the ratio of dissipated energy change (RDEC) was calculated. Afterward, the plateau value (PV) was determined using the moving average of fatigue data in the plateau stage of the RDEC curve. Finally, PV-based fatigue models were developed which could precisely estimate the fatigue life regardless of the mix type and testing condition.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Educating Systems Thinking for Sustainability: Experience with a Developing Country. This paper describes an approach to teaching systems thinking and associated capacity building for a team of professionals and managers from a developing country (Vietnam), engaged in the sustainable management of a world biosphere reserve. Vietnamese environmental and development managers and UNESCO were attracted to a systems approach to managing the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve because it offered a way to address components of sustainability holistically, while transcending organisational and disciplinary silos. Key features of the training approach include learning as a group of professionals, with senior organisational support and commitment to apply systems approaches in the workplace; enjoyable adult learning approaches tailored to the needs of participants; complementing teaching of systems thinking and techniques with participatory methods for working with the participants in developing solutions to their sustainability issues; and building in evaluation at every stage, through participatory methods taught in the course. The paper highlights the importance of teaching systems thinking and provides an example curriculum and teaching strategy based on adult learning principles. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "Exposure of Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357 to the Environmental Toxin, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxin, Results in a Hyper Aflatoxicogenic Phenotype: A Possible Role for Caleosin/Peroxygenase (AfPXG). Aflatoxins (AFs) as potent food contaminants are highly detrimental to human and animal health. The production of such biological toxins is influenced by environmental factors including pollutants, such as dioxins. Here, we report the biological feedback of an active AF-producer strain of A. flavus upon in vitro exposure to the most toxic congener of dioxins, the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The phenotype of TCDD-exposed A. flavus was typified by a severe limitation in vegetative growth, activation of conidia formation and a significant boost in AF production. Furthermore, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in fungal protoplast was increased (3.1- to 3.8-fold) in response to TCDD exposure at 10 and 50 ng mL(-1), respectively. In parallel, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were, respectively, increased by a factor of 2 and 3. In contrast to controls, transcript, protein and enzymatic activity of caleosin/peroxygenase (AfPXG) was also significantly induced in TCDD-exposed fungi. Subsequently, fungal cells accumulated fivefold more lipid droplets (LDs) than controls. Moreover, the TCDD-exposed fungi exhibited twofold higher levels of AFB(1). Interestingly, TCDD-induced hyperaflatoxicogenicity was drastically abolished in the AfPXG-silencing strain of A. flavus, suggesting a role for AfPXG in fungal response to TCDD. Finally, TCDD-exposed fungi showed an increased in vitro virulence in terms of sporulation and AF production. The data highlight the possible effects of dioxin on aflatoxicogenicity of A. flavus and suggest therefore that attention should be paid in particular to the potential consequences of climate change on global food safety.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Considerations on the Effects of Cross-border Cooperation on Fostering Local Public Administration. Study-case: Hungarian - Romanian Border Area. Local administration is a major actor, both stakeholder and beneficiary, in the cross-border cooperation actions. However, there are very few references in the literature investigating the opinion of public managers and employees involved in implementing cross border cooperation programs regarding the effectiveness of CBC projects. In this paper we address this issue, by reviewing the relevant literature and mostly by presenting the results of own survey-based researches conducted on field. This article captures the opinion of managers and staff regarding the transformations generated by involvement in cross-border actions in Bihor - Hajdu - Bihar Euroregion.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Techno-Economic Assessment: Food Emulsion Waste Management. Production of food-grade emulsions is continuously rising globally, especially in developing countries. The steepest demand growth is in the segment of inexpensive meat products where edible emulsions serve as lubricants to mitigate economic loses linked with mechanical damage during automated processing of artificial casings. Provided that production goal is to minimize emulsion transfer into the product, its vast majority becomes voluminous greasy and sticky waste. Public sewage treatment plants cannot process such waste, its cleaning processes tends to collapse under loads of emulsions. To make matters worse, composition of emulsions often changes (according to actual pricing of main components) and emulsion manufacturers carefully guard their recipes. Therefore, running of in-house sewage plants would require continuous experimentation linked with need for skilled personnel, frequent changes in technology setup and high operating costs in general. Consequently, it was repeatedly and independently reported that emulsion waste is poured onto wildlife, resulting in environmental damage and an intense rotting odor. Three new methods of emulsion breakdown are proposed and techno-economically assessed. High versatility of methods was confirmed and multiple austerity measures were incorporated. Emulsions are also assessed in terms of an energy source for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. It is reported that the addition of edible emulsion to compost does not result in increased product quality or cost reduction. It is firstly revealed that edible emulsions can instantly create an anaerobic environment and accelerate biogas production through the formation of surface films on feedstock surface. Adding waste food-grade emulsions to the biogas plant makes it possible to 100% reduce process water consumption in biogas stations as the process speed can be shortened by approximately 12%.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Aerosol effects on electrification and lightning discharges in a multicell thunderstorm simulated by the WRF-ELEC model. To investigate the effects of aerosols on lightning activity, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with a two-moment bulk microphysical scheme and bulk lightning model was employed to simulate a multicell thunderstorm that occurred in the metropolitan Beijing area. The results suggest that under polluted conditions lightning activity is significantly enhanced during the developing and mature stages. Electrification and lightning discharges within the thunderstorm show characteristics distinguished by different aerosol conditions through microphysical processes. Elevated aerosol loading increases the cloud droplets numbers, the latent heat release, updraft and ice-phase particle number concentrations. More charges in the upper level are carried by ice particles and enhance the electrification process. A larger mean-mass radius of graupel particles further increases non-inductive charging due to more effective collisions. In the continental case where aerosol concentrations are low, less latent heat is released in the upper parts and, as a consequence, the updraft speed is weaker, leading to smaller concentrations of ice particles, lower charging rates and fewer lightning discharges.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Control of Bois Noir and practices increasing biodiversity - a contradiction?. Control of Bois Noir and practices increasing biodiversity - a contradiction? Today there is a wide selection of practices and technologies available to increase or maintain biodiversity in vineyards, e.g. fallows, plantings of cover crops or hedgerows. During the last years a significant increase of Bois Noir has been observed in Austrian vineyards. This phytoplasma disease spreads via a cycle including vines, insect vectors and herbaceous reservoir hosts. The aim of the work was to elucidate whether practices enhancing biodiversity influence Bois Noir incidence. Diseased vines and perennial or symptomatic wild plants were sampled in 17 vineyards in Lower Austria, Burgenland and Styria. All samples were tested for Stolbur phytoplasma by PCR, tuf genes were analyzed by RFLP. Apart from vines Stolbur phytoplasma was mainly ascertained in field bindweed (Convolvulus arvenis). All isolates belonged to tuf-type II (bindweed type). It can therefore be concluded that field bindweed is the main reservoir plant for Bois Noir in Austria. The Auchenorrhyncha and Psylloidea (Hemiptera) fauna was collected in and around two Bois Noir infected vineyards in Lower Austria with the aid of yellow sticky traps and a garden blower vac. More than 160 Auchenorrhyncha and 21 Psylloidea species were collected. Raphanus sativus, Fagopyrum esculentum, Phacelia tanactifolia and Medicago sativa were cultivated as green covers in fallows and vineyard rows. Insect counts in the cover crops, in natural green covers and on bare soil were gathered by vacuum sampling and in the vine canopies by yellow sticky traps. Raphanus sativus, Fagopyrum esculentum, Phacelia tanactifolia and Medicago sativa covers were far less attractive for Auchenorrhyncha than natural green covers. In the ground layer of the cover crops considerably fewer insect species and lower numbers of individuals were found. Presence of insects in the canopy, however, was not very much influenced by low numbers of insects in the ground cover. Analyses of yellow sticky traps showed no significant difference between Raphanus sativus, Fagopyrum esculentum and Phacelia tanactifolia plots and naturally greened covers. The highest numbers of insects in the canopy were observed on bare soil. It seems likely that bare soil or \\\\'unfavourable\\\\' cover crops induced immigrating insects to colonize the vines. We can conclude that fallows letting weeds take over or leaving some soil bare carry the risk to harbour both infected field bindweeds and high vector populations. Our results show that a big share of vectors moves into the vineyards from outside. Dramatic increases of Bois Noir might be the consequences. Cover crops are far less colonized by possible insect vectors and might help to suppress field bindweed. Vegetation management of fallows by cover cropping is therefore advisable. Hedgerows probably have no adverse effects on the spread of Bois Noir.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
{"token": "The fragile foundations of the extended fetuses-at-risk approach. Background Whether denominators for postnatal outcomes (ascertained after live birth) with a presumed prenatal origin should consist of fetuses or live births remains controversial. Proponents argue that the extended fetuses-at-risk (FAR) approach (a), provides a justification for medically indicated preterm delivery, (b), avoids paradoxical results, and (c), permits quantification of incidence of fetal-infant phenomena, such as \\\\'revealed\\\\' small for gestational age (SGA)-which, under FAR, rises with advancing gestation. Methods This conceptual paper examines the validity of the above arguments. Results As obstetricians induce babies early because of fetal (or maternal) compromise and despite the dangers posed by immaturity, there is no need to modify a paradigm that portrays preterm birth as a powerful risk factor. The FAR approach generally avoids \\\\'paradoxical\\\\' intersections because FAR rates of postnatal outcomes depend on the birth rate. However, this property, which causes rates of most postnatal outcomes to rise at term, can also lead to risk reversals and other misleading findings. The FAR formulation does not yield the incidence of postnatal conditions but, rather, the incidence of live birth (and survival to diagnosis) of babies with prevalent conditions (and, sometimes, future ones). Conclusions The proposed arguments do not provide adequate support for extending the FAR approach to postnatal outcomes. As only live births can contribute to the numerator of rates, the usefulness and interpretability of FAR measures in this setting are limited.", "label": [2, 22, 27, 24]}
{"token": "Hounds and Homesickness: The Effects of an Animal-assisted Therapeutic Intervention for First-Year University Students. Transitioning from high school to university can prove to be a formidable challenge for many first-year students, with many experiencing homesickness. Given that students who experience homesickness are more likely than their non-homesick cohorts to drop out of university, universities have a vested interest in supporting students during their first-year transition. Programs that provide opportunities for human-animal interactions on campus are gaining popularity as one way of increasing students' wellbeing. The current study examined the effects of an 8-week animal-assisted therapy (AAT) program on first-year university students' wellbeing. An initial feasibility study (n = 86) was conducted that provided opportunities for students to interact, in small groups, with trained therapy dogs and their volunteer handlers. Results indicated that this program reduced participants' levels of homesickness and increased their satisfaction with life. An experimental study was then conducted utilizing a similar 8-week group AAT program. Participants (n = 44) were assigned to either a treatment condition (i.e., the AAT program) or to a no-treatment condition (akin to a wait-list control). At the end of the eight weeks, participants in the AAT program reported greater reductions in homesickness and greater increases in satisfaction with life than did those in the no-treatment condition. From beginning to end of the program, participants in the treatment group evidenced reductions in homesickness and increases in satisfaction with life and connectedness to campus, while participants in the no-treatment condition evidenced an increase in homesickness and no changes in satisfaction with life and connectedness to campus. Results of both the feasibility study and the experimental study support the use of AAT programs to increase the wellbeing of first-year university students experiencing homesickness.", "label": [0, 5, 56, 52, 57, 10]}
{"token": "Study on microstructural, chemical and electrical properties of tantalum nitride thin films deposited by reactive direct current magnetron sputtering. The properties of tantalum nitride (TaNx) thin films on silicon and low temperature co-fired ceramics based substrates were investigated with respect to their potential use for sensor elements operated under harsh environmental conditions. For deposition reactive direct current magnetron sputtering was applied at constant back pressure (=0.9 Pa) and plasma power (=1,000 W). In all experiments, the substrates were nominally unheated. The films were investigated electrically by four point probing. For morphological and chemical analyses, a large variety of techniques such as focussed ion beam, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy were used. Only by combining all these techniques for analysing TaNx films synthesised with varying nitrogen content in the deposition chamber can a proper evaluation of the microstructure and the chemical composition be done. Both the microstructure and the chemical composition are influenced strongly with a resulting effect on the electrical film properties.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Maximum fluorescence and electron transport kinetics determined by light-induced fluorescence transients (LIFT) for photosynthesis phenotyping. Photosynthetic phenotyping requires quick characterization of dynamic traits when measuring large plant numbers in a fluctuating environment. Here, we evaluated the light-induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) method for its capacity to yield rapidly fluorometric parameters from 0.6m distance. The close approximation of LIFT to conventional chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) parameters is shown under controlled conditions in spinach leaves and isolated thylakoids when electron transport was impaired by anoxic conditions or chemical inhibitors. The ChlF rise from minimum fluorescence (F-o) to maximum fluorescence induced by fast repetition rate (Fm-FRR) flashes was dominated by reduction of the primary electron acceptor in photosystem II (Q(A)). The subsequent reoxidation of Q(A)(-) was quantified using the relaxation of ChlF in 0.65ms (F-r1) and 120ms (F-r2) phases. Reoxidation efficiency of Q(A)(-) (F-r1/F-v, where F-v=Fm-FRR-F-o) decreased when electron transport was impaired, while quantum efficiency of photosystem II (F-v/F-m) showed often no significant effect. ChlF relaxations of the LIFT were similar to an independent other method. Under increasing light intensities, F-r2/F-q (where F-r2 and F-q represent F-r2 and F-v in the light-adapted state, respectively) was hardly affected, whereas the operating efficiency of photosystem II (F-q/F-m) decreased due to non-photochemical quenching. Fm-FRR was significantly lower than the ChlF maximum induced by multiple turnover (Fm-MT) flashes. However, the resulting F-v/F-m and F-q/F-m from both flashes were highly correlated. The LIFT method complements F-v/F-m with information about efficiency of electron transport. Measurements in situ and from a distance facilitate application in high-throughput and automated phenotyping.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Differentiated Government Control for Conformity: Government-NGO Relations in China. This study examines differentiated government control over foundations in China. The distinct patterns of \\\\'Harmonious Society\\\\' and \\\\'obeying the law\\\\' in foundation mission statements indicate a two-dimensional control mechanism in which the government intends to seek functional conformity and behavioral conformity from foundations. Using the multinomial logistic regression method on the mission statement of 2,498 foundations from 2004 to 2013, this article finds that foundations' funding-sufficiency leads to the government's strong intention for functional conformity and weak intention for behavioral conformity. The article implies that the Chinese government has eased some institutional constraints on foundations for the purpose of seeking financial contributions from foundations. It suggests that the Chinese government can adapt to the socioeconomic conditions and calculate its relations with non-governmental organizations.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Exploring pillars of supply chain competitiveness: insights from leading global supply chains. This paper aims to explore key pillars of supply chain competitiveness (SCC) and understand how top supply chains remain competitive in the long term. The research design is divided into two phases. First, an extensive review of the scholarly SCC literature is conducted to identify the core pillars that help achieve SCC. Second, the literature published in practitioner outlets on the five selected companies of Gartner's Supply Chain Top 25 is scrutinized to understand how top supply chains apply the core pillars of SCC in practice. A total of 193 scientific and practitioner articles were analyzed to develop the key pillars of SCC. This study identified six key pillars of SCC in the literature: innovation, sustainability, collaboration, information technology, agility, and flexibility. It has been found that a combination of these pillars, if not all, will be required to remain competitive in the post-COVID-19 era.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Impact of Thermal Boundary Resistance on Thermoelectric Effects of the Blade-Type Phase-Change Random Access Memory Device. Phase-change random access memory (PCRAM) is widely regarded as one of the most promising candidates to replace Flash memory as the next generation of non-volatile memories due to its high-speed and low-power consumption characteristics. Recent advent of the blade-type PCRAM with low programming current merit further confirms its prospects. The thermoelectric effects existing inside the PCRAM devices have always been an important factor that determines the phase-transformation kinetics due to a fact that it allows PCRAM to have electric polarity dependent characteristics. However, the potential physics governing the thermoelectric effects for blade-type PCRAM device still remains vague. We establish a three-dimensional (3D) electro-thermal and phase-transformation model to study the influences of thermal boundary resistance (TBR) and device scaling on the thermoelectric effects of the blade-type PCRAM during its \\\\'RESET\\\\' operation. Our research shows that the presence of TBR significantly improves the electric polarity-dependent characteristics of the blade-type PCRAM, and such polarity-dependent characteristic is found immune to the scaling of the device. It is therefore possible to optimize the thermoelectric effects of the blade-type PCRAM through appropriately tailoring the TBR parameters, thus further lowering resulting power consumption.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "RNase of classical swine fever virus: Biochemical characterization and inhibition by virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. The structural glycoprotein E0 of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) possesses an intrinsic RNase activity, Here we present the first comprehensive biochemical characterization of E0, using a recombinant glycoprotein expressed in insect cells, We were able to show that the presence of neither carbohydrate moieties nor disulfide bonds is a prerequisite for RNase activity. In addition, virus-neutralizing and nonneutralizing anti-E0 mono clonal antibodies were tested for their ability to influence RNase activity, In these experiments, the antibodies which effectively blocked the infection of STE cells also exerted a high degree of E0 RNase inhibition, This correlation suggests that the RNase activity of CSFV E0 plays a role in the viral life cycle.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Martin Buber's Myth of Zion: National Education or Counter-Education?. If national education is, as Ilan Gur-Ze'ev thinks, inevitably a matter of agents for and victims of a national system, only a \\\\'counter-education\\\\' can correct it. Martin Buber shared many of Gur-Ze'ev's concerns, but advocated a more positive view of national education. This essay examines Buber's development of his pedagogical theory in its context, notes his influence on several educational models, investigates how his view of national education either continues or is ignored in the modern State of Israel, and shows that his positive view draws not only on his \\\\'I-Thou\\\\' dialogical insight but also on his advocacy of a myth of Zion, a myth that provides an alternative not just to the dominant myths in Israel today but also to Gur-Ze'ev's counter-education.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 32]}
{"token": "Overo lethal white foal syndrome. Overo lethal white syndrome is an autosomally inherited disease associated with horse breeds that register white coat patterns. The syndrome is associated with a single amino acid substitution at residue 1 18 on the endothelin-B receptor gene and occurs in white foals born to American paint horses of overo lineage, specifically. the frame overo subtype. Affected foals appear normal at birth but fall to pass meconium and develop severe colic as a result of ileus caused by a functional intestinal obstruction, In the absence of veterinary intervention, death ensues, usually within 24 to 48 hours postpartum. Because there is no treatment for this condition, euthanasia is warranted to minimize unnecessary pain and suffering.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "The complete mitochondrial genome of Arhopalus oberthuri Hua, 2002 (Coleoptera: Spondylidinae). Arhopalus oberthuri is a pest which spreads in China, Laos, Japan and some other countries in Asia. The complete mitochondrial genome of A. oberthuri is 15,854 bp in length with 32.1% GC content, including 38.2% A, 20.4% C, 11.7% G, 29.7% T. There are 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA) and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA) encoded in the genome. The graph of phylogenetic analysis gives the information that Arhopalus oberthuri is closer to Arhopalus unicolor. This study provided a scientific basis for the population genetics, phylogeny, and molecular taxonomy of A. oberthuri.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Household composition and the infant fecal microbiome: The INSPIRE study. Objectives Establishment and development of the infant gastrointestinal microbiome (GIM) varies cross-culturally and is thought to be influenced by factors such as gestational age, birth mode, diet, and antibiotic exposure. However, there is little data as to how the composition of infants' households may play a role, particularly from a cross-cultural perspective. Here, we examined relationships between infant fecal microbiome (IFM) diversity/composition and infants' household size, number of siblings, and number of other household members. Materials and methods We analyzed 377 fecal samples from healthy, breastfeeding infants across 11 sites in eight different countries (Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Peru, Spain, Sweden, and the United States). Fecal microbial community structure was determined by amplifying, sequencing, and classifying (to the genus level) the V1-V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Surveys administered to infants' mothers identified household members and composition. Results Our results indicated that household composition (represented by the number of cohabitating siblings and other household members) did not have a measurable impact on the bacterial diversity, evenness, or richness of the IFM. However, we observed that variation in household composition categories did correspond to differential relative abundances of specific taxa, namely: Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella. Discussion This study, to our knowledge, is the largest cross-cultural study to date examining the association between household composition and the IFM. Our results indicate that the social environment of infants (represented here by the proxy of household composition) may influence the bacterial composition of the infant GIM, although the mechanism is unknown. A higher number and diversity of cohabitants and potential caregivers may facilitate social transmission of beneficial bacteria to the infant gastrointestinal tract, by way of shared environment or through direct physical and social contact between the maternal-infant dyad and other household members. These findings contribute to the discussion concerning ways by which infants are influenced by their social environments and add further dimensionality to the ongoing exploration of social transmission of gut microbiota and the \\\\'old friends\\\\' hypothesis.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
{"token": "SHORT-TERM RETURN PREDICTABILITY AND REPETITIVE INSTITUTIONAL NET ORDER ACTIVITY. Half-hour returns predict same-half-hour returns on subsequent days. We hypothesize that this is due to institutional traders who execute their parent orders over multiple days (\\\\'repetitive institutional traders\\\\'). Using a unique data set that provides masked trader identification and trader type, we find that the half-hour net order submission activity of repetitive institutional traders is predictive of same-half-hour returns on subsequent days, and that this relation subsumes the return predictability at shorter intervals. Repetitive institutional traders incur lower transaction costs than their nonrepetitive counterparts, suggesting that other traders compete to provide liquidity to the anticipated order flow originating from the repetitive traders.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "An Integrated Vision-Based Approach for Efficient Human Fall Detection in a Home Environment. Falls are an important healthcare problem for vulnerable persons like seniors. Response to potential emergencies can be fastened timely detection and classification of falls. This paper addresses the detection of human falls using relevant pixel-based features reflecting variations in body shape. Specifically, the human body is divided into five partitions that correspond to five partial occupancy areas. For each frame, area ratios are calculated and used as input data for fall detection and classification. First, the detection of falls is addressed from a statistical point of view as an anomaly detection problem. Towards this end, an integrated approach merging a detection step with a classification step is proposed for enabling efficient human fall detection in a home environment. In this regard, an effective fall detection approach using generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) scheme is designed. However, a GLR scheme cannot discriminate between true falls and like-fall events, such as lying down. To mitigate this limitation, the support vector machine algorithm has been successfully applied on features of the detected fall to recognize the type of fall. Tests on two publicly available datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed approach to appropriately detecting and identifying falls. Compared with the neural network, k-nearest neighbor, decision tree and naive Bayes procedures, the two steps approach achieved better detection performance.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Influence of Strategy Adaptation Speed on Network Reciprocity for Evolutionary Prisoner's Dilemma Games. Following our previous study (Tanimoto, submitted to Physica A) on how network reciprocity is affected when strategy adaptation speed is slower than gaming speed, we conducted a series of simulations to obtain a deeper insight. In the case of a spatial prisoner's dilemma on a scale-free network with a spatial distribution of the strategy updating time scale, we found that a negative correlation between degree and strategy updating speed brings an extremely large cooperation-enhancing effect. This might be because a cooperative hub agent who is insensitive to strategy adaptation can protect against defection invasion at the initial stage of a simulation episode to initiate a cooperative situation.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "An Inscribed Sherd in Aramaic Script from Barikot, Pakistan. This article discusses a sherd inscribed with a text in Aramaic script from Barikot in Pakistan. The site, known in classical sources on Alexander the Great, has been regularly investigated over the last 40 years. In recent excavation campaigns, new evidence of the earliest phases of the city (500-50 b.c.e.) has been discovered, including the sherd treated here, among other inscribed pottery in Greek and Brahm.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Eddies and the Distribution of Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Arctic Ocean. Mesoscale eddies are important to many aspects of the dynamics of the Arctic Ocean. Among others, they maintain the halocline and interact with the Atlantic Water circumpolar boundary current through lateral eddy fluxes and shelf basin exchanges. Mesoscale eddies are also important for transporting biological material and for modifying sea ice distribution. Here, we review what is known about eddies and their impacts in the Arctic Ocean in the context of rapid climate change. Eddy kinetic energy (EKE) is a proxy for mesoscale variability in the ocean due to eddies. We present the first quantification of EKE from moored observations across the entire Arctic Ocean and compare those results to output from an eddy resolving numerical model. We show that EKE is largest in the northern Nordic Seas/Fram Strait and it is also elevated along the shelf break of the Arctic Circumpolar Boundary Current, especially in the Beaufort Sea. In the central basins, EKE is 100-1,000 times lower. Generally, EKE is stronger when sea ice concentration is low versus times of dense ice cover. As sea ice declines, we anticipate that areas in the Arctic Ocean where conditions typical of the North Atlantic and North Pacific prevail will increase. We conclude that the future Arctic Ocean will feature more energetic mesoscale variability.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "HEAT-APPLICATOR MACHINE FOR WEED CONTROL. Pesticide environmental risks and increased weed resistance have encouraged studies for alternatives to herbicides. Among these are weed thermal control methods by controlled heat application machines. Thus, this study aimed to test a prototype of heat-applicator machine as a function of changes in gas pressure, travel speed, and tire traffic effect on plants. Then, three experimental factors were tested: gas pressure (98, 196, and 245 kPa), travel speed (0.56, 0.78, and 1.17 m s(-1)), and tire traffic effect on plants (with and without traffic). The results showed that tire traffic effect on plants and subsequent heat application had no effect on control rate. Weed control rates reached levels considered satisfactory using a heat application speed of 0.56 m s(-1) associated with gas pressures of 245 or 196 kPa, as well as a heat application speed of 0.78 m s(-1) associated with a gas pressure of 245 kPa. A total between 60.9 and 84.9 kg ha(-1) liquefied petroleum gas was required for weed control of around 80%.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Mitochondrial genomes from Bronze Age Poland reveal genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic and additional genetic affinities with the steppe populations. Discussion Results revealed genetic continuity from the Late Neolithic Corded Ware groups to Bronze Age Mierzanowice and Trzciniec-associated populations, and possible additional genetic contribution from the steppe to the formation of the Strzy(z) over dotow-associated group at the end of 3rd millennium BC. Mitochondrial patterns indicated several pairs of potentially maternally related individuals mostly in Trzciniec-associated group.Objective In this work we aim to investigate the origins and genetic affinities of Bronze Age populations (2,400-1,100 BC) from the region of southern Poland and to trace maternal kinship patterns present in the burials of those populations by the use of complete mitochondrial genomes.Materials and methods We performed ancient DNA analyses for Bronze Age individuals from present-day Poland associated with the Strzy(z) over dotow culture, the Mierzanowice culture, and the Trzciniec Cultural circle. To obtain complete mitochondrial genomes, we sequenced genomic libraries using Illumina platform. Additionally, hybridization capture was used to enrich some of the samples for mitochondrial DNA. AMS C-14-dating was conducted for 51 individuals to verify chronological and cultural attribution of the analyzed samples.Results Complete ancient mitochondrial genomes were generated for 80 of the Bronze Age individuals from present-day Poland. The results of the population genetic analyses indicate close maternal genetic affinity between Mierzanowice, Trzciniec, and Corded Ware culture-associated populations. This is in contrast to the genetically more distant Strzy(z) over dotow people that displayed closer maternal genetic relation to steppe populations associated with the preceding Yamnaya culture and Catacomb culture, and with later Scythians. Potential maternal kinship relations were identified in burials of Mierzanowice and Trzciniec populations analyzed in this study.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
{"token": "Residual stresses in components formed by the laser-engineered net shaping (LENS (R)) process. The residual stress distributions in two laser-engineered net shaping (LENS(R)) samples were mapped by neutron diffraction. The samples took the form of a thin wall and a pillar of square cross-section. Stresses were measured in the three orthogonal symmetry directions of the parts, parallel and perpendicular to the growth direction. Surprisingly, over most of the bulk of the samples the stress was uniaxial and directed along the growth axis, with compression in the centre of the samples and tension at the edges. The magnitudes of the maximum residual stresses were significant fractions (50 and 80 per cent for the thin wall and pillar respectively) of the 0.2 per cent yield point. The origin of the residual stress distributions is discussed qualitatively in terms of the thermal histories of the samples.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 12]}
{"token": "Perceptions of barriers and facilitators to implement programs for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-Mozambique. Objective: To understand the perspectives of pregnant and postpartum women living with HIV in Sofala, Mozambique, regarding barriers and facilitators to following Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) recommendations. Method: Qualitative study conducted in three health centers and with a peer support group of women living with HIV, between October 2020 and March 2021. We applied purposeful sampling, semi structured interviews, and content analysis. Results: Among the barriers that emerged were the social stigma associated with HIV-positive status and fear of discrimination, side effects of medications, economic barriers, and denial of diagnosis/treatment. As facilitating factors: peer support networks and inspiration, innate concern for health and family. Finally, they recommend that the community should become more educated about HIV. Conclusion: The results of this study give a broad understanding of the experience of women living with HIV in this province, making it possible to focus strategies in improving the care of women in PMTCT programs in Mozambique.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Markers of airway inflammation in primary ciliary dyskinesia studied using exhaled breath condensate. Macroscopically, the airways in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) are inflamed and 14 infected, and the eventual result is bronchiectasis. The measurement of noninvasive markers of inflammation in PCD may allow determination of mechanisms of tissue damage, and even allow monitoring of therapy. The aim of this study was to measure in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of children with PCD the concentrations of the neutrophil chemoattractants leukotriene (LT) B-4 and interleukin (IL)-8 and the marker of oxidative stress 8-isoprostane (8-IP), and to try determining whether these markers can be used to assess mechanisms of airway inflammation in these patients. Concentrations of LTB4, IL-8, and 8-IP in the EBC of 23 PCD and 11 age-matched healthy children were measured using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The children also performed spirometry and underwent sputum induction, the latter for differential cell count. The concentrations of 8-IP in EBC of children with stable PCD were significantly increased compared to normal controls (median, 7.8 pg/ml vs. 3.1 pg/ml; P = 0.004). There was no difference in the median concentrations of EBC LTB4 between PCD subjects and healthy controls (28 pg/ml vs. 28 pg/ml; P = 0.5). IL-8 levels were below the detection limit of the assay, and were not analyzed further. There was no correlation between concentrations of either 8-IP or LTB4 in EBC and forced expired volume in 1 sec in PCD children. Sputum induction was successful in 83% of the subjects; the median induced sputum neutrophil count was 69% (interquartile range, 59.3-73.6). No significant correlation was found between sputum neutrophils and either EBC 8-IP or LTB4 concentrations in PCD children. This study showed that oxidative stress, as reflected by increased exhaled 8-IP concentration, is increased in PCD children. The mechanism of airway neutrophilia is unclear, but is unlikely to be related to increased production of LTB4, at least in stable PCD patients.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Measuring to manage: Reconfiguring people-water relations through water measurement standards and technologies in New Zealand. This paper presents a water management case study from New Zealand's South Island region of Canterbury. It examines how the introduction of standards and technologies to measure, monitor and manage the use of groundwater for agriculture has made visible new identities for farmers, not just water use. It finds that recently introduced measurement regulations have allowed farmers to confidently constitute themselves as rule followers and environmental protectors. Using a co-production analytical framework, this article illustrates how measurement standards have reconfigured the relations between people and water. Farmers subject to the new measurement practices and technologies have enrolled these technologies to contest dominant narratives and identities, such as rule breakers and resource squanderers, and deploy counter configurations in contests over resource allocation. In other words, this paper finds that standards can create new forms of political agency for the measured, not just the measurers.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
{"token": "An Application of the LC-LSTM Framework to the Self-esteem Instability Case. The present research evaluates the stability of self-esteem as assessed by a daily version of the Rosenberg (Society and the adolescent self-image, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1965) general self-esteem scale (RGSE). The scale was administered to 391 undergraduates for five consecutive days. The longitudinal data were analyzed using the integrated LC-LSTM framework that allowed us to evaluate: (1) the measurement invariance of the RGSE, (2) its stability and change across the 5-day assessment period, (3) the amount of variance attributable to stable and transitory latent factors, and (4) the criterion-related validity of these factors. Results provided evidence for measurement invariance, mean-level stability, and rank-order stability of daily self-esteem. Latent state-trait analyses revealed that variances in scores of the RGSE can be decomposed into six components: stable self-esteem (40 %), ephemeral (or temporal-state) variance (36 %), stable negative method variance (9 %), stable positive method variance (4 %), specific variance (1 %) and random error variance (10 %). Moreover, latent factors associated with daily self-esteem were associated with measures of depression, implicit self-esteem, and grade point average.", "label": [4, 5, 41, 52, 55]}
{"token": "Purification of an elastin-like fusion protein by microfiltration. This article describes a simple and potentially scalable microfiltration method for purification of recombinant proteins. This method is based on the fact that when an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) is fused to a target protein, the inverse phase transition behavior of the ELP tag is imparted to the fusion protein. Triggering the phase transition of a solution of the ELP fusion protein by an increase in temperature, or isothermally by an increase in salt concentration, results in the formation of micronsized aggregates of the ELP fusion protein. In this article, it is shown that these aggregates are efficiently retained by a microfiltration membrane, while contaminating E. coli proteins passed through the membrane upon washing. Upon reversing the phase transition by flow of Milli-Q water, soluble, pure, and functionally active protein is eluted from the membrane. Proof-of principle of this approach was demonstrated by purifying a fusion of thioredoxin with ELP (Trx-ELP) with greater than 95% recovery of protein and with greater than 95% purity (as estimated from SDS-PAGE gels). The simplicity of this method is demonstrated for laboratory scale purification by purifying Trx-ELP from cell lysate using a syringe and a disposable microfiltration cartridge. The potential scalability of this purification as an automated, continuous industrial-scale process is also demonstrated using a continuous stirred cell equipped with a microfiltration membrane. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Cafeteria style health plans in municipal government. The International City/County Management Association surveyed personnel directors in all municipalities in the United States. Among the items on the survey were questions regarding the use of cafeteria style health care plans. This analysis examines the prevalence of cafeteria plans and the administrative issues associated with them. Very few cities use cafeteria plans for health care. Larger cities with greater numbers of employees are more likely to use such plans, as are local governments with the professional city manager form of government. Municipalities vary in perceptions of administrative complexity associated with cafeteria plans. Perceptions of increased complexity decrease as the size of the city increases. With increasing workforce diversity, cafeteria style plans will likely be an increasingly popular option.", "label": [5, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Variation in length, fecundity and survival of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae), on umbrella trees. We investigated some of the factors that may lead to outbreaks of pink wax scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, on umbrella trees, Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.). Estimates of birth and death rates of pink wax scale were high and variable within and among trees; variation in these rates was not related to scale density. Adult fecundity correlated significantly but weakly with adult test length; mean fecundity was 292 eggs per female with a range of 5-1178. Adult test length and its variance decreased weakly with increasing density. Field experiments showed that mortality of C. rubens is greatest during the first 24 hours after hatching when approximately half disappear. The rate of loss decreases over time with 0.3% of initial motile first-instar nymphs surviving to maturity. Rates of loss varied significantly between trees, indicating that some trees are more suitable for scale colonisation and survival.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Unsteady simulations of the flow around a short surface-mounted cylinder. The flow around a surface-mounted circular cylinder, of height/diameter ratio I with a free end, is simulated using large-eddy simulation (LES) and detached-eddy simulation (DES) at a Reynolds number based on diameter of 200000. A comparison is made between the abilities of the two models to capture flow features observed in particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments carried out by the authors. The flow contains three interacting features formed from the junction flow between the cylinder and the ground, separation from the cylinder wall and resultant turbulent wake, and the flow over the free-end of the cylinder. Both LES and DES overpredict the length of the recirculation region by 30%, but the turbulence quantities are close to the measured values. The topology of the flow over the free-end is confirmed as consisting of an arch or 'mushroom' vortex. Due to the high Reynolds number the grid resolution is insufficient to resolve the approaching ground-plane boundary layer flow with LES, leading to inaccuracies in the horseshoe vortex system. The DES model improves this area, though still has grid induced separation effects. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 40, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Spinster Homolog 2 (Spns2) Deficiency Causes Early Onset Progressive Hearing Loss. Spinster homolog 2 (Spns2) acts as a Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) transporter in zebrafish and mice, regulating heart development and lymphocyte trafficking respectively. S1P is a biologically active lysophospholipid with multiple roles in signalling. The mechanism of action of Spns2 is still elusive in mammals. Here, we report that Spns2-deficient mice rapidly lost auditory sensitivity and endocochlear potential (EP) from 2 to 3 weeks old. We found progressive degeneration of sensory hair cells in the organ of Corti, but the earliest defect was a decline in the EP, suggesting that dysfunction of the lateral wall was the primary lesion. In the lateral wall of adult mutants, we observed structural changes of marginal cell boundaries and of strial capillaries, and reduced expression of several key proteins involved in the generation of the EP (Kcnj10, Kcnq1, Gjb2 and Gjb6), but these changes were likely to be secondary. Permeability of the boundaries of the stria vascularis and of the strial capillaries appeared normal. We also found focal retinal degeneration and anomalies of retinal capillaries together with anterior eye defects in Spns2 mutant mice. Targeted inactivation of Spns2 in red blood cells, platelets, or lymphatic or vascular endothelial cells did not affect hearing, but targeted ablation of Spns2 in the cochlea using a Sox10-Cre allele produced a similar auditory phenotype to the original mutation, suggesting that local Spns2 expression is critical for hearing in mammals. These findings indicate that Spns2 is required for normal maintenance of the EP and hence for normal auditory function, and support a role for S1P signalling in hearing.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Diversification of the urban forest-Can we afford to exclude exotic tree species?. Introduced tree species represent a substantial component of urban forests in cities all over the world. Yet there is controversy about the further use of introduced tree species. Many practice orientated publications, research papers and governmental websites in the fields of urban planning, urban forestry, and urban ecology argue for planting native species and avoiding introduced species. Such arguments for native-only species selection are also touted by environmental groups and the media. Consequently the debate has sometimes spiralled away from a sensible and rational platform where invasion risks and biodiversity loss are discussed, to a groundless and unreasonable argument where exotic species are generally considered incapable of providing ecosystem services. From a European perspective, we here aim to curate a set of necessary considerations for current and future discussions on native and non-native plant material in sustainable urban development. Using examples from Northern and Central Europe we illustrate that in some regions the catalogue of native tree species may be too limited to fulfil ecosystem services and resilience in harsh urban environments. A main message from our line of arguments is that we cannot afford to generally exclude non-native tree species from urban greening. If \\\\'native-only\\\\' approaches become incorporated in regional, national or international policy documents or legislation there is a risk that urban ecosystem resilience will be compromised, particularly in regions with extreme environmental conditions. Since both invasion risks and sizes of native species pools vary conspicuously at regional to continental scales we also argue to adapt urban policies on using non-native trees to regional contexts. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 52, 9]}
{"token": "Prey preferences of juvenile whelk Neptunea arthritica (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) in Hakodate Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Juvenile Japanese Neptune whelk Neptunea arthritica preys on small gastropods in the field. Although the most common prey is Homalopoma sangarense, its density is lower than those of other prey species (e.g., Barleeia angustata, Reticunassa fratercula, and Cantharidus japonicus) in the field. To clarify whether N. arthritica juveniles show an \\\\'actual\\\\' or \\\\'apparent\\\\' preference for H. sangarense, we conducted a single-prey feeding experiment. Although N. arthritica attacked H. sangarense earlier and more frequently than B. angustata and C. japonicus, there was no difference in attack frequency and latency between H. sangarense and R. fratercula. Attacks on H. sangarense failed more frequently than on the other species, and the handling time for H. sangarense was significantly longer compared to the other three species. The large difference in handling time (over 10-fold difference) could be caused by the presence of a thick calcareous operculum on H. sangarense. Eventually, N. arthritica consumed more individuals of R. fratercula than of H. sangarense in the experiment. These results indicate that N. arthritica juveniles exhibit both \\\\'actual\\\\' and \\\\'apparent\\\\' preferences for H. sangarense. The \\\\'actual preference\\\\' of N. arthritica juveniles may reflect the past species compositions of small gastropods, because H. sangarense has been previously reported as the dominant species at the study site.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Muscle Oxygenation During Running Assessed by Broad Band NIRS. We used spatially resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (SRS-NIRS) to assess calf and thigh muscle oxygenation during running on a motor-driven treadmill. Two protocols were used: An incremental speed protocol was performed in 5-min stages, while a pacing paradigm modulated the step frequency (2.3 Hz [S-Low]; 3.3 Hz [S-High]) during a constant velocity for 2 min each. A SRS-NIRS broadband system was used to measure total haemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation (SO2). An accelerometer was placed on the hip joints to measure limb acceleration through the experiment. The data showed that the calf desaturated to a significantly lower level than the thigh. During the pacing protocol, SO2 was significantly different between the high and low step frequencies. Additionally, physiological data as measured by spirometry were different between the S-Low vs. S-High pacing trials. Significant differences in VO2 at the same workload (speed) indicate alterations in mechanical efficiency. These data suggest that SRS broadband NIRS can be used to discern small changes in muscle oxygenation, making this device useful for metabolic exercise studies in addition to spirometry and movement monitoring by accelerometers.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Qualitative Assessment of land rating and estimation the biomass net production (BN) and yield potential(Y) for alfalfa in Jaydar plain of Poledokhtar-Lorestan (Iran). Today, the need of optimized usage of agricultural lands is more and more because of the population growth. The study area is about 3864 hectares which is mainly in the West and South West of Poldokhtar city in the Lorestan Province and that was carried out in 33 degrees 6 ' - 33 degrees 10 ' north latitude and 47 degrees 37 ' - 47 degrees 44' east longitude. The study area is considered as an area with desert and hot climate and the winter is midland humid and the summer is long, hot and dry. The average of annual temperature is 22.6 degrees C, the annual evaporation is about 2800 mm and the rainfall is more than 360 mm. The maximum average of the temperature is 27.2 degrees C and the minimum average of it is 16.5 degrees C. The maximum amount of rainfall and the minimum amount of temperature according to the data gathered in the synoptic meteorological station, is in January and December. The data that is achieved based on general American classification shows that the soil in the studied area belongs to Inspetisoils and Entisoils groups. One way to increase the production rate and optimized usage of the lands is recognizing the production capacity of the land and choosing the appropriate application of it based of production capacity. In this method, the operation is computed regardless of each kind of limitation such as soil, water and management. One important and applicable method in order to have optimized usage of the soil resources is determining the capacity and potential of the lands. One of these methods is to estimate the potential of the product operation in ideal and optimized conditions. In this method, the operation is computed regardless of each kind of limitations, such as soil, water and management. In this research the net production of biomass (Bn) and operation potential(y) of the alfalfa in Jaydar lands in Poldokhtar in Lorestan by the use of the weather reports of synoptic station of Poldokhtar is estimated. The result shows that the amount of operation for alfalfa regardless of soil, water and management limitations equals 9tons and 203 kilograms in dry matter hectare, and 16 tons and 565 kilograms in humid matter hectare. Considering this matter that the observed operation in this area equals 9 ton in each hectare, we can increase this amount to16 tons and565 kilograms by applying proper management and eliminating the reparable limitations. Also, the Qualitative assessment of the land proportion for alfalfa was done in Jaydar based on the parametric method. The results showed that for producing alfalfa in this area proportion class in from S2 to N2 and the most limiting factors in these lands are slope, wetting, percentage of calcium carbonate, Salinity and alkalinity subsequently.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Factors affecting compliance with maintenance electroconvulsive therapy: A preliminary study. Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been shown to be an effective treatment modality in preventing relapse in major depression following acute treatment. Nevertheless, clinical experience suggests that are obstacles to pursuing this form of long-term treatment. A retrospective chart review was conducted on 17 patients recommended for maintenance ECT following inpatient ECT for major depression over a 2-year period. Eleven (64.7%) accepted the recommendation and six (35.3%) refused. The two groups did not differ with respect to age, race, gender or number of medical codiagnoses. Patients who agreed to undergo maintenance ECT tended to live at home while all but one who refused lived in institutional settings (p < 0.01). The type of social support available approached statistical significance (p < 0.12), as did MMSE score (p < 0.11). Patients with family support or MMSE scores lower than 27 tended to accept outpatient ECT (relative risk 7.00, 95% CI (0.69, 70.78)). These findings suggest that patients living in the community and with significant family involvement are more likely to comply with outpatient ECT than those living in institutions and supported by professional personnel irrespective of cognitive status or other clinical or demographic factors.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 57]}
{"token": "MDDE: multitasking distributed differential evolution for privacy-preserving database fragmentation. Database fragmentation has been used as a protection mechanism of database's privacy by allocating attributes with sensitive associations into separate data fragments. A typical relational database consists of multiple relations. Thus, fragmentation process is applied to each relation separately in a sequential manner. In other words, the existing database fragmentation approaches regard each relation fragmentation problem as an independent task. When solving a sequence of fragmentation problems, redundant computational resources are consumed when extracting the same fragmentation information and limit the performance of those algorithms. In this paper, a multitasking database fragmentation problem for privacy preservation requirements is formally defined. A multitasking distributed differential evolution algorithm is introduced, including a multitasking distributed framework enriched by two new operators. The introduced framework can help exchange generic and effective allocation information among different database fragmentation problems. A similarity-based alignment operator is proposed to adjust the fragment orders in different database fragmentation solutions. A perturbation-based mutation operator with adaptive mutation strategy selection is designed to sufficiently exchange evolutionary information in the solutions. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can outperform other competitors in terms of solution accuracy, convergence speed, and scalability.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Cost effectiveness of guided Internet-based interventions for depression in comparison with control conditions: An individual-participant data meta-analysis. Background: There is limited evidence on the cost effectiveness of Internet-based treatments for depression. The aim was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of guided Internet-based interventions for depression compared to controls.Methods: Individual-participant data from five randomized controlled trials (RCT), including 1,426 participants, were combined. Cost-effectiveness analyses were conducted at 8 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months follow-up.Results: The guided Internet-based interventions were more costly than the controls, but not statistically significant (12 months mean difference = (sic)406, 95% CI: -611 to 1,444). The mean differences in clinical effects were not statistically significant (12 months mean difference = 1.75, 95% CI: -.09 to 3.60 in Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D] score,.06, 95% CI: -.02 to .13 in response rate, and .00, 95% CI: -.03 to .03 in quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs]). Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves indicated that high investments are needed to reach an acceptable probability that the intervention is cost effective compared to control for CES-D and response to treatment (e.g., at 12-month follow-up the probability of being cost effective was .95 at a ceiling ratio of 2,000 (sic)/point of improvement in CES-D score). For QALYs, the intervention's probability of being cost effective compared to control was low at the commonly accepted willingness-to-pay threshold (e.g., at 12-month follow-up the probability was .29 and .31 at a ceiling ratio of 24,000 and 35,000 (sic)/QALY, respectively).Conclusions: Based on the present findings, guided Internet-based interventions for depression are not considered cost effective compared to controls. However, only a minority of RCTs investigating the clinical effectiveness of guided Internet-based interventions also assessed cost effectiveness and were included in this individual-participant datameta-analysis.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Narrative identity, practical identity and ethical subjectivity. The narrative approach to identity has developed as a sophisticated philosophical response to the complexities and ambiguities of the human, lived situation, and is not - as has been naively suggested elsewhere - the imposition of a generic form of life or the attempt to imitate a fictional character. I argue that the narrative model of identity provides a more inclusive and exhaustive account of identity than the causal models employed by mainstream theorists of personal identity. Importantly for ethical subjectivity, the narrative model gives a central and irreducible role to the first-person perspective. 1 will draw the connection between narrative identity and ethical subjectivity by way of an exposition of work by Paul Ricoeur and Marya Schechtman, and a brief consideration of Korsgaard's work on practical identity and normative ethics. I argue that the first-person perspective - the reflective structure of human consciousness - arises from human embodiment, and therefore the model of identity required of embodied consciousness is more complex and irreducibly first-personal than that provided in a causal account. What is required is a self-constitution model of identity: a narrative model of identity.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Concentration measurement and counting efficiency of the aerodynamic particle sizer 3321. The aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) model 3321 (TSI, Inc., St. Paul, MN) aims to resolve issues identified with an earlier APS, model 3320. These issues include discrepancies between concentrations measured in summing and in correlated modes, and the creation of \\\\'anomalous\\\\', large particles caused by recirculation within the detection region. In the present work, the number concentration of a laboratory aerosol was measured with the APS 3321 to be statistically the same in summing mode and in correlated mode for all particles except those in bin 1, < 0.523 mum. Further, anomalous large particles were not measured with the APS 3321. The counting efficiency of the APS 3321 was lower than that for the APS 3320 and ranged from 40% to 60% for particles from 0.8 to 4 mum, respectively. Thus, concentrations reported by the APS 3321 were lower than those measured by the impactor. However, because counting efficiencies were roughly constant with particle size and anomalous particles were absent, the shape of the size distribution was similar to that obtained using the impactor. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 16, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Party-hopping laws in the southern hemisphere. Laws against party-hopping are relatively common in the southern hemisphere. This is true even among Commonwealth countries, despite some disapproval of such laws expressed in the Commonwealth's Latimer House Principles on the Three Branches of Government. This paper reviews anti-defection laws in the southern hemisphere as well as the use of other methods of discouraging no-confidence votes. It focuses particularly on the experience in the Pacific Islands region, where reforms ostensibly aimed at strengthening political parties have often masked attempts by governments to insulate themselves from political challenge.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Alignment of Old Land Surveys for Accurately Locating Archaeological Sites: The 1634 and 1646 Palisades in Middle Plantation, Colonial Virginia. The location of magnetic north has changed significantly during times relevant to historical archaeologists. To accurately locate sites of archaeological interest mentioned in old land surveys, which used magnetic compass bearings, alignment of those old surveys with true (geographic) north is required. This paper describes the method for doing this and provides an archaeological example of this approach for refining the locations of 17th-century wooden palisades in Williamsburg, Virginia.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Catalytic consequences of ultrafine Pt clusters supported on SrTiO3 for photocatalytic overall water splitting. The metal cluster size in supported metal catalysts impacts the oxidation state of the metal atoms, coordination capability, and finally the catalytic activity-especially when the number of atoms becomes countable. The correlation between metal oxidation state and its catalytic consequences for ultrafine Pt was studied for photocatalytic overall water splitting using a Pt/SrTiO3 (photo)catalyst. A distinctive change in catalytic behavior and oxidation state was observed below 100 Pt-atom clusters at similar to 2 nm. Combining density functional theory (DFT) and experimental characterizations including X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), the smaller Pt clusters obtained by the surface organometallic route (under 100 Pt atoms) were predominantly oxidized and selectively performed photocatalytic water splitting selectively without activation of the water-forming back-reaction from H-2 and O-2. When the Pt clusters obtained by classical impregnation were larger than 2 nm, they remained metallic (Pt-0) and were active for both water splitting and the competing thermal water formation back reaction. In addition, Pt-0 clusters are poisoned in the presence of CO, whereas highly dispersed ultra-fine oxidized Pt clusters are insensitive to CO. This paper presents evidence of ultrafine PtOx, (below approximately 2 nm clusters) that are insensitive to coordination of various gas identities (H-2, O-2, CO), resulting in efficient and selective photocatalytic overall water splitting. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Expression Changes of Caveolin Family Genes in Longissimus Dorsi Muscle and Back Subcutaneous Fat of Two Pig Breeds. Caveolins have important roles in the organization of detergent-insoluble lipid rafts, trafficking of cholesterol and anchoring of signaling molecules. In this study, the expression patterns of Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), Caveolin-2 (Cav-2) and Caveolin 3 (Cav-3) genes were investigated in the longissimus dorsi muscle and back subcutaneous fat of Berkshire and Yacha pigs at the age of 6 months using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that Cav-1 and -2 mRNA were abundantly expressed in back subcutaneous fat The expression patterns of Cav-1 and -2 were similar in the two pig breeds. The expression levels in the back subcutaneous fat were significantly higher in Yacha pigs than in Berkshire pigs (p<0.011. Cav-3 was expressed predominantly in the longissimus dorsi muscle and the Berkshire pig had higher Cav-3 mRNA levels compared with the Yacha pig (p<0.01). These results indicate that the mRNAs of Cav family genes exhibit specific expression changes between Berkshire and Yacha pigs. The data contributes to the elucidation of the relationship between meat quality and Cav family genes expression and provides a basis for further study on the mutual regulation mechanism of Cav family genes.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Responding to the spread of conspiracy theories. Conspiracy theories are spreading faster than ever and pose a real danger to our societies. It is natural to accuse the consumers of conspiracy theories of irrationality - that they are either not looking at or appropriately sensitive to all the available evidence. In this paper, I attempt to determine if we can make sense of this general idea. I argue that we cannot: conspiracy theories do not spread because the people who believe them are irrational - at least, not necessarily so. In addition, I explore some alternative strategies for responding to the problem of the spread of conspiracy theories. I argue that in addition to confrontational strategies such as social shaming, we need more constructive programs of community activism to battle the spread of conspiracy theories.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "New genus Arxellia with new species of Solariellidae (Gastropoda: Trochoidea) from New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Western Australia, Vanuatu and Tonga. A new genus, Arxellia, is described in the family Solariellidae. Nine species are referred to this taxon, eight of which are new and are described in this paper (Arxellia trochos n. sp., Arxellia boucheti n. sp., Arxellia herosae n. sp., Arxellia helicoides n. sp., Arxellia tracheia n. sp., Arxellia thaumasta n. sp., Arxellia maestratii n. sp. and Arxellia erythrea n. sp.). The previously described species Bathymophila tenorioi Poppe, Tagaro & Dekker, 2006 is reassigned to Arxellia.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Battling the bottle: Experiments in regulating drink in late colonial Madras. During the first half of the twentieth century numerous efforts were made in Madras to taper the consumption of liquor among the cities' workers. Those who put their weight behind such schemes included municipal and presidency governments, employers, missionaries and labour unions. Though their motives may have been divergent, they agreed that plebian liquor consumption was unacceptably high. Their endeavours ranged from restricting access to alcohol by various means to making repeated attempts at founding recreational clubs for workers. These clubs were intended as spaces of leisure that provided counter-inducements to alcohol. This article traces the methods employed in this urban temperance agenda noting the changes they sought to effect in the culture of popular leisure. Based on an examination of these temperance schemesworker's clubs in particularI suggest that the regular appearance of tea and coffee in these campaigns indicates that their use as agents of sobriety consciously dovetailed with the creation of mass markets for these hitherto niche products.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "More quality in textile finishing: reproducibility of processes in laboratory and production. A trend to greater precision can be observed in production processes and technical testing procedures. Precision means that the process runs within narrow limits and that these limits are maintained with high probability. Even dyeing or printing processes in the laboratory or production plant are subject to greater or lesser fluctuations when the same processes are repeated. Quality Management according to the ISO 9000-9004 standard requires that, among other things, specifications, reproducibility levels and measurement uncertainties be defined or determined. Fundamental concepts of statistics are treated such as mean value, standard deviation, variation coefficient, confidence interval and measurement uncertainty and statistical process control (SPC). An attempt is made to reply to the question \\\\'How precisely can the colour strength of a dyestuff be determined?\\\\'. Narrower specifications can only be realistically fulfilled when the measurement uncertainty factor can be correspondingly reduced, which can often only be achieved by additional, cost-intensive measures. Value is attached to the simplest possible presentation. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 11]}
{"token": "Globalised and culturally homogenised? How Generation Z in Poland spends their free time. Globalisation and cultural homogenisation are still vital processes that drive the unification of leisure behaviour around the world, especially among the youngest generation. This is particularly important for post-socialist countries because until 1989, there was no access to Western ways of spending free time. Polish Generation Z is the first generation born and raised entirely in a free country. Therefore, the question arises whether the 30 years that have passed since the fall of the Berlin Wall have been sufficient to unify Generation Z's leisure time behaviour under globalisation's influence. The study aimed to determine the leisure behaviour of Generation Z in Poland in the context of cultural homogenisation. The analysis includes 1153 surveys with representatives of Generation Z from Polish cities. The study showed that the structure of Polish Generation Z's leisure activities is dominated by multimedia entertainment: using the Internet, listening to music, watching YouTube or VOD (Video On Demand) platforms. Globalisation processes leading to progressive cultural homogenisation contribute to the spread of similar forms of spending free time originating in the so-called Western culture, which is also visible in Poland. Practical implications are presented for policymakers responsible for creating directions for youth leisure activities in cities.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Treatment of brain disease in the mucopolysaccharidoses. The mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) disorders are a group of lysosomal storage diseases caused by lysosomal enzyme deficits that lead to glycosaminoglycan accumulation, affecting various tissues throughout the body based on the specific enzyme deficiency. These disorders are characterized by their progressive nature and a variety of somatic manifestations and neurological symptoms. There are established treatments for some MPS disorders, but these mostly alleviate somatic and non-neurological symptoms and do not cure the disease. Patients with MPS I, II, III, and VII can present with neurological manifestations such as neurocognitive decline and behavioral problems. Treatment of these neurological manifestations remains challenging due to the blood brain barrier (BBB) that limits delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). New therapies that circumvent this barrier and target brain disease in MPS are currently under development. They primarily focus on facilitating penetration of drugs through the BBB, delivery of recombinant enzyme to the brain by gene therapy, or direct CNS administration. This review summarizes existing and potential future treatment approaches that target brain disease in MPS. The information in this review is based on current literature and presentations and discussions during a closed meeting by an international group of experts with extensive experience in managing and treating MPS.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Walking a Thin Line of Representation: Analyzing the Behavior of Egyptian MPs. This article is part of the Special Issue \\\\'Parliaments in the Middle East and North Africa: A Struggle for Relevance.\\\\' While legislators in democratic settings have the electorate as their main principal, M PS in semi- and nondemocratic settings need to serve two principals to remain in office: the regime and the active segment of the electorate. This dichotymy sometimes requires particular skills in parliamentary behavior. For the case of Egypt, we investigate how M PS strike a balance between regime support and representing their constituents up to an extent that does not endanger their chances for re-election. A content analysis of session scripts of the Egyptian parliament in 2016 was conducted to examine how Mrs walk this - traditionally understudied - thin line. Our findings indicate that representation gets reduced to \\\\'descriptive representation,\\\\' i.e. a representation that puts more emphasis on representing local constituents and demographic segments, like Copts and women, that MPS are presumably elected to represent. We therefore show that MPS fulfill the important tasks of citizens representation even in semi- and nondemocratic settings.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Notes on Malesian Fabaceae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) 16. The genus Mucuna. The genus Mucuna is revised for the Flora Malesiana region. Several characters are discussed in some detail. The subdivision of the genus is discussed. We accept two subgenera: subg. Mucuna and subg. Stizolobium. Several groups of species showing similarity in some characters are discussed. A description of the genus is presented, two keys to the species are given. The main part of the paper consists of an enumeration of the species including descriptions of new species: three by Adema (M. angustifolia, M. eurylamellata, M. kabaenensis) and four by Wiriadinata (M. aimun, M. havilandii, M. sakapipei, M. verdcourtii). Neotypes are designated for M. diabolica and M. novo-guineensis. Mucuna pachycarpa Parreno is validated. A subspecies of M. pruriens, subsp. novo-guineensis, is raised to species level as M. papuana. The paper ends with dubious and excluded species, references, a list of species and a list of names.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Local Government Communication: Reaching out through Facebook. The development of Web 2.0 technologies has led to the expansion of new technologies and services such as social media, which has become a new tool for public participation and alternative service delivery based on higher G2C (government to citizens) responsiveness. This ongoing development has caused governments to face expectations to adapt their communication channels to the changing environment of online social interactions. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate how local governments in the Czech Republic use social media in their communications with the public and the effects of these communications. To do so, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the Facebook communications of Czech regional capitals using multiple methodological approaches, including a survey, statistical analysis and an OLS model. The Facebook social networking site was chosen for this research because of its prevalent popularity over all relevant social media and the frequency of use in the Czech Republic both in general and by local governments, and because of its higher complexity of G2C interactions. The outcomes are given in the context of the relevant previous research.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Community-Based Art Education in China: Practices, Issues and Challenges. Art educators have been promoting Community-Based Art Education (CBAE) in schools in order to enhance students' sense of socio-cultural identity and contextual learning about local art and culture. It cannot only bridge the gap between the students' daily lives and the communities and art, but can also enhance their inquiry, discovery and meaning-making abilities. In China, the community-based approach plays a significant role in the National Standards for Visual Arts, and Chinese art educators have been applying CBAE in school art education for decades. However, Western art educators are still unfamiliar with the issues, practices and challenges related to CBAE in China owing to language constraints. In light of the above, this article aims to initiate a dialogue between Western and Chinese CBAE researchers through discourse and discussions on the main issues related to CBAE in Chinese art education. It outlines current practices of, and issues related to, CBAE from the perspective of Chinese art education. It also discusses the three major challenges to the implementation of CBAE in China, namely the conflict between indigenous knowledge and official knowledge in the school art curriculum, lack of motivation among teachers, and neglect of context in the practice of local art in schools. It is hoped that this article it will enrich our overall knowledge of CBAE and contribute to the understanding of CBAE from a global perspective.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 30]}
{"token": "Model reduction of time-delay systems using position balancing and delay Lyapunov equations. Balanced truncation is a standard and very natural approach to approximate dynamical systems. We present a version of balanced truncation for model order reduction of linear time-delay systems. The procedure is based on a coordinate transformation of the position and preserves the delay structure of the system. We therefore call it (structure-preserving) position balancing. To every position, we associate quantities representing energies for the controllability and observability of the position. We show that these energies can be expressed explicitly in terms of the solutions to corresponding delay Lyapunov equations. Apart from characterizing the energies, we show that one block of the (operator) controllability and observability Gramians in the operator formulation of the time-delay system can also be characterized with the delay Lyapunov equation. The delay Lyapunov equation undergoes a contragredient transformation when we apply the position coordinate transformation and we propose to truncate it in a classical fashion, such that positions which are only weakly connected to the input and the output in the sense of the energy concepts are removed.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 41]}
{"token": "The Decalogue of Deuteronomy compared to that of Exodus. It analyzes the major additions and modifications introduced in the context and in the text of the Decalogue by the version of Deuteronomy (Dt 5,6-21) compared to that of the Exodus (Ex 20,2-17). The main changes surrounding the texts of the decalogue, in relation to the context, refer to the geographical place, the characters who transmit the commandments, the literary context and the theological motivations. In addition, changes regarding three specific precepts are discussed. Sabbath keeping in Deuteronomy is justified by the memory of the deliverance from Egypt's house of slavery, unlike the Exodus, which called for divine rest on the seventh day of creation. The commandment to honor father and mother in Deuteronomy is accompanied by the promise, \\\\'Let it go well for you.\\\\' The last commandment in Deuteronomy distinguishes two verbs, you shall not covet the neighbor's wife, and you shall not desire the goods, with the addition \\\\'neither her field.\\\\' Through the synoptic comparison method between the two reports, the study aims to highlight the changes and present their possible explanations.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Impact of the economy 4.0 on working and employment conditions. A case study in two technological based companies. This paper aims to analyse, from a practical perspective, the changes on working conditions which arc now taking place in the companies that arc living closely the era of digitalization. In order to achieve this objective, it uses a methodological approach which integrates interdisciplinary analysis, both legal and sociological, and the so-called \\\\'case study\\\\'. The main results highlight the success of educational system in providing basics skills, whereas public vocational training programs seems to be not so useful; the extremely flexible use of working time, which has clear negative effects on reconciliation; the extraordinarily high job rotation; and the lack of real effectiveness of some classical institutions, such as the indefinite contract or employees' representation.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "The Psychology of Economic Attitudes - Moral Foundations Predict Economic Attitudes beyond Socio-Demographic Variables. The present study had three goals: to construct a relevant questionnaire of economic attitudes, to examine the role of socio-demographic variables in explaining the economic attitudes as measured by that questionnaire, and to check whether moral foundations, as a psychological construct, can contribute to understanding the economic attitudes beyond socio-demographic variables. The results indicated that the economic attitudes were better explained by two factors instead of one: the Role of the State in the Economy (ROSE) and the Problems with the Current Economic System (PCES). Both socio-demographic variables and moral foundations explained significant amounts of the variance in the results on the two subscales. Regarding the ROSE subscale, socio-demographic variables explained 25 percent, while moral foundations explained the additional 21 percent of the variance, resulting in this model explaining 46 percent of the variance in the ROSE results. Regarding the PCES subscale, the socio-demographic variables explained 20 percent of the variance, and moral foundations added another 10 percent resulting in 30 percent of the variance on PCES results being explained by this model. The results speak in favor of including the psychological variables in the studies of economic attitudes and behaviors, and indicate that economic concerns are not only economic in their nature, but also moral.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "WHAT IS 'METAMETAPHYSICS'? AN ANALYSIS OF MEINONG'S, CARNAP'S AND QUINE'S METHODOLOGIES. Metametaphysics is the study regarding the foundations and the methodology of Metaphysics. We'll analyze in this paper three methodologies that established the origins of Metametaphysics in the Analytic Tradition: that of Alexius Meinong, Rudolf Carnap and Willard van Orman Quine. According to Meinong, there is a distinction between 'to exist' and 'there is' and, in order to preserve the intuition that every intentional act is directed towards an object, there are things that do not exist. According to Carnap, the questions in Metaphysics can be easily answered by empirical or inferential means once we adopt a linguistic framework and answer these questions internally to this framework. Quine argued that to take an entity as existing is to take it as the value of a bound variable. Metametaphysics is relevant because it disambiguates our vocabulary and makes the philosophers avoid verbal disputes. Our objective in this paper was not to show our preferences to one of these methodologies but to provide a starting point for those who are not familiar with these matters - just so other researchers may engage with the issues that belong to Metametaphysics.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Use of Oxidative Stress Responses to Determine the Efficacy of Inactivation Treatments on Cryptosporidium Oocysts. Cryptosporidium oocysts are known for being very robust, and their prolonged survival in the environment has resulted in outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with the consumption of contaminated water or food. Although inactivation methods used for drinking water treatment, such as UV irradiation, can inactivate Cryptosporidium oocysts, they are not necessarily suitable for use with other environmental matrices, such as food. In order to identify alternative ways to inactivate Cryptosporidium oocysts, improved methods for viability assessment are needed. Here we describe a proof of concept for a novel approach for determining how effective inactivation treatments are at killing pathogens, such as the parasite Cryptosporidium. RNA sequencing was used to identify potential up-regulated target genes induced by oxidative stress, and a reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) protocol was developed to assess their up-regulation following exposure to different induction treatments. Accordingly, RT-qPCR protocols targeting thioredoxin and Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein 7 (COWP7) genes were evaluated on mixtures of viable and inactivated oocysts, and on oocysts subjected to various potential inactivation treatments such as freezing and chlorination. The results from the present proof-of-concept experiments indicate that this could be a useful tool in efforts towards assessing potential technologies for inactivating Cryptosporidium in different environmental matrices. Furthermore, this approach could also be used for similar investigations with other pathogens.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Two substellar companions orbiting HD 168443. Precise Doppler measurements during 4.4 yr from the Keck/HIRES spectrometer reveal two superimposed Keplerian velocity variations for HD 168443 (G6 IV). A simultaneous orbital Dt to both companions yields companion masses of M sin i = 7.7 and 17.2 M-JUP, orbital periods of P = 58 days and 4.8 yr, semimajor axes of a = 0.29 and 2.9 AU, and eccentricities of e = 0.53 and 0.20. An upper limit to the mass of the outer companion of 42 M-JUP is derived from the lack of astrometric wobble. The outer companion was not detected with Keck adaptive optics in the near-IR. Dynamical simulations show that the system is remarkably stable for all possible masses of both companions. The two orbiting companions have masses that are probably near and slightly above the upper end of the observed mass distribution of \\\\'planets\\\\' at 10 M-JUP. Formation in a protoplanetary disk seems plausible. But these objects present a puzzle about their formation and dynamical history, as well as about their possible kinship with planetary systems and triple-star systems.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Optical replication techniques for image slicers. The smart focal planes (SmartFP) activity is an European Joint Research Activity funded to develop novel optical technologies for future large telescope instrumentation [Cunningham C.R., et al., 2004. SPIE 5382, 718-726]. In this paper, we will discuss the image slicer developments being carried out as part of this initiative. Image slicing techniques have many applications in the plans for instrumentation on extremely large telescopes and will be central to the delivery of the science case. A study of a virtual multi-object multi-ifu spectrograph and imager (MOMSI) for a hypothetical OWL-class telescope reveals the need for focal plane splitting, deployable imagers and very small beam steering elements like deployable IFUs. The image slicer workpackage, lead from Durham University in collaboration with LFM Bremen, TNO Delft, UKATC Edinburgh, CRAL Lyon, LAM Marseille, Padua University and REFLEX Prague, is evaluating technologies for manufacturing micro optics in large numbers to enable multi-object integral field spectroscopy. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Prevention of indwelling central venous catheter sepsis. In an attempt to decrease the incidence of central venous catheter sepsis in children with cancer, we conducted a study to evaluate the benefit of adding broad-spectrum antibiotics to the catheter ''flush solution.'' In a prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial, 69 children with different types of malignancies were studied. The central venous catheters in these children were flushed with either the standard solution (normal saline + 100 U/ml of heparin) or the study solution (25 mu g/ml of both amikacin and vancomycin added to the standard solution). At the conclusion of the study, 64 children with a total of 67 indwelling central venous lines were assessable. The total catheter days on study were 20,700 days, with a median of 323 catheter days per patient. We documented 10 events of catheter-related infections (0.49 events/1,000 catheter days at risk). Five of these events were catheter-related sepsis (0.24 sepses/1,000 catheter days): two were fungal and three were bacterial. Due to the low incidence of catheter-related sepsis in this study, no statement regarding the prophylactic use of antibiotics could be made. The extremely low rate of catheter-related sepsis reported herein may be retrospectively attributed to continuous staff education regarding aseptic techniques in handling these catheters. Staff education is essential, and probably the most effective factor in preventing catheter-related sepsis. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Bounds on the number of autotopisms and subsquares of a Latin square. A subsquare of a Latin square L is a submatrix that is also a Latin square. An autotopism of L is a triplet of permutations (alpha, beta, gamma) such that L is unchanged after the rows are permuted by alpha, the columns are permuted by beta and the symbols are permuted by gamma. Let n!(n-1)!R (n) be the number of nxn Latin squares. We show that an nxn Latin square has at most n (O(log k)) subsquares of order k and admits at most n (O(log n)) autotopisms. This enables us to show that {ie11-1} divides R (n) for all primes p. We also extend a theorem by McKay and Wanless that gave a factorial divisor of R (n) , and give a new proof that R (p) not equal 1 (mod p) for prime p.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "A comprehensive review on laser powder bed fusion of steels: Processing, microstructure, defects and control methods, mechanical properties, current challenges and future trends. Laser Powder Bed Fusion process is regarded as the most versatile metal additive manufacturing process, which has been proven to manufacture near net shape up to 99.9% relative density, with geometrically complex and high-performance metallic parts at reduced time. Steels and iron-based alloys are the most predominant engi-neering materials used for structural and sub-structural applications. Availability of steels in more than 3500 grades with their wide range of properties including high strength, corrosion resistance, good ductility, low cost, recyclability etc., have put them in forefront of other metallic materials. However, LPBF process of steels and iron-based alloys have not been completely established in industrial applications due to: (i) limited insight available in regards to the processing conditions, (ii) lack of specific materials standards, and (iii) inadequate knowledge to correlate the process parameters and other technical obstacles such as dimensional accuracy from a design model to actual component, part variability, limited feedstock materials, manual post-processing and etc. Continued efforts have been made to address these issues. This review aims to provide an overview of steels and iron-based alloys used in LPBF process by summarizing their key process parameters, describing thermophysical phenomena that is strongly linked to the phase transformation and microstructure evolution during solidifica-tion, highlighting metallurgical defects and their potential control methods, along with the impact of various post-process treatments; all of this have a direct impact on the mechanical performance. Finally, a summary of LPBF processed steels and iron-based alloys with functional properties and their application perspectives are presented. This review can provide a foundation of knowledge on LPBF process of steels by identifying missing information from the existing literature.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "On Diphymyces (Laboulbeniales, Ascomycota) in Malaysian Borneo. Background - Laboulbeniales (Fungi, Ascomycota) are microscopic ectoparasites of Arthropoda. Since many Laboulbeniales are known to be host-specific, wet tropical areas with high arthropod diversity are likely to house a high diversity of Laboulbeniales, as well. In this paper, we reveal the presence of the genus Diphymyces I.I.Tav. in Malaysian Borneo. After fieldwork in disturbed and pristine tropical rainforest in Borneo, representatives of this genus were discovered that did not match the description of any of the fourteen known species.Key results - A new species, Diphymyces sabahensis Haelew. & Pfister, is described and illustrated. Hosts for this species are recently described taxa in Ptomaphaginus Portevin, 1914 (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae, Ptomaphagini), representing a new host genus for Diphymyces. Other, morphologically distinctive records of Diphymyces were found; on one host specimen they co-occur with D. sabahensis. These divergent thalli are remarkable in their restricted occurrence on the metatibiae, and thus may represent a morphological variant of D. sabahensis. A review of all described species of Diphymyces, with hosts and geographical distribution, is also presented in tabulated form.Methods - Insects were collected with dry pitfall traps baited with Limburger cheese. Fungal material was studied and described using morphology-based methods.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Drug-induced sleep endoscopy directed surgery improves polysomnography measures in overweight and obese children with obstructive sleep apnea. A retrospective case-series was performed on obese and overweight pediatric patients who underwent clinically indicated DISE-directed surgery. Forty children met the inclusion criteria, including: body mass index >= 85%, DISE-study, and pre- and post-DISE polysomnography. Patients were divided into surgically naive (n = 23) and prior adenotonsillectomy (n = 17) groups. Demographic and clinical characteristics were examined with chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Polysomnography parameters were compared with Wilcoxon signed rank test.Of 40 children with mean BMI 94% and mean age 8 +/- 6 years old, 17 (43%) underwent a previous adenotonsillectomy. Overall, significant improvements were observed in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI; 25.0 to 9.9 events/hour, p < .01) and oxygen nadir (82.7% to 88.5%, p < .01). A similar pattern was observed among the surgically naive (AHI: 35.9 to 12.7 events/hour, p = .04; oxygen nadir: 79.7% to 86.4%, p = .2) and post-adenotonsillectomy groups (AHI: 10.4 to 6.2 events/hour, p = .02; oxygen nadir: 86.7% to 91.2%, p < .01).Polysomnography parameters significantly improved following DISE-directed interventions in obese and overweight children with obstructive sleep apnea.To assess the effects of drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE)-directed surgery on polysomnography parameters in obese and overweight children.Material/MethodsObjectiveObstructive sleep apnea affects approximately 1-4% of all children, with increased prevalence amongst overweight and obese children.ResultsBackgroundConclusions/Significance", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Dynamics of the impurity screening cloud following quantum quenches of the resonant level model. We present a detailed analysis of the evolution of the impurity screening cloud in the resonant level model (RLM) followed by quenches of system parameters. The considered quenches are either local or found to be effectively local. The screening cloud is characterized by impurity-bath correlators and by the entanglement of a block centered around the impurity with the rest of the system. We consider several local quench protocols, such as, quenches from initially decoupled to coupled impurity, quenches between different finite couplings of the impurity, and 'detuning quenches' involving changing the onsite impurity potential away from or to the chemical potential of the bath. The relevant correlators and the entanglement display versions of the 'light-cone' effect, since the information about the quench travels through the bath at finite speed. At long times ('inside' the light cone), the impurity screening cloud relaxes exponentially to the final equilibrium structure, with the relaxation rate given by the emergent energy scale of impurity screening. Also, snapshots of the time-evolving spatial profile of impurity-bath correlators show exponential dependences on space, with the length scale given by the screening length.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Therapeutic options in the treatment of pyogenic liver abscess. Background/Aims: Pyogenic liver abscess is a rare and life-threatening disease. Our aim is to discuss the aetiology and problems of diagnosis and treatment of this disease, based on our own clinical experience; We present and compare different therapeutic options, i.e. ultrasound-guided percutaneous abscess drainage, CT-guided drainage and open surgical drainage. Patients/Methods: In a time period of 8 years, 62 patients with pyogenic liver abscesses were treated. The therapeutic procedure used most frequently was ultrasound-guided percutaneous abscess drainage in 41 patients, followed by CT-guided drainage in 13 cases. 8 patients were primarily treated with surgical drainage or liver resection, respectively. Results: With an overall mortality of 9.6% we achieved an encouraging result. The comparison of mortality between groups treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous abscess drainage (7.3%) and CT-guided drainage (7.7%) revealed no significant prognostic difference. The comparison of local complications and drainage failure between ultrasound-guided percutaneous abscess drainage (2.4%) and CT-guided drainage (15.4%), however, showed better results for the ultrasound-guided interventions (1/41 vs. 2/13 patients). Two patients undergoing open surgical drainage died due to an advanced septic shock syndrome. Conclusions: Our study suggests that ultrasound duplex imaging with percutaneous abscess drainage is a reliable and effective approach for the treatment of pyogenic liver abscess. Based on other studies in the literature and our own results we developed a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for the treatment of liver abscesses.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 35]}
{"token": "Statistical signatures of the spatial imprints of road network growth. We present a statistical characterization of the morphological features emerging from the complex processes governing the growth of the road network, particularly in a mostly self-organized urban setting. Apart from the usual fractal analysis, the roads are quantified by their lengths and straightnesses, while the segmented blocks are characterized by their areas, perimeters and circularities. When applied to the Metro Manila conurbation, one of the megacities in Asia with the fastest growing populations, we observe dense space-filling and nontrivial statistical distributions of roads and blocks that can be attributed to the geographical constraints of the metropolis. The emergence of the scale-free regimes is explained using a simple rule-based model patterned after the assumed dynamical interplay between the local and global factors involved in individual street formation. By viewing road network growth from a quantitative complex systems perspective, we can gain insights into the underlying rules operating at the local scales that give rise to the global spatial patterns.", "label": [4, 35, 40]}
{"token": "Performing Visions of Governmentality: Care and Capital in 100% Vancouver. 100% Vancouver was created by Rimini Protokoll and produced in 2011 by Theatre Replacement as part of the PuSh Festival. One hundred Vancouver residents performed a statistical portrait of the city based on Canada's 2006 mandatory long-form census. In this article, I set out to understand how a show that felt so local is part of a global project and a transposable dramaturgy that is designed to be tented anywhere. I explore this seeming paradox in 100% Vancouver because it self-consciously shared the stage with a corporate sponsor connected to the globalizing force of finance capitalism. I propose that this transparent redistribution of artistic capital to corporations that deal in finance capital is not a capitulation to the market. Rather, it is a social relationship with the market. 100% Vancouver demonstrates how contemporary citizen-led performance is a battleground for declining and dominant visions of governmentality that range from welfare government to finance capitalism.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Image preprocessing with dynamic synapses. Different algorithms suitable for a specific class of picture were developed for image processing. We will represent the filtering capability of a spiking neural network based on dynamic synapses. For this intention we chose an x-ray image of the human coronary trees and another noisy image. In other words the task at hand is to show how accurately such a network is able to store various aspects (object/background) of stimulus in the variables which describe dynamic of synaptic response. The behavior of these synapses influences the effective connection in the network in a short time-scale. Such a network has a low activity and a balanced behavior. Dynamic synapses are able to adjust their behavior by fast changing stimuli. These synapses retain the information in the variables, such as potential and time.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Fungicide seed treatment efficacy against Microdochium nivale and M. majus in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in fungicide sensitivity between the two species in vitro were not evident in vivo. This is the first report of the effect of fungicide seed treatments on the control of seedling blight caused by M. majus and M. nivale. (c) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry.RESULTS: Differences in EC(50) values between all seed treatments were evident from the in vitro experiments and ranged from 0.028 mg L(-1) for fludioxonil to 22.8 mg L(-1) for carboxin + thiram. The two seed treatments that showed best performance in vitro were used to examine efficacy towards seed-borne infection in vivo at 4, 8, 12 and 16 degrees C. Generally, seedling emergence improved and the severity of stem-base disease symptoms on emerged seedlings was reduced for both species through the use of the fungicides. The combination of fludioxonil + difenconazole showed improved performance compared with fludioxonil alone. Significantly less severe symptoms were observed through the use of fludioxonil and fludioxonil + difenconazole compared with bitertanol + fuberidazole at 12 degrees C and for all except one M. nivale infected seed lot at 8 degrees C.BACKGROUND: Seed-borne Microdochium majus (Wollenweber) and M. nivale Fries are the primary pathogens responsible for Fusarium seedling blight in the UK. The two species show differences in pathogenicity, host preference and sensitivities to temperature, but their relative sensitivities to fungicide seed treatments are unknown. The aim was firstly to determine the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments towards single-spore isolates of M. majus and M. nivale using in vitro experiments, and subsequently to determine efficacy in vivo over a range of temperatures.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "Contractors' views of the potential causes of inconsistencies between design and construction in Saudi Arabia. The study identifies the causes of inconsistencies between the design and construction of large building projects. To achieve the study objectives, a questionnaire survey was carried out to collect information on potential causes of inconsistencies at the project design and construction interface. Responses from 27 contractors were analyzed. The results suggest that the involvement of designer as consultant, communication gap between constructor and designer, insufficient working drawing details, lack of coordination between parties, lack of human resources in design firm, lack of designer's knowledge of available materials and equipment, and incomplete plans and specifications were considered as the most important causes of the project design and construction interface inconsistencies. On the other hand, project management as a professional service, weather conditions, nationalities of participants, involvement of the contractor in design conceptual phase, unforeseen problems, involvement of the contractor in design development phase, and government regulations were the least important causes of inconsistencies between professionals at the project design and construction interface in large building projects.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Delinquency and gender. The determinants of juvenile delinquency for males and females using the Delinquency in a Birth Cohort II Study are investigated. Ordered probit models for juvenile arrest are estimated separately for males and females. The results indicate that juvenile arrests for both males and females are more likely for non-whites and for those who leave education early. Males and females behave differently, in that males are more likely to be repeat offenders.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Thermal physiology and the origin of terrestriality in vertebrates. The adaptive reasons for the evolutionary transition between obligatorily aquatic lobe-finned fish and facultatively terrestrial early tetrapods have long been debated. The oldest adequately known amphibians, Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, from the final stage in the Upper Devonian (Famennian), can be clearly distinguished from the most advanced choanate sarcopterygian fish from the next older stage (Frasnian) by the presence of large pectoral and pelvic girdles, limbs generally resembling those of later Palaeozoic land vertebrates, and the absence of bones linking the back of the skull with the shoulder girdle. Upper Devonian and most Lower Carboniferous amphibians, like their aquatic predecessors, differed significantly from modern amphibians in their much larger size, up to a metre or more in length. Animals of this size, resembling modern crocodiles and the marine iguana, could have raised their body temperatures by basking in the sun and sustained them upon re-entry into the water. It is hypothesized that the physiological advantages of thermoregulation were a major selective force that resulted in the increasing capacity for the ancestors of tetrapods to move into shallow water, and later to support their bodies against the force of gravity and increase the size and locomotor capacities of the limbs. (c) 2005 The Linnean Society of London.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Fast marching square method based intelligent navigation of the unmanned surface vehicle swarm in restricted waters. Considering the limitations of a single unmanned surface vehicle (USV) in operations, such as a small mission area, lacking system autonomy and insufficient fault-tolerant resilience, there is an increasing interest in developing multiple USVs as a formation fleet in both civilian and naval areas. In order to enhance the autonomy of USVs and effectively achieve missions, an intelligent path planning algorithm and a collision avoidance control method of the USV swarm in restricted waters are presented in this paper. In terms of the path planning of the USV formation fleet, a fast marching square (FMS) method is utilized to generate an optimal path. Based on the path calculated by the FMS algorithm, collision avoidance behaviors are designed according to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs), an international maritime collision avoidance regulation, to handle the collision avoidance between the USV swarm and other vessels sailing on the sea. The algorithms have been validated through computer-based simulations, which point out that the path is feasible and the USV swarm can avoid static obstacles as well as moving vessels.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Alphavirus-induced hyperactivation of PI3K/AKT directs pro-viral metabolic changes. Virus reprogramming of cellular metabolism is recognised as a critical determinant for viral growth. While most viruses appear to activate central energy metabolism, different viruses have been shown to rely on alternative mechanisms of metabolic activation. Whether related viruses exploit conserved mechanisms and induce similar metabolic changes is currently unclear. In this work we investigate how two alphaviruses, Semliki Forest virus and Ross River virus, reprogram host metabolism and define the molecular mechanisms responsible. We demonstrate that in both cases the presence of a YXXM motif in the viral protein nsP3 is necessary for binding to the PI3K regulatory subunit p85 and for activating AKT. This leads to an increase in glucose metabolism towards the synthesis of fatty acids, although additional mechanisms of metabolic activation appear to be involved in Ross River virus infection. Importantly, a Ross River virus mutant that fails to activate AKT has an attenuated phenotype in vivo, suggesting that viral activation of PI3K/AKT contributes to virulence and disease.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
{"token": "Resistance of metal-plate-connected truss joints to dynamic loading. The behavior of metal-plate-connected (MPC)joints has been thoroughly researched under various static loading scenarios; however, little research has been performed on MPC joints subjected to dynamic loading. This research investigates the effects of dynamic loading on MPC joints. This investigation follows procedures similar to those used for studies of nailed connections due to the similarities of the two types of connections. Six configurations of MPC truss joints were tested under static and dynamic loading. Static tests were performed to obtain maximum static strength and static stiffness values for the different configurations. Each configuration was then subjected to dynamic loading and then statically loaded to failure. An accepted model of the load-slip behavior of MPC joints was fit to the data acquired from static tests before and after dynamic loading. The residual effects of the applied dynamic loading on the tested MPC joints were quite minimal. The tested MPC joints developed similar static load properties before and after dynamic loading. While the dynamically loaded connections generally developed less initial static stiffness than their static-load-only counterparts, they maintained most of their static load resistance. This resistance to residual effects of dynamic loading makes these MPC joints suitable for use in structures situated in high seismic or wind zones.", "label": [0, 1, 6, 11]}
{"token": "Peltigera islandica, a new cyanolichen species in section Peltigera ('P-canina group'). A new cyanolichen, Peltigera islandica sp. nov. in the section Peltigera (P. canina group') is described from Iceland. This species is similar in general appearance to P. rufescens and P. membranacea, but may be recognized by its downturned lobe tips and narrow lobes, respectively. Most thalli are bright emerald green in colour when moist, although a dark khaki green colourmorph is also documented. Monophyly of P. islandica s. lat. (i.e. including P. sp. A sensu O'Brien et al., from Canada) is significantly supported based on ITS sequences and corroborated by molecular synapomorphy (absence of the ITS1 hypervariable region). Analysis of the rbcLX locus indicates the cyanobiont of P. islandica (Nostoc sp.) comprises strains belonging to a pool of Icelandic genotypes, some of which are present in other Peltigera species, including P. neorufescens, another taxon new to Iceland collected during this study. Association with photobionts that are shared by other local species suggests P. islandica may be well established in Iceland, but a review of herbarium collections as well as broader field surveys are needed to better characterize its geographical distribution.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Alkaline membrane fuel cell (AMFC) modeling and experimental validation. This paper aims to produce a dynamic model that is computationally fast to predict the response of the single AMFC according to variations of physical properties of the materials, and operating and design parameters. The model is based on electrochemical principles, and mass, momentum, energy and species conservation. It also takes into account pressure drop in the gas channels and the temperature gradient with respect to space in the flow direction. The simulation results comprise temperature distribution, net power and polarization curves, which were experimentally validated by direct comparison to voltage and current measurements performed in a cellulose-based AMFC prototype for different electrolyte (KOH) solution concentrations (y), showing good quantitative and qualitative agreement. It is concluded that the startup transient is short and that there are optimal values of y (similar to 40 wt. %) which lead to maximum power, that are herein shown experimentally for the first time. In the process, the model was used to formulate empirical correlations for the exchange current density (i(0)) in the electrodes with respect to the electrolyte concentration for future fuel cell development. Therefore, the adjusted and validated model is expected to be a useful tool for AMFC control, design and optimization purposes. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
{"token": "High-resolution mapping of transcriptional dynamics across tissue development reveals a stable mRNA-tRNA interface. The genetic code is an abstraction of how mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons molecularly interact during protein synthesis; the stability and regulation of this interaction remains largely unexplored. Here, we characterized the expression of mRNA and tRNA genes quantitatively at multiple time points in two developing mouse tissues. We discovered that mRNA codon pools are highly stable over development and simply reflect the genomic background; in contrast, precise regulation of tRNA gene families is required to create the corresponding tRNA transcriptomes. The dynamic regulation of tRNA genes during development is controlled in order to generate an anticodon pool that closely corresponds to messenger RNAs. Thus, across development, the pools of mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons are invariant and highly correlated, revealing a stable molecular interaction interlocking transcription and translation.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Biomass-based flexible fire warning sensor with excellent flame retardancy and sensitivity. Traditional fire warning sensors usually work under directly fire attack or relatively high temperature with short service life and poor sensitivity. Therefore, the preparation of thermosensitive sensors with excellent fire resistance, sustainability and sensitive fire detection function is critical. In this work, biomass-based carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are designed and constructed by phosphating treatment and polyaniline modification cofunctionalization strategy. The introduction of lignin molecules significantly improves the compatibility and spinnability of polyaniline and biomass-based spinning aid, thus effectively reducing the generation of the bead like defects and fine fibrous morphologies. The optimized CNFs exhibit good structure stability, electrical conductivity and sensitivity (responsive temperature 100 degrees C, thermosensitive sensor response about 2 s, and sustained working time at least 5 min in the flame). Furthermore, the specific capacitance of biomass-based CNFs reaches 358F/g, energy density of 49.7 Wh/kg at a power density of 542.4 W/kg. This work provides a novel strategy and paradigm for achieving excellent flame resistance and ideal fire warning sensor of biomass-based materials. The resulting biomass-based carbon nanofibers can be processed into intelligent thermosensitive sensor with various shapes and have a broad application prospect in flexible devices and wearable electrodes fields.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Cross-cultural adaptation of the Chilean version of the Voice Symptom Scale - VoiSS. This research aims to accomplish the cross-cultural equivalence of the Chilean version of the VoiSS protocol through its cultural and linguistic adaptation. After the translation of the VoiSS protocol to Chilean Spanish by two bilingual speech therapists and its back translation to English, we compared the items of the original tool with the previous translated version. The existing discrepancies were modified by a consensus committee of five speech therapists and the translated version was entitled Escala de Sintomas Vocales - ESV, with 30 questions and five answers: \\\\'Never\\\\', \\\\'Occasionally\\\\', \\\\'Sometimes\\\\', \\\\'Most of the time\\\\', \\\\'Always\\\\'. For cross-cultural equivalence, the protocol was applied to 15 individuals with vocal problems. In each question the option of \\\\'Not applicable\\\\' was added to the answer choices for identification of the questions not comprehended or not appropriate for the target population. Two individuals had difficulty answering two questions, which made it necessary to adapt the translation of only one of them. The modified ESV was applied to three individuals with vocal problems, and there were incomprehensible inappropriate questions for the Chilean culture. The ESV reflects the original English version, both in the number of questions and the limitations of the emotional and physical domains. There is now a cross-cultural equivalence of VoiSS in Chilean Spanish, titled ESV. The validation of the ESV for Chilean Spanish is ongoing.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Linear codes with covering radius R=2, 3 and codimension tR. Let [n, n - r](q)R denote a linear code over F-q with length n, codimension r, and covering radius R. We use a modification of constructions of [2q + 1, 2q - 3](q)2 and [3q + 1, 3q - 5](q)3 codes (q greater than or equal to 5) to produce infinite families of good codes with covering radius 2 and 3 and codimension tR.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Obstacles and preconditions for logistics and manufacturing improvements in Africa - a case study. A supply chain can be analysed as a network made up of the total set of raw materials supply, and several manufacturing and distribution activities. Decades of war in this region have deprived Eritrea of the necessary infusion of new investments, technology and skills. In order to solve their supply, production and distribution problems, firms have to improve their logistics locally and seek co-operation with foreign companies. While the government has to reduce its own role by giving firms more autonomy, it should strengthen its role in the national economy by increasing investments in education and the transport and communication infrastructure. These actions by government and the business community are necessary not only for Eritrea, but also for a lot of other African countries.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Regime shifts in the marine environment: The scientific basis and political context. We then focus on the North and Baltic Seas, providing examples of existing efforts for data integration in the MarBEF Network of Excellence. Existing gaps in data coverage are identified, and the added value from meta-analyses of multiple datasets demonstrated using examples from the MarBEF integrated data project LargeNet. We discuss whether these efforts are addressing current policy needs and close with recommendations for future integrated data networks to increase our ability to understand, identify and predict recent and future regime shifts. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Regime shifts in the marine environment have recently received much attention. To date, however, few large-scale meta-analyses have been carried out due to insufficient data coverage and integration between sustained observational datasets because of diverse methodologies used in data collection, recording and archival. Here we review the available data on regime shifts globally, followed by a review of current and planned policies with relevance to regime shifts.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "EATING HABITS: KNOWLEDGE OF PREGNANT TEENAGERSASSISTEDIN PRIMARY CARE. Objective: to understand he eating habits of pregnant teenagers assisted in primary care. Method: this is an exploratory studywithquantitative and qualitative approach, conducted in the Family Health Units, Cajazeiras-Paraiba, with 24 pregnant teens. In December 2010, through interviews with semi-structured script was conducted the data collection, which, for processing, was used thematic analysis (Bardin, 2009). Results: the study evidenced that pregnant teenagers showed some nutritional deficiency, given to the low level of education, the state of development and to financial unavailability. Conclusion: the study confirms the need for a differentiated prenatal care to pregnant teenagers, by crossing two phases of development, simultaneously, suggesting valid changes in their health, being necessary effective and efficient care provisions, in order to prevent health and life risks, promote and maintain health and well-being of both mother and child.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Generalized Non-Orthogonal Joint Diagonalization With LU Decomposition and Successive Rotations. Non-orthogonal joint diagonalization (NJD) free of prewhitening has been widely studied in the context of blind source separation (BSS) and array signal processing, etc. However, NJD is used to retrieve the jointly diagonalizable structure for a single set of target matrices which are mostly formulized with a single dataset, and thus is insufficient to handle multiple datasets with inter-set dependences, a scenario often encountered in joint BSS (J-BSS) applications. As such, we present a generalized NJD (GNJD) algorithm to simultaneously perform asymmetric NJD upon multiple sets of target matrices with mutually linked loading matrices, by using LU decomposition and successive rotations, to enable J-BSS over multiple datasets with indication/exploitation of their mutual dependences. Experiments with synthetic and real-world datasets are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Modeling and Optimization of Memristor and STT-RAM-Based Memory for Low-Power Applications. Conventional charge-based memory usage in low-power applications is facing major challenges. Some of these challenges are leakage current for static random access memory (SRAM) and dynamic random access memory (DRAM), additional refresh operation for DRAM, and high programming voltage for Flash. In this paper, two emerging resistive random access memory (ReRAM) technologies are investigated, memristor and spin-transfer torque (STT)-RAM, as potential universal memory candidates to replace traditional ones. Both of these nonvolatile memories support zero leakage and low-voltage operation during read access, which makes them ideal for devices with long sleep time. To date, high write energy for both memristor and STT-RAM is one of the major inhibitors for adopting the technologies. The primary contribution of this paper is centered on addressing the high write energy issue by trading off retention time with noise margin. In doing so, the memristor and STT-RAM power has been compared with the traditional six-transistor-SRAM-based memory power and potential application in wireless sensor nodes is explored. This paper uses 45-nm foundry process technology data for SRAM and physics-based mathematical models derived from real devices for memristor and STT-RAM. The simulations are conducted using MATLAB and the results show a potential power savings of 87% and 77% when using memristor and STT-RAM, respectively, at 1% duty cycle.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Mycobacterial Membrane Vesicles Administered Systemically in Mice Induce a Protective Immune Response to Surface Compartments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. IMPORTANCE This work offers a new vaccine approach against tuberculosis using mycobacterial MV. Mycobacterium MV are a naturally released product combining immunogenic antigens in the context of a lipid structure. The fact that MV do not need adjuvants and elicit protection comparable to that elicited by the BCG vaccine encourages vaccine approaches that combine protein antigens and lipids. Consequently, mycobacterium MV establish a new type of vaccine formulation.Pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of bacteria and fungi release membrane vesicles (MV), containing proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids, into the extracellular milieu. Previously, we demonstrated that several mycobacterial species, including bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, release MV containing lipids and proteins that subvert host immune response in a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent manner (R. Prados-Rosales et al., J. Clin. Invest. 121: 1471-1483, 2011, doi: 10.1172/JCI44261). In this work, we analyzed the vaccine potential of MV in a mouse model and compared the effects of immunization with MV to those of standard BCG vaccination. Immunization with MV from BCG or M. tuberculosis elicited a mixed humoral and cellular response directed to both membrane and cell wall components, such as lipoproteins. However, only vaccination with M. tuberculosis MV was able to protect as well as live BCG immunization. M. tuberculosis MV boosted BCG vaccine efficacy. In summary, MV are highly immunogenic without adjuvants and elicit immune responses comparable to those achieved with BCG in protection against M. tuberculosis.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Dynamic managerial capability of technology-based international new ventures-a basis for their long-term competitive advantage. The article focuses on long-term development of technology-based international new ventures (INVs) and discusses aspects of managing such ventures once they are past the initial success and rapid internationalization and enter the stable development phase. The study builds on an in-depth process case study of a technology-based INV conducted over the period of 3.5 years, starting 8 years into the firm's history. This unique design has enabled close observation of the specific events and challenges, the firm has been facing after its initial success, and of the aspects in the firm's management that have enabled the INV to survive challenging events and periods in its development, including partial change of ownership and management, the international economic recession, adaption of its managerial processes to stable operations rather than entrepreneurial search and choice of markets in relation to resource availability. The study takes the dynamic capability perspective and focuses on INVs' management, which are seen as founders and builders of the processes, rules and structures that lay the basis for long-term competitive advantage for such firms. Based on the findings, specific aspects of the dynamic managerial capability of technology-based INVs are conceptualized and summarized into a set of propositions and a model.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "'Extravagant and reckless' wives and indebted husbands: examining the equity of exoneration. In Armstrong v Onyearu, the Court of Appeal considered the equity of exoneration and, in particular, whether it would apply in circumstances where the wife had received an indirect benefit from the loan. Reflecting on that judgment, this article examines the nature of the equity of exoneration, its legal basis and the economic, social, and political context in which it operates. It will conclude that, while the equity of exoneration may offer some protection to a surety wife, it favours women who are financially independent, as opposed to those who stay at home or support their husbands in business.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Influence of cultivation and herbicide programs on weed control and net returns in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Field studies were conducted near Painter, VA, in 1995 and 1996 to investigate the effects of herbicides and cultivation on weed control, yield, and net returns in potato. Potato injury from herbicides and/or cultivation was not observed in 1995 and was less than 12% in 1996. Metribuzin plus metolachlor preemergence controlled yellow nutsedge by at least 81% regardless of the number of cultivations in 1995 and 1996. Yellow nutsedge control with metribuzin plus rimsulfuron postemergence (POST) plus three cultivations was as high as 70% in 1995 and 88% in 1996. Metribuzin plus rimsulfuron POST controlled common lambsquarters by at least 95% and common ragweed by at least 83% regardless of the number of cultivations in 1995 and 1996. A-size tuber production and net returns from potato receiving herbicides were not improved with two or three cultivations in 1995 or 1996. However, when averaged over all weed control systems (herbicide and cultivation-only systems) multiple cultivations significantly increased control of all weed species, A-size tuber production, and net returns.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "On the Medieval and the Modern: Reading Nicholas of Cusa. In addressing not only the Conciliarist controversy of his day but issues of civil and ecclesiastical government and challenges to the Church, from reform movements to the division between Catholic and Orthodox traditions, Nicholas of Cusa (1401-64) continues to provoke responses. Some see him as the first modern; others view him as the last great medieval thinker. Demonstrating a breadth of interests, Nicholas of Cusa has come to be viewed as an important transitional figure who continues to provoke debate on the Western tradition and the history of political thought.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "THE DILEMMA OF 'MANAGING FOR RESULTS' IN CHINA: WON'T LET GO. While China is not often thought of as a prime location for implementation of \\\\'managing for results\\\\' mechanisms of New Public Management, in fact, the reform era leadership-consistent with implementation of many market mechanisms in the economy-initiated cadre management principles imbued with results-based techniques. This article discusses how dilemmas inherent in MFR principles play out in China's institutional context. It examines an understudied \\\\'punishing for results\\\\' technique employed in China, the \\\\'hold-to-account\\\\' system, and demonstrates how this punishment technique reveals inherent dilemmas that also can be expected if applied in other state-centric developing countries. Copyright (C) 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Direct and Indirect Effects under Sample Selection and Outcome Attrition. This paper extends the evaluation of direct and indirect treatment effects, i.e., mediation analysis, to the case that outcomes are only partially observed due to sample selection or outcome attrition. We assume sequential conditional independence of the treatment and the mediator, i.e., the variable through which the indirect effect operates. We also impose missing at random or instrumental variable assumptions on the outcome attrition process. Under these conditions, we derive identification results for the effects of interest that are based on inverse probability weighting by specific treatment, mediator, and/or selection propensity scores. We also provide a simulation study and an empirical application to the U.S. Project STAR data in which we assess the direct impact and indirect effect (via absenteeism) of smaller kindergarten classes on math test scores. The estimators considered are available in the 'causalweight' package for the statistical software 'R'.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Effect of chimney design on flow induced by a heat source in a room. Fire induced airflow in a compartment is numerically investigated. The fire is modeled by a volumetric heat source centrally located in the fire room. Natural ventilation is provided by a door that plays the role of fresh air entrance and hot gas exhaust. Numerical simulations are carried out using the standard k-e turbulence model coupled with a near wall boundary approach namely the \\\\'enhanced wall treatment\\\\'. The first part of this study discusses the validity of the Boussinesq approximations to deal with high density variations effects. Results obtained by this assumption together with those found with the ideal gas theory were compared with available experimental data. A better agreement in the temperature prediction was perceived with the second approach (ideal gas) especially in the regions presenting high temperature gradient as the heat source areas. This assumption is therefore adopted in the second part of this work which includes an analysis of the ventilation parameters effects on the airflow pattern inside the fire room. Different geometric parameters as the height, the cross section, the shape and the location of a chimney were investigated. Results of this parametric study have enabled to determine the optimum chimney characteristics ensuring the best ventilation of the fire room studied.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 35]}
{"token": "The SLA security issues in cloud computing services. This paper aims to identify the importance of security at the SLA level (Service Level Agreement), given the low utilization of Cloud Computing services at the economy level. The article presents in the first part the deficiencies in the adoption of cloud services, presenting at statistical level the degree of adoption by countries and branches of activity. In the second part, we present the concept of SLA (the document that governs the client-provider cloud computing relationship) as well as the most important criteria for the development of an SLA. In order to provide services with a high degree of trust, the most important metrics regarding security assurance are presented at the SLA level. Finally, in order to increase trust in cloud services, a set of metrics can be proposed that can be included in SLA documents (Availability and maintenance time, list of services and resources that are provided by the provider to the clients, application response, advance notification program of network changes that may affect users, support desk response time for different problem categories, consequences in case of breach of agreement).", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Turbulent heat transfer and friction factor of nanodiamond-nickel hybrid nanofluids flow in a tube: An experimental study. Turbulent heat transfer and friction factor of nanodiamond-nickel (ND-Ni) hybrid nanofluids flow in a horizontal tube has been investigated experimentally. The ND-Ni nanoparticles were synthesized using in-situ growth and chemical co-precipitation method and characterized by XRD, TEM and VSM. The hybrid nanofluids were prepared by dispersing ND-Ni hybrid nanoparticles in distilled water. The thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancements were observed as 29.39% and 23.24% at 0.3% volume concentration of hybrid nanofluid at 60 degrees C compared to distilled water. The heat transfer and friction factor experiments were conducted at different Reynolds numbers (3000-22,000) and particle volume concentrations (0.1% and 0.3%). The Nusselt number enhancement of 0.3% volume concentration of hybrid nano fluid is 35.43% with a friction factor penalty of 1.12-times at a Reynolds number of 22,000 compared to distilled water data. The obtained experimental Nusselt number of hybrid nanofluids was compared with other kind of hybrid nanofluids available literature. New Nusselt number and friction factor correlations were proposed based on the experimental data. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF FIVE PHYLOGENETICALLY DISTANT FUNGI (DIVISION: ASCOMYCETE) FROM VELLAR ESTUARY, SOUTHEAST COAST OF INDIA - A PILOT STUDY. Fungal taxonomy is dynamically driven towards controversial discipline that consequently requires changes in nomenclature. Scarcity of microbiological expertise particularly for marine fungi is another major setback for these taxonomical differences. Here, five different species pharmacologically important marine fungi under Division Ascomycete were studied for their spectral variation. This work verified the practical applicability of FT-IR microspectroscopy technique for early and rapid identification of these species based on the spectral data showed striking difference with their major biomolecules such as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids produced by them. Spectra of all the species showed striking differences while individual peaks of each spectrum are parallel to each other in their respective spectral regions. Aspergillus oryzae have intense peaks in the lipid and nucleic acid spectral region and moderate bands in the amide spectrum. Phoma herbarum and Trichoderma piluliferum showed intense peaks in the protein spectral region but moderate peaks in the lipid and nucleic acid regions. Hypocrea lixii and Meyerozyma guilliermandii have less intense peaks in all the five spectral regions. This unique spectral representation is concordant with the cluster analysis dendrogram by minimum variance statistical method where low spectroscopic distance was found between H. lixii and M. guilliermondii whereas a higher spectroscopic distance was found between P. herbarum and T. piluliferum. FTIR spectroscopy delivers a combined advantage for efficient fungal classification as well as simultaneous visualization of chemical composition of samples as evident from this study.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Horses for courses: China's accommodative approach to food standard-setting in response to the internationalization of regulation. This paper examines the evolution of China's food standard-setting procedures from both domestic and international perspectives, particularly in the context of the internationalization of regulation. After the reform and opening-up in 1978, state actors and leading enterprises monopolized the process of national food standard setting. With further participation in the global economy in the 21st century, China has become familiar with the international standard-setting procedures and has modeled its domestic policymaking on these practices. This has resulted in a more transparent, inclusive, scientific, pluralized, and consensus-based form of decisionmaking. By contrast, the standards of the strategic industries have been harmonized to the standards of international counterparts through a top-down and authoritarian approach. This paper argues that China uses an accommodative approach, trichotomizing suitable standards and decisionmaking procedures in terms of inclusiveness and transparency, which suits the developmental needs of the domestic market, food export markets, and strategic industries.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Rhythmicity of the pigments in the compound eye of Daphnia longispina (Cladocera). We investigated pigment granule migration in the eye of the crustacean, Daphnia longispina. Pigment granule positions were indirectly observed by monitoring the pigment granule surface area (PGSA) under constant illumination as well as under natural lighting conditions. Significant variations were observed in the PGSA during the course of the 24-h night-day cycle. These phenomena, which persisted under continuous illumination, suggest that an endogenous mechanism is involved in bringing about the observed diurnal morphological changes in the compound eye of Daphnia longispina.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Joint wavelet representation correlator for pattern recognition. A joint wavelet representation correlator is proposed as a new architecture to combine wavelets and the joint transform correlator. It performs wavelet representation preprocessing and the correlation operation simultaneously. An intensity filter used for wavelet representation is the power spectrum of the wavelet function and can easily be synthesized and displayed. Computer simulation shows that, as compared with previous joint wavelet transform correlators, its discrimination capability is better and its performance is more stable under input noise. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Automated Damage Detection of (C/C)/Si/SiC Composite Using Vibration Modes with Deep Neural Networks. Discontinuous carbon fiber-carbon matrix composites dispersed Si/SiC matrix composites have complicated microstructures that consist of four phases (C/C, Si, SiC, and C/SiC). The crack stability significantly depends on their geometrical arrangement. Nondestructive evaluation is needed to maintain the components in their safe condition. Although several nondestructive evaluation methods such as the Eddy current have been developed, any set of them is still inadequate in order to cover all of the scales and aspects that (C/C)/Si/SiC composites comprise. We propose a new method for nondestructive evaluation using vibration/resonance modes and deep learning. The assumed resolution is mm-order (approx. 1-10 mm), which laser vibrometers are generally capable of handling sufficiently. We utilize deep neural networks called convolutional auto-encoders for inferring damaged areas from vibration modes, which is a so-called inverse problem and infeasible to solve numerically in most cases. We solve this inference problem by training convolutional auto-encoders using vibration modes obtained from a non-damaged specimen with various frequencies as the dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed method successfully detects the damaged areas of validation specimens. One of the noteworthy points of this method is that we need only a few specimens for training deep neural networks, which generally require a large amount of data.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "The impact of hospital nursing characteristics on 30-day mortality. Results: Using multilevel analysis, it was determined that the log-odds for 30-day mortality varied significantly across hospitals (variance =.044, p <.001). Patient comorbidities and age explained 44.2% of the variance in 30-day mortality. After adjustment for patient comorbidities and demographic factors, and the size, teaching, and urban status of the study hospitals in a fixed-effects model, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of the significant hospital nursing characteristics that predict 30-day mortality were as follows: 0.81 (0.68-0.96) for higher nurse education level, 0.83 (0.73-0.96) for richer nurse skill mix, 1.26 (1.09-1.47) for higher proportion of casual or temporary positions, and 0.74 (0.60-0.91) for greater nurse-physician relationships. The institutional and hospital nursing characteristics explained an additional 36.9%.Discussion: Hospital nursing characteristics are an important consideration in efforts to reduce the risk of 30-day mortality of patients.Method: A cross-sectional analysis of outcome data for 18,142 patients discharged from 49 acute care hospitals in Alberta, Canada, for diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, or stroke between April 1, 1998, and March 31, 1999, was done. Mortality data were linked to patient demographic and comorbidity factors, institutional characteristics, and hospital nursing characteristics derived from a survey of all registered nurses working in acute care hospitals.Objective: To assess the relative effects and importance of nurse education and skill mix, continuity of care, and quality of work environment in predicting 30-day mortality after adjusting for i institutional factors and individual patients characteristics.Background: Evidence indicates that hospital nursing characteristics such as staffing contribute to patient outcomes. Less attention has been given to other hospital nursing characteristics central to optimal professional practice, namely nurse education and skill mix, continuity of care, and quality of the work environment.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Unexpected distribution patterns of Carduiceps feather lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) on sandpipers (Aves: Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae). The louse genus Carduiceps Clay & Meinertzhagen, 1939 is widely distributed on sandpipers and stints (Calidrinae). The current taxonomy includes three species on the Calidrinae (Carduiceps meinertzhageni, Carduiceps scalaris, Carduiceps zonarius) and four species on noncalidrine hosts. We estimated a phylogeny of four of the seven species of Carduiceps (the three mentioned above and Carduiceps fulvofasciatus) from 13 of the 29 hosts based on three mitochondrial loci, and evaluated the relative importance of flyway differentiation (same host species has different lice along different flyways) and flyway homogenization (different host species have the same lice along the same flyway). We found no evidence for either process. Instead, the present, morphology-based, taxonomy of the genus corresponds exactly to the gene-based phylogeny, with all four included species monophyletic. Carduiceps zonarius is found both to inhabit a wider range of hosts than wing lice of the genus Lunaceps occurring on the same group of birds, and to occur on Calidris sandpipers of all sizes, both of which are unexpected for a body louse. The previously proposed family Esthiopteridae is found to be monophyletic with good support. The concatenated dataset suggests that the pigeon louse genus Columbicola may be closely related to the auk and diver louse genus Craspedonirmus. These two genera share some morphological characters with Carduiceps, but no support was obtained for grouping these three genera together. Based on mitochondrial data alone, the relationships among genera within this proposed family cannot be properly assessed, but some previously suggested relationships within this proposed family are confirmed.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Can nature speak?. the problem of substantive Subjectivation in Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, the return to native science of Gregory Cajete as Other science, and the adjective subjectivation of Nature subject to rights in Caroline McDonough are the aspects that the present work thematizes; authors and whose contributions, apparently unrelated, keep a certain parallelism and complementarity for the dissertation about the protection of nature, which not only can speak, but also requires studies and affirmative actions so that it can indeed do so. It is an interdisciplinary three-voice philosophical dialogue about the Subject and the new Others (nature and native science) with respect to the Subject of the West. This, under the assumption that in the study of the protection of nature as a subject of rights, the reconstruction, resignification and relationship of the concepts of Subject, Science and Other, in application, is important and enriching. The above, with respect to the study and critical reflective foundation of conflicts in socio-natural relationships. Nature as a subject of rights is a new Other and is in a state of subalternization with respect to the hegemonic powers and knowledge of the West. In the same way, native science is another Other with which the discussion about nature is established and dialogued.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Working from Our Strengths: partnerships in learning. Over the past four years a team of Indigenous and non-Indigenous partners in learning research across Northern Australia have identified many of the issues that underpin the implementation of training and investment through enterprise development to improve economic and community outcomes of Indigenous partners. This paper provides an overview of a series of recent projects developed around enterprise development and training. The issues that the project teams have explored include developing industry, community and training institutional partnerships in the recognition of diverse knowledge systems within the recognition of prior learning process, the role of digital literacies in sharing knowledge, the co-production of knowledge and work-based learning. The paper then foreshadows the future directions of this work; addressing a range of issues such as infrastructure, funding, technology and identifying relevant skills sets. Approaches to sustainable enterprise learning and production, professional development and support of successful Indigenous and non-Indigenous teachers are also discussed. Essentially the paper focuses on the ways partnerships and relationships, rather than systems, can effect change in the implementation of Vocational Education and Training (VET) system in ways that accord with the aims and realities of Indigenous people for their futures.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "An overview of achieving energy efficiency in on-chip networks. b circuit level, e.g., voltage swinging of signalsDue to the increasing bandwidth demand for the network-on-chip (NoC), interconnection networks become a dominant source of energy consumption in systems-on-chip (SoCs) and chip multi processors (CMPs). Therefore, energy efficient NoC is key to a successful SoC development. This paper presents an overview of different techniques to achieve energy efficiency at the different levels of NoC design including:We also summarise research on thermal optimisation issues. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey of recent research results on the area.a component level where dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) and dynamic link shutdown (DLS) techniques are reviewedc architectural level, where specialised tools, such as Wattch and Orion are discussed.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Better to be optimistic, mindful, or both? The interaction between optimism, mindfulness, and task engagement. This paper investigates the relationships between optimism, mindfulness, and task engagement. Specifically, we hypothesized that optimism, mindfulness, and their interaction would facilitate individuals' task engagement. We tested our research model in four studies: two surveys among gig workers and two experiments. The results of the two surveys among gig workers indicated that optimism predicted higher task engagement, but trait mindfulness did not, and that a multiplicative interaction existed between high optimism and high mindfulness in stimulating task engagement. Our two experiments confirmed a significant interaction between optimism and induced state mindfulness and showed that the most engaging situation is being high in both mindfulness and optimism. Although optimism predicted task engagement, the experiments indicated that the effect of the state mindfulness manipulation was above and beyond that of optimism. Finally, we discuss the nuances of the interaction between optimism and mindfulness in predicting task engagement.", "label": [5, 50, 55]}
{"token": "Cationic distribution, exchange interactions, and relaxation dynamics in Zn-diluted MnCo2O4 nanostructures. We report an experimental investigation of the electronic structure and magnetic properties of bulk and nanosized MnCo2O4 diluted with Zn. The cationic distribution for tetrahedral A-site dilution is (Co1-yA2+ZnyA2+)(A)[Mn3+Co3+](B)O-4 +/-delta, whereas B-site dilution results in (Co2+)(A)[Mn1-xB3+ZnxB2+Co3+](B)O4-delta. The strength of exchange interaction J(ij) between the magnetic ions in a bulk spinel lattice decreases by similar to 15% for A-site dilution relative to the undiluted compound; however, B-site dilution results in an enhancement in J(ij) by 17%. The frequency and temperature dependence of dynamic-susceptibility [chi(ac)(f, T)] studies of nanostructured compounds reveals the existence of spin-glass like behavior below the freezing temperature T-F similar to 125.7 K (for x(B) = 0.2) and 154.3 K (y(A) = 0.1). Relaxation time tau follows the Power-Law variation with a dynamical critical exponent zv = 6.17 and microscopic spin relaxation time tau(o) = 4.4 x 10(-15) s for x(B) = 0.2 (for y(A) = 0.1, zv = 5.2 and tau(o) = 5.4 x 10(-13) s). The amplitude and peak position in chi(ac)(T) decreases with an increase in the DC bias field, which indicates that the spin-glass phase can survive in the presence of low fields forming a critical line with an exponent 2/3. This behavior is similar to the de Almeida-Thouless (AT-line) analysis in the T-H phase diagram which supports the existence of spin-glass like behavior below T-F in these Zn diluted spinels. Published under license by AIP Publishing.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Physiological responses to variations in grazing and light conditions in native and invasive fucoids. Poor physiological acclimatization to climate change has led to shifts in the distributional ranges of various species and to biodiversity loss. However, evidence also suggests the relevance of non-climatic physical factors, such as light, and biotic factors, which may act in interactive or additive way. We used a mechanistic approach to evaluate the ecophysiological responses of four seaweed species (three dominant intertidal fucoids, Fucus serratus, Ascophyllum nodosum, Bifurcaria bifurcata, and the invasive Sargassum muticum) to different conditions of grazing, light irradiance and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. We performed a large-scale mesocosm experiment with a total of 800 individual thalli of macroalgae. The factorial experimental design included major algal traits, photoacclimation, nutrient stoichiometry and chemical defence as response variables. Few significant effects of the factors acting alone or in combination were observed, suggesting a good capacity for acclimatization in all four species. The significant effects were generally additive and there were no potentially deleterious synergistic effects between factors. Fucus serratus, a species currently undergoing a drastic contraction of its southern distribution limit in Europe, was the most strongly affected species, showing overall lower photosynthetic efficiency than the other species. The growth rate of F. serratus decreased when UV radiation was filtered out, but only in the presence of grazers. Moreover, more individuals of this species tended to reach maturity in the absence of grazers, and the nitrogen content of tissues decreased under full-spectrum light. Only the phlorotannin content of tissues of B. bifurcata and of exudates of A. nodosum, both slow-growing species, were positively affected by respectively removal of UVB radiation and the presence of grazers. The findings for S. muticum, a well-established invasive seaweed across European coasts, suggested similar physiological response of this fast-growing species to different levels of grazing activity and light quality/intensity. As expected, this species grew faster than the other species. Bifurcaria bifurcata and A. nodosum only showed minor effects of light quality and grazing on phlorotannins content, which suggests good resistance of these two long-lived species to the experimental conditions. Mechanistic approaches that are designed to analyse interactive effects of physical and biotic factors provide an understanding of physiological responses of species and help to improve the confidence of predictive distribution models.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 22, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Characterization and evolution of a myrosinase from the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae. The aphid myrosinase gene has been elucidated using Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends-PCR. Sequencing has shown that aphid myrosinase has significant sequence similarity (35%) to plant myrosinases and other members of glycosyl hydrolase family 1 (GHF1). The residues acting as proton donor and nucleophile, in the hydrolysis of glucosinolates by aphid myrosinase, are identified as Glu 167 and Glu 374 respectively. The equivalent residues in plant myrosinase are Gln 187 and Glu 409 and for the cyanogenic beta-glucosidase Glu 183 and Glu 397. Thus it would appear that the absence of a proton donor is not necessary for the hydrolysis of glucosinolates as was thought to be the case for the plant myrosinases. Aphid myrosinase appears to be more similar to animal beta-O-glucosidases than to plant myrosinases, as assessed by sequence similarity and phylogenetic techniques. These results strongly suggest that myrosinase activity has twice arisen from beta-O-glucosidases in plants and animals. Comparison of aphid myrosinase with plant myrosinase has highlighted Lys 173 and Arg 312 as possibly playing a crucial role in the hydrolysis of glucosinolates by aphid myrosinase. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Construction and Verification of Immunohistochemistry Parameters-Based Classifier to Predict Local-Recurrence of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma After Kidney-Sparing Surgery. BackgroundKidney-sparing surgery (KSS) for upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUCs) has been gradually performed in selected patients beyond the recommendation of guidelines. However, there is still a lack of tools to evaluate postoperative local recurrence. Herein, a new nomogram was established to predict the local recurrence risk after KSS. MethodsPatients were randomly divided into two cohorts (training: testing cohorts = 7:3). Cancer samples after KSS were used for immunohistochemical tests to detect molecules missing in previous pathology reports. Then, the total number of molecules were screened by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method to construct an IHCscore, which was further tested in the validation cohort. Finally, the IHCscore and other clinicopathologic parameters were combined to develop a more accurate model using univariate and multivariate Cox regression methods. ResultsIn total, 200 patients were included. The Kaplan-Meier test showed that high Ki-67 and loss of Uroplakin III and E-cadherin were correlated with poor recurrence-free survival. The individual IHCscore was calculated based on the expression levels of Ki-67, Her2 and E-cadherin. Based on the IHC score, patients were further classified as low- or high-risk, and a significant difference in the recurrence-free survival was observed between the two groups. Then, the nomogram was developed based on Gender, surgical margin and IHCscore; this nomogram had a higher AUC (0.847) in predicting 3-year recurrence-free survival than the IHCscore alone (0.788). ConclusionsThis easy-to-use nomogram shows better prediction accuracy in recurrence-free survival after KSS and may guide individualized intravesical chemotherapy. However, a larger sample is required for external validation.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "The effects of sublethal and lethal doses of ivermectin on the reproductive physiology and larval development of the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). This study assesses the effects of the veterinary medical product ivermectin (IVM) in a range of concentrations on adult reproductive physiology and larval mortality of the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). The ecotoxicological tests comprised eight treatments, including two controls and six increasing ivermectina concentrations (3.16, 10.0, 31.6, 63.2, 100, and 316 mu g IVM/kg fresh dung). After 10 days of exposure, the females were dissected and the brood balls counted (fecundity). The brood balls were opened 15 days later and live larvae were counted to estimate larval mortality. Ivermectin altered the morphology of the ovary and stopped vitellogenesis, causing oocyte resorption and thus decreasing fecundity. The 30% threshold of decline in fecundity was reached at 115.9 ae g IVM/kg dung, with no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) values of 10.0 and 31.6 ae g IVM/kg dung, respectively. Larval sensitivity to ivermectin was higher, with a lethal concentration required to kill 50% of the population of 85.9 ae g IVM/kg dung, and NOEC and LOEC of 3.16 and 10.0 ae g IVM/kg dung, respectively. After cattle were treated with ivermectin at the recommended dose, the ivermectin concentration in their dung during the two first weeks after administration far exceeded the thresholds determined for E. intermedius.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Coordination defects in amorphous silicon and hydrogenated amorphous silicon: a characterization from first-principles calculations. We study by means of the first-principles pseudopotential method the coordination defects in amorphous silicon and hydrogenated amorphous silicon, also in their formation and their evolution upon hydrogen interaction. An accurate analysis of the valence charge distribution and of the 'electron localization function' allows us to resolve possible ambiguities in the bonding configuration, and in particular to identify clearly threefold (T-3) and fivefold (T-5) coordinated defects. We found that electronic states in the gap can be associated with both kinds of defect and that in both cases the interaction with hydrogen can reduce the density of states in the gap.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 12]}
{"token": "Humour in Sports Coaching: 'It's a Funny Old Game'. The primary purpose of this article was to investigate the use and manifestation of humour within sports coaching. This was particularly in light of the social significance of humour as a critical component in cultural creation and negotiation. Data were gathered from a 10-month ethnographic study that tracked the players and coaches of Senghenydd City Football Club (a pseudonym) over the course of a full season. Precise methods of data collection included participant observation, reflective personal field notes, and ethnographic film. The results demonstrated the dominating presence of both 'inclusionary putdowns' and 'disciplinary humour', particularly in relation to how they contributed to the production and maintenance of the social order. Finally, a reflective conclusion discusses the temporal nature of the collective understanding evident among the group at Senghenydd, and its effect on the humour evident. In doing so, the work contributes to the body of knowledge regarding the social role of humour within sports coaching.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Movement disorders in Latin America. The authors review some particularities of movement disorders (MDs) in the ethnically diverse population of Latin America. Although idiopathic diseases are evenly prevalent, access to treatment encounters difficulties that are worth discussing. Infectious-parasitic diseases observed throughout the continent occasionally present as MDs, and will be individually reviewed. Inherited MDs with regional foci of increased prevalence, particularly spinocerebellar ataxias, will also be considered. Whereas there is no treatment for genetic disorders, most of the other conditions are preventable or amenable to adequate treatment. Hope for better health standards for the Latin American population lies in profound social and political changes that are still to come. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Complementary alternative treatments used by patients with cancer in Eastern Turkey. Interest in complementary-alternative medicine therapies is growing rapidly in Turkey. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to determine the types and prevalence of alternative therapies used by the patients with a diagnosis of cancer, and to determine factors influencing the choices of their therapies in Erzurum, Turkey. Approximately 10-minute face-to-face interviews were conducted with each subject in the radiation oncology department. The factors associated with the use of alternative therapies after a diagnosis of cancer were assessed by chi-square analysis. The findings indicated that complementary-alternative medicine therapies were used by 41.1% of the subjects after their diagnosis, and that all of the alternatives they used were herbs. The most commonly used herb was stinging nettle leaf (urtica dioica) or seed of nettle. Almost all (93.2%) of the herbs used were nettle. In general, especially the women and the younger patients of both genders were more likely to be using alternative therapies. There was no difference in demographic and cancer characteristics between users of alternative therapy and nonusers. More than the half of the patients using alternative therapies (54.5%) reportedly did not discuss the use of herbs with their healthcare professionals. Most of the patients using stinging nettle and other herbs therapies reported that they had heard about the use of herbs from friends or relatives (52.3%), or from the other patients in this clinic (43.2%). This study found that there is a high prevalence of alternative therapies used by patients with cancer in eastern Turkey. The use of these alternative therapies requires that nursing professionals rethink staff competency, patient assessment, and patient-focused care. Communication between patients and healthcare professionals should initiate dialogues on this topic for a better understanding of patient choices with regard to treatment options.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Diagnostic strategy for females suspected of Fabry disease. A total of 11 948 females suspicious of Fabry disease were tested by a combined biochemical and genetic approach. The enzyme activity, together with the concentration of lyso-GL-3 (lyso-Gb3) biomarker in dried blood spots (DBS), substantially improved the diagnostic detection of Fabry disease in females compared to the enzyme activity alone. Abnormal values for both were highly suspicious of Fabry disease (97% positive predictive value [PPV], similar to PPV in males). In cases with one abnormal biochemical value, elevated lyso-GL-3 is a far more important indicator than low enzyme activity (39% PPV vs 6% PPV). Cases with clearly negative results for both biochemical parameters are unlikely to have Fabry disease, even in clinically highly suspicious cases.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "TRANSFORMATIONS OF SPACE AND SPATIAL FORMS IN LITERATURE. In this paper we will focus on such kinds of symmetry in literature as transformations of space and spatial forms. These kinds include cases of transformations of interior and exterior spaces (N.Gogol, V.Nabokov, F.Kafka etc.) and cases of transformations of spatial forms including human bodies (J.Swift, F.Rabelais, Ch. Perrault, H.-C. Andersen, N.Nosov etc.)", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Social Management and Bildung: Reflections on the Importance of Formation to the Democratization in the Public Sectors. The objective of this paper is to recue the concept of formation, in adornian sense, and reflect on how this differs from professionalization and affects social management. The starting point for this was the discussions that were occurring in the center of political agenda on the reform of the State and its administration in Brazil. Then we conducted a dialectical analysis of professionalization and formation of public managers, stressing that, to enable social democratic management, we need people to be formed and not professionalized. Finally, we discuss some possible paths for the formation of public managers.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Self-regeneration of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) as affected by seedling density and soil tillage method in a semi-arid agroecosystem. Vicia villosa Roth is a forage legume with the capability for biological N fixation and natural reseeding, which could contribute to sustainability in semi-arid regions. This study aimed to determine (i) the relationship between vetch density, seed production and spontaneous seed dispersal; (ii) the impact of the postdispersal tillage treatment over the soil seedbank dynamics; and (iii) potential predation of the seedbank by feral pigeons. A density range between 50 and 200 plants m(-2) did not influence seed production or seed dispersal. Shallow disc tillage (SDT) clearly favoured self-regeneration, resulting in higher amount of emerged seedlings during autumn compared to no tillage (NT). Based on observed emergence data, the percentage of emerged seedlings under SDT and NT were 38 and 6% of the seedbank, respectively, during 18 months after plot harvest. The lowest emergence values registered under NT could be associated with higher pressure from natural predators, soil-borne pathogens, seed decay by ageing and false breaks. The feral pigeon (Columba livia var.) might be considered the main cause of vetch seedbank depletion in this study. Under controlled conditions, a single pigeon is able to consume, on average, between 184 and 768 seeds per day, depending on seed exposure and alternative food sources availability.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Factors affecting variation in farm yields of irrigated lowland rice in southern-central Benin. For increasing rice production in West Africa, both expansion of rice harvested area and raising rice yield are required. Development of small-scale irrigation schemes is given high priority in national rice development plans. For realizing potential of the newly developed schemes, it is essential to understand yield level, farmers' crop management practices and production constraints. A series of field surveys were conducted in six small-scale irrigation schemes in Zou department, Benin during the dry season in 2010-2011 to assess variation in rice yields and identify factors affecting the variation. The schemes were established between 1969 and 2009. Rice yields ranged from 1.3 to 7.8 t ha(-1) with an average yield of 4.8 t ha(-1). The average yield was only 2.9 t ha(-1) for newer irrigation schemes developed in 2002 and 2009. Multiple regression analysis using farmers' crop management practices as well as abiotic and biotic stresses as independent variables revealed that 75% of the variation in yields could be explained by five agronomic factors (fallow residue management, ploughing method, water stress, rat damage and N application rate) and two edaphic factors (sloped surfaces and sand content in the soil). Removing fallow residue from the fields for land preparation reduced yields. Yields were lower in plots ploughed by hand than by machine. Sloped surface, water stress and rat damage reduced yields. Yield increase due to N application ranged from 0.8 to 1.6 t ha(-1). Higher sand content was associated with lowered yields. The low yields in new irrigation schemes caused by sub-optimal crop management practices suggest that farmer-to-farmer learning and extension of good agricultural principles and practices can increase yields. Organizational capacity is also important to ensure the use of common resources such as irrigation water and tractors for land preparation. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Development of a Microbiological Paper-Based Analytical Device to Detect Fecal Contamination of Water in Resource-Limited Settings. Microbial contamination of water is a significant burden to public health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. To develop an affordable and user-friendly method for detecting microbial water contamination in resource-limited settings, a business card-sized device, named the MicroBioPAD, was developed using filter paper saturated with the chromogenic sugar X-Gal. This device was compared to the standard most probable number (MPN) test and a plate culture-based test to assess fecal pollution of water in Nepal. A total of 120 water samples were collected from the Central (Kathmandu) and Southern (Chitwan) regions; these included 36 samples from three major rivers and 84 samples from various drinking water sources. The MPN and plate culture tests revealed fecal contamination in 93.1 and 27.3% of the samples collected in Kathmandu and Chitwan, respectively, with the levels of E. coli ranging from < 3 to >= 1100 CFU/100 ml in the Kathmandu water samples and < 3 to 160 CFU/100 ml in the Chitwan water samples. Compared to the standard culture-based tests, the MicroBioPAD produced positive results within a shorter time (24 h) and showed a 100% accuracy of detection for samples containing >= 3 E. coli CFU/ml, suggesting a detection limit of 3 E. coli CFU/ml when using only 100 mu l of the sample. The MicroBioPAD will be useful as a relatively faster semi-quantitative device to determine water suitability for bathing, cleaning, and recreational purposes.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Socioeconomic and geographic variations in antenatal care coverage in Angola: further analysis of the 2015 demographic and health survey. Background In African countries, including Angola, antenatal care (ANC) coverage is suboptimal and maternal mortality is still high due to pregnancy and childbirth-related complications. There is evidence of disparities in the uptake of ANC services, however, little is known about both the socio-economic and geographic-based disparity in the use of ANC services in Angola. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of socio-economic, urban-rural and subnational inequality in ANC coverage in Angola. Methods We analyzed data from the 2015 Angola Demographic and Health Survey (ADHS) using the World Health Organization (WHO) Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT) software. The analysis consisted of disaggregated ANC coverage rates using four equity stratifiers (economic status, education, residence, and region) and four summary measures (Difference, Population Attributable Risk, Ratio and Population Attributable Fraction). To measure statistical significance, an uncertainty interval (UI) of 95% was constructed around point estimates. Results The study showed both absolute and relative inequalities in coverage of ANC services in Angola. More specifically, inequality favored women who were rich (D = 54.2, 95% UI; 49.59, 58.70, PAF = 43.5, 95% UI; 40.12, 46.92), educated (PAR = 19.9, 95% UI; 18.14, 21.64,R = 2.14, 95% UI; 1.96, 2.32), living in regions such as Luanda (D = 51.7, 95% UI; 43.56, 59.85,R = 2.64, 95% UI; 2.01, 3.26) and residing in urban dwellings (PAF = 20, 95% UI; 17.70, 22.38, PAR = 12.3, 95% UI; 10.88, 13.75). Conclusion The uptake of ANC services were lower among poor, uneducated, and rural residents as well as women from the Cuanza Sul region. Government policy makers must consider vulnerable subpopulations when designing needed interventions to improve ANC coverage in Angola to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal of reducing global maternal mortality ratio to 70 deaths per 100,000 live births.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Human Parechovirus Type 3 and 4 Associated With Severe Infections in Young Children. Conclusions: The findings reported in this study suggest that HPeV4 can cause sepsis-like disease in young infants and be present in cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, this report shows that HPeV findings in children with more severe symptoms occur also in Finland.Methods: An HPeV specific real-time reverese transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to detect HPeV RNA. We analyzed altogether 200 middle-ear fluid samples, 192 nasopharyngeal aspirates, 79 cerebrospinal fluid specimens and 50 serum and 5 fecal or fecal culture samples. Positive samples were typed by sequencing the VP1 region.Background: The symptoms observed in children with human parechovirus (HPeV) infection vary widely from asymptomatic or mild gastrointestinal infections to more severe central nervous system infections and sepsis-like disease. Many of the disease associations are, however, only suggestive. In this study, we examined the connection between HPeV and acute otitis media, lower respiratory infections and suspected central nervous system infections.Results: Seven (8%) of 85 children with suspected central nervous system infections were positive for HPeV. Of these, 4 (all in autumn 2012 and from children <3 months of age) were typed to be HPeV4, whereas 1 child had HPeV3. HPeV4 was detected from stool, serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The children with acute otitis media tested HPeV positive in 2.5% episodes. In the lower respiratory cases, HPeV was absent.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 27]}
{"token": "Jewish Fighters in Britain in Historical Context: Repugnance, Requiem, Reconsideration. Despite Jewish boxers being plentiful and among its leaders for more than a century, and vital on the business side to the present, until recently there has been relatively little scholarly attention paid to the phenomenon. A Jewish Museum exhibition in 2007 revealed, however, intense interest in the subject. Prior to boxing becoming marginalized in British society in the last three or four decades, it was regarded suspiciously by many individual Jews and communal bodies because of its associations with gambling and criminality. Yet a strong case may be made that boxing and its memory are integral to the Jewish historical experience and remain a passion for significant numbers of British Jews. The greater society, and the more thoughtful boxers today, recognize that there was something remarkable about Jews' engagement in the sport.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "COMMON CHALLENGES AND BEST PRACTICES FOR TEACHING GENDER AND SEXUALITY COURSES. In teaching gender and sexuality courses, we have identified several common challenges. These challenges range from those involving the teaching situation (e.g., identifying optimal class size or class meeting times, choosing the right text), to those involving the students (e.g., dealing with unequal gender ratios, stemming misinformation presented by students, fostering an atmosphere of respect, engaging reluctant students in class discussion), to those involving the instructor (e.g., recognizing your own biases, creating appropriate assessments, responding to students seeking personal advice and/or therapy from an instructor). In this commentary we discuss these challenges as well as best practices designed to ameliorate these challenges (e.g., discussing topics in small groups, providing a \\\\'warm-up\\\\' before introducing a difficult topic, preparing the students to discuss sensitive topics respectfully, designing activities to engage reluctant students, developing appropriate assessments). Although there is much agreement about challenges and best practices (both among the current authors as well as in the past literature), future research should empirically assess these practices to validate their efficacy.", "label": [5, 53, 52]}
{"token": "The influence of organic additives on the crystallization and agglomeration of gibbsite. During the crystallization of gibbsite Al(OH)(3), which leads to the synthesis of alumina in the Bayer process, crystals go through a step of agglomeration. In this work, we present a study concerning the influence of different organic compounds, polycarboxylic acids and polyalcohols on the crystallization and agglomeration of gibbsite crystals. It has been determined that they act as crystal habit modifiers and inhibitors of the agglomeration occurring during the formation of alumina crystallites. Simply by following the kinetics of the reaction, it has been observed that polyalcohols are stronger inhibitors than polycarboxylic acids, which can be linked to the structure of gibbsite crystals. The influence of the characteristics of the additive, such as the number of carboxylic groups and the distance between them for polyacids, the stereochemistry and the length of the carbon chain in the case of polyalcohols, is demonstrated to have a significant effect. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Association of risk factors with increased pulse wave velocity detected by a novel method using dual-channel photoplethysmography. Methods: In this study, 100 asymptomatic subjects (54 men and 46 women, 19 to 64 years of age) were enrolled. The PWV was measured both by dual-channel PPG (PWV-DVP) and by the standard method that current used applanation tonometry (PWV-AT). The developed dual-channel PPG system recorded digital volume pulse simultaneously from both the finger and toe. Time of pulse transition was measured on the time delay difference between two digital volume pulses. The PWV was calculated by dividing the distance between finger and toe by that of transit time.Background: Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is correlated with cardiovascular risk. This study presents a new method for measuring the arterial PWV by simultaneously recording the digital volume pulse through the finger and the toe by way of dual-channel photoplethysmography (PPG).Results: The PWV-DVP was significantly correlated with PWV-AT (r = 0.678, P < .01). With multivariate analysis controlled for age, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure, PWV-DVP was still significantly correlated with PWV-AT (r = 0.669, P < .01). Subjects with hypertension and dyslipidemia had significant higher PWV detected by both methods.Conclusion: This study showed that PWV measured with dual-channel PPG system correlated very well with that measured using the traditional method.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Defective Viral Genomes: Critical Danger Signals of Viral Infections. Viruses efficiently block the host antiviral response in order to replicate and spread before host intervention. The mechanism initiating antiviral immunity during stealth viral replication is unknown, but recent data demonstrate that defective viral genomes generated at peak virus replication are critical for this process in vivo. This article summarizes the supporting evidence and highlights gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms and impact of immunostimulatory defective viral genomes generated during natural infections.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Sex-specific and hormone-controlled expression of a vitellogenin-encoding gene in the gypsy moth. A 2.5 kb cDNA clone, pz64, was isolated from late last instar larvae of female L. dispar by differential screening. This clone has 38% amino acid sequence (deduced) and 55% nucleic acid sequence similarities with the 3'-end of high molecular weight vitellogenin in Bombyx mori (silkworm). When used as a probe in northern analysis of L. dispar mRNA, this cDNA hybridized to a 5.3 kb transcript in female last instar larvae, pupae, and adults, but not to male last instar larvae and adults. This cDNA did not hybridize to mRNA from M. sexta or S. frugiperda. Expression of the 5.3 kb vitellogenin transcript hybridizing to the 2.5 kb cDNA clone was suppressed in 5-day-old last instar larvae of female L. dispar treated on day 2 with doses of the juvenile hormone analog, methoprene, greater than 10 nmol. Apparently, the high in vivo titer of juvenile hormone during the first 2 days of the last instar represses the transcription of vitellogenin mRNA. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Microvitellogenin and vitellogenin cDNA from Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) were tested for use as molecular probes to investigate the expression of genes coding for vitellogenins in Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) and Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth). Cross-hybridization was not observed between the M. sexta cDNAs and S. frugiperda DNA and mRNA. Vitellogenin cDNA from M. sexta did not hybridize to L. dispar DNA or mRNA. However, the 834 bp microvitellogenin cDNA from M. sexta hybridized to an approximately 850 bp transcript in L. dispar mRNA.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Challenging the Constitution: Convening a Mock Constitutional Convention for American Government Students. Simulations are useful tools in the classroom for an assortment of pedagogical reasons. I have devised a mock constitutional convention for use in introductory American government courses to better engage students and spur critical thinking about the U.S. Constitution. This article details the particulars of the simulation and its outcomes.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Maree's Backyard: Intercultural Collaborations for Indigenous Sovereignty in Melbourne. In this article, four women engage, talk, and write about Indigenous sovereignty in Australia's southeast-the region of Australia most devastated by colonial incursion and the site of vibrant cultural activism in the present day. We are two non-Indigenous academics (Sabra Thorner and Fran Edmonds) working together with two Indigenous artist-curators (Maree Clarke and Paola Balla) in a process of collaborative, intercultural culture-making. We mobilise two ethnographic examples-Maree Clarke's backyard and the 2016-2017 Sovereignty exhibition at the Australian Centre for Contemporary Art-to assert that decolonising is an ongoing process which requires that non-Indigenous peoples acknowledge their own privilege, learn Aboriginal histories, imagine both difference and coexistence; and that the goals of decolonisation are as diverse as the activists calling for it. In both contexts, art/culture-making, alongside storytelling, are crucial forms of Indigenous knowledge production, led by Aboriginal women via their engagements with the artworld(s) in Melbourne and beyond.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Le Carte Blanc or la Carte Blanche? Bilingual Children's Acquisition of French Adjective Agreement. Because of less exposure to either language, bilingual children's language acquisition can be delayed relative to monolingual children in domains related to input frequency. This study predicted that the acquisition of gender agreement with adjectives in French would be delayed in bilingual children on a picture description task. The results showed that French-English bilingual preschoolers were less accurate with feminine noun-adjective agreement than monolinguals, a difference attributable to the differences in vocabulary scores, but not significantly less accurate with feminine determiner-adjective agreement. The bilinguals were significantly less accurate with determiner-noun agreement, a difference not attributable to vocabulary score differences. We argue that fewer input tokens lead to delayed gender agreement and fewer input types lead to delayed gender assignment.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 28]}
{"token": "The Old Ashmolean Museum and Oxford's Seventeenth-Century Chymical Community: A Material Culture Approach To Laboratory Experiments. Towards the end of the seventeenth century, Oxford's chymical community came together in the Ashmolean Museum. Founded in 1683, the institution was part of Oxford University and home to the first official chair of chymistry in the country, with practical teaching directed by Robert Plot in the basement laboratory. The information at our disposal is scarce and Plot did not leave us detailed accounts of his laboratory work. However, a large assemblage of ceramic crucibles and distillation apparatus was recovered from the site where the laboratory once operated, an invaluable material perspective on the experimental agenda of one of the most important chymical laboratories in early modern Europe. The scientific analysis of the materials indicates that the work focused on technological innovation in the fields of glassmaking, specialised pottery, and zinc metallurgy, and shows how the laboratory kept close contact with some renowned artisan-entrepreneurs of the time. We argue that material culture offers an informative perspective on chymical practice in and beyond Oxford. The results provide fresh insight into the Old Ashmolean Museum, an institution that grew out of the Baconian spirit, where doing chymistry meant working at the intersection of artisanal and scholarly worlds.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "New rapid detection test with a combination of polymerase chain reaction and immunochromatographic assay for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Recently, we had developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-immunochromatographic assay (ICA) method for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and examined its clinical utility among 138 sputa of patients under suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis. According to the results of fluorochrome staining of acid-fast bacillus, which were confirmed by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, these were 83 specimens (-), 7 specimens (+/-), 30 specimens (1+), 8 specimens (2+), and 10 specimens (3+). These specimens included 4 groups: group 1, 41 specimens of smear (+/-)-(3+) with culture-positive M tuberculosis; group 2, 11 specimens of smear (-) with culture-positive M tuberculosis; group 3, 12 specimens of smear (+/-)-(1+) with culture-positive nontuberculosis mycobacterium (NTM); and group 4, 9 specimens of smear (-) with culture-positive NTM. The positive results of PCR-ICA test and Amplicor M. tuberculosis (Amplicor MTB) test for M tuberculosis are as follows: group 1, 40 positive by PCR-ICA and 39 positive by Amplicor MTB from 41 specimens; group 2, 1 positive by PCR-ICA and 5 positive by Amplicor MTB from 11 specimens; group 3, 0 positive by both tests from 12 specimens; and group 4, 0 positive by both tests from 9 specimens. None of NTM-positive specimens from groups 3 and 4 reacted on the PCR-ICA test for M tuberculosis. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Nursing Practice Environment and Outcomes for Oncology Nursing. Background: It is commonly assumed that oncology nurses experience high job-related burnout and high turnover because their work involves inherent stressors such as caring for patients with serious and often life-threatening illness. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine the differences in outcomes such as job dissatisfaction and burnout between oncology nurses and medical-surgical nurses, and to identify factors that affect oncology nurse outcomes. Methods: A secondary analysis of nurse survey data collected in 2006 including 4047 nurses from 282 hospitals in 3 states was performed; t test and x(2) test compared differences between oncology nurses and medical-surgical nurses in nurse outcomes and their assessments of nurse practice environment, as measured by the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index. Logistic regression models estimated the effect of nurse practice environment on 4 nurse-reported outcomes: burnout, job dissatisfaction, intention to leave the current position, and perceived quality of care. Results: Oncology nurses reported favorable practice environments and better outcomes than did medical-surgical nurses. All 4 subscales of the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index studied were significantly associated with outcomes. Specifically, nurses who reported favorable nursing foundations for quality of care (eg, active in-service or preceptorship programs) were less likely to report burnout and leave their current position. Conclusions: Better practice environments, including nurse foundations for quality care, can help to achieve optimal nurse outcomes. Implications for Practice: Improving hospital practice environments holds significant potential to improve nurse well-being, retention, and quality of care. Specifically, hospitals should consider preceptor programs and continuing education and increase nurses' participation in hospital decision making.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Strategic action or self-control? Adolescent information management and delinquency. Recent scholarship has begun to challenge the prevailing view that children are passive recipients of parental socialization, including the common belief that parental disciplinary practices are central to explaining adolescent problem behaviors. This research shows that children exert a significant influence over parents via information management, or the degree to which children disclose information about their behavior to parents. Despite the incorporation of child information management into contemporary models of parenting, significant theoretical and empirical concerns cast doubt on its utility over classic parent-centered approaches. The current paper addresses these concerns and adjudicates between disparate definitions of adolescent information management in two ways. First, it provides a theoretically grounded definition of information management as agentic behavior. Second, it specifies a model that tests definitions of secret keeping as agentic against a non-agentic definition of secret keeping supplied by criminological theories of self-control. The model is estimated with three four-wave cross-lagged panel models, which disentangle the interrelationships between parenting, child concealment of information, and child problem behavior in a sample of high risk youth. The results offer support for a definition of concealment as strategic and self-regarding, and have implications for research on delinquency, parent-child interactions, and child agency.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Environmental Hazards, Hot, Cold, Altitude, and Sun. There has been an increase in both recreational and adventure travel to extreme environments. Humans can successfully acclimatize to and perform reasonably well in extreme environments, provided that sufficient time is given for acclimatization (where possible) and that they use appropriate behavior. This is aided by a knowledge of the problems likely to be encountered and their prevention, recognition, and treatment.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "On the history of Ludwig von Bertalanffy's 'General Systemology', and on its relationship to cybernetics - part III: convergences and divergences. Bertalanffy's so-called \\\\'general system theory\\\\' (GST) and cybernetics were and are often confused: this calls for clarification. In this article, Bertalanffy's conceptions and ideas are compared with those developed in cybernetics in order to investigate the differences and convergences. Bertalanffy was concerned with first order cybernetics. Nonetheless, his perspectivist epistemology is also relevant with regard to developments in second order cybernetics, and the latter is therefore also considered to some extent. W. Ross Ashby's important role as mediator between GST and cybernetics is analysed. The respective basic epistemological approaches, scientific approaches and inherent world views are discussed. We underline the complementarity of cybernetic and \\\\'organismic\\\\' trends in systems research within the unitary hermeneutical framework of \\\\'general systemology\\\\'.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Analysis of entropy generation of ferrofluid flow in the microchannel with twisted porous ribs: The two-phase investigation with various porous layers. Heat sinks arc always in the center of electronic cooling researchers' attention. Microchannels, due to their increased surface and better thermal performance than that of normal heat sinks were used in electronic cooling devices. In this numerical investigation, the first and second laws of the thermodynamic impact of twisted porous ribs on the microchannel were studied. The effects of the Reynolds number and volume fraction of nanoparticles were investigated. The range of Reynolds number was 250 to 1000. All types of the microchannel in this study consisted of a clear microchannel, a twisted porous ribbed microchannel with two and three layers of twisted porous ribs. The results show that by inserting porous ribs, the local cross-section decreases, and the local Reynolds number increases. Also, twisted porous ribs are the cause of nanofluid flow circulation and make the heat transfer coefficient greater. Increasing the porous layer from one layer to three layers has an increasing effect on the heat transfer coefficient, and the friction factor and increasing the so is the reason for increasing the friction factor. Finally, the microchannel with triple layers of twisted porous ribs has better performance in total entropy generation, and by inserting twisted porous ribs, the entropy generation decreases. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Behavioral Parameters of Planarians (Girardia tigrina) as Fast Screening, Integrative and Cumulative Biomarkers of Environmental Contamination: Preliminary Results. The present study aims to use behavioral responses of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on the aquatic ecosystem of the watershed Araguaia-Tocantins (Tocantins, Brazil). Behavioral responses are integrative and cumulative tools that reflect changes in energy allocation in organisms. Thus, feeding rate and locomotion velocity (pLMV) were determined to assess the effects induced by the laboratory exposure of adult planarians to water samples collected in the region of Tocantins-Araguaia, identifying the sampling points affected by contaminants. Furthermore, physicochemical and microbiological parameters, as well as the presence of inorganic compounds (dissolved aluminum, total barium, total chloride, dissolved iron, total fluoride, total manganese, nitrates, nitric nitrogen, total sulfate, total zinc) and surfactants, were determined on each specific sampling point. The behavioral biomarkers (feeding rate and pLMV) of the freshwater planarians were significantly decreased when organisms were exposed to water samples from four municipalities (Formoso do Araguaia, Lagoa da Confusao, Gurupi and Porto Nacional), sites of the Tocantins-Araguaia hydrographic region-TAHR. Both behavioral biomarkers decreased up to similar to 37-39% compared to organisms in ASTM medium only. Our results showed that these behavioral biomarkers can be used for fast screening monitoring of environmental samples of freshwater ecosystems, since a decrease in feeding rate and locomotor activity was observed in sites impacted by anthropogenic activities. However, the absence of effects observed in some sampling points does not represent the absence of contamination, since several other classes of contaminants were not determined. In these negative results, the absence of deleterious effects on behavioral biomarkers might only be indicative that the potential presence of contaminants on such sites does not significantly affect the performance of planarians. This fast screening approach seems to be useful to determine contaminated sites in freshwater ecosystems for biomonitoring purposes. This knowledge will help to develop biomonitoring programs and to decide appropriate sampling sites and analysis.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. Testing the Black Hole Metric. Astrophysical black holes are expected to be described by the Kerr metric. This is the only stationary, vacuum, axisymmetric metric, without electromagnetic charge, that satisfies Einstein's equations and does not have pathologies outside of the event horizon. We present new constraints on potential deviations from the Kerr prediction based on 2017 EHT observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*). We calibrate the relationship between the geometrically defined black hole shadow and the observed size of the ring-like images using a library that includes both Kerr and non-Kerr simulations. We use the exquisite prior constraints on the mass-to-distance ratio for Sgr A* to show that the observed image size is within similar to 10% of the Kerr predictions. We use these bounds to constrain metrics that are parametrically different from Kerr, as well as the charges of several known spacetimes. To consider alternatives to the presence of an event horizon, we explore the possibility that Sgr A* is a compact object with a surface that either absorbs and thermally reemits incident radiation or partially reflects it. Using the observed image size and the broadband spectrum of Sgr A*, we conclude that a thermal surface can be ruled out and a fully reflective one is unlikely. We compare our results to the broader landscape of gravitational tests. Together with the bounds found for stellar-mass black holes and the M87 black hole, our observations provide further support that the external spacetimes of all black holes are described by the Kerr metric, independent of their mass.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "CSO Reduction by Integrated Model Predictive Control of Stormwater Inflows: A Simulated Proof of Concept Using Linear Surrogate Models. Combined sewer overflows (CSO) of mixed stormwater and wastewater pollute nearby receiving surface waters and pose a risk to the environment and human health. We use \\\\'integrated stormwater inflow control\\\\' to mitigate CSO by dynamically controlling the inflow of stormwater to the combined sewer system in real time, expanding the physical space of traditional real-time control. This control is carried out with model predictive control (MPC), which we base on convex optimization including a linear internal surrogate model of the controllable aboveground and belowground infrastructure. A detailed hydrodynamic model is used to evaluate the results and recursively initialize the surrogate model. MPC dynamically decides when to let stormwater enter the sewer system and when to store and convey excess stormwater in the aboveground infrastructure otherwise intended for passive cloudburst management. The performance was quantified in a simulation study in Copenhagen, Denmark, using a 1-D distributed hydrodynamic model and 32 rain events from 2016, of which 18 caused CSO in the situation without control. Four of the 18 CSO events were avoided with MPC, and the total CSO volume was reduced by 98.4% of the potential reducible volume. For one event, stormwater was unnecessarily kept on the surface because the surrogate model wrongly predicted a CSO. The computational cost was in all cases compatible with an operational implementation. With the invention of proper actuators for control of stormwater inflows, we show that MPC of stormwater inflows may be a viable supplement to more traditional passive ways of managing stormwater in urban areas.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Searching for antibodies specific for human cytomegalovirus: Is it diagnostically useful? When and how. Diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can be obtained by direct demonstration of the virus or virus components in pathological materials or indirectly through serology. Serological diagnosis gives only indirect evidence of the presence of the virus, and is problematic because of the immunological disorders occurring in most patients at risk of developing a CMV infection. Furthermore, antigenic reagents used in commercially available kits are not standardized and discordant results are often obtained. However, serology is cheaper than the other diagnostic tests, requires a short execution time, is safe and can be completely automated. Therefore, it is worthwhile exploring the possible application fields in which the use of serology is justified nowadays. This is what this review will attempt to do.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Are Green Fund Investors Really Socially Responsible?. This paper investigates the performance, fund characteristics, fund flow of green fund and the impact of subprime mortgage crisis on fund flow volatility. In terms of fund performance, our results show that there is no consistently significant difference between performance of green funds and conventional funds. As for fund characteristics, green funds are more sensitive to market and size risks compared to conventional funds, while they are less sensitive to value and momentum factors than conventional funds. Consistent with prior literature, there exists an asymmetric phenomenon for green funds, that is, fund flows of green funds are significantly related to lagged positive return but not significantly associated with lagged negative returns in normal market conditions. During the subprime mortgage crisis, both mature green and mature conventional funds experienced fund outflows. However, volatility of green funds flows is much lower than their conventional counterparts. Our results suggest that green fund investors can derive utility from the social responsibility attribute, and they are really more socially responsible when making investment decisions.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "CHANGING VOTES, CHANGING IDENTITIES? RACIAL FLUIDITY AND VOTE SWITCHING IN THE 2012-2016 US PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS. Although racial identity is usually assumed to be unchanging, recent research shows otherwise. The role of politics in racial identity change has received little attention. Using panel data with waves around two recent presidential elections, this article reveals survey evidence of racial fluidity and its strong relationship with vote switching patterns. Across several models and robust to various controls, switching from a non-Republican vote in 2012 to a 2016 Republican vote (i.e., non-Romney to Trump) significantly predicts nonwhite to white race change. Among nonwhites who did not vote Republican in 2012, switching to a Republican vote in 2016 increases the probability of adopting a white racial identity from a 0.03 baseline to 0.49, a 1,533 percent increase. Individuals originally identifying as Mixed and Hispanic drive this identity-voting link A parallel dynamic on the Democratic side-new Democratic voters moving from white to non-white identities-does not occur. The systematic relationship between Trump switching and white identity adoption is unlikely to be spurious or due to measurement error, does not appear for the 2008-2012 election period, and makes theoretical sense in light of 2016 campaign rhetoric and trends in political-social identity alignment.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "YHWH'S PERSONAL IDENTITY - A PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE. In this article a new riddle for Hebrew Bible theologians is introduced. It concerns the philosophical problem of YHWH's personal identity within the world in the text. Given theological pluralism in the deity's profile, what did being YHWH as depicted from one text to the next, necessarily consist in? In view of the seeming persistence of YHWH's identity over time, the question that is asked and answered is whether it is possible to offer criteria that will specify the necessary and sufficient conditions for being YHWH across all actual worlds in the text.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The impact of decay and disarticulation on the preservation of fossil birds. Taphonomic experiments on bird carcasses were carried out at two field sites in southern Florida, a brackish swamp and a marine embayment. Observations were made on. carcasses protected by metal cages, and unprotected carcasses. Scavengers were the primary agent of degradation in the case of unprotected carcasses. The sequence of morphological de cay was similar in brackish and marine conditions, and there was no significant difference in the rate of weight Loss. This provides a basis for the interpretation of fossil examples from selected Lagerstatten: Solnhofen (Jurassic), and Messel, Green River and Seymour Island (Eocene). These fossil avifaunas show varying degrees of transport-induced disarticulation, reflecting the original habitat of the birds and the conditions of deposition. A decay equation derived from experimentally produced weight-loss data allows the time elapsed between death and stabilization of the carcass to be estimated for fossil birds. This provides constraints on taphonomic interpretations of the Lagerstatten in which they occur.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Natural catastrophe insurance: How should the government intervene?. This paper develops a theoretical framework for analyzing the decision to provide or buy insurance against the risk of natural catastrophes. In contrast to conventional models of insurance, the insurer has a non-zero probability of insolvency which depends on the distribution of the risks, the premium rate, and the amount of capital in the company. When the insurer is insolvent, each loss reduces the indemnity available to the victims, thus generating negative pecuniary externalities. Our model shows that government-provided insurance will be more attractive in terms of expected utility, as it allows these negative pecuniary externalities to be spread equally among policyholders. However, when heterogeneous risks are introduced, a government program may be less attractive in safer areas, which could yield inefficiency if insurance ratings are not chosen appropriately. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Select nutrients and their effects on conceptus development in mammals. The dialogue between the mammalian conceptus (embryo/fetus and associated membranes) involves signaling for pregnancy recognition and maintenance of pregnancy during the critical pen-implantation period of pregnancy when the stage is set for implantation and placentation that precedes fetal development. Uterine epithelial cells secrete and/or transport a wide range of molecules, including nutrients, collectively referred to as histotroph that are transported into the fetal-placental vascular system to support growth and development of the conceptus. The availability of uterine-derived histotroph has long-term consequences for the health and well-being of the fetus and the prevention of adult onset of metabolic diseases. Histotroph includes numerous amino acids, but arginine plays a particularly important role as a source of nitric oxide and polyamines required for fetal-placental development in rodents, swine and humans through mechanisms that remain to be fully elucidated. Mechanisms whereby arginine regulates expression of genes via the mechanistic target of rapamycin cell signaling pathways critical to conceptus development, implantation and placentation are discussed in detail in this review. (C) 2015 Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.", "label": [0, 6, 10]}
{"token": "Smallholders' land access in Sub-Saharan Africa: A new landscape?. While scholars long recognized the importance of land markets as a key driver of rural non-farm development and transformation in rural areas, evidence on the extent of their operation and the nature of participants remains limited. We use household data from 6 countries to show that there is great potential for such markets to increase productivity and equalize factor ratios. While rental markets transfer land to land-poor and labor-rich producers, their operation and thus impact may be constrained by policy restrictions. Their functioning may also be constrained by ill-defined or insecure rights that may arise from failure to fully compensate existing rights in cases of expropriation, a failure to implement more broadly land policies or to do so in a gender sensitive manner. Methodological and substantive conclusions are derived. (C) 2016 The World Bank. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [0, 2, 5, 6, 22, 49, 8]}
{"token": "Behavioral and ultrastructural effects of novaluron on Aedes aegypti larvae. Chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) are supposed to inhibit formation of chitin microfibrils in newly synthesized cuticle during molting process. Conversely, there has been comparatively few data on morphological effects of CSI on non-target insect organs. In this work, the effects of the CSI novalumn on behavior and midgut of A. aegypti were evaluated. Toxicity bioassays revealed that novaluron is toxic to A. aegypti larva with LC50 = 18.57 mg L-1 when exposed in aqueous solution for 24 h. Novaluron treated larvae were less active and spent more time resting compared to the control group. Histopathology showed that midguts of novaluron-treated larvae had cytoplasm vacuolization and damaged brush border. Cytotoxic effects in midguts of treated larvae induced necrosis, autophagy and damage to mitochondria. Despite being chitin synthesis inhibitor, novaluron did not induce alterations in the integument of A. aegypti larvae. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the number of digestive cells were higher in novalumn-treated larvae than in control, in response to digestive cell apoptosis. The present study highlights the importance of novaluron against A. aegypti larvae by causing injuries to non-target organs, altering behaviors, inducing cell death and inhibiting cell proliferation.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Research on creep constitutive model of steel cables. Creep and stress relaxation of steel cables caused by long-term loads will affect the mechanical behavior of tensile structures. A creep experiment of small-diameter steel cables was conducted at normal temperatures to determine the creep constitutive model of the cables using the time-creep strain data for different prestress levels. The viscoelastic Kelvin chain model was used to fit the data, and the creep constitutive equation of the cable was determined. An iterative expression suitable for ANSYS finite element analysis was derived, and the constitutive model was validated with MATLAB programs. The creep constitutive equation was used for the time-dependent analysis of a cable net structure. The results showed that creep caused stress relaxation of the cable net and caused structural element displacements. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Penetrating the peristrephic: An unwritten chapter in the history of the panorama. Of all the 'things panoramic', the peristrephic panorama remains one of the least well known. It is usually mentioned in passing in the histories of the panorama, but both its form as a spectacle and its historical vicissitudes have remained obscure. This article discusses in a condensed manner the origins, evolution, forms and reception of the peristrephic panorama. It reconstructs the institutional development of this form from its earliest beginnings, excavating the careers of showmen like Messrs Marshall and J.B. Laidlaw. It then explains the forms the shows took by engaging in a close reading of contemporary descriptions - in particular, the one by the German prince Hermann Pueckler-Muskau. The article proceeds to discuss some of the discursive manifestations the peristrephic panorama gave rise to, illuminating its position within the wider cultural fabric. The study shows that the peristrephic panorama had a character of its own as a transitionary form between the static circular panoramas and the later moving panorama shows.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "A theoretical study of special acoustic effects caused by the staircase of the El Castillo pyramid at the Maya ruins of Chichen-Itza in Mexico. It is known that a handclap in front of the stairs of the great pyramid of Chichen Itza produces a chirp echo which sounds more or less like the sound of a Quetzal bird. The present work describes precise diffraction simulations and attempts to answer the critical question what physical effects cause the formation of the chirp echo. Comparison is made with experimental results obtained from David Lubman. Numerical simulations show that the echo shows a strong dependence on the kind of incident sound. Simulations are performed for a (delta function like) pulse and also for a real handclap. The effect of reflections on the ground in front of the pyramid is also discussed. The present work also explains why an observer seated on the lowest step of the pyramid hears the sound of raindrops falling in a water filled bucket instead of footstep sounds when people, situated higher up the pyramid, climb the stairs. (C) 2004 Acoustical Society of America.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
{"token": "Dimensions of the vestibular and tympanic scalae of the cochlea in selected mammals. The spiral shaped organ of hearing occurs only in mammals. This shape creates good conditions for the acoustic wave inside the cochlea. There are various forms of the cochlea in different species of mammal: the number of turns ranges from 1.5 to 4.5, a fact for which there seems no obvious explanation. In order to become more familiar with the geometry of the cochlear scalae in animals, a microanatomical study was carried out on 40 temporal bones, obtained from four common species of mammal: cat, dog, cattle and macaca. The bones were dissected with the aid of an operation microscope using standard otosurgical equipment, in which their perilymphatic spaces were filled with latex and further prepared in a formalin stain. Each of the rubber molds was removed from the osseous matrix and subsequently manually cut into I mm segments. The results, presented in diagrams, indicate that the vestibular and tympanic scalae present alternate dominance in their width and height, as was previously found in a study of humans. The change of this alternation domination appears two to five times on their entire length. The dimensions of the cochlear scalae are to a certain extent proportional to the weight of the animals the largest were found in cattle and the smallest in the macaca. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Periapical lesions in hominids: Abscesses on the maxilla of a 2 million-year-old early Homo specimen. Periapical lesions can develop after exposure of a tooth's pulp chamber and are commonly associated with heavy crown wear, trauma, or caries. In this study, maxilla and mandible fragments from the South African fossil hominin collections were studied, including specimens assigned to Homo naledi, Paranthropus robustus, Australopithecus africanus, and early Homo. Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, and Homo sapiens were also studied for comparative purposes. Only one fossil hominin specimen displayed voids consistent with periapical lesions. The specimen, SK 847, is described as early Homo and has been dated to 2.3-1.65 Ma. There is one definite periapical lesion and likely more with post-mortem damage, all on the anterior aspect of the maxilla and associated with the incisors. The lesions originate from the apices of the incisor roots and are therefore unlikely to represent a systemic disease such as multiple myeloma. The one well-preserved lesion was likely an abscess rather than a cyst or granuloma, with a rounded thickened rim around the lesion. These lesions in an early Homo specimen highlight that this individual used their anterior dentition extensively, to the point that the pulp chambers were exposed on multiple teeth. This is one of the earliest hominin examples of periapical lesions and shows that this individual was able to cope with potentially several concurrent abscesses, clearly surviving for an extended period. Periapical lesions are relatively common in the great ape (P. troglodytes: 1.99%; G. gorilla gorilla: 1.86%) and human samples (2.50%) but absent in large samples of P. robustus and A. africanus (n = 0/373 teeth). Therefore, this finding adds additional information to the history of dental pathology in our genus and also suggests that other hominin genera may have been less susceptible to dental abscesses, potentially relating to dietary or behavioural differences.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Redescription, taxonomic revaluation and phylogenetic affinities of Proterochampsa nodosa (Archosauriformes: Proterochampsidae) from the early Late Triassic of the Candelaria Sequence (Santa Maria Supersequence). Proterochampsidae are a group of predatory, putatively semi-aquatic, archosauriforms endemic to the Middle and Upper Triassic strata of Argentina and Brazil (Ischigualasto Formation and Santa Maria Supersequence). Here, the Brazilian species Proterochampsa nodosa from the Candelaria Sequence (Santa Maria Supersequence of the Parana Basin) is revisited with a detailed description, phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revaluation. Through the application of computed tomographic scans, we were able to reveal part of the previously hidden morphology of its mandible and palate. We also discuss further differences between P. nodosa and P. barrionuevoi. The new phylogenetic analysis bolsters the monophyly of Proterochampsidae, the genus Proterochampsa and its position as the basalmost proterochampsid taxon in the clade.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Getting Murray Right. This essay seeks to dispel two common misunderstandings of the argument of We Hold These Truths. Contrary to what is sometimes asserted, it argues, Murray does not turn the American founding into an expression of Thomistic political theory. Although he emphasizes the Christian and medieval roots of the American democratic experiment, Murray also recognizes-even if he does not explore the point systematically-the imprint left on the American founding by distinctively modern intellectual currents. Likewise, it maintains that although the rejection of the natural law tradition under the impact of Enlightenment rationalism figures prominently in Murray's account of the crisis of the modern West, Murray's account of the role of natural law in this crisis must be seen against the backdrop of a broader analysis whose focus is theological and spiritual in nature, and which sees the ultimate source of this crisis in modern culture's rejection of Christian revelation.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Learning Mixtures of Low-Rank Models. We study the problem of learning mixtures of low-rank models, i.e. reconstructing multiple low-rank matrices from unlabelled linear measurements of each. This problem enriches two widely studied settings - low-rank matrix sensing and mixed linear regression - by bringing latent variables (i.e. unknown labels) and structural priors (i.e. low-rank structures) into consideration. To cope with the non-convexity issues arising from unlabelled heterogeneous data and low-complexity structure, we develop a three-stage meta-algorithm that is guaranteed to recover the unknown matrices with near-optimal sample and computational complexities under Gaussian designs. In addition, the proposed algorithm is provably stable against random noise. We complement the theoretical studies with empirical evidence that confirms the efficacy of our algorithm.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Coupled archaeological and ecological analyses reveal ancient cultivation and land use in Nuchatlaht (Nuu-chah-nulth) territories, Pacific Northwest. Indigenous peoples' legacies of plant cultivation and management can have profound effects on contemporary forest structure and species composition long after cultivation has ceased. Despite rich ethnographic accounts of practices like orcharding and fruit tree management in the Pacific Northwest, archaeological and ecological research documenting these practises have been lacking. To investigate ancient and historical land-use and cultivation in Nuchatlaht (Nuu-chah-nulth) territory, we undertook a multidisciplinary study combining archaeological surveys on Nootka Island and ecological analyses of seven anomalous plant communities found adjacent to former village sites. Fifty-seven archaeological sites were inventoried, and 16 previously recorded sites were updated, including six notable village sites. Intensive botanical surveys were subject to indicator species analysis, NMDS, and ANOSIM analysis, which suggest that three putative orchard sites were highly enriched for culturally important and edible fruit and root plants, such as Pacific crabapple (Malus fusca), saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), and wild rice root (Fritillaria camschatcensis), and are highly distinctive compared to nearby sites and regional floristic patterns. Four shell midden sites were characterized by plant communities distinct from both orchard sites and control sites. Our archaeological and ecological analyses, alongside ethnohistorical data, strongly suggest a pattern of ancient and/or historical cultural landscape modification by Nuchatlaht peoples to produce food-bearing plant communities in their territories. This compliments findings in other literature, and what Indigenous peoples have long told researchers, that plant resources were routinely encouraged and harvested across their inhabited landscapes.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Treatment of acute mania with topiramate in hospitalized patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of topiramate in the treatment of acute manic symptoms. Fourteen patients, admitted with an acute manic episode, were treated with topiramate. All required supplementation therapy with benzodiazepines. Nine patients received topiramate as monotherapy four of them required zuclopenthixol acutard 100 mg/48 h intramuscularly (im) for not more than 6 days. In three treatment-resistant patients, topiramate was added to the existing therapy. Finally, in two patients topiramate was coadministered with an antipsychotic from the beginning. Patients were assessed every week for 4 weeks with the Bech and Rafaelsen Mania Scale (BRMS). Mean BRMS scores declined from 26.2 to 11.6 in the fourth week (P<.001): a significant decline (P<.001) was observed after the first week, Response rate (greater than or equal to50% reduction of BRMS) was 61.5% (8 out of 13 patients). All patients tolerated topiramate well. Reduced appetite and weight loss was observed in four patients: however, two patients presented weight gain. These preliminary findings provide support for a modest efficacy of topiramate. especially as monotherapy, in the treatment of acute mania. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "CHRNG genotype-phenotype correlations in the multiple pterygium syndromes. Results CHRNG mutations were identified in 11/41 (27%) of families with EVMPS and 5/59 (8%) with LMPS/FADS. Most patients with a detectable CHRNG mutation (21 of 24 (87.5%)) had pterygia but no CHRNG mutations were detected in the presence of central nervous system anomalies.Methods In order to elucidate further the role of CHRNG mutations in MPS/FADS, this study evaluated the results of CHRNG mutation analysis in 100 families with a clinical diagnosis of MPS/FADS.Background Germline mutations in the CHRNG gene that encodes the g subunit of the embryonal acetylcholine receptor may cause the non-lethal Escobar variant (EVMPS) or the lethal form (LMPS) of multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS). In addition CHRNG mutations and mutations in other components of the embryonal acetylcholine receptor may present with fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS) without pterygia.Discussion The mutation spectrum was similar in EVMPS and LMPS/FADS kindreds and EVMPS and LMPS phenotypes were observed in different families with the same CHRNG mutation. Despite this intrafamilial variability, it is estimated that there is a 95% chance that a subsequent sibling will have the same MPS phenotype (EVMPS or LMPS) as the proband (though concordance is less for more distant relatives). Based on these findings, a molecular genetic diagnostic pathway for the investigation of MPS/FADS is proposed.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Stress, instability and design of underground excavations. When the stress-induced risks to a projects warrant it, in situ stress must be measured. However, as the stress-induced risks increase, i.e.. the stress magnitudes approach the rock mass strength, the confidence in commonly used stress measurement techniques decrease. The design of underground openings Lit depth requires knowledge of the in situ stress state, yet it is for these design conditions where our confidence in stress measurement techniques is at its lowest. To quantify the stress state for these conditions, elements of the Observational Design Method have to be used. These elements rely on the development of a geological site model, documented observations of over stressed rock in pillars or near the boundary Of underground openings, and iterative two- and three-dimensional numerical modelling calibrated with observations. Examples are provided to illustrate how the philosophy of Observational Design Method can be used to infer the in Situ stress state. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 13]}
{"token": "Exploration of changes in pharmacy students' perceptions of and attitudes towards professionalism: outcome of a community pharmacy experiential learning programme in Taiwan. Background A powerful way to nurture and strengthen professionalism is by accruing practice-based experiences. However, few studies in Taiwan have evaluated the impacts of experiential learning programmes on pharmacy students' views on professionalism - the core of quality healthcare practices and services. This study aimed to measure changes in perceptions of and attitudes towards professionalism among third-year pharmacy students following an introductory-intermediate experiential learning course. Methods A single-group pre- and postcourse comparative study using a self-administered survey was conducted in 2017. Pharmacy students in their third year of a six-year programme were eligible to participate in this study. We used a 28-item questionnaire with a 10-point Likert-type scale to assess students' professionalism. Among them, 10 items were employed to assess students' perceived importance of professionalism in pharmacy practice, and another 18 items adapted from the Pharmacy Professionalism Instrument were used to evaluate students' attitudes towards pharmacy professionalism. An independent t test was performed to compare the differences in students' anonymous survey responses before and after the course, with an a priori level of statistical significance of 0.05. Results Fifty-two pharmacy students participated in the study. They showed significant improvement in three tenets of professionalism, namely, altruism (p = 0.035), accountability (p = 0.026), and duty (p = 0.002), after completing the 5-week experiential course. Conclusions Pharmacy students' attitudes towards professionalism were modifiable by purposely designed experiential learning programme in the community setting. Such experiences may help socialize students with positive attitudes towards altruism, accountability, and duty.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Foundation patronage toward citizen groups and think tanks: Who gets grants?. Private foundations are important patrons for nonprofit organizations engaged in research, education, and policy advocacy, but little is known about the allocation of grants to specific organizations. Company-sponsored foundations that fund environmental citizen groups and think tanks seek to purchase good will, while many independent foundations fund specific programs. Given foundation objectives, the allocation of grants depends on recipient organization program activities, governance structure, and mode of operation. Interest organization entrepreneurs can manipulate these variables to create market niches. Stable niches may in turn limit the flexibility of incumbent organizations and the funding sources available for new organizations.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "George B. Dantzig and systems optimization. We pay homage to George B. Dantzig by describing a less well-known part of his legacy - his early and dedicated championship of the importance of systems optimization in solving complex real-world problems. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
{"token": "COMPARISON OF THE KINETICS OF ACETATE BIOMETHANATION BY RAW AND GRANULAR SLUDGES. The specific gas production rate for various anaerobic sludges was determined as a function of acetate concentration at 35-degrees-C and pH 7.0. Three substrate inhibition kinetic equations were fitted to experimental data by a non-linear regression method. The best description was reached with modified Haldane-type kinetics. Comparison of raw and granular sludges of different origin showed reduced sensitivity of granular sludges to substrate inhibition. A continuous experiment with molasses waste-water in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor gave similar results: substrate inhibition continuously decreased as granule development proceeded. By modification of the model real physical meaning was attributed to calculated kinetic parameters. This allowed more adequate comparison with data reported previously based on the equations of Monod and Andrews. Our results are of the same magnitude as previously reported data.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Forecasting of photovoltaic power generation and model optimization: A review. To mitigate the impact of climate change and global warming, the use of renewable energies is increasing day by day significantly. A considerable amount of electricity is generated from renewable energy sources since the last decade. Among the potential renewable energies, photovoltaic (PV) has experienced enormous growth in electricity generation. A large number of PV systems have been installed in on-grid and off-grid systems in the last few years. The number of PV systems will increase rapidly in the future due to the policies of the government and international organizations, and the advantages of PV technology. However, the variability of PV power generation creates different negative impacts on the electric grid system, such as the stability, reliability, and planning of the operation, aside from the economic benefits. Therefore, accurate forecasting of PV power generation is significantly important to stabilize and secure grid operation and promote large-scale PV power integration. A good number of research has been conducted to forecast PV power generation in different perspectives. This paper made a comprehensive and systematic review of the direct forecasting of PV power generation. The importance of the correlation of the input-output data and the preprocessing of model input data are discussed. This review covers the performance analysis of several PV power forecasting models based on different classifications. The critical analysis of recent works, including statistical and machine-learning models based on historical data, is also presented. Moreover, the strengths and weaknesses of the different forecasting models, including hybrid models, and performance matrices in evaluating the forecasting model, are considered in this research. In addition, the potential benefits of model optimization are also discussed.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Role of mesenteric lymph pathway in the effects of exogenous somatostatin against early intestinal injury after ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced gut injury remains a challenge for critically ill patients. This study aims to test whether mesenteric lymph pathway is involved in intestinal I/R injury and whether somatostatin (SST) affects mesenteric lymph pathway after mesenteric reperfusion. Intestinal I/R rats were treated with SST-14 by intravenous injection combined with intraperitoneal injection before occlusion of the SMA until the end of the experiment. When intestinal I/R injury treated with SST, the volumes of mesenteric lymph flow at the 6th h after reperfusion following intestinal ischemia were increased ([0.55 +/- 0.24] ml/h vs [0.25 +/- 0.09] ml/h, p < 0.05) and the number of intestinal lymphocytes per milliliter ([2.30 +/- 0.72] x 10(7)/ml vs [1.16 +/- 0.63] x 10(7)/ml, p < 0.05) was also increased, which caused the number of intestinal lymphocytes output at the same period of time was significantly increased compared with intestinal I/R group ([1.33 +/- 0.88] x 10(7)/h vs [0.28 +/- 0.15] x 10(7)/h, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the number of Cr-51-lymphocytes migration from systemic circulation to the effector sites in GALT was significantly increased ([1.93 +/- 0.23] x 10(5)/h vs [0.90 +/- 0.25] x 10(5)/h, p < 0.05), although the percentage of Cr-51-lymphocytes in the effector sites ([1.45 +/- 0.26]% vs [3.23 +/- 1.69]%, p < 0.05) was sharply decreased compared with intestinal I/R group. The accompanying decreases of the endotoxin concentration ([0.038 +/- 0.017] EU/mL vs [0.110 +/- 0.028] EU/mL, compared with intestinal I/R group p < 0.05) and the TNE-alpha levels ([37.50 +/- 10.45] rho g/ml) vs ([74.93 +/- 14.77] rho g/ml), compared with intestinal I/R group p < 0.05) in mesenteric lymph and the improvement of vital organ dysfunction happened during the early intestinal I/R injury. Suppression of gut-derived toxic mediators reaching systemic circulation and increases of the number of lymphocytes homing to the effector sites in GALT to strengthen the effective immune responses in intestinal mucosa account for the protective effects of exogenous SST against early intestinal I/R injury. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "The parable of the footbridge: Creativity and change in the between. In this article, the author suggests that anthropologists use the creative power of 'the between', an imaginative space of invention, as one way to heal the wounds of contemporary social life. His model for such practice is the sohanci, the sorcerer among the Songhay people of Niger in West Africa. The sohanci is a liminal figure who is always between the village and the bush, between health and illness, between life and death, a vantage that makes him or her a spiritual guardian, a person who dares to use the power of the between to transform social turbulence into social harmony. Like the sohanci, anthropologists have long experience of being between things, and as such, the author argues, they can use the insights derived from their experiences between things to chart paths that lead us to innovation, invention and a future of greater social harmony and social justice. What could be more important for the future of anthropology? What could be more important for the future of us all?", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioners Meeting Rural Mental Health Challenges. OBJECTIVE: To describe the current rural mental health system crisis in the United States and how psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs) can holistically mitigate this systemic issue. METHOD: Respective to the objective, relevant literature is reviewed. RESULTS: PMHNPs have successfully increased access to care in underserved rural communities by practicing at the fullest extent of their scope without mandated supervision, utilizing telepsychiatry practice, while expanding PMHNP rural mental health education and research to meet and absolve pressing rural mental health challenges. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence supports that rural mental health care improves when PMHNPs have full scope of practice, utilize telepsychiatry, engage in related scholarly activity, and have formalized education and training for rural health care delivery, which collectively answer the professional and moral call serving the underserved rural population with mental illness.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
{"token": "Land use regulations and real estate valorization in coastal spaces. The case of Monte Hermoso (Buenos Aires, Argentina). The rules that regulate the use of land are based on the social and ecological function of property Hence, their contents and scope should focus on general over individual concerns and on the search for equity between those who assume costs and get benefits. Our aim is to show that this primacy is declarative but not necessarily effective by presenting the case study of Monte Hermoso (a city located in the SW of Buenos Aires province, Argentina). There, at least two urbanization projects under the direction of different administrations were approved modifying land use regulations. The modification of the rules reversed the prevalence principle (general over the particular) and entailed asymmetric results among beneficiaries.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "USING HUMOUR IN TEACHING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE AT MORE ADVANCED LEVELS. The unique properties of humour make it a valuable tool in the process of teaching and acquiring English as a foreign language, especially when more advanced courses at the university level are concerned. In the first place, using humour based on language play (involving different aspects of linguistic structure) in a variety of teaching materials can be very beneficial to helping students improve their ability with language structures. Moreover, it is important that students develop an awareness of humour that is related to culture in order to achieve better command of English. In order to determine the effect humour has on students' level of attainment, a small-scale study was conducted at the English Department, University of Novi Sad in the course Integrated Language Skills. In the study, humour was used both as a tool, to improve the learning environment, and as a resource for teaching new vocabulary or revising grammatical structures. The results of the study indicate that humour can be applied to teaching a foreign language and improving students' proficiency level. Moreover, using humour both as a tool and as a resource affected students' motivation and willingness to study.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Structural stability despite increased fragmentation: The 2021 county elections in Croatia. The 2021 county elections in Croatia were the perfect example of political change amidst continuity. Relatively new parties and independent candidates made significant inroads against the dominant players of the center-right and the center-left, most notably in the capital city of Zagreb, where a novel leftist political platform won the elections conclusively. The rise of new and credible alternatives resulted in increased fragmentation of the county assemblies and likely more unstable regional governments in the near future. On the other hand, the party that has dominated Croatian politics since independence, Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), continued that dominance on the county-level by winning 15 out of 21 offices of county prefects. More important, the determinants of electoral support for the principal political blocs have remained unchanged from the pattern observed in all national elections since the end of Croatia's War of Independence more than two and a half decades ago.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "The design and implementation of a CBT-based intervention for sensory processing difficulties in adolescents on the autism spectrum. Background: Unusual reactions to sensory input now form part of the diagnostic criteria for autism. These features are common and can have an often-devastating impact on autistic individuals and their families. Yet there are few validated interventions that help to remediate or support autistic individuals' adverse sensory experiences. To date, both measurement of sensory experiences and the resulting interventions have been based on assumptions of neurological sensitivities and largely ignored the role of cognition. This study therefore sought to assess the feasibility of a new 8-week CBT-based group intervention for self-regulation of sensory processing difficulties.Method: Seven cognitively able adolescents diagnosed with autism aged 11-16 years from one mainstream secondary school received the 8-week intervention. Measures of sensory reactivity, anxiety and repetitive behaviours were taken at baseline, post-intervention and follow-up, 8 weeks after the intervention had ceased. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were also conducted with adolescents and their parents to examine further the acceptability of the intervention.Results: The results showed that the intervention itself was feasible - both in its implementation and its acceptability to participants. Qualitative analysis clearly showed that the intervention was effective in raising meta-conscious awareness and self-regulation in these autistic adolescents. Analysis of outcome variables showed no significant change over the intervention period, although effect sizes were moderate-to-large.Conclusions: These preliminary results are encouraging and should inform the design of a future pilot randomized controlled trial to test its efficacy with a larger group of participants. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
{"token": "EXERCISE OF JUDICIAL POWER IN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS THROUGH COMPLIANCE WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE LAW OF UKRAINE. The purpose of the research the Article is devoted to scientific and theoretical research of modern system of principles for administrative procedural law in updated conditions of the Ukrainian state development, based on the needs of qualitative provision and realization of legal rights, freedoms and interests of natural and legal persons in the sphere of public and legal relations. Main content The author analyzed the administrative law regulations, the doctrine of administrative procedural law as for determining nature and significance of the basic principles which determine the nature, structure, social orientation and basic properties of legal regulation of this branch of law, and which on the other side create appropriate organizational and functional conditions for administrative procedural activities. Methodology: Materials and methods research based on the analysis of documentary sources. the basis is the dialectical method of cognition of the facts of social reality, on which the formal legal and comparative legal approaches are largely based. Conclusions. The principles of administrative procedural law can be divided into those that directly reflect the specifics and content of this branch of law, determine its features, purpose, objectives and intention, as well as separately - administrative procedural principles, i.e. basic principles enshrined in administrative procedural law which do not undergo significant changes, determine the nature and content of the activities of all subjects of administrative procedural legal relations.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "A Study on the Deriving Requirements of ARGO Operation System. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) has been developing one mobile and one stationary SLR system since 2008 named as ARGO-M and ARGO-F, respectively. KASI finished the step of deriving the system requirements of ARGO. The requirements include definitions and scopes of various software and hardware components which are necessary for developing the ARGO-M operation system. And the requirements define function, performance, and interface requirements. The operation system consisting of ARGO-M site, ARGO-F site, and Remote Operation Center (ROC) inside KASI is designed for remote access and the automatic tracking and control system which are the main operation concept of ARGO system. To accomplish remote operation, we are considering remote access to ARGO-F and ARGO-M from ROC. The mobile-phone service allows us to access the ARGO-F remotely and to control the system in an emergency. To implement fully automatic tracking and control function in ARGO-F, we have investigated and described the requirements about the automatic aircraft detection system and the various meteorological sensors. This paper addresses the requirements of ARGO Operation System.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Two cases of glucose-6-phophate dehydrogenase-deficient Nepalese belonging to the G6PD Mediterranean-type, not India-Pakistan sub-type but Mediterranean-Middle East sub-type. In Nepal, we tested 300 males for glucose-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity. Two subjects were G6PD deficient (0.67%). Compared with normal controls, G6PD activity was 12% and 26%, respectively. The hemoglobin concentration of these two subjects was normal. We extracted genomic DNA from whole blood and read all sequences of G6PD. Both subjects had the same replacement of 563C > T, which was classified as G6PD Mediterranean. The amino acid might change from Ser to Phe at codon 188. These Subjects also had a replacement of 1311 C > T, which caused no replacement of an amino acid. A similar replacement pattern of G6PD Mediterranean is described from persons living in Mediterranean countries and Middle East countries. However, G6PD Mediterranean found in India and Pakistan has no replacement at nucleotide 1311. Thus, these two subjects in Kathmandu, Nepal, would be closer to people in Middle East countries than people in India. This is the first study of molecular analysis for G6PD deficiency in Nepal.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Aerodynamic evaluation of wing shape and wing orientation in four butterfly species using numerical simulations and a low-speed wind tunnel, and its implications for the design of flying micro-robots. Many insects are well adapted to long-distance migration despite the larger energetic costs of flight for small body sizes. To optimize wing design for next-generation flying micro-robots, we analyse butterfly wing shapes and wing orientations at full scale using numerical simulations and in a low-speed wind tunnel at 2, 3.5 and 5 m s(-1). The results indicate that wing orientations which maximize wing span lead to the highest glide performance, with lift to drag ratios up to 6.28, while spreading the fore-wings forward can increase the maximum lift produced and thus improve versatility. We discuss the implications for flying micro-robots and how the results assist in understanding the behaviour of the butterfly species tested.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Recovery of ionic liquid via a hybrid methodology of electrodialysis with ultrafiltration after biomass pretreatment. Hybrid membrane-based methodology of electrodialysis (ED) with ultrafiltration (UF) was employed to recover the IL BmimBr (1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide) after biomass fractionation. Ultrafiltration was used to remove the residual lignin in IL solutions. Influence of molecular weight interception of UF treatment, initial IL concentration in dilute section, applied voltage and flow rate in each section of ED module were studied in detail. In this study, the highest overall IL recovery ratio reached 75.2% and the current efficiency of ED process approached 79.1%. Besides, the highest IL recovery performance of specific energy consumption was about 514.1 g/kw.h. Insight gained from this study suggests a potential methodology for IL recovery after the pretreatment process for biomass. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
{"token": "Refocusing the lens: Drinking water success in First Nations in Ontario. This article examines the definition of success in First Nations drinking water service as voiced by the First Nations technical community of practice. The research explores success stories to identify success themes and factors to formulate a workable definition for policy-makers. Researchers interviewed sixteen technical practitioners in Ontario using a semi-structured approach. Data analysis revealed a definition of success that extends beyond the technical boundary to include professional growth, employment, local action and a facilitating policy environment. This comprehensive definition provides a basis for policy and program considerations to increase First Nations buy-in and foster a constructive environment for drinking water improvements.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "SHPB Testing and Analysis of Bedded Shale under Active Confining Pressure. Shale gas is the most important new energy source in the field of energy, and its exploitation is very important. The research on the dynamic mechanical properties of shale is the premise of exploitation. To study the dynamic mechanical properties of shale from the Changning-Weiyuan area of Sichuan Province, China, under confining pressure, we used a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test system with an active containment device to carry out dynamic compression tests on shale with different bedding angles. (1) With active confining pressure, the shale experiences a high strain rate, and its stress-strain curve exhibits obvious plastic deformation. (2) For the same impact pressure, the peak stress of shale describes a U-shaped curve with an increasing bedding angle; besides, the peak stress of shale with different bedding angles increases linearly with rising confining pressure. The strain rate shows a significant confining pressure enhancement effect. With active confining pressure, the peak strain gradually decreases as the bedding angle increases. (3) As a result of the influence of different bedding angles, the dynamic elastic modulus of shale has obvious anisotropic characteristics. Shale with different bedding angles exhibits different rates of increase in the dynamic elastic modulus with rising confining pressure, which may be related to differences in the development of planes of weakness in the shale. The results of this study improve our understanding of the behavior of bedded shale under stress.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Activation of protein kinase A and clustering of cell surface receptors by N-methyl-N '-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine are independent of genomic DNA damage. Alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) induces cellular stress leading to chromosomal aberrations, mutations and cell death. Previous reports from our laboratory have shown that low concentration of MNNG induces untargeted mutation (UTM), which occurs on intact DNA in mammalian cells through changes in gene expression profile. It also causes the activation of cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) and up-regulation of POL-beta, which is demonstrated to play a role in DNA repair system. In order to find out the possible initial signal involved in UTM, we try to investigate whether the activation of PKA-CREB signal pathway is closely related to DNA damage. Our data shows that the treatment of low concentration MNNG (0.2 muM) activates PKA-CREB pathway in a comparable level both in a nuclear and enucleated cell system. And similar to the cell response caused by UV, the clustering of cell surface receptors of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) was also observed in cells exposed to MNNG. It was further demonstrated that the clustering of the surface receptors is independent of the genomic DNA damage, as this phenomenon was also observed in enucleated cells. These observations indicate that the initiation of signal cascades induced by low concentration of MNNG might be associated with its interaction with cell surface receptors and/or direct activation of related signal proteins but not its DNA damaging property. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Artificial chemistries - A review. This article reviews the growing body of scientific work in artificial chemistry. First, common motivations and fundamental concepts are introduced. Second, current research activities are discussed along three application dimensions: modeling, information processing, and optimization. Finally, common phenomena among the different systems are summarized. It is argued here that artificial chemistries are \\\\'the right stuff\\\\' for the study of prebiotic and biochemical evolution, and they provide a productive framework for questions regarding the origin and evolution of organizations in general. Furthermore, artificial chemistries have a broad application range of practical problems, as shown in this review.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Sensitivity of Pseudomonas syringae to Bovine Lactoferrin Hydrolysates and Identification of a Novel Inhibitory Peptide. The antimicrobial activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysates (bLFH) was measured against Pseudomonas strains (P. syringae and P. fluorescens) in vitro. To compare susceptibility to bLFH, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using chemiluminescence assays and paper disc plate assays. Antimicrobial effect against P. fluorescens was not observed by either assay, suggesting that bLFH did not exhibit antimicrobial activity against P fluorescens. However, a significant inhibition of P syringae growth was observed in the presence of bLFH. The addition of bLFH in liquid or solid medium inhibited growth of P. syringae in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, a bLFH peptide with antimicrobial activity toward P. syringae was isolated and identified. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of thus obtained antimicrobial bLFH peptides were analyzed by a protein sequencer and were found to be Leu-Arg-Ile-Pro-S er-Lys-Val-Asp-Ser-Ala and Phe-Lys-Cys-Arg-Arg-Trp-Gln-Trp-Arg-Met. The latter peptide sequence is known to be characteristic of lactoferricin. Therefore, in the present study, we identified a new antimicrobial peptide against P. syringae, present within the N-terminus and possessing the amino acid sequence of Leu-Arg-Ile-Pro-Ser-Lys-Val-Asp-Ser-Ala.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Between contemplative and active life: De Officiis by Cicero and its Aristotelian roots. This paper examines the relationship between contemplative and active life in Cicero's last philosophical work, the De officiis. This highly studied topic in the philosopher's work and life embraces fundamental issues such as sapientia and prudentia, utilitas, and the characteristics of human nature, in its twofold and irreducible value, both descriptive and prescriptive. The second part of the paper explores how Cicero thought about these themes in connection with Aristotelian philosophy and, more specifically, with the ethical-political reflection of the Stagirite. In fact, Cicero's text contains evident references, albeit with interesting repositioning and changes, to crucial questions about contemplative and active life already posed by Aristotle, above all the role and meaning of sapientia and prudentia, notions that Cicero explicitly connects, although in a thorny process of concordia discors, with the ones of sigma omicron phi iota alpha and phi rho omicron nu eta sigma iota zeta.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Improvement of BMI after Lifestyle Intervention Is Associated with Normalisation of Elevated ELF Score and Liver Stiffness in Obese Children. Background. Noninvasive tools to diagnose nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including transient elastography (TE) and enhanced liver fibrosis panel (ELF), have only been evaluated in children with biopsy-proven NAFLD. We evaluated the prevalence of ELF and TE abnormalities in obese children without clinical liver disease and examined the effects of BMI stabilization on ELF and TE in a longitudinal approach. Methods. 39 obese children (17m, age 12.3 (7.6-17.4) years) who participated in a 12-month lifestyle-intervention program underwent TE and ELF testing at baseline and at completion of the program. Results were compared with data from a nonobese paediatric cohort. Results. TE and ELF at baseline were significantly elevated compared to controls (TE: 5.9 (3.4-8.3) kPa versus 4.45 (2.45-8.85) kPa, P < 0.01; ELF: 9.0 (7.87-9.60) versus 8.6 (7.33-11.52), P = 0.033). All children with elevated TE and ELF results had normal transaminases. After the program, ELF and TE normalized. Reduction of ELF and TE was associated with a decrease in BMI centile. Conclusion. Abnormal TE and ELF results in obese children suggest presence of NAFLD even when transaminases are normal. TE and ELF might be used as monitoring tools for NAFLD. BMI stabilisation normalizes TE and ELF, underlining the impact of lifestyle intervention.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
{"token": "Physical activity in patients with oligo- and polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis diagnosed in the era of biologics: a controlled cross-sectional study. Results: Patients spent less time in daily vigorous PA than controls, (mean(SE) 21(2) min vs. 26(2) min, p = 0.02), while counts per minute (cpm), steps daily, sedentary time and light and moderate PA did not differ. No differences were found between JIA subgroups. The use of biologic medication was associated with higher cpm and lower sedentary time. Most patients and controls participated in organized or unorganized PA and PE, and enjoyment was the most reported facilitator for PA participation. More patients than controls reported pain as a PA barrier.Background: Knowledge about objectively measured levels of physical activity (PA) and PA participation (included facilitators and barriers for PA) in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) diagnosed in the era of biologics is limited. We aimed to compare objectively measured PA in patients with oligo- and polyarticular JIA diagnosed in the biologic era with controls and to examine associations between PA and disease variables; furthermore, to explore participation in PA, physical education (PE) and facilitators and barriers for PA participation in patients and controls.Conclusion: The PA levels and participation in patients with oligo- and polyarticular JIA are mostly comparable to controls, but patients still need to be encouraged to increase vigorous PA. Enjoyment is the most important facilitator for PA participation in patients with JIA.Methods: The study cohort included 60 patients (30 persistent oligo JIA/30 poly-articular disease) and 60 age- and sex-matched controls. Age range was 10-16 years and 83% were female. PA was measured with accelerometry for seven consecutive days. Disease activity, current treatment, disease duration, functional ability, pain and fatigue were assessed. Structured interviews were applied to explore participation in PA and PE, and PA facilitators and barriers.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Financialization of food. Modelling the time-varying relation between agricultural prices and stock market dynamics. This article studies the correlation of agricultural prices with stock market dynamics. We discuss the possible role of financial and macroeconomic factors in driving this time-varying relation, with the aim of understanding what caused positive correlation between agricultural commodities and stocks in recent years. While previous works on commodity-equity correlation have focused on broad commodity indices, we study 16 agricultural prices, in order to assess patterns that are specific to agricultural commodities but also differences across markets. We show that an explanation based on a combination of financialization and financial crisis is consistent with the empirical evidence in most markets, while global demand factors don't appear to play a significant role. The correlation between agricultural prices and stock market returns tends to increase during periods of financial turmoil. The impact of financial turmoil on the correlation gets stronger as the share of financial investors in agricultural derivatives markets rises. Our findings suggest that the influence of financial shocks on agricultural prices should decrease as global financial tensions settle down but also that, as long as agricultural markets are 'financialized', it might rise again when it is less needed, i.e. in the presence of new financial turmoil.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "THE EFFECTIVE USE OF FACEBOOK BY SMALL AND MEDIUM. SIZED ENTERPRISES OPERATING IN SLOVAKIA. Limitations - We consider the mainly local nature of the data sources to be the biggest limitation in the research process. Due to the local nature of this study, however, this limitation has no significant effect on the quality of the research.Purpose - The aim of this study was to identify and then interpret the basic preconditions for effective use of the social networking site Facebook as a marketing communication platform for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in a selected Central European market.Design/Methodology/Approach - In order to achieve the objective, as well as partial targets, this contribution can be seen as a summary of two autonomous and extensive analyses. The context necessary for the fulfillment of the main objective was analyzed based on secondary data on hundreds of company profiles (of local SMEs, operating predominantly in the service sector and conducting their business activities in a business-to-consumer (B2C) environment) managed by a specific marketing agency operating on the Slovak market. The collected data were subsequently subjected to a thorough statistical testing based on monitored parameters.Findings and implications - From the perspective of the main findings, basic recommendations for the efficient use of selected marketing communication tools on the social networking site Facebook are described in terms of improving the expected user interactions.Originality - The findings and information presented in this contribution can help improve our understanding of issues related to the effective implementation of resources (time and finances) by entities using selected marketing tools, particularly marketing communication in the context of the social networking site Facebook for the purpose of promotion and branding.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Entrainer effect in supercritical mixtures. The objective of this paper is to propose a predictive method for the estimation of the change in the solubility of a solid in a supercritical solvent when another solute (entrainer) or a cosolvent is added to the system. To achieve this goal, the solubility equations were coupled with the Kirkwood-Buff (KB) theory of dilute ternary solutions. In this manner, the solubility of a solid in a supercritical fluid (SCF) in the presence of an entrainer or a cosolvent could be expressed in terms of only binary data. The obtained predictive method was applied to six ternary SCF-solute-cosolute and two SCF-solute-cosolvent systems. In the former case, the agreement with experiment was very good, whereas in the latter, the agreement was only satisfactory, because the data were not for the very dilute systems for which the present approach is valid. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
{"token": "ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS OF COMPLEMENT RECEPTOR-TYPE-1 (C3B/C4B RECEPTOR, CD35) BY SUBSTITUTION MUTAGENESIS. The complement receptor type 1 (CR1; CD35), carrying 30 short consensus repeats (SCRs), has two sites. Site 1 contains SCR-1 and SCR-2 and binds C4b. Site 2 contains SCR-8 and SCR-9 and was reported to bind mainly C3b (Klickstein, L. B., Bartow, T. J., Miletic, V., Rabson, L. D., Smith, J. A, and Fearon, D. T. (1988) J. Exp. Med. 168, 1699-1717). For the functional analysis we used two constructs, each with one site. CR1-4, composed of eight and one-half initial SCRs, carries site 1, binds C4b, and is cofactor for C4b cleavage. CR1-4(8,9), obtained from CR1-4 by converting site 1 to site 2, binds iC3/C3b and, unexpectedly, C4b. It is a cofactor for cleavage of both ligands. Its cofactor activity for C4b cleavage is greater than that of site 1. Analysis of the mutants constructed by interchanging homologous peptides between the two sites identified no sequences necessary for cofactor activity other than those required for binding. In site 2, peptides important for both ligands were found. Some modifications of either site led to higher activity for both ligands. Thus the activity of complement regulators can be increased by changing a few amino acids within SCRs, an important step toward the generation of more effective inhibitors of complement activation. Knowledge of the active sites of CR1 should be applicable to other SCR-containing proteins and should provide insights into the evolution of these proteins.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Breast cancer mortality in mammographic screening in Europe: a review of incidence-based mortality studies. Methods We conducted a literature review and identified 20 publications based on IBM studies. They were classified according to the method used for estimating the expected breast cancer mortality in the absence of screening: (1) women not yet invited; (2) historical data from the same region as well as from historical and current data from a region without screening; and (3) historical comparison group combined with data for non-participants.Results The estimated effect of mammography screening on breast cancer mortality varied across studies. The relative risks were 0.76-0.81 in group 1; 0.75-0.90 in group 2; and 0.52-0.89 in group 3. Study databases overlapped in both Swedish and Finnish studies, adjustment for lead time was not optimal in all studies, and some studies had other methodological limitations. There was less variability in the relative risks after allowing for the methodological shortcomings.Conclusions Based on evidence from the most methodologically sound IBM studies, the most likely impact of European service mammography screening programmes was a breast cancer mortality reduction of 26% (95% confidence interval 13-36%) among women invited for screening and followed up for 6-11 years.Objectives To estimate the impact of service mammography screening on breast cancer mortality using European incidence-based mortality (IBM) studies (or refined mortality studies). IBM studies include only breast cancer deaths occurring in women with breast cancer diagnosed after their first invitation to screening.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "The 'necessaries of life'' in British political medicine, 1750-1850. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the medical concept of \\\\'necessaries of life''-i.e., food, heat, clothing, and shelter-became controversial in Britain. The new domain of political economy, in both its Smithian and its Malthusian modes, challenged the view that necessity was either a measurable concept or a deliverable right. For the political economists, \\\\'necessity'' was relative, a standard erected by class and culture. Many doctors and surgeons resisted that relativism, insisting that the fever epidemics they were responding to could be directly or indirectly attributed to the absence of such \\\\'necessaries.'' The first half of the article reviews the distinct debates between doctors and economists on these issues in England, Scotland, and Ireland during the first half of the nineteenth century. By mid-century these so-called \\\\'necessaries'' had largely been de-medicalized and transformed into the status of consumer commodities. The second half of the paper describes the quite different list of necessities that replaced them in public health campaigning and administration during the second half of the century.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Exotic pest insects: another perspective on coffee and conservation. Research on crop systems and biodiversity conservation in the tropics has mainly been concerned with how low to mid intensity agricultural systems can benefit from adjacent natural habitats by receiving ecosystem services from natural biodiversity. One intensively studied crop in this framework is coffee. Positive effects are relatively easy to quantify by comparing coffee yield and by recording native species diversity. However, a largely overlooked issue is how agricultural areas affect native organisms in adjacent natural habitats, for example through movement of pest species that could impose a risk of degrading these habitats. We give an example from Mauritius, where an introduced coffee pest severely reduces the reproductive success of a threatened endemic plant species. We argue that such effects may be more common than suggested by the literature, especially when crop and native plants are congeneric. In the long term, such negative effects may degrade natural habitats, thereby causing ecosystem services derived from these habitats to decline.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Richness of Lichens Consumed by Constrictotermes cyphergaster in the Semi-arid Region of Brazil. The consumption of lichens by Constrictotermes cyphergaster termites is suggested in the literature, but not yet demonstrated with concrete evidence. We examined the use and richness of lichens consumed by C. cyphergaster during both the dry and rainy seasons in a semiarid environment in northeastern Brazil by monitoring the foraging of five termite colonies for ten consecutive days during each period. Twenty-nine species of corticolous lichens were consumed by C. cyphergaster, with seasonal variations in the richness of their ingestion. Chrysothrix xanthine, Pertusaria flavens, and Dirinaria confluens were the lichen species most consumed. TLC analyzes of termite gut contents revealed twelve secondary lichen compounds ingested in both seasons, while staining showed fragments of fungal hyphae, green algae, and typical lichen spores. This study represents the first systematic survey of the abundances of lichens that compose the diet of C. cyphergaster and indicates the seasonal selectivity of that resource related to the chemical compositions of the lichen stalks.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "It IS Who You Know: The Power of Supervisors in Awarding and Administering Bereavement Leave. Within this study, the researcher explored the effect that supervisors have on the availability and flexibility of bereavement leave for employees who have experienced the death of a loved one. A qualitative phenomenological approach was applied in Zoom interviews of 23 participants who provided detailed feedback on their overall experience of managing personal and professional responsibilities during bereavement based on the ways that formal and informal policies were applied. Barclay and Kang's bereavement at work model guided a series of semi-structured interviews, and questions were based upon Bauer's questionnaire about grief in the workplace. A high number of participants (20/23) noted that their relationship with their supervisor either positively or negatively affected their experience with workplace bereavement policies. Four overall themes were noted: general importance of relationship with supervisor, supervisor flexibility in awarding leave, employee perception of organizational justice, and supervisor control of information.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "Cucurbit Powdery Mildew-resistant Bitter Gourd Breeding Lines Reveal Four Races of Podosphaera xanthii in Asia. Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is a commercially and nutritionally important market vegetable in Asia cultivated mainly by smallholder farmers. Cucurbit powdery mildew (CPM) caused by Podosphaera xanthii (Px) is a nearly ubiquitous and serious fungal disease of bitter gourd. Five bitter gourd breeding lines (THMC 113, THMC 143, THMC 153, THMC 167, and THMC 170) were selected at the World Vegetable Center for resistance to a local isolate of Px in Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand. We evaluated the resistance potential of these five inbred lines against local isolates of Px at 12 locations in five Asian countries. Plants were inoculated with the respective local Px isolate 15 and 30 days after transplanting and additional Px-infected plants of the inoculated control were interplanted throughout each test. Plants were rated 60 days after transplanting for CPM reaction using a 0 (no evidence of infection) to 5 (>75% infection evident on individual leaves) disease severity scale. THMC 153 and THMC 167 were resistant to the local race of Px in all locations, whereas THMC 143 was observed resistant in all test locations except one in China. THMC 113 was resistant in each location except one in India. THMC 170 was susceptible in three locations in India. The multilocation tests revealed four unique Px races on bitter gourd in different Asian countries and sources of resistance for breeding CPM-resistant bitter gourd cultivars. Six strains of Px isolated from other cucurbits (Cucumis and Cucurbita) and representing five melon CPM races were unable to infect the susceptible M. charantia accession THMC 144 and the five resistant breeding lines, indicating pathotype differences between them and an isolate of M. charantia origin typed as race 1 on melon. THMC 143 and THMC 167, which originated from India, exhibited good yield potential in trials conducted in Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Bangladesh.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Validation of SYTO 9/Propidium Iodide Uptake for Rapid Detection of Viable but Noncultivable Legionella pneumophila. Legionella pneumophila is an ubiquitous environmental microorganism that can cause Legionnaires' disease or Pontiac fever. As a waterborne pathogen, it has been found to be resistant to chlorine disinfection and survive in drinking water systems, leading to potential outbreaks of waterborne disease. In this work, the effect of different concentrations of free chlorine was studied (0.2, 0.7, and 1.2 mg l(-1)), the cultivability of cells assessed by standard culture techniques (buffered charcoal yeast extract agar plates) and viability using the SYTO 9/propidium iodide fluorochrome uptake assay (LIVE/DEAD (R) BacLight (TM)). Results demonstrate that L. pneumophila loses cultivability after exposure for 30 min to 0.7 mg l(-1) of free chlorine and in 10 min when the concentration is increased to 1.2 mg l(-1). However, the viability of the cells was only slightly affected even after 30 min exposure to the highest concentration of chlorine; good correlation was obtained between the rapid SYTO 9/propidium iodide fluorochrome uptake assay and a longer cocultivation with Acanthamoeba polyphaga assay, confirming that these cells could still recover their cultivability. These results raise new concerns about the assessment of drinking water disinfection efficiency and indicate the necessity of further developing new validated rapid methods, such as the SYTO 9/propidium iodide uptake assay, to assess viable but noncultivable L. pneumophila cells in the environment.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 43]}
{"token": "Global detection of infrasonic signals from three large bolides. We present the infrasonic observations of three large bolides that were observed at numerous International Monitoring System (IMS) infrasound arrays on a global scale. First, a simple procedure for the global association of infrasound detections from large infrasound events is outlined. Infrasound signals are associated with large events based on arrival time, backazimuth and uniqueness at a given IMS array. Next, we apply the algorithm to three bolides and investigate some of the factors affecting the detectability of infrasound from large events. Our findings suggest that site-noise effects significantly degrade the capability of the IMS infrasound network, suggesting that more effort is required to reduce ambient site noise. These results have implications for the use of infrasound measurements (in particular those from IMS stations) as a tool for evaluating the global flux of near-Earth objects.", "label": [4, 34, 38]}
{"token": "La nation' and the Quebec sociological tradition (1890-1980). What does Quebec sociology tell us about the question of \\\\'la nation.\\\\' Or, more specifically, how does the discussion of this question allow us to interpret Quebec social thought? This article suggests that the question of \\\\'la nation\\\\' gives a certain coherence, perhaps even unity, to the history of sociological thought in Quebec. Approximately from 1890 to 1980, from Edmond de Nevers to Fernand Dumont the national question generated substantial discussions organized around the issue of national survival. I examine five major research concerns of these discussions: history, demography, religion, language, and education.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Protein and sustainability - the potential of insects. In this research it is aimed to outline the role and potential contribution of insects towards food security and sustainability from a multidisciplinary perspective. First, ecological, economic and social aspects of food sustainability and food security are identified by prioritising the environmental impacts associated with food production and consumption. Subsequently, it is argued how protein supply is underlying and linking the top-3 of anthropogenic impacts, i.e. (1) biodiversity loss; (2) nitrogen cycle acceleration; and (3) carbon cycle acceleration (resulting in climate change). In order to address the production and consumption inefficiencies inherent to the current food system a ranked list of more sustainable options is proposed, based on their order of magnitude. Versatile side-stream valorisation returning losses to the food chain is deemed a unique selling point of insects. In addition to quantitative impacts, however, qualitative aspects relating to feasibility also play an important part. In that respect, just a minority of Western consumers are inclined to adopt insects as food. As an illustration, consumer acceptance of edible insects as attractive food items are quantified at the level of diets, dishes and ingredients (for the Netherlands). From the perspective of sustainability, the potential of insects is reflected upon. Meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals requires a relatively rapid transition towards a circular economy. In this light, insects are undeniably useful for food, feed, and other purposes. Health may be key to entice consumers to drop their conservative attitudes and progress towards a diet transition. However, an integrated, multidisciplinary approach including all stakeholders remains a prerequisite.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 44, 8]}
{"token": "Psychotic disorder in Prader Willi syndrome: a case report. In the Prader-Willi Syndrome the psychiatric symptoms are fundamentally behavioral disorders and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in relation to food. These aspects have been published previously. Nevertheless, psychotic manifestations in this syndrome are infrequent. Let us present a case of this comorbidity and a bibliographic review in last years (Medline, Embase, Cochrane) was done about this association.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
{"token": "Archaeological textiles: A review of current research. Archaeological textile studies are now recognized as a robust source of information for anthropological inquiry. Over the past two decades several important developments have taken place, enabling a more integrated approach to their study than in the past. Topics addressed range from the development of methods for analyzing degraded fibers to the comparative study of specific histories of textile and clothing traditions. Archaeological textile studies address relevant issues ranging from aesthetics and style to gender; from technological development to production and exchange economics. This chapter presents an overview of current research in the growing field of archaeological textile studies.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Farmers' Markets and the Local Food Environment: Identifying Perceived Accessibility Barriers for SNAP Consumers Receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) in an Urban Oklahoma Community. Phenomenon of Interest: Perceptions about FM foods and barriers to FM use.Conclusions and Implications: Farmers' market managers, community nutritionists, and researchers should develop interventions that correct common misperceptions about FM products, minimize access barriers, and increase awareness of SNAP payment options. Residential segregation and cultural barriers may have a role in FM use and should be explored further.Results: Few participants ate fresh produce regularly and most appreciated the convenience of shopping at a supermarket. Farmers' markets were not perceived as available or accommodating to shopping needs and affordability and acceptability concerns were expressed. Few were aware of FMs that accepted SNAP. Emerging themes suggested residential segregation and cultural barriers to FM use.Analysis: Transcript-based content analysis using the 5 dimensions of access framework.Participants: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program beneficiaries receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (n = 64 across 8 focus groups).Setting: An urban community in Oklahoma.Design: Focus groups.Objective: To examine barriers to farmers' market (FM) use by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) consumers receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
{"token": "Evaluation of client perceptions concerning outcome of cataract surgery in dogs. Procedure-Data obtained from medical records included signalment, presence of diabetes mellitus, cataract stage, whether surgery was unilateral or bilateral, intraocular lens (IOL) placement, and postoperative complications. Owners completed a survey concerning outcome of phacoemulsification in their dog. Survey responses from owners classified as satisfied or dissatisfied with the outcome of phacoemulsification on the basis of their willingness, in retrospect, to have the surgery performed again were compared.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Owner perception of outcome after phacoemulsification in dogs was highly favorable. However, surgical risks and the importance of postoperative examinations, particularly in dogs undergoing visual deterioration, must be conveyed to clients.Results-Data from medical records and survey responses were available for 108 dogs (203 eyes). Median follow-up was 3 months via medical record review and 12 months via owner survey responses. Most (81%) owners were satisfied with outcome. The most common reason for dissatisfaction was loss of vision after surgery; however, most dissatisfied owners did not return their dog for examinations, Owner perception of success was not associated with patient age, sex, presence of diabetes mellitus, cataract stage, or IOL placement in at least 1 eye but was associated with perceived improvement of their pet's vision and activity level. Dissatisfied owners were significantly more likely to report that explanation of risks and complications before surgery was inadequate.Animals-108 dogs (203 eyes) undergoing phacoemulsification from May 1999 through April 2004.Design-Retrospective cohort study.Objective-To compare client perception of outcome of phacoemulsification in dogs with information obtained from medical records.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Comprehensive genetic testing in the clinical evaluation of 1119 patients with hearing loss. Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit in humans, affecting 1 in 500 newborns. Due to its genetic heterogeneity, comprehensive diagnostic testing has not previously been completed in a large multiethnic cohort. To determine the aggregate contribution inheritance makes to non-syndromic hearing loss, we performed comprehensive clinical genetic testing with targeted genomic enrichment and massively parallel sequencing on 1119 sequentially accrued patients. No patient was excluded based on phenotype, inheritance or previous testing. Testing resulted in identification of the underlying genetic cause for hearing loss in 440 patients (39 %). Pathogenic variants were found in 49 genes and included missense variants (49 %), large copy number changes (18 %), small insertions and deletions (18 %), nonsense variants (8 %), splice-site alterations (6 %), and promoter variants (< 1 %). The diagnostic rate varied considerably based on phenotype and was highest for patients with a positive family history of hearing loss or when the loss was congenital and symmetric. The spectrum of implicated genes showed wide ethnic variability. These findings support the more efficient utilization of medical resources through the development of evidence-based algorithms for the diagnosis of hearing loss.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Translators' and revisers' competences in legal translation Revision foci in prototypical scenarios. This article proposes a hierarchy of translator and reviser competences in prototypical scenarios in legal translation with a view to determining the most appropriate revision foci to ensure translation quality. Built on a prior characterisation of the most common professional translator profiles in legal translation, the proposal for a hierarchy of competences derives from two premises: (1) The professional profile of those who translate and revise legal documents is very diverse in terms of competence and qualifications (training and experience), and (2) translation competence and specialist knowledge in legal fields (i.e., domain competence) are fundamental when revising to guarantee the quality of legal translations. The proposal is framed by quality assurance in legal translation through a revision process based on (1) the coherent management of the work of the translators and revisers involved in the translation project, and (2) the appropriate methodology for revision applied to legal translation by adapting the revision mode's focus to ensure its effectiveness. Six common scenarios are identified in light of the translators' profiles, for which revisers' profiles are then proposed in order to detect any legal translation competence deficiencies among translators, and thus ensure quality.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Diffusion flame attachment and lift-off in the near wake of a fuel injector. An analysis is presented for the flow, temperature, and concentration fields in the region of attachment of fuel jet diffusion flames, near the wake of the fuel injector, where upstream heat conduction and diffusion are important. The characteristic scales for the size and velocity in this region are identified as l(N) = root upsilon (0)/A and U-N = root nu (0)A in terms of the kinematic viscosity of the fuel and the wall value of die fuel velocity gradient. The parameters that characterize the structure of the flame attachment region are identified, and some representative cases are numerically anal)zed. There are cases with large activation energy, for which the flame will be attached if the Karlovitz number, nu (0)A/U-L(2), or non-dimensional velocity gradient, is smaller than a critical value: for larger values, the flame lifts off far from the rim of the injector. For smaller values of the activation energy, the diffusion flame is attached, with its edge near the rim of the injector if the Karlovitz number is small; the distance to the injector of the edge of the flame grows with the Karlovitz number, and the edge takes on a triple-flame structure.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Meta-Analysis of Research Papers on Horticultural Therapy Program Effect. To analyze the effectiveness of horticultural therapy reported in research papers, a meta-analysis was carried out with 108 of 377 Korean and overseas research papers on horticultural therapy from 1985 to February 2009 (196 Korean dissertations, 113 Korean journal articles, 5 overseas dissertations, and 63 overseas journal articles). The results revealed a large effect size of 0.71. The effectiveness according to the type, age and number of participants were also analyzed. The therapy was most effective in children, and it was more beneficial for children with special needs and elderly people affected by dementia than for the typical population. The greatest effect was found with group sizes of five people or less, and when carried out by researchers from departments related to horticultural therapy than by researchers from unrelated fields of study. The most effective horticultural therapy programs involved floral decorations; and participants who took part in 21 to 30 sessions or at least 31 sessions benefited the most. Among the main effects of short-term horticultural therapy are cognitive, social, physical and emotional; the greatest effect was observed in the physical domain.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Apparent survival rates of adult Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina estimated by GPS-tracking, colour rings and wing-tags. Capsule: In the migratory Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina, colour rings and Global Positioning System transmitters indicated annual survival rates similar to other large raptors, but the rate suggested by wing-tags was significantly lower due to the higher rate of tag loss.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Evaluation of Financial Management of Towns in relation to Political Cycles using CV-TOPSIS. The political cycle and its impact of economy is usually monitored at the macroeconomic level. Nonetheless, abroad studies are emerging which analyzed the impact of the political cycle on economy on the level of territorial self-government. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the impact of the political cycle on the financial management of municipalities on a sample of 69 district towns in Slovak Republic in time period 2007-2017. The results point that to significant heterogeneity, whether at the level of individual towns or when comparing the results for individual years. As a result of the differences observed at the level of the political cycles, we analyzed the differences between the results in each year of each political cycle through CV-TOPSIS method. The financial management of the analyzed towns are very diverse and the increase of town's expenditures is not always linked to the political cycle.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Integrating multiple state-of-the-art computer-aided design tools in microelectronics circuit design classes. Demand for microelectronics products has seen a recent explosion due to their increased adaption in high-performance data storage, networking, and Internet of Things applications. Not only such products need to provide high performance, they are often integrated in mixed signal environments that include both analog and digital circuits. This has posed a challenge to faculty who teach microelectronics design in senior undergraduate and graduate electrical engineering courses. It is becoming increasingly difficult to upgrade microelectronics curricula, so students are enabled with the proper skills to utilize design tools presently common in the industry. This study provides a mechanism to integrate five state of the art design tools in one single design project. The tools are Custom Compiler, Hewlett Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit, verilog compiler simulator, IC Validator, and Design Complier. Students, through a design project, conduct the design, layout, and simulations of an static random-access memory array. The project utilizes both the full-custom and the semi-custom flows. One full design is created and integrated where students do the design and layout of transistors in specific circuits and generate synthesized circuits automatically from a high-level description language. This study can serve as a resource for senior undergraduate students, graduate students, faculty, and practicing engineers. Finally, it can help electrical engineering programs meet Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology students' outcome (k) which is an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 53, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Bradycardia associated with intravenous administration of tacrolimus in a liver transplant recipient. Cardiotoxicity due to tacrolimus is documented infrequently in the medical literature. Sinus bradycardia associated with intravenous tacrolimus occurred in a 15-year-old orthotopic liver transplant recipient. The mechanism of this adverse effect is unknown; however, it does not appear to be concentration dependent, and in this patient it resolved on changing to oral therapy. Practitioners should be aware that intravenous administration of tacrolimus may be associated with adverse cardiac events including sinus bradycardia.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Determinants of Farmland Abandonment in Selected Metropolitan Areas of Poland: A Spatial Analysis on the Basis of Regression Trees and Interviews with Experts. Dynamic land use changes in metropolitan areas are global phenomena. The influence of urbanisation processes on farmland is twofold: urban encroachments predominantly take place at the expense of farmland, and also result in farmland abandonment processes, especially in Central Eastern and Southern Europe. This paper analyses determinants of farmland abandonment in 280 municipalities situated in six selected Polish metropolitan areas. The analysis, which covers secondary statistical data as well as primary data collected via a survey among experts, applies the regression tree method. Within the six selected metropolitan areas nearly 9% of the farmland is permanently excluded from agricultural production (actual abandonment), plus another 11.5% is currently not being used for production (semi-abandonment). For actual abandonment, physical and economic sizes of farms, part-time farming, and soil quality constitute the most relevant determinants. Socio-economic variables play a more important role in explaining semi-abandonment than actual abandonment. Temporary exclusion of farmland from agricultural production is connected with urbanisation processes. Higher shares of built-up and urbanised areas, higher population densities, and positive migration rates result in higher shares of semi-abandonment. Naturally, areas characterised by agrarian fragmentation, where due to low agricultural incomes farmers more often decided to abandon agricultural production, were, in particular, subject to this process.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Measurement of the W gamma and Z gamma inclusive cross sections in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV and limits on anomalous triple gauge boson couplings. Measurements of W gamma and Z gamma production in proton-proton collisions at root s = 7 TeV are used to extract limits on anomalous triple gauge couplings. The results are based on data recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC that correspond to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb(-1). The cross sections are measured for photon transverse momenta p(T)(gamma) > 15 GeV, and for separations between photons and final-state charged leptons in the pseudorapidity-azimuthal plane of Delta R(l,gamma) > 0.7 in l nu gamma and ll gamma final states, where l refers either to an electron or a muon. A dilepton invariant mass requirement of m(ll) > 50 GeV is imposed for the Z gamma process. No deviations are observed relative to predictions from the standard model, and limits are set on anomalous WW gamma, ZZ gamma, and Z gamma gamma triple gauge couplings.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Statistical methods for analysis of multi-harvest data from perennial pasture variety selection trials. Variety selection in perennial pasture crops involves identifying best varieties from data collected from multiple harvest times in field trials. For accurate selection, the statistical methods for analysing such data need to account for the spatial and temporal correlation typically present. This paper provides an approach for analysing multi-harvest data from variety selection trials in which there may be a large number of harvest times. Methods are presented for modelling the variety by harvest effects while accounting for the spatial and temporal correlation between observations. These methods provide an improvement in model fit compared to separate analyses for each harvest, and provide insight into variety by harvest interactions. The approach is illustrated using two traits from a lucerne variety selection trial. The proposed method provides variety predictions allowing for the natural sources of variation and correlation in multi-harvest data.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "CONFERENCE ADDRESS ON BIOTECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE. In the field of biotechnology, developments are far-reaching and frequent. As soon as we hear of one breakthrough, another is usually not far behind. The pace of change alone has made conditions unfavorable for the kind of moral analysis that is needed. As we struggle to keep up with all that is new on the scientific side of the field, we ought to turn to something that is old-as in forty years old now-for critical moral discernment. At a conference on biotechnology last year at the Catholic Studies Center of the Nassau Community College in Garden City, NewYork, Msgr. Robert J. Batule, Professor of Systematic Theology at Immaculate Conception Seminary in Huntington, New York, noted how the encyclical Humanae Vitae at 40 is helping us to respond intelligently and humanely to the challenges arising from rapid technological change. Here is the address he offered on the occasion.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Approaching Interpreting for the Video Game Industry. The video game industry is growing year after year and new professional needs have arisen. While there are many analyses of video games' localization, there are not many studies about video game interpreting. Every year, video games are marketed and showcased to both users and professionals in many exhibitions and events. These exhibitions are followed by millions of fans from all over the world and provide interpreting to different languages. Therefore, it is important to have qualified professionals in this field who can deliver the quality of speech both users and professionals expect. In this study, we will analyze the work of professional interpreters, the needs of this new field of expertise and the competences needed for interpreters in this industry.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Triazine-based OLEDs with simplified structure and high efficiency by solution-processed procedure. Solution-processed Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have aroused serious attention because of its lower cost and easier fabrication. Herein, a novel triazine-based molecular emitter is reported for solution-processed OLEDs for the first time. The emitter, 4,4 ',4 ''-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(N,N-bis(4-(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)aniline) denoted as Tri-2tCzPA-TRZ, shows excellent solubility in common organic solvents, facilitating solution-processed OLEDs. The resultant OLEDs doped with 1,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP) achieved a maximum current efficiency of 18.8 cd A(-1) and maximum luminance of 12,580 cd m(-2), which is higher than the maximum current efficiency of the most solution-processed OLEDs in simple structures.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
{"token": "The effects of relevant instructor self-disclosure on student affect and cognitive learning: a live lecture experiment. The purpose of this teaching experiment was to examine the causal effect of relevant (compared to irrelevant) instructor self-disclosure on student affect and cognitive learning. Undergraduate students (N = 288) were randomly assigned to a 19-minute classroom lecture with an instructor who taught the same lesson but self-disclosed either relevant or irrelevant information while teaching. Results indicated that relevant instructor self-disclosure increased student affect in students' likelihood to enroll with the instructor again but did not influence students' general affect toward the instructor. Findings also revealed a direct effect of self-disclosure relevance on students' test scores; on average, students scored 8.42% higher on a short-term recall test compared to students in the irrelevant self-disclosure condition, controlling for lesson coherence. Practical implications are provided for how instructors might use relevant self-disclosures in their teaching.", "label": [5, 53, 52]}
{"token": "Hybridisation with introduced chukars (Alectoris chukar) threatens the gene pool integrity of native rock (A-graeca) and red-legged (A-rufa) partridge populations. The decline of over-hunted red-legged (Alectoris rufa) and rock (A. graeca) partridge populations has been contrasted with massive releases of captive-reared birds, often hybrids with non-indigenous A. chukar. Released interspecific hybrids raise the risks of introgressive hybridisation, and can contribute to further depress the fitness of native populations. Aiming to assess the extent of hybridisation, we genotyped the mtDNA control-region and eight nuclear microsatellites in 671 red-legged, rock and chukar partridges and hybrids, identified by phenotypic traits. Results reveal a diffuse occurrence of hybridisation: (1) 39 samples (6.2%) show mtDNA haplotypes discordant with their phenotypes, indicating red-legged and chukar mtDNA introgression in native rock partridges; (2) admixture analyses of the microsatellite genotypes identified 32 additional rock partridges (5.1%) hybridised mainly with chukars. We analysed also 39 samples collected from a presumed natural red-legged x rock partridge hybrid zone in the French Alps. Surprisingly, 28% birds showed typical chukar mtDNAs, indicating hybridisation with introduced chukars or hybrids. This hybrid zone led to an introgression cline of chukar alleles into neighbouring Alpine rock partridges detectable up to 100 km, which was shorter than expected by neutral genetic theory, and that suggested natural selection against hybrids. These findings indicate that introgressive hybridisation may disrupt local adaptations in natural red-legged partridge and rock partridge populations, and call for strict control of farming and restocking operations. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Copper- and arsenate-induced oxidative stress in Holcus lanatus L. clones with differential sensitivity. The biochemical responses of Holcus lanatus L, to copper and arsenate exposure were investigated in arsenate-tolerant and -non-tolerant plants from uncontaminated and arsenic/copper-contaminated sites. Increases in lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and phytochelatin (PC) production were correlated with increasing copper and arsenate exposure. In addition, significant differences in biochemical responses were observed between arsenate-tolerant and -non-tolerant plants, Copper and arsenate exposure led to the production of reactive oxygen species, resulting in significant lipid peroxidation in non-tolerant plants, However, SOD activity was suppressed upon metal exposure, possibly due to interference with metallo-enzymes, It was concluded that in non-tolerant plants, rapid arsenate influx resulted in PC production, glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation, This process would also occur in tolerant plants, but by decreasing the rate of influx, they were able to maintain their constitutive functions, detoxify the metals though PC production and quench reactive oxygen species by SOD activity.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "The status of the Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus, in the UK and Isle of Man in 2010. Capsule The fourth national survey of Hen Harrier showed that the population in the UK and the Isle of Man declined significantly between 2004 and 2010.Aim To estimate the size of the breeding Hen Harrier population (with associated 95% confidence intervals) in the UK and Isle of Man, constituent countries and Scottish regions, in 2010 and calculate population change since previous surveys in 1998 and 2004.Methods Complete surveys were made of 10-km squares likely to be occupied by breeding Hen Harriers in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, using standard methods developed for previous national surveys. In Scotland, a census' area was non-randomly selected for survey by volunteers, and randomly selected squares were surveyed in two strata covering the rest of the known range.Results The UK and Isle of Man Hen Harrier population was estimated at 662 territorial pairs (95% confidence interval (CI): 576-770), a significant decline of 18% since 2004. Scotland holds the bulk (76%) of the population (505 territorial pairs; 95% CI: 417-612), with smaller numbers in Northern Ireland (59 pairs), Wales (57 pairs), the Isle of Man (29 pairs) and England (12 pairs). Declines of 49% and 20% were observed in the Isle of Man and in Scotland, respectively, whereas the Welsh population increased by 33%. A significant decrease was recorded in numbers of pairs using young and mature plantation forest in Scotland.Conclusion The breeding population of Hen Harriers in the UK and Isle of Man declined between 2004 and 2010. Notable decreases in Scotland and the Isle of Man may be related to habitat change and illegal persecution. Illegal persecution continues to limit the population size of harriers in England to very low levels.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Tenuidraconema tongaense n. sp (Nematoda : Draconematidae), a new free-living marine nematode from a seamount in the southwest Pacific Ocean. A new species of free-living marine draconematid nematode, Tenuidraconema tongaense n. sp., is described. This new species was collected from shallow subtidal dead corals and detritus from a seamount in a hydrothermal area off the Tonga Islands, southwest Pacific Ocean. Tenuidraconema tongaense n. sp. differs from the known species of the genus by the following combination of characters: longer body (1060-1265 mu m), position of 12 cephalic adhesion tubes (anterior six cephalic adhesion tubes inserted on rostrum and posterior six adhesion tubes inserted on anterior body annule in male; all 12 cephalic adhesion tubes inserted on rostrum in female), number of posterior sublateral adhesion tubes (I I in male, 12 in female) and posterior subventral adhesion tubes (9-11 in male, 10- 11 in female) with somatic setae intermingled between the two anteriormost sublateral adhesion tubes, longer spicule length (43-50 mu m), and slender body (a = 41.1-48.6 in male and 29.4-35.1 in female). A pictorial key and a dichotomous identification key for males and females are provided for the species. A table comparing the major differential diagnostic characteristics of the species of Tenuidraconema is presented.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "A summary of the evidence for the change in European distribution of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of public health importance. The phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) are vectors of several infectious pathogens. The presence of a sand fly vector is considered to be a risk factor for the emergence of leishmaniasis in temperate Europe. Hence, the occurrence of phlebotomine sand flies and any changes in their distribution is important in determining the potential change in distribution of leishmaniasis in Europe. Therefore, published evidence for a changing distribution of the important phlebotomine sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infection in Europe is reviewed. This paper presents evidence of an increasing risk of establishment by sand fly species, especially for the Atlantic Coast and inland parts of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. In addition to detection in potentially appropriate areas, the findings show areas of potential future establishment of the species. The most important and urgent necessity within the community of entomologists working on phlebotomines is the need to record the extremes of distribution of each species and obtain data on their regional presence/absence along with increased sharing of the data throughout European projects.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "SOCIAL SUBJECT OF TRANSITION TOWARDS POST-CAPITALIST SOCIETY: WHO IS IT?. Although Davydov thinks that a person plays the leading role in the transition to the post-capitalism, he draws attention to its ambiguous nature as a subject of post-capitalist relations. The article shows that the \\\\'society of persons\\\\' is not free from novel forms of alienation and inequality. The development of the productive forces, including automation and robotization, will narrow the space for self-realization, which can lead to the situation when the majority of the population will be in the position of \\\\'superfluous men\\\\', deprived of any life prospects.Despite the growing popularity of the idea of post-capitalism and a number of symptoms that indicate that the capitalist economy is gradually transforming into something fundamentally new, the question about the social subject of transition to the post-capitalist society remains unanswered. Different authors assign this role to the working class, to the precariat, or to the \\\\'creative class\\\\'. D. Davydov's thorough analysis of these three statements demonstrates their weaknesses, which he explains by the fact that they characterize the future society in the categories of the past. Being convinced that the place in the world of commodity-money relations fails to capture the social essence of the subject of the post-capitalist society, he suggests that a person, or an individual with primary values of creativity and self-realization, rather than a social class or a social group should be interpreted as this subject.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Potential for on-site analysis of hog manure using a visual and near infrared diode array reflectance spectrometer. In this study, a diode array near infrared (NIR) spectrometer that can be mounted on a mobile agricultural machine was tested under lab conditions for its effectiveness as a rapid, on-site hog (Sus domesticus) manure composition sensor. One hundred and sixty nine diverse hog manures, collected from farms in the northern part of Belgium, were assayed by conventional wet chemical analysis and spectroscopy for the following constituents: dry matter content, organic matter content, pH, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, calcium, sodium and magnesium. Samples were scanned (two fills, three measurements each) on a Zeiss Corona 1.7 VisNIR diode array instrument equipped with an OMK measuring head, ranging between 400 and 1700 nm (five scans per measurement) using a sample cell (50 mm diameter) for diffuse reflectance scanning from the bottom. Based on the absorbance-constituent and constituent-constituent correlations, the constituents were divided into two groups: one for those in the solids (dung) and one for those in the liquid (urine). The pH was not correlated to any other constituent and, therefore, treated separately. Partial least squares calibrations were developed for the constituent groups and for each of the constituents separately using leave-one-out cross-validation, showing a common spectral basis for each constituent group. To investigate the possibility of developing a cost-effective sensor, regression calibrations were developed using a few wavelengths selected based on the partial least squares regression and validated by leave-one-out cross-validation. Results demonstrated that: (1) approximate quantitative predictions can be made for total N, NH4-N and K, (2) a discrimination between high and low values can be made for DM, OM, P and Mg, (3) prediction of Ca, Na and pH are not possible (yet), (4) one measurement and one filling of the cup give a reliable measurement, (5) a cost-effective sensor measuring only a few appropriately selected wavelengths might be able to give comparable results, (6) further work will be necessary to optimise sample presentation and calibration procedures and (7) mounting a diode array instrument on a slurry tanker can make environmentally and economically sound nutrient management possible.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Modeling of Biomass Pyrolysis in a Downer Reactor: Characteristics of Flow Behavior and Heat Transfer. Modeling of mixing and heat transfer of solids in a downer reactor is carried out by two classic approaches, multi-fluid model (MFM) and computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM). A code describing the heat exchange between wall and solids is developed and coupled into the DEM simulations to improve the heat transfer prediction. It is found that the mixing and dispersion of solid mixture during moving down in the reactor can be generally captured by TFM meanwhile the better results in accordance with the experiments can be delivered by CFD-DEM; The mixing status of heat carrier and feedstock is studied by varying the size of heat carrier and the simulation results indicate that employing small heat carrier is more effective to heat the cold feed-stocks. Furthermore, the hot wall can perform the obvious effect on the heating process. The effect of reactor geometry on heat transfer is also investigated by establishing three downer reactors with the inclined, V-shaped and Z-shaped tubes. Due to the increasing residence time, the temperature of cold particles can climb up higher in the Z-shaped tube. However the additional corner does not give the distinct shift up of temperature as the upper corner does.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
{"token": "The effect of temperature correction on the measured thickness of formaldehyde zones in diffusion flames for 355 nm excitation. The temperature dependent corrections of the formaldehyde laser induced fluorescence raw signal are discussed for the 355 nm excitation, which is widely available as the third harmonic of Nd-YAG lasers. The temperature dependence of the HCHO partition function is calculated explicitly and the effect of quenching corrections is discussed in view of the absence of experimental data on collision cross-sections. Particular reference is made to the case of HCHO layers in hydrocarbon diffusion flames. It is shown that the thickness of such layers is not affected drastically by the calculated corrections, which has implications for the estimate of the scalar dissipation rate in diffusion flames.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "From media to mythology. From Lessing to Greenberg, criticism of the arts was founded on the distinctions made between them. Does technology today irreversibly ruin these? Sven Lutticken asks what a radical practice that accepted convergence between artistic media would look like.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Sustained elevation of activity of developing neurons grown on polyimide microelectrode arrays (MEA) in response to ultrasound exposure. High frequency ultrasound (HFUS) is an attractive modality for noninvasive clinical applications such as imaging, diagnostics and more recently for stimulation of the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation in the electrical activity of developing neurons due to the application of HFUS using polyimide based microelectrode array (MEA) that is acoustically transparent in order to allow ultrasound waves to transmit through the substrate and reach the growing neural layer. High frequency tone bursts of ultrasound were applied to a monolayer of developing primary neurons grown on an acoustical transparent polyimide MEA. HFUS was applied to primary neuronal culture at two frequencies (4.4 and 96 MHz) with spatial peak-temporal average intensities of 100 and 10 mW/cm(2). Exposures were found to increase the spike rate of neurons in culture up to 20-fold in some cases and induce silent or still developing neurons to fire at a maximum rate of up to three new units per recording microelectrode. Another new observation reported in this study is that the increase in spike rate was sustained for over 6 min post stimulation. Our results also suggest that mechanical and not thermal effects of ultrasound largely mediate the increase in electrical excitability without any discernible spatial pattern or preference across the monolayer for the US parameters used in this study. The accessibility of the disassociated neuronal cultures to stimulation, imaging and recording provides a useful model for investigating the exact mechanisms behind the effect of ultrasound on neuronal excitability.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Torn between dual roles: the experiences of nurse-family members when a loved one is hospitalised in a critical condition. Aims and objectivesTo understand and interpret the experiences of nurse-family members when a family member or loved one is hospitalised in a critical condition.Relevance to clinical practiceThere is a need for targeted and specialised communication appropriate to each nurse-family members' needs and level of understanding, and to clarify expectations to ensure nurse-family members' professional knowledge and skills are recognised and respected without being exploited.BackgroundHaving a family member hospitalised with a critical illness is a traumatic stressor, often with long-term sequelae. Providing holistic care for family members who are also nurses makes the provision of care more complex because of their professional expertise; yet few studies have explored this issue.MethodsTwenty nurse-family members completed an online questionnaire in June 2013. Qualitative findings from 19 participants were included in the analysis. The phenomenological analysis approach described by van Manen (Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy, 1990, State University of New York Press, London, ON) was used to describe and interpret nurse-family member experiences.ResultsNurse-family members experience significant dual role conflicts between their personal and professional personas due to their specialised knowledge, need for watchfulness and competing expectations. Our findings describe how dual role conflicts developed and were managed, and reveal the resultant emotional toll and psychological distress as nurse-family members struggled to resolve these conflicts.ConclusionsNurse-family members require a different type of care than general public family members, yet their unique needs are often unmet, leading to increased anxiety and distress that could potentially be minimised. An increased awareness and emphasis on the nurse-family member experience can ensure health care professionals are better placed to provide appropriate and targeted care to minimise distressing dual role conflicts.DesignIn this descriptive study, qualitative data were collected using a questionnaire and analysed using van Manen's (Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy, 1990, State University of New York Press, London, ON) six-step approach.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Effectiveness of humor intervention for patients with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial. Method: Thirty subjects were randomly assigned into either the intervention (humor skill training) group (n = 15) or the control (doing handwork) group (n = 15). The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests and ANOVA.Conclusions: The implementation of humor skill training in a mental health service can improve rehabilitative outcomes and sense of humor for schizophrenia patients who were in the rehabilitation stage. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Objective: The primary aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the possible therapeutic effects of a 10-session humor intervention program in improving rehabilitative outcomes and the effects of the intervention on patients' sense of humor among patients with schizophrenia.Findings: Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were conducted to examine the differences across conditions and time. A group by time interaction effect was observed on all of the outcomes, except positive symptoms of PANSS. The time main effect was also significant on the total score (p < 0.005) and the negative symptoms score (p < 0.001) of the PANSS.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Potential spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wildfowl: dispersal ranges and rates determined from large-scale satellite telemetry. 5. Staging at stopover sites during migration is typically longer than the period of infection and viral shedding, preventing birds from dispersing a virus over several consecutive but interrupted long-distance movements. Intercontinental virus dispersion would therefore probably require relay transmission between a series of successively infected migratory birds.6. Synthesis and applications. Our results provide a detailed quantitative assessment of the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 virus by selected migratory birds. Such dispersive potential rests on the assumption that free-living wildfowl will respond analogously to captive, experimentally-infected birds, and that asymptomatic infection will not alter their movement abilities. Our approach of combining experimental exposure data and telemetry information provides an analytical framework for quantifying the risk of spread of avian-borne diseases.P>1. Migratory birds are major candidates for long-distance dispersal of zoonotic pathogens. In recent years, wildfowl have been suspected of contributing to the rapid geographic spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. Experimental infection studies reveal that some wild ducks, geese and swans shed this virus asymptomatically and hence have the potential to spread it as they move.2. We evaluate the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 viruses by wildfowl through an analysis of the movement range and movement rate of birds monitored by satellite telemetry in relation to the apparent asymptomatic infection duration (AID) measured in experimental studies. We analysed the first large-scale data set of wildfowl movements, including 228 birds from 19 species monitored by satellite telemetry in 2006-2009, over HPAI H5N1 affected regions of Asia, Europe and Africa.3. Our results indicate that individual migratory wildfowl have the potential to disperse HPAI H5N1 over extensive distances, being able to perform movements of up to 2900 km within timeframes compatible with the duration of asymptomatic infection.4. However, the likelihood of such virus dispersal over long distances by individual wildfowl is low: we estimate that for an individual migratory bird there are, on average, only 5-15 days per year when infection could result in the dispersal of HPAI H5N1 virus over 500 km.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Cellular Therapy With Ixmyelocel-T to Treat Critical Limb Ischemia: The Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled RESTORE-CLI Trial. Ixmyelocel-T is a patient-specific, expanded, multicellular therapy evaluated in patients with lower extremity critical limb ischemia (CLI) with no options for revascularization. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial (RESTORE-CLI) compared the efficacy and safety of intramuscular injections of ixmyelocel-T with placebo. Patients received one-time injections over 20 locations in a single leg and were followed for 12 months. Safety assessments included occurrence of adverse events. Efficacy assessments included time to first occurrence of treatment failure (TTF; major amputation of injected leg; all-cause mortality; doubling of total wound surface area from baseline; de novo gangrene) and amputation-free survival (AFS; major amputation of injected leg; all-cause mortality). A total of 77 patients underwent bone marrow or sham aspiration; 72 patients received ixmyelocel-T (48 patients) or placebo (24 patients). Adverse event rates were similar. Ixmyelocel-T treatment led to a significantly prolonged TTF (P = 0.0032, logrank test). AFS had a clinically meaningful 32% reduction in event rate that was not statistically significant (P = 0.3880, logrank test). Treatment effect in post hoc analyses of patients with baseline wounds was more pronounced (TTF: P < 0.0001, AFS: P = 0.0802, logrank test). Ixmyelocel-T treatment was well tolerated and may offer a potential new treatment option.", "label": [2, 18, 19, 20]}
{"token": "The public health implications of farming cattle in areas with high background concentrations of vanadium. Forty-two adult Brahman-cross cattle farmed extensively in two groups, immediately adjacent to and 2 km from a vanadium processing plant respectively, were slaughtered over a 5 year period at a nearby abattoir. Cattle were being exposed to vanadium at close to no-adverse-effect levels. The dose of vanadium that cattle were taking in prior to slaughter was calculated for each animal from environmental and physiological data using a stochastic risk assessment model. The median exposure doses in the month prior to slaughter ranged from 0.55 to 2.73 mg vanadium/kg body weight/day. A range of tissues was taken from the cattle at slaughter for vanadium determination and tissue levels of vanadium in muscle, liver and kidney are reported. The concentrations of vanadium in the milk of cattle from the same farm sampled over 5 years are also reported. Concentrations were further modelled using a lognormal distribution function to look at possible extreme values that are likely to occur. The concentrations of vanadium in commonly consumed tissues ranged from < 0.05 to 11.51 mg/kg (wet-mass basis). The median concentration of vanadium in milk was 0.23 mg vanadium/kg. People drinking milk were at highest risk. The potential oral daily intake of vanadium for people consuming these foodstuffs was modelled using a stochastic model. The model predicted that there is less than a 5% chance that the potential daily intake of vanadium from milk will be > 0.44 mu g/kg/day for adults. Based on this upper limit it was concluded from current knowledge of toxicity in humans that the tissue and milk residues from cattle should pose no health risk to the consumer. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "An Enhanced Model Predictive Controller for Quadrotor Attitude Quick Adjustment with Input Constraints and Disturbances. In this paper, a fuzzy model predictive controller based on disturbance observer is proposed for attitude control of quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) subject to input constraints and disturbances. The proposed algorithm consists of a fuzzy predictive controller based on a T-S fuzzy model and a disturbance observer. FMPC can handle the constraints of the system and disturbance observer is designed to compensate the disturbance effect. In this work, the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model is used for the predictive controller, which is used to more approximate the nonlinear model to obtain a faster convergence speed. To test the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, simulations for the quadrotor are implemented and the tracking performance among the proposed method, existing linear predictive controller and PID algorithm is compared with each other. Both simulation and experiment results show the effectiveness of using fuzzy model and disturbance observer.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Collisional rates for the inelastic Maxwell model: application to the divergence of anisotropic high-order velocity moments in the homogeneous cooling state. The collisional rates associated with the isotropic velocity moments < V-2r > and the anisotropic moments <(VVi >)-V-2r and < V-2r(ViVj - d(-1)V(2)delta(ij))> are exactly derived in the case of the inelastic Maxwell model as functions of the exponent r, the coefficient of restitution alpha, and the dimensionality d. The results are applied to the evolution of the moments in the homogeneous free cooling state. It is found that, at a given value of alpha, not only the isotropic moments of a degree higher than a certain value diverge but also the anisotropic moments do. This implies that, while the scaled distribution function has been proven in the literature to converge to the isotropic self-similar solution in well-defined mathematical terms, nonzero initial anisotropic moments do not decay with time. On the other hand, our results show that the ratio between an anisotropic moment and the isotropic moment of the same degree tends to zero.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 12]}
{"token": "Improved photovoltaic performance of crystalline-Si/organic Schottky junction solar cells using ferroelectric polymers. The effect of inserting an ultrathin layer of ferroelectric (FE) poly(vinylidene fluoridetetrafluoroethylene) P(VDF-TeFE) at the crystalline (c-)Si/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) interface of a c-Si/PEDOT:PSS Schottky junction solar cell is demonstrated. P(VDF-TeFE) is a highly resistive material that exhibits a large, permanent, internal polarization electric field by poling of molecular dipole among the polymer chains. Because of these properties, performance can be enhanced by adjusting the thickness of the FE layer and subsequent poling process. Inserting a 3-nm-thick FE layer increases the power conversion efficiency g from 10.2% to 11.4% with a short-circuit current density J(sc) of 28.85 mA/cm(2), an open-circuit voltage V-oc of 0.57 V, and a fill factor FF of 0.692. Subsequent poling of the FE layer under a reverse DC bias stress increased g up to 12.3% with a J(sc) of 29.7 mA/cm(2), a V-oc of 0.58 V, and an FF of 0.71. The obtained results confirm that the spontaneous polarization of the FE layers is responsible for the enhancement of g, and that the polarization-based enhancement works if the FE layer is highly crystalline. These findings originate from efficient charge extraction to the electrodes and a suppression of non-radiative recombination at the c-Si/PEDOT: PSS interface. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Cross-species amplification of microsatellite loci in aphids: assessment and application. Despite the relative ease of isolating microsatellites, their development still requires substantial inputs of time, money and expertise. For this reason there is considerable interest in using existing microsatellites on species from which markers were not cloned. We tested cross-species amplification of 48 existing aphid loci in species of the following genera: Aphidinae: Aphidini: Aphis and Rhopalosiphum; Aphidinae: Macrosiphini: Acyrthosiphum, Brevicoryne, Diuraphis, Illinoia, Macrosiphoniella, Macrosiphum, Metopeurum, Metapolophium, Myzus, Phorodon, Sitobion and Uroleucon and Neuquenaphidinae: Neuquenaphis. Our results show cross-species application of known microsatellite loci is a highly promising source of codominant markers for population genetic and evolutionary studies in aphids.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Boundary conditions manipulation of polar vortex domains in BiFeO3 membranes via phase-field simulations. Polar vortex domains have recently become an emergent research field due to the abundant physical phenomena and potential applications in high-density memories. Here, we explore the mechanisms of creating polar vortex domains in the BiFeO3 (BFO) membranes subjected to different boundary conditions using phase-field simulations. A major difference is that the vortex in membrane can be stabilized even under short-circuit electrical boundary conditions compared to vortex in other systems, such as thin film or superlattice. We found that (a) the formation of polar vortex domains at the membrane interior under bending is mainly driven by the reduction of elastic energy under short-circuit boundary condition, and the vortex chirality (namely, clockwise and counterclockwise) could be identified by n-shape and u-shape bending; (b) in the unbent open-circuit BFO membrane case, exotic trapezoid-shaped vortex nanodomains form at the terminations of 109 degrees domain walls (DWs) and partially charged 71 degrees DWs, which is driven by the local depolarization field and the interplay among electrostatic, elastic, and gradient and Landau energies. We also examine Kittel's law by establishing the dependence of vortex periods on the membrane thickness. These results give further understanding of the effect of boundary conditions on the formation of polar vortex domains, guiding experimental designs of vortex-based high-density memories.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Expression of beta-defensin genes by human salivary glands. This study investigated expression of genes encoding human beta-defensins 1 and 2 by human salivary glands. Tissues from surgical biopsies were collected fresh onto ice and stored in liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent and human beta-defensin messenger RNA detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction amplification. DNA sequencing of amplified fragments, after ligation into pGEM-T Easy vector and transformation of competent Escherichia coli, confirmed identities of cloned fragments. Human beta-defensin 1 messenger RNA was detected in all 25 samples that generated amplifiable cDNA, as assessed using abl-specific primers. Three of 13 submandibular gland samples (two normal, one chronically inflamed), and 2 of 2 minor salivary gland samples (one normal, one chronically inflamed) expressed human beta-defensin 2 messenger RNA. All six parotid gland samples studied were negative for human beta-defensin 2 messenger RNA. Thus, human beta-defensin 1 gene expression occurred in all human major and minor salivary glands studied, whereas human beta-defensin 2 expression occurred only in a small number of gland samples.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 43]}
{"token": "Vagina Cuff Brachytherapy in Endometrial Cancer. Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer in developed countries, and its etiopathogenesis includes obesity, metabolic syndrome and unopposed estrogen effect. Therefore, the incidence is increasing and it is estimated to double in 2030. The main treatment modality is surgery, radiotherapy has role for inoperable patients and adjuvant period. Although adjuvant radiotherapy (external and/or brachytherapy) is possible, there arc different literature information about indications and methods of administration. Stage and risk factors are important criteria for adjuvant treatment decision in today's routine clinical practice, grade of tumor, myometrial invasion, lymphatic vascular invasion (LVI(+)) tumor size, lymph node status, extension of tumor to cervix or vagina, age, type of surgery, and other cornorhid conditions are all factors under consideration to determine the type and decision of adjuvant therapy. It has been shown that, of molecular markers which arc effective on survival, POLE mutation leads to good prognosis and L1CAM and TP53 lead to poor prognosis and increased metastasis rate, and these molecular differences can also be utilized in designing adjuvant therapy in the future. When compared to the risk groups, radiotherapy reduces the risk of recurrence in the low-risk group from 5-6% to 2% and in the moderate-risk group from 12-15% to 3-6%. In the high-moderate risk group, it reduces from 18-26% to 5-6%. Vaginal brachytherapy is a preferred method to prevent the recurrence of vaginal cuff with far fewer side effects than external radiotherapy. The literature review showed that there are 24 different types of single application protocol and 22 different application protocols after external radiotherapy. In the treatment of endometrium cancer, vaginal cuff radiotherapy provides excellent results in disease control with a very low side effect rate, if applied properly and for the correct indication.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "PREVALENCE, GENOTYPES, AND AN ISOLATE (HC-C2) OF HEPATITIS-C VIRUS IN CHINESE PATIENTS WITH LIVER-DISEASE. China has not been extensively investigated for the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among people with or without liver disease. We analyzed serum from 2,177 liver disease patients from 7 cities in different areas of China. Of 435 acute hepatitis patients, only 11% were positive for HCV RNA, while hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected in 33%. Of 1,668 patients with chronic liver disease, 14% and 74% were positive for HCV RNA and HBsAg, respectively. Nearly 80% of non-B chronic liver disease were negative for HCV RNA. The frequency of HCV RNA in chronic liver disease was significantly higher in Hami (32%) and Shenyang (30%) than in other cities (6-12%). The HCV genotype distribution varied by region. Genotype III was detected in 46-70% of HCV infections in Hami, Shenyang, and Lanzhou, while more than 90% of patients from southern cities (Nanjing, Nanning, and Chengdu) had genotype II. No evidence for genotype I or IV infections was found. A full-length HCV genome sequence (HC-C2) derived from a Beijing patient with genotype II was closely related to previous isolates from Japanese and Taiwanese patients. These results suggest that HCV prevalence and genotype distribution vary from region to region in China, and that the HCV now predominant in China may have evolved epidemiologically with infections in Japan and Taiwan. The study identified a high frequency of non-B, non-C chronic liver disease in China, suggesting possibly a new agent or infections with extreme variants of HCV.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Towards a Political Economy of the Institutional Quality Indicators. The recent proliferation of good governance indicators builds on an idea that has come to be widely accepted among development scholars and practitioners: the way in which power is exercised through political, economic and social institutions conditions the country's chances to develop sustainably and equitably. Just as Kaufmann and his team claim, the general consensus seems to be that \\\\'governance quality matters\\\\'.Now that we know that institutions matter, we still have to determine which institutions matter the most for which results. Moving forward towards these sorts of explanations will probably require the use of more disaggregate indicators that allow us to identify-specific institutions and processes that might be affecting the general results of the institutional framework. These tools have the advantage of making information available that can aid in the detection of concrete weaknesses in a country's institutional design or its implementation. Therefore, they also show a greater potential to be used by policymakers as well as by civil society organizations interested in promoting a good governance agenda by identifying specific problems and contributing to the development of concrete solutions.Highly aggregate indicators have been extremely useful for showing positive correlations between good governance and economic growth or poverty reduction indicators. Thus, they have called the attention of practitioners and decision makers to the importance of good governance for development, which constitutes an important practical contribution.In addition, the notion of good governance has a prescriptive aspect that derives from the values that inspire it: the democratic legitimacy of rulers, citizen participation, government accountability, transparency in the management of public affairs, the articulation of public and private interests, conflict resolution according to law, and State effectiveness in the provision of public goods and services as well as in the promotion of equitable growth. These values constitute by themselves a reform agenda for which promotion good governance indicators have great potential that remains somewhat unexploited.In line with this assertion, developing countries are periodically diagnosed, evaluated, classified, compared and even ranked by a multiplicity of initiatives that aim to measure the various dimensions of good governance. These exercises have significant practical consequences, because good governance assessments and rankings are used to make business and political decisions that affect countries in a very direct way.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "HAINAN CHAM, ANONG, AND EASTERN CHAM: THREE LANGUAGES, THREE SOCIAL CONTEXTS, THREE PATTERNS OF CHANGE. Three separate languages are examined, each with a different sociolinguistic setting, and with each setting leading to a different pattern of grammatical change. The paper sketches the grammar changes and documents the associated social settings: specifically, how the language in question is used and whether outsiders are speaking the language. The paper supports the general conclusion (e.g., by Thomason & Kaufman) that the most important factors in contact-induced change are social ones but more interestingly and more specifically, in regard to these three languages, it deals which sociolinguistic contexts for language correlate with the three quite distinct sets of outcomes.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "A Bracketed Grid account of the Italian endecasillabo meter. This paper offers a generative account of the Italian endecasillabo meter, based on a revision of the Bracketed Grid Theory put forth in Fabb and Halle (2008). The aim is to define a single set of rules which are valid for each possible endecasillabo line, regardless of author and epoch. To do so, the paper analyzes a chronologically wide-ranging choice of examples. After a critical overview of previous analyses of this meter, including Piera's proposal within Fabb and Halle's (2008), a new analysis is developed that accommodates both the whole set of Italian data and the theoretical problems affecting the Bracketed Grid Theory in its application to the endecasillabo. This new analysis proposes that (i) Bracketed Gridline 1 must be built by a ternary grouping rule; and (ii) designated limited bits of prosodic information must be visible to the metrical rules. (i) Is formally implemented in a new algorithm, which simplifies the scansion rules by reducing the possible underlying patters of endecasillabo to two. (ii) Solves the cases of ambiguous pattern attribution. The combination of (i ii), finally, explains why non-canonical forms are possible but minoritary in the corpus. This brings out a number of consequences for Fabb and Halle (2008), and for the generative theory of poetic meter in general. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Leverage-value nexus in Italian small-medium enterprises: further evidence using dose-response function. Purpose The study introduces a new approach to leverage-value relationship. Besides applying the classical regression models, the study deals with leverage as a continuous treatment variable implemented on the firm's value using the dose-response function (DFR). Design/methodology/approach After proper model calibration and splitting the treatment (leverage) into ten doses, a response function is generated, which enables the realization of the dose level at which the firm's value is maximized. Furthermore, the study tests the pecking order theory (POT) and the trade-off theory (TOT) using the threshold model to see whether firms are under or over-indebted. The analysis is carried out on panel data from small-medium enterprises (SMEs), providing more valuable insights than large and mature companies. Findings The study used two leverage measures: total liabilities ratio and bank debt ratio. Value is measured by the market capitalization and Tobin's Q. In general, the study finds a positive relationship between leverage and value; POT is not strongly supported, firms are below their optimal leverage and there is a certain leverage dose that would maximize firms' value. Practical implications Since the threshold model and DRF show that SMEs are under-indebted, firms could benefit from extra leverage doses without affecting the firm's risk profile, especially in a low-interest rate regime, and the potential increase in public-private expenditure after Italy obtained the European Recovery Funds. Originality/value The study contributes to new knowledge and understanding of financial leverage from new methodological perspectives, offering valuable insights from SMEs using novel approaches.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 up-regulates expression of hsa-let-7a-2 through the interaction of VDR/VDRE in human lung cancer A549 cells. Results: We found that 1,25-(OH)(2)VD3 could up-regulate the expression of hsa-let-7a-2 in a dose-dependent manner. The results of EMSA and ChIP demonstrated that 1,25-(OH)(2)VD3/VDR could interact with the VDRE in the upstream of pre-let-7a-2. Luciferase reporter assay showed that this VDRE is a functional cis-element mediating the up-regulation of hsa-let-7a-2 expression induced by 1,25-(OH)(2)VD3.Aims: We aim to investigate the relationship between 1,25-(OH)(2)VD3 and hsa-let-7a in lung cancer A549 cells.Methods: Real-time PCR and luciferase reporter assays were used to detect the influence of 1,25-(OH)(2)VD3 on the expression of hsa-let-7a-2 after A549 cells were treated with 1,25-(OH)(2)VD3 (10(-8) similar to 10(-6) mol/L). Analysis of the 5.0 Kb upstream sequence of the pre-let-7a-2 showed that one vitamin D response element (VDRE) is located in -2066/-2042 bp of pre-let-7a-2. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays were performed to determine whether 1,25-(OH)(2)VD3 activating vitamin D receptor (VDR) could bind to this VDRE to promote hsa-let-7a-2 expression.Conclusions: Our data indicated that 1,25-(OH)(2)VD3 could up-regulate the transcription of hsa-let-7a-2 in lung cancer cells, and the up-regulation of hsa-let-7a-2 expression induced by 1,25-(OH)(2)VD3 might mediate the anti-proliferation effects of 1,25-(OH)(2)VD3 in lung cancer cells. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "AN ORGANIC SOLVENT AND FLOCCULANT BASED SYSTEM FOR CHEMICAL DEWATERING OF ALGAE. The concentration of algal water in a raceway pond is around 0.5 to 1 g of whole-cell biomass per unit volume (liter) of liquid. Because of its dilute nature, dewatering the microalgae suspension can account for a significant portion of downstream processing costs and is thus a significant challenge for the sustainability of industrial-scale algal processes. The solvent phase algal migration (SPAM) process presented here is a technique designed to separate suspended algal cells from their aqueous phase to a solvent while simultaneously displacing water. This investigation evaluates the dewatering performance of five factors pertinent to the SPAM process: algal surface modifier type, algal surface modifier concentration, solvent fraction, migration time, and initial algal broth concentration. The investigation revealed that the initial algal broth concentration, surface modifier type, and solvent fraction significantly affected the level of algal migration during the SPAM process.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Hymenobacter kanuolensis sp nov., a novel radiation-resistant bacterium. A Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, red-pigmented, radiation-resistant, aerobic bacterium designated T-3(T) was isolated from a soil sample from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Tibet, China, after exposure to 10 kGy gamma radiation. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences indicated that this isolate represented a novel member of the genus Hymenobacter. Sequence identities of the 165 rRNA gene of strain T-3(T) with the type strains of species of the genus Hymenobacter with validly published names range from 89% to 97%, and the most closely related species is Hymenobacter psychrotolerans Tibet-IIU11(T) (97%). The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain T-3(T) and H. psychrotolerans is 59.10%. The major fatty acids of strain T-3(T) were iso-C-15:0 (27.66%), summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1I and/or anteiso-C17:1B, 15.84%), anteiso-C-15:0 (14.08%) and summed feature 3 (C-16:1 omega 7c and/or C-16:1 omega 6c, 12.38%). The major menaquinone of strain T-3(T) was MK-7. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was predominant in the polar lipid profile. The G+C content of the DNA of strain T-3(T) was 69.17 mol%. On the basis of the results of the polyphasic characterization presented in this study, it is. concluded that strain T-3(T) represents a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter kanuolensis is proposed. The type strain is T-3(T) (=ACCC 05760(T) =KCTC 32407(T)).", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Stability-based and energy-efficient distributed data gathering algorithms for wireless mobile sensor networks. The high-level contributions of this paper are the design and development of two distributed spanning tree-based data gathering algorithms for wireless mobile sensor networks and their exhaustive simulation study to investigate a complex stability-delay-throughput vs. node-network lifetime-coverage loss tradeoff that has been hitherto not explored in the literature. The topology of the mobile sensor networks changes dynamically with time due to random movement of the sensor nodes. Our first data gathering algorithm is stability-oriented and it is based on the idea of finding a maximum spanning tree on a network graph whose edge weights are predicted link expiration times (LETs). Referred to as the LET-DG tree, the data gathering tree has been observed to be more stable in the presence of node mobility, as well as incur a significantly lower delay per round of data gathering (due to the shorter height of the tree with more leaf nodes) and larger throughput per tree. However, stability-based data gathering coupled with more leaf nodes has been observed to result in unfair use of certain nodes (the intermediate nodes spend more energy compared to leaf nodes), triggering premature node failures eventually leading to network failure (disconnection of the network of live hodes). As an alternative, we propose an algorithm to determine a minimum-distance spanning tree (MST) based data gathering tree that is more energy-efficient and prolongs the node and network lifetimes as well as inflicts a lower coverage loss on the underlying network at any time instant, all of these at the cost frequent tree reconfigurations. The MST-DG trees also incur a significantly longer delay per round, due to their larger height and fewer leaf nodes. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Consumer heterogeneity and the development of environmentally friendly technologies. The paper examines the effect of heterogeneous consumer demand on the generation and diffusion of environmentally benign technology paradigms. The history of the shift from horse-based to car-based transport provides the basis for ail empirically grounded multi-agent model of sequential technology competitions. Firms compete on price, product quality. and the environmental sustainability of their products. and improve their market position through product innovation. The trajectory of product innovation is shaped by the distribution of heterogeneous consumer preferences with regards to quality, price, and the environmental impact of consumption. The distribution of consumer preferences determines whether cleaner designs are developed within a technology paradigm, whether new. more environmentally benign paradigms are developed, and whether these new paradigms replace older, environmentally harmful technology paradigms. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
{"token": "New paradigm of marketing in the process of market globalization. The paper presents the development of Marketing Theorie from beginning till present. It analyses influence of global processes on the companies marketing activities, which enterprise on global, international an local markets.Article presented by the author refers to importance and grounds of marketing conception in conditions of global economy in spite of scepticism and criticism of marketing by the part of theory and according to Slovak and International companies it also refers to important tendencies marketing theory and practice is going through.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "The Size, Shape, and Scattering of Sagittarius A* at 86GHz: First VLBI with ALMA. The Galactic center supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) is one of the most promising targets to study the dynamics of black hole accretion and outflow via direct imaging with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI). At 3.5 mm (86 GHz), the emission from Sgr A* is resolvable with the Global Millimeter VLBI Array (GMVA). We present the first observations of Sgr A* with the phased Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) joining the GMVA. Our observations achieve an angular resolution of similar to 87 mu as, improving upon previous experiments by a factor of two. We reconstruct a first image of the unscattered source structure of Sgr A* at 3.5 mm, mitigating the effects of interstellar scattering. The unscattered source has a major-axis size of 120 +/- 34 mu as (12 +/- 3.4 Schwarzschild radii) and a symmetrical morphology (axial ratio of 1.2(-0.2)(+0.3)), which is further supported by closure phases consistent with zero within 3 sigma. We show that multiple disk-dominated models of Sgr A* match our observational constraints, while the two jet-dominated models considered are constrained to small viewing angles. Our long-baseline detections to ALMA also provide new constraints on the scattering of Sgr A*, and we show that refractive scattering effects are likely to be weak for images of Sgr A* at 1.3 mm with the Event Horizon Telescope. Our results provide the most stringent constraints to date for the intrinsic morphology and refractive scattering of Sgr A*, demonstrating the exceptional contribution of ALMA to millimeter VLBI.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Sticking-Free Reduction of Titanomagnetite Ironsand in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Fluidized bed reduction of iron ore fines is typically inhibited by the onset of sticking at temperatures above 973K, which leads to particle agglomeration and defluidization of the bed. Here, we report the sticking-free fluidized bed reduction of titanomagnetite (TTM) ironsand at 1223K in Ar-H-2 gas mixtures. We show that sticking is prevented by the formation of a protective titanium-rich oxide shell around each particle during the initial reduction stage. This protective shell prevents iron-iron contact between particles throughout the reduction process, enabling metallization degrees of 93pct to be attained without sticking occurring. Phase evolution during the reaction has also been analyzed using q-X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope/energy dispersed spectroscopy. We find that the reduction proceeds through four separate stages. During the initial stage, approximately half of the initial TTM phase is converted to wustite, forming a network of sub-micron wustite channels which interlace the TTM matrix. During this stage, Ti and Al are enriched within the TTM matrix, due to the low solubility of both species in wustite. This enrichment stabilizes the remaining TTM, meaning that wustite is then preferentially reduced to metallic iron in stage 2 of the reduction. In stage 3, the remaining Ti-enriched TTM is reduced directly to metallic iron and ilmenite. The final stage of reduction involves the conversion of ilmenite into rutile and pseudobrookite. Our findings clarify the important role played by titanium species during the reduction of TTM and suggest that New Zealand ironsand can offer significant advantages over conventional hematite ores when used as a feedstock for fluidized bed direct-reduced iron processes.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "TRANSPLANTATION OF HUMAN ORGANS: AN EUROPEAN HEALTH LAW PERSPECTIVE. Progress in the field of organ transplantation has much contributed to saving lives. Main areas of concern are scarcity of donor organs, quality and safety. Increased demand for organs from deceased donors in European countries has instigated cross-border cooperation.The Council of Europe organises yearly a European day for Organ Donation and Transplantation since 1996.Quality and safety standards in organ transplantation are set by the Council of Europe and the European Union (EU). This includes trafficking in human organs. The \\\\'Guide to the Quality and Safety of Organs for Transplantation\\\\' is the \\\\'handbook\\\\' for all those involved in transplantation of organs. The European Action Plan (EU, 2009-2015), addressing availability of organs, efficiency and accessibility of transplant systems, improved quality and safety, has provided support to Member States' policies.Persistent problems include the position of relatives, discrepancies in donation rates, inequalities in access, non-European citizens seeking transplantation within the EU.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Prevalence of Burkholderia mallei in Equids of Remount Depot, Sargodha, Pakistan. Glanders is a highly contagious disease of solipeds caused by Burkholderia mallei. Nodules and ulcers are either seen in the upper respiratory tract and lungs (i.e. glanders) or the skin (i.e. farcy). Infection always results in persistence of the agent and intermittent shedding. Progressive loss of efficiency and fatal outcome resulting in massive economical losses forced veterinary authorities worldwide to start disease control including mass testing using complement fixation test and/or malleinisation, and culling of positives. In the last decade, the number of outbreaks in Asia and South America has been steadily increasing and glanders proved to be a re-emerging transboundary disease again. Pakistan has demonstrably been an endemic country for the last 120 years. Actual data however on the presence of disease among Pakistani army equid are absent. A seroprevalence study of equids rearing establishment, Remount Depot, Sargodha Pakistan having the densest working equine population from Sargodha district was made in the year 2009. A total of 920 (horses: 75; mules: 844; donkey: 01) serum samples were collected from apparently healthy paddock equids. The complement fixation test (CFT) and the highly specific and newly validated immunoblot (IB) technique were used for serodiagnosis. No positive animal (horse, mule and donkey) was found. Glanders seems to be restricted to remote, sporadic pockets of endemicity and may cause outbreaks after being introduced in native populations by asymptomatic shedders. The diagnostic specificity of the ccPro antigen based CFT was 68.39%, and of the CIDC antigen based CFT 65.87%.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "24-hour ambulatory blood pressure profile in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia - A preliminary report. Hypothesis: Long-term use of glucocorticoids at supra-physiological doses may result in high BP. Objective: To document any changes in BP in patients with CAH following long-term conventional glucocorticoid replacement therapy. Patients and Methods: 24-hour ambulatory BP (AmBP) monitoring was performed in 11 patients with CAH, all of whom were on glucocorticoid replacement at supra-physiological doses. In addition, a single random BP measurement was taken in each patient at enrolment. Mean systolic and diastolic pressure during awake and sleep periods, systolic and diastolic BP loads, and systolic and diastolic BP dips were calculated from the 24-hour AmBP profile of each patient, which was correlated with demographic and treatment details. AmBP readings were compared to Task Force references for casual BP and also to recently available AmBP specific reference values.Results: None of the patients had significant BP loads at the 95(th) percentile (hypertensive BP range) using references for casual BP readings. However, in the subgroup of patients who had significant BP load at the 90(th) percentile (high normal BP range), higher mean systolic and diastolic pressures were noticed during the awake period. Seven patients did not have a systolic dip with or without a diastolic dip. There was no significant correlation between various BP parameters and demographic or treatment details in our sample. However, one patient had daytime systolic hypertension and six had nocturnal hypertension using AmBP specific reference values.Background: Blood pressure (BP) is maintained within normal limits by the interplay of various mechanisms including the action of cortisol and aldosterone. However, these hormones when exogenously administered are not under the regulatory feedback mechanisms that maintain BP homeostasis. Treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) requires glucocorticoid replacement (with or without additional mineralocorticoid) at supra-physiological doses to normalize the pituitary adrenocortical axis.Conclusions: In this preliminary study, long-term glucocorticoid replacement therapy at supra-physiological doses does not seem to be associated with hypertension in young people with CAH when using casual BP references. However, higher mean BP was noticed in the subgroup of patients with significant systolic or diastolic BP load at high normal BP range, and evidence of daytime and nocturnal hypertension was uncovered using AmBP specific reference values. Further large trials using appropriate BP references are necessary to clarify the significance of these findings.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "The Presumed Influence of COVID-19 Misinformation on Social Media: Survey Research from Two Countries in the Global Health Crisis. While the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is spreading all over the world, misinformation, without prudent journalistic judgments of media content online, has begun circulating rapidly and influencing public opinion on social media. This quantitative study intends to advance the previous misinformation research by proposing and examining a theoretical model following an \\\\'influence of presumed influence\\\\' perspective. Two survey studies were conducted on participants located in the United States (N = 1793) and China (N = 504), respectively, to test the applicability of the influence of presumed influence theory. Results indicated that anger and anxiety significantly predicted perceived influence of misinformation on others; presumed influence on others positively affected public support in corrective and restrictive actions in both U.S. and China. Further, anger toward misinformation led to public willingness to self-correct in the U.S. and China. In contrast, anxiety only took effects in facilitating public support for restrictive actions in the U.S. This study conducted survey research in China and the U.S. to expand the influence of presumed influence (IPI) hypothesis to digital misinformation in both Western and non-Western contexts. This research provides implications for social media companies and policy makers to combat misinformation online.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Spectra of linearized operators for NLS solitary waves. Nonlinear Schrodinger equations (NLSs) with focusing power nonlinearities have solitary wave solutions. The spectra of the linearized operators around these solitary waves are intimately connected to stability properties of the solitary waves and to the long-time dynamics of solutions of NLSs. We study these spectra in detail, both analytically and numerically.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Long story ... Beyond 'technologies' of knowing in case study work with permanently excluded young people. This paper draws on case study research with Lee who had been permanently excluded from an urban secondary school in England. It begins with two extended extracts from the case study in order to illustrate the challenges the principal researcher, Deon, faced in the day-to-day conduct of the work. The section that follows engages in a reflexive consideration of these 'discomforts' in research. The discussion interlaces post-structural analysis of identities, and how these relate to being excluded from school, with indications about methodology. The paper ends with a call for ethnographic study in educational/social research and in the study of exclusion.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Putrescine differently influences the effect of salt stress on polyamine metabolism and ethylene synthesis in rice cultivars differing in salt resistance. Effects of salt stress on polyamine metabolism and ethylene production were examined in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars [I Kong Pao (IKP), salt sensitive; and Pokkali, salt resistant] grown for 5 d and 12 d in nutrient solution in the presence or absence of putrescine (1 mM) and 0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl. The salt-sensitive (IKP) and salt-resistant (Pokkali) cultivars differ not only in their mean levels of putrescine, but also in the physiological functions assumed by this molecule in stressed tissues. Salt stress increased the proportion of conjugated putrescine in salt-resistant Pokkali and decreased it in the salt-sensitive IKP, suggesting a possible protective function in response to NaCl. Activities of the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17) and arginine decarboxylase (ADC; EC 4.1.1.19) involved in putrescine synthesis were higher in salt-resistant Pokkali than in salt-sensitive IKP. Both enzymes were involved in the response to salt stress. Salt stress also increased diamine oxidase (DAO; 1.4.3.6) and polyamine oxidase (PAO EC 1.5.3.11) activities in the roots of salt-resistant Pokkali and in the shoots of salt-sensitive IKP. Gene expression followed by reverse transcription-PCR suggested that putrescine could have a post-translational impact on genes coding for ADC (ADCa) and ODC (ODCa and ODCb) but could induce a transcriptional activation of genes coding for PAO (PAOb) mainly in the shoot of salt-stressed plants. The salt-resistant cultivar Pokkali produced higher amounts of ethylene than the salt-sensitive cultivar IKP, and exogenous putrescine increased ethylene synthesis in both cultivars, suggesting no direct antagonism between polyamine and ethylene pathways in rice.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in leukocyte DNA and urine of quartz-exposed workers and patients with silicosis. Objective: To examine radical-induced DNA damage and its elimination ill workers exposed to quartz and in patients with silicosis, and to assess the relationship of these effects to lung function, Methods: Blood and spontaneous urine samples were obtained from active, quartz-exposed workers without silicosis (n = 63), and from retired workers with silicosis (n = 42). Levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were determined in peripheral blood leukocyte DNA and urine, by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra violet- (UV) and electrochemical detection. Results: No significant differences in the mean levels of 8-OHdG in leukocyte DNA and of urinary excretion of 8-OHdG were found between silicosis patients and quartz-exposed healthy workers. However, in the group of silicosis patients with increased oxidative DNA damage the urinary excretion of 8-OHdG was lower than in the corresponding group of active workers without silicosis. In the case of silicosis, urinary 8-OHdG correlated positively, and 8-OHdG in DNA correlated negatively, with forced expiratory volume ill one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Healthy workers with a personally estimated high dust exposure in the workplace showed higher levels of 8-OHdG in DNA than did workers with moderate dust exposure. No association of 8-OHdG formation and/or elimination with duration of employment, field of activity, smoking or age was found. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a less effective repair of 8-OHdG is associated with a higher degree of pulmonary airway obstruction in patients with silicosis.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Estimation and optimization of computer-generated hologram in null test of freeform surface. Freeform surfaces are increasingly used in the design of compact optical systems. Interferometric null test with computer generated hologram (CGH), which has been successfully used in highly accurate test of aspheric surfaces, is adopted to test the freeform surfaces. The best fitting sphere of the freeform surface under the test is firstly calculated to quickly estimate the possibility of null test. To decrease the maximum spatial frequency of the null CGH, the position of the CGH and the direction of optical axis are optimized. The estimated maximum spatial frequency of the CGH is 7.8% apart from the optimized one, which shows the validity of the best fitting sphere.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "A mixed methods study of architectural education during the initial COVID-19 lockdown: student experiences in design studio and technology courses. Purpose The paper aims to understand and assess architecture students' experiences of online teaching during the initial lockdown caused by the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic between March-June 2020. The exploratory study was conducted across two architectural engineering departments of two separate campuses of the same not-for-profit, non-governmental higher education institution in Cairo, Egypt, focusing on two course streams within their architectural curriculum; design-studio-based courses (DC) and technology courses (TC). Design/methodology/approach A mixed-methods approach was used, where a questionnaire-based survey was developed to gather qualitative and quantitative data based on perceptions of a sample of 245 students. The survey quantitatively queried five dimensions related to students' learning experiences and qualitatively sought to evaluate both the positive experiences and challenges the students experienced. Findings Findings outline that students' experiences were neutral but veered toward the positive end of the scale. Three factors appear to have affected students' learning experiences; students' reliance on educational technologies, the stage of architectural education students were enrolled in when they went into lockdown, and finally, quality and timing of feedback received. While challenges were faced during transition to the digital realm, these may have compelled students to take ownership of the students' own knowledge construction. Originality/value Results provide a nuanced understanding of how students dealt with this critical transformation in architectural pedagogy at a unique moment in history, highlighting merits that could have an everlasting impact on design education during and after times of pandemic.", "label": [1, 5, 17, 52]}
{"token": "The assessment of a method for measurements and lead quantification in air particulate matter using total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometers. This paper presents the assessment of a direct method to measure and analyse Pb in air particulate matter (PM) collected on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filtering membranes prepared by the SMART STORE (R) procedure. The suitability of grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence technique is verified on a set of continuous and conformal thin film samples created by atomic layer deposition. Different scans changing the angles of incidence are performed and the fluorescence intensity of thin films on PTFE substrate compared with that obtained by similar thin films deposited on Si wafer substrates. The effects of sample preparation, constraints, and limitations of the experimental setup are discussed. The results obtained by three commercial total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometers, equipped with Mo or Rh X-ray tubes, are compared. Reference samples with different Pb content are used to define the best measurement conditions, corresponding to the maximum fluorescence intensity. The precision is evaluated in terms of relative standard deviation of the net intensity, taking into account the homogeneity of the PM samples and hardware contributions to the errors. The calibration curves are built on the basis of mono- and multi-elemental Pb loaded PTFE reference samples. The analytical parameters, namely linear calibration and determination range, limits of detection, and quantification, are determined.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Evaluation of an internal positive control for Cryptosporidium and Giardia testing in water samples. Conclusions: ColorSeed C&G is suitable for use as an internal positive control for routine monitoring of both treated and raw water samples.Methods and Results: A total of 494 water samples were seeded with ColorSeed C&G and with unlabelled Cryptosporidium and Giardia and then analysed. Additionally, the robustness of the ColorSeed labelling was challenged with various chemical treatments. Recoveries were significantly lower for the ColorSeed Texas Red labelled Cryptosporidium and Giardia than recoveries of unlabelled Cryptosporidium and Giardia . However, the differences in recoveries were small. On average ColorSeed Cryptosporidium recoveries were 3.3% lower than unlabelled Cryptosporidium, and ColorSeed Giardia recoveries were 4% lower than unlabelled Giardia .Aims: An internal positive control for Cryptosporidium and Giardia monitoring was evaluated for use in routine water monitoring quality control. The control, known as ColorSeed C&G (BTF Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia), is a suspension containing exactly 100 Cryptosporidium oocysts and 100 Giardia cysts that have been modified by attachment of Texas Red to the cell wall, allowing them to be differentiated from unmodified oocysts and cysts. The control enables recovery efficiencies to be determined for every water sample analysed.Significance and Impact of the Study: The small differences in recoveries are unlikely to limit the usefulness of ColorSeed C&G as an internal positive control. The ColorSeed labelling was found to be robust after different treatments.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
{"token": "Cumulative Distribution Networks and the Derivative-sum-product Algorithm: Models and Inference for Cumulative Distribution Functions on Graphs. We present a class of graphical models for directly representing the joint cumulative distribution function (CDF) of many random variables, called cumulative distribution networks (CDNs). Unlike graphs for probability density and mass functions, for CDFs the marginal probabilities for any subset of variables are obtained by computing limits of functions in the model, and conditional probabilities correspond to computing mixed derivatives. We will show that the conditional independence properties in a CDN are distinct from the conditional independence properties of directed, undirected and factor graphs, but include the conditional independence properties of bi-directed graphs. In order to perform inference in such models, we describe the 'derivative-sum-product' (DSP) message-passing algorithm in which messages correspond to derivatives of the joint CDF. We will then apply CDNs to the problem of learning to rank players in multiplayer team-based games and suggest several future directions for research.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Purification and characterization of cytoplasmic NADP(+)-isocitrate dehydrogenase, and amplification of the Nadp(+)-Idh gene from the wing-dimorphic sand field cricket, Gryllus firmus. Cytoplasmic NADP(+)-isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)-IDH) has been purified and characterized, and its gene sequenced in many animal, plant, and yeast species. However, much less information is available on this enzyme-gene in insects. As a first step in investigating the biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which NADP(+)-IDH contributes to adaptations for flight vs. reproduction in insects, the enzyme was purified to homogeneity in the wing-dimorphic cricket, Gryllus firmus, characterized, and its corresponding gene sequenced. Using a combination of polyethylene glycol precipitation, Cibacron-Blue affinity chromatography, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography the enzyme was purified 291-fold (7% yield; specific activity = 15.8 mu mol NADPH/min/mg protein). The purified enzyme exhibited a single band on SDS PAGE (46.3 kD), but consisted of two N-terminal amino acid sequences that differed in the first two amino acids. Purified enzyme exhibited standard Michaelis-Menten kinetics at pH 8.0 and 28 degrees C (KM(NADP+) = 2.3 +/- 0.4 mu M; KM(Na+-Isocitrate) = 14.7 +/- 1.8 mu M). Subunit molecular mass and KMs were similar to published values for NADP(+)-IDHs from a variety of vertebrate and two insect species. PCR amplification of an internal sequence using genomic DNA followed by 3' and 5' RACE yielded a nucleotide sequence of the mature protein and translated amino-acid sequences that exhibited high similarity (40-50% and 70-80%, respectively) to sequences from insect and vertebrate NADP(+)-IDHs. Two potential ATG start codons were identified. Both N-terminal amino-acid sequences matched the nucleotide sequence, consistent with both enzyme forms being transcribed from the same gene, although these variants could also be encoded by different genes. Bioinformatic analyses and differential centrifugation indicated that the majority, if not all, of the enzyme is cytoplasmic. The enzyme exhibited high specific activity in fat body, head and gut, and a single band on native PAGE.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Technological advances in DNA sequence enrichment and sequencing for germline genetic diagnosis. The potential applications of next-generation sequencing technologies in diagnostic laboratories have become increasingly evident despite the various technical challenges that still need to be overcome to potentiate its widespread adoption in a clinical setting. Whole-genome sequencing is now both technically feasible and 'cost effective' using next-generation sequencing techniques. However, this approach is still considered to be 'expensive' for a diagnostic test. Although the goal of the US$1000 genome is fast approaching, neither the analytical hurdles nor the ethical issues involved are trivial. In addition, the cost of data analysis and storage has been much higher than initially expected. As a result, it is widely perceived that targeted sequencing and whole-exome sequencing are more likely to be adopted as diagnostic tools in the foreseeable future. However, the information-generating power of whole-exome sequencing has also sparked considerable debate in relation to its deployment in genetic diagnostics, particularly with reference to the revelation of incidental findings. In this review, we focus on the targeted sequencing approach and its potential as a genetic diagnostic tool.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "The effectiveness of an exercise intervention in reducing the severity of postpartum depression: A randomized controlled trial. Purpose This study aims to identify the effectiveness of an exercise program in reducing the severity of postnatal depression in women who had a spontaneous vaginal delivery.Findings The average age of the participants was 28.90 +/- 4.83 (min:19, max:40). Pretest mean depression scores of the exercises (16.41 +/- 1.61) and control group (15.74 +/- 2.35) were found to be similar, and there were no statistically significant differences (P > .05). After the 4-week exercise program, a statistically significant difference was found between the posttest mean scores of the exercises (7.29 +/- 1.67) and control (12.54 +/- 2.65) group participants. Pretest mean scores were found to be similar, and there were no statistically significant differences (Z = -6.501, P = .001).Design and Methods This randomized control trial was conducted with 65 postpartum women residing in a city located in south-eastern Turkey. In the first postpartum month, following random assignment of subjects, the experimental group (n = 40) performed exercises for 4 weeks, and the control group (n = 40) received standard care. The participating women were administered the Edinburgh postpartum depression scale.Conclusion The 4-week exercise program was found to be an effective method in decreasing the severity of depressive symptoms experienced in the postpartum period. Nurses and midwives providing care in the postpartum period are recommended to provide women in this period with exercise training.Practice Implications Postpartum depression is a specific psychological disorder in which preventive interventions might lead to dramatic benefits. Exercises done in the postpartum period are reported to enable psychosocial well-being, less anxiety, and depression.", "label": [2, 26, 23]}
{"token": "Emptiness in the Pali suttas and the question of Nagarjuna's orthodoxy. This essay attempts to clarify the position of Nagarjuna in the history of Buddhist philosophy by comparing the concept of emptiness in the Pali Nikayas and the Mudamadhyamakakirika. It is argued that the identity of samsara with nirvana, the emptiness of svabhava of all dhamias, and the equating of emptiness and dependent arising are not revolutionary innovations of Nagarjuna or the second turning of the wheel of Dharma, but orthodox, philosophical moves entailed by the teachings of early Buddhism.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
{"token": "Activation of the global gene regulator PrrA (RegA) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. PrrA is a global transcription regulator activated upon phosphorylation by its cognate kinase PrrB in response to low oxygen levels in Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Here we show by gel filtration, analytical ultracentrifugation, and NMR diffusion measurements that treatment of PrrA with a phosphate analogue, BeF3-, results in dimerization of the protein, producing a protein that binds DNA. No dimeric species was observed in the absence of BeF3-. Upon addition of BeF3-, the inhibitory activity of the N-terminal domain on the C-terminal DNA-binding domain is relieved, after which PrrA becomes capable of binding DNA as a dimer. The interaction surface of the DNA-binding domain with the regulatory domain of PrrA is identified by NMR as being a well-conserved region centered on helix R6, which is on the face opposite from the DNA recognition helix. This suggests that there is no direct blockage of DNA binding in the inactive state but rather that PrrA dimerization promotes a correct arrangement of two adjacent DNA-binding domains that recognizes specific DNA binding sequences.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Remission as perceived by people with schizophrenia, family members and psychiatrists. Methods. - One hundred and thirty-one patients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV), family members and psychiatrists assessed remission within the European Group on Functional Outcomes and Remission in Schizophrenia (EGOFORS) project. Symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS]), functional outcome (Functional Recovery Scale in Schizophrenia [FROGS]), subjective well-being (SWN-K) and demographic characteristics were investigated.Introduction. - Studies indicate that patient-rated outcomes and symptomatic remission as defined by the remission in schizophrenia working group rely on different assumptions. The aim of this observational study was to assess symptomatic remission by patients with schizophrenia, family members and psychiatrists and to compare their assessments with standardized criteria and clinical measures.Results. - Remission assessed by psychiatrists showed the best accordance with standardized remission (80%), followed by remission assessed by family members (52%) and patients (43%). Only in 18%, patients, relatives and psychiatrists agreed in their assessments. Good subjective well-being was most important for remission estimated by patients, good subjective well-being and symptom reduction by family members, and finally better symptom scores, well-being and functioning by psychiatrists.Discussion. - Self- and expert-rated clinical outcomes differ markedly, with a preference on the patients' side for subjective outcome. Symptomatic remission as assessed by the standardized criteria plays a secondary role for patients and relatives in daily clinical practice. A more thorough consideration of patients' and caregivers' perspectives should supplement the experts' assessment. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Examination of oral biofilm microbiota in patients using fixed orthodontic appliances in order to prevent risk factors for health complications. Conclusions. The use of orthodontic appliances alters the status of the oral cavity; it has impact on the colonization of oral biofilm by opportunistic/pathogenic strains, and increases the risk of their dissemination to various human tissues and organs. Pretreatment examination of oral microbiome, its monitoring particularly during treatment with fixed appliances, and preventive elimination of the potentially pathogenic strains to avoid health complications, are highly recommended, especially in patients with impaired immunity.Results. Oral protists and various pathogenic and opportunistic bacterial and fungal strains were identified in the superficial layer of biofilm. A higher prevalence of bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and various strains of yeast-like fungi from the Candida albicans group, occurred in patients treated with the fixed appliance than in those using a removable appliance or not treated orthodontically. In some periodontal samples from patients treated with fixed appliances, cysts of the Acanthamoeba spp. were found.Introduction and objective. In recent decades the use of orthodontic appliances in Poland has increased; however, data on their influence on changes of components of the microbiome connected with oral biofilm are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate oral microbiota in terms of their role as risk factors for health complications.Materials and method. The study included 100 patients treated with removable or fixed appliances. Oral hygiene and gingival health were determined, and periodontal swabs taken from each patient for parasitological, bacteriological and mycological microscopic and in vitro examinations.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Infectious processes in hunter-gatherers of southern Patagonia:Evidence in bone remains from the middle and late Holocene (ca. 5200-100 years BP). Infectious diseases have been proposed as one of the main causes of death in past societies. However, there are few analyses and interpretations of nonspecific lesions related to infections in skeletal assemblages of foragers from southern South America. The aim of this paper is to explore the possible impact of infectious diseases on the human populations that inhabited southern Patagonia, based on the recording and interpretation of bone lesions in skeletons from the Middle and Late Holocene (approximately 5200-100 years BP). Fifty-four individuals recovered from 50 archaeological sites in that region were macroscopically analyzed. The presence, location, laterality, type of new bone formation (woven, lamellar, mixed) and distribution of the bone lesions were recorded. Eight skeletons were affected by lesions diagnostic of and highly consistent with bone infections, without differences between sexes and among ages. Six of them (75%) were recovered in archaeological sites from southern Tierra del Fuego. Four skeletons show lesions compatible with osteomyelitis, and two with tuberculosis (one non-adult and one adult). The latter represents a relevant finding in discussing the presence of tuberculosis in past populations and its evolution in America. Also, the results presented suggest that the evidence of infectious processes may be recurrent in specific analyses on skeletal samples from hunter-gatherers.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Analysis of zearalenone in cereal and swine feed samples using an automated flow-through immunosensor. The development of a sensitive flow-though immunosensor for the analysis of the mycotoxin zearalenone in cereal samples is described. The sensor was completely automated and was based on a direct competitive immunosorbent assay and fluorescence detection. The mycotoxin competes with a horse rad ish-peroxidase-labeled derivative for the binding sites of a rabbit polyclonal antibody. Control pore glass covalently bound to Prot A was used for the oriented immobilization of the antibody-antigen immunocomplexes. The immunosensor shows an IC50 value of 0.087 ng mL(-1) (RSD = 2.8%, n = 6) and a dynamic range from 0.019 to 0.422 ng mL(-1). The limit of detection (90% of blank signal) of 0.007 ng mL(-1) (RSD = 3.9%, n = 3) is lower than previously published methods. Corn, wheat, and swine feed samples have been analyzed with the device after extraction of the analyte using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). The immunosensor has been validated using a corn certificate reference material and HPLC with fluorescence detection.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Fascism, 'Charisma' and 'Charismatisation': Weber's Model of 'Charismatic Domination' and Interwar European Fascism. The special position that many fascist leaders eventually occupied in the political and psychological structures of their movements alludes to an exceptional degree of charismatisation by the community of their followers. Less clear, however, is the relation between the fascist leader's 'cult' and society as a 'charismatic community' (Gemeinde). This article examines the relation between fascist ideology and 'charisma', drawing a distinction between the Weberian notion of 'charismatic domination' and the fascist 'leadership cult'. It also challenges the mono-causal explanation of fascist rule as irrational-charismatic, arguing instead in favour of a composite model of both genuine and manufactured, that is rationally pursued, processes of charismatisation that were quantitatively and qualitatively different across the spectrum of fascist leaders and regimes in the interwar period. The concerted charismatisation of the fascist leader, through propaganda and state-imposed rituals, did not automatically generate a genuine model of charismatic domination, even if instances and routines of adulation did become established and widespread. Here, the conceptual confusion behind the often-interchangeable use of the terms 'charismatic leadership' and 'cult of the leader' is evident. What will become clear is that, in the context of interwar fascism, the existence of a genuine charismatic personality neither guaranteed the establishment of a regime nor produced automatically a model of 'charismatic domination'. Similarly, the relative absence of specific charismatic qualities in the personality of a leader did not prevent a regime from either promoting a systematic 'leadership cult' or producing a modicum of 'charismatisation'. Only in National Socialist Germany did the leader's charisma and the 'leadership cult' come close to transforming society into a genuine 'charismatic community'; but even during the Nazi regime patterns of 'charismatic domination' coalesced with both 'traditional' and 'bureaucratic' forms of legitimacy.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 54, 33]}
{"token": "PRIORITIES IN GLOBAL MEASLES CONTROL - REPORT OF AN OUTBREAK IN NDJAMENA, CHAD. In N'Djamena, capital of Chad, measles vaccination coverage of 12-23-month-old children fell from 61% in 1990 to 15% in 1993. A community survey of measles after an outbreak in 1993 showed that among children < 5 years of age, the mean monthly attack rate was 37 per 1000 (95% CI, 32-43) and the mean case fatality rate was 74%. Measles incidence was highest (77/1000/month) in children aged 9-11 months and fell among children > 3 years of age. Incidence rates were high (56/1000/month) among 6-8-month-old children, but only 3 deaths occurred in this age group. Measles vaccine efficacy, estimated by comparing attack rates in unvaccinated and vaccinated children, was 71% (95% CI, 59-80%). Extrapolation of the results to the city population indicated that an estimated 19000 cases and > 1000 measles-associated deaths occurred in 1993. This preventable morbidity and mortality, in a city where coverage was formerly among the highest in Africa, shows the need for sustained global commitment to preventive health care.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "Cultural theory and democratizing functional domains. The case of Danish housing. In the last decade experiments with decentralized democratic governance and citizen involvement have been launched throughout Europe in functional domains as varied as housing, environmental planning, primary schools and care for the elderly. This article analyses such democratization processes through the lense of cultural theory as formulated by Thompson, Ellis and Wildavsky (1990). It argues that cultural theory provides a framework for understanding why formal democratic rights and rules are not necessarily matched by democratic images among actors. It draws on empirical material from the Danish social housing sector, which is widely recognized for its decentralized governance system and extensive tenant involvement.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "CURRENT SITUATION AND ESTIMATION OF THE FINANCING NEEDS TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURAL TRAINING OF THE FARM HEADS. This paper investigates the professional education of farm heads from Romania and makes a rough estimation of the basic financial resources to train them for the next twenty years. Results are mainly based on statistical data analysis. Coming out conclusions show that Romanian farm heads hold the last place in the European Union (EU) regarding professional training. To improve this situation have estimated a need of about two billion euros for the next twenty years. Based on the results, the paper proposes several main areas for upskilling.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Effect on Heterorhabditis indica of substances occurring in decomposing palm tissues infested by Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Ethanol, acetic acid and ethyl acetate are generated during the degeneration of palm tissues infested by the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. This in vitro study determined the influences of concentrations of 0.05-2% v/v of these substances in distilled water on the behaviour, survival and infectivity of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica, a candidate species for control of R. ferrugineus. The observed responses of the nematode included normal movement, reversible partial paralysis and death. The estimated LC50 were 1.48, 0.25 and 0.14% for ethanol, acetic acid and ethyl acetate, respectively, but only 0.18% for the equal mixture of all three. Nematodes that survived treatment at the LC50 of each substance showed infectivity and penetration activity comparable to those of control nematodes. We conclude that it will be difficult to control R. ferrugineus using H. indica in the presence of these substances in palm trunks.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Communicating global inequalities: How LGBTI asylum-specific NGOs use social media as public relations. The plight and struggles of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) refugees and asylum seekers from around the globe often go unheard. Currently, at least 75 countries have specific regulations persecuting LGBTIs. Without protection, these global citizens are forced to seek asylum in other countries. This paper investigates how LGBTI asylum specific NGOs (Organization for Refuge, Asylum & Migration and International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission) are using Facebook and Twitter to build organizational-public relationships. Research provided here builds upon previous research in organizational communication and NGOs by supporting the use of social media messages as functions of information, community and action. The current study provides a more nuanced examination of those functions and establishes an affective classification within the information function to help foster social change by LGBTI asylum-specific NGOs. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the conventional public relations measures of cognitive learning, affective responses and resulting behaviors are manifested within these online functions as well. The current study also helps further the concept of queer social capital. The social media messages linked more to LGBTI-specific entities around the world than non-LGBTI organizations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
{"token": "&ITLanguage and Meter&IT'&ITs Strength&IT. &ITThe Iambic Speech of Theocritus&IT Idyll &IT15&IT. The voices of Gorgo and Praxinoa, the two main characters of The Women at the Adonis Festival by Theocritus, embody the female counterpart of male invective specific to the archaic iambs. In that sense, the Idyll XV is an example of iambic female speech, where women's way of speaking drastically differs from men's. The casual and invective speech of women results in a very strong dialectal language and leads to an irregular, inharmonical hexameter. This form seems to vary from the contemporary hexameter model of Callimachus, whereas it matches with the comical hexameter of the oracles, such as found in Aristophanes' comedies.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Abundance and Diversity of CO2-Assimilating Bacteria and Algae Within Red Agricultural Soils Are Modulated by Changing Management Practice. Elucidating the biodiversity of CO2-assimilating bacterial and algal communities in soils is important for obtaining a mechanistic view of terrestrial carbon sinks operating at global scales. \\\\'Red\\\\' acidic soils (Orthic Acrisols) cover large geographic areas and are subject to a range of management practices, which may alter the balance between carbon dioxide production and assimilation through changes in microbial CO2-assimilating populations. Here, we determined the abundance and diversity of CO2-assimilating bacteria and algae in acidic soils using quantitative PCR and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the cbbL gene, which encodes the key CO2 assimilation enzyme (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) in the Calvin cycle. Within the framework of a long-term experiment (Taoyuan Agro-ecosystem, subtropical China), paddy rice fields were converted in 1995 to four alternative land management regimes: natural forest (NF), paddy rice (PR), maize crops (CL), and tea plantations (TP). In 2012 (17 years after land use transformation), we collected and analyzed the soils from fields under the original and converted land management regimes. Our results indicated that fields under the PR soil management system harbored the greatest abundance of cbbL copies (4.33 x 10(8) copies g(-1) soil). More than a decade after converting PR soils to natural, rotation, and perennial management systems, a decline in both the diversity and abundance of cbbL-harboring bacteria and algae was recorded. The lowest abundance of bacteria (0.98 x 10(8) copies g(-1) soil) and algae (0.23 x 10(6) copies g(-1) soil) was observed for TP soils. When converting PR soil management to alternative management systems (i.e., NF, CL, and TP), soil edaphic factors (soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content) were the major determinants of bacterial autotrophic cbbL gene diversity. In contrast, soil phosphorus concentration was the major regulator of algal cbbL community composition. Our results provide new insights into the diversity, abundance, and modulation of organisms responsible for microbial autotrophic CO2 fixation in red acidic soils subjected to changing management regimes.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 43]}
{"token": "A calibration method for whole-building airflow simulation in high-rise residential buildings. The output data for comparing measured values with simulated values were focused on pressure distributions in buildings, because this value indicates the driving force of the airflows between building partitions and in the entire building. Based on the measured pressure distribution of the analyzed building, the unknown input parameters were deduced primarily using the Thermal Draft Coefficient (TDC). The uncertain input parameters (leakage area, flow coefficient, and exponent) were then optimized using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Through the processes suggested in this study, the uncertain input parameters for whole-building airflow simulation can be optimized, and the discrepancy between simulation results and measured values can be minimized. The advantage of this method is that the input parameters can be optimized for reasonable simulation modeling using limited measurement results in high-rise buildings. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The simulation results for airflow in high-rise buildings may not match actual behavior due to various airflow paths and impact factors, such as temperature, wind direction, wind velocity, and building characteristics (airtightness, layout, and others). When conducting whole-building airflow simulation for high-rise buildings, it is important to reasonably define uncertain input parameters in order to minimize the difference between measurement and simulation results. This study proposes a calibration method for airflow simulation modeling of high-rise buildings using the data-driven method and estimating uncertain input data through output data.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia as a cause of trigeminal neuralgia - The role of microvascular decompression. Our purpose is to report a case of trigeminal neuralgia caused by vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia treated with microvascular decompression. A 63-year-old man sought treatment for a recurrent lancinating left facial pain in V2 and V3 trigeminal territories. The computed tomography angiography revealed a mechanical compression of the left trigeminal nerve due to vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia. The patient was submitted to a left suboccipital craniotomy. Shredded Teflon (R) was introduced in the conflicting neurovascular area, achieving a satisfactory decompression. The patient's pain resolved immediately. Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia is a rare cause of trigeminal neuralgia and a successful outcome can be achieved with microvascular decompression.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
{"token": "Approximation of incompressible large deformation elastic problems: some unresolved issues. Several finite element methods for large deformation elastic problems in the nearly incompressible and purely incompressible regimes are considered. In particular, the method ability to accurately capture critical loads for the possible occurrence of bifurcation and limit points, is investigated. By means of a couple of 2D model problems involving a very simple neo-Hookean constitutive law, it is shown that within the framework of displacement/pressure mixed elements, even schemes that are inf-sup stable for linear elasticity may exhibit problems when used in the finite deformation regime. The roots of such troubles are identified, but a general strategy to cure them is still missing. Furthermore, a comparison with displacement-based elements, especially of high order, is presented.", "label": [1, 4, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Fiscal Decentralization and Public debt in the European Union. This paper analyses the relationship between fiscal decentralization and the level of the public debt in the twenty seven member countries of the European Union. Our panel data analysis points to the importance of size as fiscal decentralization reduces public debt in large and small countries, but not in medium - size countries. In addition, our results show that the number of government levels and average size of the lowest government unit is insignificant with respect to the public debt in these countries.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "The chemical composition of the seeds of Iranian pumpkin cultivars and physicochemical characteristics of the oil extract. Four Iranian pumpkin seed cultivars were evaluated for their chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of the extracted oils. Moisture content of seeds was quite low and ranged from 4.7 to 5.4%. The samples showed high level of protein (28.835.5%) and oil content (36.947.8%) in which the highest amount belonged to Postekaghazi cultivar. In regard to oil properties, due to the high level of oleic acid (52.7%) followed by linoleic acid (28.1%), Khoreshti cultivar was much different from other samples (in which linoleic acid is predominant: 46.556.1%). Moreover, relatively high content of phenolic compounds led to high-oxidative stability index (OSI) of 16.63?h for Khoreshti oil compared to other samples (6.9910.54?h). Furthermore, cluster analysis confirmed the data obtained in this study. The results showed that pumpkin seed oils were nutritionally valuable and refined oil might be suitable to use as salad or cooking oil.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Flow transition to turbulence and induced acoustics at Mach 6. This paper presents the results of implicit large eddy simulation (iLES) and direct numerical simulation (DNS) for flow and acoustics for transitional and turbulent boundary layer over a flat plate at Mach 6. The DNS was about 50 times more refined grid-wise than iLES. Both DNS and iLES were performed using the same numerical schemes, initial and boundary conditions. We compare the different numerical approaches concerning the shape factor, momentum-thickness-based Reynolds number, heat flux on the wall, Reynolds stress, and near-wall acoustics. We perform pressure fluctuations spectral analysis and propose a predictive model. We show that iLES captures rather accurately the flow and acoustic characteristics in the turbulent region. Differences up to 5dB occur between iLES and DNS in the transition region. iLES also shifts slightly further downstream the end of the transition and underpredicts the shear stress value peak. The iLES captures the near-wall acoustic spectrum roll-off accurately at low and medium frequencies. It underpredicts high frequencies' content due to grid constraints. Overall, iLES gives excellent results compared to the significantly more refined DNS. The results show that high-order numerical simulations can help adapt and validate semi-empirical models for the engineering design and acoustic loading on hypersonic structures.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Retrospective reserves and bonus. Modern legislation has increased the amount of quantities that insurance companies should report in order to prove solvent as well as prudent. More of these quantities require not just simple bookkeeping but a mere projection of the future. In this paper, we provide a solid base for this crystal ball exercise as we derive differential equations for the retrospective reserves of a pension company, in a setting where the surplus and the dividends are modelled. The differential equations rely on dynamics of the stochastic reserve that are affine functions of the stochastic reserve themselves. The retrospective reserves are defined as conditional expected values, given limited information, leading to computational tractable differential equations for the reserves. We wrap up the theoretical part by suggestions for practical use in terms of considering validation of guarantees and discretionary benefits at future time points.", "label": [4, 5, 41, 52]}
{"token": "Functional interaction between the herpes simplex virus type 1 polymerase processivity factor and origin-binding proteins: Enhancement of UL9 helicase activity. The origin (ori)-binding protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), encoded by the UL9 open reading frame, has been shown to physically interact with a number of cellular and viral proteins, including three HSV-1 proteins (ICP8, UL42, and UL8) essential for ori-dependent DNA replication. In this report, it is demonstrated for the first time that the DNA polymerase processivity factor, UL42 protein, provides accessory function to the UL9 protein by enhancing the 3'-to-5' helicase activity of UL9 on partially duplex nonspecific DNA substrates. UL42 fails to enhance the unwinding activity of a noncognate helicase, suggesting that enhancement of unwinding requires the physical interaction between UL42 and UL9. UL42 increases the steady-state rate for unwinding a 23/38-mer by UL9, but only at limiting UL9 concentrations, consistent with a role in increasing the affinity of UL9 for DNA. Optimum enhancement of unwinding was observed at UL42/UL9 molecular ratios of 4:1, although enhancement was reduced when high UL42/DNA ratios were present. Under the assay conditions employed, ULA2 did not alter the rate constant for dissociation of UL9 from the DNA substrate. UL42 also did not significantly reduce the lag period which was observed following the addition of UL9 to DNA, regardless of whether UL42 was added to DNA prior to or at the same time as UL9. Moreover, addition of UL42 to ongoing unwinding reactions increased the steady-state rate for unwinding, but only after a 10- to 15-min lag period. Thus, the increased affinity of UL9 for DNA most likely is the result of an increase in the rate constant for binding of UL9 to DNA, and it explains why helicase enhancement is observed only at subsaturating concentrations of UL9 with respect to DNA. In contrast, ICP8 enhances unwinding at both saturating and subsaturating UL9 concentrations and reduces or eliminates the lag period. The different means by which ICP8 and UL42 enhance the ability of UL9 to unwind DNA suggest that these two members of the presumed functional replisome may act synergistically on UL9 to effect initiation of HSV-1 DNA replication in vivo.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Assessment of Sustainable Design: The Significance of Absence. Although the technical aspects of sustainable design may be included in design education, the shaping of the student into an ethical and moral practitioner is seldom explicitly communicated. This paper aims to highlight an absence identified when the data from a design assessment case study was considered in relation to the literature on sustainable design. Using Maton's Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) the study set out to identify what kind of knowledge and what kind of knowers are valued in graphic design assessment practice. While the researchers anticipated that concepts on sustainable design might be identified in the knowledge and knower valued in design education, what emerged was a marked absence of explicit references to how the curriculum aims to cultivate ethical and moral design practitioners. This conceptual paper discusses the implications of such an absence and the challenges of designing curricula, pedagogies and assessment methods to shape the designer's dispositions.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Hydro-energy cooperation in South Asia: Prospects for transboundary energy and water security. The last decade has witnessed rapid progress in energy cooperation between the countries of the BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal) sub-region. Cooperation has been bilateral, with each of the countries entering into separate energy development and trade agreement with India, broadly similar to the water sector where national governments engage bilaterally on transboundary cooperation and dispute resolution. A more recent wave of electrical grid interconnections and hydro-energy cooperation has emerged with governments increasingly shifting from bilateral to multilateral energy-sharing agreements. This trend holds considerable potential for regional transboundary water governance. Based on documentary and media analysis along with interviews of key BBIN policy-makers, we identify and examine in this paper four factors for future progress: 1) technical cooperation can be extended to information-sharing for policies and institutions to regulate and manage water resources; 2) India must seize the opportunities and benefits of enhanced regional leadership in the region; 3) simultaneous informal discussion and diplomatic negotiation of water, energy and their nexus can provide BBIN countries the opportunity to highlight potential gains of cooperation and interstate inter-dependencies; and 4) regional cooperation can give a strong impetus to nations for advancing structural reforms, building institutions and capacity, developing a shared knowledge base, bridging infrastructural gaps, attracting private sector participation, and addressing poverty alleviation goals including job creation.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Situation-Based Contingencies Underlying Wisdom-Content Manifestations: Examining Intellectual Humility in Daily Life. Objectives: Existing assessments of intellectual humility (IH)-a key component of wisdom-do not examine its manifestation in daily life while sufficiently focusing on the core idea of the construct: owning up to one's intellectual shortcomings. The present research sought to examine situational contingencies underlying daily manifestations of IH-relevant characteristics.Research Design and Methods: We developed a trait version of the State-Trait IH Scale in two studies and subsequently examined daily manifestations of IH-relevant characteristics utilizing a contextualized state version of the State-Trait IH Scale in a 21-day experience sampling study. Here, we tested how specific situational contingencies (associated with the context and the personality of the individual with whom participants engaged) influenced the manifestation of IH-relevant qualities.Results: We found strong evidence for the validity of both versions of the scale. Specifically, the state measure exhibited high within-person variability, and aggregated state assessments were strongly correlated with the trait measure. Additionally, morality positively predicted manifestation of IH, whereas disagreeableness negatively predicted manifestation of IH.Discussion and Implications: These results offer new directions for research on the expression of wisdom-related characteristics in daily life.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55, 57]}
{"token": "External fixation of the metacarpal fracture with transcortical pins and fiberglass cast in Simmental calf. A six-month-old 245 kg male Simmental calf was referred to the Veterinary Hospital in Cuiaba, MT, with closed comminuted diaphyseal fracture in metacarpus. It was given preference to external fixation as means of fracture immobilization,, and transcortical pins and fiberglass cast, were used. This technique showed effective immobilization of the fracture, less expensive and feasible to be done in the field.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Impacts of Simulated N Deposition on Plants and Mycorrhizae from Spanish Semiarid Mediterranean Shrublands. Nitrogen (N) deposition threatens European Mediterranean ecosystems but investigation and understanding of impacts are limited. We report plant responses from an ongoing field N fertilization experiment conducted in a kermes oak shrubland, where NH4NO3 has been added for 1.5 years at four rates (0, 10, 20, and 50 kg N ha(-1) y(-1)). Two annual plants (Asterolinon linum-stellatum and Limonium echiodes) were negatively affected by N fertilization in terms of density and growth. However, responses were only evident when accounting for between-plot differences in soil NO3 (-)-N and NH4 (+)-N. Responses of A. linum-stellatum to simulated N deposition were also dependent on microhabitat, with the most negative effects found in the interspaces between rosemary shrubs. Negative effects were attributed either to increased soil NH4 (+)-N or to a nutritional (N to P) imbalance. Mycorrhizal infection rates were not altered by N addition in the case of L. echioides, whereas mycorrhizal colonization of A. linum-stellatum roots increased with N in those individuals growing under shrub protection. Living cover of rosemary shrubs was also reduced by simulated N deposition as a consequence of a reduced interannual twig growth. Contrary to annual plants, tissue N content and C:N ratios in rosemary were not affected by simulated N deposition. Overall, our data suggest a high sensitivity of plant communities from moderately polluted semiarid Mediterranean shrublands to N deposition, highlight the role of different forms of inorganic N on plant response to N deposition, and support the importance of conducting similar experiments in other Mediterranean areas spanning a wide range of climatic, soil, and background N deposition conditions.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Associations between self-assessment of driving ability, driver training and crash involvement among young drivers. The core aim of the present study is to examine the psychometric qualities of a measurement instrument for self-assessment of driving ability. The results are based on a self-completion questionnaire survey conducted among a representative sample of Norwegian drivers who were 18, 19 and 20 years of age (n = 1419). The response rate was 37%. The results showed that self-assessment of driving ability consisted of the following four dimensions: general driving ability, safety orientation, the body dimension, and specific task skills. The reliability and validity of the measurement instrument were found to be satisfactory. The highest level of self-assesscd driving ability was found among male respondents, experienced drivers, drivers who had had a high amount of informal driver training, and drivers with the lowest levels of accident risk, The consequences of the results for driver training and accident prevention are discussed. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "A Crazy State Violence, Psychiatry, and Colonialism in Aceh, Indonesia, ca. 1910-1942. This article investigates the ways in which the Dutch colonial state dealt with a phenomenon known as the Atjeh-moorden ('Aceh murders'), the persistent suicide-attacks directed at the lives of Dutch residents, committed by Acehnese hoping to become syahid (martyrs to the Islamic faith). Concentrating on the development of colonial psychiatry, and its influence on colonial discourses and practices, I show how Dutch dealings with the Atjeh-moorden were, simultaneously, part and parcel of the construction of an Acehnese subject, and indicative of the administrative ambivalence found in the approach of the colonial state toward violence and criminality.", "label": [5, 56, 52]}
{"token": "The North Caucasus between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Muscovy: The Beginnings, 1552-1570. The present paper explores the hitherto unknown beginnings of the Ottoman-Russian imperial rivalry by focusing on the mid-16th-century encounter between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Muscovy over the North Caucasus, where the ambitions of these two asymmetric powers the Ottomans being an established \\\\'super power\\\\' and the Muscovites a rising power became entangled for the first time. This first encounter, which was the harbinger of many future engagements not only in this region but also in the broader steppe frontier around the Black Sea, was more of a \\\\'cold war\\\\' rather than a military confrontation, as both the Ottomans and the Muscovites rather preferred to establish spheres of influence and eventually their hegemony over the North Caucasus through their vassals and clients. In addition to demonstrating the Tsardom of Muscovy's initial claims and policies over the North Caucasus, this study will shed light on the reasons of the Ottoman failure to transform their nominal claims over the region to a de facto hegemony similar to what they had established over Eastern European principalities.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Predator type influences the frequency of functional responses to prey in marine habitats. The functional response of a consumer to a gradient of resource density is a widespread and consistent framework used to quantify the importance of consumption to population dynamics and stability. Within benthic marine ecosystems, both crustaceans and fishes can provide strong top-down pressure on prey populations. Taxon-specific differences in biomechanics or habitat use, among other factors, may lead to variable functional response forms or parameter values (attack rate, handling time). Based on a review of 189 individual functional response fits, we find that these predator guilds differ in their frequency distribution of functional response types, with crustaceans exhibiting nearly double the proportion of sigmoidal, density-dependent functional responses (Holling type III) as predatory fishes. The implications of this finding for prey population stability are significant because type III responses allow prey persistence while type II responses are de-stabilizing and can lead to extinction. Comparing per capita predation rates across diverse taxa can provide integrative insights into predatory effects and the ability of predation to drive community structure.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "The curricular concept of 'consumption' during the late Franco and the democratic transition in Spain (1969-1982). The concept of consumption as a personal and social activity has evolved considerably over the years. The school, as an essential institution in the transmission and perpetuation of knowledge, has played a fundamental role in its definition and establishment, especially since the publication of the Ley General de Educacion of 1970 and the complementary regulations that developed it. The aim of this paper is to describe, analyse and explain the changes that took place after the adoption of this Law with regard to \\\\'the revision of the contents of education, orienting it more towards the formative aspects\\\\'. In addition, we will see some examples of how this is done in practice.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Enhancement of formant regions in magnitude spectra to develop children's KWS in zero resource scenario. The mismatches due to pitch, speaking rate, formant dispersion and ambient noise deteriorate the performance of an automatic keyword spotting (KWS) system. The work presented in this paper aims at reducing the aforementioned mismatches through front-end signal processing. In the proposed approach, the short-term magnitude spectra (ST-MS) are firstly computed with a smaller frameshift and then averaged over the adjacent frames to enhance the formant regions. The formant regions in the ST-MS have a higher magnitude than the nearing frequency regions. Consequently, temporal averaging of ST-MS over adjacent frames suppresses the high-frequency variation due to pitch, and formant dispersion. Furthermore, the formant peaks can be more accurately detected from the temporal averaged ST-MS when compared to detection from the original ST-MS. The Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) computed from the temporally averaged magnitude spectra (TAS-MFCC) are pitch robust compared to the MFCC, and MFCC extracted from the reported spectral smoothing approaches employing variational mode decomposition (VMD-MFCC), pitch adaptive cepstral truncation (PACT-MFCC) and single-pole filter (SPS-MFCC). Performance of TA-MFCC feature in mismatched test condition is further improved by appending five logarithmically compressed resonant peaks at least separated by 400 Hz, here this feature is termed as TAS-MFCC-ARP. The spectral peaks mostly represent the formants in ST-MS. The performances of the deep neural network-hidden Markov model-based children's KWS system reported in this work show that the TAS-MFCC-ARP provides a relative performance improvement of 103.83% compared to MFCC. The performance of the KWS system is further improved by data-augmented training through duration modification.", "label": [4, 35, 40]}
{"token": "Preparation of perilla seed meal protein composite films containing various essential oils and their application in sausage packaging. Perilla seed meal protein (PSMP) was extracted from perilla seed oil residue, and its composite films were developed using different amounts of red algae (RA) to prepare edible films. The PSMP composite film that contained 3 % RA had the highest tensile strength (11.52 MPa) and the lowest water vapor permeability (1.82 x 10(-9) g m/m(2) s Pa). The incorporation of clove oil into the PSMP composite film had the highest antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes. Pork sausages packaged with the composite films containing clove oil showed antimicrobial and antioxidative activities during storage at 4 degrees C. The composite film containing 1.2 % clove oil reduced the microbial growth by 1.24 log CFU/g compared to the control, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and peroxide values were reduced by 40 and 37 %, respectively. These results suggest that the PSMP/RA composite film containing 1.2 % clove oil can be utilized in sausage packaging.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "The Asiatic marbles of the Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli. Multi-method provenance studies, including petrographic, isotopic, electron paramagnetic resonance and trace chemical analyses, have been carried out on 20 white, 9 black and 1 red artifacts purposely selected to investigate the use and distribution of sculptural marbles at the Hadrian's Villa. A large fraction of the marbles tested (21 samples, 70%) are shown to be from Asia Minor, mostly originating from the recently discovered site of Goktepe near Aphrodisias (15 or 71%). All the 9 black samples investigated and 6 out of 11 white Asiatic marbles are from Goktepe, the remaining being Docimium marble from Iscehisar (4 samples) and Aphrodisias marble from the city quarries (1 sample). The single red sculpture tested proved to be Carian red marble from the Iasos quarries, whereas non-Asiatic marbles include 3 Carrara and 6 Pentelicon samples. The selection of marbles tested is preliminary and incomplete, but, despite this, the results are noteworthy, especially since the marble of other sculptures from the Villa has already been identified as Goktepe. Together with other published results, the marble distribution at the Hadrian's Villa seems to suggest that the use of sculptural marbles in the Roman world underwent considerable changes around the turn of the 1st and the 2nd century AD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis is briefly summarized in the conclusions. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Antibody Reactivity to Merozoite Antigens in Ghanaian Adults Correlates With Growth Inhibitory Activity Against Plasmodium falciparum in Culture. Background. Plasmodium falciparum uses a repertoire of merozoite-stage proteins for invasion of erythrocytes. Antibodies against some of these proteins halt the replication cycle of the parasite by preventing erythrocyte invasion and are implicated as contributors to protective immunity against malaria.Methods. We assayed antibody reactivity against a panel of 9 recombinant antigens based on erythrocyte-binding antigen (EBA) and reticulocyte-like homolog (Rh) proteins in plasma from children with malaria and healthy adults residing in 3 endemic areas in Ghana using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Purified immunoglobulin (Ig)G from adult plasma samples was also tested for invasion inhibition against 7 different P falciparum culture lines, including clinical isolates.Results. Antibodies against the antigens increased in an age-dependent manner in children. Breadth of reactivity to the different antigens was strongly associated with in vitro parasite growth inhibitory activity of IgG purified from the adults. The strongest predictors of breadth of antibody reactivity were age and transmission intensity, and a combination of reactivities to Rh2, Rh4, and Rh5 correlated strongly with invasion inhibition.Conclusions. Growth inhibitory activity was significantly associated with breadth of antibody reactivity to merozoite antigens, encouraging the prospect of a multicomponent blood-stage vaccine.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "WHO'S AFRAID OF THE BIG, BAD FOLK?. There is some basis to the perennial fear that folklore draws every day nearer to extinction. But this is true not so much because the traditional sources of folklore are disappearing; it is rather because the very idea of folklore has fallen on hard times. Folklore is less popular in the public sphere than it once was, but it is also less popular among scholars, who have been gradually abandoning folkloristics for other fields or have been renaming and redefining folkloristics, with the result that the discipline is decreasingly identifiable as the study of something called \\\\'folklore\\\\'. This essay takes such criticisms of folklore as its point of departure, offering its own proposal for critically reexamining and reconceptualizing - but not abandoning - the idea of folklore. The author argues that a serious engagement with the idea of \\\\'the folk\\\\' can serve as an entry point for understanding the symbolic ambiguity as well as the social significance and political power of what scholars call (or used to call) folklore. Scholars should neither uncritically accept the ideology of the folk, nor hastily banish the idea to the safe realm of the \\\\'emic\\\\' as if it had no bearing on the way we as scholars think. If the study of folklore has relevance in today's world, it is above all because of the unusual notion that some kinds of expression are conditioned by some kind of social entity that can be called a folk, which continues to provide the most productive basis for a scholarly discipline studying folklore.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Re-evaluation of rock core logging for the prediction of preferred orientations of karst in the Kuala Lumpur Limestone Formation. Based on the relationship between the geological structures and river patterns, the preliminary prediction of the karstic features in the Kuala Lumpur Limestone Formation, based on the existing geological, map appears to be directed between N030 degrees to 070 degrees and N120 degrees to 150 degrees. The factual evidence of this occurrence is obtained from investigation in the field: first, using the two sites exposed for construction of the SMART tunnel under Kuala Lumpur and second, based on the SMART tunnel project rock cores recovery. A much detailed prediction was made by re-evaluating the TCR. RQD and SCR values. The reassessment of these values enables the drilled ground to be classified into four different qualities of rock mass: good quality limestone; moderate quality limestone; weathered limestone; and fully developed void-like karst. According to this new classification system, the tunnel appears to align generally in the heavily karstified limestone in the northern section and massive good quality limestone in the southern section of the study area; which is represented as rose diagrams. The evidence for this analysis is given and the methods used for these studies are explained. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "Microseismic Monitoring of Geodynamic Phenomena in Rockburst-Hazardous Mining Conditions. The stress-strain behavior patterns in rockburst-hazardous rock mass are described as a case-study of mineral deposits in Gornaya Shoria. The microseismic research data on development of rockburst hazard criteria are described. Geodynamic events are predicted in extraction blocks during blasting, with detection of possible damages in underground openings using the obtained patterns of different energy shocks.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "MAKING A NARCO: CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE TO ILLEGAL LABOR MARKETS AND CRIMINAL LIFE PATHS. This paper provides evidence that exposure to illegal labor markets during childhood leads to the formation of industry-specific human capital at an early age, putting children on a criminal life path. Using the timing of U.S. antidrug policies, I show that when the return to illegal activities increases in coca suitable areas in Peru, parents increase the use of child labor for coca farming, putting children on a criminal life path. Using administrative records, I show that affected children are about 30% more likely to be incarcerated for violent and drug-related crimes as adults. No effect in criminality is found for individuals that grow up working in places where the coca produced goes primarily to the legal sector, suggesting that it is the accumulation of human capital specific to the illegal industry that fosters criminal careers. However, the rollout of a conditional cash transfer program that encourages schooling mitigates the effects of exposure to illegal industries, providing further evidence on the mechanisms.", "label": [4, 5, 49, 41, 52]}
{"token": "Different methods to assess quality of life from multiple follow-ups in a Longitudinal Asthma Study. Conclusions: This study described possible methods to analyze and present serial data. Additional techniques to assess and interpret serial longitudinal data are needed to comprehensively describe long-term effects of chronic diseases on quality of life. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Background and Objective: Serial measurements obtained during observational longitudinal studies offer the opportunity to describe the effects of chronic diseases on patient-centered outcomes such as quality of life. The purpose of this study was to assess serial Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) and SF-36 scores against a transition item using three methods of data analysis-final minus initial scores, maximum minus minimum scores, and regression line slopes through all scores.Results: Overall. ROC areas increased as the number of observations increased, ranging from 0.78 to 0.93 for the AQLQ summary score for patients with three to six or more assessments, respectively (P = .02). As part of the AQLQ, patients cited specific activities in which they were limited because of asthma. A total of 66 different activities were cited, including limitations in stair climbing, walking, interacting with others. sleeping, and working. In ROC analysis, serial measurements of these items also performed well against the transition item with areas ranging from 0.72 to 0.75 for all three methods of analysis. In contrast, ROC areas for the SF-36 Physical and Mental Component Summary scores were significantly lower, ranging from 0.59 to 0.66 compared to the AQLQ areas, indicating that the Generic scale was less responsive than the disease-specific scale (P less than or equal to .01). The three different methods of analysis also provided unique information about the cohort. The final minus initial analysis showed that 63% of patients had clinically important improvements, the maximum minus minimum analysis showed that over 90% of patients had fluctuations in scores that were clinically important, and the slope analysis showed that 79% of patients had an overall trend of improvement.Methods: Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, each method of analysis was compared against patients' responses to a global transition question about change in asthma status with responses dichotomized as \\\\'stayed the same or got worse\\\\' or \\\\'improved.\\\\' A total of 185 patients, mean age 41 +/- 11 years, 83% women, completed the AQLQ and SF-36 three to seven times at approximately 8-month intervals over a mean of 24.8 +/- 3.9 months. For the AQLQ, all three methods of data analysis performed well against the transition item with ROC areas highest for the symptoms, activities, and the summary AQLQ scores (0.74-0.78).", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Defocus map estimation from a single image. In this paper, we address the challenging problem of recovering the defocus map from a single image. We present a simple yet effective approach to estimate the amount of spatially varying defocus blur at edge locations. The input defocused image is re-blurred using a Gaussian kernel and the defocus blur amount can be obtained from the ratio between the gradients of input and re-blurred images. By propagating the blur amount at edge locations to the entire image, a full defocus map can be obtained. Experimental results on synthetic and real images demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in providing a reliable estimation of the defocus map. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Novel frameshift mutation (Pro171fsX21) in neonatal type 2 Gaucher's disease. Gaucher's disease is caused by a deficiency of glucocerebrosidase (GBA) and results in the accumulation of glucocerebroside within macrophages. We report on a 33(+2) gestational week premature infant whose family history was significant for a previously undiagnosed premature sibling with similar clinical features, including severe hydrops fetalis, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions at birth followed by death. The diagnosis of Gaucher's disease type 2 in the present case was based on postmortem pathological findings and a subsequent gene analysis that indicated a heterozygous condition for the novel deletion mutation at GBA cDNA nucleotide position 630 resulting in the frameshift (Pro171fsX21) in exon 6 and a G -> A transition mutation at GBA cDNA nucleotide position 887 (Arg257Gln) in exon 7. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "From service quality in organisations to self-determination at home. Conclusions Improving family members' perceptions of service quality and opening channels of communication between professionals and family members are useful strategies to facilitate parents' positive attitudes and increase the frequency of self-determination behaviours at home.Background In our proposed model, family members' perceptions of service quality in organisations improve communication about self-determination. In turn, family perceptions of communication openness have a positive relationship with self-determination attitudes of family members. Finally, these attitudes predict self-determination behaviours of individuals with intellectual disability, as reported by family members.Method We tested this model with a sample of 625 family members (196 using 'day care services' and 429 using 'occupational services').Results Multi-sample structural equation modelling (SEM) supported the model. Communication and attitudes fully mediated the link from service quality to self-determination behaviours.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53, 20, 23]}
{"token": "Six forms of hierarchy for a theoretical analysis of capitalism. The paper develops a conceptual analysis, which aims at refining the general concept of capitalism through an inquiry about the forms of hierarchy it involves. It is argued that the capitalist regime exhibits a series of specific attributes that have been so far underinvestigated together and are here comprehensively elucidated via the deepening of the concept of hierarchy. Qualitatively, the capitalist social structure is ambivalent, as it is neither the strict arborescent hierarchy exhibited by the feudal society, nor the flat partition displayed by the pure market economy; and the complex structure of the capitalist firm is an encompassing hierarchy, capital and labor being associated in a production process ruled by capital. Quantitatively, the capitalist pyramidal hierarchies of income and of wealth are essentially mobile, through the dynamics of market sanction and asset evaluation; and the relationship between capital bets and profit gains draws a tangled hierarchy as these returns are reinvested. All these capitalist hierarchies are typically economic, situational hierarchies arising when capitalists do not dominate the political order of power or in the social order of prestige. Finally, echoing post Keynesian perspectives, the conception of capitalism as a hierarchical phenomenon underlines its monetary structure and its self-transforming nature.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. We compared the epidemiological data, clinical features and mortality of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Legionella in HIV-infected patients and determined discriminative features. An observational, comparative study was performed (January 1994 to December 2004) in 15 HIV patients with CAP by Legionella and 46 by S. pneumoniae. No significant differences were observed in delay until initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Smoking, cancer and chemotherapy were more frequent in patients with Legionella pneumonia (p = 0.03, p =0.00009 and p =0.01). Patients with Legionella pneumonia had a higher mean CD4 count (p =0.04), undetectable viral load (p = 0.01) and received highly active antiretroviral therapy more frequently (p = 0.004). AIDS was more frequent in patients with S. pneumoniae pneumonia (p = 0.03). Legionella pneumonia was more severe (p = 0.007). Extrarespiratory symptoms, hyponatraemia and increased creatine phosphokinase were more frequent in Legionella pneumonia (P = 0.02, p = 0.002 and p =0.006). Respiratory failure, need for ventilation and bilateral chest X-ray involvement were of note in the Legionella group (p =0.003, p =0.002 andp =0.002). Mortality tended to be higher in the Legionella group (6.7 vs 2.2%). In conclusion, CAP by Legionella has a higher morbimortality than CAP by S. pneumoniae in HIV-infected patients. Detailed analysis of CAP presentation features allows suspicion of Legionnaires' disease in this subset.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Creativity in Translating Cartoons from English into Mandarin Chinese. Cartoon translation appears to be a special field in screen translation. It can be argued that when translating cartoons, especially those for children, creativity in use of the target language could be explored, and a certain degree of re-writing of the language in the dialogue could be acceptable, so that strategies should be applied to achieve the effect that the translated version sounds natural, educational and entertaining to the target language audience. This paper examines some aspects of this special field of translation, including ideology issues, domestic culture awareness and the translator's active choice of creative language in their translation, to suggest that approaches such as domestication, or \\\\'excessive domestication\\\\' as the author of this paper defines, and cultural adaptation provide ways in which translators implement their creativity when translating cartoons. The discussion is exemplified by excerpts from cartoon translation from English into Mandarin Chinese.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Religious naturalism and the future of christianity. Loyal Rue suggests that religion is not about God as such but about the cultivation of personal and social well-being. Religion may employ cultural resources that include concepts of supernatural agencies, but religion's essential functionalities are not dependent on that particular resource. I largely endorse Rue's view of religion and employ Rue as a guide to thinking through its consequences for the future of Christianity. For Rue, two challenges face Christianity: the erosion of confidence in personal-god concepts and the ecological crisis engulfing the planet. In the face of these twin momentous changes, I suggest ways in which certain cultural tropes in the Christian matrix will rise to the fore and others will erode.", "label": [3, 5, 33, 57]}
{"token": "Parameters of the magnetic force microscope probe optimized for high-resolution measurements. The resolving power of various magnetic probes, which depends on the probe shape and the amount of deposited magnetic material, has been determined by means of computer modeling. The minimum thickness of a cobalt film is experimentally determined, which must be applied to the surface of a filament crystal tip on a nonmagnetic cantilever in order to obtain a magnetic image. It is shown that the point probes with filament crystal tips coated by a thin magnetic film (obtained using a relatively simple preparation method) can provide a spatial resolution comparable with that achieved using cantilevers with magnetic nanoparticles, which require a significantly more complicated preparation procedures.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Nearly Got Shot Dead, and He Didn't Get His Little Check Yet: Workers, Crime, and Law and Order in New York City, 1962-1970. Historians have conducted important research on the rise of law-and-order politics in New York City, where anxieties over women's freedoms, political battles over police oversight, and crime impacts in poor communities contributed to its rise. The numerous walkouts, negotiations, and worker-management conflicts around high-crime areas in New York City suggest that the question of law and order was a salient workplace issue as well for the members of Communication Workers of America Local 1101. In their case, such concerns predate the rhetorical rise of law and order and help us better understand why such politics found fertile ground among working-class New Yorkers, white and black. Repeated incidences, largely in the city's black ghettoes, prompted workers with a strong class consciousness and commitment to solidarity to transform the problems and experiences of individual workers into a shared question to be addressed via collective action.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "The Flight of Pudicitia: Juvenal's Vision of the Past and the Programmatic Function of the Prologue in the Sixth Satire. In the prologue to Satire 6, Juvenal depicts the primitive woman of the Golden Age as an ideal mat rona, only to undercut humorously the paradigmatic value of this picture. The poet's intentions in so doing have been variously explained; this article views the parodic tone of the passage in terms of its programmatic function. A detailed discussion is offered of Juvenal's depiction of the cavewife and it is demonstrated how this foreshadows the speaker's unfavourable treatment of all women, even paradigms such as Cornelia. In short, the prologue establishes the speaker of Satire 6 as a misogynist whose views are so extreme that they cannot be taken seriously.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Improved detection and enumeration of yeasts in wine by Cells-qPCR. Quantitative PCR by directly sampling (Cells-qPCR) has been adapted to detect and quantify total yeasts, and B. bruxellensis, S. cerevisiae and Z. bailii species, in grape musts and wines. To increase assay sensitivity, the effects of a previous cell wall lysis, by both enzymatic and mechanical methods, were evaluated. Cell wall disruption by mechanical methods showed the best results to enhance assay sensitivity. Numerous standard curves were constructed by mechanically lysed cells in culture medium, and in white and red grape musts and wines. Good regression values (> 0.99) and efficiencies (> 0.99) were obtained, and it was possible to detect one single cell per reaction in all the matrices. Moreover, the population evolution of yeasts during the winemaking process showed that the method provides an effective tool to detect and enumerate yeasts during industrial wine fermentation, and to rapidly control wine spoilage risks.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Effect of ABO blood group on asymptomatic, uncomplicated and placental Plasmodium falciparum infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. BackgroundMalaria clinical outcomes vary by erythrocyte characteristics, including ABO blood group, but the effect of ABO blood group on asymptomatic, uncomplicated and placental Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) infection remains unclear. We explored effects of ABO blood group on asymptomatic, uncomplicated and placental falciparum infection in the published literature.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis was performed using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. Articles in Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and Cochrane Library published before February 04, 2017 were searched without restriction. Studies were included if they reported P. falciparum infection incidence or prevalence, stratified by ABO blood group.ResultsOf 1923 articles obtained from the five databases (Embase=728, PubMed=620, Web of Science=549, CINAHL=14, Cochrane Library=12), 42 met criteria for systematic review and 37 for meta-analysis. Most studies (n=30) were cross-sectional, seven were prospective cohort, and five were case-control studies. Meta-analysis showed similar odds of uncomplicated P. falciparum infection among individuals with blood group A (summary odds ratio [OR] 0.96, 15 studies), B (OR 0.89, 15 studies), AB (OR 0.85, 10 studies) and non-O (OR 0.95, 17 studies) as compared to those with blood group O. Meta-analysis of four cohort studies also showed similar risk of uncomplicated P. falciparum infection among individuals with blood group non-O and those with blood group O (summary relative risk [RR] 1.03). Meta-analysis of six studies showed similar odds of asymptomatic P. falciparum infection among individuals with blood group A (OR 1.05), B (OR 1.03), AB (OR 1.23), and non-O (OR 1.07) when compared to those with blood group O. However, odds of active placental P. falciparum infection was significantly lower in primiparous women with non-O blood groups (OR 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23-0.69, I-2 0.0%, three studies), particularly in those with blood group A (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.003-0.82, I-2 1.4%, four studies) than those with blood group O.ConclusionsThis study suggests that ABO blood group may not affect susceptibility to asymptomatic and/or uncomplicated P. falciparum infection. However, blood group O primiparous women appear to be more susceptible to active placental P. falciparum infection.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Comparison of tetrahydrofuran, fetal calf serum, and Tween 40 for the delivery of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin to HepG2 cells. The present investigation aimed to compare fetal calf serum (FCS) and Tween 40 with the commonly employed tetrahydrofuran (THF) with respect to cytotoxicity, stability of the solubilized carotenoids, and uptake and accumulation of the xanthophylls astaxanthin (AX) and canthaxanthin (CX) in cultured human liver cells (HepG2). Incubation of HepG2 cells for 24 h with THF (a parts per thousand yen1.25%) or FCS (a parts per thousand yen11.25%) with or without AX (a parts per thousand yen25 mu mol/L) or CX (a parts per thousand yen25 mu mol/L) did not affect cell viability. Tween 40 (0.25-1.25% in medium) reduced cell viability by 75-99%. The stabilities of AX and CX in cell-free RPMI 1640 medium for a parts per thousand currency sign24 h were higher when delivered with THF instead of FCS. The dose- and time-dependent accumulations of AX and CX (1-10 mu mol/L) in HepG2 cells were higher when carotenoids were delivered with FCS compared to THF. In conclusion, FCS and THF, but not Tween 40, were suitable solvent systems for the delivery of AX and CX to HepG2 cells. In our experiments FCS was superior with regard to the uptake and accumulation of both carotenoids.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
{"token": "QTL mapping of low temperature germination ability in cucumber. Cucumber is of tropical origin and is sensitive to low temperature. In temperate growing regions or production areas at a high altitude, low temperature germination (LTG) ability is an ideal trait that would allow for early planting. However, the genetic basis for LTG ability in cucumber is poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted QTL analysis for LTG ability using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the cross between the LTG tolerant variety Coolgreen and the sensitive inbred line 7088D. Phenotypic data on LTG ability in terms of germinate rate at 13 degrees C were collected from 138 RILs in five environments which were used in QTL analysis. Three QTL, qLTG1.2, qLTG2.1 and qLTG4.1 on chromosomes 1, 2 and 4, respectively, were consistently detected across multiple environments, which could explain 27.3-52.5% observed total phenotypic variance. The two QTL qLTG1.2 and qLTG2.1 exhibited major- and minor- positive effects on increasing LTG ability, respectively, whereas qLTG4.1 had moderate but negative effect on LTG in this RIL population. Additional QTL analysis using 67 recombinant F-2:3 families identified from 602 7088DxCoolgreen F-2 plants validated the major-effect QTL qLTG1.2, which also allowed to narrow this QTL down to a region of348kb in size. Results from this study provide a basis for further fine mapping and functional study of QTL for low temperature germination in cucumber. The knowledge is also useful for marker-assisted selection in breeding for this trait.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Oxytocin antagonist [1-D(CH2)(5),Tyr(ME)(2),Thr(4),Tyr-NH29]ornithine vasotocin inhibits oxytocin-induced prostaglandin F-2 alpha release in late-pregnant cows. The affinity and specificity of an antagonist of oxytocin, [1-D (CH2)(5), Tyr(ME)(2), Thr(4), Tyr-NH29]ornithine vasotocin (OTA), to oxytocin receptors (OTR) in bovine gestational endometrium was determined in displacement experiments with oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) analogues and compared to myometrial OTR. OTA had the highest affinity in both tissues. The effect of OTA on OT-induced increase in plasma concentration of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F-2 alpha metabolite (PGFM) was studied in 24 late-pregnant cows. Treatments consisted of i.v. saline; OT (50 IU); OTA (1200 mu g); and OTA (400, 1200, or 4000 mu g) injected i.v. 5 min before OT (50 IU) (n = 4 each). Samples were collected from jugular vein at 15-min intervals for 30 min before and 3 h after the injection of OT. Progesterone was measured in once-daily samples taken for 7 days after the experiment. OT caused a twofold increase in plasma PGFM within about 60 min (p < 0.005), with levels returning to baseline at 150-180 min; OTA (1200 mu g) caused a gradual lowering of basal plasma PGFM over 180 min (p < 0.05). The 400-mu g or 1200-mu g dose of OTA did not alter OT-induced PGFM response, whereas the 4000-mu g dose inhibited it almost completely (p < 0.005). Plasma progesterone declined after the experiment in all cows, with no differences among groups. Because OTA inhibits OT-induced release of endometrial prostaglandin F-2 alpha, it may be a good tocolytic agent.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "A Bayesian approach to spectral quantitative photoacoustic tomography. A Bayesian approach to the optical reconstruction problem associated with spectral quantitative photoacoustic tomography is presented. The approach is derived for commonly used spectral tissue models of optical absorption and scattering: the absorption is described as a weighted sum of absorption spectra of known chromophores (spatially dependent chromophore concentrations), while the scattering is described using Mie scattering theory, with the proportionality constant and spectral power law parameter both spatially-dependent. It is validated using two-dimensional test problems composed of three biologically relevant chromophores: fat, oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood. Using this approach it is possible to estimate the Gruneisen parameter, the absolute chromophore concentrations, and the Mie scattering parameters associated with spectral photoacoustic tomography problems. In addition, the direct estimation of the spectral parameters is compared to estimates obtained by fitting the spectral parameters to estimates of absorption, scattering and Gruneisen parameter at the investigated wavelengths. It is shown with numerical examples that the direct estimation results in better accuracy of the estimated parameters.", "label": [4, 35, 41]}
{"token": "Hot-Deformation Behavior of High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel under Continuous Cooling: Physical Simulation of Surface Microstructure Evolution of Superheavy Forgings during Hot Forging. Superheavy forgings are increasingly used in the nuclear industry. The strain rate is extremely low during hot forging due to the huge size of the superheavy forging; in fact, the surface temperature of the forging decreases obviously during each deformation step. Hot-deformation behavior differs from that of isothermal deformation. In this study, 18Mn18Cr0.6N steel was selected as a model material. Hot-compression tests were conducted using a Gleeble 3800 simulator at a strain rate of 10(-4) s(-1) and continuous cooling rates of 0.0125 Ks(-1) and 0.025 Ks(-1). The microstructure was observed using electron backscatter diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The flow stress increased with increasing strain: the higher the cooling rate, the higher was the hardening rate. Continuous cooling inhibited dynamic recrystallization by delaying its nucleation. The subgrain/cell size increased linearly with increasing final temperature of deformation in the temperature range 1273 to 1448 K. An intense <001> texture formed in 0.8-strained specimens and the matrix exhibited a low Taylor factor orientation. Most dislocations were separately distributed in subgrains and did not entangle with each other or with the subgrain boundary. Dislocation arrays transferred easily through boundaries and dislocation accumulation at boundaries was weak. This study contributes to understanding the hot-forging process of superheavy forgings.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Ecological studies of colonized invertebrate communities on cultivated seaweeds in a typical mariculture zone, China. The invertebrate communities on floating cultivated seaweeds were studied by both field surveys and experiments in order to analyze community structure in a typical mariculture zone, Nanao, South China. Samples of invertebrates were collected from the water and the thalli of the seaweeds, Gracilaria lemaneiformis and G. chouae. The results showed that both species were rapidly colonized by invertebrates after being introduced into the mariculture region. The communities on the seaweeds were significantly different from those in the ambient waters. Invertebrate abundance was much higher in the seaweed than in the water. The high proportion of larvae indicates that these species are using the seaweed thalli as a platform for reproduction. Therefore, large-scale seaweed cultivation is beneficial for colonization of invertebrates and shelters higher numbers of copepod larvae than in the sea. This drives ecological changes in the invertebrate communities in coastal ecosystems and facilitates interactions with other communities and higher trophic levels in the cultivated seaweed food web. We propose a conceptual model that summarizes the results from this study and guides future studies on the relationships between seaweed and the invertebrate community.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Imported inputs and privatization in downstream mixed oligopoly with foreign ownership. This paper examines welfare implications of privatization in a mixed oligopoly with vertically related markets, where an upstream foreign monopolist sells an essential input to public and private firms located downstream in the domestic country. The impact on domestic welfare of privatizing the downstream public firm is shown to contain three effects. The first is an output distortion effect, which negatively affects welfare since privatization decreases the production of final good for consumption. The second is an input price lowering effect resulting from a decrease in derived demand for the input. When the level of privatization increases, a decrease in final good production lowers input demand, causing input price to decline and domestic welfare to increase. The third is a rent-leaking effect associated with foreign ownership in the downstream private firm. The rival domestic firm strategically increases its final good production, causing profits accrued to foreign investors to increase and domestic welfare to decline. Without foreign ownership in the downstream private firm, the optimal policy toward the public firm is complete privatization as the output distortion effect is dominated by the input price lowering effect. With foreign ownership, however, complete privatization can never be socially optimal due to the additional negative impact on domestic welfare of the rent-leaking effect. We further discuss implications for domesticwelfare under different privatization schemes (e.g., selling the privatization shares to the upstream foreign monopolist or to the rival domestic firm).", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Thermo-responsive dielectric pulse in poly(vinylidene fluoride)/polyethylene glycol fibrous mats. Thermo-responsive dielectric materials have attracted broad attention in smart electronic device applications. Here, we present a facile one-step fabrication technique of thermo-responsive dielectric fibrous mats via efficient solution blow spinning of poly (vinylidene fluoride)/polyethylene glycol (PVDF/PEG). A strong room-temperature dielectric pulse is triggered by thermally induced crystalline-amorphous phase transition of the PEG. The PVDF, serving as a host, enables the fibrous mats not only to attain solid-solid phase transition but also to spontaneously provide the self-supportability. The dielectric pulse mechanism in PVDF/PEG based on crystalline-amorphous phase transition is clearly demonstrated. The all-polymer dielectric pulsing composites hold great potential in next-generation electronic engineering, exemplified by the creation of flexible, long-service-life, and low-cost smart electrical devices.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Four-dimensional relativistic scattering of electromagnetic waves from an arbitrary collection of moving lossy dielectric spheres. Four-dimensional (4D) relativistic scattering of electromagnetic waves from an arbitrary collection of uniformly translational moving lossy dielectric spheres is discussed. Two reference frames, four 4D coordinate systems and Lorentz transformation are used to obtain the scattered electromagnetic fields. The direct scattering of the spheres and their interactions are considered with a novel approach. The introduced method is straightforward and the analytical relations for the fields are achieved. To check the validity of the proposed method, different examples for both stationary and moving scatterers are investigated. The effects of key parameters such as the size, material, velocity, number, position of the spheres and also the frequency of the incident wave are discussed. The derived scattered fields are valid for low, medium and high velocities but according to practical applications low and moderate velocities are highlighted in numerical results.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "Comparison of the exhaust emissions of heavy-duty vehicle engines powered by diesel fuel (DF) and natural gas (LNG) in real operation conditions. The compn. of exhaust gases (CO, CO2, HC and NOx) emitted by 2 trucks powered by diesel oil or liquefied natural gas, covering the same route with or without a load, was analyzed. A procedure was used to quantify the operational characteristics of the tractor units. Lower CO2, HC and NOx emissions and higher CO emissions were found for the LNG-powered vehicle compared to the diesel-powered vehicle.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "The ideal homes competitions of the 1930's. Architectural setting for a South African white middle-class. This article investigates the Rand Daily Mail Ideal Homes Competition (1934) and the Argus Ideal Homes Competition (1937) as representations of white South African middle-class culture in the 1930's. Drawing on Amos Rapoport's use of 'setting', it explores how this group's cultural values and beliefs where encultured in these competitions. It tells the story of a recently regulated architectural profession's attempt to, with architects at the same time competing with one another and working together, promote their skills and values to the public. The limiting of this 'public' to a white middle-class is related to broader cultural, social and spatial orders of a racially segregated South African society. The article shows how norms of good domesticity, ideal family and civil society found a setting in the ideals of the competitions and the white middle-class cultural order.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "The Rocky Road to Legacy: Lessons from the 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa Stadium Program. This article describes how the management and organization of the South African 2010 FIFA World Cup stadium program shaped the current legacy of an oversupply of overdesigned and underutilized stadiums. The article identifies seven key factors that explain the differences between expected benefits and the actual legacy. Identification of these factors contributes to the increasing academic interest in explaining the poor legacy outcomes of mega-events. In conclusion, we recommend that future host country governments defragment their stadium programs by establishing a World Cup Delivery Authority (WCDA), with responsibility for the leadership and coordination of the stadium program.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Ionizing radiation attenuation competences of gallium germanate-tellurite glasses utilizing MCNP5 simulation code and Phy-X/PSD program. Gamma radiation, neutrons, protons, and alphas particles shielding competences for gallium germanate-tellurite (GeO2 center dot TeO2 center dot Ga2O3) glasses doped with Pr6O11 were tested. The investigated glasses were named as GTGPr1, GTGPr2, GTGPr3, and GTGPr4. Mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) for the proposed glasses were calculated utilizing Phy-X/PSD program and simulated by MCNP5 simulation codes in the photon energy range of 0.015-15 MeV. With the help of MAC values, the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic number (Z(eff)) were calculated. Moreover, the absorbed dose received from Cs-137 with activity 10 mu Ci was calculated in presence of the studied glasses. Buildup factors (BUFs) include exposure buildup factor (EBF), and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) for all investigated glasses were also calculated. Results reflected that the GTGPr4 glass has the highest MAC, LAC values and lowest HVL among other selected germanate glasses. The values of Z(eff) were around 0.04 MeV varied between 43.07 and 48.19, while at 1.5 MeV were between 18.70 and 21.25. The GTGPr1 possesses the highest values of BUFs around the studied range of energy, while GTGPr4 glasses possesses the lowest values. Moreover, the fast neutron removal cross section was (Sigma(R) = 0.02151 and 0.01942 cm(2) g(-1)) for GTGPr1 and GTGPr4, respectively. The investigated glasses can be useful to construct superior radiation shielding materials to use in nuclear medicine applications.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Possible mechanisms of low back pain due to whole-body vibration. The investigators describe their multifaceted approach to the study of the relationship between whole-body vibration and low back pain. In vivo experiments, using percutaneous pin-mounted accelerometers have shown that the natural frequency is at 4.5 Hz. The frequency response was affected by posture, seating, and seat-back inclination. The response appears to be largely determined by the rocking of the pelvis. Electromyographic studies have shown that muscle fatigue occurs under whole body vibration. After whole body vibration exposure the muscle response to a sudden load has greater latency. Vehicle driving may be a reason for low back pain or herniated nucleus pulposus. Prolonged seating exposure, coupled with the whole body vibration should be reduced for those recovering from these problems. Vibration attenuating seats, and correct ergonomic layout of the cabs may reduce the risks of recurrence. (C) 1998 Academic Press.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "The impact of funding on research collaboration: Evidence from a developing country. In this paper we evaluate the impact of research grants on the amount of collaboration among scientific researchers in Argentina. We find a positive and significant impact of funding on collaboration which is measured in terms of the number of co-authors for publications in peer-reviewed journals. Our identification strategy is based on comparing collaboration indicators for researchers with financially supported projects with those of a control group of researchers who submitted projects that were accepted in terms of quality. but not supported because of shortage of funds. We obtain consistent results by using different non-experimental techniques including difference-in-differences models combined with propensity score matching algorithms. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Biocrust tissue traits as potential indicators of global change in the Mediterranean. Background and aims Functional traits are promising indicators of global changes and ecosystem processes. Trait responses to environmental conditions have been examined widely in vascular plants. In contrast, few studies have focused on soil lichens and mosses composing biocrusts. We aimed to evaluate the potential of biocrust tissue traits as indicators of changes in climate and soil properties.Results Lichens and mosses differed in delta C-13, delta N-15 and N content, indicating distinct physical and physiological attributes. Tissue traits correlated strongly with numerous climatic variables, likely due to a modulator effect on biocrust water relations and metabolism. We found contrasting responses of lichen and moss traits to climate, although they responded similarly to soil properties. Overall, the most responsive trait was delta N-15, suggesting this trait is the best to reflect integrated processes occurring in the atmosphere and soil.Methods Isotope ratios and nutrient content in biocrust tissue were analyzed in 13 Mediterranean shrublands along an aridity gradient. Differences in tissue traits between biocrust groups (lichens and mosses), and relationships between tissue traits and climatic and soil variables were examined.Conclusion Biocrust tissue traits arise as cost-effective, integrative ecological indicators of global change drivers in Mediterranean ecosystems, with potential applications in response-effect trait frameworks.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
{"token": "The role of nitric oxide in regulation of the cardiovascular system in reptiles. The roles that nitric oxide (NO) plays in the cardiovascular system of reptiles are reviewed, with particular emphasis on its effects on central vascular blood flows in the systemic and pulmonary circulations. New data is presented that describes the effects on hemodynamic variables in varanid lizards of exogenously administered NO via the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and, preliminary data on the effects of SNP inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) by L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Furthermore. on hemodynamic variables in the tegu lizard are presented. The findings are compared with previously published data from Our laboratory on three other species of reptiles: pythons (Skovgaard, N., Galli, G., Taylor, E.W., Conlon, J.M., Wang.. T., 2005. Hemodynamic effects of python neuropeptide gamma in the anesthetized python, Python regius. Regul. Pept. 18, 15-26), rattlesnakes (Galli, G., Skovgaard, N., Abe, A.S., Taylor, E.W., Wang, T., 2005. The role of nitric oxide in the regulation of the systemic and the pulmonary vasculature of the rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus. J. Comp. Physiol. 175B, 201-208) and turtles (Crossley, D.A., Wang, T., Altimiras, J., 2000. Role of nitric oxide in the systemic and pulmonary circulation of anesthetized turtles (Trachemys scripta). J. Exp. Zool. 286, 683-689). These five species of reptiles possess different combinations of division of the heart and structural complexity of the lungs. Comparison of their responses to NO donors and NOS inhibitors may reveal whether the potential contribution of NO to vascular tone correlates with pulmonary complexity and/or with blood pressure. All existing studies oil reptiles have clearly established a potential role for NO in regulating vascular tone in the systemic circulation and NO may be important for maintaining basal systemic vascular tone in varanid lizards, pythons and turtles, through a continuous release of NO. In contrast., the pulmonary circulation is less responsive to NO donors or NOS inhibitors, and it was only in pythons and varanid lizards that the lungs responded to SNP. Both species have a functionally separated heart, so it is possible that NO may exert a larger role in species with low pulmonary blood pressures, irrespective of lung complexity. (C) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42, 47]}
{"token": "Ocular findings in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing haemodialysis. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the ocular findings in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing haemodialysis (HD). In 64 patients undergoing haemodialysis (30 female and 34 male), aged 24-83 years (mean 58 years) on haemodialysis 1-213 months (mean 47 months) complete ocular examination were performed: visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), biomicroscopic examination and fundoscopy. On right eye sixty-nine percent of patents had VA 0.6 or better, and on left eye 84% ofpatients had VA 0.6 or better. Mean IOP before dialysis was 15 mmHg and after dialysis was 14 mmHg. In 9 patients (14%) we found corneo-conjunctival calcium deposits. No correlation of ocular calcification and parathyroid hormone (PTH) level or calcium and phosphate product were observed. 39 (60%) patients had cataract. Hypertensive vascular changes were seen in 44 (68%) patients and in 6 (7%) patients age-related macular degeneration. Seven patients had diabetes mellitus and in 5 diabetic retinopathy was observed. Patients with CRF or who are receiving HD represent unique group ofpatients. Pathologic change could be found in many tissue and organs, therefore we suggest ocular examination more frequently in dialysis patients.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Identification of mosquito bloodmeal source by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism profile analysis of the cytochrome B gene. Previous studies have shown that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) heteroduplex analysis (HDA) of the cytochrome B (cytb) gene is useful in identifying mosquito bloodmeals derived from avian hosts. However, interpretation of PCR-HDA gels is performed visually, which can make it difficult to analyze large numbers of specimens and to compare results between laboratories. We investigated the utility of a terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) assay to analyze cytb PCR products. PCR was performed on 123 blood or tissue samples from 55 avian, 13 mammalian, and one amphibian species by using end-labeled primers to amplify a 358-bp segment of cytb. Each PCR product was sequenced to determine predicted terminal restriction fragment (TRF) profiles. Additionally, experimental TRFs were determined by sizing fragments from restriction endonuclease digests with capillary electrophoresis. A Web-based searchable database was created to compare unknown mosquito bloodmeal TRF profiles against sequence-predicted and experimentally derived terminal fragment lengths of known vertebrates. The predictive value of experimental profiles was found to be accurate to the species level for 67 of 69 species (97%). Fifty-nine field collected mosquitoes were tested to determine the bloodmeal source using the T-RFLP method. The bloodmeal source from 50 of these mosquitoes was identified by comparing the TRF profile of the unknown source against the cytochrome B database. The bloodmeal source from the remaining nine mosquitoes was not identified as no known profile matched the experimentally derived profile. T-RFLP analysis is a highly reproducible technique and the searchable TRF database is continually being expanded to include additional species from diverse geographic areas.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
{"token": "Evidence of epigenetic regulation of the tumor suppressor gene cluster flanking RASSF1 in breast cancer cell lines. Epigenetic mechanisms are frequently deregulated in cancer cells and can lead to the silencing of genes with tumor suppressor activities. The isoform A of the Ras-association domain family member 1 (RASSF1A) gene is one of the most frequently silenced transcripts in human tumors; however, few studies have simultaneously investigated epigenetic abnormalities associated with the 3p21.3 tumor suppressor gene cluster flanking RASSF1 (i.e., SEMA3B, HYAL3, HYAL2, HYAL1, TUSC2, RASSF1, ZMYND10, NPRL2, TMEM115 and CACNA2D2). This study aimed to investigate the role of epigenetic changes to these genes in 17 breast cancer cell lines and in three non-tumorigenic epithelial breast cell lines (184A1, 184B5 and MCF 10A) and to evaluate the effect on gene expression of treatment with the demethylating agent 5-Aza -2'-deoxycytidine and/or Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. We report that, although the RASSF1A isoform was determined to be epigenetically silenced in 15 of the 17 breast cancer cell lines, all the cell lines expressed the RASSF1C isoform. Five breast cancer cell lines overexpressed RASSF1C when compared with the normal epithelial cell line 184A1. Furthermore, the genes HYAL1 and CACNA2D2 were significantly overexpressed after the treatments. After the combined treatment, RASSF1A re-expression was accompanied by an increase in expression levels of the flanking genes. The Spearman's correlation coefficient indicated a positive co-regulation of the following gene pairs: RASSF1 and TUSC2 (r = 0.64, p = 0.002), RASSF1 and ZMYND10 (r = 0.58, p = 0.07), RASSF1 and NPRL2 (r = 0.48, p = 0.03), ZMYND10 and NPRL2 (r = 0.71; p = 0.0004) and NPRL2 and TMEM115 (r = 0.66, p = 0.001). Interestingly, the genes TUSC2, NPRL2 and TMEM115 were found to be unmethylated in each of the untreated cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation using antibodies against the acetylated and trimethylated lysine 9 of histone H3 demonstrated low levels of histone methylation in these genes, which are located closest to RASSF1. These results provide evidence that epigenetic repression is involved in the downregulation of multiple genes at 3p21.3 in breast cancer cells.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT METHODS AND WAYS TO OPTIMIZE COSTS. The article discusses financial management methods and ways to optimize costs. Management of the cost of production of enterprises is a systematic process of formation of costs for the production of all products and the cost of individual products, control over the fulfillment of tasks to reduce the cost of production, identification of reserves for its reduction. Enterprise cost management is a component of the enterprise management system as a whole. Therefore, in general terms, let us dwell on some aspects of enterprise management in order to understand the essence of cost management. Management - the activities of an enterprise aimed at realizing the objectives of the management object, subject to the rational use of available resources.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "THE LIGHTNING HF RADIATION AT 3 MHZ DURING LEADER AND RETURN STROKE PROCESSES. Simultaneous recordings of the broadband electric field and HF radiation at 3 MHz were obtained at times before and after the onset of first and subsequent lightning strokes. Data are presented for several hundred negative ground flashes observed in Sri Lanka within a range of 40 km over the land and sea. The stepped leader gave rise to strong 3 MHz radiation, but the peak amplitude of the radiation was less than that of the return stroke. In the return stroke phase, 3 MHz radiation was strongest at the beginning of the first return stroke and gradually decayed completely. The mean duration of the 3 MHz continua of 346 first strokes was 190 mus (S.D. = 69 mus). In about 99% of the cases 3 MHz radiation in the return stroke phase was accompanied by a burst of multitudinous, fine oscillatory pulses on the broadband electric field. Subsequent strokes, in general, had no 3 MHz radiation in their return stroke phases.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Contribution of large-scale forest inventories to biodiversity assessment and monitoring. There is an on-going debate regarding the role of forest inventories in biodiversity assessment and monitoring. This paper presents a review on the topic that aims at providing updated knowledge on the current contribution of forest inventories to the assessment and monitoring of forest biodiversity conditions on a large scale. Specific objectives are fourfold: (i) to highlight the types of forest biodiversity indicators that can be estimated from data collected in the framework of standard forest inventories and the implications of different sampling methods on the estimation of the indicators; (ii) to outline current possibilities for harmonized estimation of biodiversity indicators in Europe from National Forest Inventory data; (Hi) to show the added value for forest biodiversity monitoring of framing biodiversity indicators into ecologically meaningful forest type units; and (iv) to examine the potential of forest inventory sample data for estimating landscape biodiversity metrics. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Statistically-designed inventories and biodiversity monitoring programs are gaining relevance for biological conservation and natural resources management. Mandated periodic surveys provide unique opportunities to identify and satisfy natural resources management information needs. However, this is not an end in itself but rather is the beginning of a process that should lead to sound decision-making in biodiversity conservation. Forest inventories are currently evolving towards multipurpose resource surveys and are broadening their scope in several directions: (i) expansion of the target population to include non-traditional attributes such as trees outside the forest and urban forests; (H) forest carbon pools and carbon sequestration estimation; (iii) assessment of forest health; and (iv) inclusion of additional variables such as biodiversity attributes that are not directly related to timber assessment and wood harvesting.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Ethnographic encounters: towards a minor politics of field access. This paper aims to explore the insight that can be brought by Deleuze and Guattari's concept of minor literature with regard to questions of field access within the context of organizational ethnography. This paper draws from an ethnographic account of scientists negotiating access during a field expedition to Fiji. While the scientists could secure access prior to their departure by abiding by the legal dimension of plant collecting in the field, they had to renegotiate access in the field by engaging with different epistemologies, codes and forms of relationality. Positioned as an ethnography of field access, this paper highlights the enmeshment of codes, practices and trajectories in the negotiation of field access and seeks to set the lines of a 'minor politics of access' within the context of organizational ethnography.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Predicting and Reading Together: the Role of Collaborative Learning in Facilitating Reading Comprehension. The quasi-experimental study explored the effects of collaborative reading during prediction-confirmation reading cycles in an EFL classroom through quantitative and qualitative analysis. The quantitative investigation was undertaken to compare the efficacy of the prediction-confirmation instructional approach when applied to individualistic vs. collaborative learning contexts. The data indicated the instructions were more facilitative to reading comprehension and retention in collaborative learning than in individualistic learning contexts. On the other hand, the qualitative analysis utilized interactive dialogues and semi-structured interviews of three selected focus groups in an attempt to understand how peer-mediated learning occurred. The qualitative data revealed that three modes of regulation-self-regulation, co-regulation, and sharedregulation-emerged as a basis of successful collaborative learning. Another finding was that co-regulation served as resource to resolve lower-level language-related problems, whereas shared-regulation manifested in higher-level skills of reading.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 28]}
{"token": "Effect of Si addition and applied pressure on microstructure and tensile properties of as-cast Al-5.0Cu-0.6Mn-1.2Fe alloys. The effects of Si addition and applied pressure on the microstructure and tensile properties of as-cast Al-5.0Cu-0.6Mn1.2Fe alloys were studied. The results show that Si addition promotes the formation of Chinese script alpha-Fe, and suppresses the precipitation of Al-3(FeMn) and Al-6(FeMn). For the alloys produced without pressure, Si addition increases the volume fraction of porosity, resulting in remarkable decrease in ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS). For the alloys produced with 75 MPa pressure, Si addition improves UTS and YS owing to the formation of high number density of Al2Cu (theta) phases. The tensile properties of alloys increase with increasing applied pressure at the same Si content level, which is attributed to elimination of porosity, grain refinement strengthening and solid-solution strengthening. The alloy with 1.1% Si addition and 75 MPa pressure shows the best tensile properties, where the UTS, YS and elongation are 237 MPa, 140 MPa and 9.8%, respectively.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Development of a non-contact micro-liquid mixing method and application to chemical auto-analyzers. A new mixing method, which can mix some hundred microliters of liquid in a vessel without any physical contact, was developed. This mixing method used free surface waves in a vessel generated by ultrasound irradiation from outside the vessel. First, feasibility of circulation flow induced by waves was discussed with a numerical simulation. The mixing mechanism was then experimentally verified by flow visualization using a dye. Next, the method was applied to mixing serums and reagents. The serum-reagent mixture was visualized by using the Schlieren method, and the mixing performance was quantified from the visualized images. The experimental results show that the new mixing method is suitable for volumes of serum-reagent mixtures ranging up to 180 mu l. Finally, by implementing the new mixing method in a standard chemical auto-analyzer, a new kind of chemical auto-analyzer that does not suffer cross-contamination between samples was produced. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Mannosylated Poly(ethylene imine) Copolymers Enhance saRNA Uptake and Expression in Human Skin Explants. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a promising platform for both vaccines and therapeutics, and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA)is particularly advantageous, as it enables higher protein expression and dose minimization. Here, we present a delivery platform for targeted delivery of saRNA using mannosylated poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) enabled by the host-guest interaction between cyclodextrin and adamantane. We show that the host-guest complexation does not interfere with the electrostatic interaction with saRNA and observed that increasing the degree of mannosylation inhibited transfection efficiency in vitro, but enhanced the number of cells expressing GFP by 8-fold in human skin explants. Besides, increasing the ratio of glycopolymer to saRNA also enhanced the percentage of transfected cells ex vivo. We identified that these mannosylated PEIs specifically increased protein expression in the epithelial cells resident in human skin in a mannose-dependent manner. This platform is promising for further study of glycosylation of PEI and targeted saRNA delivery.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "Risk of Cardiovascular Disease from Cumulative Cigarette Use and the Impact of Smoking Intensity. Background: Relative risks (RRs) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) by smoking rate exhibit a concave pattern, with RRs in low rate smokers exceeding a linear extrapolation from higher rate smokers. However, cigarettes/day does not by itself fully characterize smoking-related risks. A reexamination of the concave pattern using a comprehensive representation of smoking may enhance insights.Methods: Data were from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, a prospective cohort enrolled in four areas of the US in 1987-1989. Follow-up was through 2008. Analyses included 14,233 participants, 245,915 person-years, and 3,411 CVD events.Results: The concave RRs with cigarettes/day were consistent with cigarettes/day modifying a linear RR association of pack-years with CVD (i.e., strength of the pack-years association depended on cigarettes/day, indicating that the manner of pack-years accrual impacted risk). Smoking fewer cigarettes/day for longer duration was more deleterious than smoking more cigarettes/day for shorter duration (P < 0.01). For 50 pack-years (365,000 cigarettes), estimated RRs of CVD were 2.1 for accrual at 20 cigarettes/day and 1.6 for accrual at 50 cigarettes/day. Years since smoking cessation did not alter the diminishing strength of association with increasing cigarettes/day. Analyses that accounted for competing risks did not affect findings.Conclusion: Pack-years remained the primary determinant of smoking-related CVD risk; however, accrual influenced RRs. For equal pack-years, smoking fewer cigarettes/day for longer duration was more deleterious than smoking more cigarettes/day for shorter duration. This observation provides clues to better understanding the biological mechanisms, and reinforces the importance of cessation rather than smoking less to reduce CVD risk.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "ISMO: identifying and mapping the past, present and future. As the new incoming editor-in-chief (EIC) for this prestigious journal, I pen my opening editorial, through this piece. Here I lay out the fascinating and impressive journey of the journal till date, and plans to lead it into the future.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "The influence of inhomogeneous hydrate formation on permeability anisotropy of porous media. Hydrate formation is an inhomogeneous process, which results in permeability anisotropy, i.e., permeability differs in different directions. Permeability anisotropy of hydrate-bearing sands is analyzed based on CT (computed tomography) scanning and pore network modeling in this study. A digital sample is divided into eight different parts based on hydrate distribution. Eight equivalent micropore structures are extracted by the maximum ball method. The absolute and relative permeabilities of each part in three different directions (x, y, and z) are calculated by a permeability simulator. Before hydrate formation, the sand pack permeability in the different directions is nearly the same. After hydrate formation, the sample pore structures become more complex. Both the absolute and relative permeabilities vary in the different directions. When hydrate saturation exceeds a threshold, the degree of permeability anisotropy is weakened. Hydrate formation induces a more significant relative gas permeability anisotropy compared to relative water permeability anisotropy. The degree of relative water permeability anisotropy increases at high water saturations.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Development of a rapid ribotyping method for Corynebacterium diphtheriae by using PCR single-strand conformation polymorphism: comparison with standard ribotyping. A rapid and simple ribotyping method for Corynebacterium diphtheriae was developed, based on 16S-23S rRNA spacer region analysis, by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). All 123 strains tested were PCR positive with primer set rG1 and rL1, and each reaction resulted in only one amplicon of approximately 440 bp in size. When 19 ribotyping type strains and 26 previously ribotyped strains were analyzed by this method, 29 distinct SSCP patterns were identified. Seventeen of 19 established ribotypes could easily be differentiated, and in some cases SSCP ribotyping provided even better resolution than traditional ribotyping. This method provides a rapid, reliable, and reproducible alternative for the traditional ribotyping, which can significantly aid in epidemiological studies, especially where large numbers of strains need to be rapidly analyzed. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "The effect of latitudinal gradient on the species diversity of Chinese litter-dwelling thrips. To understand the global distribution patterns of litter-dwelling thrips, a total 150 leaf litter samples were collected from 6 natural reserves located in three climatic regions, temperate, subtropical and tropical. The results showed the relative abundance of Thysanoptera was over 3.0% in 4 natural reserves from subtropical and tropical zone, and reached 5.9% in one tropical reserve, only less than Acarina and Collembola. In contrast it was only 0.3% in the warm temperate natural reserves, and no thrips were collected in a mid temperate reserve. The order on the average species numbers per plot of litter thrips was tropic > subtropics > temperate (n=25, p<0.05). Mean density of litter thrips per plots in the tropics and subtropics was significantly higher than that in the temperate region (n=25, p<0.05), but the average density was not significantly different between tropical and subtropical zones (n=25, p>0.05). The diversity of litter thrips in the tropics and subtropics was much higher than that in the temperate area based on comparsions of Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H.), Pielou eveness index (J), and Simpson dominance index (D). All of these results indicated that litter-dwelling thrips lived mainly in tropical and subtropical regions; meanwhile, species number and relative abundance increased with decreasing latitude.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Slimy invasion: Climatic niche and current and future biogeography of Arion slug invaders. Main conclusions: While the amount of regions with climatic conditions that would be suitable for slug establishment is predicted to slightly decrease under future scenarios, new suitable areas will also emerge. We therefore recommend that prevention efforts to limit new introductions should continue in order to protect vulnerable native ecosystems.Aim: The current volume of global trade has led to an unprecedented rate of biological invasions, causing severe problems to native ecosystems. The knowledge of species introduction routes and areas suitable for establishment is therefore an important step in preventing future invasions. The situation can be further exacerbated by climate change, which might alter the amount of environmentally suitable areas for establishment of invasive species. Here, we focus on three Arion slug species recently introduced to North America and Australia with potentially significant impact- A. ater, A.rufus and A.vulgaris.Results: We combined interception records, molecular analyses and species distribution modelling to assess their introduction history and to predict which regions are at highest risk of future invasions. We found extensive sharing of mitochondrial haplotypes among continents in all three species. In concordance with the genetic analyses, interception records suggest that slugs were introduced to the USA and Australia primarily from France, the Netherlands and the UK, but also from other locations in North America. The models predicted climatically suitable regions for the three Arion species in several areas across the globe for which management actions can be targeted.Location: Worldwide.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Modeling and computer simulation of an insurance policy: A search for maximum profit. We have developed a model for a life-insurance policy. In this model, the net gain is calculated by computer simulation for a particular type of lifetime distribution function. We observed that the net gain becomes maximum for a particular value of upper age for last premium.", "label": [4, 35, 40]}
{"token": "Cesium Translocation in Rice. To breed a low Cs rice variety, it is important to clarify the mechanism of Cs transport in a plant. In the present report, we found a difference in Cs distribution in rice cultivars using a Cs-137 tracer experiment. In addition, the difference was also found in Cs distribution of each leaf position among the same rice cultivars. There has been no report clarifying the molecular mechanism of Cs translocation, nor those of other cations, in plants. Using the rice cultivars, Akihikari and Milyang23, to find the Cs translocation mechanism can contribute to developing crops that contain lower levels of Cs when cultivated in radiocesium contaminated land.", "label": [0, 2, 5, 6, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Digital forensic analysis for source video identification: A survey. In recent years, many digital devices have been equipped with a video camera that allows videos to be recorded in good quality, free of charge and without restrictions. Concurrently, the widespread use of digital videos via web-based multimedia systems and mobile smartphone applications such as YouTube, Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp is becoming increasing important. However, security challenges have emerged and are spreading worldwide. These issues may lead to serious problems, particularly in situations where video is a key part of decision-making in crimes, including movie piracy and child pornography. Thus, to increase the trustworthiness of using digital video in daily life, copyright protection and video authentication must be used. Although source camera identification based on digital images has attracted many researchers' attention, less research has been performed on the forensic analysis of videos due to certain challenges, such as compression, stabilization, scaling, and cropping, as well as differences between frame types that can occur when a video is stored in digital devices. Thus, there are insufficient large standard digital video databases and updated databases with new devices based on new technologies. The goal of this paper is to offer an inclusive overview of what has been done over the last decade in the field of source video identification by examining existing techniques, such as photo response nonuniformity (PRNU) and machine learning approaches, and describing some popular video databases.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Top-down place-based competition and award: local government incentives for non-GDP improvement in China. Top-down place-based competition and award (TDPBCA) has a growing presence in the West and a long existence in China. TDPBCA refers to the motivational strategy in which a higher authority sets a series of targets for lower-level governments to compete against each other or to pass the benchmarks set by the higher authority to become a winner. The participants (unit of assessment) are 'places' at the same level of jurisdiction (countries, cities, neighbourhoods, villages). This paper examines TDPBCA as a local motivation policy tool. It first reviews the literature on different local stakeholder motivation strategies and theorises the motivational impact of TDPBCA. The paper then examines the usage of TDPBCA in China and its influence on local stakeholders' behaviour in terms of public participation, intersectoral collaboration, inter-regional learning and local public spending. The proposed paper examines TDPBC as a local motivation policy tool in China. The first section reviews the literature on different local stakeholder motivation strategies. The second section discusses theoretically the motivational impact of TDPBC. The paper then examines the usage of TDPBC in China and discusses its influence on local stakeholders' behaviour in terms of public participation, inter-sectoral collaboration, inter-regional learning and local public spending.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Undulating grounds, undisciplined bodies: the Soviet Rationalists and the Kinaesthesis of revolutionary crowds. In the turbulent political conditions of early modernity, the urban mass crowd emerged as a social phenomenon which presented demanding challenges to the arts: to innovate spatial formulations, graphic compositions and even aesthetic principles drawing on this new collectivity for legitimacy. Comparing the work of the Soviet Rationalist architects to the theatrical methods and productions by the Soviet revolutionary director V. E. Meyerhold, this paper probes the arts' responses to this crowd design problem. It discerns a spatial logic of ground-and-body: designers shaped theatrical sets and building surfaces to choreograph group ensembles as events, and to forge an alternative conception of space from the varying intensities of kinaesthetic bodily rhythms. Accordingly, the paper reflects on the nature of collective consciousness thereby evoked, and its distinct difference from another modernist state of consciousness: the paranoid individualism of panoptic inspection. It ventures to speculate that the Rationalists' architecture (and Meyerhold's theatre) effectively restores inter-subjectivity from its idealist discourse as an inquiry into other minds, to a problem of other bodies where subjectivity unfolds between emotional states at the body's expressive surface: the domain of generative spatial-design.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "An interdisciplinary method to harmonise ecology, economy and co-management: fisheries exploitation in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Collective action theory predicts that natural resource management at a local level has a higher probability of success if territoriality and jurisdiction of the managerial institution are in synchrony with mobility and territoriality of the resource and exploitation patterns of local users. In several East African lakes local managerial institutions (beach management units) have been created to devolve key responsibilities from government level to community level; however, a major challenge has been quantifying the territorial jurisdiction (spatial pattern of use within the lake) of the resource (fish) and resource users (fishers). This study introduces an interdisciplinary method combining anthropology and ecology in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda to: (1) create a map outlining social landmarks and ecological characteristics of the lake, (2) assess the distribution of important fished species, (3) quantify the spatial distribution of fishing effort of local fishers, and (4) quantify the composition of the fish catch. Results demonstrate spatial structure at all levels (social and ecological) of the fishery in Lake Nabugabo. We argue that the interdisciplinary method applied to Lake Nabugabo is practical and achievable in its application, and may be used more broadly to evaluate territorial jurisdiction of fishers and their resource.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Macrogeographic vocal variation in subspecies of Swamp Sparrow. Variation in song can play a central role in species and subspecies recognition among birds. The ability of individuals to distinguish between songs of their own versus songs of a different subspecies potentially strengthens local adaptation of subspecific populations. We investigated the degree of vocal divergence and discrimination between two subspecies of Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) to examine how variation in song could influence behavioral response. We recorded songs of Southern (M. g. georgiana) and Coastal Plain (M. g. nigrescens) Swamp Sparrow males in Maryland and Delaware, respectively, and analyzed variation in syllable composition, repertoire size, trill rate, and frequency bandwidth. In addition to describing differences in song characteristics, we performed an estimate of local song type diversity that predicted larger population repertoires in M. g. nigrescens. We then broadcast recordings to evaluate male territorial responses to song and found that males reacted more strongly to songs of their own subspecies than to songs of the other subspecies. The extent of song variation and discrimination suggests the possibility of continued divergence. Further tests may determine whether such results can be generalized beyond the populations studied to the subspecies level, and whether females as well as males differentiate between songs from separate subspecies.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Is it safe to design a building structure with simple joints, when they are known to exhibit a semi-rigid behaviour?. It is shown, by means of computer simulations of the behaviour of a real structure, that it is safe to design a building with the assumption of pinned joints, even when they show a semi-rigid behaviour. This result is however limited to the cases where the joints show a high ductility, i.e. a capacity of large deformation before the rupture of either the bolts or the welds. Only in few, probably unrealistic cases, this assumption will lead to unsafe results, the lack of safety being however very small, amounting only to a few percent. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Mixed cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotypes in immunocompromised patients. On the basis of sequence variation in the UL55 gene that encodes glycoprotein B (gB), human cytomegalovirus (CMV) can be classified into 4 gB genotypes. The goal of the present study was to determine the distribution of CMV gB genotypes and the effect of gB type on clinical outcomes in a cohort of immunocompromised patients, including both transplant recipients and nonrecipients. The distribution of gB genotypes was as follows: gB1, 28.9% of patients; gB2, 19.6%; gB3, 23.7%; gB4, 2.0%; and mixed infection, 25.8%. In contrast to patients infected with a single gB genotype, patients infected with multiple gB genotypes developed progression to CMV disease, had an increased rate of graft rejection, had higher CMV loads, and were significantly more often infected with other herpesviruses. The presence of multiple gB genotypes, rather than the presence of a single gB genotype, could be a critical factor associated with severe clinical manifestations in immunocompromised patients.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "INTERACTION OF SEVERAL COMPLEMENT PROTEINS WITH GP120 AND GP41, THE 2 ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEINS OF HIV-1. Result: gp41 strongly binds human complement regulatory proteins factors H and properdin, and weakly binds factors I and B. The binding occurs with recombinant soluble (rs) gp41 fixed on ELISA plates as well as gp41-gp120 complex expressed on Schneider-2 cells. The basis for this binding potential might be an amino-acid (aa) sequence of gp41 displaying homologies to sites in human C3. rgp120 also binds C3(H2O), a C3b-like form of C3, and C4b. These binding features of gp120 can be explained by homology of constant region (CR) 4 in gp120 to sites in C4b binding protein. Additionally, CR1 in gp120 exhibits a weak similarity to human properdin. Preincubation of rsgp41 with either factor H or properdin, and of rgp120 with C3b or C4b affected the interaction between rsgp41 and rgp120. Incubation of Schneider-2 cells, expressing a functional gp41-gp120 complex, with factor H reduced the detectable amount of gp120. This effect was similar to that induced by soluble CD4.Conclusion: These results strongly suggest that HIV-1 envelope proteins interact with human complement proteins. Additionally, C3b-like features of gp41 and the C3b/C4b binding structures in gp120 may affect the non-covalent association between gp41 and gp120.Objective: To study the binding of human complement proteins to gp41 and gp120 of HIV-1.Methods: The interaction of complement proteins with gp41 and gp120 and their effect on the gp41-gp120 complex in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and on stably transfected Schneider-2 cells expressing a gp41-gp120 complex was investigated. The molecular basis of these interactions was analysed by computer-supported sequence analysis.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
{"token": "Accurate determination of plutonium by Controlled Potential Coulometry: uncertainty evaluation by the Monte Carlo Method approach. The accurate determination of plutonium (Pu) mass fraction in nuclear materials is essential to nuclear matter accountancy and international safeguard programs. Controlled-Potential Coulometry (CPC) is one of the best available analytical methods to perform such measurements. The implementation of CPC at the Nuclear Matter Metrological Laboratory of the French Atomic Energy Commission is described as well as the evaluation of measurement uncertainty using two approaches: the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, and the Monte Carlo Method. The uncertainty values determined are compared to the international target values published by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Graphic abstract", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15]}
{"token": "Emergence of realistic retinal networks in culture promoted by the superior colliculus. The developing retina is characterized by 'retinal waves', spontaneous depolarizations that propagate through a developing network of interneurons and retinal ganglion cells. Although the circuitry underlying retinal waves is well characterized, the secreted factors that are critical for its normal development are not defined. Dissociated cell culture provides an ideal system for defining these factors; however, it is difficult to recapitulate retinal circuitry in culture. Here we demonstrate that by culturing dissociated retinal neurons in the presence of cells from the superior colliculus (SC), retinal neurons form networks that are similar to those described in the intact retina. Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings reveal the presence of a spontaneously active network of interneurons. In addition, we observed spontaneous, propagating activity reminiscent of that observed in the intact retina. We propose that the presence of factors secreted from the SC results in the development of networks that reproduce critical features of the intact retina. Copyright (C) 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
{"token": "Effects of long-term fertilization on the weed growth and community composition in a double-rice ecosystem during the fallow period. The vegetation cover during the non-cropping season could have important implications for the maintenance and recovery of soil fertility, as well as for biodiversity conservation in croplands. In this study, five fertilization regimes (control: non-fertilization; N: inorganic N fertilization; P: inorganic P fertilization; NPK: balanced fertilization with inorganic N, P and K; NPKM: balanced NPK plus farmyard manure) were conducted from 1981 in a double-rice (Oryza sativaL.)-cropping system in subtropical China. The effects of long-term fertilization were investigated on the weed growth, diversity and community structure during the fallow period. The results showed that, relative to the control, both inorganic fertilization alone (N, P and NPK) and NPKM in the rice-growing season significantly increased the weed density and biomass during the fallow period in the paddy field. There was no significant difference in the weed species richness (the number of species) among the treatments. Compared with the control, fertilization tended to reduce the weed diversity (Shannon's H) and evenness (Shannon's E), especially in the N treatment. Long-term fertilization resulted in a significant shift in weed community's composition during the fallow period. The weed community's structure was affected by soil nutrients in the order P > N > K.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Genetic Risks and Doctors' Disclosure Obligations - Revisiting the Duty of Confidentiality. With developments in the field of genetics, new technologies such as genetic testing are fast emerging. Although offering unparalleled opportunities, these developments raise many ethical, legal and other issues. One challenge relates to the duty of confidentiality and disclosure obligations on doctors. Considering the familial nature of genetic information, doctors will increasingly have access to predictive health information, about individuals and individuals' relatives. This article examines whether disclosure obligations on doctors should be expanded to encompass an obligation to disclose genetic risk to family members, and whether the exceptions to the duty of confidentiality should recognise genetic risk as potential harm. With recognition of the competing rights, the article considers the implications of recent case law in the United Kingdom, indicating a willingness to extend the duty of disclosure. This article argues that there is a case to be made for expanding disclosure obligations on doctors in certain circumstances.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Spatial variation of physicochemical and bacteriological parameters elucidation with GIS in Rangat Bay, Middle Andaman, India. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration, distribution of bacteria and physicochemical property of surface seawater in Rangat Bay, Middle Andaman, Andaman Islands (India). The bay experiences tidal variations. Perhaps physicochemical properties of seawater in Rangat Bay were found not to vary significantly. The concentration of faecal streptococci was high (2.2 x 10(3) CFU/100 mL) at creek and harbour area, whereas total coliforms were high (7.0 x 10(2) CFU/100 mL) at mangrove area. Similarly, total heterotrophic bacterial concentration was high (5.92 x 10(4) CFU/100 mL) in mangrove and harbour area. The Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus concentration was high (4.2 x 10(4) CFU/100 mL and 9 x 10(3) CFU/100 mL) at open sea. Cluster analysis showed grouping of stations in different tidal periods. The spatial maps clearly depicted the bacterial concentration pattern in the bay. The combined approach of multivariate analysis and spatial mapping techniques was proved to be useful in the current study. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Optimization of maltodextrin hydrolysis by glucoamylase in a batch reactor. The hydrolysis of maltodextrins (10 DE) by glucoamylase was studied in a batch reactor at temperatures between 40 and 80 degreesC and substrate concentration range from 17 to 300 kg/m(-3). The experimental data were fitted to a model including thermal deactivation of the enzyme. In the model, the reaction rate was correlated with an extended Michaelis-Menten equation including inhibition by product, and the thermal deactivation of glucoamylase was fitted with a first-order reaction. The dependence of rate parameters on temperature was correlated using the Arrhenius equation. The differential equation of the model was integrated and the optimal enzyme demand and temperature were determined for isothermal operation. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Morphology of the nerve endings in laryngeal mucosa of the horse. To discuss the significance of laryngeal sensation on various disorders of the horse, we studied the morphological and topographical characteristics of sensory structures in the laryngeal mucosa using immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy, Various sensory structures, i.e. glomerular endings, taste buds and intraepithelial free nerve endings, were found in the laryngeal mucosa by immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and neurofilament 200kD (NF200), Glomerular nerve endings were distributed mainly in the epiglottic mucosa; some endings were also found in the arytenoid region arising from thick nerve fibres running through the subepithelial connective tissue. Some terminals directly contacted the epithelial cells. Taste buds were distributed in the epithelium of the epiglottis and aryepiglottic fold, In the whole mount preparation, the taste buds were supplied by the terminal branching of the thick nerve fibres, In same cases, the taste buds were arranged around the opening of the duct of the epiglottic glands, The intraepithelial free nerve endings were found to he immunoreactive for substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These nerve endings were surrounded by the polygonal stratified epithelial cells in the supraglottic region, and hy the ciliated cells in the subglottic region. The density of the intraepithelial free nerve endings was highest in the corniculate process of the arytenoid region and lowest in the vocal cord mucose. The densities of CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive nerve endings in the arytenoid region were (mean +/- s.d.) 30.6 +/- 12.0 and 10.0 +/- 4.9 per unit epithelial length (I mm), respectively and in the vocal fold mucosa, 1.1 +/- 0.9 and 0.8 +/- 0.7, respectively. Approximately one half of the CGRP immunoreactive nerve endings were immunoreactive for SP and most SP-immunoreactive nerve endings were also immunoreactive for CGRP. Well-developed subepithelial plexus with numerous intraepithelial fibres were observed in fiat or round mucosal projections that existed on the corniculate process of the arytenoid region. In conclusion, the laryngeal mucosa of the horse seems to have morphology- and/or location-dependent sensory mechanisms against various endo-and exogenious stimuli.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "THE PLACE OF A PERSON IN THE ONTOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM: SOCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS. The object of research: the phenomenon of the globalization of the socio-political, state-legal and financial-economic development of national societies and states as a phenomenon of social reality, highlighted in the social concept of global constitutionalism.The subject of research: the theoretical content of the social concept of global constitutionalism in terms of determining the place of a person in the system of ontological principles underlying it, concerning its social essence.The purpose of the research: to investigate the problems of determining the place of a person in the system of ontological principles of global constitutionalism.This article is devoted to the conceptual social and philosophical analysis of the place a person in the ontological principles of global constitutionalism.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Study of excited Lambda(0)(b) states decaying to Lambda(0)(b)pi(+)pi(-) in proton-proton collisions at root s=13TeV. A study of excited Lambda(0)(b) baryons is reported, based on a data sample collected in 2016-2018 with the CMS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 140fb(-1). The existence of four excited Lambda(0)(b) states: Lambda(0)(b) (5912)(0), Lambda(0)(b) (5920)(0), Lambda(0)(b) (6146)(0), and Lambda(0)(b) (6152)(0) in the Lambda(0)(b)pi(+)pi(-) mass spectrum is confirmed, and their masses are measured. The Lambda(0)(b)pi(+)pi(-) mass distribution exhibits a broad excess of events in the region of 6040-6100 MeV, whose origin cannot be discerned with the present data. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Copper homeostasis in grapevine: functional characterization of the Vitis vinifera copper transporter 1. An understanding of copper homeostasis in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is particularly relevant to viticulture in which copper-based fungicides are intensively used. In the present study, the Vitis vinifera copper transporter 1 (VvCTr1), belonging to the Ctr family of copper transporters, was cloned and functionally characterized. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that VvCTr1 monomers are small peptides composed of 148 amino acids with 3 transmembrane domains and several amino acid residues typical of Ctr transporters. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) demonstrated that Ctr monomers are self-interacting and subcellular localization studies revealed that VvCTr1 is mobilized via the trans-Golgi network, through the pre-vacuolar compartment and located to the vacuolar membrane. The heterologous expression of VvCTr1 in a yeast strain lacking all Ctr transporters fully rescued the phenotype, while a deficient complementation was observed in a strain lacking only plasma membrane-bound Ctrs. Given the common subcellular localization of VvCTr1 and AtCOPT5 and the highest amino acid sequence similarity in comparison to the remaining AtCOPT proteins, Arabidopsis copt5 plants were stably transformed with VvCTr1. The impairment in root growth observed in copt5 seedlings in copper-deficient conditions was fully rescued by VvCTr1, further supporting its involvement in intracellular copper transport. Expression studies in V. vinifera showed that VvCTr1 is mostly expressed in the root system, but transcripts were also present in leaves and stems. The functional characterization of VvCTr-mediated copper transport provides the first step towards understanding the physiological and molecular responses of grapevines to copper-based fungicides.The Vitis vinifera copper transporter 1 is capable of self-interaction and mediates intracellular copper transport.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Evaluation of Microscopic Changes in Fallopian Tubes of BRCA Mutation Carriers by Morphometric Analysis of Histologic Slides: A Preliminary Pilot Study. Mutations in BRCA genes increase the risk of ovarian cancer, yet no method for early diagnosis is available. Some serous ovarian tumors are hypothesized to stem from cells of the fallopian tube fimbria. Using a novel method of computerized morphometry of the fimbrial epithelium, this study aimed to detect morphologic differences in noncancerous fimbriae between BRCA mutation carriers and noncarriers, and between healthy and serous ovarian cancer patients. Twenty-four fimbriae from healthy women (13 BRCA+, 11 BRCA-) and 21 fimbriae from women with serous ovarian cancer (10 BRCA+, 11 BRCA-), all reported as normal by hematoxylin and eosin examination, were subjected to computerized histomorphometric analysis. A Fast Fourier Transformation was applied to images of fimbrial epithelium and the Fast Fourier Transformation 2-dimensional frequency maps were subsequently quantified for nuclear orientation and planar distribution by a cooccurrence matrix analysis. Additional analysis of nuclear contour was applied to the fimbriae of the healthy women. Among the healthy women, significant differences were found in morphometric characteristics between the BRCA mutation carriers and noncarriers. Among the women with ovarian cancer, no significant differences were found between BRCA mutation carriers and noncarriers. Between healthy women and those with ovarian cancer, significant differences were detected, regardless of BRCA mutational status. A novel method, which combined Fast Fourier Transformation with cooccurrence matrix analysis, demonstrated differences in morphometric characteristics in the fimbriae between healthy and ovarian cancer patients, and between BRCA mutation carriers and noncarriers. The clinical significance of these observations should be investigated.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Modelling of cementitious backfill interactions with vitrified intermediate-level waste. New types of wasteform are being considered for the geological disposal of radioactive intermediatelevel waste (ILW) in the UK. These include vitrified ILW products arising from the application of thermal treatment processes. For disposal of such wasteforms in a geological disposal facility, a range of concepts are under consideration, including those with a high-pH cementitious backfill (the NRVB, Nirex Reference Vault Backfill). Alternatively, a cement-based material that buffers to a less alkaline pH could be used (an LPB, Low-pH Backfill). To assess the compatibility of these potential new wasteforms with cement-based disposal concepts, it is necessary to understand their impacts on the long-term evolution of the backfill. A scoping thermodynamic modelling study was undertaken to help understand the possible effects of these wasteforms on the performance of the backfill. The model primarily considers the interactions occurring between the vitirified waste, the porewater and the backfill, within a static and (in most cases) totally closed system. The approach was simplified by assuming equilibrium between the backfill and the corroded glass available at selected times, rather than involving detailed, reactive transport modelling. The aim was to provide an understanding of whether the impacts of the vitrified wastes on backfill performance are sufficient to compromise disposal in such environments. The calculations indicated that for NRVB, the overall alkaline buffering capacity of the backfill is not expected to be impaired by interactions with vitrified waste; rather the buffering will be to less alkaline pH values (above pH 9) but for a longer period. For the LPB, slightly lower pH values were predicted in some cases. The sorption capacities of the backfills are unlikely to be impaired by interactions with vitrified ILW. Indeed they may be increased, due to the additional C-S-H phase formation. The results of this study suggest that disposal of vitrified ILW in a cement-based disposal system with a high-pH backfill is a potentially viable disposal option. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Nagarjuna and the doctrine of 'skillful means. The role of \\\\'skillful means\\\\' is examined in relation to the important Mahayana philosopher Nagarjuna, and it is argued that the doctrine of \\\\'emptiness\\\\' is best understood as a critical reflection on the nature of Buddhist praxis. Whereas traditional Western scholarship sees Nagarjuna as struggling with certain metaphysical problems, a \\\\'skillful means\\\\' reading situates his philosophy within a debate about the nature and efficacy of Buddhist practice. Thus, a \\\\'skillful means\\\\' reading of Nagarjuna does not ask what it means for causality, the self, or consciousness to be \\\\'empty\\\\' in a very general sense, but how \\\\'emptiness\\\\' relates to the soteriological practices of Buddhism and what it means for these practices to be \\\\'empty\\\\' of inherent nature. It is argued that this situates Nagarjuna's philosophy within a highly critical, self-reflective movement in the Buddhist tradition.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
{"token": "Youth Sport Parenting Styles and Practices. The purpose of this study was to examine parenting styles and associated parenting practices in youth sport. Following a season-long period of fieldwork, primary data were collected via interviews with 56 parents and supplemented by interviews with 34 of their female children. Data analysis was guided by Grolnick's (2003) theory of parenting styles. Analyses produced five findings: (1) Autonomy-supportive parents provided appropriate structure for their children and allowed them to be involved in decision making. These parents were also able to read their children's mood and reported open bidirectional communication. (2) Controlling parents did not support their children's autonomy, were not sensitive to their children's mood, and tended to report more closed modes of communication. (3) In some families, there were inconsistencies between the styles employed by the mother and father. (4) Some parenting practices varied across different situations. (5) Children had some reciprocal influences on their parents' behaviors. These findings reveal information about the multiple social interactions associated with Youth sport parenting.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "Avoiding Capture. This essay discusses three recent British contemporary dance works that radically rework the spatial relation between audience and performer. These are Nicola Conibere's Assembly (2013), Katye Coe's (To) Constantly Vent (2014), and Alexandrina Hemsley and Jamila Johnson-Small's Voodoo (2017). The essay draws on Henri Lefebvre theorization of the social and political production of space to analyze the kinds of reworkings of space-time that these works enact. It argues that the works evade capture by the apparatuses that maintain normative ideologies, not only those governing the reception of art but also the apparatuses of racial classification.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Model of filament structure in a turbulent plasma edge. Edge turbulence called 'filaments' is one of the most interesting things to study in the field of plasma science. In this paper, it is demonstrated that a plasma model based on filaments could be made using a single-fluid MHD approach including ions and electrons. According to this model, non-uniform heating with, for example, neutral beam injection or cooling with local recycling makes a 'blob', and the blob extent is mainly along the magnetic field. Due to large thermal conduction parallel to the magnetic field the blob should have a shape called a 'filament'. During the extension process by which a blob becomes a filament it moves and/or rotates across the magnetic field due to an unbalanced jxB force. Using this model, the energy confinement time will be proportional to the total plasma current, if the filament generation rate is independent of the magnetic field.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Pubertal Development in Mexican American Girls: The Family's Perspective. Mexican American (MA) girls are entering puberty earlier than in the past, yet few studies have explored the perceptions surrounding puberty among this group. We conducted separate focus groups for fathers, mothers, and daughters aged 6 to 12 years to explore perceptions of body image, pubertal development, communications, and sources of puberty-related information in MA participants. Our results revealed parental concerns about daughters' weight and pubertal development, as well as differences in their communication with their daughters. Although both parents willingly discussed pubertal issues concerning their daughters, mothers had a more active role in conveying pubertal information to daughters. Among the girls, there was a gap in knowledge about the pubertal process between the younger and older girls. Our findings present opportunities and challenges for addressing obesity as a pubertal risk factor in MA girls; however, more studies are needed to understand family beliefs and sociocultural dynamics surrounding puberty in MAs.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "The Imperative of Non-ideal Theory. In this review piece I assess the theoretical approach employed by Elizabeth Anderson in her book The Imperative of Integration. Anderson advocates a non-ideal theoretical approach to questions of normative political theory. She uses non-ideal arguments to offer a compelling justification of racial integration as a social policy. I unpack her argument to identify some of the important strengths of non-ideal theory. In doing so, I argue that non-ideal approaches provide insights that are necessary for the development of persuasive answers to normative questions, but that are not achievable with ideal theoretical alternatives.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "'Wear your identity': Styling identities of youth through dress - A conceptual model. This article exposes how young people use dress to negotiate, articulate and display identity. A diverse group of young people from Manchester; England, were asked to style themselves using items of clothing, or artefacts, which represented their individual and civic identities. Responses to this styling workshop and the accompanying interviews confirmed the powerful part that dressing can play, as young people navigate different cultural contexts and social environments in their everyday life. The research brings new insights into how dress is used as a catalyst for self-awareness, communication and development of self within multicultural urban settings. It proposes a new model for Dress, Youth and Identity (DYI) that provides a structure onto which young peoples' narratives of dress can he mapped and analysed, building upon the model for Dress and the Public, Private and Secret Self (PPSS) proposed by Eicher and Miller.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Performance Assessment of Subjects With Nursing Education Trained in Sigmoidoscopy by Means of a Simulator. Reports evaluating simulation-based sigmoidoscopy training among nurses are scarce. The aim of this prospective nonrandomized study was to assess the performance of nurses in simulated sigmoidoscopy training and the potential impact on their performance of endoscopy unit experience, general professional experience, and skills in manual activities requiring coordinated maneuvers. Forty-four subjects were included: 12 nurses with (Group A) and 14 nurses without endoscopy unit experience (Group B) as well as 18 senior nursing students (Group C). All received simulator training in sigmoidoscopy. Participants were evaluated with respect to predetermined validated metrics. Skills in manual activities requiring coordinated maneuvers were analyzed to draw possible correlations with their performance. The total population required a median number of 5 attempts to achieve all predetermined goals. Groups A and C outperformed Group B regarding the number of attempts needed to achieve the predetermined percentage of visualized mucosa (p = .017, p = .027, respectively). Furthermore, Group A outperformed Group B regarding the predetermined duration of procedure (p = .046). A tendency was observed for fewer attempts needed to achieve the overall successful endoscopy in both Groups A and C compared with Group B. Increased score on playing stringed instruments was associated with decreased total time of procedure (r(s) = -.34, p = .03) and with decreased number of total attempts for successful endoscopy (r(s) = -.31, p = .046). This study suggests that training nurses and nursing students in simulated sigmoidoscopy is feasible by means of a proper training program. Experience in endoscopy unit and skills in manual activities have a positive impact on the training process.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "A note on a topological approach to the mu-constant problem in dimension 2. We provide an example, which shows that studying homological and homotopical properties of cobordisms between arbitrary, that is not necessarily negative, graph manifolds is not enough to prove the -constant conjecture of L Dng Trang in complex dimension 2.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Prevalence of Anti-tissue Transglutaminase Antibodies and Celiac Disease in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Conclusions: False-positive tTG can occur in children with IBD. The prevalence of celiac disease is not increased in children with IBD compared with non-IBD children with gastrointestinal symptoms and is similar to that in the general population.Results: Study population included 130 children with IBD and 257 in the control group. Abnormal tTG levels were found in 6 and 20 patients, respectively (4.6% vs 7.8%, P = 0.24). One patient with IBD and 12 in the control group had celiac disease (0.8% vs 4.7%, P = 0.07).Methods: In a retrospective chart review, we assessed the prevalence of tTG antibodies and celiac disease and compared with a control group of children with gastrointestinal symptoms without IBD.Objectives: Celiac disease can occur in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and poses a diagnostic challenge. We evaluated the presence of anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies and celiac disease among children with IBD.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Extreme learning machine with parallel layer perceptrons. This paper proposes using the Parallel Layer Perceptron (PLP) network, instead of the Single Layer Feedforward neural network (SLFN) in the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) framework. Differently from the SLFNs which consider cascade layers, the PLP is designed to accomplish also parallel layers, being the SLFN its particular case. This paper explores a particular PLP configuration which considers a nonlinear layer in parallel with a linear layer. For n inputs and m nonlinear neurons, it provides (n + 1)m linear parameters, while the SLFN would have only m linear parameters (one for each hidden neuron). Since the ELM is based on adjusting only the linear parameters using the least squares estimate (LSE), the PLP network provides more freedom for the proper adjustment. Results from 12 regression and 6 classification problems are presented considering the training and test errors, the linear vector norm and the system condition number. They point out that the PLP-ELM framework is more efficient than the SLFN-ELM approach. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Variability in measurement of Pithomyces chartarum spore counts. AIMSTo examine the agreement between spore counts of Pithomyces chartarum measured in a single aliquot of wash water with counts from multiple aliquots from the same 60g pasture sample, and between spore counts measured in an individual 60g pasture sample with counts from three 60g pasture samples selected from the same 200g paddock sample.MATERIALS AND METHODSFour Waikato dairy farms were visited once weekly from early January to late May 2013. One paddock, with 40 sampling sites, was selected per farm. At each visit, approximate to 200g of pasture was collected per site. Spore counting was undertaken using a standard method, except that three separate 60g pasture samples per 200g paddock sample was counted; and for each 60g pasture sample, spores were counted in 10 aliquots of wash water. The relationship between the results of a single aliquot and 6-10 aliquots of wash water from the same 60g grass sample were assessed by calculating 95% prediction intervals. Limits of agreement analysis was used to assess the agreement between counts from one, two or three aliquots per 60g pasture sample compared with 10 aliquots, and between counts from one and three 60g pasture samples from the same 200g paddock sample.RESULTSComparing spore counts from individual aliquots with multiple aliquots resulted in large prediction intervals and 95% limits of agreement, which increased with increasing spore count. For an individual aliquot count of 2 spores, the 95% prediction interval for the count from 10 aliquots was 3-49 spores, and for an individual count of 10 spores the 95% prediction interval was 28-222 spores. Increasing the number of aliquots counted improved agreement. For a total count of 10 spores measured in 10 aliquots, the 95% limits of agreement, based on a single aliquot, were 2-50 spores, and for three aliquots were 5-20 spores. The agreement in spore counts measured in one compared with three 60g pasture samples was moderate and also decreased with increasing spore count; the 95% limits of agreement were 4-14.5 for a mean spore count of 10.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCEMeasuring the spore counts of three aliquots of wash water per 60g grass sample improved repeatability, and should be used as the standard technique, particularly when determining whether to start or finish facial eczema control programmes.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Reclassification of Gonyaulax verior (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) as Sourniaea diacantha gen. et comb. nov.. Gonyaulax verior was initially described as Amylax diacantha from Belgian coastal waters a century ago but its detailed morphology needed restudy. Here, we established nine strains of G. verior by germinating cysts or isolating cells from localities from the European Atlantic to the Caspian Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Both cyst and thecal morphology were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. SSU, LSU and/or ITS-5.8S rRNA gene sequences were obtained from all strains. Cells of G. verior have a plate formula of Po, 4 ', 2a, 6-7 '', 6C, 6S, 6 ''', 1p, 1 '''' with an L-type ventral organisation, characterised by two either straight or curved antapical horns of variable length. Cysts of G. verior are oval, smooth and contain one or two yellow accumulation bodies. The maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses based on SSU and LSU rRNA gene sequences revealed two clades of G. verior, referred to as ribotypes A and B. Genetic distances based on ITS-5.8S rRNA gene sequences within the same ribotype were less than 0.06, but greater than 0.32 between ribotypes. G. verior is reclassified as Sourniaea diacantha gen. et comb. nov., which is attributed to Lingulodiniaceae together with Pyxidinopsis, Lingulodinium and Amylax. Our results suggest that Lingulodiniaceae can be separated from Protoceratiaceae and Gonyaulacaceae based on ventral organisation, apical complex, ventral pore and number of anterior intercalary plates. One strain of S. diacantha was examined for yessotoxin production by LC-MS/MS but did not produce toxin.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
{"token": "A novel liquid cooling plate concept for thermal management of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. In this paper, an innovative liquid cooling plate (LCP) embedded with phase change material (PCM) is designed for electric vehicle (EV) battery thermal management. The proposed cooling plate is named \\\\'hybrid cooling plate\\\\' as it takes advantage of both active (liquid) and passive (PCM) cooling methods. The hybrid LCP is 36% lighter than a volumetrically equivalent traditional aluminum LCP, and in addition to the cooling capability, it provides a heating solution to slow the temperature loss of the batteries during the cold stop. The thermal behavior of the hybrid LCP for two different scenarios including the cooling performance under a real driving cycle, and the cold stop temperature performance are investigated and compared with a traditional aluminum LCP using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. An experimental test bench is developed to test a prototype of the hybrid LCP and verify the CFD model. The cooling performance results indicate that the use of hybrid LCP could reduce the energy consumption of the pump required for circulating the coolant up to 30% in comparison with an aluminum LCP. Moreover, the novel designed LCP improves the temperature uniformity effectively. It was also found that the hybrid LCP could significantly delay the temperature drop at the cold stop situation of the EV and therefore, reduce the energy needed for the active heating of the batteries after short-term parking. These imply that the hybrid liquid cooling plate concept could be a promising thermal management solution for EVs.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "IDENTIFICATION OF A HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR AS A GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN-CONTAINING SPECIES. Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with a 4.0-kilobase macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) cDNA express two different M-CSF species; one has an apparent molecular weight of 85,000 and is identified as a homodimer of a 43-kDa subunit, and the other has an indeterminate structure greater than 200 kDa. In this study, we investigated the structure of the high molecular weight M-CSF by immunochemical procedures. The high molecular weight M-CSF was easily purified, since it bound tightly to DEAE-Sephacel and eluted at a characteristically high salt concentration. The high molecular weight M-CSF migrated as a diffuse band of over than 200,000 on nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Analysis of the same samples under reducing conditions revealed that the larger species consisted of a heteromer of the 43- and 150-200-kDa M-CSF subunits. Digestion of the 150-200-kDa M-CSF subunit with chondroitinase, which degrades the chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan chain, yielded a 100 kDa band. This species was secreted instead of 150-200-kDa species when the cells were cultured in the presence of beta-D-xyloside, which inhibits the elongation of the chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan chain in proteoglycans, providing additional evidence for the existence of a chondroitin sulfate chain in the 150-200-kDa M-CSF subunit. Removal of O- and N-linked carbohydrate from the 150-200-kDa subunit yielded a polypeptide chain with a larger molecular mass (approximately 45 kDa) than that of the 43-kDa subunit (approximately 25 kDa). Collectively, these results indicate that the 150-200-kDa M-CSF subunit is a proteoglycan with a core protein that may be an alternatively processed form of M-CSF.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Marine water mites (Acari : Hydrachnidia : Pontarachnidae) from the Caribbean Sea, with description of one new species. Litarachna caribica, a new species of the predominantly marine water mite family Pontarachnidae (Acari: Hydrachnidia) is described from the Caribbean Sea (Curacao, Netherlands Antilles). New records and the first description of the deutonymph are given for Litarachna degiustii Cook, 1958.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Monsters of Military Might: Elephants in Hellenistic History and Art. Elephants were first deployed in warfare by Indian and Persian armies. The Greco-Macedonian troops first encountered these fearsome creatures in battle during the campaign of Alexander the Great. Subsequently, the Successors and later Hellenistic rulers similarly used elephants in battle. From this time, the animal began to appear in Greco-Roman art. Tracing the appearance of the elephant in Hellenistic history and art, I suggest that the elephant not only continued to be associated with its Asian and African origins and came to symbolize military triumph over exotic foes, it retained religious and mythic proportions as a fearsome, fabulous monster connected with the martichora and unicorn, griffon and sphinx, dragon and hippocampus. In particular, I re-examined the posthumous portrait of Alexander the Great in which he wears an elephant scalp as a headdress, similar to Heracles' lion scalp. This deified portraiture not only depicts Alexander as descendant of Heracles and Dionysus, both sons of Zeus, but also-through connections with Ammon and Indra-as the legitimate ruler of the three continents of the known world, Europe, Africa, and Asia.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Preparation mechanism of (Bi2O3)(0.75)(Dy2O3)(0.25) nano-crystalline solid electrolyte. (Bi2O3)(0.75)(Dy2O3)(0.25) nanopowder was prepared by reverse chemical titration co-precipitation method. The reaction mechanism during the precipitation process was discussed by thermodynamic analysis. Thermal decomposition behavior of the precursor was investigated using X-ray diffractometry and TG-MS analysis. The precursor was calcined at 500 degrees C for 3 h to obtain (Bi2O3)(0.75)(Dy2O3)(0.25) nanopowder. Using the nanopowder, pellets with relative density higher than 94% were obtained at 700 degrees C for 2 h by pressureless sintering, and the grains remained at the nano-scale with size of 72 nm. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Survey of Factors Influencing Faculty Decisions on International Veterinary Work. Faculty members at US colleges of veterinary medicine can encounter opportunities to work as a veterinarian in a foreign country. Institutions, governments, and other organizations can more effectively recruit faculty for these positions if they understand the characteristics of the individuals who are most likely to participate in these programs. The purpose of this study was to determine what characteristics influence veterinary faculty's desire to participate in foreign programs. Results illustrated that position type (tenure, clinical), rank (assistant professor, associate professor, full professor), gender, and the presence of pre-elementary aged children were significantly associated with willingness to work in a foreign country. In addition, survey respondents who indicated that the duration of the assignment was of high importance were less willing to travel than respondents who indicated that the duration of the assignment was of moderate importance or lower. The results from this survey provide important information about the characteristics of individuals more willing to participate in foreign programs. This information allows targeted recruiting by organizations, facilitating veterinary work in foreign countries.", "label": [0, 5, 53, 10]}
{"token": "Investigation on Microcrystalline Wax Doped Asphalts by Temperature Control Mode of Atomic Force Microscopy. Because of its economical and environmentally friendly characteristics, the warm mix asphalt (WMA) is widely used in pavement engineering. However, the lack of microscopic study of WMA brings difficulties in understanding of its mechanical behavior and mechanisms at macroscopic scale which finally hinders the enhancement of WMA's performance. Therefore, this article aims to use atomic force microscopy (AFM), a promising microscopic technique, to investigate the ef-fects of wax-based warm mix agents on asphalt microstructures and micromechanical properties at different temperatures. For simplicity's sake, microcrystalline waxes are selected as an alternative of these wax-based additives. It is shown that the sample preparation method has a vital impact on the morphology of asphalt samples. The effects of microcrystalline wax on asphalt's mechanical properties can be well captured by AFM tests. Results show that the blending of # 70, # 80 and # 90 microcrystal-line waxes lowers the modulus (20-60 MPa) of Pen70 asphalt at 25 degrees C while increasing its adhesion force (5-20 nN). The results of this study may shed some light on the comprehension of the effects of wax-based additives on asphalt materials at macroscopic level which can help estimate and predict its actual performance.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Careers of women public managers: Career needs of women public managers across generations. This study examines women's managerial experiences in leadership roles and reflects on their career needs. Women's career needs are understood by applying the Kaleidoscope Career Model (KCM), which is yet to be widely explored in public sector settings. The KCM recognizes the interplay of multiple experiences that shape the career development of women in the workforce. Using 21 in-depth interviews with women municipal government leaders in the United States; we find that while all three parameters of the KCM model are relevant for women public managers, the need for balance is overwhelmingly evident for women across all generations. Further, we demonstrate how the relationality of women public managers and the interplay of personal and professional needs drive their career goals. The findings from this study are relevant to human resource development policies and practices that consider generational differences into account. Work-life balance needs are relevant for women across all generations (Baby Boomer, Generation X, and Generation Y), and organizations play a vital role in mitigating the burden for women managers. Women public managers' need for balance dominates across generations over the need for challenge and authenticity. Human resource management programs should consider policies and programs that are responsive to the specific needs of women across different generations. Women managers from Generation X and Baby Boomer generational cohorts express interest in leaving their current position or look forward to retirement in the future.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Effects of nitrogen catabolite repression and di-ammonium phosphate addition during wine fermentation by a commercial strain of S. cerevisiae. Two deletion mutants expected to be defective in nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR) were constructed in a commercial wine yeast background M2: a ure2 mutant and a dal80 gzf3 double mutant. Wild-type and both mutant strains were fermented in Sauvignon Blanc grape juice with and without addition of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP). The dal80 gzf3 double mutant exhibited a long fermentative lag phase, which was offset by DAP addition (corresponding to 300 mg/L of N). Neither the NCR mutations nor DAP addition affected the content of volatile thiols in the final wine. Microarray analyses of transcripts in the wild-type and dal80 gzf3 double-mutant strains were performed after 2% and 70% sugars were fermented. Of 80 genes previously identified as NCR-regulated, only 13 were upregulated during fermentation of the dal80 gzf3 double-mutant strain in grape juice. Following DAP addition, 34 of the known NCR genes were downregulated, including 17 that were downregulated even in the NCR mutant strain. The results demonstrate an unexpected complexity of the NCR response that may reflect differences between strains of yeast or differences in gene regulation during alcoholic fermentation compared with standard aerobic growth.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Pressure Distribution on Center Pivot Lateral Lines: Analytical Models Compared to EPANET 2.0. The analysis of friction head-loss spatial distribution along center pivot lateral lines represents an important step when evaluating energy-use efficiency of center pivot irrigation systems. This work compares head-loss spatial distribution along center pivot lateral lines computed with the hydraulic simulator EPANET 2.0 with head-loss spatial distribution predicted by four different analytical models. For the different center pivot lateral line configurations considered in this study, two different sets of friction head-loss values were analyzed. These two sets represent head-loss estimates obtained with different values of the flow rate exponent (alpha) in two main friction head-loss equations: Darcy-Weisbach (alpha=2) and Hazen-Williams (alpha=1.852). On both sets, the four analytical solutions assessed in the current work estimated head-loss values similar to those computed by the hydraulic simulator EPANET 2.0. These results show that the detailed description of flow rate distribution along the center pivot lateral line required by the numerical method did not improve the accuracy of the calculated head-loss distribution. On the data set of values produced by using the Hazen-Williams head-loss equation, the analytical solution associated with the most complex mathematical expression provided the lowest deviation in relation to head-loss values computed by EPANET 2.0. On the data set of values produced by using the Darcy-Weisbach head-loss equation, assuming a fully turbulent flow regime, the four analytical models presented the same deviation in relation to the values computed by EPANET 2.0. (c) 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [0, 1, 4, 6, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Corylus, Carpinus, and Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) from the middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby formations of northwestern North America. Coryloid reproductive remains (Betulaceae, subfamily Coryloideae) are documented from the middle Eocene Republic flora of northeastern Washington State and the Princeton flora of southern British Columbia. The oldest confirmed examples of two modern genera, Corylus johnsonii Pigg, Manchester & Wehr sp. nov., and Carpinus perryae Pigg, Manchester & Wehr sp. nov., are reported from the Republic flora, and three new species of the extinct genus Palaeocarpinus, Palaeocarpinus barksdaleae Pigg, Manchester & Wehr sp. nov., Palaeocarpinus stonebergae Pigg, Manchester & Wehr sp. nov., and Palaeocarpinus dentatus (Penhallow) Pigg, Manchester & Wehr comb. nov., are described from Republic, Washington; Princeton, British Columbia; and Stump Lake, British Columbia, respectively. Corylus johnsonii resembles three extant Asian species: Corylus wangii, Corylus ferox, and Corylus heterophylla. Involucres of this fossil species vary from being highly dissected and spiny like C. wangii and C. ferox to more laminar like C. heterophylla. This similarity is interesting because C. ferox and perhaps also C. wangii are members of section Acanthochlamys, thought to be basal within the genus. Carpinus perryae has asymmetric leaflike bracts that partly enclose an ovate nutlet and, thus, fits within the extant Carpinus subgenus Carpinus, a group with Asian, European, and North American affinities today. Palaeocarpinus, thought to be basal within the Coryloideae, is reported from several Eocene localities in the Okanogan Highlands. These occurrences demonstrate that this primarily Paleocene, extinct genus extended into the Eocene in western North America as it did in Asia. Associated staminate catkins containing coryloid pollen and Corylus-like leaves also occur at Republic along with P. barksdaleae. The presence in the Okanogan Highlands floras of a suite of coryloid plants including both extinct and extant genera demonstrates that, like the birch subfamily Betuloideae, the subfamily Coryloideae was also a significant and diverse group in western North America during the middle Eocene.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Prognostic Value of VEGF in Patients Submitted to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. We examined the longitudinal changes of VEGF levels after percutaneous coronary intervention for predicting major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. VEGF was measured in 94 CAD patients' serum before revascularization, 1-month and 1-year after. Independently of clinical presentation, patients had lower VEGF concentration than a cohort of healthy subjects (median, IQ: 15.9, 9.0-264 pg/mL versus 419, 212-758 pg/mL; P < 0.001) at baseline. VEGF increased to 1-month (median, IQ: 276, 167-498 pg/mL; P < 0.001) and remained steady to 1-year (median, IQ: 320, 173-497 pg/mL; P < 0.001) approaching control levels. Drug eluting stent apposition and previous medication intake produced a less steep VEGF evolution after intervention (P < 0.05). Baseline VEGF concentration <40.8 pg/mL conveyed increased risk for MACE in a 5-year follow-up. Results reflect a positive role of VEGF in recovery and support its importance in CAD prognosis.", "label": [2, 18, 19, 20]}
{"token": "The Politics of Teaching of Indigenous Traditions in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Reflecting on two study abroad trips to New Zealand in 2005 and 2007, I suggest in this essay that it is possible to mitigate the risk of (American or European) students recapitulating imperial attitudes through development of a rigorous curriculum focusing on the legacies of colonialism, institutional racism, and the somewhat dubious phenomenon of \\\\'post-colonialism.\\\\' Readings, I argue, should be in continual play during cultural and social activities, operating in a dialectal move toward an \\\\'ethics of respect.\\\\' Such an ethics remains aporetic, or uncertain, insofar as no code of behavior can render us immune to the political and polemical effects of past and present forms of imperialism. However, a cultivated respect for distance and difference, including regarding questions of \\\\'authenticity,\\\\' can help to actualize the transformative promise of studying (indigenous) religion abroad. This essay is published alongside of six other essays, including a response from John Barbour, comprising a special section of the journal (see Teaching Theology and Religion 18: 1, January 2015).", "label": [3, 5, 53, 33]}
{"token": "Separation of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) urease isoforms by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and characterization of insecticidal properties unrelated to ureolytic activity. In this work we described the separation of two isoforms of urease from jack bean seeds, the \\\\'classical\\\\' jack bean urease (JBU) and canatoxin (CNTX), using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Jack bean urease isoforms presented differential behavior on a cobalt-loaded iminodiacetic acid (IDA)-Sepharose column and IMAC is proposed as an efficient method to isolate the isoenzymes. The metal content of the urease isoforms was determined by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE). CNTX displays ca. 1 eq. of nickel per monomer, contrasting with 2 eq. of nickel found per monomer for JBU. Beside nickel, CNTX contains I eq. of zinc per monomer, while no zinc is found in JBU. The insecticidal property of these ureases was investigated in feeding trials with the cotton sucker bug, Dysdercus peruvianus (Hemiptera) as an insect model. Both ureases were lethal to the insects, being CNTX more potent than JBU. This property was not affected by treatment with p-hydroxymercurybenzoate (pHMB), an irreversible inhibitor of ureolytic activity. Altogether the data show that IMAC is a suitable method for separating jack bean urease isoforms and that the isoenzymes display entomotoxic effects, independent of their ureolytic activity, suggestive of a role in plant defense against insect predators. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Thermophysical properties by a pulse-heating reflectometric technique: Niobium, 1100 to 2700 K. Pulse-heating experiments were performed on niobium strips, taking the specimens from room temperature to the melting point is less than one second. The normal spectral emissivity of the strips was measured by integrating sphere I reflectometry, and, simultaneously, experimental data (radiance temperature. cur rent, voltage drop) for thermophysical properties were collected with submillisecond time resolution. The normal spectral emissivity results were used to compute the true temperature of the niobium strips; the heat capacity, electrical resistivity, and hemispherical total emissivity were evaluated in the temperature range 1100 to 2700 K. The results are compared with literature data obtained in pulse-heating experiments. It is concluded that combined measurements of normal spectral emissivity and of thermophysical properties on strip specimens provide results of the same quality as obtained using tubular specimens with a blackbody. The thermophysical property results on niobium also validate the normal spectral emissivity measurements by integrating sphere reflectometry.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Social medicine as a political agenda. Ideas and State Practices in the City of Rosario under the Government of Manuel Pignetto (Argentina, 1925-1927). This article studies the rationalization of public health in the city of Rosario during the 1920s starting from the initiatives of the physician Manuel Pignetto during his administration. His Sanitary Plan constitutes a key perspective to analyze institutional fields, the creation of technical agencies, and the articulation of local and international debates in the rearrangement of municipal health devices. Through triangulation and the hermeneutics of official and journalistic documentary materials, we are able to address the possibilities and the limits of a plan that reinforced municipal competencies regarding public health under a new social perspective.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Mastication effects on carotenoid bioaccessibility from mango fruit tissue. The release of carotenoids from fresh fruits or vegetables is determined by the encapsulating plant tissue matrix, intracellular carotenoid location within the cell, and the mastication process. The objectives of this study were to assess the particle sizes obtained after mastication of mango fruit tissue, and how the resulting degree of plant tissue rupture affects carotenoid bioaccessibility. A fine and a coarse chewer were selected after screening 20 healthy volunteers for in vivo human mastication, and the collected chewed boluses were subjected to wet sieving fractionation, followed by an in vitro gastric and small intestinal digestion model. Confocal micrographs show that the smallest particle size fraction (0.075 mm) consists mostly of fragmented cells and the largest size fraction (2.8 mm) contains bulky clusters of whole cells and vascular fibers. Higher amounts of total carotenoids (211-320 mu g/100 g) were observed in the larger particle size fraction (2.8 mm) relative to the 1 mm (192-249 mu g/100 g) and 0.075 mm fractions (136-199 mu g/100 g). Smaller particles showed a greater % release of total carotenoids after in vitro digestion. Xanthophyll derivatives are more bioaccessible than beta-carotene for all particle sizes. The effects of particle size or degree of fine vs coarse chewing are unexpectedly small (p > 0.05), but the process of chewing substantially reduced the release of beta-carotene and xanthophylls by 34% and 18%, respectively. While there is a (small) particle size effect, this appears to not be the primary factor controlling bioaccessibility for soft tissues such as mango, in contrast to previous reports that a single cell wall appears to be enough to prevent bioaccessibility of carotenoids in more robust carrot tissues. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Relation Between the Viral Load Accumulation of Southern Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus and the Different Developmental Stages of Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). The white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horvath), is currently the only confirmed vector of Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), which causes severe rice production losses in China. In this study, an absolute quantification qPCR method was used to detect viral gene mRNA expression levels at different developmental stages of white-backed planthoppers fed SRBSDV-infected rice plants. A comparison of viral copy numbers of the SRBSDV S10 gene at the same developmental stage indicated that the white-backed planthopper had higher viral copy numbers when the virus was acquired at the earlier developmental stages. The adult-stage white-backed planthoppers that had acquired the virus at the first-second nymphal stage displayed significantly higher viral titers than white-backed planthoppers that acquired the virus at the third-fourth nymphal stage, at the fifth nymphal stage, and at the adult stage. The fifth nymphal stage white-backed planthoppers that acquired the virus at the first-second nymphal stage displayed higher viral copy numbers than fifth nymphal stage white-backed planthoppers that acquired the virus at the third-fourth nymphal stage and at the fifth nymphal stage. The highest viral load value appeared in the middle adult stage. The annual immigration characteristics of white-backed planthoppers would be beneficial for the dispersal of SRBSDV because this virus could be transmitted far away following the migration of vigorous planthoppers. Therefore, investigating the change in the viral load at different life stages of SRBSDV-positive individuals is required to develop more effective control of the spread of SRBSDV in the field.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Cultural references in films: an audience reception study of subtitling into Arabic. This article focuses on the issue of capturing cultural references in subtitled translations. It addresses three shortcomings in current translation scholarship. First, most of the studies in audiovisual translation focused on cultural references are primarily based on European languages and contexts. Second, the typologies resulting from those studies focus solely on verbal references and often ignore the multimodal meaning-making situation in which cultural references are construed or their non-verbal nature. Third, most of the extant studies on the translation strategies used are descriptive, rather than grounded in empirical reception studies. This article will report and discuss the data collected on an experimental study examining the reception of cultural references on films subtitled into Arabic. It will revisit the traditional understanding of cultural references as limited to the verbal mode and examine the impact of domesticating and Foreignisation methods on Saudi-Arabian viewers' meaning-making process.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 52]}
{"token": "Biophoton - the language of the cells: What can living systems tell us about interaction?. Interactive art based on digital technologies uses numerical data to produce interactions between our body and lit pixels on the screen. Maybe, with the correct tools and equations, data from subtle fields of energy in living systems could be used to connect different systems of information, conjugating micro and macro levels of energy.Since 1974, systematic research carried out by Fritz Albert Popp and his colleagues in many parts of the world has been focused on conducting experiments and working towards a biophoton theory to inform us about its properties. One of the main hypotheses is that biophoton plays an important biological function and due to evidence of coherence of its light, i.e. a high degree of order with an extremely stable intensity (Bischof 2005), biophoton is supposed to operate as a biological laser, able to manage a network of information in the organism as well as to form electromagnetic field patterns.With the aid of new technologies, science has found creative ways to investigate nature. Through the use of a highly sensitive, low-noise, cooled camera, previously applied to exploring dark sky, scientific laboratories around the world have been looking at the weak emission of light from cells in a living organism. Biophoton emission, as so-called by Fritz Albert Popp, was introduced to science in the 1920s by the Russian embryologist Alexander Gurwitsh, receiving the name of 'mitogenetic rays'.This paper intends to examine biophoton research as a possible model to interactive art and consider the way it could lead to new forms for perception and consciousness.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "A case of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome associated Withehlers-Danlos syndrome. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is characterized by the triad of recurrent facial palsy, lingua plicata, and facial edema. Herein, we report a case of MRS associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome due to rare presentation. To the best of our knowledge only one case of MRS associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome has been reported in the literature until now.", "label": [2, 3, 18, 19, 20, 30]}
{"token": "Development of a highly responsive leaf-based regeneration system for Peperomia species. Several species in the genus Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. have giant chloroplasts in the palisade parenchyma of their leaves. Because of this unique feature, Peperomia metallica L. Linden & Rodigas has become a valuable model plant for studying plastid biology. However, the use of Peperomia for molecular studies has been limited by the lack of efficient regeneration and transformation protocols. In this work, we aimed to develop a reliable regeneration system for Peperomia from leaf explants. Using MS medium complemented with different combinations of phytohormones, a highly efficient in vitro regeneration protocol was developed for P metallica and P peduncularis, another species with giant chloroplasts. Regeneration occurs through direct organogenesis from leaf discs at a very high frequency. Our protocol can provide a reliable tissue culture system for future Peperomia genetic transformation experiments.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Budgetary solvency of Italian local governments: an assessment. Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate budgetary solvency (BS) as a part of the financial condition of local governments (LGs), considering that the growing demand for public services is primarily affecting this variable. Design/methodology/approach The study investigates a sample of 132 Italian LGs with more than 50,000 inhabitants for the period 2005-2014. The authors obtain a set of indicators as proxies of BS, which serve as the dependent variable of a regression model aimed at testing several independent variables which the authors are interested in, namely, financial autonomy, current equilibrium, level of indebtedness and investments. Findings BS, as well as its three indicators-sustainability, flexibility and vulnerability-are positively related to financial autonomy and current equilibrium and negatively related to the level of indebtedness and investments.", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
{"token": "Ultrafast magneto-optical study of flux avalanches in high-T-c superconductors. An ultrafast magneto-optic pump-probe technique has been used to trigger and image a flux instability in high-temperature superconducting thin films. Snapshots of the dendritic flux avalanche spreading into the film could be obtained with a time resolution in the picosecond range.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Using compost and technosol combined with biochar and Brassica juncea L. to decrease the bioavailable metal concentration in soil from a copper mine settling pond. One of the most important sources of pollution caused by metals, if not the most important, is mining. Metal pollution is covert, persistent and irreversible. For this reason, soil metal pollution has become a severe problem in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to observe which combination of amendments (compost + biochar or technosol + biochar) combined with Brassica juncea L. was best at reducing the assimilable contents of Cu, and which also increased to a lesser extent the contents of other metals (Ni, Pb, Zn) found in these amendments. We also studied the phytoremediation capacity of brassicas in these amendments. The experiment was carried out using 45-cm-deep cylinders over and 11-month period, with soil from the settling pond in the depleted copper mine located in Touro (Galicia, north-west Spain). At depth 0-15 cm, the settling pond soil (S) had a higher CaCl2-extractable Cu, Pb, and Ni concentration, at the three time periods measured (time 1 = 3 months, time 2 = 7 months, time 3 = 11 months). The settling pond soil + technosol + biochar and vegetated with Brassica juncea L. (STBP) had the highest CaCl2-extractable concentrations of Zn over time. In general terms, the most effective treatment for reducing the phytoavailable contents of Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn was the treatment using compost +b iochar + Brassica juncea L. In the two treatments applied, Brassica juncea L. had a good phytostabilisation capacity.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Commemorative tattoos as markers for anniversary reactions and suicide. Anniversary reactions include physical and/or psychiatric responses to the anniversary of the death of a person who was significant to the decedent. In the most extreme cases this may result in suicide. Two cases of suicide are reported to demonstrate the association with specific commemorative tattoos. Case 1: A 19-year-old man was found hanging by the neck by an electric flex in a shed. A commemorative tattoo had the name of his brother who had committed suicide by hanging in the same shed 9 years and 2 days previously. Case 2: A 47-year-old woman was found hanging by the neck by a rope attached to a metal beam in a shed at her home address. A commemorative tattoo had the name of her daughter who had committed suicide by hanging in the same shed 1 year and 5 days previously. Tattooing may record significant life events and so may be useful in a forensic context in helping to identify an unknown decedent. In cases of apparent suicide, correlating the details of a tattoo at autopsy with the available history or the date of death may also provide useful information that helps to clarify reasons for the event, as well as providing data on the incidence of significant anniversary reactions involving lethal self harm. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "DIFFERENTIAL INDUCTION OF TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA IN OVINE PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES FOLLOWING INFECTION WITH CORYNEBACTERIUM-PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS, PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA, OR LENTIVIRUSES. Soluble mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) may be important in the pathogenesis of many chronic pulmonary infections.  We examined the ability of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Pasteurella haemolytica, and ovine lentiviruses (OvLV) to induce TNF-alpha secretion by pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM).  Bronchoalveolar lavage cells, composed of greater than 90% PAM, were obtained from normal sheep.  Bronchoalveolar lavage cells were cultured for 2, 24, 48, 72, or 168 h in endotoxin-free RPMI medium (with 10% autologous serum) or in medium containing one of the following additives:  lipopolysaccharide, 1-mu-m polystyrene beads, C. pseudotuberculosis, P. haemolytica, or one of two plaque-cloned OvLV, 85/28 or 85/34.  Lipopolysaccharide, C. pseudotuberculosis, and P. haemolytica induced TNF-alpha-activity in PAM cultures as early as 2 h after inoculation, as assessed by a colorimetric cytotoxicity assay.  This activity could be blocked by rabbit anti-recombinant bovine TNF-alpha-serum.  In contrast, medium alone, polystyrene beads, and productive infection by OvLV did not induce TNF-alpha-activity in PAM cultures.  Bacterial pathogens which infect pulmonary macrophages may elicit the secretion of TNF-alpha within the lungs and lead to the cachectic state associated with chronic pneumonia.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Chaotic and stable behaviour in the Caledonian Symmetric Four-Body Problem. A special symmetric configuration of the general four-body problem called the Caledonian Symmetric Four-Body Problem is investigated. Recently, Steves & Roy have discovered a global stability parameter for the system, called the Szebehely constant. The connection between the chaotic behaviour of the phase space and the global stability given by the Szebehely constant is analysed by using the relative Lyapunov indicator (RLI) and smallest alignment indices (SALI) methods of determining regular and chaotic motion. It is found that as the Szebehely constant is increased, making the system hierarchically stable from a global point of view, the corresponding phase space becomes increasingly more regular and less chaotic.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Learning by Doing: The Use of Distance, Corners and Length in Rewarded Geometric Tasks by Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Simple Summary Geometric navigation allows animals to efficiently move towards essential life-spaces by taking advantage of macrostructural information such as distance, angular magnitude, and length, in relation to left-right positional sense. In natural contexts, these cues can be referred to extensive three-dimensional surfaces such as a slope or a riverbed, thus becoming crucial to orient and find useful supplies. In controlled contexts, it is possible to set apart these components by handling the global shape of the experimental space (rectangular or square) as well, with the aim to specially probe the impact of each of them on navigation behavior of animals, including fishes. The present study aimed at investigating whether a well-known vertebrate, the zebrafish, could learn to encode and retain in memory such metric information (in terms of distances, corners, and lengths) in association with left-right directions, to gain rewards. Our results showed that zebrafish learned to use all these geometric attributes when repeatedly exposed to them, over a period of training, thereby giving strength to the ecological relevance of environmental geometry as a source of spatial knowledge. Generally, the engagement of zebrafish may consent to assess computations underlying large-scale-based navigation, also by drawing targeted comparisons, due to its behavioral, cognitive, and even emotional similarities with mammals. Zebrafish spontaneously use distance and directional relationships among three-dimensional extended surfaces to reorient within a rectangular arena. However, they fail to take advantage of either an array of freestanding corners or an array of unequal-length surfaces to search for a no-longer-present goal under a spontaneous cued memory procedure, being unable to use the information supplied by corners and length without some kind of rewarded training. The present study aimed to tease apart the geometric components characterizing a rectangular enclosure under a procedure recruiting the reference memory, thus training zebrafish in fragmented layouts that provided differences in surface distance, corners, and length. Results showed that fish, besides the distance, easily learned to use both corners and length if subjected to a rewarded exit task over time, suggesting that they can represent all the geometrically informative parts of a rectangular arena when consistently exposed to them. Altogether, these findings highlight crucially important issues apropos the employment of different behavioral protocols (spontaneous choice versus training over time) to assess spatial abilities of zebrafish, further paving the way to deepen the role of visual and nonvisual encodings of isolated geometric components in relation to macrostructural boundaries.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
{"token": "Isotretinoin and Vitiligo: Can Chronic Cheilitis Cause Koebnerization?. Vitiligo after trauma through koebnerization is a widely reported phenomenon. Herein we present a case of vitiligo in an area of chronic cheilitis after isotretinoin treatment.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Detection of Mycoplasma mycoides sub-species mycoides small colony by a specific capture/enrichment monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA. The present study describes the development of a specific Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC) monoclonal antibody (MAb), 6E3, and its application in a sandwich ELISA (sELISA) format. Mab 6E3 reacted only to the 12 MmmSC within the 32 M. mycoides cluster strains and 12 representative strains of other bovine, ovine and caprine associated mycoplasmas examined. A capture/enrichment format of the sELISA that combined MAb 6E3 with a previously developed MAb 3H12 that cross reacted with Mmm Large Colony [Rodriguez, F., Ball, H.J., Finlay, D., Campbell, D., Mackie, D.P., 1996. Detection of Mycoplasma mycoides sub-species mycoides by monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA. Veterinary Microbiology 51, 69-76], retained MmmSC specificity and improved the sensitivity from the 1.2 x 10(7) cfu/ml for a standard 2 h capture stage sELISA down to as low as 2 cfu/ml for a 72 h capture. A low level of false positives (1%) was observed when this assay was applied to 200 bovine respiratory and milk samples submitted for diagnostic investigation. This simple and specific sELISA provides a suitable assay for screening large numbers of samples for CBPP. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Comparative study on thermotolerance of Artemia resting eggs from Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China. Artemia resting eggs are well-known to be extremely tolerant to harsh conditions. However, eggs from some hypersaline waters in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (Q-XP) have recently been reported to be very sensitive to high temperatures. Thus, the thermotolerant capacity of Artemia eggs from four hypersaline waters [(Gai Hai (GH), Aqqikkol Hu (AQK), Xizang (XZ), Jingyu Hu (JYH)] in Q-XP were studied by comparing their structure, biochemical composition and physiology. Thermotolerance was markedly different among eggs of the four sites. GH eggs were found to be more thermotolerant than AQK eggs. Both eggs were much more tolerant than those from JYH and XZ. Water content had significant effect on heat resistance of \\\\'dry\\\\' eggs. Rate of water loss of GH eggs was markedly slower than that of AQK eggs; the latter slower than XZ and JYH eggs. The water loss from inner embryo (and the first embryonic cuticle) appeared not to be related to the nature of the tertiary envelope. Volatile factor(s) releasing from (or/and entering into) the eggs might play crucial role on the viability of encysted embryos under thermal stress. The thermotolerant capacity of Anemia eggs is likely to be negatively related to the permeability of egg shell/underlying membranes. The hypoplastic outer cuticular membrane (OCM) found in some eggs from Q-XP might be responsible for their thermal sensitivity. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "Notes on direct limits of complete lattices and frames. In traditional topology, it is known that an inverse limit of continua (compact Hausdorff connected spaces) is a continuum. This paper gives corresponding results in locales: we show that a direct limit of compact normal (or, of compact normal connected) frames is normal (resp. normal connected). Some of the preparatory results hold in broader categories, and in fact we will give sufficient conditions for an inverse limit of complete lattices to be compact (or compact connected). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "MULTI-TECHNIQUE CHARACTERISATION OF PAINTED ENEOLITHIC CERAMICS ORIGINATING FROM CUCUTENI (ROMANIA). This paper presents an investigation of Eneolithic painted ceramic artefacts, belonging to the Cucuteni culture (phases A and B), focused on the raw materials used for manufacturing the ceramic bodies and the pigments used for the painted decorations. Detailed information on their elemental and molecular composition were obtained by combining Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for the analysis of the bodies and painting materials used for manufacturing the Cucuteni artefacts. X-Ray Difflaction (XRD) was also used to characterize the ceramic bodies.The Eneolithic ceramic shards were divided into three decorative groups (red, black, and black on red). The major, minor and trace elements found on the decorated surface and in the clay body were determined. The bodies were found to be mainly composed of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, hematite, calcite, and micas. The most predominant chemical elements were determined, and a representative ratio (Fe/Mn) was calculated and compared for each samples group. The analysis of the samples revealed a higher content of Fe in the red paint in comparison with the other areas (black and not pigmented) and leads to the conclusion that iron-rich clay was used. The red pigment could be attributed to iron oxide in the form of hematite.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Metagenomic Discovery of 83 New Human Papillomavirus Types in Patients with Immunodeficiency. Several immunodeficiencies are associated with high susceptibility to persistent and progressive human papillomavirus (HPV) infection leading to a wide range of cutaneous and mucosal lesions. However, the HPV types most commonly associated with such clinical manifestations in these patients have not been systematically defined. Here, we used virion enrichment, rolling circle amplification, and deep sequencing to identify circular DNA viruses present in skin swabs and/or wart biopsy samples from 48 patients with rare genetic immunodeficiencies, including patients with warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome, or epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). Their profiles were compared with the profiles of swabs from 14 healthy adults and warts from 6 immunologically normal children. Individual patients were typically infected with multiple HPV types; up to 26 different types were isolated from a single patient (multiple anatomical sites, one time point). Among these, we identified the complete genomes of 83 previously unknown HPV types and 35 incomplete genomes representing possible additional new types. HPV types in the genus Gammapapillomavirus were common in WHIM patients, whereas EV patients mainly shed HPVs from the genus Betapapillomavirus. Preliminary evidence based on three WHIM patients treated with plerixafor, a leukocyte mobilizing agent, suggest that longer-term therapy may correlate with decreased HPV diversity and increased predominance of HPV types associated with childhood skin warts.IMPORTANCE Although some members of the viral family Papillomaviridae cause benign skin warts (papillomas), many human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are not associated with visible symptoms. For example, most healthy adults chronically shed Gammapapillomavirus (Gamma) virions from apparently healthy skin surfaces. To further explore the diversity of papillomaviruses, we performed viromic surveys on immunodeficient individuals suffering from florid skin warts. Our results nearly double the number of known Gamma HPV types and suggest that WHIM syndrome patients are uniquely susceptible to Gamma HPV-associated skin warts. Preliminary results suggest that treatment with the drug plerixafor may promote resolution of the unusual Gamma HPV skin warts observed in WHIM patients.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Homeless Youth Labor Continuum: Working in Formal and Informal Economies from Highland Guatemala to San Francisco, California. Homeless youth are seldom understood as workers, but documented and undocumented homeless young people are working continuously in multiple economies to meet essential needs. This chapter draws on original ethnographic, participatory, and mixed methods research conducted in Guatemala, Mexico, western Canada, and the United States including the Labor Memoir Project and Youth Trek study. The first person perspectives of homeless youth as economic actors are at the center, disrupting traditional divisions in the discussion of formal and informal sector work. The Labor Continuum offers an economic rubric through which a range of income-generating practices and types of labor can be evaluated side by side. Despite the limitations of certain aspects of child labor laws, homeless young people participate in multiple economies, often simultaneously, doing volunteer work, transactional labor exchanging for goods and services, wage labor primarily in the low paid service sector, piece work, cottage industries, and work in the informal sector in criminalized, quasi-legal, and legal forms of work. Income-generating activities include a wide range of employment: work in restaurants and retail; day labor construction; migrant and transnational work transporting produce and sewing clothes for garment manufacturers; seasonal agricultural work (such as fruit or marijuana picking); busking, selling crafts, selling drugs, and reselling merchandise over the internet; domestic and relational labor including working as a caregiver, providing sexual services or companionship; and housecleaning or janitorial services. This testimony of youth workers about a wide variety of jobs offers insight into the challenges homeless young people face, allowing for a reevaluation of assumptions regarding levels of exploitation in formal and informal sectors and casting light on the economic decision making of youth.", "label": [5, 53, 57]}
{"token": "Non-cooperative institutions for sustainable common pool resource management: Application to groundwater. As demands for limited natural resources increase, developing management institutions that ensure the sustainability of such resources is essential. Many natural resources are Common Pool Resources (CPRs), managed under different non-cooperative, cooperative, and externally imposed management frameworks. While early studies of non-cooperative CPR management suggest inevitable \\\\'tragedy of the commons,\\\\' here we discuss how users can avoid tragic outcomes by changing their decision making rationales and exploitation strategies even in a noncooperative environment. This paper introduces and compares various types of non-cooperative institutions that are available to manage CPRs. These management institutions are then applied, using a numerical groundwater exploitation example, to determine how different planning variables are affected by the choice of management institution. Results indicate that CPR users can improve their gains by considering the externalities and developing long-term exploitation plans, as opposed to short-term plans with no consideration of externalities that result in rapid exhaustion of the resource and lead to the so-called \\\\'tragedy of the commons.\\\\' (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Lysosomal dysfunction, cellular pathology and clinical symptoms: basic principles. Conclusion: Each lysosomal storage disorder and each patient with a given lysosomal disorder has unique molecular, pathological and clinical features. But, the order of pathological events is largely the same. Mutations in a gene cause lysosomal dysfunction which, in turn, results in cellular pathology affecting organ structure and function. Clinical symptoms are the ultimate manifestation. The reversibility of symptoms with enzyme replacement therapy will vary according to the disease, as well as the nature and stage of organ pathology.Between 40 and 50 lysosomal storage disorders arc known at present. Fine details of the pathogenic process involved are in general not known. This overview highlights the basic principles of lysosomal pathogenesis and the clinical consequences of defective genes involved in lysosomal functions. The subject is discussed in the context of the possibility of prevention and reversal of cellular and organ damage by enzyme replacement therapy. Also presented is a mechanical model for the muscle pathology observed in Pompe disease. Direct mechanical effects of the non-contractile inclusions - glycogen-loaded lysosomes - seem to be a key factor in the loss of force during both early and late stages of the disease.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Interactive effects of salinity and a predator on mosquito oviposition and larval performance. Oviposition habitat selection (OHS) is increasingly being recognized as playing a large role in explaining mosquito distributions and community assemblages. Most studies have assessed the role of single factors affecting OHS, while in nature, oviposition patterns are most likely explained by multiple, interacting biotic and abiotic factors. Determining how various factors interact to affect OHS is important for understanding metapopulation and metacommunity dynamics. We investigated the individual and interactive effects of three water salinities (0, 15 and 30 p.p.t. NaCl added) and the aquatic predator Anisops debilis Perplexa (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) on OHS and larval performance of the mosquitoes Ochlerotatus caspius Pallas and Culiseta longiareolata Macquart (Diptera: Culicidae) in outdoor-artificial-pool and laboratory experiments. C. longiareolata inhabited only freshwater pools, strongly avoided pools containing A. debilis, and larvae experienced lower survival in the presence of A. debilis. Salinity concentration interacted strongly with the predator in affecting OHS and larval survival of O. caspius; oviposition increased with increasing salinity in the absence of the predator and decreased with increasing salinity in the presence of the predator. O. caspius larval survival in predator-free pools was lowest in freshwater and highest at intermediate salinity. In predator pools, survival was highest at high salinity, where predation rate was shown to be lowest in the laboratory. Our results highlight that assessing the role of single factors in affecting mosquito distributions can be misleading. Instead, multiple factors may interact to affect oviposition patterns and larval performance.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Benthic macroinvertebrate community response to environmental changes over seven decades in an urbanized estuary in the northeastern United States. Narragansett Bay is representative of New England, USA urbanized estuaries, with colonization in the early 17th century, and development into industrial and transportation centers in the late 18th and early 20th century. Increasing nationwide population and lack of infrastructure maintenance led to environmental degradation, and then eventual improvement after implementation of contaminant control and sewage treatment starting in the 1970s. Benthic macroinvertebrate community structure was expected to respond to these environmental changes. This study assembled data sets from the 1950s through 2010s to examine whether quantitative aggregate patterns in the benthic community corresponded qualitatively to stressors and management actions in the watershed. In Greenwich Bay and Providence River, patterns of benthic response corresponded to the decline and then improvement in sewage treatment at the Fields Point wastewater treatment plant. In Mount Hope Bay, the benthos corresponded to changes in bay fish populations due to thermal discharge from the Brayton Point power plant. The benthos of the Upper West Passage corresponded to climatic changes that caused regime shifts in the plankton and fish communities. Future work will examine the effects of further environmental improvements in the face of continued climatic changes and population growth.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 22, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Mutations and novel polymorphisms in coding regions and UTRs of CDK5R1 and OMG genes in patients with non-syndromic mental retardation. Mental retardation (MR) is displayed by 57% of NF1 patients with microdeletion syndrome as a result of 17q11.2 region haploinsufficiency. We considered the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit 1 (CDK5R1) and oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMG) genes, mapping in the NF1 microdeleted region, as candidate genes for MR susceptibility. CDK5R1 encodes for a neurone-specific activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) involved in neuronal migration during central nervous system development. OMG encodes for an inhibitor of neurite outgrowth by the binding to the Nogo-66 receptor (RTN4R). CDK5R1 and OMG genes are characterized by large 3' and 5' untranslated regions (UTRs), where we predict the presence of several transcription/translation regulatory elements. We screened 100 unrelated Italian patients affected by unspecific MR for mutations in CDK5R1 and OMG coding regions and in their 3' or 5' UTRs. Four novel mutations and two novel polymorphisms for CDK5R1 and three novel mutations for OMG were detected, including two missense changes (c.323C > T; A108V in CDK5R1 and c.1222A > G; T408A in OMG), one synonymous codon variant (c.532C > T; L178L in CDK5R1), four variants in CDK5R1 3'UTR and two changes in OMG 5'UTR. All the mutations were absent in 370 chromosomes from normal subjects. The allelic frequencies of the two novel polymorphisms in CDK5R1 3'UTR were established in both 185 normal and 100 mentally retarded subjects. Prediction of mRNA and protein secondary structures revealed that two changes lead to putative structural alterations in the mutated c.2254C > G CDK5R1 3'UTR and in OMG T408A gene product.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Chitosan-based CLEAs from Aspergillus niger type A feruloyl esterase: high-productivity biocatalyst for alkyl ferulate synthesis. The enzymatic synthesis of alkyl ferulates is an important reaction in cosmetic and pharmaceutical chemistries, since it may allow to expand the biorefinery concept valorizing biomass wastes enriched in ferulic acid. However, robust biocatalysts for that purpose are scarce. Herein, we have immobilized the type A feruloyl esterase fromAspergillus niger(AnFaeA) as cross-linked enzyme aggregates, employing chitosan as co-feeder (ChCLEAs). High immobilization yields and relative activity recovery were attained in all assessed conditions (> 93%). Furthermore, we enhanced the thermal stability of the soluble enzyme 32-fold. AnFaeA-ChCLEAs were capable to quantitatively perform the solvent-free direct esterification of short- to medium-chain alkyl ferulates (C4-C12) in less than 24 h. By raising the operational temperature to 50 degrees C, AnFaeA-ChCLEAs transformed 350 mM ferulic acid intoisopentyl ferulate with a space-time yield of 46.1 g of product x L-1 x day(-1), 73-fold higher than previously reported. The overall sustainability of this alkyl ferulate production bioprocess is supported by the high total turnover number (TTN 7 x 10(5)) and the calculated green metrics (E factor = 30). Therefore, we herein present a robust, efficient, and versatile heterogeneous biocatalyst useful for the synthesis of a wide diversity of alkyl ferulates.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Assessing the Risk Characteristics of the Cryptocurrency Market: A GARCH-EVT-Copula Approach. The cryptocurrency market offers significant investment opportunities but also entails higher risks as compared to other asset classes. This article aims to analyse the financial risk characteristics of individual cryptocurrencies and of a broad cryptocurrency market portfolio. We construct a portfolio comprising the 20 largest cryptocurrencies, which cover 82.1% of the total cryptocurrency market. The returns are examined for extreme tail risks by the application of Extreme Value Theory. We utilise the GARCH-EVT approach in combination with a novel algorithm to automatically determine the optimal threshold to model the tail distribution. Furthermore, we aggregate the individual market risks with a t-Student Copula to investigate possible diversification effects on a portfolio level. The empirical analysis indicates that all examined cryptocurrencies show high volatility in their price movements, whereby Bitcoin acts as the most stable cryptocurrency. All return distributions are heavy-tailed and subject to extreme tail risks. We find strong, positive intra-market correlations, in particular with the two largest cryptocurrencies Bitcoin and Ethereum. No diversification effect can be achieved by aggregating market risks. On the contrary, a negligibly lower expected return and higher joint extreme returns can be observed. From this analysis, it can be concluded that investments in individual cryptocurrencies as well as in a portfolio show extreme risks of losses. From the investor's point of view, a possible strategy of risk reduction through portfolio formation within cryptocurrencies is only promising to a limited extent and does not offer a satisfactory solution to significantly reduce the risk within this asset class.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "The Benefits of Trade Secret Legal Protection: Evidence from Firms' Cost Structure Decisions. We investigate whether better trade secret legal protection permits a firm to shift resources from protecting trade secrets to expanding its fixed operation capacity, thus reducing cost elasticity. We employ the staggered adoption of the Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine (IDD) by US state courts as a plausibly exogenous shock that improves trade secret legal protection. We find a reduction, on average, in cost elasticity in firms headquartered in the IDD recognition states relative to those in non-affected states. This change in cost structure is concentrated in firms with trade secrets. These results highlight that the optimal choice of fixed resources is affected by the extent of trade secret protection. Further, we find that firm value is higher for trade secret firms after the IDD adoption. Overall, our empirical evidence suggests that trade secret legal protection is beneficial for firms with trade secrets.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 29]}
{"token": "Online LS-SVM for function estimation and classification. An online algorithm for training LS-SVM (Least Square Support Vector Machines) was proposed for the application of function estimation and classification. Online LS-SVM means that LS-SVM can be trained in an incremental way, and can be pruned to get sparse approximation in a decremental way. When a SV (Support Vector) is added or removed, the online algorithm avoids computing large-scale matrix inverse. Thus the computation cost is reduced. Online algorithm is especially useful to realistic function estimation problem such as system identification. The experiments with benchmark function estimation problem and classification problem show the validity of this online algorithm.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Scientific realism with historical essences: the case of species. Natural kinds, real kinds, or, following J.S. Mill simply, Kinds, are thought to be an important asset for scientific realists in the non-fundamental (or \\\\'special\\\\') sciences. Essential natures are less in vogue. I show that the realist would do well to couple her Kinds with essential natures in order to strengthen their epistemic and ontological credentials. I argue that these essential natures need not however be intrinsic to the Kind's members; they may be historical. I concentrate on assessing the merits of historical essential natures in a paradigm case of Kinds in the non-fundamental sciences: species. I specify two basic jobs for essential natures: (1) offering individuation criteria, and (2) providing a causal explanation of the Kind's multiple projectable properties. I argue that at least in the case of species historical essences are fit for both tasks. The principled resistance to Kinds with historical essences should also be cleared.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "A Bipartisan Election Reform? Explaining Support for Online Voter Registration in the American States. Online voter registration (OVR) is an election reform that has recently taken hold in more than half of the American states. Election administration observers have marveled at both the rapid diffusion and bipartisan support associated with legislative passage of OVR. We examine the likelihood a lawmaker voted in favor or against OVR in legislatures approving the reform. Despite the leading narrative of both parties overwhelmingly embracing OVR, we find that lawmaker support is clearly rooted in political calculations. Most prominent is a partisan divide, with Republicans in polarized legislatures with a Democratic majority decidedly less supportive of OVR. In addition, a host of contextual factors tied to the variation in partisan and electoral power affect the probability a state legislator votes in favor of this reform. We argue that the near-consensus position of Democrats (more than 90% voted yea on OVR) and the impressive supermajority of Republicans backing OVR (greater than 70%) have diverted attention from the reasons why there is opposition to this seemingly noncontroversial reform.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Improvement of registration accuracy of a handheld augmented reality system for urban landscape simulation. The need for visual landscape assessment in large-scale projects for the evaluation of the effects of a particular project on the surrounding landscape has grown in recent years. Augmented reality (AR) has been considered for use as a landscape simulation system in which a landscape assessment object created by 3D models is included in the present surroundings. With the use of this system, the time and the cost needed to perform a 3DCG modeling of present surroundings, which is a major issue in virtual reality, are drastically reduced. This research presents the development of a 3D map-oriented handheld AR system that achieves geometric consistency using a 3D map to obtain position data instead of GPS, which has low position information accuracy, particularly in urban areas. The new system also features a gyroscope sensor to obtain posture data and a video camera to capture live video of the present surroundings. All these components are mounted in a smartphone and can be used for urban landscape assessment. Registration accuracy is evaluated to simulate an urban landscape from a short- to a long-range scale. The latter involves a distance of approximately 2000 m. The developed AR system enables users to simulate a landscape from multiple and long-distance viewpoints simultaneously and to walk around the viewpoint fields using only a smartphone. This result is the tolerance level of landscape assessment. In conclusion, the proposed method is evaluated as feasible and effective. (C) 2014. Higher Education Press Limited Company. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "The impact of local voluntary and community sector infrastructure on community involvement in rural regeneration partnerships. This article reviews the role of local voluntary and community sector infrastructure bodies in promoting and supporting community involvement in rural regeneration partnerships. It shows that they are an essential element in addressing the power and structural inequalities that have often dogged such partnerships in the past. The authors identify key approaches that these bodies can take, both to stimulate local grassroots community involvement in regeneration initiatives and to ensure that community representatives at the strategic level are sensitive to the needs and views of local communities.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Juvenile exposure to methylphenidate and guanfacine in rats: effects on early delay discounting and later cocaine-taking behavior. RationaleBoth methylphenidate (MPH), a catecholamine reuptake blocker, and guanfacine, an alpha2A agonist, are used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Childhood impulsivity, including delay discounting, is associated with increased substance use during adolescence. These effects can be mitigated by juvenile exposure to MPH, but less is known about the long-term effects of developmental exposure to guanfacine in males and females.ObjectiveThis study aims to determine sex differences and dose-dependent effects of juvenile exposure to MPH or guanfacine on delay-discounting and later cocaine self-administration.MethodsThe dose-dependent effects of vehicle, MPH (0.5, 1, and 2mg/kg p.o.) or guanfacine (0.003, 0.03, and 0.3mg/kg, i.p.) on discounting were determined in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats beginning at postnatal day (P)20. At P90, the amount, motivation, and sensitivity to cocaine following early drug exposure were determined with self-administration.ResultsGuanfacine, but not MPH, significantly reduced weight by 22.94.6% in females. MPH dose dependently decreased delay discounting in both juvenile males and females, while guanfacine was only effective in males. Discounting was associated with cocaine self-administration in vehicle males (R-2=-0.4, P<0.05) and self-administration was reduced by guanfacine treatment (0.3mg/kg). Guanfacine significantly decreased cocaine sensitivity in both sexes.Conclusions These data suggest that MPH is effective in reducing delay discounting in both sexes. Due to both weight loss and ineffectiveness on discounting in females, guanfacine should be used only in males to reduce delay discounting and later cocaine use.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "International Migration of Labor, Efficiency Wages, and Monetary Policies. Assuming a symmetric two-country economy with labor migration and efficiency wages, we investigate which of the two regimes, non-cooperation or intergovernment cooperation, is advantageous. We show that not only the utility of the policy authority but also that of the workers is higher under inter-government cooperation than under non-cooperation, provided that migration flows are sufficiently sensitive to changes in real-consumption wage differentials. Our result is in contrast to the one derived by Agiomirgianakis (1998); according to him, in a two-country economy with labor migration and labor unions, only the policy authority can attain the higher utility under inter-government cooperation.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Oxypropylation of sugar beet pulp. 1. Optimisation of the reaction. An oxypropylation reaction was carried out by suspending sugar beet pulp in propylene oxide in the presence of a basic catalyst and heating the resulting mixture under pressure. Optimisation of the conditions (pulp granulometry, type and amount of catalyst, relative proportion of pulp with respect to propylene oxide, amount of residual moisture and temperature) allowed quantitative conversion of the pulp into polyols possessing different viscosities and OH numbers. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Identification of a disease complex involving a novel monopartite begomovirus with beta- and alphasatellites associated with okra leaf curl disease in Oman. Okra leaf curl disease (OLCD) is an important viral disease of okra in tropical and subtropical areas. The disease is caused by begomovirus-satellite complexes. A begomovirus and associated betasatellite and alphasatellite were identified in symptomatic okra plants from Barka, in the Al-Batinah region of Oman. Analysis of the begomovirus sequences showed them to represent a new begomovirus most closely related to cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGeV), a begomovirus of African origin. The sequences showed less than 85 % nucleotide sequence identity to CLCuGeV isolates. The name okra leaf curl Oman virus (OLCOMV) is proposed for the new virus. Further analysis revealed that the OLCOMV is a recombinant begomovirus that evolved by the recombination of CLCuGeV isolates with tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Oman (TYLCV-OM). An alpha- and a betasatellite were also identified from the same plant sample, which were also unique when compared to sequences available in the databases. However, although the betasatellite appeared to be of African origin, the alphasatellite was most closely related to alphasatellites originating from South Asia. This is the first report of a begomovirus-satellite complex infecting okra in Oman.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Effects of adhesive property and thickness on the bond performance between carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminate and steel. The bonding between CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) laminate and steel plays a key role in the strengthening effects of CFRPs on a steel structure. In this paper, the toughness of the adhesives and the bonding thickness were investigated on the CFRP-steel bond performance using a single lap shear test. The properties of the adhesives, brittle (linear elastic) or tough (nonlinear elastic, lower modulus, higher elongation), led to apparent differences in the ultimate load, stiffness, the shape of the bond-slip curve, and the stress distribution of the CFRP-steel bond. For the tough adhesive, an increase of the bonding thickness from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm improves the fracture energy but reduces the interface stiffness. On the contrary, for the brittle adhesive, the effects of the bonding thickness are negligible. According to the test and literature results, key parameters of the bond-slip models of the tough adhesive and brittle adhesive in the case of the delamination of CFRP laminate were determined.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Longer uncommon polyamines have a stronger defense gene-induction activity and a higher suppressing activity of Cucumber mosaic virus multiplication compared to that of spermine in Arabidopsis thaliana. Previously we showed that two tetraamines, spermine (Spm) and thermospermine (T-Spm), induce the expression of a subset of defense-related genes and repress proliferation of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in Arabidopsis. Here we tested whether the longer uncommon polyamines (LUPAs) such as caldopentamine, caldohexamine, homocaldopentamine and homocaldohexamine have such the activity. LUPAs had higher gene induction activity than Spm and T-Spm. Interestingly the genes induced by LUPAs could be classified into two groups: the one group was most responsive to caldohexamine while the other one was most responsive to homocaldopentamine. In both the cases, the inducing activity was dose-dependent. LUPAs caused local cell death and repressed CMV multiplication more efficiently as compared to Spm. LUPAs inhibited the viral multiplication of not only avirulent CMV but also of virulent CMV in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, LUPAs can activate the systemic acquired resistance against CMV more efficiently as compared to Spm. When Arabidopsis leaves were incubated with LUPAs, the putative polyamine oxidase (PAO)-mediated catabolites were detected even though the conversion rate was very low. In addition, we found that LUPAs induced the expression of three NADPH oxidase genes (rbohC, rbohE and rbohH) among ten isoforms. Taken together, we propose that LUPAs activate two alternative reactive oxygen species evoked pathways, a PAO-mediated one and an NADPH-oxidase-mediated one, which lead to induce defense-related genes and restrict CMV multiplication.Our work suggests that long chain polyamines and their derivatives are potential chemicals to control viral pathogens for crop production.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Quantitative genetics of immune function and body size in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Female house crickets are attracted to male calling song containing a relatively high number of syllables per 'chirp', which tends to be produced by large mates. in a previous study, we showed that this song characteristic is also positively and independently correlated with haemocyte load, an important determinant of the ability to produce an encapsulation response in insects. Females will therefore tend to select males with high encapsulation ability (and large body size) as mates. The present study demonstrates that variation in haemocyte load and body size, together with a second parameter of immune function (the ability to encapsulate a synthetic substrate), is heritable in the same population. Moreover, all three traits are shown to be positively genetically correlated. In favouring males that produce calling song with the preferred characteristics, females should therefore also tend to produce larger offspring with a greater ability to produce an encapsulation response.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Big Data in Economics: Evolution or Revolution?. The Big Data Era creates a lot of exciting opportunities for new developments in economics and econometrics. At the same time, however, the analysis of large datasets poses difficultmethodological problems that should be addressed appropriately and are the subject of the present chapter.", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
{"token": "Robust Design of Two-Dimensional Optical Reference Signals Against Diffraction Effects. This paper presents two novel approaches to the design of two-dimensional (2-D) optical zero reference signals (ZRSs) that are robust against diffraction effects based on the parametric minimum cross-entropy (PMCE) method. Grating alignment systems require a 2-D optical ZRS to perform absolute measurements. A common method of acquiring 2-D optical ZRSs involves illuminating two identical superimposed 2-D zero reference codes (ZRCs). The output signal is the 2-D optical ZRS and can be represented as the autocorrelation of the 2-D ZRC transmittance. In ultrahigh-resolution systems, diffraction distorts the shadow of the first 2-D ZRC, degrading the autocorrelation and greatly reducing the amplitude of the 2-D optical ZRS. To improve the robustness of 2-D optical ZRSs against diffraction effects, this paper formulates two combinatorial optimization problems for the design of 2-D ZRCs with minimum diffraction effects: one of which is a maximization problem, and the other a minimization problem. Aiming at solving the two problems, this study proposes two schemes based on the PMCE method to search for an optimal 2-D ZRC. Simulation results reveal that there are 3.36-8.34% increases in the slope of the central peak of a 2-D optical ZRS and that there are 16.12-20.90% increases in the sum of the slope of the central peak and the effective signal amplitude of a 2-D optical ZRS, as compared with those obtained by the recently proposed cross-entropy method. The proposed PMCE-based schemes prove to search for 2-D ZRCs more effectively than existing solutions, while requiring less computational complexity.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Alcohol use disorders increase the risk of completed suicide - Irrespective of other psychiatric disorders. A longitudinal cohort study. Knowledge of the epidemiology of suicide is a necessary prerequisite for developing prevention programs. The aim of this study was to analyze the risk of completed suicide among individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD), and to assess the role of other psychiatric disorders in this association. A prospective cohort study was used, containing three updated sets of lifestyle covariates and 26 years follow-up of 18,146 individuals between 20 and 93 years of age from the Copenhagen City Heart Study in Denmark. The study population was linked to four different registers in order to detect: Completed suicide, AUD, Psychotic disorders, Anxiety disorders, Mood disorders, Personality disorders, Drug abuse, and Other psychiatric disorders. Individuals registered with AUD were at significantly increased risk of committing suicide, with a crude hazard ratio (FIR) of 7.98 [Confidence interval (CI): 5.27-12.07] compared to individuals without AUD. Adjusting for all psychiatric disorders the risk fell to 3.23 (CI: 1.96-5.33). In the stratified sub-sample of individuals without psychiatric disorders, the risk of completed suicide was 9.69 (CI: 4.88-19.25) among individuals with AUD. The results indicate that individuals registered with AUD are at highly increased risk of completed suicide, and that registered co-morbid psychiatric disorders are neither sufficient nor necessary causes in this association. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Effect of nozzle geometry on leak-before-break analysis of pressurised piping. This paper reports the effect of a through-wall crack at the thickness transition near the pipe-nozzle interfaces on the leak-before-break (LBB) analysis. Two pipe-nozzle models are considered, a safety injection line and a pressurised surge line. Based on detailed three-dimensional, elastic-plastic finite element analyses, the effect of the thickness transition on the J-integral and the crack opening area (COA) is elucidated by comparing the results with those from a straight pipe model. To investigate the overall effects of the thickness transition on the LBB analysis, piping evaluation diagrams are constructed. Further analyses are performed to investigate the effect of the detailed nozzle geometries on the COA, to provide guidance on simplifying the LBB analysis for the pipe-nozzle models.It is found that the regions for feasibility of applying the LBB concept are 30-190% larger when the thickness transition in the pipe-nozzle model are explicitly considered in the analysis, than when the straight pipe model is used. Among the parameters related to the shape of the nozzle geometry, the thickness of the pipe-nozzle junction is the most significant parameter on the COA, but the length of the nozzle has a minimal effect. The significance of the tapered angle between the pipe and the nozzle is somewhat in between. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "AE, D-ST, and Their SuperMAG Counterparts: The Effect of Improved Spatial Resolution in Geomagnetic Indices. For decades, geomagnetic indices have been used extensively to parameterize space weather events, as input to various models and as space weather specifications. The auroral electrojet (AE) index and disturbance storm time index (D-ST) are two such indices that span multiple solar cycles and have been widely studied. The production of improved spatial coverage analogs to AE and D-ST is now possible using the SuperMAG collaboration of ground-based magnetometers. SME is an electrojet index that shares methodology with AE. SMR is a ring current index that shares methodology with D-ST. As the number of magnetometer stations in the SuperMAG network increases over time, so does the spatial resolution of SME and SMR. Our statistical comparison between the established indices and their new SuperMAG counterparts finds that, for large excursions in geomagnetic activity, AE systematically underestimates SME for later cycles. The difference between distributions of recorded AE and SME values for a single solar maximum can be of the same order as changes in activity seen from one solar cycle to the next. We demonstrate that D-ST and SMR track each other but are subject to an approximate linear shift as a result of the procedure used to map stations to the magnetic equator. We explain the observed differences between AE and SME with the assistance of a simple model, based on the construction methodology of the electrojet indices. We show that in the case of AE and SME, it is not possible to simply translate between the two indices.Key PointsWe present a statistical comparison of AE and D-ST with SME and SMR, their higher spatial resolution SuperMAG counterparts AE systematically undersamples when compared to SME for later solar cycles; AE and SME differ at same scale as cycle-to-cycle variability D-ST and SMR track each other with a small systematic linear shiftPlain Language Summary Space weather events can cause disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere. Severe disturbances can cause disruption to electrical power systems, aviation, communication systems, and satellite systems. Magnetometer stations on the ground are used to monitor and specify changes in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system. Geomagnetic indices based on measurements from these stations are used extensively, and they have been recorded for many decades. Two examples are AE and D-ST, which are indices designed to measure the evolution and intensity of the auroral electrojets and the ring current, respectively. The SuperMAG collaboration has made new versions of these indices available. They are based on a larger number of magnetometer stations than the original AE and D-ST indices. We carry out a statistical comparison between the traditional and updated indices to identify how improved spatial resolution affects the indices.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "A model of asset-seeking foreign direct investment driven by demand conditions. This paper presents a simple game theoretic model in which a firm may undertake foreign dir-ect investment (FDI) in or-der to gain access to favourable demand conditions as described by Porter (1990). The purpose of the model is to illustrate an important motivation for foreign direct investment: to secure access to certain types of valuable assets by participating in a particular foreign market. The implications of this asset-seeking FDI are then discussed, including the need for firms to manage the process of transferring knowledge from subsidiary to parent carefully and for public policy makers to recognize that the public policy implications of asset-seeking FDI are very different from those of FDI as it has traditionally been viewed.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Neuropeptide Y family receptors Y1 and Y2 from sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. The vertebrate gene family for neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors expanded by duplication of the chromosome carrying the ancestral Y1-Y2-Y5 gene triplet. After loss of some duplicates, the ancestral jawed vertebrate had seven receptor subtypes forming the Y1 (including Y1 Y4, Y6, Y8), Y2 (including Y2, Y7) and Y5 (only Y5) subfamilies. Lampreys are considered to have experienced the same chromosome duplications as gnathostomes and should also be expected to have multiple receptor genes. However, previously only a Y4-like and a Y5 receptor have been cloned and characterized. Here we report the cloning and characterization of two additional receptors from the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus. Sequence phylogeny alone could not with certainty assign their identity, but based on synteny comparisons of P. marinas and the Arctic lamprey, Lethenteron camtschaticum, with jawed vertebrates, the two receptors most likely are Y1 and Y2. Both receptors were expressed in human HEK293 cells and inositol phosphate assays were performed to determine the response to the three native lamprey peptides NPY, PYY and PMY. The three peptides have similar potencies in the nanomolar range for VI. No obvious response to the three peptides was detected for Y2. Synteny analysis supports identification of the previously cloned receptor as Y4. No additional NPY receptor genes could be identified in the presently available lamprey genome assemblies. Thus, four NPY-family receptors have been identified in lampreys, orthologs of the same subtypes as in humans (Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5), whereas many other vertebrate lineages have retained additional ancestral subtypes. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 47]}
{"token": "What size is a biologically relevant landscape?. The spatial extent at which landscape structure best predicts population response, called the scale of effect, varies across species. An ability to predict the scale of effect of a landscape using species traits would make landscape study design more efficient and would enable landscape managers to plan at the appropriate scale. We used an individual based simulation model to predict how species traits influence the scale of effect. Specifically, we tested the effects of dispersal distance, reproductive rate, and informed movement behavior on the radius at which percent habitat cover best predicts population abundance in a focal area. Scale of effect for species with random movement behavior was compared to scale of effect for species with three (cumulative) levels of information use during dispersal: habitat based settlement, conspecific density based settlement, and gap-avoidance during movement. Consistent with a common belief among researchers, dispersal distance had a strong, positive influence on scale of effect. A general guideline for empiricists is to expect the radius of a landscape to be 4-9 times the median dispersal distance or 0.3-0.5 times the maximum dispersal distance of a species. Informed dispersal led to greater increases in population size than did increased reproductive rate. Similarly, informed dispersal led to more strongly decreased scales of effect than did reproductive rate. Most notably, gap-avoidance resulted in scales that were 0.2-0.5 times those of non-avoidant species. This is the first study to generate testable hypotheses concerning the mechanisms underlying the scale at which populations respond to the landscape.", "label": [4, 37, 38]}
{"token": "Methemoglobinemia due to Dapsone: a pediatric case report. Methemoglobinemia is a condition characterized by a high blood concentration of methemoglobin. Methemoglobinemia is a disorder that occurs when hemoglobin in the blood is oxidized to form methemoglobin, rendering it unable to transport oxygen. Although it can be congenital in cyanotic newborn, it is more often an adverse medication effect. The aim is to report a pediatric methemoglobinemia case, assisted in Magdalena V. de Martinez Hospital, with cyanosis in face and limb, in poor condition, that consumed dapsone accidentally. Her methemoglobin concentration was 35%. Intravenous methylene blue was administered with favorable outcome.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "The Alteration of Intrinsic Excitability and Synaptic Transmission in Lumbar Spinal Motor Neurons and Interneurons of Severe Spinal Muscular Atrophy Mice. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic cause of death in infants. Studies with mouse models have demonstrated increased excitability and loss of afferent proprioceptive synapses on motor neurons (MNs). To further understand functional changes in the motor neural network occurring in SMA, we studied the intrinsic excitability and synaptic transmission of both MNs and interneurons (INs) from ventral horn in the lumbar spinal cord in the survival motor neuron (SMN)Delta 7 mouse model. We found significant differences in the membrane properties of MNs in SMA mice compared to littermate controls, including hyperpolarized resting membrane potential, increased input resistance and decreased membrane capacitance. Action potential (AP) properties in MNs from SMA mice were also different from controls, including decreased rheobase current, increased amplitude and an increased after depolarization (ADP) potential. The relationship between AP firing frequency and injected current was reduced in MNs, as was the threshold current, while the percentage of MNs showing long-lasting potentiation (LLP) in the intrinsic excitability was higher in SMA mice. INs showed a high rate of spontaneous firing, and those from SMA mice fired at higher frequency. INs from SMA mice showed little difference in their input-output relationship, threshold current, and plasticity in intrinsic excitability. The changes observed in both passive membrane and AP properties suggest greater overall excitability in both MNs and INs in SMA mice, with MNs showing more differences. There were also changes of synaptic currents in SMA mice. The average charge transfer per post-synaptic current of spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents (sEPSCs/sIPSCs) were lower in SMA MNs, while in INs sIPSC frequency was higher. Strikingly in light of the known loss of excitatory synapses on MNs, there was no difference in sEPSC frequency in MNs from SMA mice compared to controls. For miniature synaptic currents, mEPSC frequency was higher in SMA MNs, while for SMA INs, both mEPSC and mIPSC frequencies were higher. In SMA-affected mice we observed alterations of intrinsic and synaptic properties in both MNs and INs in the spinal motor network that may contribute to the pathophysiology, or alternatively, may be a compensatory response to preserve network function.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Distortions and Efficiency in Production Economies with Heterogeneous Beliefs. We study consumption, savings, and asset prices in economies with disagreement and production, focusing on settings with real effects of disagreement. Aggregate savings may be significantly distorted under disagreement, possibly related to the undersaving puzzle. In the production economy, mispricing mainly manifests itself in idiosyncratic risk, in contrast to the exchange economy, where the risk-free rate and expected return on the market may be distorted. Potential policy implications include the introduction of investment taxes or subsidies. Our results highlight the real effects of disagreement in financial markets, and the differences between economies with and without production.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
{"token": "A Bioinformatics Analysis of Exosomal MicroRNAs Released following Mycobacterial Infection. Background: Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a major health threat worldwide. The current TB diagnostics are suboptimal, and there is a high clinical need for identifying novel biomarkers of disease prevalence. Circulating exosomes have been currently attractive as novel biomarkers in a wide range of pathological conditions. Methods: In this study, we performed bioinfomiatics analysis on the downstream targets of a dysregulated microRNA (miRNA) cluster induced by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection of human macrophages to provide greater understanding of their potential roles in disease pathogenesis. Results: Our analysis demonstrated that these dysregulatcd miRNAs have central roles in the host metabolic and energy pathways. Conclusion: This suggests that the host miRNA network is perturbed by it Mycobacterium to re-patterning host metabolism machinery to favor its intracellular survival. The dysregulated miRNAs can be delivered to local and distal cells by exosomes and thereby modulate their function.", "label": [2, 4, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Effects of capsaicin on human intestinal cell line Caco-2. The influence of capsaicin processing on human intestinal cell line Caco-2 was examined by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). There was an increase in permeability at high concentration (200 to 500 muM) of capsaicin, and the effect was inhibited by pretreatment of capsazepine, which is a competitive antagonist of the vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1). LDH-activity as well as changes in intracellular Ca2+ were determined to know whether or not capsaicin affected TER activity through its influence on the tight junction. We also determined the expression of the VR1-like protein on Caco-2 cells in time-dependent manner by western blotting using vanilloid receptor (VR1) antiserum. Our results showed that the permeability increase by capsaicin was through binding to VR1-like protein of Caco-2 cells.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
{"token": "Synchrotron studies of novel Tb2Ni5C3: Crystal and electronic structure. New ternary phase Tb2Ni5C3 was gained in the three-phases sample of nominal composition after 90 d annealing at 800 degrees C. Crystal structure of Tb2Ni5C3 was determined using synchrotron powder diffraction: structure type La2Ni5C3, space group P4/mbm, alpha = 8.2372(1) angstrom, c = 3.83402(6) angstrom, R-B = 5.0%; R-p = 1.8%. Crystallographic analysis and electronic structure calculations confirm the La2Ni5C3-isotypes including Tb2Ni5C3 refer to carbometalates. Metallic bonding is predominant in the R2Ni5C3 compounds. Novel La2Ni5C3-isotypic compounds were synthesized with rare earths Sm and Gd. Their unit cell parameters have been determined from X-ray powder diffraction data. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "[en] Traditionalism for Export: The Transnational Gaucho Network, as Seen through the Trajectory of Carlos Daws (1897-1948). This article analyzes the dynamics of the traditionalist movement on a regional scale based on the actions of one of its referents: Carlos Daws. The exploration of his activities, his personal connections, his institutional adherences and, in particular, his networks, generated towards different foreign locations, allows us to think about the international relations sustained by cultural exchanges; both those that were motivated by individual wills and interests, as well as those that acquired political support and revealed the cultural diplomacy between American countries. Carlos Daws' public interventions since the foundation of his Creole circle \\\\'El Fogon\\\\' in 1897 until his death, and the subsequent acquisition of his museum by the national State in 1948, allow us to attempt a long-term analysis of the emergence, consolidation and expansion of traditionalism from Buenos Aires. We specifically study the organization of the local network that involved writers, collectors, painters and amateurs; and the relationships that were germinated with cultural figures and tourists from other latitudes, with special attention to the exchanges with the United States within the framework of Panamericanism. Through the private archive of Daws, which contains his correspondence and dozens of books that recompile news, documentation and images related to our object of study, and with the consultation of specialized periodical publications and the documentary collections conserved within the repositories of traditionalist institutions, we pretend to unveil part of the international networks that the Interamerican cultural to official", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Patterns of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection in Neural Progenitor Cells. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can induce damage in brain regions that in-clude the hippocampus and associated limbic structures. These neurogenic niches are important because they are associated with memory formation and are highly enriched with neural progenitor cells (NPCs). The susceptibility and fate of HSV-1-infected NPCs are largely unexplored. We differentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into NPCs to generate two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture models to examine the interaction of HSV-1 with NPCs. Here, we show that (i) NPCs can be effi-ciently infected by HSV-1, but infection does not result in cell death of most NPCs, even at high multiplicities of infection (MOIs); (ii) limited HSV-1 replication and gene expres-sion can be detected in the infected NPCs; (iii) a viral silencing mechanism is established in NPCs exposed to the antivirals (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2=-deoxyuridine (5BVdU) and alpha interferon (IFN-a) and when the antivirals are removed, spontaneous reactivation can oc-cur at low frequency; (iv) HSV-1 impairs the ability of NPCs to migrate in a dose-dependent fashion in the presence of 5BVdU plus IFN-a; and (v) 3D cultures of NPCs are less susceptible to HSV-1 infection than 2D cultures. These results suggest that NPC pools could be sites of HSV-1 reactivation in the central nervous system (CNS). Finally, our results highlight the potential value of hiPSC-derived 3D cultures to model HSV-1-NPC interaction.IMPORTANCE This study employed human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to model the interaction of HSV-1 with NPCs, which reside in the neurogenic niches of the CNS and play a fundamental role in adult neurogenesis. Herein, we provide evidence that in NPCs infected at an MOI as low as 0.001, HSV-1 can establish a latent state, sug-gesting that (i) a variant of classical HSV-1 latency can be established during earlier stages of neuronal differentiation and (ii) neurogenic niches in the brain may constitute additional sites of viral reactivation. Lytic HSV-1 infections impaired NPC migration, which represents a critical step in neurogenesis. A difference in susceptibility to HSV-1 infection between two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) NPC cultures was observed, highlighting the potential value of 3D cultures for modeling host-pathogen in-teractions. Together, our results are relevant in light of observations relating HSV-1 infec-tion to postencephalitic cognitive dysfunction.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Declining Clinical Course of Psychotic Disorders Over the Two Decades Following First Hospitalization: Evidence From the Suffolk County Mental Health Project. Conclusions: The authors found substantial symptom burden across disorders that increased with time and ultimately may undo initial treatment gains. Previous studies have suggested that better health care delivery models may preempt this decline. In the United States, these care needs are often not met, and addressing them is an urgent priority.Results: In the schizophreniagroup, mean GAF scores declined from 49 at month 6 to 36 at year 20. Negative and positive symptoms also worsened (Cohen's d values, 0.45-0.73). Among participants without schizophrenia, GAF scores were higher initially (a mean of approximately 64) but declined by 9 points over the follow-up period. Worsening began between years 5 and 8. Neither aging nor changes in antipsychotic treatment accounted for the declines. In all disorders, depression improved and manic symptoms remained low across the 20 years.Objective: Kraepelin considered declining course a hallmark of schizophrenia, but others have suggested that outcomes usually stabilize or improve after treatment initiation. The authors investigated this question in an epidemiologically defined cohort with psychotic disorders followed for 20 years after first hospitalization.Method: The Suffolk County Mental Health Project recruited first-admission patients with psychosis from all inpatient units of Suffolk County, New York (response rate, 72%). Participants were assessed in person six times over two decades; 373 completed the 20-year follow-up (68% of survivors); 175 had schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), psychotic symptoms, and mood symptoms were rated at each assessment. Month 6, when nearly all participants were discharged from the index hospitalization, was used as a reference.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Recovery position significantly associated with a reduced admission rate of children with loss of consciousness. Background Loss of consciousness (LOC) is often seen in children. The response of caregivers to a child with LOC has been poorly investigated. Potential caregivers (parents, teachers) seem to have a poor knowledge of the recovery position (RP)-that is, the position into which an unconscious child should be placed in order to protect the airway.Objectives To report the management and diagnoses of LOC in childhood, and to evaluate variables associated with an increased hospital admission rate.Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of consecutive children aged between 0 and 18 years diagnosed with LOC at 11 paediatric emergency departments (PEDs) of 6 European countries. The enrolment period was 3 months. Data were obtained from parental interviews, PED reports and clinical examination.Results 553 children were enrolled. The most frequent final diagnoses causing LOC were seizures (n= 278, 50.3%), and vasovagal syncope (n= 124, 22.4%). Caregivers put the child in the RP in 145 cases (26.2%). The RP was independently associated with a significant decrease in the admission rate (aOR= 0.28; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.48; p< 0.0001).Conclusions Our study demonstrates for the first time that the RP may reduce the admission rate of infants with LOC. Caregivers often perform inadequate manoeuvres when a child becomes unconscious. Campaigns aiming at increasing knowledge of the RP should be promoted.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Progress and prospects of seawater desalination in China. China is a populous country, and short of water resources. In China, the total volume of fresh water is 2.8 10(12) m(3), but per capita value of fresh water is less than 2400 m 3, which is only a quarter of the world-wide average. Seawater desalination is particularly important and necessary in China, especially within coastal regions, which only account for 13% of the land area, but support 40% of the total population. This paper focuses on current applications for seawater desalination in China. We report that membrane technology and flash vaporization processes are used successfully to desalt seawater. For example, a device of flash vaporization has been built in Tianjin, and its yield is 6000 t/d fresh water. Additionally, in Changdao County, two reverse osmosis (RO) systems have been completed. The future prospect of applying membrane technology to seawater in China is evaluated based on economic analysis.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
{"token": "Job accessibility and welfare usage: Evidence from Los Angeles. Previous scholars have explored the effects of local labor market conditions on welfare usage. However, none of these studies use direct measures of geographic access to nearby jobs. Responding to this limitation, our research combines data from the 1990 census with three administrative data sets to examine the effect of geographic job access-defined as the relative supply of Low-wage jobs located within a three-mile radius of a census tract-on welfare usage rates among the Los Angeles population with a high school degree or less. After controlling for other characteristics likely to affect welfare behavior, we find that welfare usage declines as geographic job access increases. This relationship holds not only among African-Americans,the subject of much of the scholarship on job access and economic opportunity, but also among whites, Asians, and Hispanics.", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
{"token": "Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning Training in IoT Aggregation Scenarios. In developing smart city, the growing popularity of machine learning (ML) that appreciates high-quality training data sets generated from diverse Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices raises natural questions about the privacy guarantees that can be provided in such settings. Privacy-preserving ML training in an aggregation scenario enables a model demander to securely train ML models with the sensitive IoT data gathered from IoT devices. The existing solutions are generally server aided, cannot deal with the collusion threat between the servers or between the servers and data owners, and do not match the delicate environments of IoT. We propose a privacy-preserving ML training framework named Heda that consists of a library of building blocks based on partial homomorphic encryption, which enables constructing multiple privacy-preserving ML training protocols for the aggregation scenario without the assistance of untrusted servers, and defending the security under collusion situations. Rigorous security analysis demonstrates the proposed protocols can protect the privacy of each participant in the honest-but-curious model and guarantee the security under most collusion situations. Extensive experiments validate the efficiency of Heda, which achieves privacy-preserving ML training without losing the model accuracy.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Providing Healthcare-as-a-Service Using Fuzzy Rule Based Big Data Analytics in Cloud Computing. With advancements in information and communication technology, there is a steep increase in the remote healthcare applications in which patients can get treatment from the remote places also. The data collected about the patients by remote healthcare applications constitute big data because it varies with volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value. To process such a large collection of heterogeneous data is one of the biggest challenges which requires a specialized approach. To address this challenge, a new fuzzy rule based classifier is presented in this paper with an aim to provide Healthcare-as-a-Service. The proposed scheme is based upon the initial cluster formation, retrieval, and processing of the big data in cloud environment. Then, a fuzzy rule based classifier is designed for efficient decision making for data classification in the proposed scheme. To perform inferencing from the collected data, membership functions are designed for fuzzification and defuzzification processes. The proposed scheme is evaluated on various evaluation metrics, such as average response time, accuracy, computation cost, classification time, and false positive ratio. The results obtained confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme with respect to various performance evaluation metrics in cloud computing environment.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 40, 42]}
{"token": "Collective Efficacy in Australian and German Neighborhoods: Testing Cross-Cultural Measurement Equivalence and Structural Correlates in a Multi-level SEM Framework. In neighborhood research, the concept of collective efficacy has been particularly successful in capturing social cohesion and behavioral expectations among residents. Research has spread beyond the U.S. where it originated, and many studies from different countries have shown that collective efficacy is related to structural disadvantage in similar ways and affects outcomes as crime, education or health. However, methodological issues about measurement and modeling persist, and no study has yet investigated the cross-cultural measurement equivalence of this scale. We close this gap using two recent neighborhood surveys from Australia and Germany with large samples of respondents (N = ca. 12.800) and neighborhoods (N = ca. 440) in four cities. We employ multilevel structural equation modeling to test for measurement equivalence of collective efficacy across countries and to model its association with concentrated poverty, ethnic diversity, and residential stability. We find that the measurement of collective efficacy is metrically equivalent in both countries, modeling two latent factors on the respondent level-the two components informal social control and social cohesion/trust-but only one latent factor on the neighborhood level. Considering the relationship between the key correlates of collective efficacy, we find broad similarities but also substantial differences across contexts and compared to U.S. research, particularly concerning the role of ethnic diversity which has a stronger diminishing effect in Germany than in Australia. Possible explanations for these differences are discussed.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Sustainable Development Goals, Governance, and the Private Sector. While the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which guided the world's development efforts in 2000-15, have come to an end, world leaders, experts, civil societies, and businesses have been working on developing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2015-30 that will replace the MDGs. Although the MDGs have many success stories, they have also had their limitations. This chapter illustrates that though the world leaders recognized its importance in the 2000 Millennium Development Declaration, governance was not included as one of the goals in the MDGs. However, governance's role as an enabler and a key element of sustainable development has been recognized in the process of formulating SDGs. This chapter explains good governance, areas where it can be enhanced, SDGs' pillars, options for treating governance in SDGs and the interface between SDGs, governance, and the private sector. It also presents different competing ideas about the role of governance and the private sector in SDGs. By indicating different viewpoints of SDGs, governance, and the role of the private sector, the chapter also creates an opportunity for academic and policy debate. The research is an exploratory desk study which focuses on relevant UN documents, articles, government reports, and online material.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Thermophysical properties of binary mixtures of cyclohexane plus nitrobenzene, cyclohexanone plus nitrobenzene, and cyclohexane plus cyclohexanone at (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K. The experimental values of density, viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity for the binary mixtures of cyclohexane + nitrobenzene, cyclohexanone + nitrobenzene, and cyclohexane + cyclohexanone are determined at (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K over the entire composition range. The excess molar volume (V-E), deviation in viscosity (Delta(eta)), and excess isentropic compressibility (K-S(E)) have been calculated.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Country-specific correlations across Europe between modelled atmospheric cadmium and lead deposition and concentrations in mosses. Previous analyses at the European scale have shown that cadmium and lead concentrations in mosses are primarily determined by the total deposition of these metals. Further analyses in the current study show that Spearman rank correlations between the concentration in mosses and the deposition modelled by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) are country and metal-specific. Significant positive correlations were found for about two thirds or more of the participating countries in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005 (except for Cd in 1990). Correlations were often not significant and sometimes negative in countries where mosses were only sampled in a relatively small number of EMEP grids. Correlations frequently improved when only data for EMEP grids with at least three moss sampling sites per grid were included. It was concluded that spatial patterns and temporal trends agree reasonably well between lead and cadmium concentrations in mosses and modelled atmospheric deposition. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Long-distance dispersal of plants by vehicles as a driver of plant invasions. Roadsides are preferential migration corridors for invasive plant species and can act as starting points for plant invasions into adjacent habitats. Rapid spread and interrupted distribution patterns of introduced plant species indicate long-distance dispersal along roads. The extent to which this process is due to species' migration along linear habitats or alternatively, to seed transport by vehicles has not yet been tested systematically. We tested this by sampling seeds inside long motorway tunnels to exclude nontraffic dispersal. Vehicles transported large amounts of seeds. The annual seed rain caused by vehicles on the roadsides of five different tunnel lanes within three tunnels along a single urban motorway in Berlin, Germany, ranged from 635 to 1579 seeas/m(2)/year Seeds of non-native species accounted for 50.0% of the 204 species and 54.4% of the total 11,818 seeds trapped inside the tunnels. Among the samples were 39 (19.1%) highly invasive species that exhibit detrimental effects on native biodiversity in some parts of the world. By comparing the flora in the tunnel with that adjacent to the tunnel entrances we confirmed long-distance dispersal events (>250 m) for 32.3% of the sampled species. Seed sources in a radius of 100 m around the entrances of the tunnels had no significant effect on species richness and species composition of seed samples from inside the tunnels, indicating a strong effect of long-distance dispersal by vehicles. Consistently, the species composition of the tunnel seeds was more similar to the regional roadside flora of Berlin than to the local flora around the tunnel entrances. Long-distance dispersal occurred significantly more frequently in seeds of non-native (mean share 38.5%) than native species (mean share 4.1%). Our results showed that long-distance dispersal by vehicles was a routine rather than an occasional mechanism. Dispersal of plants by vehicles will thus accelerate plant invasions and induce rapid changes in biodiversity patterns.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "An Overview of Germanic Grisailles through the Stained-Glass Collection at Pena Palace. The lack of studies reporting the characterisation of Germanic grisaille is evident, despite the recent interest of researchers in this glass painting material. This work consists of the first assessment of Germanic grisaille' chemical composition on a wide chronology (14th-19th centuries), that was only possible through the unique stained-glass collection of King Ferdinand II of Portugal. From the considerable amount of panels produced in Germanic territory and assembled by Ferdinand, twenty-two panels were characterised, and some trends of glass support typical composition and grisaille recipes were verified through this case study. A copper-based grisaille appears to have been the preference up to the 18th century. The 19th century shows higher diversity in composition, with new compounds (such as Co, Cr, Mn) appearing as colourising materials. However, with a limited number of analyses, and dispersed throughout time and different geographic locations, the results of this study are unprecedented, by being able to present the first overview on grisaille composition in Germanic stained glasses.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The optimal time to license a biotech 'lemon. Genetically modified (GM) wheat is an example of an irreversible technology that will cause environmental and market externalities. The optimal time to license this irreversible technology is examined using real options theory. Given the likely spread of the GM wheat genetics in the environment, the decision to license and adopt GM wheat will increase future herbicide costs for both adopters and nonadopters. Also, without the ability to segregate GM and non-GM varieties, the market price of wheat is reduced for all producers. This creates a licensing dilemma due to the \\\\'lemon\\\\' characteristics of the new technology.", "label": [5, 49, 51]}
{"token": "RAFAEL ALTAMIRA: TRAINING, PROMOTING AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROFESSION OF JUS-INTERNATIONALIST. There are still many sectors that question how a learned historian and educator, but practically a layman in international law, achieved and maintained for many years a leading institutional role in the international community. This work answers this question by highlighting, through the study of the different stages of Rafael Altamira's long life, his training process and his dedication to teaching in the field of international law, secondly, his promotional activity justified by countless contributions and, lastly, the performance of his functions as an internationalist in the preparation of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and his work as a judge during a long period in the latter body. In this study, the work of the Institute of International Law, of which Rafael Altamira was a member, is also taken into account. From an internationalist perspective, Altamira's thinking clearly focused on an essential concern for the construction of peace through law rather than politics. A concern that extends to essential headings such as the development of instruments for the peaceful settlement of international disputes, legal equality between all sovereign states, compliance with international treaties and respect for fundamental rights and freedoms. The purpose of these pages is to answer these questions, showing an atypical and late process of formation and exceptional qualities that were suitably deployed by an outstanding figure who contributed to the progress of international law, reaching the highest heights to which a jus-internationalist can aspire.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion in ovine polymorphonuclear leucocytes by Ehrlichia (Cytoecetes) phagocytophila. Ehrlichia (Cytoecetes) phagocytphila, the causative agent of tick-borne fever, is an intracellular bacterium that survives and multiplies within granulocytes and monocytes. In the present study, the possible fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes containing E. phagocytophila was investigated in poly morphonuclear (PMN) cells of sheep infected with the agent, acid phosphatase cytochemistry and cationized ferritin being used as markers of primary and secondary lysosomal enzymes. Latex beads or Candida albicans were incubated with infected and uninfected PMN cells and labelled with the same lysosomal markers. Lysosomal enzymes labelled with the markers were commonly found in phagosomes containing latex beads or C. albicans, but there was no evidence of phagosome-lysosome (P-L) fusion in phagosomes containing E. phagocytophila. It was significant that in cells that contained E. phagocytophila, latex beads and C. albicans, P-L fusion occurred only in phagosomes containing latex heads or C. albicans. However, evidence of P-L fusion with phagosomes containing E. phagocytophila was obtained when PMN cells were incubated with oxytetracycline, which is known to inhibit synthesis of bacterial proteins.These findings indicate that E. phagocytophila is capable of inhibiting P-L fusion and that oxytetracycline depresses this capability. (C) 1999 W.B. Saunders Company Limited.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Selfing ability and dispersal are positively related, but not affected by range position: a multispecies study on southern African Asteraceae. Dispersal and breeding system traits are thought to affect colonization success. As species have attained their present distribution ranges through colonization, these traits may vary geographically. Although several theories predict associations between dispersal ability, selfing ability and the relative position of a population within its geographic range, there is little theoretical or empirical consensus on exactly how these three variables are related. We investigated relationships between dispersal ability, selfing ability and range position across 28 populations of 13 annual, wind-dispersed Asteraceae species from the Namaqualand region of South Africa. Controlling for phylogeny, relative dispersal ability - assessed from vertical fall time of fruits - was positively related to an index of autofertility - determined from hand-pollination experiments. These findings support the existence of two discrete syndromes: high selfing ability associated with good dispersal and obligate outcrossing associated with lower dispersal ability. This is consistent with the hypothesis that selection for colonization success drives the evolution of an association between these traits. However, no general effect of range position on dispersal or breeding system traits was evident. This suggests selection on both breeding system and dispersal traits acts consistently across distribution ranges.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
{"token": "'The snake biting its own tail':Karl Barth on the modern promise of politics. Barth scholarship, largely theological in focus, has highlighted his lifelong political engagement, emphasising his early socialist activism, his resolute opposition to the Great War and nationalism, and his authorship of the Barmen declaration. This paper focuses on a series of lectures by Barth, published as Protestant Theology in the 19th Century. Its Pre-history and History (1927-1933/1947), and argues that these lectures reveal his more comprehensive interest and approach to the problem of political modernity than has commonly been allowed for. As such, they illuminate and connect some of the main political concerns and themes in Barth's thought, especially during the interwar period, usually considered in isolation from each other, such as social justice, revolution, nationalism, totalitarianism, internationalism, resistance, liberalism and Christian politics.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Cytokines (IFNs, TNF-alpha, IL-2 and IL-12) and animal models of cancer. Cytokines are a complex family of mediators that influence many aspects of tumour cell biology. Whether they are used as a therapy or produced locally during the process of tumorigenesis, they ave able to act on tumour cells, on the tumour stroma and on the host itself. Animal models have played key roles in optimizing doses and schedules, and have been useful in determining net effects in the tissue microenvironment. Whilst early studies used xenogeneic and syngeneic systems, more recently gene and protein delivery systems have been used to introduce ectopically expressed high and continuous levels of cytokines. This review will discuss the application of some animal model systems that have been investigated to further understand the role cytokines play in cancer, and will concentrate on those cytokines for which there are the most experimental animal model data.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 42]}
{"token": "What should adult children do for their parents?. Adult children's particular obligations to their parents are filial obligations. The gratitude of filial obligations that treats one's filial obligations as duties of gratitude to one's parents is a mainstream view. However, in terms of the requirements of such obligations, the gratitude account fails to provide practical guidance. The general requirement seems that children should benefit their parents as the beneficiary should benefit the benefactor. The question is what kinds of benefits adult children should provide to their parents? In some cases, adult children feel obligated to provide particular benefits to their parents like paying their medical bills or spending time with them. While in some other cases, it seems that they can use their own discretion to decide how to satisfy the filial obligations so long as what they do benefits their parents. In this article, I am trying to argue that although the general requirement of the filial obligations is to benefit the parents, there are two kinds of benefits that adult children are strongly obligated to provide. These are special goods that parents can only get from their children and things that meet their parents' basic needs. In addition, although adult children have filial obligations to benefit their parents, there should be some limitations on the requirements of filial obligation. Namely, adult children do not have a filial obligation to meet their parents' desires that could only be satisfied at the cost of adult children's liberty related to significant aspects of their lives, or to meet their parents' desires that could only be satisfied at the cost of infringing their capacity to fulfil other important duties.", "label": [2, 3, 26, 30]}
{"token": "Role of reactive oxygen species in Kv channel inhibition and vasoconstriction induced by TP receptor activation in rat pulmonary arteries. Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) and thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) have been involved in several forms of human and experimental pulmonary hypertension. We have reported that the TXA(2) analog U46619, via activation of TP receptors and PKC zeta, inhibited Kv currents in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC), increased cytosolic calcium, and induced a contractile response in isolated rat and piglet pulmonary arteries (PA). Herein, we have analyzed the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this signaling pathway. In rat PA, U46619 increased dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, an indicator of intracellular hydrogen peroxide, and this effect was prevented by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin and by polyethyleneglycol-catalase (PEG-catalase, a membrane-permeable form of catalase). U46619 inhibited Kv currents in native PASMC and these effects were strongly inhibited by apocynin. The contractile responses to U46619 in isolated PA were inhibited by PEG-catalase and the NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and apocynin. A membrane permeable of hydrogen peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, also inhibited Kv currents and induced a contractile response. Activation of NADPH oxidase and the subsequent production of hydrogen peroxide are involved in the Kv channel inhibition and the contractile response induced by TP receptor activation in rat PA.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Excitation of nonaxisymmetric perturbations by the axisymmetric explosive magnetorotational instability in Keplerian discs. The excitation of nonaxisymmetric quasi-resonant triads by clustering around a dominant axisymmetric explosively unstable magnetorotational instability (MRI) in Keplerian discs is investigated. Clustering, namely, the mutual interactions of a large number of quasi-resonant triads that are connected by a single dominant explosively unstable axisymmetric triad, is invoked in order to provide a viable mechanism for the stabilization of the explosive nature of the latter. The results, however, are of wider scope as the proposed clustering scenario also provides a strong mechanism for the excitation of high-amplitude nonaxisymmetric perturbations. The latter play a major role in the nonlinear evolution of the MRI on the route to fully developed turbulence. Published by AIP Publishing.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Integrated pest management of Tuta absoluta: practical implementations across different world regions. The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), has invaded most Afro-Eurasian countries and is threatening worldwide tomato production. Various strategies have been developed and implemented to manage this pest. Here, we present a timely review on the up-to-date development and practical implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) programs for tomato crops across different world regions infested by T. absoluta. While insecticide resistance is a growing concern, biological control via releasing or conserving arthropod natural enemies and sex pheromone-based biotechnical control are the most successful management practices. Agronomic control-related research is an emerging area where the soil fertilization and/or irrigation, as well as breeding of resistant cultivars, has the potential to enhance IPM effectiveness. Grower survey responses in the native areas (i.e., South America), early-invaded areas (i.e., first report between 2006 and 2012) and newly invaded areas (i.e., first report after 2012) showed that the control programs evolved along with the areas and time since invasion. Growers in the early-invaded areas shifted more rapidly from chemical control to biological control compared to those from the native area. In all concerned regions, the pest control failure risk following chemical insecticide applications and the high cost associated with either biological or biotechnical control methods have been the greatest concerns for growers. The information gathered from the native and/or early-invaded areas may help achieve a more effective management in newly invaded areas. Lastly, researchers are expected to break the bottlenecks of some key issues that would enable lowering application cost of novel biorational alternative management options.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic surface from micro/nanostructure metal alkanethiolate based films. A series of superhydrophobic surfaces with micro/nanostructure have been successfully achieved by a simple process via the reaction between metal (such as Cd and Zn) salts and alkanethiolates.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Recognition memory is impaired in children after prolonged febrile seizures. Children with a history of a prolonged febrile seizure show signs of acute hippocampal injury on magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, animal studies have shown that adult rats who suffered febrile seizures during development reveal memory impairments. Together, these lines of evidence suggest that memory impairments related to hippocampal injury may be evident in human children after prolonged febrile seizures. The current study addressed this question by investigating memory abilities in 26 children soon after a prolonged febrile seizure (median: 37.5 days) and compared their results to those of 37 normally developing children. Fifteen patients were reassessed at a mean of 12.5 months after their first assessment to determine the transiency of any observed effects. We used the visual paired comparison task to test memory abilities in our group, as this task does not depend on verbal abilities and also because successful performance on the task has been proven to depend on the presence of functional hippocampi. Our findings show that patients perform as well as controls in the absence of a delay between the learning phase and the memory test, suggesting that both groups are able to form representations of the presented stimulus. However, after a 5-min delay, patients' recognition memory is not different from chance, and comparison of patients and controls points to an accelerated forgetting rate in the prolonged febrile seizure group. The patients' performance was not related to the time elapsed from the acute event or the duration of the prolonged febrile seizure, suggesting that the observed effect is not a by-product of the seizure itself or a delayed effect of medication administered to terminate the seizure. By contrast, performance was related to hippocampal size; participants with the smallest mean hippocampal volumes revealed the biggest drop in performance from the immediate to the delayed paradigm. At follow-up, children were still showing deficiencies in recognizing a face after a 5-min delay. Similarly, this suggests that the observed memory impairments are not a transient effect of the prolonged febrile seizures. This is the first report of such impairments in humans, and it is clinically significant given the links between mesial temporal sclerosis and prolonged febrile seizures. The persistence of these impairments a year onwards signals the potential benefits of intervention in these children who run the risk of developing episodic memory deficits in later childhood.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "A multicenter study of the effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids on carprofen dosage in dogs with osteoarthritis. Design-Randomized, controlled, multisite clinical trial.Results-Linear regression analysis indicated that over the 12-week study period, carprofen dosage decreased significantly faster among dogs fed the supplemented diet than among dogs fed the control diet. The distribution of changes in carprofen dosage for dogs in the control group was significantly different from the distribution of changes in carprofen dosage for dogs in the test group.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis receiving carprofen because of signs of pain, feeding a diet supplemented with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids may allow for a reduction in carprofen dosage. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010;236:535-539)Objective-To determine the effects of feeding a diet supplemented with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids on carprofen dosage in dogs with osteoarthritis.Procedures-In all dogs, the dosage of carprofen was standardized over a 3-week period to approximately 4.4 mg/kg/d (2 mg/lb/d), PO. Dogs were then randomly assigned to receive a food supplemented with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids or a control food with low omega-3 fatty acid content, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks later, investigators made decisions regarding increasing or decreasing the carprofen dosage on the basis of investigator assessments of 5 clinical signs and owner assessments of 15 signs.Animals-131 client-owned dogs with stable chronic osteoarthritis examined at 33 privately owned veterinary hospitals in the United States.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "AN ANALYSIS OF 25 YEARS OF RESEARCH IN THE JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL-BUSINESS STUDIES. The article analyzes the twenty-five years of research published in the Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS) since its inception in 1970.  The article reviews the authors, their institutional affiliations, and the discipline content of the published articles.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Antileukotriene Agents Versus Long-Acting Beta-Agonists in Older Adults with Persistent Asthma: A Comparison of Add-On Therapies. MeasurementsThe augmented inverse propensity-weighted estimator was used to compare the effect of LABA add-on therapy with that of LTRA add-on therapy on asthma exacerbations requiring inpatient, emergency, or outpatient care and on cardiovascular (CV) events, adjusting for demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and county-level healthcare-access variables.ConclusionThis study provides new evidence specific to older adults to help healthcare providers weigh the risks and benefits of these add-on treatments. Further subgroup analysis is needed to personalize asthma treatments in this high-risk population.DesignRetrospective cohort study.ParticipantsMedicare beneficiaries aged 66 and older continuously enrolled in FFS Medicare with Part D coverage with a diagnosis of asthma before 2009 treated exclusively with ICSs plus LABAs or ICSs plus LTRAs (N = 14,702).SettingMedicare fee-for-service (FFS) claims (2009-10) for a 10% random sample of beneficiaries continuously enrolled in Parts A, B, and D in 2009.ObjectivesTo compare the effectiveness and cardiovascular safety of long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) with those of leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) as add-on treatments in older adults with asthma already taking inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs).ResultsThe primary analysis showed that LTRA add-on treatment was associated with greater odds of asthma-related hospitalizations or emergency department visits (odds ratio (OR) = 1.4, P < .001), as well as outpatient exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids or antibiotics (OR = 1.41, P < .001) than LABA treatment. LTRA add-on therapy was also less effective in controlling acute symptoms, as indicated by greater use of short-acting beta agonists (rate ratio = 1.58, P < .001). LTRA add-on treatment was associated with lower odds of experiencing a CV event than LABA treatment (OR = 0.86, P = .006).", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
{"token": "Mining zebrafish microbiota reveals key community-level resistance against fish pathogen infection. The long-known resistance to pathogens provided by host-associated microbiota fostered the notion that adding protective bacteria could prevent or attenuate infection. However, the identification of endogenous or exogenous bacteria conferring such protection is often hindered by the complexity of host microbial communities. Here, we used zebrafish and the fish pathogenFlavobacterium columnareas a model system to study the determinants of microbiota-associated colonization resistance. We compared infection susceptibility in germ-free, conventional and reconventionalized larvae and showed that a consortium of 10 culturable bacterial species are sufficient to protect zebrafish. Whereas survival toF. columnareinfection does not rely on host innate immunity, we used antibiotic dysbiosis to alter zebrafish microbiota composition, leading to the identification of two different protection strategies. We first identified that the bacteriumChryseobacterium massiliaeindividually protects both larvae and adult zebrafish. We also showed that an assembly of 9 endogenous zebrafish species that do not otherwise protect individually confer a community-level resistance to infection. Our study therefore provides a rational approach to identify key endogenous protecting bacteria and promising candidates to engineer resilient microbial communities. It also shows how direct experimental analysis of colonization resistance in low-complexity in vivo models can reveal unsuspected ecological strategies at play in microbiota-based protection against pathogens.", "label": [4, 37, 43]}
{"token": "Reconstructing real object appearance with virtual materials using mobile augmented reality. In augmented reality (AR) applications, detecting and tracking real-world objects remains a challenge. Another challenge is making the loaded virtual objects truly reflect the lighting and shadow conditions of the actual environment in which they are located. In this paper, we proposed an improved method for real-time light estimation of environmental lighting in AR applications, tracking the movement of physical objects, and making the corresponding virtual objects reflect the lighting and shadows of the actual environment. First, we proposed an effective method for estimating light in an AR scene by training a deep neural network once on different scenes from the input of RGB-D images to determine the direction of the brightest light. Second, we experimented with advanced methods of detecting and tracking different types of real objects (flat surfaces, simple geometries, and complex geometries) for visualizing virtual materials on the top of these surfaces, where virtual materials will acquire the conditions of the real place in terms of lighting, reflection, and shadows depending on our proposed method for light estimation. Our method of light estimation was tested via experiments on the three types of real objects mentioned above. Results indicate that our method achieves higher resolution and lower error rate compared with other work. Our methods have achieved very good results in terms of detection accuracy, tracking accuracy, realistic visualization of materials, matching real shade, and lighting conditions. (c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Ceramic membranes and their application in food ard beverage processing. Dip1.-Ing. P. Bolduan, atech innovations gmbh, Germany and Dip1. Ing. Michael Latz, Unipektin AG, Switzerland discuss the benefits of ceramic membranes in food and beverage processing.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "The Equality Act (2010)-pre- and post-pandemic historic development on equality and discrimination issues for employers: review of literature. Purpose This paper is aimed to fulfil two purposes. First, this paper aims to review the literature and examine step by step evolution of the Equality Act 2010. Second, this paper will reflect on the guidelines issued for employers by the Equality and Human Rights Commission to address how to manage the risks arising during the current crisis and as organisations continue with planning for eventual return to the workplace and for those who are currently working remotely. Design/methodology/approach This paper has incorporated an integrative literature review reviews approach that aimed to synthesises secondary data about the literature to serve the aims of the paper in an integrated way. Findings The introduction of the Equality Act (2010) has made it much more difficult to discriminate against individuals as its coverage is much wider in comparison to any previous legislation. At that point, there were still many exceptions, which permitted discrimination and unequal treatment towards others. Over time, however, the law has become much more strict and developed to counter any discrimination in its attempt to try and eliminate it. Originality/value This paper has reflected on both pre- and post-covid developments of The Equality Act (2010) - and discrimination issues for employers.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "MAVS of triploid hybrid of red crucian carp and allotetraploid possesses the improved antiviral activity compared with the counterparts of its parents. Triploid hybrid (3n = 150) of red crucian carp (female, 2n = 100) and allotetraploid (male, 4n = 200) presents the obviously stronger disease resistance than its parents. To elucidate the innate immunity of triploid hybrid, the MAVS homologues of triploid hybrid (3nMAVS), red crucian carp (2nMAVS) and allotetraploid (4nMAVS) have been identified and characterized separately in this study. 2nMAVS and 4nMAVS were evolutionarily conserved; however, 3nMAVS showed lower amino acid similarity and differently predicted structure to 2nMAVS or 4nMAVS. 3nMAVS transcription increase rate in host cells were obviously higher than 2nMAVS or 4nMAVS in response to different stimuli, which included spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), grass carp reovirus (GCRV) and poly (I:C). The reporter assay in EPC cells showed that 3nMAVS owned much stronger ability to induce the production of DrIFN phi 1 and eIFN than either 2nMAVS or 4nMAVS. Accordingly, EPC cells transfected with 3nMAVS presented obviously stronger antiviral activity against both GCRV and SVCV than the cells expressing 2nMAVS or 4nMAVS. All the data support the conclusion that 3nMAVS-mediated antiviral signaling during innate immune activation was stronger than those of 2nMAVS and 4nMAVS, which provided us the new insight on the innate immune system of triploid hybrid.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 6, 18, 45, 10]}
{"token": "Corn and Mexican Agriculture: What Went Wrong?. The debt crisis of the 1980s caused the development strategy pursued by the Mexican government to be subject to a radical adjustment process that triggered deep repercussions for the agricultural sector and its farmers, particularly in the corn sector. In combination with the aggressive agricultural policies sustained by the U. S. government, the new approach meant that Mexican agriculture operated within an economic environment characterized by significant asymmetries and distortions, some internal and some imposed by major trading partners. This article summarizes and documents the most salient results of these policy events as well as their implications for the corn sector, and discusses some of the challenges to repair the agricultural sector in Mexico.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
{"token": "Pediatric Massive Transfusion: A Systematic Review. Discussion As well as blood component therapy, adjunctive therapies used in the management of bleeding children are discussed. These include tranexamic acid, viscoelastic hemostatic assays, factor VIIa, and fibrinogen use.Conclusions There is little evidence for improved outcomes using component-based transfusion in a rigid 1:1:1 strategy in children. A goal-directed approach using viscoelastic hemostatic assay-guided treatment with early institution of tranexamic acid and fibrinogen replacement is considered the way forward.Results There were 4 main trials. Two trials were small (approximately 100 patients) nonrandomized trials into pediatric hemorrhage managed as per a massive transfusion protocol or at physician discretion. One was a retrospective analysis of pediatric trauma patients who received red blood cell transfusion with differing platelet ratios, and one was a trauma database review of component ratios in hemorrhaging children. All 4 trials found increased ratios had no effect on mortality.Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature into transfusion protocols in traumatic hemorrhage in children by conducting an article search of significant databases to identify relevant articles. Studies of interest included interventional trials with comparisons relating to the transfusion of blood including blood component therapy. The search identified 422 articles of interest, the abstracts of which were independently reviewed by 2 authors for inclusion in the trial. This revealed 35 articles, the full texts of which were reviewed. There were no randomized controlled trials and 4 nonrandomized trials with a further 21 articles that were deemed relevant. The data were insufficient for meta-analysis, and so a descriptive analysis was performed.Introduction Balanced resuscitation of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells is now recognized as improving outcomes in traumatic bleeding in adults. The correct approach in children has yet to be determined.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Drying and recovery of aerobic granules. To dehydrate aerobic granules to bone-dry form was proposed as a promising option for long-term storage of aerobic granules. This study cultivated aerobic granules with high proteins/polysaccharide ratio and then dried these granules using seven protocols: drying at 37 degrees C, 60 degrees C, 4 degrees C, under sunlight, in dark, in a flowing air stream or in concentrated acetone solutions. All dried granules experienced volume shrinkage of over 80% without major structural breakdown. After three recovery batches, although with loss of part of the volatile suspended solids, all dried granules were restored most of their original size and organic matter degradation capabilities. The strains that can survive over the drying and storage periods were also identified. Once the granules were dried, they can be stored over long period of time, with minimal impact yielded by the applied drying protocols. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 6, 19, 15]}
{"token": "Hydrophobicity and water activity relationships of water-miscible aprotic solvents on kyotorphin synthesis catalyzed by alpha-chymotrypsin. alpha-Chymotrypsin was used to synthesize a kyotorphin derivative in water-miscible organic media. Increase in solvent mole fraction deactivated the enzyme exponentially. Maximum synthetic activity was with a water activity in the medium of higher than 0.8 for all assayed solvents. The increase in solvent hydrophobicity (log Pi) (being Aw higher than 0.8) enhanced 2-times both the selectivity of the synthetic reaction, and the fluorescence intensity and emission wavelength of the enzyme, without dependence on the nature of solvent.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Stochastic Constitutive Model of Isotropic Thin Fiber Networks Based on Stochastic Volume Elements. Thin fiber networks are widely represented in nature and can be found in man-made materials such as paper and packaging. The strength of such materials is an intricate subject due to inherited randomness and size-dependencies. Direct fiber-level numerical simulations can provide insights into the role of the constitutive components of such networks, their morphology, and arrangements on the strength of the products made of them. However, direct mechanical simulation of randomly generated large and thin fiber networks is characterized by overwhelming computational costs. Herein, a stochastic constitutive model for predicting the random mechanical response of isotropic thin fiber networks of arbitrary size is presented. The model is based on stochastic volume elements (SVEs) with SVE size-specific deterministic and stochastic constitutive law parameters. The randomness in the network is described by the spatial fields of the uniaxial strain and strength to failure, formulated using multivariate kernel functions and approximate univariate probability density functions. The proposed stochastic continuum approach shows good agreement when compared to direct numerical simulation with respect to mechanical response. Furthermore, strain localization patterns matched the one observed in direct simulations, which suggests an accurate prediction of the failure location. This work demonstrates that the proposed stochastic constitutive model can be used to predict the response of random isotropic fiber networks of arbitrary size.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Association of sexual maturation with excess body weight and height in children and adolescents. Results: Compared to the reference group (normal sexual maturation), early maturing females had higher prevalence of excess weight (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.33) and increased height-for-age (adjusted beta: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.59), while late maturing females had lower prevalence of excess weight (adjusted prevalence ratio: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.87) and decreased height-for-age (adjusted beta: -0.38; 95% CI: -0.56 to -0.20). In males, early and late sexual maturation were associated with increased (adjusted beta: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.59) and decreased (adjusted beta: -0.38; 95% CI: -0.56 to -0.20) height-for-age, respectively.Background: Studies addressing the influence of early sexual maturation on the excess of body weight and height of children and adolescents are scarce. The aim of the study was to analyze the association of sexual maturation with excess body weight and height in children and adolescents.Conclusion: Early sexual maturation is associated with excess body weight in females and with greater height-for-age in both sexes.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study performed in Florianopolis city, Brazil, in 2007, with 2339 school children, aged 8-14 years (1107 males). Selection was based on a probabilistic, cluster-stratified sampling technique. School children were classified according to the presence of excess body weight, using sex-and age-specific body mass index (BMI) cutoff points. Z-scores were calculated from height and BMI data. Sexual maturation was self-assessed according to Tanner stages of development. Subjects were ranked based on tertiles of sexual maturation (early, normal and late) for each stage of development. Poisson and linear regression models were used.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Oribatids from Madagascar IV (Acari: Oribatida). Oribatids from Madagascar IV (Acari: Oribatida). - Oribatida material collected in Madagascar by a scientist of the Museum d'histoire naturelle, Geneve was studied. Twenty species are listed, six of them are new to science: Mesoplophora (P.) madegassica, Masthermannia hauseri, Caveremulus foliaceus, C. salicinus, Ambrobates translamellatus and Vilhenabates ambohitra. The new genus Ambrobates gen. n. is established in the family Scheloribatidae. Taxonomical notes on rare or little known species and a key for identification of Caveremulus species are given.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Age and growth of the Amazonian migratory catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii in the Madeira River basin before the construction of dams. The goliath catfish Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii has crucial economical and ecological functions in the Amazon basin. Although its life history characteristics have been studied in the Amazon, there is little information in the Madeira River basin, which holds genetically distinct populations and where dams were recently built. Using fish collected in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru, this study provides a validation of growth rings deposition and details the growth patterns of B. rousseauxii in the Madeira before the dams' construction. Age structure and growth parameters were determined from 497 otolith readings. The species exhibits two growth rings per year and sampled fish were between 0 and 16 years old. In the Brazilian portion of the basin, mainly young individuals below 5 years old were found, whereas older fish (> 5 years) were caught only in the Bolivian and Peruvian stretches, indicating that after migrating upstream to reproduce, adults remain in the headwaters of the Madeira River. Comparing with previous publications, B. rousseauxii had a slower growth and 20 cm lower maximum standard length in the Madeira River than in the Amazon River. This study provides a baseline for future evaluation of changes in population dynamics of the species following dams closure.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "What Makes Party Systems Different? A Principal Component Analysis of 17 Advanced Democracies 1970-2013. Party systems, that is, the number and the size of all the parties within a country, can vary greatly across countries. I conduct a principal component analysis on a party seat share dataset of 17 advanced democracies from 1970 to 2013 to reduce the dimensionality of the data. I find that the most important dimensions that differentiate party systems are: \\\\'the size of the biggest two parties\\\\' and the level of \\\\'competition between the two biggest parties.\\\\' I use the results to compare the changes in electoral and legislative party systems. I also juxtapose the results to previous party system typologies and party system size measures. I find that typologies sort countries into categories based on variation along both dimensions. On the other hand, most of the current political science literature use measures (e.g., the effective number of parties) that are correlated with the first dimension. I suggest that instead of these, indices that measure the opposition structure and competition could be used to explore problems pertaining to the competitiveness of the party systems.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Sustainable design synthesis for product environmental footprints. Product design has a profound impact on product environmental footprints in its life cycle. This paper is devoted to a systematic functional state space-based methodology for sustainable design synthesis under the product environmental footprints consideration. After the functional representation model is proposed, the product environmental footprints and the procedure of product environmental footprints assessment are introduced. Functional state space for sustainable design synthesis integrated with product environmental footprints is then set up. Design prototype-based knowledge representation of solutions is also discussed. The sustainable design synthesis approach based on functional state space is then put forward in detail. The sustainable design synthesis of devices for decreasing resistance of an offshore platform is used to demonstrate the proposed methodology. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Extinction and Permanence Analysis of Stochastic Predator-Prey Model With Disease, Ratio-Dependent Type Functional Response and Nonlinear Incidence Rate. This paper is aimed to investigate a stochastic predator-prey model with disease in both species, which is also considered with ratio-dependent type functional response and nonlinear incidence rate. First, the existence and uniqueness of positive solution is discussed. Then, some sufficient conditions are established to ensure the solution is stochastically ultimate boundedness and permanent. Also, the extinction of susceptible prey, infected prey, susceptible predator and infected predator are analyzed, respectively. Furthermore, the boundedness of moments and upper-growth rate estimation are investigated. Finally, numerical simulations are given to illustrate our main results.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Anaerobic microbial mobilization and biotransformation of arsenate adsorbed onto activated alumina. Due to the enactment of a stricter drinking water standard for arsenic in the United States, larger quantities of arsenic will be treated resulting in larger volumes of treatment residuals. The current United States Environmental Protection Agency recommendation is to dispose spent adsorbent residuals from arsenic treatment into non-hazardous municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. The potential of microorganisms to alter the speciation affecting the mobility of arsenic in the disposal environment is therefore a concern. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the potential of an anaerobic microbial consortium to biologically mobilize arsenate (As(V)) adsorbed onto activated alumina (AA), a common adsorbent used for treating arsenic in drinking water. Three anaerobic columns (0.271) packed with 100 g dry weight of AA containing 0.657 mg adsorbed As(V) (expressed as arsenic) per gram dry weight were continuously flushed with synthetic landfill leachate for 257 days. The fully biologically active column was inoculated with methanogenic anaerobic sludge (log volatile suspended solids 1(-1) column) and was operated with a mixture of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the feed (2.5 g chemical oxygen demand 1(-1) feed). At the end of the experiment, 37% of the arsenic was removed from the column, of which 48% was accounted for by arsenical species identified in the column effluent. The most important form of arsenic eluted was arsenite (As(III)), accounting for nearly all of the identified arsenic in periods of high mobilization. Additionally, two methylated metabolites, methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid were observed. Mobilization of arsenic is attributed to the biological reduction of As(V) to As(III) since literature data indicates that As(III) is more weakly adsorbed to AA compared to As(V). Batch and continuous assays confirmed that VFA, present in landfill leachates, served as an electron donating substrate supporting enhanced rates of As(V) reduction to As(III). Two control columns, lacking inoculum and/or VFA in the feed displayed low mobilization of arsenic compared to the fully biologically active column. Therefore, leachates generated in MSW landfills could potentially result in the biologically catalyzed mobilization of arsenic from As(V)-laden drinking water residuals. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Reading Levinasian Notions of Alterity and the Ethics of Place in Ford Madox Ford's Parade's End. Questions about ethics continue to exert a profound influence upon the direction of contemporary literary criticism. In addition to tracing the evolution of ethical criticism as an interpretive form, this essay explores the ways in which the critical paradigm's twenty-first-century manifestations continue to address literature's ethical motivations and import. As a form of case-study, this essay examines Ford Madox Ford's Parade's End both in terms of the ethical framework in which the novel's characters coexist as well as the moral crises following the Great War and the conflict's substantial influence upon the abidingly complex interrelationship between French and British culture and society. Through this lens, we can understand the manner in which Ford's tetralogy encounters a number of revealing aspects of Emmanuel Levinas's philosophies of the self, alterity, and otherness. Drawing upon Levinas's critical matrix of alterity, a reading of Ford's ethical imperatives in Parade's End demonstrates the author's considerable humanistic agenda for \\\\'altering\\\\' our perspectives of war and atrocity via his well-honed and influential Impressionistic techniques.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "The role of integrins in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease: Approved and investigational anti-integrin therapies. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by uncontrolled inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. The underlying pathobiology of IBD includes an increase in infiltrating gut-homing lymphocytes. Although lymphocyte homing is typically a tightly regulated and stepwise process involving multiple integrins and adhesion molecules expressed on endothelial cells, the distinct roles of integrin-expressing immune cells is not fully understood in the pathology of IBD. In this review, we detail the involvement of integrins expressed on specific lymphocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of IBD and discuss the current status of approved and investigational integrin-targeted therapies.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Two meromorphic functions on annuli sharing some pairs of values. In this article, we prove that two admissible meromorphic functions f and g on an annulus must be linked by a Mbbius transformation if they share a pair of values ignoring rnultiplicitiei 'and Share other four pairs of valuei with multiplicities truncated by 2. We also show that two admissible meromorphic functions which share q (q >= 6) pairs of values ignoring multiplicities are linked by a MObius transformation: Moreover, in our results, the zeros with multiplicities more than a certain number are not needed to be counted in the sharing pairs of values condition of meromorphic functions. (C) 2017 Royal Dutch.Mathematical Society (KWG). Published by Elsevjer B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Surface electrical degradation due to ion bombardment of ITER insulators. Insulators will be used in ITER diagnostic systems where they will play an important role for optical components, as well as in neutral beam injector system. In addition to neutron and gamma radiation, these materials will be subjected to bombardment by low energy ions and neutral particles. Previous works carried out in silica have shown a dramatic surface electrical and optical degradation with a marked temperature dependence when the material is subjected to proton or alpha particle bombardment, due to loss of oxygen from the surface caused by preferential sputtering by energetic ions. Therefore, it was necessary to extend the study to the main candidate ceramic insulators for ITER (alumina, BeO and AlN), in order to evaluate possible issues for both diagnostic and heating and current driven systems. A clear optical and electrical degradation have been found in all the materials studied after implantation, in general this appears to be an issue common to all the insulator materials studied. This degradation is related with oxygen loss from the implanted zone for alumina and BeO, as observed previously for silica, and nitrogen loss for AlN. For silica implanted at higher energies data show surface degradation in all cases again due to loss of oxygen with a markedly different behaviour for each implanted ion. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Shift from short-term competition to facilitation with drought stress is due to a decrease in long-term facilitation. Disentangling short- and long-term neighbour effects, using both removal and observational methods within a single experiment, has strongly improved our understanding of the driving mechanisms of plant-plant interactions. However, there has been no attempt to assess two important underlying processes of their changes along gradients, either environmental-severity (changes in target performance without neighbours) or neighbour-traits (changes in performance with neighbours) effects, the former previously shown in alpine communities to be involved in competition and the latter in facilitation. We addressed this goal in an experiment conducted in continental saline depressions (sebkhas) from the Mediterranean arid climate of central Tunisia. We quantified short- and long-term effects of dominant shrubs, transplanting three target grass species in open, nurse and removed-nurse microhabitats of two habitats of different salinity levels in height sebkhas. The design extended greographically from central Tunisia to the Libyan border, 500 km southeastward. We used the relative interaction index to calculate short- and long-term effects before and after the dry summer seasons and environmental-severity and neighbour-trait effects. Short-term effects were slightly negative and long-term effects strongly positive before the dry summer season in the two habitats. Short-term effects switched to positive with increasing drought stress, due to an environmental-severity effect, whereas long-term effects decreased due to a neighbour-trait effect. Salinity did not affect neither short- nor long-term shrub effects. Soil moisture measurements showed that both changes were due to vanishing shrub soil engineering-effects during the summer drought. We conclude that an increase in short-term facilitation with increasing drought stress through time, apparently supporting the stress gradient hypothesis, might be due to a decrease in long-term facilitation. Thus, we recommend using, as much as possible, both the removal and observational methods in experiments assessing changes in plant-plant interactions along stress gradients to avoid wrong conclusions.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Inhibition of dermatophytes by the antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensin-2, ribonuclease 7 and psoriasin. Previous studies have described some antibacterial effects of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) expressed in human skin, but little is known about their possible activity against dermatophytes. Therefore we have tested the effects of human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2), ribonuclease 7 (RNase 7) and psoriasin on the in vitro growth of four dermatophyte species. Germinating conidia of Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Epidermophyton floccosum were exposed in vitro to hBD-2, RNase 7, psoriasin and fluconazole. Subsequent fungal growth was measured photometrically over 168 hours. All AMPs significantly inhibited fungal growth, with the degree of inhibition dependent on the dermatophyte species and the specific AMP. E. floccosum was found to be the most susceptible species in that it was markedly suppressed by all AMPs, whereas M. canis was inhibited only by psoriasin. Overall, psoriasin was the most effective AMP and had even stronger inhibitory effects on some dermatophytes than fluconazole. Our findings show that AMPs expressed in human skin can, in principal, inhibit the growth of dermatophytes in vitro. Therefore the question whether AMPs are relevant for human protection against tineas is justified and should be addressed by investigating their role in vivo", "label": [0, 2, 4, 25, 42, 10]}
{"token": "Disagreeing in private or dissenting in public: an empirical exploration of possible motivations. There are different theories to explain judicial dissent in collegial courts or committees. In the Spanish Council of State (Consejo de Estado), councilors can disagree with the majority opinion without filing an individual separate opinion. Drawing on a newly assembled dataset of all nonunanimous decisions for the period 2002-2018, we explore possible determinants to explain the individual decision to file a separate opinion when there is already explicit disagreement. We find that professional background and demographics seem to be the most powerful explanatory variables rather than characteristics of the case.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 29]}
{"token": "Integrated geophysical methods for the characterisation of an archaeological site (Massenzio Basilica - Roman forum, Rome, Italy). ERT inversion algorithms were used to delineate shape and size of a much more complex structure, that were originally expected from archaeological excavation plan. The results of the commercial program were used as a posteriori information to include them in the algorithm proposed by the authors; the sequential use of the programs defined a processing procedure.A geophysical study that involved different techniques was carried out with the aim to improve the knowledge of the archaeological site where the Basilica of Maxentius was founded and to discern individual covered structures (foundations).Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), seismic refraction and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) studies were performed in the archaeological site. VES and seismic refraction allowed to characterise the main geological formations of the hill where the Basilica was built and to distinguish the concrete floor and backfilling. Electrical data were processed using different algorithms: their results were compared to appraise the inverted models' robustness.The integrated use of different geophysical techniques reduced a great deal the intrinsic ambiguities of each method. Direct explorations (boreholes and archaeological excavations) confirmed the geophysical results. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 38, 13]}
{"token": "Prevention of intellectual disability through screening for congenital hypothyroidism: how much and at what level?. Main outcome measures Intelligence quotient (IQ) (mean and distribution).Results The prevalence of recognised CHT rose from one in 6500 prior to screening to approximately one in 3000 with screening. In four population-based studies in high-income countries, among children with clinically diagnosed CHT 8-28% were classified as having intellectual disability (defined as an IQ < 70) and the mean IQ was 85 (a leftward shift of 1 SD). Among children with subclinical CHT, the risk of overt intellectual disability was lower (zero in one study), but decreased intellectual potential and increased behavioural abnormalities were documented.Design Review of published studies conducted among children born prior to the introduction of newborn screening for CHT and reporting cognitive test scores.Conclusions Although the prevalence of overt disability among children with CHT in the absence of screening may be less than previously estimated, the preventable burden of intellectual disability due to CHT is substantial and justifies newborn screening. However, changes in existing newborn screening protocols to capture more cases are unlikely to prevent overt cases of disability and should therefore be justified instead by the documentation of other benefits of early detection.Patients Children with clinically diagnosed CHT.Objective Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) is a common cause of preventable mental retardation, and the quantification of intellectual disability due to CHT is needed to assess the public health benefit of newborn screening.Interventions Thyroid hormone substitution.Setting Population-based studies.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Analyzing Mother-Daughter Relationships across Three Generations of Jewish Women in Liora by Fariba Sidiqim. This article sheds light on the group consciousness and relational gender identity of the female, Jewish, Iranian-American protagonist of Fariba Sidiqim's novel, Liora. I build my argument on the work of feminist psychoanalysts, who postulate that-while the process of boys' individuation entails a fixing of boundaries between the self and the others-girls retain their primary tie and fusion with their mothers. Characterized by what Adrienne Rich and Lynn Sukenick call \\\\'matrophobia,\\\\' i.e., the fear of becoming like one's mother, Liora's relationship with her mother is extremely complicated. From an early age-beginning with the death of her grandmother-Liora feels the need to mother her mother. Notwithstanding her strong fear of becoming like her, she becomes her replica, with the same obsessions, preoccupations, and attitudes toward life. Although at the beginning of the novel, she sets out to tell her own life story, her narrative soon becomes intertwined with the stories of not only her mother, but also other women from the Jewish community within which she grew up. Liora is liberated only at the end of the novel when she realizes that, instead of blaming her mother, she should reject the patriarchal structures of domination that maintain women's oppression.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 52]}
{"token": "LIBERALS AND PSEUDOLIBERALS: PSYCHOLOGICAL PORTRAITS. Unpopularity of liberalism in modern Russia is stated. According to the author's opinion, the reason for that is not a true liberalism but its pseudoliberal \\\\'mutation\\\\'. The main differences between liberals and pseudoliberals are examined. These differences are in understanding of freedom, attitude to patriotism and morality, fundamental ideologemas, style of thinking, life style, relation between principles and interests, etc. The main goals for restoration of positive attitude to liberalism in our country are stated as well as prognosis that confrontation between true liberalism and pseudoliberalism could become the main arena for ideological struggle in the near future is given.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Retrospective evaluation of xylitol ingestion in dogs: 192 cases (2007-2012). Measurements and Main Results The median ingested xylitol dose was 0.32 g/kg (range 0.03-3.64 g/kg). Clinical signs were present in 39 (20%) dogs on presentation to the veterinary teaching hospitals. The most common clinical sign was vomiting (n = 25), followed by lethargy (12). The median duration of clinical signs prior to presentation was 93 minutes (range 0-5,040 minutes). Dogs that developed clinical signs ingested a significantly higher dose of xylitol than those that were asymptomatic. Thirty dogs became hypoglycemic (BG 3.3 mmol/L [60 mg/dL]) at some time point during their hospitalization. When evaluating all dogs, there was a significant difference between the initial and lowest BGs. Thirty dogs had increased alanine aminotransferase activity or total serum bilirubin concentration. Dogs with increases in alanine aminotransferase activity or total serum bilirubin concentration had a significantly lower nadir BG. All dogs survived to discharge and 158 were known to be alive at 28 days. The rest were lost to follow up.Conclusions The prognosis for dogs evaluated by a veterinarian that ingest lower doses of xylitol and do not develop liver failure is excellent. Dogs ingesting xylitol should be hospitalized and monitored for variations in BG, because BG drops in most dogs following presentation. Additional studies are needed in dogs ingesting higher doses of xylitol before correlations between dose and the development of clinical signs or liver failure can be established. Treatment and prognosis for these dogs warrants further investigation.Animals One hundred ninety-two client-owned dogs with known or suspected xylitol ingestion.Interventions None.Objective To summarize the signalment, clinical signs, prevalence of decreased blood glucose concentration (BG), prevalence of increased liver values, treatment, and outcome in dogs known to have ingested xylitol.Design Retrospective study from December 2007 to February 2012Setting Three university teaching hospitals.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Joint venture instability and monitoring. Findings - It was found that monitoring problems may prevent the joint venture from forming at all. Moreover, joint venture formation usually involves over-monitoring, and ex post could involve cheating by one, or both the firms. Faced with the possibility of over-monitoring, firms may choose to under-invest in improving the input quality. The paper develops some testable implications of this theory.Design/methodology/approach - This problem is formulated as a dynamic game and solved using the notion of subgame perfect Nash equilibrium.Originality/value - The contribution of this paper is both methodological, as well as in terms of generation of new insight. It provides a framework that allows one to analyze issues like both sided moral hazard, as well as monitoring in joint ventures. New insights are that monitoring issues can take several forms including over- and under-monitoring by partner firms, and, there is a linkage between such monitoring problems and joint venture instability.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to build a theory of joint venture formation and instability based on synergy and monitoring.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Metal Concentrations in Different Tissues of Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) in Iskenderun Bay, Northeastern Mediterranean. Metal levels (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in the gill, hepatopancreas, ovary, testis and mantle of male and female cuttlefish Sepia officinalis in Iskenderun Bay were investigated. All elements differ in accumulation in tissues and sex significantly (p<0.05). Concentrations of Cd in the tissues of male and female cuttlefish samples ranged between 0.12-34.7 mg/kg. Cr levels in tissues of males and females ranged between 0.59-1.26 mg/kg. Cu concentrations in all tissues were found and ranged between 8.83 and 1296 mg/kg. Fe concentrations in the mantle of female and male samples were found 0.35 and 0.36 mg/kg, respectively. Pb concentrations in the mantles of female and male samples were found between 1.74-1.79 mg/kg. The highest Zn concentrations in hepatopancreas of male and female samples were found 181 mg/kg and 272 mg/kg respectively (P<0.05). In the mantle tissue of S. officinalis, metal levels independent of sex were in the following order: Cu>Zn>Cd>Pb>Cr>Mn>Fe. In accordance with limit values, the present study found out that the mantle tissue of cuttlefish, S. officinalis, was overlimited with Cd and Pb", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "A-me and BrainCloud: Art-Science Interrogations of Localization in Neuroscience. This article reports on two art-science collaborations, A-me: Augmented Memories and BrainCloud, that interrogate the central role of localization in neuroscienceincluding the use of technologies that augment sociability using localization as a central reference point. The two projects result from a series of interactions where a science/technology development fostered art, which in turn led to a science application, which potentially may lead to further artistic activity. A-me is an art installation that repurposes navigation and visualization tools normally reserved for medical clinicians and scientists, inviting reflection on the ongoing endeavor of neuroscience to explain and map cognitive functions such as memory. BrainCloud is a software prototype that provides neuroscientists with an interface for interacting with existing data and knowledge about the brain. Organized visually as a brain atlas, it forms a social network that allows neuroscientists to connect and share their ongoing research and ideas.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Spiritual and religious beliefs as risk factors for the onset of major depression: an international cohort study. Conclusions. These results do not support the notion that religious and spiritual life views enhance psychological well-being.Results. The analyses included 8318 attendees. Of participants reporting a spiritual understanding of life at baseline, 10.5% had an episode of depression in the following year compared to 10.3% of religious participants and 7.0% of the secular group (p<0.001). However, the findings varied significantly across countries, with the difference being significant only in the UK, where spiritual participants were nearly three times more likely to experience an episode of depression than the secular group [OR 2.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.59-4.68]. The strength of belief also had an effect, with participants with strong belief having twice the risk of participants with weak belief. There was no evidence of religion acting as a buffer to prevent depression after a serious life event.Background. Several studies have reported weak associations between religious or spiritual belief and psychological health. However, most have been cross-sectional surveys in the USA, limiting inference about generalizability. An international longitudinal study of incidence of major depression gave us the opportunity to investigate this relationship further.Method. Data were collected in a prospective cohort study of adult general practice attendees across seven countries. Participants were followed at 6 and 12 months. Spiritual and religious beliefs were assessed using a standardized questionnaire, and DSM-IV diagnosis of major depression was made using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Logistic regression was used to estimate incidence rates and odds ratios (ORs), after multiple imputation of missing data.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Clinical spectrum of KIAA2022 pathogenic variants in males: Case report of two boys with KIAA2022 pathogenic variants and review of the literature. KIAA2022 is an X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) syndrome affecting males more severely than females. Few males with KIAA2022 variants and XLID have been reported. We present a clinical report of two unrelated males, with two nonsense KIAA2022 pathogenic variants, with profound intellectual disabilities, limited language development, strikingly similar autistic behavior, delay in motor milestones, and postnatal growth restriction. Patient 1, 19-years-old, has long ears, deeply set eyes with keratoconus, strabismus, a narrow forehead, anteverted nares, cafe-au-lait spots, macroglossia, thick vermilion of the upper and lower lips, and prognathism. He has gastroesophageal reflux, constipation with delayed rectosigmoid colonic transit time, difficulty regulating temperature, several musculoskeletal issues, and a history of one grand mal seizure. Patient 2, 10-years-old, has mild dysmorphic features, therapy resistant vomiting with diminished motility of the stomach, mild constipation, cortical visual impairment with intermittent strabismus, axial hypotonia, difficulty regulating temperature, and cutaneous mastocytosis. Genetic testing identified KIAA2022 variant c.652C> T(p.Arg218*) in Patient 1, and a novel nonsense de novo variant c.2707G> T(p.Glu903*) in Patient 2. We also summarized features of all reported males with KIAA2022 variants to date. This report not only adds knowledge of a novel pathogenic variant to the KIAA2022 variant database, but also likely extends the spectrum by describing novel dysmorphic features and medical conditions including macroglossia, cafe-au-lait spots, keratoconus, severe cutaneous mastocytosis, and motility problems of the GI tract, which may help physicians involved in the care of patients with this syndrome. Lastly, we describe the power of social media in bringing families with rare medical conditions together.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Light and electron microscopic observations of preferential destruction of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA at early male gametogenesis of the anisogamous green alga Derbesia tenuissima (Chlorophyta). Gametogenesis in male and female gametophytes was studied by light microscopy and EM in the dioecious multinucleate green alga Derbesia tenuissima (Moris & De Notaris) P. Crouan & H. Crouan, where male and female gametes differ in size. Gametogenesis was divided into five stages: 32 h (stage 1), 24 h (stage 2), 16 h (stage 3), 8 h (stage 4), and 0.5 h (stage 5) before gamete release. At stage 1, the first sign of gametogenesis observed was the aggregation of gametophyte protoplasm to form putative gametangia. At stage 2, gametangia were separated from the vegetative protoplasm of gametophytes. Morphological changes of nuclei and organelles occurred at this early stage of male gametogenesis, and organelle DNA degenerated. At stage 3, male organelle DNA had completely degenerated, whereas in female gametangia, organelle DNA continued to exist in both chloroplasts and mitochondria. Gametogenesis was almost completed at stage 4 and fully at stage 5. Small male gametes had a DNA-containing nucleus and a large mitochondrion and one or several degenerated chloroplasts. The mitochondria and plastids were devoid of DNA. The large female gametes had a nucleus and multiple organelles, all of which contained their own DNA. Thus, degeneration of chloroplast DNA along with morphological changes of organelles occurred at male gametogenesis in anisogamous green algae (Bryopsis and D. tenuissima ), in contrast with previous studies in isogamous green algae (Chlamydomonas , Acetabularia caliculus , and Dictyosphaeria cavernosa ) in which degeneration of chloroplast DNA occurred after zygote formation.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
{"token": "Baudouin Vth's charter for Lille's Saint-Peter's (1066): A translation with commentary.. The charter awarded by the Count of Flanders Baudouin Vth in favour of Saint-Peter's Collegial Church (1066) passes unanimously and rightly to be the first known document in the history of Lille, whose name emerges in written documents during the XIth century. Now, if several learned editions of this charter have already been proposed, it has never been thoroughly translated. The first aim of this paper is to fill that gap; the second is to prop up the translation with maps and a commentary aimed at shedding light on the possible obscurities of the document and above all to exploit its informative wealth - and this along three main lines: introduction of the protagonists (the count as well as the chapter and his provost); study of the content of the donation (which essentially consists in ground rents and revenues of an ecclesiastical nature); and the contribution of this document to the history of the birth of urban life in Lille.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Restoration commerce and the instruments of trust: Robert Boyle and the science of money. Although the theological elements of Robert Boyle's mechanical philosophy have received careful scrutiny, his reflections on economic issues have largely been overlooked. This article takes a small step towards redressing this state of affairs. Rather than argue that Boyle like John Locke or David Hume - was as interested in political economy as he was in discovering the nature of Nature, the article treats him as a point of entry for considering how early-modern England negotiated the revolutionary cultural and economic changes that emerged as capitalism took command. More specifically, it uses one of Boyle's less-famous inventions a hydrostatic device for discriminating between real, degraded and counterfeit coinage in order to explore how economic exchange began to acquire a patina of 'objectivity' in the 17th-century imagination.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Comparison of medical student performance in summative undergraduate paediatric examinations and a clinician-designed minimum accepted competency (MAC) assessment. BackgroundIt is recognised that newly qualified doctors feel unprepared in many areas of their daily practice and that there is a gap between what students learn during medical school and their clinical responsibilities early in their postgraduate career. This study aimed to assess if undergraduate students and junior paediatric doctors met a Minimum Accepted Competency (MAC) of knowledge.MethodsThe knowledge of undergraduates and junior paediatric doctors was quantitatively assessed by their performance on a 30-item examination (the MAC examination). The items within this examination were designed by non-academic consultants to test 'must-know' knowledge for starting work in paediatrics. The performance of the students was compared with their official university examination results and with the performance of the junior doctors.ResultsFor the undergraduate student cohort (n =366) the mean examination score achieved was 45.9%. For the junior doctor cohort (n =58) the mean examination score achieved was significantly higher, 64.2% (p <0.01). 68% of undergraduate students attained the pass mark for the MAC examination whilst a significantly higher proportion, 97%, passed their official university examination (p< 0.01). A Spearman's rank co-efficient showed a moderate but statistically significant positive correlation between students results in their official university examinations and their score in the MAC examination.ConclusionThis work demonstrates a disparity between both student and junior doctor levels of knowledge with consultant expectations from an examination based on what front-line paediatricians determined as \\\\'must-know\\\\' standards. This study demonstrates the importance of involvement of end-users and future supervisors in undergraduate teaching.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "cDNA sequencing and expression of Nramp1 (Slc11a1) in dogs phenotypically resistant or susceptible to visceral leishmaniasis. Nramp1 (Slc11a1) is linked to resistance to Leishmania in mice, but its role in canine leishmaniasis is not clear. In this study we sequenced the Nramp] cDNA from dogs whose macrophages allowed or restricted intracellular growth of Leishmania chagasi. Peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages were isolated from 29 dogs, cultured and inoculated with L. chagasi. This approach resulted in the identification of dogs whose macrophages were resistant or susceptible to L. chagasi. Nramp1 cDNA sequences of these dogs were identical. mRNA levels of Nramp1, IFN gamma, IL-4 and the subunit p35 of IL-12 were assessed in the spleen of naturally infected symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs in comparison to uninfected controls. Although not statistically significant, asymptomatic dogs had a tendency for higher levels of Nramp1 mRNA (p = 0.11). Expression of Nramp1 was then compared between phenotypically resistant and susceptible dogs, without any significant difference between these groups. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Key Issues to Consider in Therapy with Muslim Families. We present the key issues to consider in therapy with Muslim families. Following a brief introduction, five themes are presented: self, family dynamics, causation, and coping strategies. The section on \\\\'self\\\\' includes a discussion of three terms which link the four Islamic models of \\\\'self\\\\' identified through the review. The family dynamics section pays particular attention to interconnectedness, family roles, and gender. Causation is discussed with reference to supernatural and spiritual causes. On the theme of coping strategies, religious responses are discussed as are the roles of religious leaders, and professional mental health services. Clinical implications from the key themes are also discussed in addition to limitations of the published literature in this area. This includes a discussion of the epistemological and paradigmatic issues related to the research. The review concludes by summarising these issues and presenting areas for further research.", "label": [2, 3, 24, 33]}
{"token": "What Are Policy Punctuations? Large Changes in the Legislative Agenda of the UK Government, 1911-2008. In this article, we argue that policy punctuations differ from each other in ways that reflect distinct types of political change. We identify three main kinds. The first are procedural changes that have unique unrelated policies within the same issue area. Within the remaining large policy changes, high-salience punctuations are associated with increased attention in the media, whereas low-salience punctuations do not attract such scrutiny. The analysis applies the typology to data from the UK Policy Agendas Project, identifying punctuations from the content of Acts of the UK Parliament between 1911 and 2008. Using evidence from the historical record and the data series, the analysis places each observation within the typology. We claim that the typology has a more general application and could be replicated in other jurisdictions and time periods. We conclude that attention to the historical record and qualitative studies of punctuations can complement and inform the analysis of aggregate data series.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Assessment of the power conversion of wave energy converters based on experimental tests. Power estimation is the most important task in the performance assessment of wave energy converters (WEC). Depending on the type of WEC, power take-off (PTO) system, and available instrumentation, different approaches are usually applied to assess power from experimental tests. Since neither for tests execution nor for the analyses exist standard methodologies, the estimated power can significantly differ among the approaches, thus, introducing inaccuracies in the assessment of the WEC's performance. This study analyzed an extensive set of experimental results of a WEC and applied different power estimation approaches to compare and validate the obtained results. The strengths and weaknesses of those methodologies were analyzed and discussed. The major outcomes were: (a) PTO damping characterization based on bench tests can lead to unrealistic values of the WEC's absorbed power; (b) the hybrid (experimental plus numerical) approach provide more reliable results than the traditional ones; (c) the kinetic energy harvester approach underestimates power but can be useful for preliminary qualitative performance assessments; (d) the new proposed gross efficiency index allows the definition of upper boundaries for wave power conversion as well as the identification of the wave conditions for which WEC performance can be improved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Hybrid Alchemical Free Energy/Machine-Learning Methodology for the Computation of Hydration Free Energies. A methodology that combines alchemical free energy calculations (FEP) with machine learning (ML) has been developed to compute accurate absolute hydration free energies. The hybrid FEP/ML methodology was trained on a subset of the FreeSolv database and retrospectively shown to outperform most submissions from the SAMPL4 competition. Compared to pure machine-learning approaches, FEP/ML yields more precise estimates of free energies of hydration and requires a fraction of the training set size to outperform standalone FEP calculations. The ML-derived correction terms are further shown to be transferable to a range of related FEP simulation protocols. The approach may be used to inexpensively improve the accuracy of FEP calculations and to flag molecules which will benefit the most from bespoke force field parametrization efforts.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 36, 40]}
{"token": "Drug prohibition. These outcomes: may be understood as public health consequences of policies thar criminalize and marginalize drug user and increase drug-related risks to life and health.Further, while black, Hispanic, and white Americans use illegal drugs at comparable rates, there are dramatic differences in the application of criminal penalties for drug bffenses- African Americans are more than 20 times as likely as whites to be incarcerated MT drug Offenses, and drug-related emergency department visits overdose deaths, and new HIV infections related to injecting drugs are many times higher for blacks than whites.Despite an overall decline in the prevalence of drug use since 1979, we have seen dramatic increases in drug-related-emergency department visits and drug-related deaths coinciding with this period of increased enforcement.Over this 25-year period, the rate at which criminal penalties are imposed for drug offences has climbed steadily, reaching 1.5 million arrests for drug offenses in 1996, with a tenfold increase in imprisonment for drug charges since 1979. Today, drug enforcement activities constitute 67% of the $16 billion Federal drug budget and more than $20 billion per year in state and local enforcement expenditures, compared with $7.6 billion for treatment, prevention, and research.FOR THE PAST 25 YEARS, the US has pursued a drug policy based on prohibition and the vigorous application of criminal sanctions for the use and sale of illicit drugs. The relationship of a prohibition-based drug-policy to prevalence patterns and health consequences Of drug use has never been fully evaluated To explore that relationship, the author examines national data on the application of criminal penalties for illegal gal drugs and associated trends in their patterns of use and adverse health outcomes for 1972-1997.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Measurement of the europium isotope ratio for the extremely metal poor, r-process enhanced star CS 31082-001. We report the first measurement of the isotope fraction of europium (Eu-151 and Eu-153) for the extremely metal poor, r-process-enhanced star CS 31082-001, based on high-resolution spectra obtained with the Subaru Telescope High Dispersion Spectrograph. We have also obtained new measurements of this ratio for two similar stars with previous europium isotope measurements, CS 22892-052 and HD 115444. The measurements were made using observations of the Eu lines in these spectra that are most significantly affected by isotope shifts and hyperfine splitting. The fractions of Eu-151 derived for CS 31082-001, CS 22892-052, and HD 115444 are 0.44, 0.51, and 0.46, respectively, with uncertainties of about +/-0.1. CS 31082-001, the first star with a meaningful measurement of U outside of the solar system, is known to exhibit peculiar abundance ratios between the actinide and rare earth elements (e.g., Th/Eu), ratios that are significantly different from those for other stars with large excesses of r-process elements, such as our two comparison objects. Nevertheless, our analysis indicates that the Eu isotope ratio of CS 31082-001 agrees, within the errors, with those of other r-process enhanced objects and with that of solar system material.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "UNIVERSITY STUDENT WITH DISABILITY: ELEMENTS FOR THE PSYCHOPEDAGOGY REFLECTION. This article talks about different aspects of disable students at university level. It focuses on the psichopedagogical intervention from the Support Service for Students with Disabilities. The final goal is to promote the reflection on the role of educational guidance, teachers and university staff as a whole in relation with disabilities.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Possible impacts of non-native plant, pathogen, invertebrate and fish taxa on the indigenous ichthyofauna in South African estuaries: a preliminary review. We review the possible impacts of non-native biota on the indigenous fishes of South African estuaries, including macrophytes, algae, pathogens, invertebrates, and fishes. Freshwater macrophytes are one of the primary non-native groups in the oligohaline reaches of some predominantly open estuaries, lake and river mouth type estuaries, as well as the entire area of certain low salinity, temporarily closed estuaries. Anoxia and hypoxia in the water column below Salvinia molesta and Pontederia crassipes floating mats have caused fish kills in certain temporarily closed estuaries. Mass mortalities of fish in estuaries have arisen from harmful algal blooms (HABs) and a catchment-derived pathogenic water mould, Aphanomyces invadans. Non-native invertebrate species in local estuaries are derived from freshwater, estuarine and marine sources. The freshwater gastropod Tarebia granifera has invaded many subtropical estuaries and may be negatively impacting their food webs, with estuarine zoobenthivorous fishes not appearing to consume this mollusc. The marine polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus has invaded many South African estuaries and, in some of them, changed the zoobenthic food web by encrusting on hard surfaces and filtering particulate matter from the water column. This species also does not appear to be eaten by zoobenthivorous fishes within these systems. No non-native marine or estuarine fish species have been recorded in South African estuaries but non-native freshwater fish species now occur in 25% of estuaries in the region. Degraded estuaries in particular are more vulnerable to colonisation by non-native and translocated fish species than unimpacted systems. During the 1990s, a fish survey of 191 estuaries revealed that only 0.04% of the catch comprised non-native or translocated species but this percentage has increased in many estuaries in recent decades. Non-native and translocated freshwater fish species have successfully colonised the oligohaline and mesohaline reaches of many systems and there may be an impact due to predation on the eggs and larvae of resident estuarine taxa and the recruitment success of catadromous and some estuarine-associated fish species. However, most non-native fishes have a limited tolerance for the salinity regimes found in the lower and middle reaches of many South African estuaries, with an even larger threat to the indigenous estuarine ichthyofauna coming from non-native plant, invertebrate and pathogen invaders. Based on this review, and other similar global studies, there is a developing paradigm that non-native invasions by fishes and other organisms into South African and global estuaries are driven primarily from freshwater taxa and not estuarine or marine species.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "The explanatory power of local miracle compatibilism. Local miracle compatibilists claim that we are sometimes able to do otherwise than we actually do, even if causal determinism obtains. When we can do otherwise, it will often be true that if we were to do otherwise, then an actual law of nature would not have been a law of nature. Nevertheless, it is a compatibilist principle that we cannot do anything that would be or cause an event that violates the laws of nature. Carl Ginet challenges this nomological principle, arguing that it is not always capable of explaining our inability to do otherwise. In response to this challenge, I point out that this principle is part of a defense against the charge that local miracle compatibilists are committed to outlandish claims. Thus it is not surprising that the principle, by itself, will often fail to explain our inability to do otherwise. I then suggest that in many situations in which we are unable to do otherwise, this can be explained by the compatibilist's analysis of ability, or his criteria for the truth of ability claims. Thus, the failure of his nomological principle to explain the falsity of certain ability claims is no strike against local miracle compatibilism.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Morphological variation between three populations of the Caspian Bent-toed Gecko, Cyrtopodion caspium (Eichwald, 1831) in Northern Iran: evidence for incipient speciation? (Sauria: Gekkonidae). In order to determine population variation in the Caspian Bent-toed Gecko, Cyrtopodion caspium, nine morphometric, six meristic and four ratios were assessed in 48 adult males from three populations in the northern part of Iran (Moghan Steppe, Damghan and Sari). The Moghan population proved to be the largest in most characters compared to the Damghan and Sari populations. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) discriminated the Moghan population in the northwest of Iran from the other two populations. Although all populations occupy different habitats, the lack of significant differences between two geographically close populations (Sari and Damghan) shows that habitat type on the larger scale is not the reason for separation. So it is inferred that the geographic isolation of the Moghan population and reduced gene flow are responsible for the incipient speciation occurring between these populations.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Ethics and Politics in Underworld: Ethical Choice of Nuclear Arms Race and the Reconstruction of the Memory of Cold War Paranoia. The front page of New York Times of October 4, 1951 was dominated by two parallel titles: on the left \\\\'Giants Capture Pennant, Beating Dodgers 5-4 in 9th on Thomson's 3-Run Homer,\\\\' on the right \\\\'Soviet Second Atom Blast in 2 Years Revealed by U.S.; Details Are Kept a Secret.\\\\' Drawing on these two events, Don DeLillo's massive novel Underworld, in its reminiscent narration, delineates the fierce confrontation between the two Cold War rivals in a panoramic fashion. In particular, Underworld exposes the ethical choice made by the U.S. and the Soviet Union which were competing for supremacy in the nuclear arms race, and the serious ethical consequences brought about to their citizens and the ecological system. It offers a critique of their engagement in ideological competition and adherence to deep-rooted hostility to and prejudice against each other. As an epic novel about the Cold War, Underworld reconstructs the cultural memory of the Cold War paranoia of that special political climate.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Everything Is Alive': Moving and Reading in Excess of American Freedom. Focusing on the minor details of suffering cats, I read The Adventures of Tom Sawyer as an exemplary illustration of the way in which American novels of individual development destabilize around the movement of minor bodies and minor characters. This destabilization allows not only an interrogation of the limits of US citizenship but also an exploration of how narratives may register something in excess of the citizen and the subject. Distinguishing between the antebellum (boy) characters' violent play with cats and the postbellum narrator's ludic play as cat, I argue that cats emerge in Tom Sawyer as captive bodies (among many hard-to-see captives). In the constrained but spectacular movements of these captive bodies, the novel troubles the particularly American freedom actualized in Tom's play and gestures to a fugitive or feral movement that, though necessary to Tom's development, always leaps beyond and in the way of efforts to produce a free, individual subject.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Institutional Regime of Public-Private Participation in Uruguay. Recently enacted legislation on Public Private Partnerships in Uruguay provides a new institutional framework for the designing, structuring and subscription of contracts in PPP projects. Among its provisions, the new statute allocates competences to different administrative bodies for the execution, regulation and control of PPPs. Later administrative regulations were also adopted to facilitate the implementation and execution of this type of contracts. The present article studies these reforms, in order to provide a better understanding of the role played by the Technical Commission of the PPP Unit.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Environmental impacts of introducing grain legumes into European crop rotations. On the whole, introducing grain legumes into European crop rotations offers interesting options for reducing environmental burdens, especially in a context of depleted fossil energy resources and climate change. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Analysed per unit of cultivated area, the introduction of grain legumes into intensive crop rotations with a high proportion of cereals and intensive N-fertilisation leads to a reduced energy use, global warming potential, ozone formation and acidification as well as eco- and human toxicity. The main reasons for this are a reduced application of N-fertilisers (no N to the grain legume and less N to the following crop), improved possibilities for using reduced tillage techniques and greater diversification of the crop rotation, which helps to reduce problems caused by weeds and pathogens (and therefore pesticide applications). The nitrate leaching potential tends to be higher in general, but can be reduced by including catch crops or early sowing of winter grain legumes, where possible. No differences were found for the impacts of crop management on soil quality and biodiversity (studied in Canton Vaud only). In the low-input crop rotation in Spain, the introduction of peas had no favourable environmental effect, mainly because little or no N-fertiliser can be saved.Four regions with potential for increasing their grain legume area were chosen for this study: Saxony-Anhalt (Germany), Barrois (France), Canton Vaud (Switzerland) and Castilla y Leon (Spain). In each of these regions, two crop rotations were defined: a typical cereal-based rotation without grain leaumes and an alternative rotation including grain legumes. The production data were collected by the local project partners from statistics, surveys, literature, documents from extension services and using expert knowledge. The impacts of these two crop rotations were compared relative to three functional units representing different functions of agriculture: hectare per year as a measure of the land management function, E gross margin 1 for the financial function and GJ gross energy of the harvested biomass for the productive function. The following environmental impacts were analysed: demand for non-renewable energy resources, global warming potential, ozone formation, eutrophication, acidification, terrestrial and aquatic ecotoxicity as well as human toxicity. For Canton Vaud, the impacts on biodiversity and soil quality were assessed in addition.Raw materials for animal feeding are highly deficient in Europe, which results in massive imports of soya beans from North and South America. These imports are connected with a number of environmental problems. Increasing the grain legume production in Europe could be a promising alternative. The impacts of introducing grain legumes into existing European crop rotations are investigated in this article. The environmental impacts are evaluated by using the SALCA (Swiss Agricultural Life Cycle Assessment) life cycle assessment method and the ecoinvent life cycle inventory database.The analysis per sic gross margin 1 (financial function) leads to slightly more favourable results for the grain legume crop rotations compared to the analysis per ha and year. Due to the lower yields of grain legumes compared with cereals, the advantages of grain legumes are smaller when considered per GJ gross energy of the harvested products (productive function). However, the energy efficiency is higher in crop rotations with grain legumes.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Distribution-free tests of stochastic monotonicity. This article proposes a nonparametric test of monotonicity for conditional distributions and its moments. Unlike previous proposals, our method does not require smooth estimation of the derivatives of nonparametric curves. Distinguishing features of our approach are that critical values are pivotal under the null in finite samples and that the test is invariant to any monotonic continuous transformation of the explanatory variable. The test statistic is the sup-norm of the difference between the empirical copula function and its least concave majorant with respect to the explanatory variable coordinate. The resulting test is able to detect local alternatives converging to the null at the parametric rate n(-1/2), with n the sample size. The finite sample performance of the test is examined by means of a Monte Carlo experiment and an application to testing intergenerational income mobility. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 49, 41, 52]}
{"token": "Total Defence Resilience: Viable or Not During COVID-19? A Comparative Study of Norway and the UK. The total defence (TD) concept aims to provide an effective crisis response structure by increasing society resilience. However, the complexity of its structure regarding resource mobilization and management process highlights the need for a complexity-oriented approach in the operationalising of TD. We study the application of TD during the COVID-19 crisis and explore what makes the TD a viable system with resilience capabilities in the face the crisis. We apply the Viable Systems Model as a methodology to compare the viability of the United Kingdom and Norwegian TD systems, both of which use systems networks to achieve resilience, and contrast the different outcomes of each country. Our analysis highlights that: Managing the complexity of the TDS requires that all of the involved agencies proactively adopt a transparent approach to a joint decision making. This demands a wide range of sources of innovative solutions at different levels. Joint exercises, developed by the responsible agencies, enhance mutual understating of roles and responsibilities and crisis response structure. This calls for institutionalized support to dedicate resources. To avoid communications challenges, involved agencies in the TDS need to adopt an open messaging strategy, highlighting how to deal with uncertainties in communicating of decisions and action.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Thermally anomalous features in the subsurface of Enceladus's south polar terrain. Saturn's moon Enceladus is an active world. In 2005, the Cassini spacecraft witnessed for the first time water-rich jets venting from four anomalously warm fractures (called sulci) near its south pole(1,2). Since then, several observations have provided evidence that the source of the material ejected from Enceladus is a large underground ocean, the depth of which is still debated(3-6). Here, we report on the first and only opportunity that Cassini's RADAR instrument(7,8) had to observe Enceladus's south polar terrain closely, targeting an area a few tens of kilometres north of the active sulci. Detailed analysis of the microwave radiometry observations highlights the ongoing activity of the moon. The instrument recorded the microwave thermal emission, revealing a warm subsurface region with prominent thermal anomalies that had not been identified before. These anomalies coincide with large fractures, similar or structurally related to the sulci. The observations imply the presence of a broadly distributed heat production and transport system below the south polar terrain with 'plate-like' features and suggest that a liquid reservoir could exist at a depth of only a few kilometres under the ice shell at the south pole. The detection of a possible dormant sulcus further suggests episodic geological activity.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Intimate partner violence and oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence among young African women. Objective: To estimate the effect of intimate partner violence (IPV) on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). Design: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from HIV Prevention Trials Network 082 (HPTN 082), a multisite prospective study designed to assess oral PrEP adherence among AGYW in southern Africa. Methods: We estimated the relative prevalence of high PrEP adherence 3 and 6 months after initiation among AGYW 16-25 years who reported a history of any IPV in the past year at enrollment versus AGYW who did not, both overall and by age. High adherence was defined as an intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate concentration at least 700 fmol/punch or more dried blood spots. Results: Among 409 PrEP-initiating AGYW, half (49%) reported experiencing any IPV by a current/recent partner in the year prior to enrollment. Overall, a similar proportion of AGYW who reported IPV had high PrEP adherence at months 3 and 6 as AGYW who did not report IPV. There was, however, evidence of effect modification by age at month 3: among AGYW less than 21 years old, those who reported IPV were less than half as likely to have high adherence [adjusted PR (aPR) = 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22-0.86]; among AGYW aged 21 years or older, those who reported IPV were more than twice as likely to have high adherence (aPR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.34-3.66). At month 6, effect estimates within each age stratum were consistent in direction to those at month 3. Conclusion: IPV events may either impede or motivate PrEP adherence among African AGYW, with age appearing to be an important consideration for IPV-related adherence interventions.", "label": [2, 18, 25, 21]}
{"token": "A Common Approach to Aviation Emissions Trading. With global climate change high on the international political agenda, pressure on the aviation sector is mounting to address its growing share of global CO2 emissions. In this article, emissions trading is considered as a measure to limit aviation's impact on the global atmosphere, comparing its use with other types of economic measures and outlining emerging regulations within ICAO and in Europe. Concrete proposals under development by the European Commission have raised questions about whether States can integrate international aviation emissions from aircraft operators of other States in their emissions trading scheme without mutual agreement. In the absence of bilateral or multilateral agreements between States to specifically address aviation's atmospheric impact on a consensual basis, the author seeks to provide answers within the boundaries of the existing legal framework of the 1944 Chicago Convention, the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Having established that the intended effect and operational implications of emissions trading obligations are of an international, trans-boundary nature and thus potentially affecting the sovereignty of other States, the conclusion is that there are fundamental doubts that international aviation emissions could be included without mutual agreement if these emissions occur or originate outside the territory of parties to the trading scheme.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Community-based approaches for prevention of mother to child transmission in resource-poor settings: a social ecological review. Introduction: Numerous barriers to optimal uptake of prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) services occur at community level (i.e., outside the healthcare setting). To achieve elimination of paediatric HIV, therefore, interventions must also work within communities to address these barriers and increase service use and need to be informed by evidence. This paper reviews community-based approaches that have been used in resource-limited settings to increase rates of PMTCT enrolment, retention in care and successful treatment outcomes. It aims to identify which interventions work, why they may do so and what knowledge gaps remain.Methods: First, we identified barriers to PMTCT that originate outside the health system. These were used to construct a social ecological framework categorizing barriers to PMTCT into the following levels of influence: individual, peer and family, community and sociocultural. We then used this conceptual framework to guide a review of the literature on community-based approaches, defined as interventions delivered outside of formal health settings, with the goal of increasing uptake, retention, adherence and positive psychosocial outcomes in PMTCT programmes in resource-poor countries.Conclusions: Evidence from existing community approaches can be adapted for use in planning PMTCT. However, for successful replication of evidence-based interventions to occur, comprehensive process evaluations are needed to elucidate the pathways through which specific interventions achieve desired PMTCT outcomes. A social ecological framework can help analyze the complex interplay of facilitators and barriers to PMTCT service uptake in each context, thus helping to inform selection of locally relevant community-based interventions.Results: Our review found evidence of effectiveness of strategies targeting individuals and peer/family levels (e.g., providing household HIV testing and training peer counsellors to support exclusive breastfeeding) and at community level (e.g., participatory women's groups and home-based care to support adherence and retention). Evidence is more limited for complex interventions combining multiple strategies across different ecological levels. There is often little information describing implementation; and approaches such as \\\\'community mobilization\\\\' remain poorly defined.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Evolution of Insect Color Vision: From Spectral Sensitivity to Visual Ecology. Color vision is widespread among insects but varies among species, depending on the spectral sensitivities and interplay of the participating photoreceptors. The spectral sensitivity of a photoreceptor is principally determined by the absorption spectrum of the expressed visual pigment, but it can be modified by various optical and electrophysiological factors. For example, screening and filtering pigments, rhabdom waveguide properties, retinal structure, and neural processing all influence the perceived color signal. We review the diversity in compound eye structure, visual pigments, photoreceptor physiology, and visual ecology of insects. Based on an overview of the current information about the spectral sensitivities of insect photoreceptors, covering 221 species in 13 insect orders, we discuss the evolution of color vision and highlight present knowledge gaps and promising future research directions in the field.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Classification of bacterial species from proteomic data using combinatorial approaches incorporating artificial neural networks, cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Motivation: Robust computer algorithms are required to interpret the vast amounts of proteomic data currently being produced and to generate generalized models which are applicable to 'real world' scenarios. One such scenario is the classification of bacterial species. These vary immensely, some remaining remarkably stable whereas others are extremely labile showing rapid mutation and change. Such variation makes clinical diagnosis difficult and pathogens may be easily misidentified.Results: We applied artificial neural networks (Neuroshell 2) in parallel with cluster analysis and principal components analysis to surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI)-TOF mass spectrometry data with the aim of accurately identifying the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis from species within this genus and other closely related taxa. A subset of ions were identified that allowed for the consistent identification of species, classifying > 97% of a separate validation subset of samples into their respective groups.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 40, 41, 42]}
{"token": "Policy entrepreneurship under hierarchy: how state actors change policies in China. How do actors develop entrepreneurial activities to bring about policy change? To what extent do the contexts in which they are embedded shape their behaviors? Relying on three comparative case studies, we use the structure-, institution- and agent-based analytical framework to investigate the complex and dynamic interactions between contexts and actors in the process of policy change initiated by state actors in authoritarian China. We propose a conceptual framework, 'policy entrepreneurship under hierarchy', which highlights the influence of power domination during the policy change process. It allows us to offer a renewed definition of policy entrepreneur and to identify a pattern of successful policy entrepreneurship in contrast to the 'four central elements' suggested by Mintrom and Nomann. We conclude that hierarchical policy entrepreneurship in China is displayed through two kinds of relationship: the proposal-approval between policy entrepreneurs and their superiors; and the instruction-execution between policy entrepreneurs and their subordinates.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Mild, moderate, and severe intensity cut-points for the Respiratory Distress Observation Scale. Background: The Respiratory Distress Observation Scale (R) (RDOS) is a means for assessing respiratory distress when a patient is unable to give a dyspnea self-report. Cut-point determination was needed to guide clinical application.Results: Participants were 84 adults: mean age of 72.6 (SD = 15.2) years, 53.6% male, 77.4% African American. NP ranking was distributed: none (30%), mild (26%), moderate (31%), and severe (13%) distress. RDOS scores ranged 0-13 (M = 4.8, SD = 3). NP ranking was significantly correlated with RDOS (rho = .91, p < .01). ROC curve analyses yielded cut-points: none = 0-2, any = 3, mild-moderate = 4-6, and severe >= 7 (p < .01). Conclusions: Intensity cut-point enhances the clinical utility of the RDOS. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Method: A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted in a prospective, observation study with inpatients ranked by nurse practitioners (NP) into levels of respiratory distress. A research assistant simultaneously measured RDOS blinded to NP ranking.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "ORAL HAIRY LEUKOPLAKIA IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS. Oral hairy leukoplakia has been demonstrated in immunocompromised patients.  This was first described as pathognomonic of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however, it has been noted since in groups that are not HIV positive, but who are chronically and severely immunosuppressed.  The presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is common in these lesions although not all lesions that clinically and histologically resemble hairy leukoplakia are Epstein-Barr virus positive.  The lesion serves as a marker of probable reactivation of EBV in a chronic immunosuppressed patient.  In those without a specific history of another disease or medical management, HIV infection is the probable cause of immunosuppression.  The condition is generally asymptomatic and usually does not require therapy.  Thorough oral examination is important due to the significance of the underlying etiology that the presence of this lesion may represent.", "label": [2, 26, 24]}
{"token": "This is profitable for all': Agrarian Economists and the Soviet Plan-Market Debate in the Post-Stalinist Period. The paper discusses the intellectual roots and development of market-oriented agrarian economics in the USSR in the post-Stalinist period. The author argues that the rehabilitation of the law of value and commodity-money relations in the 1950s influenced the formation of a group of agrarian economists at the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences. During the \\\\'plan-market debate\\\\' in the mid-1960s, these economists became public intellectuals and managed to use central Party newspapers as their rostrum. Despite being 'defeated' by administrative power, their economic agenda resurfaced during Perestroika. The author also analyses the writings of conservative economists explaining the intellectual reasons for their strong support for central planning.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "PLAYING BY THE RULES: USING GAMES TO STUDY SOCIAL NORMS. In this article, classic game theory and evolutionary game theory are used to explain how social norms might come into existence. The norm of distributive fairness is taken as a case in point, and illustrated by a simple example of dividing a cake.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Effects of Inundation, Nutrient Availability and Plant Species Diversity on Fine Root Mass and Morphology Across a Saltmarsh Flooding Gradient. Saltmarsh plants are exposed tomultiple stresses including tidal inundation, salinity, wave action and sediment anoxia, which require specific root system adaptations to secure sufficient resource capture and firm anchorage in a temporary toxic environment. It is well known that many saltmarsh species develop large below-ground biomass (roots and rhizomes) but relations between fine roots, in particular, and the abiotic conditions in salt marshes are widely unknown. We studied fine root mass (< 2mm in diameter), fine root depth distribution and fine root morphology in three typical communities (Spartina anglica-dominated pioneer zone, Atriplex portulacoides-dominated lowermarsh, Elytrigia atherica-dominated uppermarsh) across elevational gradients in two tidal saltmarshes of the German North Sea coast [a mostly sandy marsh on a barrier island (Spiekeroog), and a silty-clayey marsh on the mainland coast (Westerhever)]. Fine root mass in the 0-40 cm profile ranged between 750 and 2,500 g m(-2) in all plots with maxima at both sites in the lower marsh with intermediate inundation frequency and highest plant species richness indicating an effect of biodiversity on fine root mass. Fine root mass and, even more, total fine root surface area (maximum 340 m(2) m(-2)) were high compared to terrestrial grasslands, and were greater in the nutrient-poorer Spiekeroog marsh. Fine root density showed only a slight or no decrease toward 40 cm depth. We conclude that the standing fine root mass and morphology of these salt marshes is mainly under control of species identity and nutrient availability, but species richness is especially influential. The plants of the pioneer zone and lower marsh possess well adapted fine roots and large standing root masses despite the often water-saturated sediment.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Communication and consumer decision making about cancer clinical trials. Communication between patients and physicians likely mediates traditional patient and physician predispositions in determining patient outcomes. including perceptions and decision making. However, the extent to which a mediating effect occurs is unclear. The purpose Of this essay is to outline the need for conceptualizing more holistic models of consumer-provider interaction that demonstrate the role of the therapeutic relationship in treatment outcomes. We focus on an important communicative context for exploring this question: the Situation where patients, with the help of oncologists, are faced with making treatment choices, particularly whether to enroll in a clinical trial in response to their life-threatening cancer diagnosis. We explore the question from the perspectives of the medical provider, the patient, and the accompanying family member, in order to better frame the complex interactional dynamics occurring during, the interaction. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Investigation of CO2 Plume Behavior for a Large-Scale Pilot Test of Geologic Carbon Storage in a Saline Formation. The hydrodynamic behavior of carbon dioxide (CO2) injected into a deep saline formation is investigated, focusing on trapping mechanisms that lead to CO2 plume stabilization. A numerical model of the subsurface at a proposed power plant with CO2 capture is developed to simulate a planned pilot test, in which 1,000,000 metric tons of CO2 is injected over a 4-year period, and the subsequent evolution of the CO2 plume for hundreds of years. Key measures are plume migration distance and the time evolution of the partitioning of CO2 between dissolved, immobile free-phase, and mobile free-phase forms. Model results indicate that the injected CO2 plume is effectively immobilized at 25 years. At that time, 38% of the CO2 is in dissolved form, 59% is immobile free phase, and 3% is mobile free phase. The plume footprint is roughly elliptical, and extends much farther up-dip of the injection well than down-dip. The pressure increase extends far beyond the plume footprint, but the pressure response decreases rapidly with distance from the injection well, and decays rapidly in time once injection ceases. Sensitivity studies that were carried out to investigate the effect of poorly constrained model parameters permeability, permeability anisotropy, and residual CO2 saturation indicate that small changes in properties can have a large impact on plume evolution, causing significant trade-offs between different trapping mechanisms.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Statistics of impedance and scattering matrices in chaotic microwave cavities: Single channel case. We study the statistical properties of the impedance (Z) and scattering (S) matrices of open electromagnetic cavities with several transmission lines or waveguides connected to the cavity. In this paper, we mainly discuss the single port case. The generalization to multiple ports is treated in a companion paper. The model we consider is based on assumed properties of chaotic eigenfunctions for the closed system. Analysis of the model successfully reproduces features of the random matrix model believed to be universal, while at the same time incorporating features which are specific to individual systems as treated by the Poisson kernel of Mello et al. Statistical properties of the cavity impedance Z are obtained in terms of the radiation impedance (i.e., the impedance seen at a port with the cavity walls moved to infinity). Effects of wall absorption are discussed. Theoretical predictions are tested by direct comparison with numerical solutions for a specific system. (Here the word universal is used to denote high frequency statistical properties that are shared by the members of the general class of systems whose corresponding ray trajectories are chaotic. These universal properties are, by definition, independent of system-specific details.)", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Distribution of Recognition Times to Fruity Flavor of Gummy Candies in Healthy Adults. Times for recognition of fruity flavors in six gummy candies were measured using an electromyography-based system in 23 young healthy participants. They were instructed to chew one of the gummy candies at a random order and to press a button as soon as possible when they recognized what flavor was. The measured 181 recognition times showed two distributions, normally (n=107) and non-normally (n=74). The overall average of the normal distribution was 7.5 seconds (+/- 2.34 seconds; standard deviation), and there were no differences in the average ratios among the gummy candies. Eighteen of the participants reported 41 inconsistent reports with flavors that were provided by the manufacturer. The most frequently observed report was an apple-flavored gummy candy (14, 34.1%) mainly for a pear-flavored. However, there was no significant correlation between the numbers of recognition times and those of inconsistent flavors among the used gummy candies.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
{"token": "Multiphoton autofluorescence spectral analysis for fungus imaging and identification. We performed multiphoton imaging on fungi of medical significance. Fungal hyphae and spores of Aspergillus flavus, Micosporum gypseum, Micosoprum canis, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton tonsurans were found to be strongly autofluorescent but generate less prominent second harmonic signal. The cell wall and septum of fungal hyphae can be easily identified by autofluorescence imaging. We found that fungi of various species have distinct autofluorescence characteristics. Our result shows that the combination of multiphoton imaging and spectral analysis can be used to visualize and identify fungal species. This approach may be developed into an effective diagnostic tool for fungal identification.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "The rules of the political game in Chile: incentives and restrictions for governability. The intention of this article is to explore the institutions and rules of the game that govern the behavior of and relations between Chilean political actors from a perspective of democratic governability. It examines the ways in which the institutions and rules of the game - both formal and informal-contribute positively or negatively to democratic governability in Chile. It first focuses its attention on formal political institutions and later examines those that are informal in nature. When examining formal institutions, a special emphasis is put on those most closely linked to the form of government, the mechanisms of weights and counterweights, the electoral system and the party system. The examination of informal institutions concentrates on the most visible such institutions: clientelism, extrainstitutional circuits of power and the capture of the State. The point of departure for this analysis is the idea that a key criterion for determining the level of democratic consolidation in a country is the relative fit between formal rules and the behavior and practices of political actors.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Analytical study of wave diffraction by an irregular surface located on a flexible base in an ice-covered fluid. The reflection and transmission of surface waves propagating over an irregular surface located on a flexible base in an ice-covered fluid are analyzed within the context of linearized water wave theory. The ice-floe and flexible bed surface are assumed as narrow elastic sheets with different compositions. Under such circumstances, there are two types of proliferating waves that exist for any specific frequency. The proliferating waves having smaller wavenumber spread at just beneath the ice-floe (ice cover mode) and the other spreads over the flexible bottom of the fluid (flexural base mode). An elementary perturbation theory is used for reforming the governing boundary value problem (bvp) to a first-order bvp which is solved by utilizing the Green's function technique. The first-order correction of the reflection and transmission coefficients are calculated in the form of integrals comprising of a function which represents the base deformation. A particular example of base deformation is taken to evaluate all these coefficients and the results are depicted graphically. The major strength of the recent study is that the results for the values of reflection and transmission coefficients for both the wavenumbers are established to meet the energy relation almost exactly.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Baseline anxiety-sensitivity to estradiol fluctuations predicts anxiety symptom response to transdermal estradiol treatment in perimenopausal women-A randomized clinical trial. Background: The menopausal transition (perimenopause) is associated with an increased risk of major depression, characterized by anxiety and anhedonia phenotypes. Greater estradiol (E2) variability predicts the development of perimenopausal depression, especially within the context of stressful life events (SLEs). While transdermal E2 (TE2) reduces perimenopausal depressive symptoms, the mechanisms underlying TE2 efficacy and predictors of TE2 treatment response remain unknown. This study aimed at determining relationships between E2 fluctuations, mood symptoms, and physiologic stress-reactivity (cortisol and interleukin-6) and whether differences in mood-sensitivity to E2 fluctuations predict mood responses to TE2 treatment. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated medically healthy women (46-60 years) in the early or late menopause transition. Baseline E2-sensitivity strength was calculated from eight weekly individual correlations between week-to-week E2 change and index week anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and anhedonia (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale). Women then received eight weeks of TE2 or transdermal placebo. Results: Analyses included 73 women (active TE2 n = 35). Greater baseline E2 fluctuations predicted greater anhedonia (p = .002), particularly in women with more SLEs. Greater E2 fluctuations also predicted higher cortisol (p = .012) and blunted interleukin-6 (p = .02) stress-responses. Controlling for baseline symptoms, TE2 was associated with lower post-treatment anxiety (p < .001) and anhedonia (p < .001) versus placebo. However, the efficacy of TE2 for anxiety (p = .007) and also for somatic complaints (p = .05) was strongest in women with greater baseline E2 sensitivity strength. Conclusions: TE2 treatment reduced perimenopausal anxiety and anhedonia. The ability of baseline mood -sensitivity to E2 fluctuations to predict greater TE2 efficacy has implications for individualized treatment of perimenopausal anxiety disorders.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Evidence-Based Human Homeopathy and Veterinary Homeopathy. Comment on Bergh et al. A Systematic Review of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine: 'Miscellaneous Therapies'. Animals 2021, 11, 3356. (1) Background: Classical (=individualized) homeopathic therapy is based on the individual and not on the indication. (2) Methods: The prerequisite for conducting methodologically high-quality studies on indvidualized homeopathy is that the principles of homeopathy are considered, since the selection of the simile (the individually appropriate homeopathic medicinal product) is decisive for the effectiveness of the homeopathic treatment, because only an application lege artis can be effective for the respective patient. Apart from this, criteria for evidence-based medicine must be considered for design, conduction, documentation, and rating of studies in homeopathy. (3) Results: When criteria for evidence-based medicine for design, conduction, documentation, and rating of studies in homeopathy are considered, effects on all quality levels according to Cochrane criteria are recognizable, especially for individualized homeopathy, even in the methodologically high-quality studies. (4) Conclusions: Based on the following three facts, the discussion of the evidence in human and veterinary homeopathy lays the foundations for a comprehensive presentation of the evidence on homeopathy: (a) homeopathic medicinal products without indication are 100% identical with regard to production, quality, safety, and principles of application, regardless of whether they are used in animals or humans; (b) if the simile principle (Similia similibus curentur, or 'Let like be cured by like') is adhered to that classical (=individualized) homeopathic therapy is based on the individual and not on the indication; and (c) if the proof of effectiveness of individualized homeopathy in one or more indications is available, the logical consequence seems to be that it can be concluded that it is effective in other indications. In view of One Health and of the demands of the European Green Deal (Farm2Fork Strategy) and the EU Organic Regulation 2018/848, the application of homeopathy in the sense of integrative veterinary medicine and the integration of complementary medicine including homeopathy at universities seems a necessary consequence and requirement in the interests of the patient, which is already expressed in the American consensus guidelines for an integrative veterinary medicine curriculum and is legally anchored in Switzerland by the Medical Professions Act for university teaching and research.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
{"token": "Liberal, ecumenical, revolutionary and pluralistic Protestantism in Brazil - a project that has not been extinguished as yet. In recent years, Protestant churches in Brazil have become intolerant to pluralism, opposed to ecumenism and immune to theological criticism. The profile of the current leadership of Brazilian Protestant churches in no way resembles the generation of Protestant intellectuals from the 30's to the 50's and even less the generation of ecumenical and revolutionary Protestants of the 60's and 70's. These two generations, within their limits and possibilities, helped build in Brazil a kind of Protestantism that, in spite of being a minority group, brought many contributions not only to their churches, but also to society. However, this type of Protestantism seems to be disappearing in the waves of a conservative model, not much given to theological reflection and uninterested in the new demands of social inclusion and in the rights of minorities. Apparently, we experience the end of this type of Protestantism in Brazil. That Protestantism tempered by the ideals of modernity seems to have failed. The text recovers some memories of these two generations, highlighting their opposition to fundamentalist advances that have found fertile ground in Brazil, and pays tribute to the heroes of resistance, sharing the same ideals and the same hope: may the Brazilian Protestantism be more liberal, ecumenical and pluralistic.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Why is Aedes aegypti Linnaeus so Successful as a Species?. Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes impose enormous burden towards human morbidity and mortality. Over the last three decades, Brazil has suffered from severe Dengue epidemics. In September 2014, this situation is further complicated by the introduction of two other viruses, Zika and Chikungunya, placing Brazil in a triple epidemic. In this article, we discuss the biology of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, and the principal initiatives currently used to control mosquito populations and the diseases they transmit. Aedes aegypti has broad global distribution and is involved in the transmission of various arboviral diseases such as Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya. Several factors contribute to the success of the species, particularly behavioral plasticity, rapid development, desiccation-resistant eggs, resistance to the principle insecticide classes currently available on the market, preference for the urban environment, and proximity to humans. Vector control programs are the best way to reduce the burden of mosquito-borne diseases. Chemical control is most commonly used in recent times, and unfortunately, the results have not been satisfactory but instead, there is increased vector dispersal and, subsequently, the spread of disease epidemics. Investigations of alternative control methods such as release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes for blocking vector-borne pathogens, release of transgenic mosquitoes carrying a lethal gene for offspring, and the use of insecticide-dispersing mosquitoes are under way in Brazil, and some have shown promising results. Special emphasis should be placed on integrated management of all available tactics, so as to maximize efforts towards mosquito control. Finally, we emphasize that continuous actions and community participation control initiatives are critically important for success.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Poverty after Birth: How Mothers Experience and Navigate US Safety Net Programs to Address Family Needs. Although pregnancy and the first year of life are sensitive windows for child development, we know very little about the lived experiences of mothers living in poverty or near poverty during the perinatal period; specifically, how they perceive and use public resources to support themselves and their newborn. In this qualitative study, we explore how predominantly Black and Latinx mothers with infants living in or near poverty and engaged in public assistance manage to meet their family's needs with available resources from safety net programs and social supports. We conducted 20 qualitative interviews with mothers living in (85%) or near poverty in New York City (NYC). All participants (mean age = 24) had an 11-month-old infant at the time of the interview. Using thematic analysis, we identified five main themes reflecting how mothers experience and navigate living with very low incomes while engaging in public assistance programs: (1) experiencing cascading effects of hardships during pregnancy, (2) relying on food assistance and informal supports amid scarcity, (3) waiting for limited affordable housing: 'life on hold', (4) finding pathways towards stability after the baby's birth, (5) making it work: efforts to look forward. Results describe how the current focus on \\\\'work first\\\\' of existing federal and state policies adds a layer of stress and burden on the lives of single mothers experiencing low incomes and entangled hardships during pregnancy and after birth. We document how mothers experience coverage gaps and implementation challenges navigating the patchwork of public assistance programs, yet how the support of flexible caseworkers accessing, using, and coordinating assistance has the potential to help mothers plan for longer-term goals.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Influence of aluminium on the valence electron density of the interface between the bond-coat and the thermally grown oxide of thermal barrier coatings. The interface cohesion greatly affects the longevity of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). The adherence and stress of the interface between the bond-coat and the thermally grown oxide (TGO) are considered as crucial properties governing the life times of TBCs. In this paper, the electron density of the bond-coat/TGO inter-face of TBCs was calculated with the empirical electron theory in solid and molecules. The calculation results of the electron density of the bond-coat/TGO interface with various bond-coat aluminium contents were analyzed in the views of interface bonding force, interface stress and interface stability. It is shown that the suitable aluminium content of the bond-coat should be in the ranges of 810 wt% and about 2 wt% considering the bond-coat/TGO interface only. Taking the bond-coat/top-coat interface of TBCs into account, combining the consideration of the TGO forming ability, the suitable aluminium content becomes about 8 wt% and a little less than 8 wt%, which accords better with actual TBC applications. The deduction not only can be a useful reference to the composition design of the bond-coat of TBCs, but also shows the necessity of considering the electron density parameters of the interfaces of bond-coat/top-coat and bond-coat/TGO simultaneously in the composition design of the bond-coat of TBCs. (C) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "African affirmations: The religion of modernity and the modernity of religion. This article contrasts three broad traditions that organize competing patterns of authority, community, and cooperation in contemporary Africa: the Axial religions (Christianity and Islam); indigenous chieftaincy systems based around chief, lineage, and clan; and globalized modernity, represented primarily by NGOs and the global human rights agenda. The article argues that in many respects it is the Axial religions that are the most modernizing, as they directly counter the power of traditional kin obligations (and the overwhelming dangers of witchcraft), while the purportedly modern and secular NGOs practice a ritualized version of modernity, even as they are penetrated by the norms and practices of the kin-based chieftaincy system and its related system of patron-client ties.Resume Dans cet article, trois grandes traditions qui structurent des modeles concurrents d'autorite, de communaute et de cooperation dans l'Afrique d'aujourd'hui, sont mises en regard : les religions << axiales >> (christianisme et islam) ; les systemes autochtones centres autour de la figure du chef, de la lignee et du clan ; et la modernite a l'ere globale, essentiellement representee par les ONG et l'action mondiale en faveur des droits de l'homme. Nous avancons qu'a bien des egards, ce sont les religions << axiales >> qui sont les plus porteuses de modernite, dans la mesure oU elles s'opposent directement a l'influence des obligations familiales traditionnelles (et aux immenses dangers que recele la sorcellerie), tandis que les ONG, pretendument modernes et laiques, appliquent une version ritualisee de la modernite, alors meme qu'elles sont infiltrees par les normes et les pratiques propres au systeme de la chefferie a base familiale et au systeme de relations clientelistes qui lui est lie.Resumen Este articulo compara tres grandes tradiciones en conflicto que organizan los patrones de autoridad, comunidad y cooperacion en el africa contemporanea: las religiones axiales (Cristianismo e Islam); los sistemas caciquiles indigenas organizados en torno a la figura del jefe, el linaje y el clan; y la modernidad globalizada, representada principalmente por las ONGs y la agenda mundial de los derechos humanos. El articulo sostiene que, en muchos aspectos son las religiones axiales las mas modernizadoras, ya que contrapesan directamente el poder de las obligaciones de parentesco tradicionales (y los abrumadores peligros de la brujeria), mientras que las ONGs supuestamente modernas y seculares practican una version ritualizada de la modernidad, en la medida en que estan penetradas por las normas y practicas del sistema caciquil basado en el parentesco y su sistema afin de relaciones de clientelismo.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Asymptomatic Malaria: Bridging the Gap Between Annual Malaria Resurgences in a Sahelian Environment. In areas of seasonal malaria transmission, the incidence rate of malaria infection is presumed to be near zero at the end of the dry season. Asymptomatic individuals may constitute a major parasite reservoir during this time. We conducted a longitudinal analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of clinical malaria and asymptomatic parasitemia over time in a Malian town to highlight these malaria transmission dynamics. For a cohort of 300 rural children followed over 2009-2014, periodicity and phase shift between malaria and rainfall were determined by spectral analysis. Spatial risk clusters of clinical episodes or carriage were identified. A nested-case-control study was conducted to assess the parasite carriage factors. Malaria infection persisted over the entire year with seasonal peaks. High transmission periods began 2-3 months after the rains began. A cluster with a low risk of clinical malaria in the town center persisted in high and low transmission periods. Throughout 2009-2014, cluster locations did not vary from year to year. Asymptomatic and gametocyte carriage were persistent, even during low transmission periods. For high transmission periods, the ratio of asymptomatic to clinical cases was approximately 0.5, but was five times higher during low transmission periods. Clinical episodes at previous high transmission periods were a protective factor for asymptomatic carriage, but carrying parasites without symptoms at a previous high transmission period was a risk factor for asymptomatic carriage. Stable malaria transmission was associated with sustained asymptomatic carriage during dry seasons. Control strategies should target persistent low-level parasitemia clusters to interrupt transmission.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Linking Hydraulic Modeling with a Machine Learning Approach for Extreme Flood Prediction and Response. An emergency action plan (EAP) for reservoirs and urban areas downstream of dams can alleviate damage caused by extreme flooding. An EAP is a disaster action plan that can designate evacuation paths for vulnerable districts. Generally, calculation of dam-break discharge in accordance with dam inflow conditions, calculation of maximum water surface elevation as per hydraulic channel routing, and flood map generation using topographical data are prepared for the purposes of creating an EAP. However, rainfall and flood patterns exhibited in the context of climate change can be extremely diverse. In order to prepare an efficient flood response, techniques should be considered that are capable of generating flood maps promptly while taking dam inflow conditions into account. Therefore, this study aims to propose methodology that is capable of generating flood maps rapidly for any dam inflow conditions. The proposed methodology was performed by linking a dynamic numerical analysis model (DAMBRK) with a random forest regression technique. The previous standard method of drawing flood maps often requires a significant amount of time depending on accuracy and personnel availability; however, the technique proposed here is capable of generating a flood map within one minute. Through use of this methodology, the time taken to prepare flood maps in large-scale water-disaster situations can be reduced. Moreover, methodology for estimating flood risk via use of flood mapping has been proposed. This study would provide assistance in establishing disaster countermeasures that take various flood scenarios into account by promptly providing flood inundation information to disaster-related agencies.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "An LTS-SQUID based measurement tool for characterization of superconductive RF cavities. This paper presents a new system to measure very low currents in an accelerator environment, using a Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC). In principle a CCC is a conventional current transformer using the high performance SQUID technology to sense the magnetic fields caused by the beam current. Since the system is sensitive on a pA level, it is an optimum device to detect dark currents of superconducting cavities. The system presented here is designed for the test facilities of the superconducting accelerator modules for the European XFEL at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg. Measurements in a quiet environment showed that an intrinsic noise level of the CCC of 40 pA/root Hz could be achieved.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "Abduction and the Origin of 'Musement': Peirce's 'Neglected Argument for the Reality of God. This paper is an evaluation of C. S. Peirce's late essay \\\\'A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God\\\\' (1908), based on the two logical values that he calls \\\\'productiveness\\\\' and \\\\'security.\\\\' After reviewing the unique logical form of \\\\'abduction\\\\' and noting that it is a formal fallacy-and so enjoys less \\\\'security\\\\' than deduction or induction-I turn to the extraordinary case of abduction that is found in \\\\'A Neglected Argument.\\\\' I argue that the productiveness of the Neglected Argument is found in its ability to instigate practical results. The security of the Neglected Argument, on the other hand, is rooted in an activity Peirce calls \\\\'musement,\\\\' a kind of rational intuition. Moreover, I suggest that Peirce's notion of \\\\'musement,\\\\' which has remained something of a mystery in Peirce studies, arose from his early reading of Friedrich von Schiller's aesthetics.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "When metacognitive prompts help information search in collaborative setting. Results. - Results partially confirmed the direct and mediated effects of question prompts, but only when oriented on the first step of information search. There were no effects of the question prompts orienting on the next steps of information classification and information presentation.Conclusion. - Results of this study shed light on the role of metacognition in IPS and allowed to suggest some instructional implications of question prompts to support the IPS process. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.Introduction. - It is not surprising that information problem solving (IPS) as \\\\'metacognitively complex situations\\\\' (Veenman et al., 2004) become an interesting area to study ways to foster the metacognitive processing they required, but that are not spontaneously activated.Objective. - The goal of the present study was to investigate the positive effect of metacognitive incentives, provided as question prompts, on the metacognitive processing required to collaboratively solve the information problem, and on the IPS scores.Method. - On the basis of the literature, the prompts were embedded in the IPS process and aimed to support three steps of IPS: information search, information classification and information presentation. Such question prompts were expected to positively impact IPS scores related to each step, compared to a condition without prompt. Moreover, we assumed that the positive effects of question prompts would be mediated by the level of metacognitive processing they activated. An experimental study involving IPS partially conducted in dyads was conducted with two conditions (with prompts, n = 12 and without prompts, n = 14).", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "MORPHOLOGICAL, MOLECULAR AND PATOGENICITY CHARACTERIZATION OF Fusarium acuminatum and Fusarium verticillioides TO Cordia americana SEEDS. Cordia americana (L.) Gottschling & J. S. Mill. (guajuvira) is a forest species widely distributed in Brazil and represents environmental and economic importance due to the quality of its timber and use in reforestation. In order to evaluate the pathogenicity of Fusarium sp. associated with seeds, characterizing the isolates morphologically and molecularly in order to identify them on the species level, was obtained four fungal isolates that were inoculated in seeds to demonstrate their pathogenicity. The morphological characterization was performed using an identification key for the genus Fusarium and, for the molecular identification, genomic regions Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) were sequenced with its elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1- a). The results of the molecular identification agreed with the morphological characterization and allowed to identify the species Fusarium acuminatum and Fusarium verticillioides, both being pathogenic to Cordia americana, causing damping-off in pre and post emergence, and rotting of roots and necrosis of hypocotyl.", "label": [0, 6, 9]}
{"token": "The influence of the forest management in the Bialowieza forest on the species structure of the forest community. Saving Europe's remaining natural forests is one of the main objectives of the political challenges to stop the ongoing decline of biodiversity. Conservationists and foresters need objective data to assess the success or failure of management actions to conserve biodiversity. Comparing the structural characteristics of forest communities that have been subjected to or excluded from forest management, and whose history is well known, makes it possible to assess the effects of anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity. One object that creates such opportunities is the Bialowieza Forest (BF). Here, for the first time, a systematic sample of information on forest communities has been objectively collected to assess the impact of different management/protection regimes on the richness and species composition of forest communities. Species of vascular plants, bryophytes, liverworts, and epigeic lichens were recorded in the 1370 sample plots distributed in a grid of 650 & times; 650 m during years 2016-2018. The average number of plant species recorded in the 400 m2 sample plots was compared according to the following protection categories: Orl & acute;owka protection district (Orl & acute;owka PD) of the Bialowieza National Park (BNP), which has been subject to strict protection since 1921-5.1 thousand ha, Hwoz & acute;na protection district of the BNP (Hwoz & acute;na PD), which has been under partial protection since 1996-5.1 thousand ha, nature reserves-12 thousand ha, and commercial forests-38.2 thousand ha. In terms of species richness, the commercial forests had on average, 4 fewer species than the Hwoz & acute;na PD, but did not differ significantly in this respect from the other protection categories. In the relevant forests in Orl & acute;owka PD, there were on average 4 species of bryophytes and lichens more than in the commercial forests, and this difference proved to be statistically significant. Based on rarefaction curves, the more species-rich contexts were commercial forests in all the trophic and humidity categories. From this study, it emerged that the differences in flora between the managed and strictly protected part of the BF are small and limited to some plant groups. However, this principle does not apply to bryophytes and non-native species.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "An improved timing error prediction monitor for wide adaptive frequency scaling. In order to eliminate the excess timing margin in integrated circuit due to PVT variations, we propose a low overhead timing error prediction monitor, which has only 14 transistors with negligible power overhead. It can generate a predicted alarm signal when the timing is intense before real errors occur. A bunch of timing monitors are inserted at the end of selected critical paths. When there are timing prediction signals, the system clock will be stretched immediately to avoid real timing errors. Applied on a computation intensive Bitcoin Miner chip under 40 nm CMOS process, the simulation results show that it can operate at a wide voltage range of 0.5-1.1V. This timing prediction monitor based adaptive frequency scaling system can increase the frequency to 2.1x at near-Vth voltage and 1.21x at super-Vth region compared to the original non-monitored circuit. Thus, it is an effective way to mitigate the effect of PVT variations.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Long-term Safety and Immunogenicity of a Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine Candidate in Children and Adults: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Study. Background We report long-term safety and immunogenicity of Takeda's tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate (TAK-003) in healthy children and adults living in dengue-endemic areas in Puerto Rico, Columbia, Singapore, and Thailand. Methods In part 1 of this phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled trial we sequentially enrolled 1.5-45 year olds (n = 148) into 4 age-descending groups, randomized 2:1 to receive 2 doses of TAK-003 or placebo 90 days apart. In part 2, 1-11 year olds (n = 212) were enrolled and randomized 3:1 to TAK-003 or placebo groups. We assessed neutralizing antibody titers for the 4 dengue serotypes (DENV) up to month 36 in part 1, and symptomatic dengue and serious adverse events (SAEs) up to month 36 in both parts. Results At month 36, seropositivity rates were 97.3%, 98.7%, 88.0% and 56.0% for DENV-1, -2, -3 and -4, respectively. Seropositivity rates varied significantly for DENV-4 according to serostatus at baseline (89.5% in seropositives versus 21.6% in seronegatives). No vaccine-related SAEs were reported. Conclusions The trial demonstrated persistence of neutralizing antibody titers against TAK-003 over 3 years in children and adults living in dengue-endemic countries, with limited contribution from natural infection. TAK-003 was well tolerated.TAK-003 was well tolerated in children and adults, with no vaccine-related SAEs. Three years after administration, TAK-003 induced persisting antibody titers, with seropositivity rates of 97%, 99%, 88%, and 56% against dengue serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4, respectively.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Open circuit voltage and efficiency in ternary organic photovoltaic blends. Organic bulk heterojunction solar cells based on ternary blends of two donor absorbers and one acceptor are investigated by experiments and modeling. The commonly observed continuous tunability of the open circuit voltage V-OC with the donor1 : donor2 ratio can quantitatively be explained as quasi-Fermi level splitting due to photocreated charges filling a joint density of states that is broadened by Gaussian disorder. On this basis, a predictive model for the power conversion efficiency that accounts for the composition-dependent absorption and the shape of the current-voltage characteristic curve is developed. When all other parameters, most notably the fill factor, are constant, we find that for state-of-the-art absorbers, having a broad and strong absorption spectrum, ternary blends offer no advantage over binary ones. For absorbers with a more narrow absorption spectrum ternary blends of donors with complementary absorption spectra, offer modest improvements over binary ones. In contrast, when, upon blending, transport and/or recombination kinetics are improved, leading to an increased fill factor, ternaries may offer significant advantages over binaries.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 16, 36, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Schweitzer reconsidered: The applicability of reverence for life as environmental philosophy. As the last great philosopher of the will, Albert Schweitzer rejected the radical individualism of Nietzsche and the pessimistic-mystical detachment of Schopenhauer, and instead sought to create a true social ethic. Schweitzer's particular contribution was to move further than Nietzsche to reconcile philosophy with natural science while simultaneously preserving and transforming the sense of mysticism and higher world-order principles from Schopenhauer. He joined this new cosmology to the virtue ethics of Aristotle, and recovered one key element of his ontology of becoming to transcend the Humean \\\\'is/ought\\\\' gap for ethics. The result is a philosophy that is as much biographical of Schweitzer himself as it is systematic. This result is both the strength and greatest weakness of his reverence-for-life ethic. It is tailor-made for contemporary environmental ethics: it has applications in many strands of environmental thought, including deep ecology, ecofeminism, and ecotheology, and may attract considerable interest from environmental movements that seek to cultivate deep personal conviction.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 52]}
{"token": "Socioeconomic factors and water quality in California. We investigate the relationships between water quality and socioeconomic factors in California at the county level for the years 1993-2006 using 24 water quality indicators coming from seven different types of water bodies. We estimate these relationships using three classes of models: the traditional per capita income-pollution level-Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC)-specifications, a more inclusive model containing main socioeconomic variables such as agricultural intensity, land use, ethnic composition, population density and educational attainment, and a model that includes the socioeconomic variables while accounting for spatial correlations too. For most water quality indicators, we do not find support for EKC specifications. For pollutants like phosphorus and total suspended solids, the level of agricultural activity is a significant determinant of water quality in California, but for other surface water pollutants commonly considered agricultural pollutants, such as ammonia and nitrate, the level of agricultural activity is not statistically significant. We find that education, ethnic composition, age structure, land use, population density, and water area are all significantly correlated with various indicators of water quality.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Social Network Analysis of COVID-19 Sentiments: 10 Metropolitan Cities in Italy. The pandemic spread rapidly across Italy, putting the region's health system on the brink of collapse, and generating concern regarding the government's capacity to respond to the needs of patients considering isolation measures. This study developed a sentiment analysis using millions of Twitter data during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 10 metropolitan cities in Italy's (1) north: Milan, Venice, Turin, Bologna; (2) central: Florence, Rome; (3) south: Naples, Bari; and (4) islands: Palermo, Cagliari. Questions addressed are as follows: (1) How did tweet-related sentiments change over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) How did sentiments change when lagged with policy shifts and/or specific events? Findings show an assortment of differences and connections across Twitter sentiments (fear, anger, and joy) based on policy measures and geographies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results can be used by policy makers to quantify the satisfactory level of positive/negative acceptance of decision makers and identify important topics related to COVID-19 policy measures, which can be useful for imposing geographically varying lockdowns and protective measures using historical data.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "The effects of low-level laser therapy on orthodontically induced root resorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive and/or reparative effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) in rats. Thirty rats were divided into four groups (short-term control (SC), short-term laser (SL), long-term control (LC), long-term laser (LL)). In all groups, the left first molar was moved mesially for 11 days. At the end of this period, the rats in groups SC and SL were killed in order to observe the resorption lacunas and to evaluate whether LLLT had any positive effect on root resorption. The groups LC and LL were remained for a healing period of 14 days in order to observe spontaneous repair of the resorption areas and investigate whether LLLT had reparative effects on root resorption. A Ga-Al-As diode laser (Doris, CTL-1106MX, Warsaw, Poland) with a wavelength of 820 nm was used. In SL group, the first molars were irradiated with the dose of 4.8 J/cm(2) (50 mW, 12 s, 0.6 J) on every other day during force application. In LL group, the irradiation period was started on the day of appliance removal and the first molars were irradiated with the dose of 4.8 J/cm(2) on every other day for the next 14 days. LLLT significantly increased the number of osteoblasts and fibroblasts, and inflammatory response in SL group in comparison with SC group (P = .001). The amount of resorption did not represent any difference between the two groups (P = .16). In LL group, LLLT significantly increased the number of fibroblasts and decreased the amount of resorption in comparison with LC group (P = .001; P = .02). Both parameters indicating the reparative and the resorptive processes were found to be increased by LLLT applied during orthodontic force load. LLLT applied after termination of the orthodontic force significantly alleyed resorption and enhanced/accelerated the healing of OIIRR. LLLT has significant reparative effects on OIIRR while it is not possible to say that it definitely has a preventive effect.", "label": [1, 2, 22, 15]}
{"token": "Condom use and hip hop culture: The case of urban young men in New York City. Conclusions. Popular discourses on young men's health risks often blame youths' cultures such as the hip hop culture for increased risk practices but do not critically examine how risk emerges in urban young men's lives and what aspects of youths' culture can be protective. Further research needs to focus on contextual factors of risk such as the role of hip hop nightlife on increased HIV risk.Results. Differences in young men's perceptions of and levels of affiliation with hip hop culture were not statistically associated with differences in their sense of community or condom-use self-efficacy. Frequency of participation in the hip hop nightclub scene was the strongest factor negatively associated with condom use.Objectives. We explored how young men's perceptions of and participation in hip hop culture-urban social and artistic expressions, such as clothing style, breakdancing, graffiti, and rap music-and how contextual factors of the hip hop scene may be associated with their condom use, condom-use self-efficacy, and sense of community.Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 95 African American and Latino men aged 15 to 25 years as part of a 4-year ethnographic study in New York City.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "An analysis of urban forest management plans in Canada: Implications for urban forest management. Urban forests are an integral part of urban ecosystems and quality of city life. The urban forest in Canada is highly valued, underscoring the importance of devising schemes for sustainable urban forest management. During the last decade, many urban forest management plans (UFMPs) have been prepared. This study analyses 14 Canadian UFMPs published in this period. We found that most of the UFMPs are dominated by an approach that relies on single-tree maintenance, canopy-cover enhancement, tree-diversity enhancement, and planting-oriented educational programmes. These activities dominate the operational features of the plans, while other ecological, social, and economic considerations lack specificity and operational clarity. A suite of best management practices based on UFMP documentation is included here. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 38, 52]}
{"token": "Using toponymy to reconstruct past land use: a case study of 'brusada' (burn) in southern Switzerland. Toponyms are frequently the outcome of a creative process, a subjective interpretation by the local inhabitants at the time of naming. They often survive changes in the local landscape, thus becoming historical documents of landscape dynamics or changes in land use. In this contribution we provide a systematic synchronic analysis of the toponym brusada (burn) in Canton Ticino. In total, 182 instances of place names containing brusada were recorded, of which 102 cases (56.0%) were localised. Based on oral information provided by the local people or on archival documents, it was possible to group the selected toponyms into different meaning classes such as burnt building, exposed sites, pasture-land and others without any indication (classified here as generic). On the basis of etymological, topographic, documentary, bibliographic, and historic evidence, as well as proxy-archives (such as charcoal in lake sediments), we hypothesise that most of the toponyms associated with pasture-land - and probably also a large portion of the generic toponyms - are directly or indirectly related to the habit of using fire to clear brushwood to improve pasture-land or to eliminate trees. In the study area, the practice of pasture-fires appears to have been a very well controlled and targeted activity in medieval times. In contrast, pasture-fires became very frequent and uncontrolled in the second half of the nineteenth century up until the Second World War. Our study confirms the usefulness and suitability of toponymy, in combination with other disciplines, for ecohistorical reconstructions of past environmental and land-use changes. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "This Land is My Land: Absence and Ruination in the American Dream of (Mobile) Homeownership. Manufactured homes occupy a unique space in the American sociopolitical landscape. Colloquially referred to as \\\\'mobile homes\\\\' or \\\\'trailers,\\\\' manufactured housing's ambiguous social, legal, and financial categorization produces continuous displacement pressure for millions of mobile-homeowners living in for-profit mobile home communities (MHCs). This article examines the consequences of mobile-homeowner disparagement as \\\\'trailer trash\\\\' through the case study of Isabel, a mobile-homeowner whose twofold eviction-of both owner and home-was justified based on her possession of socially undesirable (mobile) housing. Drawing on fieldwork in urban MHCs from 2011 to 2016, this article reconstructs Isabel's story via the materiality of eviction and demonstrates a methodology for urban ethnographers who encounter displacement after the fact. Whereas corporate and municipal narratives attempt to delegitimize mobile home residents as \\\\'not quite\\\\' homeowners, reintroducing Isabel as an absent subject illustrates how potent sociocultural disdain produces, and even anticipates, the material ruination of \\\\'trailer trash.\\\\'", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "First report of Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Province of Manabi, Ecuador. The presence of the red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst, is recorded for the first time in the Province of Manabi, Ecuador. High populations and severe damage caused by this new invasive mite were found on coconut, banana, and on ornamental palm leaves growing near coconut trees in western Ecuador.http://www.zoobank.org/LSID:murn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:221C49DF-4B01-4D10-8D73-ECA05258AF9F", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Relationship between retinoic acid receptor a gene expression and growth-inhibitory effect of all-trans retinoic acid on canine tumor cells. Retinoids show antitumour effects on human acute promyelocytic leukemia and other tumours via retinoid receptors. In dogs, the role of retinoid receptors in inhibiting tumor development remains unclear. To evaluate the correlation between the degree of expression of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha) mRNA and the antiproliferative effects or all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) treatments, expression analysis of RAR alpha mRNA and cell growth inhibition assay were performed on 17 established canine tumor cell lines, including 6 mammary gland tumor (MGT) cell lines, 3 osteosarcoma cell lines, 5 melanoma cell lines, and 3 mast cell tumor (MCT) cell lines. Among the cell lines investigated. all 3 MCT cell lines showed high expression of RAR alpha and the most effective cell growth inhibition was observed in ATRA-treated MCT cell lines. However, remarkable antiproliferative effects of ATRA treatments were not observed on other tumor Cell lines With moderate or low, RAR alpha mRNA expression. As a result of the relationship between RAR alpha mRNA expression and ATRA treatment with regression analysis, statistically significant correlation was suggested. Furthermore, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of RAR alpha was performed on MCT tissue samples of dogs with spontaneous disease, and 5 of 9 tissues showed high expression. These results Suggest that ATRA may be an effective antitumor agent for MCT in dogs, and that prior measurement of expression of RAR alpha mRNA may be a good indicator of the effectiveness of ATRA treatment.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "The impact of the metabolic syndrome on health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study in Greece. Background: Metabolic syndrome [MetS] is a chronic, progressive and multi-complex health problem that can trigger physical, emotional and psychosocial problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between MetS and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) as well as depressive and anxiety disorders.Methods: New consecutive patients who attended an outpatient lipid clinic for evaluation for MetS were eligible for inclusion in the study. The MetS was defined according to the new definition of International Diabetes Federation (IDF). The Medical Outcomes Study, Short Form-36 (SF-36) was used to assess HRQoL. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed by a validated Greek version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).Results: Three hundred and fifty-nine subjects were involved of whom 206 [57.4%] met the diagnostic criteria for the MetS (cases) and 153 [42.6%] were free of MetS criteria (comparator group). MetS was associated with lower scores of all subscales of the SF-36 except of bodily pain. The physical component summary score of SF-36 was independently associated with gender (beta = 2.41, P = .01), married or living together (beta = 5.18, P = .001) and satisfactory household income (beta = 5.77, P < .0001). The mental component summary score of SF-36 was independently associated with gender (beta = 3.20, P = .003) and satisfactory household income (beta = 3.94, P = .02). A predominance of anxiety and depressive symptoms was observed among subjects with MetS.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that subjects with MetS have significantly more impaired HRQoL than those without MetS. These findings suggest that HRQoL should be considered in the management of subjects with MetS.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Understanding audience reception and interpretation of development communications: A research framework proposition. While studies on visual communications of international development are small, scattered but well established, much of this comprises of representational analyses. However, studying development representations alone limits critical investigation of the complex contradictions and intersectionality that constitute their reception. Audience reception studies in this context are scarce, largely commissioned charity/NGO reports, with limited contributions to discussions. Nevertheless, this article examines these inquiries, evaluating their contributions, limitations and absences. Based on this critical review, I suggest a research framework outlined by a three-pronged proposition: (1) situating UK audiences of mediated development within their contradictory heterogeneity. (2) Moving beyond normative binaries and towards understanding the complexities and experiential variability of mediated development; and (3) studying audience reception as a 'multi-sited ethnography'. This framework is intended as a resource to support development scholars and NGO practitioners in the study and evaluation of development reception by audiences.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "The Effect of Links and Excerpts on Internet News Consumption. Internet news and search sites often excerpt content from and link to competing news outlets. On the one hand, providing outbound links can make the linking site more attractive, even to the point of stealing traffic from the linked sites. Regulatory policy, such as the European Union's Copyright Directive Article 15 taxing links, is predicated in part on this idea. On the other hand, receiving inbound links can increase a linked site's audience by informing readers about its news content that day. To explore these opposing perspectives, the authors develop a dynamic learning model and fit it to browsing and link data from celebrity news sites. They then simulate how banning links affects consumer browsing and find that linking increases celebrity news consumption, especially among consumers who browse the least. On average, linking benefits both the linking and linked sites. The authors estimate that exposure to a link increases the likelihood of visiting the linked site by .14%. This increase is approximately three times the commonly reported click-through rate for paid display advertisements.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Korean Christian Churches, the ibuk ch'ulsin Minority and the Perception of the North. Some re-search has already been done regarding the importance of Christian churches in South Korea and their impact on the socio-political field. Nevertheless, the case of those Protestant churches that were imported from the North into the South in the suitcases of migrants around the period of the Korean War deserves special attention for several reasons. Firstly, networking among South Korean political actors originating from the northern part of the Korean peninsula was often done through these Christian churches, not only at the familial level but also at professional and political levels. Secondly, these migrants' particular ties with North Korea, which persist in spite of generational turnover, confers upon them a specific perception and idea about the North Korea from which they escaped. Between their will to protect themselves against the communist threat and their desire to help those North Koreans who were not as lucky as themselves, their vision regarding the North from the 1950s to the present has played a role in their actions as political actors in the South. Even though conservatism prevails, many of the activities undertaken in North Korea by South Koreans are done by Christian clergy.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 33]}
{"token": "Reduction of nutrient loads from agricultural subsurface drainage water in a small, edge-of-field constructed treatment wetland. Constructed treatment wetlands are a common practice for filtering nitrogen from agricultural sub-surface (i.e. tile) drainage in the Midwest. Wetland size recommendations typically depend on watershed size, but little is known about the effectiveness of wetlands with a pooled area as small as 0.11 ha combined with a high infiltration rate and sub-surface treatment. A small, edge-of-field wetland treating tile drainage from a 10.1-ha row-crop field was constructed in 2013 adjacent to Elm Creek in Martin County, MN. The water, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N), and phosphorus (P) budgets were determined for 2013 to 2016. The wetland received an annual average of 12.6 m drainage water, 185 kg NO3--N, and 1.3 kg total phosphorus (TP) each of the four years of this study. It removed 67% of the input NO3-, but TP removal was inconclusive. The majority of NO3- was removed in the shallow groundwater flow after it infiltrated from the surface. Approximately 3.2 kg-P ha(-1) yr(-1) was removed by harvesting the vegetation in the wetland. Therefore, it can be concluded that NO3- removal in the shallow groundwater and TP removal through vegetation harvest were the primary means of removing each nutrient.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 37, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Using the cold plasma dispersion relation and whistler mode waves to quantify the antenna sheath impedance of the Van Allen Probes EFW instrument. Cold plasma theory and parallel wave propagation are often assumed when approximating the whistler mode magnetic field wave power from electric field observations. The current study is the first to include the wave normal angle from the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science package on board the Van Allen Probes in the conversion factor, thus allowing for the accuracy of these assumptions to be quantified. Results indicate that removing the assumption of parallel propagation does not significantly affect calculated plasmaspheric hiss wave powers. Hence, the assumption of parallel propagation is valid. For chorus waves, inclusion of the wave normal angle in the conversion factor leads to significant alterations in the distribution of wave power ratios (observed/ calculated); the percentage of overestimates decreases, the percentage of underestimates increases, and the spread of values is significantly reduced. Calculated plasmaspheric hiss wave powers are, on average, a good estimate of those observed, whereas calculated chorus wave powers are persistently and systematically underestimated. Investigation of wave power ratios (observed/calculated), as a function of frequency and plasma density, reveals a structure consistent with signal attenuation via the formation of a plasma sheath around the Electric Field and Waves spherical double probes instrument. A simple, density-dependent model is developed in order to quantify this effect of variable impedance between the electric field antenna and the plasma interface. This sheath impedance model is then demonstrated to be successful in significantly improving agreement between calculated and observed power spectra and wave powers.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Field screening for drought tolerance in Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum millet germplasm from Iran. The present study aims at field screening of Proso and Foxtail millet ecotypes for drought tolerance. Accordingly, 96 promising millet ecotypes along with four checks were evaluated under field conditions in Yazd province of Iran. Field experiment was conducted using an incomplete block design (LATTICE) with two replications under drought stress and control conditions in a period of two years. Multivariate analyses showed variance significant genetic Variation (P < 0.01) among millet ecotypes of Iranian origin. Drought stress tremendously affected grain yield of all genotypes. The interaction between genotype and drought was significant for panicle weight, panicle length and days to flowering. Based on the results of multivariate analyses We identified the effective traits which are the foremost factor responsible for grain yield and dry weight of fodder under drought stress. Therefore, the selection based on these traits would be preferable to identify genotypes with high yield. Eventually, eight ecotypes with the higher grain yield and 8 with the higher dry weight fodder were found highly adoptive under moisture stress conditions. Such ecotypes can be recommended as promising genotypes which may eventually be released as new cultivars for drought-affected areas.", "label": [0, 2, 20, 9]}
{"token": "Atomic dynamics of i-ScZnMg and its 1/1 approximant phase: Experiment and simulation. Quasicrystals are long-range ordered materials that lack translational invariance so that the study of their physical properties remains a challenging problem. In order to study the respective influence of the local order and of the long-range order (periodic or quasiperiodic) on lattice dynamics, we have carried out inelastic X-ray and neutron scattering experiments on single grain samples of the Zn-Mg-Sc icosahedral quasicrystal and of the Zn-Sc periodic cubic 1/1 approximant. Besides the overall similarities and the existence of a pseudo-gap in the transverse dispersion relation, marked differences are observed, the pseudo-gap being larger and better defined in the approximant than in the quasicrystal. This can be qualitatively explained using the concept of pseudo-Brillouin zone in the quasicrystal. These results are compared to simulations on atomic models and using oscillating pair potentials, which have been fitted against ab-initio data. The simulated response function reproduces both the dispersion relation but also the observed intensity distribution in the measured spectra. The partial vibrational density of states, projected on the cluster shells, is computed from this model.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Blending the Incongruity-Resolution Model and the Conceptual Integration Theory: The Case of Blends in Pictorial Advertising. The primary objective of this article is to discuss humorous pictorial advertisements contingent on non-verbal (visual) and verbal components, with the heuristic apparatus provided by Fauconnier and Turner's conceptual integration theory. A postulate is advanced that humour-orientated blending can be viewed in the light of the incongruity-resolution model (Suls, 1972, 1983), the prevailing framework of humour interpretation in linguistics and psychology. Nevertheless, a proviso is made that special emphasis must be placed on the mechanism of bisociation, i.e. oscillation between incompatible frames of reference (Koestler, 1964), after the resolution stage, which is in accordance with the conceptual integration account. Additionally, a preliminary attempt is made at differentiating humorous blends from non-humorous ones. Finally, a discussion of examples aims to testify to the widespread and multifarious applicability of the incongruity-resolution blending approach in the analysis of humorous advertisements. It is shown how humorously incongruous blends and advertising meta-blends interweave.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Rapid vertical agarose: Silver stain detection of rotavirus. Human rotaviruses (HRV) are the most important etiologic agents of acquired diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide, Therefore, the early diagnosis is essential for effective patient management and infection control. We have developed a rapid, simple technique for the diagnosis of rotavirus based on the sensitive detection of rotavirus double-stranded RNA genome segments separated in vertical agarose gels and developed by silver staining (AGE-SS), This method also has the ability to detect differences in the electrophoretic mobility of RNA bands among group C rotaviruses, reovirus, and group A rotaviruses, The results indicate that this assay is as sensitive and specific as the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver stain method (PAGE/SS) and it could be applied on large scale for the screening of stool suspected of rotaviral diarrhea. This assay does not need sophisticated equipment and the cost per sample is minimal compared with other available assays.", "label": [2, 18, 21]}
{"token": "Rehabilitation of torture survivors in five countries: common themes and challenges. Conclusions: Data showed that the torture survivors seen in these five centres had high levels of exposure to torture events and high rates of clinical symptoms. In order to provide effective services to torture survivors, health professionals at torture rehabilitation centres in low income countries need to be supported to collect relevant data to document the needs of torture survivors and to evaluate the centres' interventions.Results: Of the 306 torture survivors, 23% were asylum seekers or refugees, 24% were socially isolated, 11% in prison. A high level of traumatic events was experienced. 64% had suffered head injury whilst tortured and 24% had ongoing torture injury problems. There was high prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress as well as medically unexplained somatic symptoms. The analysis demonstrates a modest drop in symptoms over the six months of the study.Methods: Socio-demographic, clinical and torture exposure data was collected on the torture survivors attending the five centres at presentation and then at three and six month follow-up periods. This sample of torture survivors is presented using a range of descriptive statistics. Change over time is demonstrated with repeated measures analysis of variance.Background: Torture continues to be a global problem and there is a need for prevention and rehabilitation efforts. There is little available data on torture survivors from studies designed and conducted by health professionals in low income countries. This study is a collaboration between five centres from Gaza, Egypt, Mexico, Honduras and South Africa who provide health, social and legal services to torture survivors, advocate for the prevention of torture and are part of the network of the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT).", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "NONASSOCIATIVE SUBSTRUCTURAL LOGICS AND THEIR SEMILINEAR EXTENSIONS: AXIOMATIZATION AND COMPLETENESS PROPERTIES. Substructural logics extending the full Lambek calculus FL have largely benefited from a systematical algebraic approach based on the study of their algebraic counterparts: residuated lattices. Recently, a nonassociative generalization of FL (which we call SL) has been studied by Galatos and Ono as the logic of lattice-ordered residuated unital groupoids. This paper is based on an alternative Hilbert-style presentation for SL which is almost (MP)-based. This presentation is then used to obtain, in a uniform way applicable to most (both associative and nonassociative) substructural logics, a form of local deduction theorem, description of filter generation, and proper forms of generalized disjunctions. A special stress is put on semilinear substructural logics (i.e., logics complete with respect to linearly ordered algebras). Axiomatizations of the weakest semilinear logic over SL and other prominent substructural logics are provided and their completeness with respect to chains defined over the real unit interval is proved.", "label": [3, 4, 41, 32]}
{"token": "Establishment of an enzymatic hydrolysis evaluation index for dairy cows' placental hydrolysates. This study aimed to investigate the bioactive polypeptides of dairy cows' placenta and establish an effective enzymatic hydrolysis evaluation index for preparing bioactive hydrolysates. Hydrolysed placental homogenates by trypsin and papain and evaluated hydrolysis time, substrate concentrations and Enzyme/Substrate ratio to hydrolysates extraction rate and also their reducibility by Box-Behnken central response model. Optimal hydrolysis conditions of trypsin and papain for the highest extraction rate and reducibility were as follows: hydrolysis time 5.78, 5.13 h and 6.18, 3.95h; substrate concentrations 30.21, 35.59 %, and 34.78, 22.04 %, E/S 3.24, 4.19% and 5.00, 3.64%, respectively. The corresponding extraction rates and Vit.C equivalent were 5.55% and 39.32 mu g/mg for trypsin, 6.97% and 70.54 mu g/mg for papain. Correlations between the extraction rate and reducibility were significant in trypsin but not in papain. Optimized hydrolysis conditions with the highest integrated extraction rate (I) of trypsin and papain were as follows; hydrolysis time 5.8 and 4.7h; substrate concentrations 34.98 and 34.03 %; E/S 3.33 and 3.66%, respectively and corresponding integrated extraction rates were 2037.92 and 4414.09 mu g center dot g(-1), respectively. These results indicated that papain has higher hydrolysis efficiency than trypsin and I value is applicable for evaluating bioactive enzymatic hydrolysis of the placenta of dairy cows.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Logopedic disorders in children with epilepsy. Eighty five children with partial epilepsy were studied neuropsychologically, logopeclically, neurologically and electro-physiologically. Speech function evaluation was conducted regarding age, mental retardation and severity of the underlying disease. It is shown that 53% children have logopedic disorders, in 35% cases these disorders were severe such as speech delay or general speech underdevelopment. Characteristics of the disorders correlated with severity of mental retardation of the child and the disease severity.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Personas of plagiarism: The construction of the 'plagiarist' in Australian university subreddits. Plagiarism is a central concern of universities, students, and researchers. Despite this, investigations into student perspectives of plagiarism remain relatively rare in the literature. This paper draws on Systemic Functional Linguistics to analyze the language used to describe \\\\'the plagiarist \\\\' in Australian university subreddit discussions. The findings reveal that the plagiarist is consistently construed as a criminal, and that this categorization could be further analyzed into specific sub-types, or personas. Implications for pedagogy include the need to carefully consider responses to plagiarism against the different personas. Implications for theory and research include the potential for dialogue between Linguistics, Education, and Criminology in order to further explore the connection between the plagiarist and the criminal. Crown Copyright (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 28]}
{"token": "Stabilization of Joule Heating in the Electropyroelectric Method. Recently the so-called electropyroelectric technique for thermal characterization of liquids has been proposed (Ivanov et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43, 225501 (2010)). In this method a pyroelectric sensor, in good thermal contact with the investigated sample, is heated by passing an amplitude-modulated electrical current through the electrical contacts. As a result of the heat dissipated to the sample, the pyroelectric signal measured as a voltage drop across the electrical contacts changes in a periodical way. The amplitude and phase of this signal can be measured by lock-in detection as a function of the electrical current modulation frequency. Because the signal amplitude and phase depend on the thermal properties of the sample, these can be determined straightforwardly by fitting the experimental data to a theoretical model based on the solution of the heat diffusion equation with proper boundary conditions. In general, the experimental conditions are selected so that the thermal effusivity becomes the measured magnitude. The technique has the following handicap. As the result of heating and wear of the metal coating layers (previously etched to achieve a serpentine form) with time, their electrical resistance changes with time, so that the heat power dissipated by the Joule effect can vary, and thermal effusivity measurement can become inaccurate. To avoid this problem in this study, a method is proposed that allows maintaining stable the Joule dissipated power. An electronic circuit is designed whose stability and characteristics are investigated and discussed.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 12]}
{"token": "The rise of processed meat alternatives: A narrative review of the manufacturing, composition, nutritional profile and health effects of newer sources of protein, and their place in healthier diets. Background: The drive to reduce the negative impact of the global food system on the environment and human health, and to feed a growing global population, has led to the rapid development of meat alternatives, including plant-based and mycoprotein-based products such as burgers, cured meat and nuggets. These are generally food items manufactured with highly refined ingredients, so health professionals interested in promoting plant-based diets, or a reduction in meat consumption, need a deeper understanding about the potential health effects of these products in order to present them to the public in an objective and helpful manner.Scope and approaches: In this narrative review, a search of the current available scientific literature was performed with the aim of exploring all these foods by delving into the way they are manufactured, their nutritional characteristics, their impact on health, as well as trying to understand their place in modern, diets.Key findings and conclusion: Processed meat alternatives, despite being highly refined products, can be a good source of healthy food groups and nutrients often underrepresented in omnivores diets such as grains, legumes, plant protein and fibre, although attention must be paid to their salt and saturated fat content. For people wanting to move away from a meat-heavy diet, the consumption of these items can represent a stepping stone towards the adoption of more healthful dietary patterns centred on whole plant-foods. In addition, they might help to increase compliance with the new lifestyle as they tend to replicate some of the organoleptic properties of meat.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Lepidopteran peritrophic membranes and effects of dietary wheat germ agglutinin on their formation and structure. Peritrophic membrane (PM) structure and the effects of dietary wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) on PM formation were studied in larvae of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis, and the tobacco hornworm (THW), Manduca sexta. Growth of ECB was strongly inhibited by low amounts of WGA in the diet (0.05%), whereas THW was not affected by amounts of up to 2%. In ECB larvae, chitin microfibrils were secreted to form an orthogonal network within the apical region of the anterior midgut microvilli. The network then moved to the tips of the microvilli where proteinacious matrix was added prior to delamination of a single PM into the lumen to enclose the food bolus. Multiple PMs rapidly appeared as the food moved posteriorly and some of these became greatly thickened in the middle and posterior regions of the midgut. WGA in the diet caused hypersecretion of unorganized PM in the anterior midgut lumen, disintegration of microvilli, and cessation of feeding. It was also shown to bind to both the chitinous network and to several PM proteins, perhaps causing voids in the PM and sparse matrix material. This allowed the passage of food particles through a defective PM into the ectoperitrophic space and penetration into the microvillar brush border. Stimulation of PM secretion and cessation of feeding may have been ah response to damage to the brush border. Unlike ECE, the chitinous network of THW is a randomly organized felt-like structure embedded in a proteinaceous matrix. This PM is secreted as a thin multilayered structure in the anterior region of the midgut but multiple and thickened PMs occur in the middle and posterior lumens of the midgut. THW tolerated high amounts of WGA in its diet with no disruption of PM formation or inhibition of growth. WGA did accumulate as large masses embedded in the PM, but caused no voids that would allow the penetration of food particles and subsequent damage to the brush border. Therefore, differences in PM formation and structure between ECB and THW appeared to affect how WGA interacts with chitinous and proteinaceous components of the PM and subsequent effects on larval feeding and growth. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Human Resource Management and Organizational Behavior of Public Research Institutions. The purpose of this article is to analyze the organizational behavior of public research organizations based on their human resources development and management. The study here focuses on the largest Italian public research body. The pyramid of R&D people shows the irregular spatial structure of the research personnel per macro regions and the index of seniority indicates older research personnel in the North and Central Part of Italy than in the South Italy. The analysis of human resources displays organizational weaknesses and threats for public research labs generated by research policy based on shrinking public research lab budgets and downsizing of research personnel. Some critical human resource management implications are discussed in order to improve the strategic change and research performances of public research institutions in turbulent and fast-changing markets.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Generalizability Theory Reliability of Written Expression Curriculum-Based Measurement in Universal Screening. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of written expression curriculum-based measurement (WE-CBM) in the context of universal screening from a generalizability theory framework. Students in second through fifth grade (n = 145) participated in the study. The sample included 54% female students, 49% White students, 23% African American students, 17% Hispanic students, 8% Asian students, and 3% of students identified as 2 or more races. Of the sample, 8% were English Language Learners and 6% were students receiving special education. Three WE-CBM probes were administered for 7 min each at 3 time points across 1 year. Writing samples were scored for commonly used WE-CBM metrics (e.g., correct minus incorrect word sequences; CIWS). Results suggest that nearly half the variance in WE-CBM is related to unsystematic error and that conventional screening procedures (i.e., the use of one 3-min sample) do not yield scores with adequate reliability for relative or absolute decisions about student performance. In most grades, three 3-min writing samples (or 2 longer duration samples) were required for adequate reliability for relative decisions, and three 7-min writing samples would not yield adequate reliability for relative decisions about within-year student growth. Implications and recommendations are discussed.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "The presence of a specific genotype of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in a hospital and municipal water distribution system over a 12-year period. The genotypic distribution of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was investigated in the water distribution system of a 450-bed Swedish hospital and the surrounding community. A single genotype identified by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, was found in all 34 hospital isolates and in 18 out of 20 community isolates over a 12-y surveillance period. All isolates were either monoclonal antibody subtypes Benidorm or Bellingham. In a geographical comparison, the hospital genotype was also identified in 2 out of 6 Swedish hospitals, both located within 100 km of the studied community. In all, 70 isolates originating from 7 Swedish communities clustered in 4 groups, each also containing 1 AFLP type as defined by the European Working Group on Legionella Infections (EWGLI). It was concluded that a single Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 genotype may colonize a large water distribution system over a long period of time, and that certain clones seem to be widely spread in the environment. Results from molecular typing of isolates originating from a limited geographical area must, therefore, be interpreted cautiously in epidemiological investigations of Legionnaires' disease.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Dam Effect on Soil Nutrients and Potentially Toxic Metals in a Reservoir Riparian Zone. The unique hydrological regime of Three Gorges Dam (TGD) has brought enormous challenges to the riparian zone (RRZ), which plays an important role in regulating sediment and nutrient transport into the Yangtze River. The soil in a RRZ is one of the key factors that affect the water quality. After 4 years of winter-flooding, the concentration of soil nutrients and potentially toxic metals between the flooded reservoir RRZ and adjacent non-flooded upland (Upland) are examined. There are two main results: First, soil organic carbon and soil available potassium concentration were significantly lower in RRZ than in Upland. Soil total nitrogen (TN) concentration showed the same trend, but with no significance. Soil available phosphorus concentration is significantly higher in RRZ. Second, the concentrations of all the tested potentially toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn), their geoaccumulation index (I-geo) values and potential ecological risk index (E-i) values are significantly higher in RRZ than in Upland. Cd had the highest I-geo and E-i values in RRZ. The present results indicated that the flood-dry-flood cycle caused by TGD has changed the soil nutrient concentrations and increased the potentially toxic metal concentrations. There is a cross-contamination risk of the soil in RRZ, perhaps related to fertilization. As the last protective barrier for the Yangtze River, soil potentially toxic metals pollution control should deserve a considerable attention in the RRZ formed by TGD.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 39, 52]}
{"token": "A methodology for the prediction of the sonic boom in tunnels of high-speed trains. The present study focuses in the propagation and deformation of the first compression wave generated when a high speed train enters a tunnel. This first wave is a determining factor in shock wave formation inside the tunnel, and therefore in sonic boom phenomena. This is modelled with the one-dimensional equations for the flow in a tube, and an analogy that relates a piston inside a tube with the entering train, both opening the door to an algebraic formulation that delimits the problem of shock formation. The model is represented in a characteristic form to find the relation between the distance where the pressure wave becomes a shock wave (named the regression distance) and the parameters that define the initial wave profile, namely the maximum pressure increment and the maximum pressure gradient downstream the entry portal. Later, steady and unsteady wall friction and heat transfer effects are analysed. Differences between the regression distance for the cases with friction and heat transfer and without them, seems to be delimited, that makes the algebraic formulation suited for fast decisions at the time of conceptual design of high-speed lines. Model validation with more complex models and experimental data is provided. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Brain damage in methylmalonic aciduria: 2-methylcitrate induces cerebral ammonium accumulation and apoptosis in 3D organotypic brain cell cultures. Methods: To explore the metabolic consequences of methylmalonic aciduria on the brain, we used 3D organotypic brain cell cultures from rat embryos. We challenged the cultures at two different developmental stages with 1 mM MMA, propionate or 2-MCA applied 6 times every 12 h. In a dose-response experiment cultures were challenged with 0.01, 0.1, 0.33 and 1 mM 2-MCA. Immunohistochemical staining for different brain cell markers were used to assess cell viability, morphology and differentiation. Significant changes were validated by western blot analysis. Biochemical markers were analyzed in culture media. Apoptosis was studied by immunofluorescence staining and western blots for activated caspase-3.Conclusion: Surprisingly, 2-MCA, and not MMA, seems to be the most toxic metabolite in our in vitro model leading to delayed axonal growth, apoptosis of glial cells and to unexpected ammonium increase. Morphological changes were already observed at 2-MCA concentrations as low as 0.01 mM. Increased apoptosis and ammonium accumulation started at 0.1 mM thus suggesting that ammonium accumulation is secondary to cell suffering and/or cell death. Local accumulation of ammonium in CNS, that may remain undetected in plasma and urine, may therefore play a key role in the neuropathogenesis of methylmalonic aciduria both during acute decompensations and in chronic phases. If confirmed in vivo, this finding might shift the current paradigm and result in novel therapeutic strategies.Background: Methylmalonic aciduria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by accumulation of methylmalonate (MMA), propionate and 2-methylcitrate (2-MCA) in body fluids. Early diagnosis and current treatment strategies aimed at limiting the production of these metabolites are only partially effective in preventing neurological damage.Results: Among the three metabolites tested, 2-MCA consistently produced the most pronounced effects. Exposure to 2-MCA caused morphological changes in neuronal and glial cells already at 0.01 mM. At the biochemical level the most striking result was a significant ammonium increase in culture media with a concomitant glutamine decrease. Dose-response studies showed significant and parallel changes of ammonium and glutamine starting from 0.1 mM 2-MCA. An increased apoptosis rate was observed by activation of caspase-3 after exposure to at least 0.1 mM 2-MCA.", "label": [2, 18, 20]}
{"token": "SUBGROUP GROWTH IN SOME PROFINITE CHEVALLEY GROUPS. In this article we improve the known uniform bound for subgroup growth of Chevalley groups G(F-p[[t]]). We introduce a new parameter, the ridgeline number v(G), and give new bounds for the subgroup growth of G(F-p[[t]]) expressed through v(G). We achieve this by deriving a new estimate for the codimension of [U, V] where U and V are vector subspaces in the Lie algebra of G.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Canine mesenchymal hamartoma of the eyelid. ResultsMesenchymal hamartoma of the eyelid has not been previously described. The mass has a predisposition to occur at the temporal canthus and should be included in the list of differential diagnoses of benign eyelid masses in dogs.ConclusionSeven different breeds, including four Golden Retrievers, were represented. The ages of affected dogs ranged from 6 to 11 years. Eight of 10 lesions were located at the temporal canthus, ranging in diameter from 0.6 to 3 cm. Clinically, the masses were subcutaneous, firm, lobular soft-tissue growths, which were in some cases adherent to the underlying orbital rim, and in others, freely palpable between the skin and conjunctiva of the eyelid. Histologically, all had distinct margins but were not encapsulated and contained normal appearing collagen-rich connective tissue with some adipose tissue. Five also contained fully differentiated skeletal muscle tissue arranged in poorly formed aggregates or as individual muscle fibers.The submitted tissue in each case was stained with hematoxilyn & eosin and Masson's Trichrome stain and examined histopathologically. Clinical information was collected from the submission requests. The clinical history, treatment, and follow-up are described in more detail for one of the 10 dogs.ProcedureThe records and submitted tissue of 10 dogs with mesenchymal hamartomatous lesions of the periocular connective tissues were retrieved from the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) database.Animal studiedCharacterization of a benign disease syndrome involving the eyelids of dogs, describing the signalment, clinical appearance, anatomic location, and pathologic features.Objective", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Continuous microfluidic solvent extraction of cobalt from mimicked and real asteroid leaching solutions. This research proposes a pathway for the last step of the asteroid mining process: the purification of the adjacent metals, cobalt and nickel, in the frame of in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) in space. Major technological and economic challenges will need to be overcome, and one main issue to be tackled is the reduction of water usage in this process. Therefore, the leached metal solutions are expected to contain ultra-high metal concentrations, up to 10 mol/l. These solutions will have challenging thermodynamic properties (increased density, viscosity and interfacial tension). As a result, an analysis of dimensionless numbers for fluidics and mass transport was made, showing that some of these are favourable under the constraints of accessible microfluidic operations. Experiments were performed with advanced microfluidic reactors (a coiled-flow inverter (CFI) and an industrial re entrance flow reactor from Corning (R)) at high metal concentrations and high nickel to cobalt ratios (3:0.3 mol/l Ni:Co). Using Cyanex 272 as a selective extractant for cobalt, extraction efficiencies of 60% with high separation factors (>1000) were reached in just one extraction stage. The CFI showed high extraction efficiency for low fluid velocities and a residence time of 60 s. For the Corning (R) reactor, high fluid velocities or the use of many modules (>3) are needed to obtain an emulsion, resulting in high extraction efficiencies at a very short residence time of 13 s. The comparison between the CFI and the Corning (R) reactor shows that they share the best operation point (at 120 ml/h), but the Corning (R) reactor performs better at higher flow rates and thus can leverage higher productivity. However, the CFI is easier to operate and has a much lower pressure drop, resulting in low energy input. Finally, an iron meteorite sample was leached and efficiently extracted in both microfluidic reactors.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Correlation Identities, Correlation Inequalities, and Upper Bounds on Critical Temperature of Spin Systems. A review on spin correlation functions identities and on rigorous correlation functions inequalities is presented for various spin models. The spin correlation identities are exactly obtained from finite cluster of spins for different models, and the rigorous spin correlation inequalities are presented for the discrete and continuous classical spin models and also for quantum spin models. Through these correlation identities and rigorous inequalities, the upper bounds on critical temperatures are obtained by the decay of the correlation function.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Remembering when: The uses of nostalgia in the poetry of Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen. ANNA M. SHIELDS examines the changing nature of nostalgic poetry composed by Bai Juyi (772-846) and Yuan Zhen (779-831) during the Yuanhe reign (806-820) of the Tang dynasty. In their early years in Chang'an, the two poets achieved fame and rank. After they were demoted, in 810 and 815 respectively, they began to reexamine their youthful success. In their first exchanges with each other, they nostalgically revisited the past selectively and uncritically, drawing upon their Chang'an days to sustain reputations and friendships. Later they found nostalgia less useful and more troubling. Bai Juyi tried longer to preserve images of their youth in verses he sent to Yuan and others; Yuan Zhen came to reject poetic reminiscence entirely. Shields's close reading of the exchanges reveals the poets' discovery of the limits of nostalgia as they struggled to represent their past in verse.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Geomorphic controls on the physical and hydrologic properties of soils in a valley floor. The distribution of soil hydraulic and physical properties strongly influences runoff processes in landscapes. Although much work has been done to quantify and predict the properties of hillslope soils, far less is known about the distribution of soil properties in valley floors. A technique that links the estimation and distribution of soil hydraulic properties in valleys, with easily identified geomorphic features, was developed along a 2 km length of a valley at Brooks Creek in New South Wales, Australia. Soil physical and hydraulic property data were collected across a set of floodplain and fan features within the valley and analysed statistically to determine if soil properties varied significantly between geomorphic features and stratigraphic layers.The results show that the depth-averaged saturated hydraulic conductivity, K-s, of the soil varies significantly with landform: fan units have K-g values that are twice that of floodplains and colluvial toeslope deposits have K-s values four times higher than floodplains. Given the notorious variability of K-s values in space, the strong statistical separation of soil properties by landform, backed up by strong separation of soil particle size by landform, suggests a way forward in understanding the distribution of soil properties in valleys and their influence on catchment hydrology. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency with fatal course in two sisters. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a rare combined immunodeficiency disorder presenting with clinically recurrent infections, failure to thrive, various neurological disorders, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases. Here, we report two sisters with a fatal course of PNP deficiency due to delay in diagnosis. The first patient developed a liver abscess by Aspergillus fumigatus and the second patient developed Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex lymphadenitis and probable pulmonary tuberculosis due to disseminated BCG infection. The patients also suffered from sclerosing cholangitis. Mutation analysis of the PNP gene from both sisters revealed a homozygous mutation for a G > A at nucleotide 349 (349 G > A transition), which changes alanine 117 to theronine in exon 4 (A117T). An increased awareness of early signs, symptoms, and abnormal laboratory findings of PNP deficiency will establish the early prognosis and treatment.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Are you a neoliberal subject? On the uses and abuses of a concept. A spate of social scientific literature gives the impression that societies in the twenty-first century are overrun with 'neoliberal subjects'. But what does it actually mean to be a neoliberal subject? And in what ways does this concept relate to 'neoliberalism', more generally? In this article, I distinguish between four common ways of thinking about 'neoliberalism': (1) as a set of economic policies, (2) as a hegemonic ideological project, (3) as a political rationality and form of governmentality and (4) as a specific type of embodied subjectivity. I argue that while neoliberalisms (1), (2) and (3) potentially hold clear conceptual connections to one another - notwithstanding the quite real tensions between them - their relationship to neoliberalism (4) is often (although not always) tenuous at best. That is, the evidence routinely offered to demonstrate the existence of neoliberalism (4) bears almost no necessary relationship to neoliberalisms (1), (2) or (3). I conclude that, for both academic and political reasons, scholars should be more careful when invoking the monolithic notion of a 'neoliberal subject'.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Primary production sensitivity to phytoplankton light attenuation parameter increases with transient forcing. Treatment of the underwater light field in ocean biogeochemical models has been attracting increasing interest, with some models moving towards more complex parameterisations. We conduct a simple sensitivity study of a typical, highly simplified parameterisation. In our study, we vary the phytoplankton light attenuation parameter over a range constrained by data during both pre-industrial equilibrated and future climate scenario RCP8.5. In equilibrium, lower light attenuation parameters (weaker self-shading) shift net primary production (NPP) towards the high latitudes, while higher values of light attenuation (stronger shelf-shading) shift NPP towards the low latitudes. Climate forcing magnifies this relationship through changes in the distribution of nutrients both within and between ocean regions. Where and how NPP responds to climate forcing can determine the magnitude and sign of global NPP trends in this high CO2 future scenario. Ocean oxygen is particularly sensitive to parameter choice. Under higher CO2 concentrations, two simulations establish a strong biogeochemical feedback between the Southern Ocean and low-latitude Pacific that highlights the potential for regional teleconnection. Our simulations serve as a reminder that shifts in fundamental properties (e.g. light attenuation by phytoplankton) over deep time have the potential to alter global biogeochemistry.", "label": [4, 37, 38]}
{"token": "Child Neurology Services in Africa. The first African Child Neurology Association meeting identified key challenges that the continent faces to improve the health of children with neurology disorders. The capacity to diagnose common neurologic conditions and rare disorders is lacking. The burden of neurologic disease on the continent is not known, and this lack of knowledge limits the ability to lobby for better health care provision. Inability to practice in resource-limited settings has led to the migration of skilled professionals away from Africa. Referral systems from primary to tertiary are often unpredictable and chaotic. There is a lack of access to reliable supplies of basic neurology treatments such as antiepileptic drugs. Few countries have nationally accepted guidelines either for the management of epilepsy or status epilepticus. There is a great need to develop better training capacity across Africa in the recognition and management of neurologic conditions in children, from primary health care to the subspecialist level.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "'Self-Coordination' and Its Origins: Civil Servants and Regime Change in 1933 and 1918/19. This article situates civil servants' responses to regime change in 1933 in their longer-term context. Focusing particularly on the process of 'self-coordination' - a term used by historians to describe and explain ministerial bureaucrats' voluntary adaptation to changed political circumstances by implementing the Third Reich's policy agenda - it argues that this process was far from unique, being in fact the typical response to regime change throughout the twentieth century. By examining how civil servants facilitated regime change in 1918/19 and 1933 specifically, it also argues that the central pillar of the 'self-coordination' thesis - that it was informed by civil servants' political or ideological beliefs - needs to be revisited. Indeed, the fact that many began their careers in Imperial Germany and served under both the Weimar Republic and National Socialism suggests that it was not only ideology that informed their actions. So, in conclusion, the essay looks at how bureaucratic organisations like government ministries function and, more importantly, how individuals function within them, presenting a different angle, based on organisational theory, from which to assess civil servants' propensity to 'self-coordinate'.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Genetic polymorphisms in the human selenoprotein P gene determine the response of selenoprotein markers to selenium supplementation in a gender-specific manner (the SELGEN study). Selenium (Se), a micronutrient essential for human health, is incorporated into at least 25 selenoproteins including selenoprotein P (SePP), which transports Se within the body. This research identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SePP gene, one in the coding region (position 24731, causing an Ala to Thr change) and one in the 3 ' untranslated region (position 25191). Their frequency was similar in Caucasian, Chinese, and South Asian populations. Prospectively genotyped volunteers were supplemented for 6 wk with 100 mu g sodium selenite/ day. Blood samples were analyzed for plasma Se and selenoprotein biomarkers at baseline, after supplementation, and during a washout period. Plasma Se, SePP, and glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) levels increased with supplementation. Baseline plasma Se content depended on both SePP genotypes and body mass index. Pre-supplementation SePP concentration was associated with gender and genotype at SNP 24731 and post-supplementation concentration with SNP 25191. Both SNPs and gender were associated with differences in GPx3 activity, plasma, and erythrocyte thioredoxin reductase 1 concentrations and lymphocyte glutathione peroxidase 1 and 4 activities and concentrations. In conclusion, the data reveal two common functional SNPs within the human SePP gene that may predict behavior of biomarkers of Se status and response to supplementation and thus susceptibility to disease.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Food hygiene awareness and practices before and after intervention in food services in Montenegro. This two-stage interventional cross-sectional study was conducted with an aim to assess food handlers' knowledge on hygiene and food handling before and after the intervention in a form of education. The first stage of the study was conducted during a period November 2015 February 2016 in 32 randomly selected food services from all six cities at the Montenegrin seaside (N = 128). The study-specific structured questionnaire was developed. The percentage of correct answers ranged from a minimum of 10.2% to a maximum of 93.0%. The mean percentage score was 59.1 +/- 2.7. The lowest level of knowledge was identified in relation to food storage conditions. The average level of knowledge was 22.7 +/- 10.8 (15.6-35.2%). Only 15.6% of the study participants knew that food freezing does not eliminate the potential hazard due to various microorganisms. Generally, the results indicated poor knowledge of food handlers about hygiene and food safety in food services. Based on the obtained data the need for the second stage of the study, i.e. the necessity of the continuation of planned interventions was confirmed. After the training, correct answers ranged from 843% to 99.6%, and average level was 91.9 +/- 5.3. When comparing the pre-test scores and post training test, t-test analysis showed high significant difference in the level of food safety knowledge (t = 0.000). Continuous education of food handlers from the aspects of good hygiene and food handling practice would significantly affect the number of foodborne diseases and could lead towards improved public health protection. Education could further promote the best practices in food services. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Of Co-optation and Resistance: State-Ulama Dynamics in Singapore. I will first briefly discuss the ulama in Singapore and explicate the political system within which they operate today. I will then develop my argument by classifying the ulama into three categories and showing that for each category, and even within the categories themselves, state - ulama dynamics differ. I will then proceed to conclude, weaving the state-in-society approach to the main argument I have posited. Interviews were conducted with fifty individuals, both from the ulama fraternity and key influencers (individuals who have influence in the community and community activists).(10) Official statements in the form of press releases, newspaper reports, and a biography will also be relied upon, especially for the most prominent ulama that will be discussed.(11)This article aims to contribute to the literature by exploring state ulama dynamics in Singapore. I argue that, first, the ulama are not a monolithic class and therefore different subtleties exist in the relationships between different groups of ulama vis--vis the state and, second, the relationship between the state and the ulama can oscillate between co-optation and resistance and is characterized by the severe power imbalance due to the strength of the domineering state. I limit my study to the past twenty years (1995 to the present), during which time there have been discernible shifts in state- ulama relations. The association between the state and the Muslim religious clergy is not merely a moot academic point; rather, it has practical implications for the Muslim community and the country as a whole.This study is situated within the literature on state - society relations and, specifically, state -religion interactions. By understanding the behaviors of nonstate actors in authoritarian regimes, a more refined understanding of state capacity and power is derived. I suggest that even in domineering states such as Singapore where the state virtually dominates every single domain of life, there is room for contestations of power by other actors, such as the ulama, who possess influence within their own communities, and hence a \\\\'state-in-society\\\\' approach could better elucidate state-ulama dynamics. Migdal argues that statists often exaggerate the strength of the state and hence its capacity to suppress the other elements of society. Statists usually \\\\'strip the other components of society of their volition or agency, portraying them as malleable putty in the hands of the most powerful element of society the state.\\\\'(6) Nonstate actors, however insignificant, are not necessarily unimportant.(7) State capacity is ultimately determined by the mutual interactions between the different elements of the state and society in the \\\\'multiple arenas of domination and opposition.\\\\'(8) The ulama operate within these arenas, and their actions are often conscientious decisions on their part. Even the ulama who choose to focus on the pietism of the community and do not get involved in sociopolitical affairs even indirectly exercise a conscious political choice to not participate.(9)The salience of the ulama in any community needs to be explored and understood. Although this is the case for any country, including Muslim-majority ones, such a needbecomes even more essential in an avowedly secular state such as Singapore. The authoritarian state of Singapore jealously guards its authority and is usually intolerant of any challenges or potential challenges to its dominance. It must be noted that despite the clear authoritarian tendencies of the Singapore state, it would be grossly erroneous to describe Singapore as a dictatorship, as some have suggested.(4) Rather, I believe the term \\\\'competitive authoritarian regime\\\\' is a more accurate reflection. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way argue that in such regimes which, according to them, is the most common type in the non Western world opposition forces have the ability and means to provide meaningful challenges to the state, yet they do so on an unequal footing because the powerful incumbents dictate, often unfairly, the rules of the game.(5) The Singapore case evidently fits into this categorization: there is room for contestations in multiple arenas, including the realm of religion, in spite of the state's powerful position.The ulama or religious-scholarly elites enjoy a venerated position in any Muslim community. Despite Islam not having awell-defined vertical hierarchy between the clergy and ordinary Muslims, unlike the Catholic faith, 1 ulama possess tremendous influence among Muslims. 2 The Prophetic saying, \\\\'Ulama are inheritors of the Prophets,\\\\' 3 reflects the importance of the ulama in any Muslim society: religious scholars are expected to carry the torch of the Prophet of Islam, embodying not only his characteristics but his lifelong struggle of championing and propagating Islam.Considering the clout the ulama possess, managing this group of Muslim religious elites becomes vital for the state, especially in circumstances whereby secular or national imperatives collide with the Muslim community's aspirations. Despite a few studies exploring the nature of the relationship between the ulama and secular state in Singapore, the subject deserves more academic attention.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Newborn hearing screening: Will children with hearing loss caused by congenital cytomegalovirus infection be missed?. Study design: A cohort of 388 children born between 1980 and 1996 at one hospital and identified during the newborn period as having congenital CMV infection received repeated hearing evaluations to assess whether hearing loss had occurred.Objective: To predict whether universal newborn auditory screening Mill identify most infants with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) caused by congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.Conclusions: Universal screening of hearing in neonates will detect less than half of all SNHL caused by congenital CMV infection. Because most infants with congenital CMV infection are without symptoms at birth, ;these children are unlikely to be recognized as being at risk for SNHL and will not receive further hearing evaluations to detect late-onset hearing loss. A combined approach of universal screening of neonates for hearing, as well as for detection of congenital CMV infection, needs to be considered.Results: SNHL was detected in 5.2% of all infants at birth. Late-onset SNHL occurred among the children throughout the first 6 years of life. BS the age of 72 months, the cumulative incidence of SNHL was 15.4% in the cohort. Children with clinically apparent disease at birth had significantly more SNHL than children without any apparent disease (22.8% vs 4.0% at 3 months and 36.4% vs 11.3% at 72 months of age).", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Biochemical Characterization of Pantoate Kinase, a Novel Enzyme Necessary for Coenzyme A Biosynthesis in the Archaea. Although bacteria and eukaryotes share a pathway for coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis, we previously clarified that most archaea utilize a distinct pathway for the conversion of pantoate to 4'-phosphopantothenate. Whereas bacteria/eukaryotes use pantothenate synthetase and pantothenate kinase (PanK), the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis utilizes two novel enzymes: pantoate kinase (PoK) and phosphopantothenate synthetase (PPS). Here, we report a detailed biochemical examination of PoK from T. kodakarensis. Kinetic analyses revealed that the PoK reaction displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics toward ATP, whereas substrate inhibition was observed with pantoate. PoK activity was not affected by the addition of CoA/acetyl-CoA. Interestingly, PoK displayed broad nucleotide specificity and utilized ATP, GTP, UTP, and CTP with comparable k(cat)/K-m values. Sequence alignment of 27 PoK homologs revealed seven conserved residues with reactive side chains, and variant proteins were constructed for each residue. Activity was not detected when mutations were introduced to Ser104, Glu134, and Asp143, suggesting that these residues play vital roles in PoK catalysis. Kinetic analysis of the other variant proteins, with mutations S28A, H131A, R155A, and T186A, indicated that all four residues are involved in pantoate recognition and that Arg155 and Thr186 play important roles in PoK catalysis. Gel filtration analyses of the variant proteins indicated that Thr186 is also involved in dimer assembly. A sequence comparison between PoK and other members of the GHMP kinase family suggests that Ser104 and Glu134 are involved in binding with phosphate and Mg2+, respectively, while Asp143 is the base responsible for proton abstraction from the pantoate hydroxy group.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Filtered models for scalar transport in gas-particle flows. We employ a kinetic-theory based two-fluid model to develop a filtered two-fluid model for scalar transport in gas-particle flows. The filtering procedure gives rise to terms describing the filtered interphase heat/mass transfer and filtered scalar diffusion, which need to be constituted in order to close the filtered transport equations. In this work, the closure for these terms is accomplished by performing fine-grid simulations of the two-fluid model in a two-dimensional periodic domain. Filtered scalar diffusion is investigated by imposing a lateral mean gradient in the scalar for each phase. Interphase energy/mass transport is investigated by prescribing a heat/species source (sink) in the solids (gas) phase, such that the energy/species content of the mixture is preserved. The variation of the filtered transport coefficients with respect to filtered particle volume fraction, and scaling with respect to filter size, filtered scalar shear rate, and filtered slip velocity is discussed. We find the filtered interphase heat transfer coefficient to be as much as two orders of magnitude smaller than the microscopic interphase heat transfer coefficient. The model for filtered scalar diffusion is found to have a form very similar to that calculated for single phase turbulent flows. We also calculate the filtered Prandtl number for each phase. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Generalizability of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results registry population: Factors relevant to epidemiologic and health care research. To assess the generalizability of the population included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) tumor registries to the overall United States population, we compared the population of the 198 SEER counties to the population of the 2882 non-SEER counties regarding sociodemographic factors, physician availability, and availability of pertinent hospital resources.The population residing within the SEER areas is more affluent, has lower unemployment, and is substantially more urban than the remainder of the U.S. population (p < 0.001 for each). The SEER areas have fewer general and family practice physicians, but more total nonfederal physicians, general internists, and specialists relevant to cancer care. SEER areas have fewer Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals accredited hospitals, hospital beds, and hospitals with CT scanners, but more hospitals with bone marrow transplantation.The differences between the SEER population and the remainder of the United States, especially SEER's higher socioeconomic status and more urban population, should be considered when generalizing from SEER to the entire country. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Judgement and Ambivalence in Migration Work: On the (Dis)appearance of Dilemmas in Assisting Voluntary Return. Street-level bureaucrats implementing nation states' migration policies increasingly find themselves in a structural tension between providing social assistance and regulating the flows of people entering and leaving the national territory. As a result, doing migration work involves a wide range of difficult, ambivalent situations. This article examines how and under which conditions these tensions translate into moral and political dilemmas in street-level bureaucrats' everyday work. In doing so, it draws upon original qualitative research with street-level bureaucrats working in the Belgian programme for assisted voluntary return. The article concludes by proposing an approach centred around the notion of immunisation so as to understand the social context in which ambivalence and its contraries are produced.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Time for China to move from macro-stability to macro-sustainability: making macro-stimulus work and maintaining its effects. We attribute the success of China's monetary-fiscal policies in producing 8.7% growth in 2009 to the following: (1) the capital adequacy ratio requirement was not binding because the banks' capital had not been reduced by losses on assets like subprime mortgages; (2) the initial fiscal position was sound, and this allowed a substantial expansion of the budget deficit; and (3) the state has direct control over the actions of the state-controlled enterprises and the state-controlled banks, which dominate large segments of the economy, and so could order the state-controlled enterprises to ramp up investments and the state-controlled banks to ramp up lending. However, these quick decisions can be hasty actions that increase the role of the state-controlled firms in the economy and generate non-performing loans in the future. Chinese policy-makers can eliminate the trade-off between maintaining sufficient aggregate demand and ensuring economic efficiency by replacing the present macro-stimulus with new market-friendly growth drivers. Small and medium private banks should be legalized and interest rate liberalized to promote the formation of new private businesses. Farmland should be privatized so that new entrepreneurs would have the collateral to access investment loans. The termination of the household registration system and the adoption of the principle of future home ownership would accelerate high-quality urbanization, whereby the state would build public housing for migrants. China's high economic growth and its integration into the global economy are now threatened by increasing calls in the developed countries, especially in the USA, for protectionism against Chinese exports. As these calls have been prompted by China's chronic trade surplus and by the present deep recession (from the Global Financial Crisis), China should aggressively reduce the trade imbalances (e.g. by removing export rebate, liberalizing imports and modernizing the financial sector) to forestall protectionism.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "External impacts on the property-liability insurance cycle. Traditionally, underwriting performance is considered to be a function of industry-specific institutions. Using quarterly data from 1974 through 1990, we provide evidence of a long-run link between the general economy and the underwriting performance as measured by the combined ratio. Using cointegration techniques, we estimate the long-run relationship between the general economy as measured by real gross domestic product, the short-term interest rate, and inflation. We then estimate the short-run link between the industry and the general economy using vector autoregression techniques and find that, although the property-liability insurance industry is linked to the long-run performance of the national economy, short-run shocks in economic variables have little effect on the combined ratio.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
{"token": "Gender- and thyroid hormone-related transitions of essential myosin light chain isoform expression in rat soleus muscle during ageing. In this brief review, the modulatory influence of essential myosin light chain (MLC) isoforms on muscle cell contractility is discussed. Specific interest is focused on the expression of the MLC1Sa and MLC1Sb isoforms in the slow-twitch soleus muscle in male and female rats, during ageing and after thyroid hormone treatment. According to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis, the MLC1Sa/MLC1SB ratio increased during ageing in both males and females in parallel with the age-related decrease in shortening velocity reported in muscle fibres expressing the slow (type 1) myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform. However, the MLC1Sa and MLC1Sb isoform expression responded to thyroid hormone treatment in a complex manner which did not parallel the age-related changes in shortening velocity reported in hyperthyroid animals. Thus, if MLC1Sa and MLC1Sb isoforms modulate shortening velocity in type 1 fibres, then other modulators of shortening velocity are not regulated by thyroid hormone in co-ordination with these essential MLCs.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Neural substrates of processing path and manner information of a moving event. Languages consistently distinguish the path and the manner of a moving event in different constituents, even if the specific constituents themselves vary across languages. Children also learn to categorize moving events according to their path and manner at different ages. Motivated by these linguistic and developmental observations, we employed fMRI to test the hypothesis that perception of and attention to path and manner of motion is segregated neurally. Moreover, we hypothesize that such segregation respects the \\\\'dorsal-where and ventral-what\\\\' organizational principle of vision. Consistent with this proposal, we found that attention to the path of a moving event was associated with greater activity within bilateral inferior/superior parietal lobules and the frontal eye-field, while attention to manner was associated with greater activity within bilateral postero-lateral inferior/middle temporal regions. Our data provide evidence that motion perception, traditionally considered as a dorsal \\\\'where\\\\' visual attribute, further segregates into dorsal path and ventral manner attributes. This neural segregation of the components of motion, which are linguistically tagged, points to a perceptual counterpart of the functional organization of concepts and language. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
{"token": "Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Light Mass YSZ Foam Ceramic With Controllable Cell Structure. The light mass YSZ foam ceramic with closed pore structure and uniform pore size distribution were fabricated by the particle-stabilized foams method. Effects of the sintering temperature, surfactant type and solid content of the initial slurries on the strut structure, pore characteristics (porosity, pore size distribution, and average pore size), and compressive strength were investigated. The results show that when the sintering temperature is 1450 degrees C and solid content is 32.50vol%, the comprehensive performance of YSZ foam ceramic obtained through Isobam molecule and cationic surfactant dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTAC) co-stabilized YSZ wet foam is the best, with the porosity of (83.7 +/- 0.2)%, mean pore size of (90.1 +/- 0.8) mu m and compressive strength of (45.1 +/- 1.3) MPa. The compressive strength of YSZ foam ceramic in present work is much higher than that of most reported results in the case of the same porosity.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Mathematical modeling of vehicular traffic: A discrete kinetic theory approach. Following some general ideas on the discrete kinetic and stochastic game theory proposed by one of the authors in a previous work, this paper develops a discrete velocity mathematical model for vehicular traffic along a one-way road. The kinetic scale is chosen because, unlike the macroscopic one, it allows to capture the probabilistic essence of the interactions among the vehicles, and offers at the same time, unlike the microscopic one, the opportunity of a pro. table analytical investigation of the relevant global features of the system. The discretization of the velocity variable, rather than being a pure mathematical technicality, plays a role in including the intrinsic granular nature of the flow of vehicles in the mathematical theory of traffic. Other important characteristics of the model concern the gain and loss terms of the kinetic equations, namely the construction of a density-dependent table of games to model velocity transitions and the introduction of a visibility length to account for nonlocal interactions among the vehicles.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "The role of simultaneous and successive processing in EFL reading. This study examines the relationship between simultaneous and successive processing (the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous and Successive processing [PASS] theory processes) and reading skills in English as a foreign language (EFL). A group of 81 children were administered two batteries of tests. One was used to measure EFL reading skills, while the other one assessed simultaneous and successive processing. We hypothesised (a) cognitive processes to predict reading ability, as well as (b) the presence of a significant relationship between (c) simultaneous processing and reading comprehension and (d) successive processing and letter and word decoding. The findings confirmed that the anticipated relationships between these domains exist and are of moderate effect size. The research has helped to contribute to the understanding of how simultaneous and successive processing can affect EFL reading skills both on the level of basic word and letter decoding and reading comprehension.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "A PILOT MODEL OF VACCINATION AGAINST HEPATITIS-B VIRUS SUITABLE FOR MASS VACCINATION CAMPAIGNS IN HYPERENDEMIC AREAS. In June 1991 the Italian Parliament promulgated a decree which imposes hepatitis B vaccination for all newborn babies at 3, 5, and 11 months of age, at the same times as the mandatory childhood vaccinations (diphtheria, tetanus, and polio) according to a new protocol (Piazza scheme) which has been in use since January 1987 in our pilot vaccination campaign in Afragola.A hepatitis B vaccination campaign was carried out in a town of 60,000 inhabitants, Afragola, Campania, Italy, a hyperendemic area for hepatitis B where HBsAg prevalence was 13.4% and anti-HBc prevalence was 64.7%. This experimental pilot project aimed to reduce the incidence of both acute and asymptomatic viral hepatitis B and of related chronic liver complications. From 1983-1989, 8,400 subjects were vaccinated: 6,900 children up to 10 years of age and 1,500 subjects from 11-60 years of age. High seroconversion rates were observed: 99.0% in all children under one year of age, 96.0% in the older children, and 86.7% in adults. The rate of infection in Afragola has diminished from 63/100,000 in 1983 to 10/100,000 in 1989. Carriers of HBsAg decreased in the general population (7.3% compared to 13.4%), especially in children up to 10 years of age (1.0% compared to 9.0%). In babies who received hepatitis B vaccine at the same time as compulsory vaccinations compliance was 98% while it was 80% in babies who were vaccinated separately.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Modifier gene study of meconium ileus in cystic fibrosis: statistical considerations and gene mapping results. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenic disease due to mutations in the CFTR gene. Yet, variability in CF disease presentation is presumed to be affected by modifier genes, such as those recently demonstrated for the pulmonary aspect. Here, we conduct a modifier gene study for meconium ileus (MI), an intestinal obstruction that occurs in 16-20% of CF newborns, providing linkage and association results from large family and case-control samples. Linkage analysis of modifier traits is different than linkage analysis of primary traits on which a sample was ascertained. Here, we articulate a source of confounding unique to modifier gene studies and provide an example of how one might overcome the confounding in the context of linkage studies. Our linkage analysis provided evidence of a MI locus on chromosome 12p13.3, which was segregating in up to 80% of MI families with at least one affected offspring (HLOD = 2.9). Fine mapping of the 12p13.3 region in a large case-control sample of pancreatic insufficient Canadian CF patients with and without MI pointed to the involvement of ADIPOR2 in MI (p = 0.002). This marker was substantially out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the cases only, and provided evidence of a cohort effect. The association with rs9300298 in the ADIPOR2 gene at the 12p13.3 locus was replicated in an independent sample of CF families. A protective locus, using the phenotype of no-MI, mapped to 4q13.3 (HLOD = 3.19), with substantial heterogeneity. A candidate gene in the region, SLC4A4, provided preliminary evidence of association (p = 0.002), warranting further follow-up studies. Our linkage approach was used to direct our fine-mapping studies, which uncovered two potential modifier genes worthy of follow-up.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "A new species of Eutropis (Squamata : Scincidae) from Sri Lanka. A new species of lygosomine scincid lizard of the genus Eutropis is described from the dry and intermediate zones of the lowlands (0-190 m asl) of Sri Lanka. Eutropis tammanna sp. nov. is compared with congeners from Sri Lanka and those from southern Peninsular India, and is diagnosable by molecular data and by the following combination of morphological characters: body size small, up to 52.3 mm; transparent window- like disk absent on lower eyelids; prefrontals in broad contact; a single pair of nuchals; postnasal absent; ear opening larger than adjacent scales; dorsal scales with 6-7 keels; midbody scale rows 28-29; paravertebral scale rows 37-40; ventral scales 41-48; lamellae under fourth toe 15-16; dark labial bars present in both sexes, which are more distinct in males; dark postocular stripe absent; males brown on dorsum, with dark flanks speckled with cream; females similar to males, the pattern less contrasting, lacking paired series of black markings, pale vertebral stripes or dark longitudinal stripes on dorsum. In addition, the rostral, labials, and gular region of presumed breeding males are bright flame scarlet.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Efficient solution procedure and reduced size formulations for p-hub location problems. In this paper we consider the uncapacitated p-hub location problems, where multiple and single allocation cases are considered. In the multiple allocation problem, a nonhub node may be allocated to more than one hub. We show that the multiple allocation problem can be solved efficiently by the shortest path algorithm when p is fixed. Also, this algorithm can be applied to the cases in which some other hubbing policies are used. In the single allocation problem, each nonhub node must be allocated to exactly one of the p hubs. We provide a reduced size formulation, and a mixed integer formulation for the model with fixed hub locations, where fixed costs for opening links are considered. Computational experience is provided using the data given in the literature and the instances having fixed costs for opening links. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Type C waterborne botulism outbreaks in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in the Amazon region. Botulism is a poisoning caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). BoNTs serotypes C and D are involved in botulism outbreaks in cattle in several countries. Despite the high number of buffaloes worldwide, the real impact of botulism in buffaloes is not known, because it is not a notifiable disease in Brazil and only few studies have evaluated the occurrence of the disease in buffaloes. Those studies did not conduct diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of BoNTs. The objective of the present study was to describe three outbreaks of botulism in buffaloes in the Brazilian Amazon region considering epidemiological and clinical data as well as laboratory diagnosis to confirm the presence of BoNTs. The results of the bioassay were negative in the tissues and in feed samples, but positive for BoNT C in water samples. Confirmation of the occurrence of botulism in buffaloes allows the implementation of preventive strategies in susceptible herds. Waterborne botulism in buffaloes is prevented by ensuring the constant circulation of water collections and restricting the presence of dead animals and bones in order to prevent the accumulation of organic matter and the development of anaerobic conditions, which might favor the replication of Clostridium botulinum. Another measure that can be adopted is the shading of the pasture, in order to maintain the thermal comfort for the buffaloes and to avoid the excess of permanence of them in the water pools.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Modulation of intercellular calcium signaling by melatonin in avian and mammalian astrocytes is brain region-specific. Calcium waves among glial cells impact many central nervous system functions, including neural integration and brain metabolism. Here, we characterized the modulatory effects of melatonin, a pineal neurohormone that mediates circadian and seasonal processes, on glial calcium waves derived from different brain regions and species. Diencephalic and telencephalic astrocytes, from both chick and mouse brains, expressed melatonin receptor proteins. Further, using the calcium-sensitive dye Fluo-4, we conducted real-time imaging analyses of calcium waves propagated among mammalian and avian astrocytes. Mouse diencephalic astrocytic calcium waves spread to an area 2-5-fold larger than waves among avian astrocytes and application of 10 nM melatonin caused a 32% increase in the spread of these mammalian calcium waves, similar to the 23% increase observed in chick diencephalic astrocytes. In contrast, melatonin had no effect on calcium waves in either avian or mammalian telencephalic astrocytes. Mouse telencephalic calcium waves radially spread from their initiation site among untreated astrocytes. However, waves meandered among mouse diencephalic astrocytes, taking heterogeneous paths at variable rates of propagation. Brain regional differences in wave propagation were abolished by melatonin, as diencephalic astrocytes acquired more telencephalon-like wave characteristics. Astrocytes cultured from different brain regions, therefore, possess fundamentally disparate mechanisms of calcium wave propagation and responses to melatonin. These results suggest multiple roles for melatonin receptors in the regulation of astroglial function, impacting specific brain regions differentially.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
{"token": "REDUCTION OF MICROORGANISMS IN MARINATED POULTRY BREAST USING OREGANO ESSENTIAL OIL AND POWER ULTRASOUND. Marinated chicken meat is an ideal substrate for the growth of microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high-intensity ultrasound on the microbial flora of chicken meat marinated in oregano oil. Three concentrations of oregano oil (0%, 0.1%, and 0.3%) and two types of marination (traditional and high-intensity ultrasound) were tested. Microorganisms were enumerated immediately after marination and on 7, 14, and 21 days of chilled storage. Marination in oregano oil resulted in significant differences (P<0.05) in the numbers of anaerobic, lactic acid bacteria, and mesophiles. Ultrasound with 0.1% OEO did not show any effect on the three types of bacteria. The treatment with 0.3% oregano oil and ultrasound had the greatest effect on controlling microbial growth. Therefore, a combination of ultrasound and oregano oil is the most appropriate option for reducing the growth of mesophilic, anaerobic, and lactic acid bacteria in vacuum-packed marinated chicken breasts during chilled storage.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Parental care in relation to brood size in the House Finch. Studies that quantify parental care in birds are often faced with the confounding effects of variation in brood size. That is, nestlings from broods of varying sizes may receive different quantities of food for reasons not entirely related to the parental quality of the adults. To control for variation in brood size, researchers often divide feeding visitation rates by brood size to yield a per-nestling feeding rate. This presents problems, however, if adults adjust food load size in response to variation in blood size. We examined the relationship between brood size and parental care in the herbivorous House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) by considering not only visitation rates but also food load sites. As brood size increased, the overall visitation rate increased but both per-nestling visitation rate and per-nestling food load rate decreased. The relationship between brood size and per-nestling care was similar regardless of whether we considered visitation rate or actual food loads, suggesting that in the House Finch per-nestling visitation rate serves as a reasonable index of total mass of food received by the nestlings. However, we urge caution in assuming that per-nestling visitation rate is an adequate measure of parental care in other species.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "First observations of coronal hole structure and evolution using SOHO-CDS. We report on initial observations of coronal hole structure and evolution by the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) instrument on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). The data show that there is coronal activity on time scales of tens of minutes, manifested as brightenings at chromospheric network cell junctions in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths. There are also significant differences in structure seen in different wavelengths in coronal holes. Finally, we show coronal hole EUV spectra and compare them to quiet-Sun spectra, also taken by CDS.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Assessing Binder Blending Level in Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Asphalt Shingles. The recycling of asphalt shingles (RAS) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) has been the topic of much research. The asphalt binder of RAS is highly aged, oxidized, and stiffened, and the incorporation of it into HMA may alter the performance characteristics of the asphalt mixture. The first goal of this study was to determine the degree to which RAS binder blends with HMA virgin binder; the second goal was to determine the potential effects of this blending of binders on the long-term performance of RAS-containing HMA. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted, and the performance of RAS-containing HMA, which was fabricated replicating practical field conditions, was compared in two extreme scenarios-zero binder blending and total blending. The results showed that the performance of RAS-containing HMA tended to be closer to the total blending scenario. This suggests that RAS binder blends with HMA virgin binder nearly to the full extent. In addition, increasing RAS content makes HMA brittle and, therefore, more vulnerable to early-age cracking.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Confirming older adult patients' views of who they are and would like to be. This article reveals a 91-year-old cognitively intact man's lived experiences of being cared for in a geriatric context in which the majority of the patients were cognitively impaired. A narrative patient story was analysed phenomenologically. The findings indicate that this patient's basic needs for ethical care were not met. The staff did not see him as a unique individual with his own preferences, resources and abilities to master his life. In order to survive this lack of ethical care, he played the role of an 'old cognitively impaired man', which provided him with at least the understanding and attention the cognitively impaired patients received from the staff. The findings also indicate that ethical care is independent of whether or not older cognitively intact and impaired patients stay or live in the same unit, but it is more dependent on a caregiver's ability to respect and confirm each and every patient for who he or she is and would like to be.", "label": [2, 3, 26, 30]}
{"token": "Metaphor to Metier: Kerry Tribe's 'Aphasia Poetry Club' and the Discourse of Disability in Contemporary Art. \\\\'Metaphor to Metier: Kerry Tribe's Aphasia Poetry Club and the Discourse of Disability in Contemporary Art\\\\' explores a 2015 video work by Los Angeles-based artist Kerry Tribe. Tribe's \\\\'The Aphasia Poetry Club\\\\' embodies a shift in contemporary artistic discourse around concepts of physical and cognitive disability. Created by a neurotypical artist, the work uses the medium of the moving image to interpret the experience of aphasia, a neurocognitive language disorder frequently associated with traumatic brain injury. Three distinct visual idioms capture the particular neurological profiles and linguistic patterns of Tribe's chosen participants. Tribe's representation of people living with aphasia disrupts ableist conceits about the human capacity for memory and language. Rather than stigmatizing individual impairments, the work is indicative of a new aesthetic arising from disability experience. The article argues that disability no longer functions in the contemporary art world as a political or spiritual metaphor, but rather has become a site of formal invention and conceptual research.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "What Role Can Taxes and Subsidies Play in Changing Diets?. The study examines the use of fiscal instruments to achieve a healthier diet while reducing CO2 emissions. The methodology is to minimize the deadweight losses in attaining a healthy diet. Given that the shift should not impose a large burden on the consumer, the analysis is conducted with a system of taxes and subsidies - a bonus-malus framework. The model generates heavy subsidies on carbohydrates and heavy taxes on red meats, which would be politically unacceptable. A more plausible goal may be to aim to close the gap between the current diet and a healthier one by 20-25 percent.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
{"token": "John Calvin and creation: Retrieving Calvin's ecological insights on Genesis 1. John Calvin has been largely studied given his influential role in the Reformation. I come from a Church with strong Calvinist traditions. During catechisms, we were mainly taught about Calvin's theology in areas such as predestination, redemption, Christology, power, and sacramental theology. Little has been said regarding the ecological dimensions of his thoughts. It is only recently that the Presbyterian Church has issued the devotional study guide in response to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (2015). But the manual is more a report than a systematic ecological teaching based on Calvin. The question is how far Calvin's cosmology can contribute to shape Christian attitudes toward nature. This article tries to answer this question by retrieving the ecological implications of Calvin's comments on different aspects of Genesis 1.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "In-vitro sensitivity of Alternaria solani isolates to azoxystrobin and difenoconazole fungicides in Kenya and detection of Cyt b mutations associated with azoxystrobin resistance. Early blight (EB) caused by Alternaria solani is one of the most important tomato diseases in Kenya and farmers predominantly rely on synthetic fungicides to control it. However, there have been many complaints from farmers about the declining control efficacy of many fungicides used. In this study, 96 A. solani isolates, collected from tomato fields in 3 counties of Kenya (Kirinyaga, Kajiado and Kiambu), were assessed in vitro for sensitivity to two commonly used fungicides; Azoxystrobin and Difenoconazole, at varying concentrations. Isolates were considered resistant to the fungicide whenever their Percent Mycelial Growth Inhibition (MGI) at manufacturer's recommended dosage was below 50% and sensitive if above 50%. Although Difenoconazole resistance was not detected at the tested concentrations, majority of the isolates (64%) were resistant to Azoxystrobin. To determine the genetic basis of this Azoxystrobin resistance, DNA was extracted from all isolates, the Cyt b gene amplified and analyzed for resistance-associated mutations, at positions 129, 137 and 143. Results indicated that two mutations were present in the isolates. The F129L mutation was present in all Azoxystrobin resistant isolates plus 10 sensitive ones with MGI values close to the discriminatory threshold (MGI 50%). The G143S mutation was detected in 26 isolates (27%) but did not have a significant effect on sensitivity of isolates to Azoxystrobin. These findings indicate that Kenya's A. solani populations are developing resistance to some fungicides by mutation and provide justification for deployment of anti-resistance strategies, to ensure more effective management of tomato early blight.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Cytotoxicity of venom from crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) spine. The cytotoxic effects of the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci spine venom (ASV) in five cell lines, including human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), human melanoma (A375.S2), human skin fibroblast (CCD-966SK) and mouse macrophage-like cell (RAW 264.7) were assayed. The results indicated that ASV showed cytotoxic effects depending on dose in these five cell lines. Specifically, ASV significantly inhibited the proliferation of human melanoma cell line A375.S2 at 10 mu g/mL, indicating A. planci spine venom could be utilized as potential chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer. The cytotoxicity of ASV to human melanoma cell line A375.S2 was relatively well retained at temperature less than 40 degrees C, and sharply lost at temperature more than 80 degrees C. The cytotoxicity of ASV also sharply lost at extreme pH environments (pH 2 and 12). The cytotoxicity of ASV was attenuated when treated with Cu2+ and anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine. After SDS-PAGE analysis, ASV showed the major protein components ranging from 10 kDa to 37 kDa.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "A new geospatial overlay method for the analysis and visualization of spatial change patterns using object-oriented data modeling concepts. Traditional geographic information system (GIS)-overlay routines usually build on relatively simple data models. Topology is - if at all - calculated on the fly for very specific tasks only. If, for example, a change comparison is conducted between two or more polygon layers, the result leads mostly to a complete and also very complex from-to class intersection. A lot of additional processing steps need to be performed to arrive at aggregated and meaningful results. To overcome this problem a new, automated geospatial overlay method in a topologically enabled (multi-scale) framework is presented. The implementation works with polygon and raster layers and uses a multi-scale vector/raster data model developed in the object-based image analysis software eCognition (Trimble Geospatial Imaging, Munich, Germany). Advantages are the use of the software inherent topological relationships in an object-by-object comparison, addressing some of the basic concepts of object-oriented data modeling such as classification, generalization, and aggregation. Results can easily be aggregated to a change-detection layer; change dependencies and the definition of different change classes are interactively possible through the use of a class hierarchy and its inheritance (parent-child class relationships). Implementation is exemplarily shown for a change comparison of CORINE Land Cover data sets. The result is a flexible and transferable solution which is - if parameterized once - fully automated.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "A guideline for the validation of likelihood ratio methods used for forensic evidence evaluation. Answers to these questions were deemed necessary with several objectives. First, concepts typical for validation standards [1], such as performance characteristics, performance metrics and validation criteria, will be adapted or applied by analogy to the LR framework. Second, a validation strategy will be defined. Third, validation methods will be described. Finally, a validation protocol and an example of validation report will be proposed, which can be applied to the forensic fields developing and validating LR methods for the evaluation of the strength of evidence at source level under the following propositions: H-1/Hss: The trace and reference originate from the same source. H-2/Hds: The trace and reference originate from different sources. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.Some theoretical aspects of probabilities necessary for this Guideline were discussed prior to its elaboration, which started after a workshop of forensic researchers and practitioners involved in this topic. In the workshop, the following questions were addressed: \\\\'which aspects of a forensic evaluation scenario need to be validated?'', \\\\'what is the role of the LR as part of a decision process?'' and \\\\'how to deal with uncertainty in the LR calculation?''. The questions: \\\\'what to validate?'' focuses on the validation methods and criteria and \\\\'how to validate?'' deals with the implementation of the validation protocol.This Guideline proposes a protocol for the validation of forensic evaluation methods at the source level, using the Likelihood Ratio framework as defined within the Bayes' inference model. In the context of the inference of identity of source, the Likelihood Ratio is used to evaluate the strength of the evidence for a trace specimen, e.g. a fingermark, and a reference specimen, e.g. a fingerprint, to originate from common or different sources.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "CHEMICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF BEKAI (Pycnarrhena tumefacta Miers) LEAVES FOR FLAVOURING AGENT (BIO-VETSIN). The \\\\'tasty\\\\' cuisine tends to use chemical flavour agent containing monosodium glutamate (MSG). Utilization of MSG, in long-term, may cause health problems, especially triggering cancer cells. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce and increase a natural flavouring agent to eliminate those health problem, such as bekai leaf. Bekai (Pycnarrhena tumefacta Miers) is familiar as a natural flavour agent (bio-vetsin) in cuisine for forest communities in Nyapa Indah Village, Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. However, until now there has been no proper analysis support for widespread utilization of bekai leaf. This paper studies the presence of phytochemicals, antioxidant and GC MS analysis from bekai leaf extracts, as well as five hedonic classifications of organoleptic test, to reinforce the need for a better understanding of consumers reaction in terms of possible acceptance of additional bekai leaves applied in soup as bio-vetsin. Present study showed that the qualitative screening of phytochemical compounds in bekai leaves ethanolic extracts revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and steroids. Antioxidants of bekai leaves using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) method showed that concentrated extract has 80.1%, which was predicted can improve immune for inhibitory action of cancer cells. GC MS analysis suspected that bekai leaf extract contained five major compounds, i.e. oxirane dodecyl, gamma sitosterol, vitamin E (alpha tokoferol), 9.12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (natural linoleic acid), and 3-Tetradecanynoic acid (myristic acid). These chemical compound in related with their phytochemical were predicted to contain strong antioxidant activities and some of them are commonly used as flavour agent in cuisine for some food industries. Meanwhile, results of organoleptic tests presence in three soup variant showed that soup with additional Bekai leaves has best acceptance in the children's perception due to unique smell, tasty and no colour changing compared with added MSG and control. Thus bekai leaf can be used as an innovation for healthy food and new market opportunities for MSG substitutes.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Probing the immune responses to nanoparticles across environmental species. A perspective of the EU Horizon 2020 project PANDORA. Understanding how engineered nanomaterials affect immune responses of living organisms requires a strong collaborative effort between immunologists, toxicologists, ecologists, physiologists, inorganic chemists, nanomaterial scientists and experts in law and risk management. This perspective aims to provide a new viewpoint on the interaction between engineered nanomaterials and the immune defensive systems across living species, gained within the EU Horizon 2020 project PANDORA. We consider the effects of nanoparticle exposure on immune functions in plants, marine and terrestrial invertebrates and their relation to the current state of knowledge for vertebrates (in particular humans). These studies can shed light on the broader perspective of defensive and homeostatic mechanisms (immunity, inflammation, stress responses, microbiota, stem cell differentiation) suggesting ways to: i) perform a comparative analysis of the nanoparticle impact on immunity across model organisms; ii) inspire best practices in experimental methodologies for nanosafety/nanotoxicity studies; iii) regroup and harmonise fragmented research activities; iv) improve knowledge transfer strategies and nano-security; v) propose innovative tools and realistic solutions, thereby helping in identifying future research needs and tackling their challenges.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 36, 15, 52]}
{"token": "ANTITUMOR AGENTS .138. ROTENOIDS AND ISOFLAVONES AS CYTOTOXIC CONSTITUENTS FROM AMORPHA-FRUTICOSA. Eight cytotoxic compounds have been isolated from the CHCl3 extract of Amorpha fruticosa. One compound, 6'-O-D-beta-glucopyranosyldalpanol [10], is a new cytotoxic rotenoid. Another known rotenoid, 12abeta-hydroxyamorphigenin [6], was first shown to exhibit extremely potent cytotoxicity (ED50 < 0. 00 1 mug/ml) in six neoplastic cell lines. In addition to these compounds, three isoflavones (afrormosin [1], 7,2', 4', 5'-tetramethoxyisoflavone [2], 8-methylretusin [3]) and five rotenoids (amorphispironone [4], amorphigenin [5), dalpanol [7], 12abeta-hydroxydalpanol [8], and tephrosin [9]) were isolated. Compound 8 was isolated for the first time as a natural product from this plant. The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of spectral data; some were further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "SHOPPING ON THE INTERNET FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF CUSTOMERS. Modern forms of business and continuous use of innovations in marketing encourage many customers to make more use of what is modern what is \\\\'in\\\\'. However, it is very important to realize that not all customers are able to give up traditional way of shopping or a traditional perception of products and services. The aim of this paper is to analyze customer preferences in relation to traditional forms of shopping and to analyze the preferences of the same customers for new forms of shopping through e-commerce applications.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Efficient Monte Carlo With Graph-Based Subsurface Flow and Transport Models. Simulating flow and transport in fractured porous media frequently involves solving numerical discretizations of partial differential equations with a large number of degrees of freedom using discrete fracture network (DFN) models. Uncertainty in the properties of the fracture network that controls flow and transport requires a large number of DFN simulations to statistically describe quantities of interest. However, the computational cost of solving more than a few realizations of a large DFN can be intractable. As a means of circumventing this problem, we utilize both a high-fidelity DFN model and a graph-based model of flow and transport in combination with a multifidelity Monte Carlo (MC) method to reduce the number of high-fidelity simulations that are needed to obtain an accurate estimate of the quantity of interest. We demonstrate the approach by estimating quantiles of the breakthrough time for a conservative tracer in an ensemble of fractured porous media. Our results demonstrate that a multifidelity MC estimate, whose computational cost is equal to the cost of 10 DFN simulations, can be as accurate as a standard MC estimate that utilizes 1,000 DFN simulations. Thus the combination of our graph-based model with multifidelity MC estimates effectively reduces the computational cost of the problem by a factor of approximately 100.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Antiviral therapy for herpesvirus central nervous system infections: Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection, herpes simplex encephalitis, and congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Herpesvirus infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, including long-term neurologic sequelae. Among the family of herpesviruses, the most significant CNS infections are due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The onset of HSV CNS infection can occur in neonates as well as older children and adults. CNS infection associated with CMV occurs predominantly in the perinatal period, but may also be seen rarely in children and adults, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Although advances in antiviral agents have led to improved outcomes, there is still a need for more effective treatments. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 21]}
{"token": "Self-selecting vapour growth of bulk crystals - Principles and applicability. A method of self-selecting vapour growth (SSVG) for bulk binary and multernary crystals of semiconducting materials is reviewed comprehensively for the first time. Although it has been developed over three decades, the method is less well known - even though it is physically distinct from the more widely used 'Piper-Polich' and 'Markov-Davydov' vapour transport bulk growth methods. The means by which growth takes place on a polycrystalline source to form a crystal free from the walls is described. Modelling and empirical observations have been used to establish the characteristics of the almost isothermal temperature fields that drive the transport in SSVG. It is demonstrated that precise control of thermal radiation is a fundamental requirement for tailoring the temperature distribution-a fact that has been used well in the design of horizontal tube furnace growth rigs. Achievements in the growth of useful PbS, PbSe, PbTe, CdTe and ZnTe compound crystals are described. The SSVG method has proved to be particularly well suited to the growth of solid solutions, and the results of growth experiments, and of compositional and structural analysis, are presented for Pb(Se,S), (Pb,Sn)Se, (Pb,Sn)Te, (Pb,Ge)Te, Cd(Te,Se), Cd(Tc,S) and (Cd,Zn)Te. The excellent compositional uniformity delivered is attributed to entropy driven mixing in the low thermal gradients present in SSVG.To date, most SSVG has been done at the < 50 g level for research or small scale production use. Prospects for scaling up the growth are considered, there being no barriers identified in principle. However, there is a limitation in that the shape of the grown crystals is not accurately controlled at present. To overcome this, and to offer an alternative method of scaling up, the use of vertical tube systems is explored. A significant additional advantage of the vertical configuration is that it allows for continuous recycling of the source/crystal mass so as to continuously self-refine the increasingly uniform - and crystalline product. Achievements to date in growing II-VI and IV-VI crystals are described for prototype vertical SSVG systems. Finally, future prospects for the SSVG method in terms of further developments to the method, and the specific materials that will benefit from it are highlighted. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Persistence to Graduation among At-Risk Criminal Justice and Criminology Students: Experiences in Intervening with a Sophomore Cohort. A Seminar targeting academically at-risk sophomores was developed and introduced in 2002 to address weak connectedness to the university and poor academic abilities. We measured changes in approaches taken to college studies by those at-risk sophomores who enrolled in the course, as well as employed a longitudinal, quasi-experimental design to track this experimental group (n = 29) and the remainder of the at-risk cohort as a comparison group (n = 36). Our preliminary findings suggest that the Seminar has had a variety of positive outcomes, the most impressive impact being that the experimental group had dramatically better retention and graduation rates than the comparison group.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "TAXATION RULES OF POLISH AND BELARUSIAN SMALL BUSINESSES. The role of small and medium-sized enterprises in the development of national economies is difficult to overestimate. Managing SMEs requires reliable information coming from simple and clear records. In Poland, the classification of small and medium-sized enterprises and their record to a large extent depends on tax legislation and those regulations apply in the European Union. What rules apply to the Belarusian entrepreneurs who are not subject to the European regulations? The article aims to analyze the current legal status and the resulting differences in the records and accounts of small Polish and Belarusan businesses. The article also highlights directions of changes in the legislation of both countries in this area. The article states that one of the most important issues affecting SMEs is the need to reduce regulatory requirements and compliance costs for small and medium-sized enterprises. The article also highlights directions of changes in the legislation of both countries in this area.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Optical solitons with spatially-dependent coefficients by Lie symmetry. The optical solitons in media with space-modulated dispersion and non-Kerr law nonlinearity have been investigated analytically by employing the Lie group method. Lie symmetries and canonical transformations are obtained. Four laws of nonlinearity that are Kerr law, parabolic law, power law and dual-power law are considered.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Incubation length of dabbling ducks. We collected unincubated eggs from wild Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Gadwall (A. strepera), Blue-winged Teal (A. discors), and Northern Shoveler (A. clypeata) nests and artificially incubated them at 37.5 degrees C. Average incubation lengths of Mallard, Gadwall, and Northern Shoveler eggs did not differ from their wild-nesting counterparts, but artificially incubated Blue-winged Teal eggs required an additional 1.7 days to hatch, suggesting that wild-nesting teat incubated more effectively. A small sample of Mallard, Gadwall, and Northern Shoveler eggs artificially incubated at 38.3 degrees C hatched I day sooner, indicating that incubation temperature affected incubation length. Mean incubation length of Blue-winged Teal declined by I day for each 11-day delay in nesting, but we found no such seasonal decline among Mallards, Gadwalls, or Northern Shovelers. There is no obvious explanation for the seasonal reduction in incubation length for Blue-winged Teal eggs incubated in a constant environment, and the phenomenon deserves further study.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "The contribution of statistical network models to the study of clusters and their evolution. This paper presents a systemic review of the contributions that stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOMs) and exponential random graph models (ERGMs) have made to the study of industrial clusters and agglomeration processes. Results show that ERGMs and SAOMs are especially popular to study network evolution, proximity dynamics and multiplexity. The paper concludes that although these models have advanced the field by enabling empirical testing of a number of theories, they often operationalize the same theory in completely different ways, making it difficult to draw conclusions that can be generalized beyond the particular case studies on which each paper is based. The paper ends with suggestions of ways to address this problem.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "MODES OF STAY, VOCALIZATION PATTERNS AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF BLYTH'S REED WARBLERS (ACROCEPHALUS DUMETORUM) IN CENTRAL ASIA. The modes of stay, vocalization patterns and morphological variability of Blyth's reed warbler have been summarized over its whole distribution area. Special attention is paid to populations from southern Kazakhstan and Central Asia, where the pathways of migration of Blyth's reed warbler are localized, its nesting is suggested, and the breeding of the great-billed reed warbler, a cryptic species discovered only recently, is also shown possible. Our field observations in central Tajikistan and the genetic identification of the individuals captured reveal that only migrating Blyth's reed warblers occur in that area. They sing intensely at stop-overs, but their singing differs there in a number of features like a speedier emission of notes, their shorter duration and a greater variety, some also in a lower peak frequency (\\\\'southern\\\\' style). The song produced on breeding grounds is higher in frequency and formed by longer notes emitted with greater intervals and a lesser diversity (\\\\'northern\\\\' style). Although the \\\\'southern\\\\' style singing is distinguished by a random structure and a high variability, there are species-specific elements providing the correct identification of a songster. During the play-back experiments, males show a response to \\\\'southern\\\\' style vocalizations, but ignore the \\\\'northern\\\\' style singing. Of all known recordings of Blyth's reed warbler from southern Kazakhstan and Central Asia, only the \\\\'southern\\\\' style singing has been tape-recorded. Together with no nests yet documented, this invites revision of the traditional views concerning the nesting of Blyth's reed warbler in the region. Some distinctions in the vocalizations of Blyth's and great-billed reed warblers are discussed.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Food safety regulation and the conflict of interest: The case of meat safety and E-coli O157. The results show that the financial pressures on the food industry were such that food hygiene was largely dependent upon external regulation and enforcement. But the deficiencies in the conception, design and implementation of the Food Safety Act, which was fundamentally deregulatory and privileged producer interests, permitted the food safety problems to grow. The case also, by illustrating how the interests of big business predominate in the formulation of public policy at the expense of the public, reveals how the class nature of the state affects public policy and social relations. Without addressing these issues, the problems they give rise to will remain. While the case is based on experiences in Britain, the problem of food safety and the issues raised have an international significance.The Food Standards Agency (FSA) aims to remove the longstanding conflict of interest between producers and consumers which is thought to lie at the heart of the rising number of food safety problems of recent years, to restore consumer confidence, and to protect public health. This paper sets out firstly to understand what the conflicts are, how they arise and their implications for food safety, and secondly to provide some means of evaluating the proposals for the Food Standards Agency. It does this by examining the current food safety regulatory regime as it relates to e. coli O157, one of the problems that gave rise to the FSA and an exemplar of the problems of meat safety, and places it in its wider economic context.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Drain site evisceration of fallopian tube, another reason to discourage abdominal drain: report of a case and brief review of literature. Placement of a drain following abdominal surgery is common despite a lack of convincing evidence in the current literature to support this practice. The use of intra-abdominal drain is associated with many potential and serious complications. We report a drain site evisceration of the right fallopian tube after the removal of an intra-abdominal drain. The drain was placed in the right iliac fossa in a patient who underwent a lower segment Caesarean section (LSCS) for meconium liquor with fetal distress. The Pfannenstiel incision made for LSCS was reopened and the protruding inflamed fimbrial end of the right fallopian tube was excised, The patient made an uneventful recovery. Routine intra-abdominal prophylactic drain following an abdominal surgery including LSCS should be discouraged.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition in a Murine Model of Cavitary Tuberculosis Paradoxically Worsens Pathology. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular matrix and are implicated in tuberculosis pathogenesis and cavitation. In particular, MMP-7 is induced by hypoxia and highly expressed around pulmonary cavities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice. In this study, we evaluated whether administration of cipemastat, an orally available potent inhibitor of MMP-7, could reduce pulmonary cavitation in M. tuberculosis-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice. We demonstrate that, compared with untreated controls, cipemastat treatment paradoxically increases the frequency of cavitation (32% vs 7%; P =.029), immunopathology, and mortality. Further studies are needed to understand the role of MMP inhibitors as adjunctive treatments for pulmonary tuberculosis.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Roles of lndole as an Interspecies and Interkingdom Signaling Molecule. A number of bacteria, and some plants, produce large quantities of indole, which is widespread in animal intestinal tracts and in the rhizosphere. Indole, as an interspecies and interkingdom signaling molecule, plays important roles in bacterial pathogenesis and eukaryotic immunity. Furthermore, indole and its derivatives are viewed as potential antivirulence compounds against antibiotic-resistant pathogens because of their ability to inhibit quorum sensing and virulence factor production. Indole modulates oxidative stress, intestinal inflammation, and hormone secretion in animals, and it controls plant defense systems and growth. Insects and nematodes can recognize indole, which controls some of their behavior. This review presents current knowledge regarding indole and its derivatives, their biotechnological applications and their role in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems.", "label": [4, 43, 42]}
{"token": "A combined ion exchange-nanofiltration process for water desalination: I. sulphate-chloride ion-exchange in saline solutions. Removal of chloride ions from saline water with seven different ion-exchange (IX) resins in sulphate form has been studied both on laboratory and pilot scales. It was found that sulphate-chloride exchange is very fast in aqueous solutions and that the feed salt concentration and the nature of the functional group of the resin play an important role in this process. It was shown that the chloride/sulphate separation factor depends on salt content in feed water and the higher the substitution of hydrogen atoms in amine functional group of anion exchange resin the higher chloride over sulphate selectivity. Exhausted IX resins were successfully regenerated using 0.2 M Na2SO4 solution and multiple regeneration/saturation cycles proved that this did not affect the resin's performance on chloride ion removal. It was shown that the osmotic pressure of sea water was significantly reduced after SO4/Cl ion exchange. Due to the drop of osmotic pressure lower energy consuming nanofiltration membranes compared with reverse osmosis membranes might be used for salty water desalination after IX treatment. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
{"token": "Effects of pulse culling on population growth of migratory birds and economical birds. An increased number of economical birds is one of the major threats affecting migratory birds population. In this paper, we consider two competing species: rare migratory bird and economical bird, and investigate a nonautonomous two species competitive model with a Holling-type II functional response, which the pulse culling is incorporated. By utilizing an analyzing method, sufficient and realistic conditions on permanence, extinction of the two species, existence of positive periodic solution, and the global attractivity of semitrivial periodic solution are established. The theoretical results are confirmed by numerical simulations.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Safety evaluation of the human-identical milk monosaccharide sialic acid (N-acetyl-D-neuraminic acid) in Sprague-Dawley rats. N-Acetyl-D-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is the predominant form of sialic acid (Sia) in humans, while other mammals express Sia as a mixture with N-glycolyl-D-neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Neu5Ac occurs in highest levels in the brain and in breast milk, and is therefore, coined a human-specific milk monosaccharide, and is thought to play an important nutritional role in the developing infant. Synthesized human-identical milk monosaccharide (HiMM) Neu5Ac is proposed for use in infant formulas to better simulate the free saccharides present in human breast milk. As part of the safety evaluation of HiMM Neu5Ac, a subchronic dietary toxicity study preceded by an in utero phase was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats. Neu5Ac was without maternal toxicity or compound-related adverse effects on female reproduction and on the general growth and development of offspring at a maternal dietary level of up to 2%, equivalent to a dose of 1895 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day. During the subchronic phase, no compound-related adverse effects were observed in first generation rats at dietary levels of up to 2% (highest level tested), corresponding to doses of 974 and 1246 mg/kg bw/day in males and females, respectively. Neu5Ac also was non-genotoxic in a series of in vitro genotoxicity/mutagenicity tests. These results support the safe use of Neu5Ac both in infant formula and as a food ingredient at levels equivalent to those found naturally in human breast milk. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
{"token": "IRIGARAY, THE UNTIMELY, AND THE CONSTITUTION OF AN ONTO-ETHICS. This article elaborates an account of ontology that is developed in the writings of Luce Irigaray. I argue that she strives for an ontology of sexual difference rather than one based on any conception of human identity. Like Nietzsche she does this by working with the Pre-Socratic philosophers and other non-Platonic theorists to address not only the materiality of the world but also its incorporeal qualities and capacities.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Improving US real estate returns with cost segregation. Purpose US taxing authorities allow property investment to be separated into components. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the classification of property affects the amount and timing of depreciation. Increased and accelerated depreciation increases after-tax cash flows and investor returns. Design/methodology/approach This paper explains traditional methods to analyze real estate investments and introduces modified methods that include the effect of taxes to improve the estimate of the potential return to the investor. Commonly used property classification methods are evaluated and projections are used to demonstrate the impact on investor returns. Findings Modified methods may improve return estimates and appropriately classifying property improves investor returns. Originality/value This paper demonstrates how to analyze real estate investments and maximize returns.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Interaction effects of different price claims and contextual factors on consumers' reference price adaptation after exposure to a price promotion. This paper examines he effects of price claims on consumers' reference price (RP) adaptation for specific saving formats and after repeated exposure to a price promotion. The reduced (initial reference) price has stronger (weaker) effects with more exposures in the case of the percentage-off format. The initial reference (the reduced) price has stronger (weaker) effects with more exposures in the case of the amount-off format. The findings provide insights to retailers as to how they can avoid strong RP reductions subsequent to a price promotion. The theoretical contribution consists of presenting a new model that goes beyond previous studies that have focused on the direct effects. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Inhibitory effect of PACAP-38 on acute neurogenic and non-neurogenic inflammatory processes in the rat. Inhibitory actions of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) have been described on cellular/vascular inflammatory components, but there are few data concerning its role in neurogenic inflammation. In this study we measured PACAP-like immunoreactivity with radioimmunoassay in the rat plasma and showed a two-fold elevation in response to systemic stimulation of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves by resiniferatoxin, but not after local excitation of cutaneous afferents. Neurogenic plasma extravasation in the plantar skin induced by intraplantar capsaicin or resiniferatoxin, as well as carrageenan-induced paw edema were significantly diminished by intraperitoneal PACAP-38. In summary, these results demonstrate that PACAP is released from activated capsaicin-sensitive afferents into the systemic circulation. It diminishes acute pure neurogenic and mixed-type inflammatory reactions via inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediator release and/or by acting at post-junctional targets on the vascular endothelium. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Is there an association between perinatal complications and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattentive type in children and adolescents?. Objective: The objective of the present study is to investigate the association between attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I) and prenatal, delivery and early postnatal complications (PDPC). Method: In a case-control design, we assessed a sample of 124 children and adolescents with ADHD-I and 124 non-ADHD controls (6-17 years old) from both a non-referred (n = 200) and a clinical sample (n = 48). Cases and controls, matched by gender and age, were systematically evaluated through structured diagnostic interviews. Prenatal, delivery and early postnatal complications (PDPC), as well as potential confounders were evaluated by direct interview with biological mothers. Results: Conditional logistic regression analysis showed that children and adolescents whose mothers presented more PDPC had a significantly higher risk for ADHD-I (p = 0.005; OR = 1.25; CI 95%: 1.1-1.5). Conclusions: In a case-control study, we expanded to ADHD-I previous findings suggesting the association between perinatal factors and broadly defined ADHD. Due to the preventable nature of some of these PDPC, our results have clear impact in public mental health policies.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Humor processing, mentalizing, and executive function in normal aging. Recent investigations have emphasized the importance of the prefrontal cortex for humor processing. Although the prefrontal cortex is thought to be affected by normal aging, relatively little work has been carried out to Investigate the effects of aging on humor processing. In the present investigation participants in three age groups were assessed on a humor comprehension task. They then answered mentalistic and nonmentalistic questions. Executive tasks were also administered. The older group selected significantly fewer correct punchlines from alternatives than the other groups. They were also poorer at answering mentalistic questions, but did not differ significantly for nonmentalistic questions. The findings of the present investigation showed altered in humor processing in normal aging, and this appeared to be related to mentalizing ability.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 22, 23, 55]}
{"token": "A 0.77 mW 2.4 GHz RF Front-End With-4.5 dBm In-Band IIP3 Through Inherent Filtering. This letter describes low-power design techniques that are demonstrated with a 2.4 GHz RF front-end consuming 0.77 mW while having a -4.5 dBm in-band third-order intermodulation intercept point (IIP3), a noise figure (NF) of 6.3 dB, and a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) up to 62.8 dB. Cross-coupling capacitors in the active mixer alleviate the gain loss due to parasitic capacitances. They also provide paths from the common sources of the switching stage to the low-noise amplifier load, forming inductor-capacitor filters that improve linearity. The proposed RF front-end was fabricated in a 130 nm CMOS process to exemplify the design techniques with specifications for ZigBee applications.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Study of Gilbert's Syndrome-Associated UGT1A1 Polymorphism in Jaundiced Neonates of ABO Incompatibility Hemolysis Disease. Objective This study aimed to assess the probable relationship between icter in neonates with ABO incompatibility hemolysis and UGT1A1 gene polymorphism.Study Design There were 65 ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) neonates of full term in the study group and 82 non-ABO HDN neonates of full term in the compared group. We tested the UGT1A1 gene mutation of neonates of ABO HDN and non-ABO HDN. We compared the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia between neonates with and without UGT1A1 mutations in the ABO HDN and non-ABO HDN, to determine the relationship between icter in neonates with ABO HDN and UGT1A1 gene polymorphism. SPSS 13.0 were used to analyze those two groups' data.Results There was statistically significant difference of the serum bilirubin level between the Gly71Arg homozygous and no mutation group in the ABO HDN patients ( p < 0.05). When hyperbilirubinemia was defined as serum bilirubin concentration >342 mu mol/L, the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia between patients of UGT1A1 and non-UGT1A1 mutations in the ABO HDN group was significantly different ( p < 0.05). But in the non-ABO HDN group, no significant difference was found.Conclusion Individuals with Gly71Arg homozygous contributed to their hyperbilirubinemia in ABO HDN patients.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Homeosis and atavistic regeneration: the 'biogenetic law' in Entwicklungsmechanik. Homeosis is a developmental abnormality corresponding to the transformation of a part of the body into another one. This term was introduced in 1894 by William Bateson, who aimed to make an inventory of all kinds of biological variation in order to understand how evolution proceeds. But, immediately afterwards experimental embryology, or Entwicklungsmechanik in Germany, adopted and redefined this term to refer to abnormal regenerations in which the newly developed organ was not identical to the initial one but rather resembled another part of the body.The break between Haeckelian tradition and Entwicklungsmechanik is thus less radical than often assumed, and the homeosis concept represents one of the factors of this continuity.At that time, many experimental embryologists, such as Wilhelm Roux, were calling for the elimination of any phylogenetic explanation of development and were attempting to promote more mechanistic, proximate explanations. Despite these recommendations, several biologists continued to account for developmental processes by turning to phylogeny instead of mechanical forces. The case of homeosis is representative. Indeed, abnormal regenerations were often seen as examples of atavisms, or recurrence of ancestral characteristics, and many embryologists appealed to Ernst Haeckel's 'fundamental biogenetic law' to explain these strange phenomena.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The American Wing Rooms in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This article chronicles the Metropolitan Museum of Art's commitment, beginning in 1910, to the concept of displaying American art in period rooms. After a century of accumulation and refinement, the series of twenty complete historic interiors (together with four partial ones) now displayed in chronological order within the American Wing represents a remarkably comprehensive and authentic survey of American domestic architecture.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Study of the role of the covalently linked cell wall protein (Ccw14p) and yeast glycoprotein (Ygp1p) within biofilm formation in a flor yeast strain. Flor yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains noted by their ability to create a type of biofilm in the air-liquid interface of some wines, known as 'flor' or 'velum', for which certain proteins play an essential role. Following a proteomic study of a flor yeast strain, we deleted the CCW14 (covalently linked cell wall protein) and YGP1 (yeast glycoprotein) genes-codifying for two cell surface glycoproteins-in a haploid flor yeast strain and we reported that both influence the weight of the biofilm as well as cell adherence (CCW14).", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43, 42]}
{"token": "Default Production of Electronically Stored Information Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure: The Requirements of Rule 34(b). This Note explains what parties have to do to meet the requirements for default production of electronic discovery under Rule 34(h) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Specifically, the author analyzes the meanings of \\\\'ordinarily maintained\\\\' and \\\\'reasonably usable\\\\' as used in Rule 34(b). After laying out the background of electronic discovery under the Federal Rules, the author interprets the rule's requirements for default production. First, the author analyzes the rule's language to determine its plain meaning. Then, the author examines the rule's position in the overall scheme of the Federal Rules. Finally, the author examines the rule's drafting history to determine the intent of the drafters. The Note concludes that despite the apparent clarity of the rule's language, the rule is ambiguous by stating that parties have a choice between \\\\'ordinarily maintained\\\\' format and \\\\'reasonably usable\\\\' format. In fact, Rule 34(h) requires the production of information in an objectively reasonably accessible format. In effect, \\\\'reasonably usable\\\\' form is not simply a permitted alternative it is the required default form of production. The Note ultimately encourages courts and drafters of future rules to explicitly recognize this interpretation of Rule 34(h) and remove any ambiguity from the rule.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "A pilot study of children's physical activity levels during imagination-based mobile games. This research looked at Biba: a suite of mobile games intended to get kids back out to playgrounds and engaging in more moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Year after year, annual national surveys report a general decline in physical activity amongst children and a corresponding increase in screen time. Further to this, time spent outside by children has been reported to be on the decline since the 1980s. Recent work has suggested that in order to maintain the outdoor recreation participation of children across America, park and recreation professionals may need to embrace the expanding role of technology'. This research tested Biba in precisely this regard, deploying a 20-subject within-subject experimental design that compared Biba playground gameplay with typical free play playground sessions, measuring heart rate activity in them. The outcome demonstrated that Biba playground play results in greater amounts of MVPA with a difference in heart rate that was significantly higher in the Biba play session than in the free play session t(19) = 2.41, p < 0.05.", "label": [2, 26, 27]}
{"token": "Hyperactive Child Syndrome and Estimated Life Expectancy at Young Adult Follow-Up: The Role of ADHD Persistence and Other Potential Predictors. Objective: We examined if ADHD Combined Type or Presentation (ADHD-C) reduced estimated life expectancy (ELE) at young adulthood and if the persistence of ADHD to adulthood further adversely affected ELE. Method: A young adult follow-up of 131 hyperactive and 71 control cases was used to derive 14 variables that were entered into a life expectancy calculator to generate ELE scores. Both ratings of executive function (EF) in everyday life and tests of EF and IQ were measured along with comorbid psychopathologies. Results: Childhood ADHD-C was associated with a 9.5-year reduction in healthy ELE, and a 8.4-year reduction in total ELE relative to control children by adulthood. The persistence of ADHD to adulthood was linked to a 12.7-year reduction in ELE. Several background traits accounted for more than 39% of variation in ELE. Conclusion: Childhood ADHD-C predicts a significantly reduced ELE by adulthood, which is further reduced by the persistence of ADHD to adult follow-up.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Effect of (Co-TeO2-doped polyvinylpyrrolidone) organic interlayer on the electrophysical characteristics of Al/p-Si (MS) structures. In this paper, (Co-TeO2) nanostructures were synthesized using the microwave-assisted method for the fabrication of (PVP:Co-TeO2) as an organic interlayer (OI) at Al/p-Si interface. Structural and optical properties of nanostructures were investigated through XRD, SEM, EDX, and UV-Vis techniques. The interface states (N-ss) energy dependence diagram were also obtained from the voltage-dependent ideality factor (n) and barrier height (BH). Experimental results confirmed that the OI improved the performance of MS structure in respect of low N-ss, R-s, n, and high rectification rate (RR). Both the forward- and reverse-bias conduction mechanisms such as ohmic, space/trap-charge-limited current (SCLC/TCLC), and Poole-Frenkel/Schottky emission (PFE/SE), respectively, were implemented. Additionally, basic dielectric parameters of two structures were investigated in detail using impedance-frequency (Z-f) measurements in a wide frequency range (0.1-1000 kHz) and they were a strong function of frequency because of the existence of N-ss, surface polarization, and interlayer.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Memory Machines Infrastructural Performance as an Art Method. Through the Memory Machines performance tour conducted in a public library, the authors analyze multisensory methods including immersive performance and walking tours as probes into cultural infrastructures. Combining discussions of media theory and artistic practice, including collaboration with the 00100 Ensemble, the authors present infrastructural performance as an art method for creative infrastructural research.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Phytoremediation of cadmium-, lead- and nickel-contaminated water by Phragmites australis in hydroponic systems. This study was carried out to investigate the phytoremediation ability of Phragmites australis to remove cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) from contaminated water, to study the effect of pH and salinity on the removal of cadmium, lead, and nickel, and to estimate the pattern of accumulation of these metals in the roots, shoots, and leaves of the plant. The experiments were carried out in a deep-water hydroponic system and 5 mg/L was used as a concentration of each of the heavy metals. The results of the study showed that P. australis had a residual of 7% (93% removal) of cadmium, 5% (95% removal) of lead and 16% (84% removal) of nickel over a 6-week period. In the control experiment, there was a residual of 96% (4% removal) for both cadmium and lead and 89% (11% removal) for nickel over a 6-week period. There was no major effect of pH on the removal of cadmium except at pH10, which led to a slightly reduced removal of cadmium (89% removal). Also, there was no major effect of pH on the removal of lead, however, there was the enhanced removal of nickel at pH10 (93% removal). The major mechanisms employed by the plant were probably phytostabilization on the basis of the calculated Biological Concentration Factor (BCF) - metal concentration ratio of plant root to soil; and Translocation Factor (TF) - metal concentration ratio of plants shoots to roots.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 37, 15, 52]}
{"token": "BREEDING ECOLOGY OF LONG-TAILED TITS AEGITHALOS CAUDATUS IN NORTHWESTERN SPAIN: PHENOLOGY, NEST-SITE SELECTION, NEST SUCCESS AND HELPING BEHAVIOUR. The population density, phenology, nest-site selection, nest success and helping behaviour of breeding long-tailed tits Aegithalos caudatus was studied in NW Spain during 2002-2007. The fieldwork was conducted in an area of 500 ha between Palacio and Pedrtin (42 degrees 43' 26 '' 42 degrees 46' 15 '' S-N, 5 degrees 29' 58 '' 5 degrees 30' 55 '' E-W, 900-1,000 m a.s.l.), in the Torio river valley, Leon province. Population density was estimated through line transects and mapping. Records of pairs carrying nest material in their bills, building a nest and carrying food in their bills were distributed in 10-day intervals. Nest-site selection was estimated using the Jacobs' index. To determine nest success, only those found in the early stages of building were considered. To establish provisioning rates, each nest with nestlings was observed for a minimum of 3 h. The number of helpers at each nest each day was deduced from the maximum number of different adults feeding nestlings at the same time, subtracting the two individuals that formed the pair. Population density was c. 6-10 birds/10 ha. Winter flock break-up and pair formation usually occurred from the beginning of February, nest building during 11 March-10 April, laying and incubation during 11-30 April, and the presence of nestlings throughout May. Probably few pairs renested after failing to breed. The most typical habitats in the nest surroundings were hedgerows and oak woods. Two thirds of the nests were built in shrubs and the rest in trees. Rubus brambles were highly preferred plant species for supporting nests. Nest success was very low (c. 18%), and nest failure occurred mainly before hatching due to predation. No cases of helping behaviour were recorded prior to the nestling stage. Cooperative breeding was verified in 60% of the nests, and it occurred in all the habitats and vegetation strata. The final number of helpers per nest was between one and four, usually one or two. Values over 40 visits to the nest in one hour were only recorded when there was at least one helper, and over 50 visits with two or more helpers. In conclusion, (i) optimal habitat conditions for the long-tailed tit were found in the study area; (ii) several characteristics of the observed breeding ecology coincided with those well-described in similar habitats in the UK; (iii) the same determining factors for helping behaviour probably occurred in both locations, with great importance of low breeding success. Research is needed on the social organization and breeding system of this species in more areas in its wide distribution range.Breeding ecology of long-tailed his Aegithalos caudatus in Northwestern Spain: phenology, nest-site selection, nest success and helping behaviour.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Novel ploy(vinyl alcohol)/carbon nanotube hybrid membranes for pervaporation separation of benzene/cyclohexane mixtures. Novel ploy(vinyl alcohol)/carbon nanotube hybrid membranes were prepared and carbon nanotube was dispersed by using beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD). These hybrid membranes were characterized by TEM, SEM and DMA. Both pure PVA and beta-CD-CNT/PVA hybrid membranes are uniform and these hybrid membranes exhibited significant improvement in Young's modulus and thermal stability as compared to pure PVA and beta-CD/PVA membranes. These membranes were applied to pervaporation separation of benzene/cyclohexane mixtures, and showed excellent pervaporation properties. The permeation flux of benzene could be 61.0 g/(m(2) h) and separation factor could be 41.2, which are above the upper bound trade-off curve summarized by Lue and Peng. The effects of P-CD-CNT content, operating temperature and feed flow rate on pervaporation properties also were investigated. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Cultural relativism as ideology. The concept of culture was originally an expression of German nationalism, which reacted to the French Enlightenment by asserting the uniqueness and incomparability of all cultures as historical creations. This understanding of cultural diversity, which prevailed in American anthropology, is widely understood to imply the moral equality of all cultures. Yet its relativism originally applied to different individuals socialized in the values of their culture, rather than to different cultures. The debate over multiculturalism, which presupposes cultural relativism, ignores this distinction. The vogue of multiculturalism reflects the decline of the Left, quests for community and identity, and an actual reduction in diversity move than a genuine appreciation of different cultures.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Distance education in nursing: An integrated review of online nursing students' experiences with technology delivered instruction. One proposed solution to educating more nurses to decrease and eventually eliminate the nursing shortage is distance education. But what are nursing students' experiences with distance education? Answering this question can assist in the development of effective teaching and learning strategies to provide for the development of quality distance education programs. This article provides an integrative review of the nursing literature to ascertain the student perspective of distance education. A review of nursing literature was completed using a number of databases and specific criteria to locate research studies specific to this topic. The studies were analyzed for validity and. reliability, and limitations were mentioned. Student perceptions garnered from the research studies analyzed are summarized with the acronym DISTANCE ED. Implications, recommendations, and needs for future research are discussed. A supplementary review of the literature is used to augment the findings.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Porzana botunensis sp n., a New Early Pleistocene Crake (Aves: Rallidae) from Bulgaria. A new species of crake of the genus Porzana is described from the site of Varshets (MN 17). Porzana botunensis sp. n. is the second rallid species described from the site. The holotype is a distal half of left tarsometatarsus. The species may be diagnosed using the following characters: an Early Pleistocene crake, differing from the recent P. porzana in the: (1) more distally positioned inception of trochlea metatarsi II; (2) shallower edges of the condyles of the trochlea metatarsi II; (3) clearly developed edge (linea) between the facies dorsalis and facies subcutanea lateralis; (4) deeper facies lateralis caudalis and (5) relatively wider incisura intertrochlearis lateralis.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Development of vulnerability curves of buildings to windstorms using insurance data: An empirical study in South Korea. Windstorms have caused a range of damage on the built environment. Although several risk assessment models for estimating such damage have been widely developed, the results generated by these models often turn inaccurate due to the building information required for such models at a regional scale are usually incomplete, or of a poor quality. Alternatively, this study utilizes an insurance company's loss data pertaining to the high winds of Typhoon Maemi in South Korea in 2003 for calculating building damage in terms of damage ratios. Next, these damage ratios and storm-wind speeds are utilized for constructing vulnerability curves that can be used to predict levels of damage to designated building types subject to given wind speeds. Lastly, geographical information systems spatial data is combined with those vulnerability curves to arrive at four distinct wind-damage levels. It is hoped that the present research will serve as a reference for further studies of developing building vulnerability curves for storm winds.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Modelling the cone yields of Korean pine. Korean pine is the most important plantation tree species in northeast China. Besides timber, it produces edible seeds. Economic comparisons between alternative management schedules of Korean pine plantations require information on tree growth but also on seed yields since Korean pine seeds generate significant economic returns. This study developed models for the cone yields of Korean pine. Data were collected from 24 permanent sample plots during 2004-2018. Model types suitable for modelling count data with a high proportion of zero counts, namely zero-inflated and hurdle models, were tested as alternatives to those types of Poisson and negative binomial models that did not include a sub-model for the excess of zeros. Correlations between observations collected from the same plot and tree were taken into account by fitting mixed-effects models. There was much annual variation in seed production, which was modelled by using indicator variables for different years. The other predictors of the cone models were tree diameter at the breast height, stand basal area, competitive position of the tree in the stand (basal area in larger trees) and site index. It was concluded that the best model types for predicting cone yields in simulation and optimization studies were negative binomial hurdle model and Poisson hurdle model. The same models were evaluated to be the most recommendable also in cases where probabilistic predictions are needed, for instance in stochastic optimization.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "An instance of Boiga dendrophila dendrophila (Boie, 1827) (Reptilia: Colubridae) being parasitized by Amblyomma helvolum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae), with comments about the attachment sites of this tick species. Ectoparasites, such as ticks, may exhibit preferences for particular attachment sites on various hosts, since the choice of attachment sites may affect tick survival. Herein we report an instance of a mangrove snake, Boiga dendrophila dendrophila, being parasitized by the tick Amblyomma helvolum, with comments on this tick's attachment sites. Our collection of A. helvolum appears to be the first record of this species from Sandakan, a city on the northeast coast of Borneo, in the Malaysian state of Sabah.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "UNDERSTANDING COMPLEMENTARITIES AS ORGANIZATIONAL CONFIGURATIONS: USING SET THEORETICAL METHODS. The growing literature on complementarities has drawn attention to how the effects of different organizational structures, practices, and institutions are interdependent. Rather than one best way of organizing, complementarities suggest that the effectiveness of one organizational element may be dependent on the presence or absence of another particular element. Consequently, organizational arrangements often display \\\\'multiple equilibria\\\\' or what is known as equifinality, whereby multiple pathways may lead to the same or similar outcomes. While being a source of theoretical innovation, the configurational nature of complementarities has posed a number of challenges. This chapter reviews the emerging literature on complementarities to identify a series of conceptual challenges related to understanding complementarities as organizational configurations, and examines the methodological challenges in studying how such elements combine to produce joint effects on performance. The chapter argues that new set-theoretic methods using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) may present a very useful methodological alternative to studying complementarities. The chapter illustrates this potential by re-analyzing past work by Aoki, Jackson, and Miyajima (2007) on relationships between ownership structure, board structure, and employment practices of listed firms in Japan to show evidence of complementarities associated with hybrid configurations that combine market and relational forms of organization.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "The Different Effects of Resveratrol and Naringenin on Isolated Human Umbilical Vein: The Role of ATP-Sensitive K plus Channels. The blood flow from the placenta to the fetus depends on human umbilical vein (HUV) vascular tone. ATP-sensitive K+ (K-ATP) channels link the metabolic state of the cell to membrane potential, and their activation in the HUV represents protection against hypoxia. The aims of our study were to assess the effects of resveratrol and naringenin on the HUV and to define the roles of K-ATP channels in their effects. Serotonin or 100 mM K+ were used for precontraction of the HUV without endothelium. The cumulative concentration-response curves were obtained by adding increasing concentrations of resveratrol or naringenin. Glibenclamide was used, in order to test the role of K-ATP channels in its effect. Resveratrol induced more potent vasodilatation of serotonin- and 100 mM K+-precontracted HUV than naringenin. Glibenclamide induced significant shift to the right of the concentration-response curves of resveratrol and P1075 (a specific opener of K-ATP channels). Western blotting showed that HUV expressed protein Kir6.1. Thus, resveratrol and naringenin produce dilatation of HUV. It seems that K-ATP channels are involved in the relaxation of HUV induced by resveratrol, while naringenin seems to interact with other ion channels. The K+ channel-independent mechanism(s) of these polyphenols could not be excluded. Copyright (C) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Improving crisis management in the imperfect world of foreign electoral assistance. This article's primary focus is on improving techniques of crisis management of electoral assistance. In so doing it intends to contribute to a more systematic sharing of information about lessons learned and possible responses to the pressure of providing electoral support when time is short. It is therefore concerned with situations in which there are not only the usual large gaps between ideal and reality, a host of imperfections and uncertainties, a multiplicity of chains of command and conflicting agendas, a shortage of resources, and endless possibilities for genuine and crafted misunderstandings, but also a lack of time for analysis and preparation. The article looks at such 'rushed' electoral assistance from the perspective of the 'manager'; this is a term that will serve as shorthand for a hypothetical electoral assistance manager in an international governmental or non-governmental donor agency who is given responsibility for managing the assistance but is usually not part of the political or policy-making office of his or her embassy or agency. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Quasielastic neutron scattering study of tetrahydroborate anion dynamical perturbations in sodium borohydride due to partial halide anion substitution. Equimolar NaBH4-NaX (X = Cl and I) solid solutions were synthesized to study, via quasielastic neutron scattering, the effect of partial halide anion substitution on the reorientational dynamics of tetrahydroborate (BH4) anions in NaBH4. The BH4 reorientational mobility increased in the order of NaBH4-NaCl, NaBH4, and NaBH4-Nal, which corresponded with expanding face-centered-cubic lattices accommodating the respective increasing sizes of the Cl, BH4, and l anions. The BH4 anions in NaBH4-NaCl were found (at least above 400 K) to undergo 'cubic' tumbling motions with the four H atoms per anion visiting all eight corners of a cube, similar to what was previously observed for NaBH4. In contrast, the BH4 anions in NaBH4-Nal were found to undergo something more akin to 'tetrahedral' tumbling motions, where the H atoms visit all four corners of a tetrahedron. Despite a noticeable softening of the BH4 torsional energies with increasing lattice constant amongst NaBH4 and the two solid solutions, all three compounds exhibited similar activation energies for reorientation of about 11-12 kJ mol(-1). Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Establishing and sustaining health observatories serving urbanized populations around the world: scoping study and survey. Background: The 'health observatory' model has successfully proliferated across several world regions, this study being conducted to define the geographical and physical bases and main functions of health observatories serving largely urbanized populations and the support needed for set-up and sustainability. Methods: A scoping study of literature and observatory websites was undertaken to identify health observatories, main functions, year established and publications, followed by a self-completion survey to further investigate these characteristics, define the help observatories would have liked at set-up and later on, and how such help might effectively be accessed. Results: Of 69 health observatories contacted, 27 (39%) mainly established since 2000 completed the survey. Most responding observatories had a sub-national/regional or sub-regional/local geographical base and no one type of physical or organizational base predominated. Nearly all observatories undertook preparation of population-based health reports and intelligence, data analysis and interpretation services, and a primary commitment to working with local/regional partners to support evidence-based decision-making. Most prioritized help with deciding and defining the scope of the observatory, estimating the core resources required for establishing/developing it, addressing sustainability issues, identifying knowledge, skills and skill-mix required to undertake the health intelligence/analytic functions, accessing data/IT expertise and developing training and capacity-building programmes. The preferred means of accessing this support was a virtual network(s) of experts on particular topics to support mutual learning and toolboxes developed for specific observatory functions. Conclusions: Although the health observatory as an organizational model is maturing, the learning derived from sharing structured guidance and support is regarded as invaluable.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Main Path Analysis to Filter Unbiased Literature. Citations are references used by researchers to recognize the contributions of researchers in their articles. Citations can be used to discover hidden patterns in the research domain, and can also be used to perform various analyses in data mining. Citation analysis is a quantitative method to identify knowledge dissemination and influence papers in any research area. Citation analysis involves multiple techniques. One of the most commonly used techniques is Main Path Analysis (MPA). According to the specific use of MPA, it has evolved into various variants. Currently, MPA is carried out in different domains, but deep learning in the field of remote sensing has not yet been considered. In this paper, we have used three centrality attributes which are Degree, Betweenness and Closeness centrality to automatically identify important papers by applying clustering method based on machine learning (i.e., K-means). In addition, the main path is drawn from important papers and compared with existing manual methods. In order to conduct experiments, a data set from Web of Science (WOS) has been established, which contains 538 papers in the field of deep learning. Compared with existing works, our method provides the most relevant papers on the main path.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "HVint: A Strategy for Identifying Novel Protein-Protein Interactions in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1. Human herpesviruses are widespread human pathogens with a remarkable impact on worldwide public health. Despite intense decades of research, the molecular details in many aspects of their function remain to be fully characterized. To unravel the details of how these viruses operate, a thorough understanding of the relationships between the involved components is key. Here, we present HVint, a novel protein-protein intraviral interaction resource for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) integrating data from five external sources. To assess each interaction, we used a scoring scheme that takes into consideration aspects such as the type of detection method and the number of lines of evidence. The coverage of the initial interactome was further increased using evolutionary information, by importing interactions reported for other human herpesviruses. These latter interactions constitute, therefore, computational predictions for potential novel interactions in HSV-1. An independent experimental analysis was performed to confirm a subset of our predicted interactions. This subset covers proteins that contribute to nuclear egress and primary envelopment events, including VP26, pUL31, pUL40, and the recently characterized pUL32 and pUL21. Our findings support a coordinated crosstalk between VP26 and proteins such as pUL31, pUS9, and the CSVC complex, contributing to the development of a model describing the nuclear egress and primary envelopment pathways of newly synthesized HSV-1 capsids. The results are also consistent with recent findings on the involvement of pUL32 in capsid maturation and early tegumentation events. Further, they open the door to new hypotheses on virus-specific regulators of pUS9-dependent transport. To make this repository of interactions readily accessible for the scientific community, we also developed a user-friendly and interactive web interface. Our approach demonstrates the power of computational predictions to assist in the design of targeted experiments for the discovery of novel protein-protein interactions.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Detection of low serum immunoglobulin concentrations in clinically ill calves. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of classification of 4 tests for failure of passive transfer (FPT) were examined in clinically ill neonatal calves. Comparisons were made with serum IgG(1) concentrations determined by radial immunodiffusion. Serum samples were obtained from 27 clinically ill calves less than or equal to 21 days of age. The results of 4 commonly used assays. the sodium sulfite turbidity test, the zinc sulfate turbidity test, refractometry, and the serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity test, were compared with radial immunodiffusion determinations of serum IgG(1) concentration. Serum GGT activity using a 50 IU/L threshold resulted in correct classification of the highest percentage of calves (93%) with regard to their passive transfer status. The sodium sulfite test with a 1 + end point and refractometry using a 5.5 g/dL end point resulted in correct classification of 85% of the calves studied. When using the sodium sulfite test, the 2+ and 3+ test end points had lower specificity? 0.58 and 0.00, respectively, than the 1 + end point. This loss in specificity resulted in misclassification of calves with adequate serum immunoglobulin concentrations as having FPT. The zinc sulfate turbidity test was inadequately specific (0.33) and resulted in misclassification of 33% of calves.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Sequential One-Pot Three-Enzyme Synthesis of the Tetrasaccharide Repeating Unit of Group B Streptococcus Serotype VIII Capsular Polysaccharide. Comprehensive Summary The biochemical property and functional identification of three recombinant glycosyltransferases, including beta-1,4-rhamnosyltransferase (Cps8R), beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (Cps8J) and alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (Cps8K) involved in the biosynthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of serotype VIII capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Group B Streptococci (GBS), were systematically investigated. Subsequently, these recombinant enzymes were employed for one-pot three-enzyme efficient synthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of GBS serotype VIII CPS using the chemically synthesized Glc alpha-PP-(CH2)(11)-OPh as the starting substrate in a satisfying yield of 87%.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Accounting for Latent Attitudes in Willingness-to-Pay Studies: The Case of Coastal Water Quality Improvements in Tobago. The study of human behaviour and in particular individual choices is of great interest in the field of environmental economics. Substantial attention has been paid to the way in which preferences vary across individuals, and there is a realisation that such differences are at least in part due to underlying attitudes and convictions. While this has been confirmed in empirical work, the methods typically employed are based on the arguably misguided use of responses to attitudinal questions as direct measures of underlying attitudes. As discussed in other literature, especially in transport research, this potentially leads to measurement error and endogeneity bias, and attitudes should rather be treated as latent variables. In this paper, we illustrate the use of such an Integrated Choice and Latent Variable model in the context of beach visitors' willingness-to-pay for improvements in water quality. We show how a latent attitudinal variable, which we refer to as a pro-intervention attitude, helps explain both the responses from the stated choice exercise as well as answers to various rating questions related to respondent attitudes. The incorporation of the latent variable leads to important gains in model fit and substantially different willingness-to-pay patterns.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Linking climate change vulnerability research and evidence on conservation action effectiveness to safeguard European seabird populations. 3. Our results show that 29% of the types of actions considered for reducing the impacts of climate change on seabirds are either associated with conflicting evidence or lack sufficient information to make robust conclusions about their effectiveness: actions aiming at restoring or creating habitat, encouraging relocation, treating or preventing disease, and reducing inter-species competition all have limited or mixed evidence to support their use. Moreover, several threats identified by conservation practitioners as being of high priority to address, such as changes in prey abundance and eutrophication, have few or no viable identified actions to reduce their impact on seabirds.2. To demonstrate this point, we explore how existing knowledge can be brought together in a pressure-state-response framework that connects climate change ecology, conservation evidence assessments and management. Seabirds in Western Europe are used as a case study, as they are well-researched and vulnerable to climate change. Using a combination of literature reviews and surveys, we identify the main threats posed to seabirds in the region by climate change, as well as existing conservation actions that could be applied to lessen the impacts of each of these threats.1. An increasing number of species are facing unprecedented levels of threat to their long-term survival due to the direct and indirect impacts of climate change. Key opportunities for science to inform wildlife management are linked to increasing our understanding of how changes in climatic conditions will impact species, as well as whether, and how, managers may facilitate species' ability to adapt to change. However, information on species' climate change vulnerability and the effectiveness of potential conservation actions are not yet strategically collected or collated; this disconnect between threat level, ecological research and conservation practice is reducing the opportunities to guide decision-making, ultimately hindering conservation outcomes.4. Synthesis and applications. We suggest that existing knowledge on species vulnerability to climate change and evidence of conservation action effectiveness should be more commonly brought together in tailored pressure-state-response frameworks. Such an approach provides an easily transferable platform for identifying missing information and areas where connections between research and management need to be tightened to improve conservation outcomes.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Occupational Health and Safety Vulnerability of Recent Immigrants and Refugees. Recent immigrants and refugees have higher rates of work-related injuries and illnesses compared to Canadian-born workers. As a result, they are often labelled as vulnerable workers. This study explored the factors that contribute to occupational health and safety (OHS) vulnerability of recent immigrants and refugees with a focus on modifiable factors such as exposure to hazards and access to workplace protections, awareness of OHS and worker rights, and empowerment to act on those rights. Eighteen focus groups were conducted with 110 recent immigrants and refugees about their experiences looking for work and in their first jobs in Canada. A thematic content analysis was used to organize the data and to identify and report themes. The jobs described by participants typically involved poor working conditions and exposure to hazards without adequate workplace protections. Most participants had limited knowledge of OHS and employment rights and tended to not voice safety concerns to employers. Understanding OHS vulnerability from the lens of workplace context can help identify modifiable conditions that affect the risk of injury and illness among recent immigrants and refugees. Safe work integration depends on providing these workers with information about their rights, adequate job training, and opportunities for participating in injury prevention.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "The cry of earth and conflict with human cultures: a reflection for Christian religious educators. How can religious educators encourage a sacred, meaningful relationship between humanity and Nature? What contribution can religious educators make to a renewed understanding of what it means to be human? The author brings two propositions to the discussion: that this relationship is largely one of conflict, and that, although it has been rightfully critiqued, Christian teaching and theology can positively contribute to the solution of the conflict. In analyzing the conflict, Martin reflects on de Groot's and van den Born's metaphors for the human-nature relationship: Master, Steward, Partner and Participant. Martin disputes the views that a dichotomy exists between humanity and Nature and that humanity is superior, pointing to the more inclusive worldview offered by Berry and Russell, which favours the value of all of Creation. The author suggests lines along which answers may be sought: rethinking what it means to be human in relationship to Nature, and including in Religious Education the study of the origins of life, united to contemplation of the divine presence in Creation. This combination will lead to the transformation of consciousness that is crucial to a solution of the human versus Nature conflict. Martin raises pertinent questions concerning the emergence of life, the cosmos, and humanity, which may be summarized in her final questions regarding \\\\'who we are, whose we are and whom we are for\\\\'.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Ultrasound assessment of selected peripheral nerves pathologies. Part II: Entrapment neuropathies of the lower limb. Similarly to entrapment neuropathies of upper extremities, the ultrasound constitutes a valuable supplementation of diagnostic examinations performed in patients with suspicions of nerve entrapment syndromes of the lower limb. For many years, it was claimed that such pathologies were rare. This probably resulted from the lack of proper diagnostic tools (including high frequency ultrasound transducers) as well as the lack of sufficient knowledge in this area. In relation to the above, the symptoms of compression neuropathies were frequently interpreted as a manifestation of pathologies of the lumbar part of the spine or a other orthopedic disease (degenerative or overuse one). Consequently, many patients were treated ineffectively for many months and even, years which led to irreparable neurological changes and changes in the motor organ. Apart from a clinical examination, the diagnostics of entrapment neuropathies of lower limb is currently based on imaging tests (ultrasound, magnetic resonance) as well as functional assessments (electromyography). Magnetic resonance imaging is characterized by a relatively low resolution (as compared to ultrasound) which results in limited possibilities of morphological evaluation of the visualized pathology. Electromyography allows for the assessment of nerve function, but does not precisely determine the type and degree of change. This article presents examples of the most common entrapment neuropathies of the lower limb concerning the following nerves: sciatic, femoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, obturator, fibular and its branches, tibial and its branches as well as sural. The pathomorphological basis of the neuropathies as well as corresponding ultrasound images are presented in this paper. Attention has been drawn to echogenicity, degree of vascularization and bundle presentation of the trunk of a pathological peripheral nerve.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Integrating children's contributions in the interaction design process. In this paper, we describe three studies for the design of a hand-held music device for children. The studies involved researchers from different disciplines and children from different schools. We reflected on what happened during the design activities. And we looked at the outputs produced by the children in order to understand the feasibility of the activities that were included in the design sessions from two perspectives: whether they contributed to the design of the product - termed their capability - and whether they suitably involved children in the process - called their suitability. We then report on how children's ideas were selected and integrated into the product design through iterative cycles of testing and refinements. This description of the process prompted the discussion on the involvement of children and their ideas throughout the whole process, its benefit and difficulties that could be applicable to a wide variety of design contexts with children.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "The Question of the Reliability of the Muslim Educational Institutions of the Turkestan Region in the Reports of the Official of Special Assignments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs L. Naumov. The article presents the analysis of two reports of the official of special assignments of the Ministry of internal Affairs L. Naumov, prepared by him on the basis of a trip to the Turkestan Governor-General in 1910. Among other matters, L. Naumov was instructed to find out the objective picture of the activities of Muslim educational institutions in Turkestan, to determine the degree of their reliability and loyalty to the Russian Empire and the Supreme power. The information for the solution of the task was made by L. Naumov's personal observations. Interviews with officials of regional authorities, religious Muslim figures and teachers of mektebas and madrassas, reports of informants and secret agents, as well as analysis of the current documentation of the Turkestan district security Department and the office of the Turkestan Governor-General. In addition, L. Naumov personally visited Muslim educational institutions in Tashkent. From the information presented in the reports it follows that by 1910 in the Islamic educational system of Turkestan, a reform movement led by Munavar-Kara Abdurrashitkhanov was actively developing. The core of this movement was the Committee of newfangled schools of Tashkent, which carried out diverse activities to promote and disseminate the system of newfangled teaching in mektebs and madrassas of the region. His opponent was the conservative Muslim clergy, who advocated the preservation of the traditional education system. In his reports L. Naumov recorded few data testifying to the anti-Russian propaganda carried out by teachers of old-fashioned and new-fashioned madrassas of Turkestan. The facts of the use of foreign educational literature in the educational process, as well as personnel policy related to the invitation of teachers from the Ottoman Empire significantly undermined their confidence. All this information allowed L. Naumov to draw a conclusion about the unreliability of Muslim educational institutions and their lack of loyal feelings towards the Russian monarchy.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of water-ethanolic extract from Pothomorphe umbellata (Piperaceae) aerial parts. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities as well as the median lethal dose (LD50) of water-ethanolic extract (PHE) of the aerial parts of Pothomorphe umbellata were evaluated in animal models. The ED50 (oral) for the inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay was determined to be 550 mg/kg, while the LD50 was higher than 2.0 g/kg. At a dose of 550 mg/kg, PHE inhibited the inflammatory process by 48.7% (P < 0.05) on the third hour of the assay (edema peak) when compared to the untreated control. Indomethacin, the positive control used in this test, inhibited the edema by 58.6% at a dose of 10 mg/kg, when compared to the untreated control (P < 0.05). All three fractions - hexane, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate - obtained by partition of PHE with respective solvents also showed inhibition of the edema induced by carrageenan over a period of 4 h but the methylene chloride fraction showed the best activity. The activity shown by the methylene chloride fraction at 200 mg/kg was comparable to that exhibited by indomethacin at a dose of 10 mg/kg. The number of writhings induced by a 0.6% acetic acid solution intraperitoneal injection was decreased by 22% (P < 0.05) in the group treated orally with Pothomorphe umbellata crude extract. PHE also inhibited the granulomatous tissue formation in rats by 6.2% (P < 0.05). In the same assay, topically applied dexamethasone decreased the granuloma formation by 14.2%. The above results suggest that Pothomorphe umbellata crude extract has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties supporting its folkloric use for the treatment of these conditions. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "Upper Paleolithic in the south of Portugal: The site of Vale Boi. Before the 90s, data on Paleolithic human occupation of southern Portugal was very scarce. During the last decade, the knowledge of the Upper Paleolithic of Algarve increased substantially due to the work of a research team based at the University of Algarve. The present paper is a report on the recent results from Algarve, focusing specially on the site of Vale Boi. It will present the chronology and stratigraphy of different human occupations from the early Upper Paleolithic up to the early Neolithic. It will focus on aspects of zooarchaeology and the exploitation of large and medium mammals as well as on marine fauna. In addition, we will present new data on stone and bone tools. Finally, we will also refer to the social and symbolic aspects present at the site, base on shell and teeth pendants and to an engraved plaquette with animal motifs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Shelf-life of shucked oyster in epigallocatechin-3-gallate with slightly acidic electrolyzed water washing under refrigeration temperature. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of soaking oyster meat with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) after washing with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) on microbiological, physico-chemical properties under cold storage. The results showed that the 60 ppm SAEW (pH 6.14) reduced the number of contaminated bacteria with small change of physico-chemical properties of oyster. Soaking the oyster meat in 5.0 mu g mL(-1) under refrigeration temperature for 13 days provided the bacterial total viable count less than 6 log, considered a good bacteriological quality, with undetectable of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. During the storage, oyster meat illustrated pH higher than 6 and with acceptable level of total volatile basic nitrogen value. The cutting strength of oyster meat was gradually decreased until the storage ended. This study demonstrated a potential application of EGCG in controlling pathogenic bacteria in foods processed without a bacterial reduction step.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Fibre-reinforced polymer strengthening and fibre Bragg grating-based monitoring of reinforced concrete cantilever slabs with insufficient anchorage length of steel bars. Reinforced concrete cantilever slabs are among structures that are most likely to develop structural integrity problems, as they are statically determinate and often exposed to the outdoor environment. This article presents an experimental study on the strengthening of reinforced concrete cantilever slabs where the anchorage of the top steel reinforcing bars into the adjacent wall was insufficient. The experimental study involved the use of a fibre-reinforced polymer strengthening system and fibre Bragg grating sensors for strain monitoring. The fibre-reinforced polymer strengthening system consisted of glass fibre-reinforced polymer sheets and glass fibre-reinforced polymer spike anchors which connected the glass fibre-reinforced polymer sheets to the adjacent concrete wall. The test results showed that the fibre-reinforced polymer strengthening system was effective in improving the load-carrying capacity of reinforced concrete cantilever slabs and the fibre Bragg grating sensors worked efficiently and reliably for strain monitoring. The debonding in glass fibre-reinforced polymer sheet/glass fibre-reinforced polymer anchor-to-concrete bonded joints was found to be a progressive process associated with an increasing load. The fibre-reinforced polymer strengthening system examined in this study is thus a potential ductile solution for deficient cantilever slabs.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Accurate modeling of core-type distribution transformers for electromagnetic transient studies. This paper proposes a model of core-type distribution transformers for electromagnetic (EM) transient studies. The model accurately reproduces not only the impedance characteristics seen from each terminal of a core-type distribution transformer but also the surge-transfer characteristics between the primary and secondary sides in a wide range of frequencies. Due to the above capability, the proposed model enables the accurate evaluation of overvoltages on distribution lines including consumer-side overvoltages. In this paper, a 10-kVA transformer is modeled, and transient-simulation results agree well with laboratory-test ones.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Teaching spiritual care in a public institution: Legal implications, standards of practice, and ethical obligations. This article reviews the status of teaching spiritual care in a public institution of higher education. The resurgence of interest in spiritual care across the United States has spurred interest and expanded theories of spirituality within the nursing profession. Nursing education rose to the challenge of teaching spiritual care theories and interventions to students, despite the absence of policy to guide educators. However, differences between public and private educational institutions have led to variations in the teaching of spiritual care. In addition to the legal implications stemming from the need for separation of church and state, nurses must also be aware of their ethical obligations in order to teach spiritual care concepts appropriately. The accrediting agencies for nursing education programs and hospitals, as well as state licensure boards, foster high expectations for nurses to provide spiritual care. A call for research and policy development to guide nurse educators is also addressed in this article.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "The quality of local democracy: an institutional analysis. Much of the literature on quality of democracy is case study-oriented and focused on nation states. Theoretical work and, in particular, comparative empirical research on the quality of local democracy are less advanced. This paper contributes to our understanding of how democracy works from below. It develops a conceptual framing and employs a multidimensional index of the quality of democracy across all 278 municipalities in mainland Portugal by focusing on procedural dimensions of democratic performance at three levels of legitimacy: input, throughput, and output. Regression analysis is then used as a preliminary test of the usefulness of these measures of quality of local democracy and to uncover associations between them and a range of political and socioeconomic factors. The results suggest that municipalities led by independent mayors, with larger populations and higher levels of multiculturalism are likelier to be associated with 'better' local democracy.", "label": [5, 52, 54, 51]}
{"token": "High-Affinity Chemotaxis to Histamine Mediated by the TlpQ Chemoreceptor of the Human Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Histamine is a key biological signaling molecule. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems and coordinates local inflammatory responses by modulating the activity of different immune cells. During inflammatory processes, including bacterial infections, neutrophils stimulate the production and release of histamine. Here, we report that the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibits chemotaxis toward histamine. This chemotactic response is mediated by the concerted action of the TlpQ, PctA, and PctC chemoreceptors, which display differing sensitivities to histamine. Low concentrations of histamine were sufficient to activate TlpQ, which binds histamine with an affinity of 639 nM. To explore this binding, we resolved the high-resolution structure of the TlpQ ligand binding domain in complex with histamine. It has an unusually large dCACHE domain and binds histamine through a highly negatively charged pocket at its membrane distal module. Chemotaxis to histamine may play a role in the virulence of P. aeruginosa by recruiting cells at the infection site and consequently modulating the expression of quorum-sensing-dependent virulence genes. TlpQ is the first bacterial histamine receptor to be described and greatly differs from human histamine receptors, indicating that eukaryotes and bacteria have pursued different strategies for histamine recognition.IMPORTANCE Genome analyses indicate that many bacteria possess an elevated number of chemoreceptors, suggesting that these species are able to perform chemotaxis to a wide variety of compounds. The scientific community is now only beginning to explore this diversity and to elucidate the corresponding physiological relevance. The discovery of histamine chemotaxis in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa provides insight into tactic movements that occur within the host. Since histamine is released in response to bacterial pathogens, histamine chemotaxis may permit bacterial migration and accumulation at infection sites, potentially modulating, in turn, quorum-sensing-mediated processes and the expression of virulence genes. As a consequence, the modulation of histamine chemotaxis by signal analogues may result in alterations of the bacterial virulence. As the first report of bacterial histamine chemotaxis, this study lays the foundation for the exploration of the physiological relevance of histamine chemotaxis and its role in pathogenicity.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "The fortunes of the oath of allegiance at the time of commercialism and the 'return' of the Jews in England (1606-1753). This paper looks into the role assigned to the oath of allegiance in the relationship between the Crown and the Jewish community that settled in Great Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries. It focuses on the use of the oath in the process of naturalisation. A study of naturalisation cases not only reveals that the Christological oath was totally inadequate as regards the Jews, but also that the modern state proved to be inventive and flexible in the redefinition of rules, following a very obvious mercantilist policy. The fact that the Sephardic Jews who had to undergo those tests were Marranos shows even more the practical limitations of the oath of allegiance, since, during their past experience in Spanish and Portuguese territories, they both concealed their conscience and feigned their allegiance. The theologico-political oath before God is no longer a warrant of order and obedience.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Intercomparison of the realizations of the ITS-90 from 83.8058 k to 692.677 k among european NMIs. The EUROMET.T-K3 comparison is the regional extension of CCT-K3. The comparison involved the six European national metrology institutes (NMIs) previously involved in CCT-K3 (LNE-INM/CNAM, SMU, INRiM, NMi-VSL, NPL, PTB) and 18 additional European national laboratories. The comparison was divided into five different loops, each coordinated by a co-pilot chosen from the laboratories having participated in the CCT-K3 comparison. LNE-INM/CNAM played the role of pilot in linking the five loops. In each loop, an artifact in the form of a standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT, 25 ohm) was circulated among the participating laboratories. To have sufficient information about the possible drift of the SPRTs, the co-pilots performed a calibration over the full temperature range at the beginning and at the end of the loop. A EUROMET reference value (ERV), taking into account the whole comparison, was defined, and the differences (T-Lab -T-ERV) were calculated with the associated uncertainties. The method for establishing the link between the participants in CCT-K3 and in EUROMET.T-K3 is described.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Association of polymorphisms in solute carrier family 27, isoform A6 (SLC27A6) and fatty acid-binding protein-3 and fatty acid-binding protein-4 (FABP3 and FABP4) with fatty acid composition of bovine milk. The main goal of this study was to develop tools for genetic selection of animals producing milk with a lower concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and a higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). The reasons for changing milk fatty acid (FA) composition were to improve milk technological properties, such as for production of more spreadable butter, and milk nutritional value with respect to the potentially adverse effects of SFA on human health. We hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms in solute carrier family 27, isoform A6 (SLC27A6) fatty acid transport protein gene and fatty acid binding protein (FABP)-3 and FABP-4 (FABP3 and FABP4) would affect the selectivity of FA uptake into, and FA redistribution inside, mammary epithelial cells, resulting in altered FA composition of bovine milk. The objectives of our study were to discover genetic polymorphisms in SLC27A6, FABP3, and FABP4, and to test those polymorphisms for associations with milk FA composition. The results showed that after pairwise comparisons between SLC27A6 haplotypes for significantly associated traits, haplotype H3 was significantly associated with 1.37 weight percentage (wt%) lower SFA concentration, 0.091 lower SFA:UFA ratio, and 0.17 wt% lower lauric acid (12:0) concentration, but 1.37 wt% higher UFA and 1.24 wt% higher monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) concentrations compared with haplotype H1 during the first 3 mo of lactation. Pairwise comparisons between FABP4 haplotypes for significantly associated traits showed that haplotype H3 was significantly associated with 1.04 wt% lower SFA concentration, 0.079 lower SFA:UFA ratio, 0.15 wt% lower lauric acid (12:0), and 0.27 wt% lower myristic acid (14:0) concentrations, but 1.04 wt% higher UFA and 0.91 wt% higher MUFA concentrations compared with haplotype H1 during the first 3 mo of lactation. Percentages of genetic variance explained by H3 versus H1 haplotype substitutions for SLC27A6 and FABP4 ranged from 2.50 to 4.86% and from 4.91 to 7.22%, respectively. Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified to distinguish haplotypes H3 of SLC27A6 and FABP4 from others encompassing each gene. We found no significant associations between FABP3 haplotypes and milk FA composition. In conclusion, polymorphisms in FABP4 and SLC27A6 can be used to select for cattle producing milk with lower concentrations of SFA and higher concentrations of UFA.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
{"token": "Early predictors of disability of paediatric-onset AQP4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Objective To describe onset clinical features predicting time to first relapse and time to long-term visual, motor and cognitive disabilities in paediatric-onset aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-IgG) neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs). Methods In this retrospective UK multicentre cohort study, we recorded clinical data of paediatric-onset AQP4-IgG NMOSD. Univariate and exploratory multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify long-term predictors of permanent visual disability, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 4 and cognitive impairment. Results We included 49 paediatric-onset AQP4-IgG patients (38.8% white, 34.7% black, 20.4% Asians and 6.1% mixed), mean onset age of 12 +/- 4.1 years, and 87.7% were female. Multifocal onset presentation occurred in 26.5% of patients, and optic nerve (47%), area postrema/brainstem (48.9%) and encephalon (28.6%) were the most involved areas. Overall, 52.3% of children had their first relapse within 1 year from disease onset. Children with onset age <12 years were more likely to have an earlier first relapse (p=0.030), despite showing no difference in time to immunosuppression compared with those aged 12-18 years at onset. At the cohort median disease duration of 79 months, 34.3% had developed permanent visual disability, 20.7% EDSS score 4 and 25.8% cognitive impairment. Visual disability was associated with white race (p=0.032) and optic neuritis presentations (p=0.002). Cognitive impairment was predicted by cerebral syndrome presentations (p=0.048), particularly if resistant to steroids (p=0.034). Conclusions Age at onset, race, onset symptoms and resistance to acute therapy at onset attack predict first relapse and long-term disabilities. The recognition of these predictors may help to power future paediatric clinical trials and to direct early therapeutic decisions in AQP4-IgG NMOSD.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Property gradients in oil palm trunk (Elaeis guineensis). Since the structure of oil palm wood varies dramatically, the property gradients of oil palm wood within a trunk are of great interest. In this study, the physical (density, water uptake and swelling in the radial direction) and mechanical properties (bending modulus of elasticity and strength, compressive modulus of elasticity and strength in the direction parallel to the fiber, compressive strength in the direction perpendicular to the fiber and shear strength in the direction parallel to the fiber) of oil palm wood for a whole trunk were examined. The water uptake, compressive strength in the direction perpendicular to the fiber, shear strength in the direction parallel to the fiber, bending modulus of elasticity and strength and compressive modulus of elasticity and strength in the direction parallel to the fiber appeared to be independent of trunk height but tended to be related to the relative distance from surface or density by a single master curve. However, the swelling in the radial direction of the oil palm wood was not correlated with the relative distance from the surface, trunk height or density. Finally, property map of oil palm wood for a cross section at any height was prepared for practical use.", "label": [0, 1, 6, 11]}
{"token": "BUS COMPETITION IN IRELAND: DELAYED BY REGULATORY ROADBLOCKS. Competition in local bus services in Ireland has been prohibited for more than 80 years, with the majority of services operated by state-owned monopolies. The Public Transport Regulation Act 2009 seemed to herald a radical departure. It established a new transport regulator and provided that, after an initial five-year period, routes would be opened up to competitive tendering unless an extension of the incumbents' monopoly rights was necessary to guarantee continuity of services. Yet in December 2013 the regulator decided to extend the state bus companies' monopolies on the vast majority of their routes until the end of 2019. This paper argues that there is no economic evidence to support this decision, which is reminiscent of the previous policy approach of protecting the state companies and raises concerns of possible regulatory capture. The paper calls for the phased introduction of competitive tendering of all routes currently operated by the state bus companies as quickly as possible.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Suppression of terpenoid synthesis in plants by a virus promotes its mutualism with vectors. Vectors often perform better on plants infected with pathogens, and this promotes the spread of pathogens. However, few studies have examined how plant defensive compounds mediate such mutualistic relationships. Although tobacco plants are relatively poor host plants for the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, tobacco's suitability to the whitefly was substantially increased when infected by the begomovirus Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus. The change in suitability was associated with induced terpenoid synthesis in whitefly-infested plants and repressed terpenoid synthesis in virus-infected plants. Elevation of terpenoid levels via exogenous stem applications reduced the performance of whiteflies. In contrast, suppression of terpenoid synthesis via gene silencing improved whitefly fitness. By integrating genomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics, this study demonstrated that virus infection depleted the terpenoid-mediated plant defence against whiteflies, thereby favouring vectorvirus mutualism. These data suggest that plant terpenoids play a key role in shaping vectorpathogen relationships.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "The identification and analysis of the sequences that allow the detection of Allium cepa chromosomes by GISH in the allodiploid A-wakegi. In Allium wakegi, which is an allodiploid species between Allium cepa and Allium fistulosum, each genome can be clearly distinguished using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Genomic DNA of A. cepa and A. fistulosum is differentiated both qualitatively and quantitatively. We wanted to isolate nucleotide sequences that give genome-specific signals on A. cepa chromosomes in GISH experiments in A. wakegi. We isolated 23 clones that show GISH-like signal patterns in fluorescence in Situ hybridization (FISH) and analyzed their distribution in the A. cepa- and A. fistulosum-derived genomes of A. wakegi. There was considerable variation in the abundance and distribution of these cloned sequences on the chromosomes of the two species. The degree of A. cepa specificity varied among the clones. Twenty-two of the clones showed an even distribution over most chromosome arms with some clustering in the pericentromeric regions, but one clone showed very distinct terminal signals on some chromosomes. Whereas these sequences are not specific for A. cepa, changes in bases in nucteotide sequences and in their amount result in genome-specific characteristics in GISH experiments.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Assessment of microplastic-sorbed contaminant bioavailability through analysis of biomarker gene expression in larval zebrafish. Microplastics (MPs) are prevalent in marine ecosystems. Because toxicants (termed here \\\\'co-contaminants\\\\') can sorb to MPs, there is potential for MPs to alter co-contaminant bioavailability. Our objective was to demonstrate sorption of two co-contaminants with different physicochemistries Iphenanthrene (Phe), log(10)K(ow) = 4.57; and 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2), log(10)K(ow) = 3.67] to MPs; and assess whether co-contaminant bioavailability was increased after MP settlement. Bioavailability was indicated by gene expression in larval zebrafish. Both Phe and EE2 sorbed to MPs, which reduced bioavailability by a maximum of 33% and 48% respectively. Sorption occurred, but was not consistent with predictions based on co-contaminant physicochemistry (Phe having higher log(10)K(ow) was expected to have higher sorption). Contaminated MPs settled to the bottom of the exposures did not lead to increased bioavailability of Phe or EE2. Phe was 48% more bioavailable than predicted by a linear sorption model, organism-based measurements therefore contribute unique insight into MP co-contaminant bioavailability. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Eradication of exotoxin A and its producer in freshwater by means of cold-vaporized hydrogen peroxide-enhanced SDBD: A sustainable processing. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multidrug-resistant bacterial strain with the ability to produce exotoxin A which can pose a serious threat to freshwater ecosystems by having pathogenicity against eukaryotes. Detoxification of exotoxin A and disinfection of P. aeruginosa are the main aims of this study. Using a high dosage of antibiotics might have more toxic effects on ecosystems while cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) can promise reliable, rapid, and environmentally friendly detoxification and disinfection. In this study we produced CAP reinforced by H2O2/H2O cold vapor to detoxify exotoxin A and inactivate P. aeruginosa in freshwater. We used Gammarus roeseli as the indicator of ecotoxicity in freshwater. The mortality of G. roeseli individuals elucidated that 420 s of CAP based treatment under a surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) set up can effectively passivize exotoxin A in freshwater. Meanwhile, a considerable decline in the concentration of exotoxin A was observed in treated samples due to the disruption of the protein structure. Ignorable side effects and changes to the physiochemical properties were observed. On the other hand, 8.2-log reduction of P. aeruginosa viable cells was observed after 300 s of treatment by our CAP-based strategy. This study also showed that the combination of hydrogen peroxide and CAP can significantly increase the decontamination power of hydrogen peroxide and our strategy can eliminate the need of using high concentrations of H(2)O(2 )which decreases environmental concerns.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "The clothes make the man: Cross-dressing, gender performance, and female desire in Johann Elias Schlegel's Der 'Triumph der guten Frauen'. Schlegel's 1748 comedy takes the potentially liberating historical practice of female cross-dressing and restructures it by using it to promote a sentimental conception of marriage based on love, mutual compatibility, and free partner choice and by emptying this contemporary cultural phenomenon of any potentially liberating features, thereby defusing non-normative gender performance. Schlegel's text highlights culturally constructed aspects of gender by placing gender performance at the play's core. By staging a successful performance of male gender, the female character Hilaria reintegrates two wayward husbands into the sentimental marriage. Via Hilaria's disguise, the text explores: how the control of information establishes power relationships; how cross-dressing is used to reinscribe traditional gender roles; how mutual respect and friendship are promoted as a strong basis for marriage; and finally, how sexual desire is construed as a purely male phenomenon, thereby ironizing the possibility of female desire in general and female same-sex desire in particular.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Dependency-length minimization in natural and artificial languages. A wide range of evidence points to a preference for syntactic structures in which dependencies are short. Here we examine the question: what kinds of dependency configurations minimize dependency length? We consider two well-established principles of dependency-length minimization; that dependencies should be consistently right-branching or left-branching, and that shorter dependent phrases should be closer to the head. We also add a third, novel, principle; that some \\\\'opposite-branching\\\\' of one-word phrases is desirable. In a series of computational experiments, using unordered dependency trees gathered from written English, we examine the effect of these three principles on dependency length, and show that all three contribute significantly to dependency-length reduction. Finally, we present what appears to be the optimal \\\\'grammar\\\\' for dependency-length minimization.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Towards a Taxonomy for Cloud Computing from an e-Science Perspective. In the last few years, cloud computing has emerged as a computational paradigm that enables scientists to build more complex scientific applications to manage large data sets or high-performance applications, based on distributed resources. By following this paradigm, scientists may use distributed resources (infrastructure, storage, databases, and applications) without having to deal with implementation or configuration details. In fact, there are many cloud computing environments already available for use. Despite its fast growth and adoption, the definition of cloud computing is not a consensus. This makes it very difficult to comprehend the cloud computing field as a whole, correlate, classify, and compare the various existing proposals. Over the years, taxonomy techniques have been used to create models that allow for the classification of concepts within a domain. The main objective of this chapter is to apply taxonomy techniques in the cloud computing domain. This chapter discusses many aspects involved with cloud computing that are important from a scientific perspective. It contributes by proposing a taxonomy based on characteristics that are fundamental for scientific applications typically associated with the cloud paradigm.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Rapid Recovery Protocols for Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Can Safely Reduce Length of Stay Without Increasing Readmissions. We sought to investigate the impact of incremental perioperative recovery protocol changes on hospital LOS and readmission rates associated with primary THAs. A total of 1751 cases were assigned to one of four protocol cohorts across 13 years: traditional, enhanced pain management, early mobility, and rapid recovery (RR). LOS significantly decreased between sequential eras and by 52% between the traditional and RR pathways (IRR = 0.48; 95% CI 0.44, 0.53; P < 0.0001) without an overall increase in 30-day readmission rates (P = 0.13). The odds of readmission for THAs performed under the RR pathway were almost one-third those of the traditional era (OR = 0.36; 95% CI 0.14, 0.93; P = 0.04). Accelerated clinical care protocols should be considered for most patients undergoing primary THA. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "An artificial neural network for sound localization using binaural cues. A three-layer neural network is used to estimate the direction of a sound source from the signals detected by two directional, spatially separate receivers. Although the implemented system does not require any specific knowledge about acoustical parameters or propagation properties, a model of the acoustical environment is used to generate simulated data for training the network. The neural network is trained according to the multiple extended Kalman algorithm (MEKA), which provides fast convergence and does not require intervention for adjustment of the learning parameters. Lower bounds on estimation are computed and compared with simulations using the neural network. (C) 1996 Acoustical Society of America.", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
{"token": "A Deep Sequencing Approach to Comparatively Analyze the Transcriptome of Lifecycle Stages of the Filarial Worm, Brugia malayi. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using deep sequencing, we profiled the transcriptome of eggs and embryos, immature (<= 3 days of age) and mature microfilariae (MF), third-and fourth-stage larvae (L3 and L4), and adult male and female worms. Comparative analysis across these stages provided a detailed overview of the molecular repertoires that define and differentiate distinct lifecycle stages of the parasite. Genome-wide assessment of the overall transcriptional variability indicated that the cuticle collagen family and those implicated in molting exhibit noticeably dynamic stage-dependent patterns. Of particular interest was the identification of genes displaying sex-biased or germline-enriched profiles due to their potential involvement in reproductive processes. The study also revealed discrete transcriptional changes during larval development, namely those accompanying the maturation of MF and the L3 to L4 transition that are vital in establishing successful infection in mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts, respectively.Conclusions/Significance: Characterization of the transcriptional program of the parasite's lifecycle is an important step toward understanding the developmental processes required for the infectious cycle. We find that the transcriptional program has a number of stage-specific pathways activated during worm development. In addition to advancing our understanding of transcriptome dynamics, these data will aid in the study of genome structure and organization by facilitating the identification of novel transcribed elements and splice variants.Background: Developing intervention strategies for the control of parasitic nematodes continues to be a significant challenge. Genomic and post-genomic approaches play an increasingly important role for providing fundamental molecular information about these parasites, thus enhancing basic as well as translational research. Here we report a comprehensive genome-wide survey of the developmental transcriptome of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Changes in brain monoamine metabolism of neonatal chicks under two different acute stress conditions. 1. The purpose of the present study was to clarify brain monoamine metabolism during two different conditions of acute stress by quantifying changes in the brain of neonatal chicks exposed to either restraint with isolation, or fasting stress.3. During fasting stress, dopaminergic activity, serotonergic and norepinephrinergic metabolisms were stimulated.2. Under restraint with isolation-induced stress, dopaminergic metabolism was clearly stimulated.4. It was concluded that brain monoamine metabolism of chicks is differentially affected by stressors.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Conspiracy Thinking in Europe and America: A Comparative Study. What explains conspiracy thinking in Europe and America? This is the first and largest comparative study of conspiracy thinking to date, presenting findings using a representative sample of 11,523 respondents in nine countries. First, it shows that the overall level of conspiracy thinking in Europe is equal to or slightly lower than the United States, contradicting the notion that conspiracy theories is an especially American phenomenon. Second, people more inclined to conspiracy thinking position themselves towards the right of the political spectrum, engage in magical thinking, feel distrust towards public officials and reject the political system. Finally, we find that - surprisingly - the country context in which respondents reside has hardly any effect as predictor of levels of conspiracy thinking or as a moderator of individual-level determinants. Heterogeneity in conspiratorial thinking seems to be largely a function of individual traits.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Impact of osmolytes on buoyancy of marine phytoplankton. Marine phytoplanktonic cells can achieve neutral buoyancy only if the excess density of their relatively heavy structural materials (proteins, carbohydrates, silicate) is compensated for by the incorporation of materials that have densities less than seawater. We have calculated densities and osmotic concentrations for several marine algae, based on published values of structural materials and concentrations of inorganic ions and other osmolytes. The calculations, incorporating the partial molal volume, molecular mass, concentrations and osmotic coefficients, indicate that most published listings of intracellular osmolytes in marine algae are insufficient to provide the turgor known to exist. Similarly, the density of phytoplanktonic cells, calculated on the basis of known or estimated concentrations of cellular components, generally exceeds the density of seawater, which would cause negative buoyancy (sinking) throughout. We use models of osmotic concentration and cellular density in which we supplement known concentrations of osmolytes with proxy osmolytes. In particular, concentrations of some 100 mol m(-3) of quaternary ammonium derivatives can explain the deficits of both osmotic concentration and buoyancy.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "A Hybrid Flapping-Blade Wind Energy Harvester Based on Vortex Shedding Effect. We proposed a hybrid piezoelectric and triboelectric-based wind energy harvester with high output performance. A square-shaped flapping blade and two spindle-shaped outer frames are specifically designed to enhance the vortex shedding effect. As wind flows across the device, both the piezoelectric and triboelectric parts produce power outputs at the same time. The cut-in wind speed of the device is as low as 4 m/s and the voltage outputs get improved with the increase in wind speed. As wind speed reaches 14 m/s, the open circuit peak voltage outputs of the piezoelectric, and the upper triboelectric parts are 19.8 and 17.4 V, respectively. The maximum power outputs of these two parts can be obtained as 112 and 76 mu W at a wind speed of 10 m/s, with optimized load resistances of 0.6 and 0.9 M Omega, respectively. [2016-0015]", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "The Association Between Multitasking and Multi-Patient Care Skills in a Simulated Patient Care Video Game Among Second Year Medical Students Based on Specialty Choice. Background and Objective Healthcare providers require multitasking and multi-patient care skills, and training programs do not formally incorporate curricula specifically for multitasking skills to trainees. The medical education community is in equipoise on whether multitasking ability is a fixed trait. Furthermore, it is unclear whether multitasking ability affects those who gravitate toward careers that demand it, particularly among medical students deciding on a specialty. We sought to define the association between specialty choice, multitasking abilities and multi-patient care delivery among pre-clinical medical students. For this study, we examined both efficiency and accuracy metrics within multitasking and whether they were different between students choosing specialties. Methods This was a planned cross-sectional sub-study focused on 2nd year medical students (MS-IIs) within a parent study evaluating multi-patient care skills using a serious game (VitalSigns:ED (TM)) depicting a pediatric emergency department. Subjects completed a Multitasking Ability Test (MTAT) and five VitalSigns:ED gameplays. The predictor variable was specialty choice, categorized into multitasking and non-multitasking groups. Outcome variables measuring efficiency and diagnostic accuracy were obtained from the MTAT and the game. The primary analysis was a Mann-Whitney U test, and secondary analyses employed Spearman Rank correlations. Results Twelve students applied to multitasking specialties and 18 applied to others. Those in the multitasking specialties had faster MTAT completions than the other cohort (29.8 vs. 59.7 sec, 95%CI difference -0.9 to -39.8 sec). Differential diagnoses were higher in multitasking specialties in VitalSigns:ED (2.03 vs. 1.06, 95%CI difference +0.05 to +1.54) but efficiency metrics in the game did not differ. Conclusion Multitasking and multi-patient care performance show some association with preferred specialty choices for MS-IIs prior to clinical exposure.", "label": [5, 53, 52, 55]}
{"token": "Logics based on linear orders of contaminating values. A wide family of many-valued logics-for instance, those based on the weak Kleene algebra-includes a non-classical truth-value that is 'contaminating' in the sense that whenever the value is assigned to a formula phi, any complex formula in which. appears is assigned that value as well. In such systems, the contaminating value enjoys a wide range of interpretations, suggesting scenarios in which more than one of these interpretations are called for. This calls for an evaluation of systems with multiple contaminating values. In this paper, we consider the countably infinite family of multiple-conclusion consequence relations in which classical logic is enriched with one or more contaminating values whose behaviour is determined by a linear ordering between them. We consider some motivations and applications for such systems and provide general characterizations for all consequence relations in this family. Finally, we provide sequent calculi for a pair of four-valued logics including two linearly ordered contaminating values before defining two-sided sequent calculi corresponding to each of the infinite family of many-valued logics studied in this paper.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "Review of international research on school leadership for social justice, equity and diversity. The issue of social justice (SJ) leadership has become one of the central topics in educational leadership and management research in recent years. Despite increasing attention to the topic among policymakers and researchers during the last two decades, no comprehensive review of SJ leadership research has been conducted. By using bibliographic data from the Scopus database and employing various bibliometric analysis tools, this paper presents a systematic review of SJ leadership research, tracing its development and characteristics within a broad perspective. Results identify the key scholars, sources, and documents in the field of SJ leadership, as well as the most used concepts and their interconnections. A serious imbalance in the SJ leadership literature is also identified, with few studies from non-Western societies. Possible avenues for future research and review studies are suggested.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "A study of the effect of the interaction between site-specific conditions, residue cover and weed control on water storage during fallow. In the semiarid central region of Argentina the probability that rainfall meets crop requirements during growing season is less than 10%, therefore fallowing has been the most important practice to assure water availability during the growing season. Various site-specific and management factors have been identified as crucial for defining fallow efficiency (FE) and final available water contents (AW). The objective of the present study was to improve our knowledge about the interactions between residue cover, weed control, soil profile depth and water storage capacity (WSC) on FE. In 10 sites covering the environments of calcareous plains and sandy plains of the semiarid central region of Argentina and with different WSC, experiments with 3 differentlevels of residue cover (H, M, L) and with and without weed control (C and W respectively) during fallow were set up. A completely randomized block design with four repetitions and splits plots to consider weed control was used. Soil texture and organic matter were determined in samples of the A horizon (0.20 m). Bulk density, field capacity, permanent wilting point and soil water contents (monthly frequency) were measured at depth intervals of 0.20 m to the depth of the calcite layer or to 2.00 m depth. Soil temperature was taken in weekly intervals at 0.05 m depth and weed plants, separated by species, were counted at the end of fallow in 4 repetitions of 0.25 m(2) in each treatment. An empirical model was developed to predict final AW under these experimental conditions. Model parameters were: Residue level, weed control, WSC, profile depth, and rainfall during fallow. Site-specific conditions (WSC and profile depth) affected water storage during fallow; soils with highest values for both parameters showed highest final AW. Weed density was the most important factor that controlled AW, with on average 35 mm less AW in W than in C treatments. Residue level had a positive effect on final AW in both C and W treatments, with a difference of 18.5 mm between H and L. An interaction between residue level and weed density was observed, indicating weed suppression in H treatments. This was also confirmed by correspondence analysis between residue level and weed species which revealed that different species were related to each level. High residue levels also decreased soil temperature, thus affecting germination of post-fallow crops. The empirical model had an overall average prediction error of 13.7% and the regression between measured and predicted values showed a determination coefficient of 0.77. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 39]}
{"token": "Surface and Thermal Characterization of Cotton Fibers of Phenotypes Differing in Fiber Length. Cotton is one of the most important and widely grown crops in the world. Understanding the synthesis mechanism of cotton fiber elongation can provide valuable tools to the cotton industry for improving cotton fiber yield and quality at the molecular level. In this work, the surface and thermal characteristics of cotton fiber samples collected from a wild type (WT) and three mutant lines (Li-1, Li-2-short, Li-2-long, Li-2-mix, and li(y)) were comparatively investigated. Microimaging revealed a general similarity trend of WT >= Li-2-long approximate to Li-2-mix > Li-1 > Li-2 short approximate to li(y) with Ca detected on the surface of the last two. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric measurements also showed that Li-2-short and li(y) were more similar to each other, and Li-2-long and Li-2-mix closer to WT while Li-1 was quite independent. FT-IR results further demonstrated that wax and amorphous cellulose were co-present in fiber structures during the fiber formation processes. The correlation analysis found that the FT-IR-based maturity parameter was well correlated (p <= 0.05) to the onset decomposition temperature and all three weight-loss parameters at onset, peak, and end decomposition stages, suggesting that the maturity degree is a better parameter than crystallinity index (CI) and other FT-IR parameters that reflect the thermal stability of the cotton fiber. In summary, this work demonstrated that genetic mutation altered the surface and thermal characteristics in the same way for Li-2-short and li(y), but with different mechanisms for the other three mutant cotton fiber samples.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Illness appraisals in paediatric patients and their parents: A short-scale. Seven illness appraisals (situation and resource appraisals) were examined in paediatric patients with cancer, diabetes, or accidental injuries and their parents. It was hypothesized that situation appraisals but not resource. appraisals would co-vary with the diagnosis and other medical variables. It was also expected that corresponding appraisals in children and their parents would be associated. 244 newly hospitalised paediatric patients (aged 6-16 years) with cancer, diabetes or an accidental injury were interviewed regarding illness appraisals. Corresponding parent illness appraisals were assessed by means of a questionnaire. Situation appraisals co-varied with medical diagnosis and other medical variables in both patients and their parents. There were also associations between corresponding parents' appraisals and paediatric patients' appraisals. Findings encourage measurement of distinct categories of illness appraisals.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Teaching classics with objects? The acquisition of classical antiquities by British schools, 1860-1950. British secondary schools amassed collections of antiquities from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. These ordinarily contained classical objects, sometimes alongside Egyptian antiquities, and accompanied collections of natural history, geology and ethnography. This paper uses the collection formed by Bedford Modern School, now housed at the Higgins Museum, Bedford, to study the phenomenon of school classical collections. The analysis presented here places school collections within a wider history of 'object lessons', but suggests that these collections were more than merely teaching aids. School museums could act as signifiers of power and prestige, connection to alumni and wider local communities, and to a heritage of learning and scholarship embodied by classical antiquities. Furthermore, these collections illustrate the personalities and interests of individual collectors - usually the schoolmasters who were instrumental in their formation.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Acquired recto-urethral fistula in children: Long-term follow-up. Patients and methods: Data collected included demographics, cause, procedure type, presentation, operative details and morbidity. Telephonic and personal contact were made to evaluate functional outcome and quality of life.Objective: Acquired recto-urethral fistula is an uncommon entity in children and occurs as a consequence of pelvic disorder, including trauma, iatrogenic injury, inflammatory bowel disease, pelvic neoplasm and infection. We have reviewed our experience with treatment of recto-urethral fistula and focussed on the outcome of the repair.Results: Between 1991 and 2008, 17 children with a mean age of 7 years were treated for rectourethral fistula. Fifteen cases were of iatrogenic origin and two were following road traffic accident. Six underwent repair through the York-Mason approach; the remaining 11 were treated via the transperineal approach with interposition of vascularised tunica vaginalis flap. Operating time, success rate and overall satisfaction score were similar for the two groups.Conclusion: Both approaches used were effective to treat recto-urethral fistula. Successful repair can be achieved with minimal morbidity, short hospital stay, and good postoperative outcome and quality of life. (C) 2009 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC SUPPORT OF THE FUNCTIONING OF ENTFPPRISES OF THE MATERIAL SPHERE OF PRODUCTION: A PRACTICAL DIMENSION. There are enterprises of different types of economic activity at the market, which should be classified into tangible and intangible enterprises. The first group includes enterprises in industry, agriculture, forestry and fisheries and construction. The second group consists of companies engaged in trade and providing various services to market participants. In general, 128.9 thousand enterprises operated at the market at the beginning of 2021. With a share of 35.5% of the total number of enterprises, they produced products worth UAH 3.9 trillion, which is almost a third of the market. We consider the financial support of the material sphere enterprise through the prism of planning the needs of production in financial resources directed to its resource provision. If the company lacks its own financial resources, it is forced to look for external sources to cover costs. An important role is played by the imbalance in revenue and expenditure growth, which amounted to -6.4%, the growth of receivables (in industry and construction). The reduction of enterprises' own cash by this amount is caused by a constant increase in energy tariffs, a decrease in the purchasing power of the population, an increase in tax pressure, and other factors. The management of enterprises compensates the shortage of financial resources by attracting bank loans and borrowings (long-term and short-term), issues of shares and bonds. Thus, long-term liabilities and collateral increased (+ 23.2%), especially due to an increase in bond issues (4.8 times). At the same time, the amount of funds raised from the placement of shares decreased significantly (almost 6 times) against the background of uncertainty and instability of the stock market. Even in the conditions of economic instability in 2020, enterprises make capital investments in tangible and intangible assets, although to a much lesser extent than in 2016 (almost a quarter less). The financial results of enterprises are the lowest in 2016-2020, especially in industry and construction, where there is a loss of 43.1%. The situation that arises requires a detailed in-depth study and the formation of appropriate recommendations for enterprises, depending on the type of economic activity.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Influence of hydrate participation on the mechanical behaviour of fine-grained sediments under one-dimensional compression: a DEM study. The gas hydrates in the pore space constitutionally affect the mechanical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments. The hydrates contribute to the mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments by densifying, bearing and bonding effects. A discrete element model of hydrate-bearing silt was established by randomly filling hydrate particles into a silt-sized granular skeleton reservoir. Three ideal types of hydrate-bearing silt, namely, distributed particulate hydrate-bearing silt (type I), cluster hydrate-bearing silt (type II) and cemented cluster hydrate-bearing silt (type III) are proposed to study the mechanical effects of hydrate. One-dimensional loading (oedometer test) was applied to the numerical sample to investigate its stress evolution, volume change, bond degradation, coordination condition and stress transmission. The main conclusions are as follows. Type III sample exhibits a convex stress path due to bonding and then the stress path gradually returns to the pseudo linear stress path of type I sample due to bond breakage. The compression curve for the type II or type III sample exhibits a structural yield stress, which corresponds to abrupt bond breakage; the compression curves for types I, II and III evolve to be approximately coincident with each other at the end of compression. The average coordination number Z in type II or type III is approximately constant before widespread bond breakage, and then it will evolve to the curve of type I; the inflexion stress of the coordination numbers corresponds to the structural yield stress. The greatest magnitude of the mean stress bearing by hydrates in type II or type III sample is near the structural yield stress; the mean stresses p(s - h)(b) and p(h - h)(b) (created by bonded silt-hydrate and hydrate-hydrate contacts, respectively) in type III sample first increase under compression and then decrease due to widespread bond breakage, and they are exceeded by p(s - h)(u) and p(h - h)(u) (created by unbonded silt-hydrate and hydrate-hydrate contacts, respectively) after reaching the structural yield stress.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11, 12]}
{"token": "The politics of bureau reform in sub-Saharan Africa. This article focuses on sub-Saharan Africa and its recent history of state sector decentralisation reforms. Over the last ten to fifteen years, new forms of state organisation have emerged reflecting a policy preference for bureau downsizing and devolution. These include semi-autonomous executive agencies, public-private partnerships in infrastructure development, partial privatisations of utilities and performance contracting arrangements between purchasers and providers. Reform policies are, however, heavily conditioned by bilateral and multilateral donors. The limited success of bureau reforms in the region has been explained by others as either a problem of institutional capacity or the absence of grassroots democracy. This article takes a different stance, arguing that reforms are highly political and resisted not only by politicians but also by an aware and sceptical public. A selection of case studies illustrates these reform trends and problems of implementation. The article also draws attention to intra-regional differences between a francophone West Africa and English speaking East Africa. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Spectral methods in a part of a disk. This paper is devoted to spectral methods for the discretization of elliptic equations in a part of a disk, relying on the use of polar coordinates and approximation by high degree polynomials with respect to each coordinate. We describe the discretization for two model problems: the Poisson equation and the bilaplacian equation, we perform the numerical analysis in each case and we present numerical results.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Raman spectroscopy study of ca 12.000 yrs cal BP lithic artifacts adhesions from archaeological sites in the Pampas region, Argentina. This paper presents the results of the first studies of non-destructive chemical and physical spectroscopic methods (Raman) applied to lithic artifacts recovered from five archaeological sites in the Pleistocene/Holocene transition of the Pampas region (Argentina). The aim of this paper is to identify the adhesions/alterations recognized in lithic stone tools and to discuss the different agents and taphonomic processes (natural and cultural) that created them. The results show that different chemical compounds (e.g., manganese, carbonate, phosphate, mineral pigments, organic compound [resin], etc.), were adhered to the surface of lithic artifacts as a result of natural processes and past human behavior. Furthermore, results obtained allow an understanding of the taphonomic agents that acted in the formation processes of archaeological sites and to generate a frame of reference to act as a control for assessing the impact that the mineral chemical dissolution and the occasional past human activity in the regional archaeological record of the eastern Tandilia range system.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Observation of fast hydrogen atoms formed by ion bombarding of surfaces. We report on the observation of fast hydrogen atoms in a capacitively coupled RF reactor by optical emission spectroscopy. For the analysis we use the prominent H-alpha emission line of atomic hydrogen in combination with other lines from molecular hydrogen and argon. Several chaxacteristic emission structures can be identified. One of these structures is related to fast hydrogen atoms traveling from the surface of the powered electrode to the plasma bulk. From the appearance time within the RF period we conclude that this feature originates from ion bombardment of the electrode surface. Measured pressure dependencies and a simple model for the ion dynamics support this assumption.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Bone soup: protein nutrition and enzymatic hydrolysis process optimized by response surface method. Protein nutrition of bone soup and its enzymatic hydrolysis process were investigated. Nutrition analysis indicated that the first limiting amino acid of sheep bone soup (SBS) was cystine, and of pig bone soup (PBS) was methionine. The essential amino acid ratio, protein chemical score, and protein efficiency ratio of SBS were higher than those of PBS. These results demonstrated that the protein nutrition value of SBS was superior to that of PBS. Enzymatic hydrolysis assays indicated that papain had the best hydrolysis effect when papain, pepsin and trypsinase were compared. Quasi-target optimization results showed that the optimal process for preparing SBS was at a temperature of 82.5 degrees C, duration of 2.75 h, pH 3.25, and the amount of enzyme 11500 U.g(-1). Verification test confirmed the optimized process was suitable for further use in the production of SBS.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Religiosity and Joint Activities of Husbands and Wives in Enduring Marriages. Understanding ways to strengthen marriage in middle age and beyond is increasingly important as the population of older adults rises. Using couple-level growth curve modeling in a sample of 371 middle-aged husbands and wives in long-term, enduring relationships, we examined the association between \\\\'joint activities,\\\\' an index of couple connectedness, and \\\\'couple religiosity,\\\\' an index focused on active participation in organized religious activities, across a 10-year period, using data from the years of 1991, 1992, 1994, and 2001. Confirming expectations there was a bidirectional and positive relationship between couples' religiosity and joint activities. Follow-up analyses indicated that greater religiosity at baseline or greater levels of joint activities at baseline produced particularly strong cross-lagged effects when the other construct was initially low, suggesting that these constructs are mutually protective in long-term marital dyads and become more tightly connected across later middle age. Exploratory comparisons of separate models for husbands and wives indicated that effects were stronger among wives.", "label": [3, 5, 55, 33]}
{"token": "Using computer vision on herbarium specimen images to discriminate among closely related horsetails (Equisetum). Premise Equisetumis a distinctive vascular plant genus with 15 extant species worldwide. Species identification is complicated by morphological plasticity and frequent hybridization events, leading to a disproportionately high number of misidentified specimens. These may be correctly identified by applying appropriate computer vision tools. Methods We hypothesize that aerial stem nodes can provide enough information to distinguish amongEquisetum hyemale,E. laevigatum, andE. xferrissii, the latter being a hybrid between the other two. An object detector was trained to find nodes on a given image and to distinguishE. hyemalenodes from those ofE. laevigatum. A classifier then took statistics from the detection results and classified the given image into one of the three taxa. Both detector and classifier were trained and tested on expert manually annotated images. Results In our exploratory test set of 30 images, our detector/classifier combination identified all 10E. laevigatumimages correctly, as well as nine out of 10E. hyemaleimages, and eight out of 10E. xferrissiiimages, for a 90% classification accuracy. Discussion Our results support the notion that computer vision may help with the identification of herbarium specimens once enough manual annotations become available.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "State uncertainty models and mark-resight models for understanding non-breeding site use by Piping Plovers. Conservation of beach-nesting medium-distance migrants has focused on breeding areas because protection of nests is more tractable than protection of non-breeding habitat. As breeding ground management has encountered diminishing returns, interest in understanding threats in non-breeding areas has increased. However, robust estimates of non-breeding demographic rates and abundance are generally lacking, hindering the study of limiting factors. Estimating such rates is made more difficult by complex population dynamics at non-breeding sites. In South Carolina, endangered Piping Plovers Charadrius melodus start arriving in July and some depart prior to December (the autumn-only population) while others remain through at least March (the wintering population). State uncertainty capture-mark-recapture models provide a means for estimating vital rates for such co-occurring populations. We estimated the proportion of the population entering the study area per survey (entry probability) and proportion remaining per survey (persistence rate) for both populations during autumn, and abundance of the wintering population, at four sites in South Carolina in 2006/7 and 2007/8, taking advantage of birds previously colour-ringed on the breeding grounds. We made fairly precise estimates of entry and persistence rates with small sample sizes. Cumulative entry probability was 50% by the end of July and reached 95% for both populations by October. Estimated stopover duration for birds in the autumn-only population was 35 days in year 1 and 42 days in year 2. We estimated a wintering super-population size of 71 +/- 16 se birds in the first year and 75 +/- 16 in the second. If ringing programmes on the breeding grounds continue, standardized resighting surveys in the non-breeding period and mark-recapture models can provide robust estimates of entry and persistence rates and abundance. Habitat protection intended to benefit non-breeding Piping Plovers at our coastal sites should be in effect by late summer, as many birds are resident from July to the end of winter.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "A filtering technique for fast Convex Hull construction in R-2. This work presents an optimization technique that reduces the computational cost for building the Convex Hull from a set of points. The proposed method pre-processes the input set, filtering all points inside an eight-vertex polygon in O(n) time and returns a reduced set of candidate points, ordered and distributed across four priority queues. Experimental results show that for a normal distribution of points in two-dimensional space, the filtering approach in conjunction with the Graham scan is up to 10x faster than the qhull library, and between 1.7x to 10x faster than the Convex Hull methods available in the CGAL library. Results on the worst case scenario (when all points lie in the circumference) show that a slight random radial displacement of the points make this method the fastest one. Moreover, when increasing the magnitude of this displacement, the performance of the proposed method scales at a faster rate than the other methods. In terms of memory efficiency, the proposed implementation manages to use from 3x to 6x less memory than the other methods. The reason behind this memory improvement is because the proposed method stores indices of the input arrays, avoiding duplicates of the original floating points. Furthermore, the approach extends the problem size up to n <= 2(40) by employing 5-byte indices (instead of 8-bytes) when n >= 2(32). The optimization technique presented in this work has shown to be significantly useful in accelerating the computation of the Convex Hull, and it is not limited just to the combination with the Graham scan, but it can also be used in conjunction with other Convex Hull algorithms. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Driver propensity to fatigue and drowsiness: a probabilistic approach. This analysis is aimed at quantification, on the probabilistic basis, of the significance of driver fatigue and drowsiness (DD) in automated and manual driving conditions; the impact of driving time on the probability of an accident, because of the driver's fatigue and possible drowsiness, and the observation that age groups of 20-25 and 65-70 are more prone to making a human fatigue and/or DD related error than the 26-64 old group. Our analyses are based on the application of the recently suggested double exponential probability distribution function (DEPDF), and on using entropy and adequate-trust based considerations. The general concepts are illustrated by numerical examples. It is concluded that analytical modeling technique employed in this study should complement, whenever possible, statistical analyses and computer simulations in challenging ergonomics tasks, including those of the type in question.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Responsibility through Consumption. East German Consumers and the Attribution of Agency at the Beginning of the 1990s. For consumers in East Germany, the situation changed fundamentally in 1990. There were no more shortages; instead, they could choose from a wide range of products. With these choices, expectations regarding consumer behavior changed. Consumers were expected to take responsibility for the economic and political consequences of their actions - a claim made by politicians, the media and consumer organizations. This article focuses on the discursive and practical forms this attribution of consumer power took at the beginning of the 1990s. By re-using social science interviews from the early 1990s, the article analyzes the ways in which those interviewed sought to adjust their consumption habits according to anticipated consequences.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The Role of Chronic Disease, Obesity, and Improved Treatment and Detection in Accounting for the Rise in Healthcare Spending Between 1987 and 2011. Background To curb rising healthcare expenditures in the USA, the factors underlying this growth must be well understood.Conclusions Individuals with multiple chronic conditions are disproportionately responsible for rising healthcare expenditure. Much of spending growth associated with rising rates of chronic disease can be linked to rising obesity rates. Though much of the growth in spending is generally considered undesirable, disease detection and treatment rates are also rising, suggesting that at least some of the recent growth in healthcare expenditure may be beneficial.Results We find that the share of total healthcare spending associated with the treatment of chronic disease has risen dramatically from 1987-2011. In particular, we estimate that 77.6 % of healthcare spending growth is attributable to patients with four or more chronic conditions. We find that rising obesity levels may explain between 11.4 and 23.5 % of the increase in healthcare expenditure for several specific chronic conditions. Diagnosis and treatment rates for chronic disease are improving.Methods We use spending decomposition equations to estimate the portion of spending growth attributable to prevalence increases, rising treatment costs, and population growth, respectively. We use two-part models to estimate the portion of prevalence-related spending that is potentially due to obesity. We examine changing diagnosis and treatment rates to assess how much of the growth in spending might be desirable.Objective We aim to explore how chronic disease prevalence, obesity, and improved disease detection and treatment rates contributed to the growth in health spending in the USA between 1987 and 2011.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 49]}
{"token": "Minding the gap-Providing quality transplant care for South African children with acute liver failure. Pediatric ALF is rare but life-threatening and may require urgent transplantation. In low and middle-income countries, access to transplantation is limited, deceased organ donation rates are low, and data on outcomes scarce. The Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre, in Johannesburg, is one of only two centers in South Africa that perform pediatric liver transplant. We describe the etiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes of children undergoing liver transplant for ALF at our center over the past 14 years. We performed a retrospective chart review of all children undergoing liver transplantation for ALF from November 2005 to September 2019. Recipient data included demographics, clinical and biochemical characteristics pretransplant, post-operative complications, and survival. We conducted descriptive data analysis and used the Kaplan-Meier method for survival analysis. We performed 182 primary pediatric liver transplants. Of these, 27 (15%) were for ALF, mostly from acute hepatitis A infection (11/27;41%). Just over half of the grafts were from living donors (15/27;56%), and five grafts (5/27;19%) were ABO-incompatible. The most frequent post-transplant complications were biliary leaks (9/27;33%). There were two cases of hepatic artery thrombosis (2/27;7%), one of whom required re-transplantation. Unadjusted patient and graft survival at one and 3 years were the same, at 81% (95% CI 61%-92%) and 78% (95% CI 57%-89%), respectively. At WDGMC, our outcomes for children who undergo liver transplantation for ALF are excellent. We found workable solutions that effectively addressed our pervasive organ shortages without compromising patient outcomes.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Is an ecclesiastical subject possible?. The present affirmation in the Document of Aparecida that the layperson is an ecclesiastical subject led us to examine the suppositions supporting that he is in fact. Thus, after describing in brief traces the Church that we inherit from the past, we approach the necessity of creating a new mentality in the laity, up until now characterized in the past by passivity. However, we report that this new mentality demands change in the ecclesiastical configuration so that it can allow the emergence of an adult and active laity, since an interaction between both already exists. In the end, we mention the requirements of a spiritual nature, as the interior freedom and the love of the Church for an objective judgment and a corresponding behavior on the part of the individual in the ecclesiastical community.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Archaeological implications of human-derived manganese coatings: a study of blackened bones in El Miron Cave, Cantabrian Spain. The main interest in the study of taphonomic processes lies, from the archaeological point of view, in being able to draw conclusions about human behaviour from them. This paper analyzes the causes of a specific taphonomic alteration: the differential appearance across levels and among site areas of a black stain on bones from the Magdalenian levels in El Miron Cave. From an understanding of these taphonomic agents, we aim to achieve a better comprehension of aspects of human use of the cave toward the end of the Late Glacial period. By determining the processes that stained many of the bones with manganese in the rear part of the cave vestibule, we are able to suggest some characteristics of the human occupation of the cave and its possible seasonal use. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Vibration and Buckling of Functionally Graded Sandwich Micro-Plates Based on a New Size-Dependent Model. Within the framework of re-modified couple stress theory, the Refined Zigzag Theory is added to the vibration and buckling analysis of sandwich micro-plates embedding functionally graded layers. The disparity between the scale effects along two orthogonal directions is considered through two orthogonal material length scale parameters (MLSPs). Meanwhile, the solutions of natural frequencies and buckling loads show an improved predictive capability through comparing the results with exact and quasi-3D solutions. Two types of functionally graded sandwich micro-plates with simply supported boundary conditions are taken as the illustrative examples, namely, an isotropic functionally grade sandwich micro-plate with a power law and an orthotropic one with an exponential law. The numerical results indicate that the present model can capture the varying scale effects along two orthogonal directions, particularly when the geometric size of the micro-plates is comparable to the MLSPs. When microscopic isotropy is observed, the present model can also make accurate predictions on those kinds of micro-structures by setting the two orthogonal MLSPs equal to each other. In addition, the scale effects are less obvious as the functionally graded sandwich micro-plate is getting thinner and harder; the grading index also has an influence on the scale effects, but this influence is simultaneously depending on the side-to-thickness ratio of the micro-plate.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Application of wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to improve detection limits in X-ray analysis. In this work, a Johansson-type crystal spectrometer was employed to record the high-resolution L X-ray emission spectra of pure Ag, Pd and Cd target in order to determine minimum detection limits (MDL) for trace amounts of Pd and Cd in silver. The X-ray emission was induced by a 3 MeV proton beam as well as by monochromatic synchrotron radiation with excitation energy tuned just below the Ag L-3 edge. As a direct consequence of extremely high spectrometer resolution reaching below the natural line widths of the measured L X-ray lines, detection limits of a few tens of parts per million were reached in case of proton excitation. These limits were additionally lowered by an order of magnitude using energy-selective photoexcitation with synchrotron radiation as the signal from the resonant Raman scattering (RRS) was completely separated from the Pd signal. The method presented in this work can be used in general to substantially improve detection limits in case of trace elements with atomic number in the close vicinity of the atomic number of the target matrix element. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Refugee Food Insecurity & Technology: Surfacing Experiences of Adaptation, Navigation, Negotiation and Sharing. With the Syrian crisis still ongoing, 91% of Syrian refugee families in Lebanon do not have adequate access to safe and sufficient food. There has been a drive for technological innovation in humanitarian food assistance. To further inform such innovation, we used an Experience-Centred Design approach to gain a holistic understanding of the experiences of refugee food insecurity and how refugees envision technologies can support them. Design engagements with 13 women in an informal refugee settlement in Lebanon were conducted. The findings presented in this paper highlight that coping with food insecurity consists of experiences of adaptation, navigation, negotiation and sharing. We found that a multitude of technologies may be designed to enhance the aforementioned experiences and enable refugees to better cope with food insecurity. Through the lens of our findings, we discuss how technologies may support information sharing, the furthering of new practices and sharing of resources to support refugee food security.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "ENERGY-DEPENDENT RECEPTOR ACTIVITIES OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI K-12 - MUTATED TONB PROTEINS ALTER FHUA RECEPTOR ACTIVITIES TO PHAGES T5, T1, PHI-80 AND TO COLICIN-M. The activity of the FhuA receptor in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli is dependent on the TonB, ExbB and ExbD proteins which are anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane. Only infection by phage T5 occurs independently of TonB, ExbB and ExbD. In this paper we describe mutated FhuA proteins which displayed either an increased or decreased FhuA activity to phage. T5 when combined with mutated TonB proteins. These results suggest conformational changes in FhuA by TonB which are recognized by phage T5. Similar results were obtained with colicin M and the phages T1 and phi 80. It is proposed that the FhuA mutant proteins assume conformations which are either improved or impaired by the TonB derivatives. For the direct interaction of FhuA with TonB regions which are located outside the TonB box of FhuA and the region around residue 160 of TonB are important.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Impact of tumbling operating parameters on salt, water and acetic acid transfers during biltong-type meat processing. This study investigated the impact of tumbling on mass transfer mechanisms occurring in small beef meat pieces during biltong production, by measuring salt, water and acetic acid profiles within the meat for different experimental tumbling conditions. Tumbling conditions significantly impacted the solute concentration profiles, except for that of water. Values of both salt and acetic acid diffusion coefficients obtained clearly showed that tumbling increased solute transfers inside meat, with diffusion coefficient values ranging from 2 to 27 x 10(-9) m(2) s(-1) and from 0.2 to 8.6 x 10(-9) m(2) s(-1), respectively. The tumbling mechanical effect related to the device used impacted the most on mass transfers (p-value < 0.01 for salt and acetic acid diffusion), followed by tumbling time (p-value < 0.01 for salt and acetic acid diffusion), and to a lesser extent, the use of vacuum (p-value < 0.01 for salt diffusion and p-value < 0.05 for acetic acid diffusion). Further studies should define the best salt and acid concentration profiles generated when tumbling, so as to obtain the best trade-off between good sanitary protection of meat and a sufficiently tender and organoleptically acceptable end-product after the final drying operation.", "label": [0, 1, 16, 8]}
{"token": "Vascular sphingolipids in physiological and pathological adaptation. Sphingolipids (SLs) are compounds containing a long-chain fatty alcohol amine called sphingosine which exists in cellular membranes, cytoplasm, nucleus, interstitial fluid, blood and lymphatic circulation. SLs act as essential constituents of membranes of eukaryotic cells, so the seesaw of SLs will lead to structural alteration of membranes instigating cellular functional change. SLs also act as crucial signaling molecules taking effect intracellularly or extracellularly which regulates activity of downstream molecules determining cellular adaptation to numerous stimulus. This review aims to highlight the contribution of SLs to physiological and pathophysiological remodeling of vasculature. We will first provide a short overview on metabolism, trafficking and compartmentalization of SLs. Then the regulation of SLs on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, vascular tone modulation, endothelial barrier integrity, apoptosis and autophagy are summarized. Finally, we will discuss how the SLs are modulated contributing to vascular development, angiogenesis and vascular remodeling in pathological situations as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and aging. The compellingly regulative actions of SLs bring about copious therapeutic targets for potential pharmacological intervention on the diseases involving vascular maladaptation.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Safety of a server-based version vector protocol implementing session guarantees. Session guarantees are used to manage replica consistency of a distributed system from the client perspective. This paper defines formally the guarantees, presents and proves safety of a protocol implementing session guarantees using server-based version vectors.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Visualizing the dose distribution and linear energy transfer by 1D and 2D ESR imaging: A potassium dithionate dosimeter irradiated with C6+ and N7+ ions. We report the application of one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) spectral-spatial electron spin resonance imaging (ESRI) for visualizing the dose distribution and linear energy transfer (LET) in a potassium dithionate, K2S2O6 (PDT), dosimeter irradiated with the heavy ions C6+ and N7+. The ESR spectrum in the irradiated PDT consists of a superposition of two isotropic signals assigned to two center dot SO3- radicals, R1 and R2, with no hyperfine splittings and slightly different g values. The 1D ESR1 profiles clearly indicate the spatial penetration of the beams and the location of the sharp maximum dose, the \\\\'Bragg peak\\\\', detected for each beam. The depth penetrations are different: approximate to 2.3 mm for C6+ and approximate to 1.8 mm for N7+ beams, +/- 0.1 mm; beyond these limits, no radicals were detected. 2D spectral-spatial ESRI images reflect both the dose distribution and the spatial dependence of the relative intensities of radicals R1 and R2, an effect that is assigned to the depth variation of the LET. This study has demonstrated that ESRI is a promising new method for dose and LET determination. Of particular interest are applications in the field of radiotherapy with heavy ions, because in this case the Bragg peak is pronounced and the dose can be focused at specific depths while the surrounding areas are protected.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Applied time-domain network characterization and simulation. Characterizations or models of electrical networks assist designers in predicting how a network will perform in a proposed system without physically constructing the complete system. This allows engineers to quickly test, by simulation, various options and thereby reduce design costs and schedules. For linear networks, characterizations may be obtained from measurements made at the network ports. These models are commonly developed in the frequency domain; such models can be applied directly in frequency-domain simulation and indirectly in time-domain simulation. Alternatively, measurements taken at the ports can also be used to develop time-domain models that are directly applicable for time-domain simulation. This alternate approach has the advantages of avoiding sometimes-difficult transformations and requiring only time-domain. instrumentation.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "CHARACTERISTIC LENGTH OF ENERGY-CONTAINING STRUCTURES AT THE BASE OF A CORONAL HOLE. An essential parameter for models of coronal heating and fast solar wind acceleration that rely on the dissipation of MHD turbulence is the characteristic energy-containing length lambda(perpendicular to) of the squared velocity and magnetic field fluctuations (u(2) and b(2)) transverse to the mean magnetic field inside a coronal hole (CH) at the base of the corona. The characteristic length scale directly defines the heating rate. We use a time series analysis of solar granulation and magnetic field measurements inside two CHs obtained with the New Solar Telescope at Big Bear Solar Observatory. A data set for transverse magnetic fields obtained with the Solar Optical Telescope/Spectro-Polarimeter on board the Hinode spacecraft was utilized to analyze the squared transverse magnetic field fluctuations b(t)(2). Local correlation tracking was applied to derive the squared transverse velocity fluctuations u(2). We find that for u(2) structures, the Batchelor integral scale lambda varies in a range of 1800-2100 km, whereas the correlation length zeta and the e-folding length L vary between 660 and 1460 km. Structures for b(t)(2) yield lambda approximate to 1600 km, xi approximate to 640 km, and L approximate to 620 km. An averaged (over lambda, zeta, and L) value of the characteristic length of u(2) fluctuations is 1260 +/- 500 km, and that of b(t)(2) is 950 +/- 560 km. The characteristic length scale in the photosphere is approximately 1.5-50 times smaller than that adopted in previous models (3-30 x 10(3) km). Our results provide a critical input parameter for current models of coronal heating and should yield an improved understanding of fast solar wind acceleration.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Phenomenological interpretation of impurity redistribution effects on the freezing curve of oxygen. Double freezing curves of oxygen have been obtained in a cooling process with a rate of less than 40 mK/min. The plateaus of these double freezing curves show differences in temperature and width. The cause of the observed double freezing curve is presumably redistribution of impurities into relatively pure and impure regions by transportation during the slow cooling process. This separation is observed in the melting curve of oxygen using both continuous and pulse heating methods. We note the importance of impurity redistribution on the accuracy of the temperature measurement and the realization of the triple point of oxygen.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Do psychological factors help to reduce body mass in obesity or is it vice versa? Selected psychological aspects and effectiveness of the weight-loss program in the obese patients. The aim of this study was to assess the strength and direction of the correlation between cognitive appraisal, emotional state, social functioning and the effectiveness of a weight-loss program undertaken by obese subjects. The out-patient weight-loss program encompassed 150 obese women. Assessments were carried out at four time points: at the start of the weight-loss program and then after a 5%, 10% and a 15% reduction of the initial body mass. The research tools used were: a survey, the Situation Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ), the Emotional State Questionnaire (ESQ), and the Q-Sort Social Functioning Questionnaire. The cognitive appraisal, emotional state and social functioning of the study group changed significantly (P<0.001). Significantly more individuals with a 15% body mass reduction, as compared with individuals with no body mass reduction, had an early obesity onset, i.e. at the age of <10 years old (P<0.001). Significantly more individuals with no body mass reduction, compared with individuals with a 15% reduction, had a later obesity onset, i.e. between the ages of 20 and 30 (P<0.001) and between 50 and 60 (P<0.001). Significantly more individuals with a 15% body mass reduction, compared with individuals with no mass reduction, had previously experienced the jojo effect (P<0.001) and had successfully lost weight (P<0.001). Significantly more individuals with no body mass reduction, compared with individuals with a 15% reduction, had a history of unsuccessful attempts at reducing body mass (P<0.001). We conclude that the attitude of obese patients towards a weight-loss program is not a deciding factor for its effectiveness. As body mass reduces, the attitude improves.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Causation and cognition: an epistemic approach. Kaplan and Craver (Philos Sci 78(4):601-627, 2011) and Piccinini and Craver (Synthese, 183(3):283-311, 2011) argue that only mechanistic explanations of cognition are genuine causal explanations, because only evidence of mechanisms reveals the causal structure of cognition. I first argue that this claim is grounded in a commitment to the mechanistic account of causality, which cannot be endorsed by a defender of causal-nonmechanistic explanations. Then, I defend the epistemic theory of causality, which holds that causal explanations are not genuine to the extent that they reveal mechanistic causal structure, but, rather, to the extent that they have evidential support and yield successful prediction, explanation, and control inferences. Finally, I enact an epistemic unification of causal explanation in cognitive science, according to which both mechanistic and nonmechanistic explanations of cognition can be genuine causal explanations.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "FAMILY SCATHOPHAGIDAE. Scathophagidae (Diptera, Calyptratae) is an uncommon group of flies. In Colombia there was no scientific record of this family until now. In this paper we report for the first time the genus Scatogera and the species S. primogenita Albuquerque, collected over 3000m. and previously collected in Ecuador.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "How family practice physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants incorporate spiritual care in practice. A phenomenological qualitative design was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three physicians, five nurse practitioners, and two physician assistants.Implications for PracticeData SourcesTo investigate how primary care family practice providers incorporate spirituality into their practices in spite of documented barriers.Five major theme clusters emerged: (1) discerning instances for overt spiritual assessment; (2) displaying a genuine and caring attitude; (3) encouraging the use of existing spiritual practices; (4) documenting spiritual care for continuity of care; (5) managing perceived barriers to spiritual care.PurposeConclusionsFindings support that patients' spiritual needs can be addressed in spite of documented barriers. Techniques to assist providers in providing spiritual care are discussed and directions for future research are suggested.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "The internal structure of situational judgement tests reflects candidate main effects: Not dimensions or situations. Despite their popularity and capacity to predict performance, there is no clear consensus on the internal measurement characteristics of situational judgement tests (SJTs). Contemporary propositions in the literature focus on treating SJTs as methods, as measures of dimensions, or as measures of situational responses. However, empirical evidence relating to the internal structure of SJT scores is lacking. Using generalizability theory, we decomposed multiple sources of variance for three different SJTs used with different samples of job candidates (N-1=2,320; N-2=989; N-3=7,934). Results consistently indicated that (1) the vast majority of reliable observed score variance reflected SJT-specific candidate main effects, analogous to a general judgement factor, and that (2) the contribution of dimensions and situations to reliable SJT variance was, in relative terms, negligible. These findings do not align neatly with any of the proposals in the contemporary literature; however, they do suggest an internal structure for SJTs.", "label": [5, 50, 55]}
{"token": "Riparian vegetation research in Mediterranean-climate regions: common patterns, ecological processes, and considerations for management. Riparian corridors in Mediterranean-climate regions (med-regions) are resource-rich habitats within water-limited, larger landscapes. However, little is known about how their plant communities compare functionally and compositionally across med-regions. In recent decades, research on these ecosystems has expanded in both geographic scope and disciplinary depth. We reviewed 286 riparian-vegetation studies across the five med-regions, and identified common themes, including: (1) high levels of plant biodiversity, structural complexity, and cross-region species introductions; (2) strong physical controls on plant demographics and community structure; and (3) intensive human impacts. European and Californian ecosystems were the most represented among the studies reviewed, but Australia, South Africa, and Chile had the greatest proportional increases in articles published since 2000. All med-regions support distinct riparian flora, although many genera have invaded across regions. Plant species in all regions are adapted to multiple abiotic stressors, including dynamic flooding and sediment regimes, seasonal water shortage, and fire. The most severe human impacts are from land-use conversion to agriculture, streamflow regulation, nutrient enrichment, and climate change. Current knowledge gaps and subjects for future research include cumulative impacts to small, ephemeral streams and large, regulated rivers, as well as understudied ecosystems in North Africa, the western Mediterranean basin, and Chile.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Virulence and in vitro antifungal susceptibility ofCandida albicansandCandida catenulatafrom laying hens. In spite of evidence that domestic and wild birds may act as carriers of human pathogenic fungi, data on the role of laying hens as reservoirs of drug resistant and virulent yeasts is lacking. Here, we assess several virulence factors (phospholipase and haemolysin activity) and the antifungal susceptibility profiles of 84Candida albicansand 17Candida catenulatastrains isolated from cloacae (group A), faeces (group B) and eggs (group C) of laying hens. Of these strains, 95%C. albicansand 23%C. catenulatastrains displayed phospholipase and haemolytic activities. ForC. albicans, the highest values of phospholipase (Pz = 0.62) and haemolytic activities (Hz = 0.49) were recorded among the strains from group C whilst forC. catenulata(Pz = 0.54; Hz = 0.49) among those from group A. High minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for azoles and amphotericin B (AmB) were recorded irrespective of their sources in allC. albicansstrains. A total of 22C. albicansstrains were multidrug resistant, displaying resistance to fluconazole, itraconazole (ITZ), voriconazole (VOR) and posaconazole (POS). AllC. catenulatastrains from group C were resistant to ITZ, POS, micafungin and anidulafungin and susceptible to AmB. In this study,C. albicansandC. catenulataisolated from the cloacae, faeces and eggs of laying hens produced phospholipase and haemolysin and might be multidrug resistant. In the environment (faeces) or in eggs,C. albicansandC. catenulatastrains might acquire pathogenic virulence traits and/or show multidrug resistance profiles. Based on these results, breeding and handling of laying hens and/or eggs may have implications for human and animal health.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
{"token": "Collagen microcarrier spinner culture promotes osteoblast proliferation and synthesis of matrix proteins. In vitro propagation of osteoblasts in three-dimensional culture has been explored as a means of cell line expansion and tissue engineering purposes. Studies investigating optimal culture conditions are being conducted to produce bone-like material. This study demonstrates the use of collagen microcarrier beads as a substrate for three-dimensional cell culture. We have earlier reported that microcarriers consisting of cross-linked type I collagen support chondrocyte proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix. In this study, we investigated the use of collagen microcarriers to propagate human trabecular bone-derived osteoblasts. Aggregation of cell-seeded microcarriers and production of extracellular matrix-like material were observed after 5 d in culture. Expression of extracellular matrix proteins osteocalcin, osteopontin, and type I collagen was confirmed by messenger ribonucleic acid analysis, radioimmunoassay, and Western blot analysis. The efficient recovery of viable cells was achieved by collagenase digestion of the cell-seeded microcarriers. The. collagen microcarrier spinner culture system provides an efficient method to amplify large numbers of healthy functional cells that can be subsequently used for further in vitro or transplantation Studies.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Effects of dietary supplementation with fenugreek seeds, alone or in combination with probiotics, on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) skin mucosal immunity. Despite increasing interest in modulating the immune response of fish, providing a combination of probiotics and herbal immunostimulants in aquafeed has rarely has been studied. The effects on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) of the dietary administration of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds alone (FE), or combined with one of the following probiotic strains: Bacillus licheniformis (FEBL), Lactobacillus plantarum (FELP) or Bacillus subtilis (FEBS) were evaluated. Fish were fed a control or one of the supplemented diets for 3 weeks. After 2 and 3 weeks of the feeding trial, the abundance of terminal carbohydrates, IgM levels, enzymatic activities (proteases, alkaline phosphatase, esterase and ceruloplasmin) and bactericidal activity were determined in skin mucus. Our results demonstrated that the dietary administration of FE in combination with L plantarum, particularly, increased carbohydrate abundance, the activity of certain enzymes such as ceruloplasmin, and bactericidal activity against the pathogenic bacterium Photobacterium damselae and the non-pathogenic bacterium B. subtilis in skin mucus at the end of the trial. The carbohydrates most affected by the FELP diet were mannose/glucose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine. Interestingly, IgM levels were significantly higher in fish fed the FELP and FEBS diets whilst protease activity generally increased in all supplemented diets, which could suggests that the main effect in this activity was to the result of FE supplementation although that fact cannot be confirmed because the effects of probiotics addition alone were not studied. These results suggest that the combined dietary administration of fenugreek and L plantarum will best enhance the skin mucosal immunity response of gilthead seabream. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 6, 18, 45, 10]}
{"token": "Philosophers in research ethics committees-what do they think they're doing? An empirical-ethical analysis. Research ethics committees in Germany usually don't have philosophers as members and if so, only contingently, not provided for by statute. This is interesting from a philosophical perspective, assuming that ethics is a discipline of philosophy. It prompts the question what role philosophers play in those committees they can be found in. Eight qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the self-perception of philosophers regarding their contribution to research ethics committees. The results show that the participants generally don't view themselves as ethics experts. They are rather unanimous on the competencies they think they contribute to the committee but not as to whether those are philosophical competencies or applied ethical ones. In some cases they don't see a big difference between their role and the role of the jurist member. In the discussion section of this paper I bring up three topics, prompted by the interviews, that need to be addressed: (1) I argue that the interviewees' unwillingness to call themselves ethics experts might have to do with a too narrow understanding of ethics expertise. (2) I argue that the disagreement among the interviewees concerning the relationship between moral philosophy and applied ethics might be explained on a theoretical or on a practical level. (3) I argue that there is some lack of clarity concerning the relationship between ethics and law in research ethics committees and that further work needs to be done here. All three topics, I conclude, need further investigation.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Influence of the crosstalk on the intensity of HAADF-STEM images of quaternary semiconductor materials. The influence of the neighbouring atomic-columns in determining the composition at atomic column scale of quaternary semiconductor compounds, using simulated HAADF-STEM images is evaluated. The InAlAsSb alloy, a promising material in the photovoltaic field, is considered. We find that the so called 'crosstalk' effect plays an important role for the aimed compositional determination. The intensity transfer is larger from neighbouring atomic columns with higher average Z, and towards atomic columns with smaller Z. Our results show that in order to obtain precise information on the column composition, the HAADF-STEM intensities of both columns need to be taken into account simultaneously.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Morphology and identification of first instars of the European and Mediterranean blowflies of forensic importance. Part II. Luciliinae. First instars of Lucilia ampullacea Villeneuve, Lucilia caesar Linnaeus, Lucilia cuprina Weidemann, Lucilia richardsi Collin, Lucilia sericata Meigen and Lucilia silvarum Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are thoroughly documented with scanning electron microscopy images, light microscopy photographs and line drawings. The following morphological structures are documented: pseudocephalon, antennal complex, maxillary palpus, facial mask, cephaloskeleton, thoracic and abdominal spinulation, spiracular field, and posterior spiracles. New diagnostic features of the cephaloskeleton are presented and the spinulation of the abdominal segments is described. Earlier descriptions are summarized and major discrepancies with the current study are discussed. The present results allow for the clarification, correction and, especially, complementing existing information provided by numerous authors. The first instar larva of L. richardsi is described for the first time and an identification key to the first instars of European species of Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy of forensic importance is presented.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
{"token": "Neo-liberalism and other political imaginaries. This article looks at how various political cultures and imaginaries occlude the public's deeply democratic political role, especially the currently reigning anti-political culture of neo-liberalism. Even in an era when millions of people the world over take to the streets in protest, dominant political imaginaries position most of the world's people as largely powerless. What is needed is a radical political imaginary along the lines that Cornelius Castoriadis suggests. This imaginary foregrounds the ways in which all social and political formations are already constituted by human beings' ability to create new formations in the absence of foundations. But ignorant of this power, people are trapped in imaginaries where it seems that power resides elsewhere, only in halls of state or corporate boardrooms. This article offers an account that identifies where power originates and how it can be reclaimed through a more radical democratic political imaginary. The article proceeds as follows: the first two sections discuss varieties of political culture and how, despite seeming natural, they are actually products of underlying political imaginaries. Then I explain the concept of political imaginary and how the current reigning imaginary of neo-liberalism curiously undercuts the practice of politics itself. Under neo-liberalism, market solutions are seen as superior to political ones. Yet now even at the time of this writing, there is a backlash against neo-liberalism: from the right in a search for an older order (which is still anti-political) and from the left for more public power on the streets. While the latter is, in my view, far better than the former, it still does not go far enough in imagining politics and power otherwise. In the final section I draw on Castoriadis to flesh out the idea of a radical political imaginary.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
{"token": "Optimal Oven Heating of Coke Cake: A Review. The optimization of heating by recirculation of the combustion products is considered. Arguments supporting the adoption of this approach in the heating channels of Russian coke batteries are presented. Methods of ensuring uniform heating of the coke cake over its height in non-Russian coke batteries are also described. Recirculation of the combustion products does not ensure the required heating of the coke cake over its height in Russian coke batteries. Accordingly, lengthening of the combustion flame in the heating channels is required.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas sp Strain G5, Isolated from a Traditional Indigo Fermentation Dye Vat. In previous study, alkaliphilic and thermotolerant bacterium strain, Pseudomonas sp. strain G5, capable of reducing insoluble indigo was isolated from Korean traditional fermentation liquor. Here, we report the draft genome sequence and annotation of strain G5 to provide the genomic information involved in indigo reduction process.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Coupled coincidence point results for probabilistic phi-contractions. In this paper, we establish a new coupled coincidence point results in partially ordered probabilistic metric spaces by utilizing the Gauge function. We use the compatibility condition between two mappings. We use monotone and mixed monotone properties of functions with respect to the ordering. Our main result has several corollaries. The main result is supported with an example which shows that the corollaries are actually contained in our main theorem. The methodology is a combination of analytic and order theoretic approaches.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Voices from Central Europe. This article discusses the idea of Europe, its values and identity from a Central European perspective. It uses the concept of Central Europe (1945-present) as a discursive framework in which ideas of Europe are shaped. Analysing the writings of the Polish-born sociologist and philosopher Zygmunt Bauman (b. 1925), the Hungarian writer Imre Kertesz (b. 1929) and the Slovenian philosopher and psychoanalyst Slavoj Zizek (b. 1949), the paper explores what Europe means after the twentieth century placed such heavy burdens on the European idea and how the experience of living under communist rule has influenced that idea. Ultimately, the goal is to reveal how these three intellectuals attempt to restore an intellectual and cultural road towards an alternative Europe.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Analysis of vector behavior as a tool to predict Xylella fastidiosa patterns of spread. The most likely scenarios for Xylella fastidiosa introduction in Central Europe is through infected ornamental plants, with a successive spillover from gardens and parks to cultivated orchards. Given its polyphagy and wide distribution, the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius, the only ascertained vector of X. fastidiosa in Europe so far, might play an important role in such a scenario. Here, we combined and analyzed spittlebug's behavioral data obtained through Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG), preference and survival tests as well as field surveys, in order to infer possible bacterium patterns of spread. For our case study, we selected oleander and rosemary as potential introductory hosts and grapevine and cherry as economically important threatened plants. Philaenus spumarius was collected in field near all the four plant species, although choice and no-choice tests indicated that the spittlebug rather prefers to settle on cherry and grapevine than on rosemary and oleander. Considering the results of the EPG, the duration of xylem sap ingestion was longer in cherry, grapevine and rosemary than in oleander. However, P. spumarius spent on rosemary most of the time in resting activities, this implying a lower duration of xylem sap ingestion compared to grapevine and cherry. Overall, our data suggest that cultivated plants as grapevine and cherry could be more relevant than oleander and rosemary as X fastidiosa source plants; therefore, P. spumarius might acquire the bacterium from cultivated plants, then first spread it within cultivated orchards, and successively to ornamental plants during its dispersal.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Update on complications in pediatric anesthesia. Complications in pediatric anesthesia can happen, even in our modern hospitals with the most advanced equipment and skilled anesthesiologists. It is important, albeit in a tranquil and reassuring way, to inform parents of the possibility of complications and, in general, of the anesthetic risks. This is especially imperative when speaking to the parents of children who will be operated on for minor procedures: in our experience, they tend to think that the anesthesia will be a light anesthesia without risks. Often the surgeons tell them that the operation is very simple without stressing the fact that it will be done under general anesthesia which is identical to the one we give for major operations. Different is the scenario for the parents of children who are affected by malignant neoplasms: in these cases they already know that the illness is serious. They have this tremendous burden and we choose not to add another one by discussing anesthetic risks, so we usually go along with the examination of the child without bringing up the possibility of complications, unless there is some specific problem such as a mediastinal mass.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Preface. Results and discussion Comparison of the topics highlighted in different special issues highlighted the evolution of the SUITMA studies from fundamental morphological descriptions and classifications to applied studies on soil engineering, assessment of SUITMA functions and ecosystem services.Materials and methods The main outcomes of SUITMA 9 were analyzed in comparison to the previous SUIMTA conferences and the main topics were distinguished. Manuscripts accepted for publishing in the Special Issue were reviewed and presented.Conclusions The manuscripts accepted to the Special Issue covered included various case studies of SUITMA ecosystem services (e.g. global and local climate regulation, biodiversity maintenance and improvement, nutrients balance and recreation) and disservices (e.g. pollution by heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur). The increasing role of SUITMA studies for urban management and decision making was concluded.Purpose Journal of Soils and Sediments publishes the main outcomes of SUITMA 9 Conference in its Special Issue. SUITMA (Soils of Urban, Industrial, Traffic, Mining and Military Areas) working group organizes conferences biannually all over the world. The ninth conference organized in Moscow in May 2017 involved more than 215 speakers from 25 countries, whose presentations focused on challenges and opportunities of urbanization for soil functions and ecosystem services.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 52]}
{"token": "On the Ontological Status of Molecular Structure: Is it Possible to Reconcile Molecular Chemistry with Quantum Mechanics?. According to classical molecular chemistry, molecules have a structure, that is, they are sets of atoms with a definite arrangements in space and held together by chemical bonds. The concept of molecular structure is central to modern chemical thought given its impressive predictive power. It is also a very useful concept in chemistry education, due to its role in the rationalization and visualization of microscopic phenomena. However, such a concept seems to find no place in the ontology described by quantum mechanics, since it appeals to classical notions such as the position of the atomic nuclei or the individuality of electrons. Although this problem has attracted the attention of several authors, the discussion is far from settled. Some authors adopt an explicitly reductionist position and advocate to reconstruct the concept of molecular structure within the framework of the quantum theory. Others, although acknowledging the conceptual discontinuity between quantum mechanics and molecular chemistry, keep the hope of future reduction alive. From an explicitly non-reductionist position, on the contrary, others authors conceive molecular structure as an emergent phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to propose a different line of argumentation to address this problem. By contrast to reduction and emergence, the admission of a multiplicity of ontologies, not necessarily linked by hierarchical connections, cancels the need of finding a relation of dependence between the molecular level and the quantum level. This ontologically pluralist position can be applied to the issue of molecular structure, in order to argue that it is possible to admit the existence of structure in the ontology of molecular chemistry, in spite of the fact that it does not exist in the quantum world.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Higher order assortativity in complex networks. Assortativity was first introduced by Newman and has been extensively studied and applied to many real world networked systems since then. Assortativity is a graph metric and describes the tendency of high degree nodes to be directly connected to high degree nodes and low degree nodes to low degree nodes. It can be interpreted as a first order measure of the connection between nodes, i.e. the first autocorrelation of the degree-degree vector. Even though assortativity has been used so extensively, to the author's knowledge, no attempt has been made to extend it theoretically. Indeed, Newman assortativity is about \\\\'being adjacent\\\\', but even though two nodes may not by connected through an edge, they could have possibly a strong level of connectivity through a large number of walks and paths between them. This is the scope of our paper. We introduce, for undirected and unweighted networks, higher order assortativity by extending the Newman index based on a suitable choice of the matrix driving the connections. Higher order assortativity be defined for paths, shortest paths and random walks of a given length. The Newman assortativity is a particular case of each of these measures when the matrix is the adjacency matrix, or, in other words, the autocorrelation is of order 1. Our higher order assortativity indices help discriminating networks having the same Newman index and may reveal new topological network features. An application to airline network (Italy and US) and to Enron email network, as well as examples and simulations, are discussed. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Factors associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants with congenital heart disease. Objective: To review reported neurodevelopmental outcome data for patients with congenital heart disease, identify risk factors for adverse neurodevelopmental sequelae and summarize potential neuromonitoring strategies that have been described. Methods: A Medline search was performed utilizing combinations of the keywords congenital heart, cardiac, neurologic, neuro development, neuromonitoring, quality of life, and outcome. All prospective and longitudinal follow-up studies of patients with congenital heart disease were included. Additionally, studies that examined neuroimaging, neuromonitoring, and clinical factors in relation to outcome were examined. Case reports and editorials were excluded. Additional references were retrieved from selected articles if the abstract described an evaluation of neurodevelopmental outcomes and/or predictors of outcome in patients with congenital heart disease. Results: Overall, patients with CHD have increased rates of neurodevelopmental impairments, although intelligence appears to be in the normal range. Preoperative risk stratification, intraoperative techniques, postoperative care, and neuromonitoring strategies may all contribute to ultimate long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in patients with CHD postsurgical repair. Conclusions: As advances in the medical and surgical management improves survival in patients with CHD, increasing knowledge about neurodevelopmental outcomes and the factors that affect them will provide for strategies to optimize long-term outcome in this high-risk population. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Weavable and wearable strip-shaped supercapacitors from bamboo cellulose nanofibers. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), as an attractive renewable natural nanomaterial, are receiving intense research interests in various fields, including energy storage. Although great progress has been achieved in the past decade, there remains some technical challenges especially in the fabrication of weavable and wearable CNFsbased energy devices. Herein, we proposed a novel strategy to prepare a strip-shaped supercapacitor (SC) of this kind, which was intrinsically inspired by the traditional Chinese bamboo weaving. To this end, CNFs were first extracted from bamboo pulp and subsequently applied to stabilize the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) aqueous suspension. After vacuum filtration of the CNFs/CNTs suspension, cutting into strips, and then in situ growth of polyaniline (PANI), a ternary hybrid strip was finally obtained. This CNTs/CNFs-PANI strip was mechanically strong and flexible. It could be directly utilized as the electrode for the assembly of strip-shaped all-solid-state SCs, which showed both high flexibility and electrochemical stability. Interestingly, such SCs could be easily woven into a fabric to form a flexible and wearable energy supply device and successfully power wearable electronics.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Success factors for implementing Uganda's public road construction projects. The construction industry is known for its underperformance. Globally, construction projects are often delayed and completed above-estimated budgets because of inferior works and contract variations. These in turn negatively affect the goals set by public sector client. Many studies aim to establish factors for successful construction projects that include public road construction projects. However, challenges remain. Using institutional theory, this research focusses on success factors for implementing public road construction projects in Uganda. Loss of funds in such projects significantly affects and stalls the implementation process. This study is cross-sectional and structured self-administered questionnaires are used with Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) data analysis by Smart-PLS3 subsequently conducted. The findings reveal that professionalism, monitoring activities, familiarity with regulatory framework; perceived inefficiency of regulatory framework and compliance with these frameworks significantly enhances successful implementation of public road construction projects. However, sanctions on staff and contractors' resistance to non-compliance are insignificant predictors. Governments should emphasize and embark on improving monitoring mechanisms and staff familiarity with public procurement regulatory frameworks to avoid manipulations by unethical project stakeholders especially on contract cost variation during implementation. These regulatory frameworks should be written in a less technical language that is easily interpreted by stakeholders. Recruitment of qualified staff is paramount.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Native woodland creation is associated with increase in a Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix population. Capsule: Black Grouse population increases were greatest where new native woodland (NNW) within 1500m of leks comprised approximately 30% of land area and averaged 5 years old.Aims: To examine whether change in a population of Black Grouse Lyrurus tetrix in Scotland was associated with the creation of native woodland.Methods: We examined whether lek location, size and change in size were associated with habitat and topography surrounding leks. We also examined vegetation differences in NNW and adjacent unplanted moorland.Results: From 2002 to 2012 the number of lekking male Black Grouse increased by 90%. Lek occurrence was positively associated with the amount of NNW edge habitat. Leks were larger where there was more adjacent NNW. Lek increases were greatest where NNW plots comprised approximately 30% land area, and were 5 years old, within a 1500m radius. Plots aged more than approximately 20 years old were associated with Black Grouse population declines. NNW supported taller and denser important field-layer vegetation than adjacent moorland, likely due to grazing exclusion.Conclusions: Subject to longer-term management commitments to stimulate continued regrowth of the important field layer and maintain benefits for Black Grouse, expansion of native woodland could contribute to landscape-scale recovery of Black Grouse after decades of decline.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Resistance switching effect in LaAlO3/Nb-doped SrTiO3 heterostructure. The authors report on the fabrication and electronic transport property of LaAlO3/Nb-doped SrTiO3 heterostructure. The current-voltage curves of this heterostructure show hysteresis and a remarkable resistance switching behavior, which increase dramatically with decreasing temperature. Multiresistance states were realized by voltage pulses with different amplitudes and polarities and the ratio of the electrical pulse induced resistance change is larger than 10(4). More interestingly, the relaxation of junction current after switching follows the Curie-von Schweidler law Jaet (-n) with an exponential increase of n with temperature. The results were discussed in terms of the trap-controlled space charge limited conduction process via defects near the interface of the heterostructure.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Caves, Senses, and Ritual Flows in the Iberian Iron Age: The Territory of Edeta. This article seeks to contribute to recent scholarship on ritual performances in caves, sensory archaeology and ritual journeys, and to stimulate fresh questions and debate about society, ritual, and mobility in the Iberian Iron Age. It uses an updated methodology for recording and interpreting - more contextually, holistically, and systematically - the multisensory affordances of caves and their landscapes on embodied human movements, experiences, and perceptions. It applies this approach to two caves situated in the territory thought by archaeologists to have been controlled by the Iberian Iron Age oppidum of Edeta/Tossal de Sant Miquel in the Valencia province: both interpreted as the destination for \\\\'pilgrimages\\\\' and related ritual performances, especially during the fifth to third centuries BC. In particular, the study presents a thick and multifaceted interpretative scenario of ritual flows to, through, and from these underground places, divided analytically into successive experiential stages. It concludes by questioning the current model of Iberian Iron Age ritual as an elite-dominated process and instead emphasises variability in multisensory ritual decision-making, practices and experiences over space, time, and culture.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Risk factors of early onset of MS in women in reproductive age period: survival analysis approach. The incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) has doubled in over the last decades in women, whereas it has been almost unchanged in men. The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors of early onset multiple sclerosis in women during reproductive years. A retrospective longitudinal study conducted on 200 women aged 15 to 50 years with MS, registered by the MS Society in Isfahan. Data gathering was fulfilled by standard questionnaire including variables about reproductive period, demographic characteristics, and history of diseases. Kaplan-Mayer with log-rank test and Cox regression models were used in predicting of the age of effective factors in onset of MS. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The mean age of studied women was 31.77 +/- 8.13 years and the mean and median age of onset the symptoms of MS was 26.79 +/- 7.77 and 26 years, respectively. Based on the cox results occurring menarche at 15 years and higher increase the risk of MS 2.8-fold than those their menarche occurred at 12 years and lower (HR: 2.81, 95 % CI; 1.58-4.98).In addition, having only one pregnancy is related to higher risk of MS than other parities and increase the risk of MS 4.5-fold comparing to without parities. Age of menarche and parity numbers was the most important reproductive factors of MS in women. Nevertheless, history of autoimmune diseases, animal bite, childhood disease, family history of MS, regional area (tropical), and living in rural area were not related to early onset of MS.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "To Translate or Not to Translate? 19th Century Ottoman Communities and Fiction. In the 19th century, Turcophone communities of the Ottoman Empire displayed a keen interest in European fiction. This study questions whether translating European works was simply linguistic substitution or rather had intrinsic dimensions such as cultural appropriation. It also investigates the reciprocity of literary production, and offers some observations on how translation influences and inspires \\\\'the making of literature\\\\'. The methods used are mainly based on statistical interpretation of bibliographic data and comparative sociological analysis. Turkish works printed in Arabic, Armenian and Greek alphabets are the objects of investigation. The findings demonstrate that translation in the Ottoman mind is actually an active literary appropriation primarily due to differences in the criterion of \\\\'modern fiction\\\\' from European standards where the differences are exaggerated by the Ottoman notion of translation, lending the translator liberating space and opportunity to interfere with the original text. Moreover, the intermingling between the oral and print cultures that obscures the definition of literary genres adds another level of complexity. It is also revealed that the millets of the Empire affected each other's choice and taste resulting in a web of interactions that exhibit the literary market and literary \\\\'canon\\\\' of the period.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Identification and cDNA cloning of novel juvenile hormone responsive genes from fat body of the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus by mRNA differential display. A total of six JH-responsive genes or cDNAs (four suppressible and two inducible or stimulated), including the already isolated JH-responsive cyanoprotein genes (CP-alpha and beta), have been isolated and are available for further comparative analysis of gene structure and regulatory mechanisms in the same tissue under the same hormonal conditions. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Juvenile hormone (JH) induces termination of diapause and initiation of reproductive maturation in the adult female bean bug, Riptortus clavatus. Applying PCR-based differential display, we have identified four novel JH-responsive cDNAs, that is, three repressible (JR-I, 2 and 3) and one inducible (JI-1). These DNA fragments were partially sequenced and compared with sequences in the data base. JR-3 was shown to have similarity to the transferrins of other insects, which have been reported as JH-suppressed genes. JI-1 has similarity to vitellogenin of Aedes aegypti. On the other hand, JR-l and 2 have no significant similarity to other known sequences. For JR-I, the;full cDNA sequence was determined: it contained 913 bp, encoding 194 amino acid residues with a calculated M.W. of 21531 Da in the mature protein.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Identification and characterization of a novel bacterial carbohydrate esterase from the bacteriumPantoea ananatisSd-1 with potential for degradation of lignocellulose and pesticides. Objective Identification and characterization of a novel bacterial carbohydrate esterase (PaCes7) with application potential for lignocellulose and pesticide degradation. Results PaCes7 was identified from the lignocellulolytic bacterium,Pantoea ananatisSd-1 as a new carbohydrate esterase. Recombinant PaCes7 heterologously expressed inEscherichia colishowed a clear preference for esters with short-chain fatty acids and exhibited maximum activity towards alpha-naphthol acetate at 37 degrees C and pH 7.5. Purified PaCes7 exhibited its catalytic activity under mesophilic conditions and retained more than 40% activity below 30 degrees C. It displayed a relatively wide pH stability from pH 6-11. Furthermore, the enzyme was strongly resistant to Mg2+, Pb2+, and Co(2+)and activated by K(+)and Ca2+. BothP. ananatisSd-1 and PaCes7 could degrade the pesticide carbaryl. Additionally, PaCes7 was shown to work in combination with cellulase and/or xylanase in rice straw degradation. Conclusions The data suggest that PaCes7 possesses promising biotechnological potential.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "The Cuckoo's Nest Approach for Co-Creating Business Ecosystems in Smart Cities. The development of business ecosystems in smart cities is currently hampered by the absence of established approaches for facilitating long-term value and sustainability. In our view, the underlying reason is the lack of collective action involving various organizations in the design process. Collective action for the good of the whole ecosystem does not take place in existing participatory practices because of the dominating role of a single customer or designer organization (in urban development projects typically the owner-developer or lead architect), who uses their bargaining and decision-making power over others. This leads to sub-optimal behaviour where the system is optimized for the goals of one strong organization instead of collectively developed system-level goals of the business ecosystem as a whole. The Cuckoo's Nest approach addresses this problem by inviting various expert organizations to design the system and assigning each organization design rights for the ecosystem and its system-level goal. The Cuckoo's Nest approach enhances collective action among the organizations by making individuals from various organizations consider the interests, goals, objectives, and value-adding elements of other organizations - not just those of their own organizations. With the Cuckoo's Nest approach, the business ecosystem comes first, and single organizations' goals or specific design features come second. This article discusses the outcomes of two workshops where the Cuckoo's Nest approach was used for the purpose of developing business ecosystems in connection with smart city development projects within the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. We outline the steps involved in the Cuckoo's Nest approach and how they were applied in these two smart city projects, and we describe how it is being refined for further use in other locations and contexts.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "In Vitro Characterization and In Vivo Efficacy Assessment in Galleria mellonella Larvae of Newly Isolated Bacteriophages against Escherichia coli K1. Extra-intestinal Escherichia coli express several virulence factors that increase their ability to colonize and survive in different localizations. The K1 capsular type is involved in several infections, including meningitis, urinary tract, and bloodstream infections. The aims of this work were to isolate, characterize, and assess the in vivo efficacy of phages targeting avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) O18:K1, which shares many similarities with the human strains responsible for neonatal meningitis. Eleven phages were isolated against APEC O18:K1, and four of them presenting a narrow spectrum targeting E. coli K1 strains were further studied. The newly isolated phages vB_EcoS_K1-ULINTec2 were similar to the Siphoviridae family, and vB_EcoP_K1-ULINTec4, vB_EcoP_K1-ULINTec6, and vB_EcoP_K1-ULINTec7 to the Autographiviridae family. They are capsular type (K1) dependent and present several advantages characteristic of lytic phages, such as a short adsorption time and latent period. vB_EcoP_K1-ULINTec7 is able to target both K1 and K5 strains. This study shows that these phages replicate efficiently, both in vitro and in vivo in the Galleria mellonella model. Phage treatment increases the larvae survival rates, even though none of the phages were able to eliminate the bacterial load.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Bacteremia and urogenital infection with Actinomyces urogenitalis following prolonged urinary retention. A case of bacteremia with the fastidious bacteria Actinomyces urogenitalis following lengthy urinary retention is reported in a sixty-year-old man. In 2013, the first case of bacteremia due to A. urogenitalis was presented, secondary to a tubo-ovarian abscess following transvaginal oocyte retrieval. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first male bacteremic episode involving A. urogenitalis related to a urinary tract focus. The patient had no prior urogenital medical history. Extensive susceptibility testing was done on isolates from urinary and blood cultures. The organism exhibited fluoroquinolone resistance but was susceptible to most other antibiotics used in the treatment of urinary infections. Due to its unusual growth requirements infections with A. urogenitalis are most likely an underdiagnosed entity.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43]}
{"token": "Presentism, eternalism, and phenomenal change. Normally, when we notice a change taking place, our conscious experience has a corresponding quality of phenomenal change. Here it is argued that one's experience can have this quality at or during a time when there is no change in which phenomenal properties one instantiates. This undermines a number of otherwise forceful arguments against leading metaphysical theories of change, but also requires these theories to construe change as a secondary quality, akin to color.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Makhuwa non-subject relatives as participial modifiers. Unlike relative constructions in other familiar Bantu languages, Makhuwa does not have any special relative morphology; neither does it have a regular subject marker in the non-subject relative. Rather, the pronominal subject is expressed by a possessive pronoun. Because of the partly verbal and partly nominal properties of the relative, I propose to analyse it as a participial modifier. The prefix on the relative participle is analysed as a pronoun, which makes the participial modifier function like an independent adjunct. The possessive form of the pronominal subject is the result of the genitive case on the subject assigned by PTCPP, in the absence of a subject agreement projection. The paper furthermore shows that three alternative analyses (\\\\'normal\\\\' relative, connective strategy and DP relative) fall short in accounting for the data of the non-subject relative in Makhuwa.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Cognitive Processes Underlying the Artistic Experience. Based on the field of aesthetics, for centuries philosophers and more recently scientists have been concerned with understanding the artistic experience focusing on emotional responses to the perception of artworks. By contrast, in the last decades, evolutionary biology has been concerned with explaining the artistic experience by focusing on the cognitive processes underlying this experience. Up until now, the cognitive mechanisms that allow humans to experience objects and events as art remain largely unexplored and there is still no conventional use of terms for referring to the processes which may explain why the artistic experience is characteristically human and universal to human beings (Dissanayake, 1992, p. 24; Donald, 2006, p. 4). In this paper, I will first question whether it is productive to understand the artistic experience in terms of perception and emotion, and I will subsequently propose a possible alternative explanation to understand this experience. Drawing upon the work of Ellen Dissanayake (1992, 2000, 2015), Merlin Donald (2001, 2006, 2013), Antonio Damasio (1994, 2000, 2003, 2010), Barend van Heusden (2004, 2009, 2010), and Alejandra Wah (2014), I will argue that this experience is characterized by particular degrees of imagination and consciousness.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Three-dimensional analysis of the 16 nm urothelial plaque particle: Luminal surface exposure, preferential head-to-head interaction, and hinge formation. The luminal surface of mouse urothelium in contact with the urine is almost entirely covered with plaques consisting of uroplakin-containing particles that form p6 hexagonal crystals with a center-to-center distance of 16 nm. A combination of quick-freeze/deep-etch images and our previous negative staining data indicate that the head domain of the uroplakin particle, which is exposed without an extensive glycocalyx shield, interacts closely with the head domains of the neighboring particles, while the membrane-embedded tail domains are farther apart; and that urothelial particles and plaques are not rigid structures as they can change their configuration in response to mechanical perturbations. Based on these data, we have constructed three-dimensional models depicting the structural organization of urothelial particles and plaques. Our models suggest that the head-to-head interaction may play a key role in determining the shape and size of the urothelial plaques. These models can explain many properties of urothelial plaques including their unique shape, detergent-insolubility, and morphological changes during vesicle maturation. (C) 1999 Academic Press.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Sonographic diagnosis of intestinal obstruction in the dog. Ultrasonography was performed on 44 dogs to decide whether small bowel obstruction was present. The sonographic criteria for small bowel obstruction were (1) the presence of pendulous movement of the ingesta inside the dilated bowel, (2) observation of invaginated intestines or an ingested intraluminal foreign body, (3) observation of non-uniform peristaltic activity of the dilated intestines, or (4) observation of akinetic intestinal loops together with abdominal fluid accumulation. By using these criteria, obstruction was correctly diagnosed by ultrasonography in 11 of the 13 dogs with mechanical ileus, and obstruction was correctly excluded in 29 of the 31 non-obstructive cases. Thus, the above-mentioned sonographic criteria had 85% sensitivity and positive predictive value, and 94% specificity and negative predictive value. The present study suggests that ultrasonography is a valuable tool for diagnosing small intestinal obstruction in the dog.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Chondroitin Sulfate Extracted from Ascidian Tunic Inhibits Phorbol Ester-Induced Expression of Inflammatory Factors VCAM-1 and COX-2 by Blocking NF-kappa B Activation in Mouse Skin. Inflammatory factors are known to play a key role in promoting tumorigenesis; therefore, it is a promising strategy to inhibit the inflammation for cancer prevention. The current study was performed to investigate the potential effects of chondroitin sulfate (CS) extracted from ascidian tunic on the expression of inflammatory factors induced by treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of CS action in mouse skin inflammation. TPA was topically applied to the shaven backs of ICR mice with or without CS (1 or 2 mg) for 4 h. The results demonstrated that CS suppressed TPA-induced edema and reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and Akt signaling in mouse skin. These studies suggest that CS from ascidian tunic may be developed as an effective natural anti-inflammatory agent.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "The development of an attract-and-kill bait for controlling the small hive beetle (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). This research investigates the development of an attract-and-kill bait for in-hive control of the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida. The control method employs attracting the beetles to an in-hive trap with a feeding attractant/stimulant where a toxicant is delivered by consuming an edible bait. Investigations into mild insecticides led to the use of boric acid. At low doses, boric acid is non-toxic to humans but lethal to insects. This research was designed to identify key compounds that would attract small hive beetles, develop an edible bait using those compounds and if the diet would be consumed by the beetle, determine the lethal dose with the lowest amount of toxicant, and the effects the toxicant would have on the honey bee. Attractive compounds were identified from honey bee pollen patties inoculated Kodamaea ohmeri yeast and resulted in the identification of three key components: ethyl propionate, isobutyl propionate, and ethyl butyrate. A diet comprised of corn gluten meal, barley flour, soy flour, Brewer's yeast, and glycerin containing the attractant/feeding stimulant was highly attractive and readily consumed. In laboratory trials, the treatments containing the attract-and-kill with 2% boric acid reduced the beetle population to zero within a few days. There was no significant difference between the sex of the beetle for survival on any of the treatments. Honey bee survival was reduced by ingesting the boric acid. The development of an inexpensive small hive beetle trapping system is essential for in-hive control of this devastating pest. This system has the potential to provide beekeepers a tool for control of this pest species that affects honey bee health and survival worldwide.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Effects of changes in winter snowpacks on summer low flows: case studies in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Seasonal low flows are important for sustaining ecosystems and for supplying human needs during the dry season. In California's Sierra Nevada mountains, low flows are primarily sustained by groundwater that is recharged during snowmelt. As the climate warms over the next century, the volume of the annual Sierra Nevada snowpack is expected to decrease by similar to 40-90%. In eight snow-dominated catchments in the Sierra Nevada, we analysed records of snow water equivalent (SWE) and unimpaired streamflow records spanning 10-33 years. Linear extrapolations of historical SWE/streamflow relationships suggest that annual minimum flows in some catchments could decrease to zero if peak SWE is reduced to roughly half of its historical average. For every 10% decrease in peak SWE, annual minimum flows decrease 9-22% and occur 3-7 days earlier in the year. In two of the study catchments, Sagehen and Pitman Creeks, seasonal low flows are significantly correlated with the previous year's snowpack as well as the current year's snowpack. We explore how future warming could affect the relationship between winter snowpacks and summer low flows, using a distributed hydrologic model Regional Hydro-ecologic Ecosystem Simulation System (RHESSys) to simulate the response of two study catchments. Model results suggest that a 10% decrease in peak SWE will lead to a 1-8% decrease in low flows. The modelled streams do not dry up completely, because the effects of reduced SWE are partly offset by increased fall or winter net gains in storage, and by shifts in the timing of peak evapotranspiration. We consider how groundwater storage, snowmelt and evapotranspiration rates, and precipitation phase (snow vs rain) influence catchment response to warming. Copyright (C) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Screening native isolates of cyanobacteria and a green alga for integrated wastewater treatment, biomass accumulation and neutral lipid production. The value and efficiency of microalgal biofuel production can be improved in an integrated system using waste streams as feed-stock, with fuel-rich biomass and treated wastewater being key end-products. We have evaluated seven native cyanobacterial isolates and one native green alga for their nutrient removal, biomass accumulation and lipid production capacities. All native isolates were successfully grown on synthetic wastewater mimicking secondary treated municipal wastewater (without organic carbon). Complete phosphate removal was achieved by the native green alga, isolated from Tvarminne (SW Finland). Optimisation of the C:N ratio available to this strain was achieved by addition of 3% CO2 and resulted in complete ammonium removal in synthetic wastewater. The native green alga demonstrated similar nutrient removal rates and even stronger growth in screened municipal wastewater, which had double the ammonium concentration of the synthetic media and also contained organic carbon. Sequencing of the genes coding for 18S small rRNA subunit and the ITS1 spacer region of this alga placed it in the Scenedesmaceae family. The lipid content of native isolates was evaluated using BODIPY (505/515) staining combined with high-throughput flow cytometry, where the native green alga demonstrated significantly greater neutral lipid accumulation than the cyanobacteria under the conditions studied. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Multi-parameter studies of environmental aerosols with cascade track filters. Aerosols in the air in a factory processing nuclear reactor fuel material were collected by using cascade Kapton track filters with outer pore sizes of 12.8, 4.0 and 1.0 mu m consecutively and a conventional filter of glass fiber being behind to collect all aerosol particles left-over. The volume of air passed through the filters was measured by a flow meter. The weight of aerosol particles on each filter was obtained by the weight difference of the filter before and after collection of aerosol particles. alpha-activity on each filter was measured with a methane gas flow proportional counter. The sizes and elemental compositions of aerosol particles on the filters were analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope and an electron microprobe. Special attention was given to uranium aerosol particles. The median sizes of uranium aerosol particles were obtained being 1.97, 1.33 and 0.72 mu m on the first, second and third filter, respectively. The median size of all the uranium aerosol particles on the three track filters was 1.25 mu m. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "The expatriate vote in Uruguay. Inequalities and asymmetries in a transnational political plot. From the results of a multi-situated ethnographic study, this article describes and historicizes two processes closely associated with the political practices and the exercise of transnational citizenship in the case of the Uruguayan residents in Argentina. The first is the process of nationalization of the demand for the right to extraterritorial vote; the second is the institutionalization of management, mobilization and movement of the frenteamplista electorate. In this paper, both processes officiate as an access to a transnational political and civic practices that, usually, has been little explored by the specific literature: asymmetries and iniquities reproduced in transnational action that, in this case, paradoxically, the native perspective presented as a possible answer to the inequality generated by the absence of a regulatory framework to able \\\\'remote voting\\\\'.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "A DNA-Based Vaccine for the Prevention of Human Cytomegalovirus-Associated Diseases. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that in the transplant population human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and its associated diseases are controlled by humoral and cellular immune responses similar to those that arise in asymptomatic, healthy individuals during a naturally-acquired infection. The dominant antibody response to HCMV is to the major surface glycoprotein B (gB) and the dominant cellular immune response is to the tegument phosphoprotein (pp65). We propose that an immunotherapeutic plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccination approach that induces the requisite responses to major immunological targets of HCMV may provide relief from HCMV-associated diseases in the transplant setting. We have developed gene-based immunotherapeutic products consisting of pDNAs encoding gB and pp65 of HCMV. When tested individually in mice, both pDNAs were highly immunogenic. Relative to vaccination with either gB or pp65 pDNA delivered alone, vaccination with gB and pp65 pDNAs delivered together in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) elicited reduced antibody and T cell responses to each antigen. Formulating this bivalent vaccine with a poloxamer-based delivery system (VF-P1205-02A), however, significantly increased the antigen-specific immune responses relative to those induced with the bivalent vaccine in PBS, and completely abrogated the decrease in pp65-specific T cell responses observed in mice covaccinated with the pDNAs in PBS. Based on these data, and a favorable safety and toxicity profile in preclinical studies, the bivalent HCMV vaccine consisting of gB and pp65 pDNAs delivered with VF-P1205-02A has advanced to human clinical trials.", "label": [2, 18, 19]}
{"token": "The 2002 Farm Bill Commodity Programs: a tool for improving rotation crop profitability and reducing risk in potato cropping systems. The Farm Security and Rural Investment Act ('Farm Bill') of 2002 has modified the provisions Linder Title 1 (Commodity Programs) regarding commodity eligibility. Concurrently, potato producers ill Maine have expanded their use of program crops as rotations in potato cropping systems. These Changes Could affect the economic viability of the potato cropping system. An economic simulation model using budgeting techniques that incorporate stochastic elements to measure risk was developed to evaluate profitability and income risk of four cropping systems with and without participation in the 2002 Farm Bill. The four systems modeled were barley-potato, canola-potato, corn-potato, and soybean-potato. Participation in the 2002 Farm Act's commodity Support programs increases the profitability of each cropping system, ranging from $26.00/acre for canola-potato to $122.00/acre for corn-potato. The use of stochastic dominance criteria shows that participation is more risk-efficient than non-participation. Furthermore, two measures of income risk - coefficient of variation and probability of loss - are also reduced with participation. For those growers using program crops in rotation with potatoes, participation in the commodity programs is a valuable tool to improve economic viability and reduce risk.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "The effect of mobile augmented reality application developed for injections on the knowledge and skill levels of nursing students: An experimental controlled study. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) educational materials on the knowledge and skill levels of nursing students on injection practices.Conclusion: It was determined that MAR applications had a positive effect on the knowledge and skill levels of nursing students regarding injection practices and provided persistence in the learned knowledge and skills.Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the pre-test scores of the students in the experimental and control groups, which determined the knowledge level of subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous injections before the lesson (p > 0.05). After the lesson, it was found statistically significant that the post-test and persistence test scores of students in the experimental group were higher than the control group (p < 0.05). In the first and second/persistence skill evaluations, the injection skill scores of the students in the experimental group were higher than the control group (p < 0.05), which was also statistically significant. In addition, the students in the experimental group stated that MAR applications increased their motivation and self-confidence and reduced their concerns.Method: This controlled experimental study was carried out with 122 first-year nursing students, 64 of whom were included in the experimental group and 58 in the control group. Data were collected between March and April 2018 using an information form, a pre-test, a post-test, a persistence test, and injection evaluation checklists. In the study, the experimental group used MAR applications and the control group used traditional teaching methods in learning injection practices.", "label": [2, 5, 53, 26]}
{"token": "Application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to analysis of ethanol fermentation kinetics in yeasts and bacteria. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is proving to be a very valuable technique for characterizing the metabolic status of a range of microbial fermentations. This non-invasive method allows us not only to determine the presence of particular metabolites, but also to monitor reaction rates, enzyme activities and transport mechanisms in vivo. Despite the low levels of the carbon-13 isotope (1.1%), natural-abundance C-13-NMR studies have proven useful in monitoring the progress of various fermentation processes. Furthermore, P-31-NMR can provide noninvasive information relating to cellular metabolism, and on the energy status of the cells. This results from the facility with NMR to identify various nucleotide phosphates and other energy-rich compounds in the cell, as well as to characterize changes in the intracellular pH from the chemical shifts of internal phosphate and other phosphorylated intermediates. In this review, we will summarize the use of NMR as an analytical tool in biotechnology and also discuss examples that illustrate how NMR can be used to obtain significant information on the characteristics of ethanol fermentations in both yeasts and bacteria.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "EVALUATION OF A NONCONTACT, ALTERNATIVE MOSQUITO REPELLENT ASSAY SYSTEM. A novel noncontact repellency assay system (NCRAS) was designed and evaluated as a possible alternative method for testing compounds that repel or inhibit mosquitoes from blood feeding. Deet and Aedes aegypti were used in a controlled laboratory setting. Using 2 study designs, a highly significant difference were seen between deet-treated and untreated skin placed behind the protective screens, indicating that deet was detected and was acting as a deterrence to mosquito landing and probing behavior. However, a 2nd study showed significant differences between protected (behind a metal screen barrier) and unprotected (exposed) deet-treated forearms, indicating the screen mesh might restrict the detection of deet and thus influences landing/biting response. These findings indicate the prototype NCRAS shows good promise but requires further evaluation and possible modification in design and testing protocol to achieve more desirable operational attributes in comparison with direct skin-contact repellency mosquito assays.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Evaluating the role of Th0 and Th1 clones in autoimmune thyroid disease by use of Hu-SCID chimeras. To study the role of Th0 and Th1 cells in autoimmune thyroid disease, thyroid tissues from patients with Graves' disease (GD), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), and colloid nodular disease were xenografted into SCID mice, followed by ip injection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), T cell lines, and T cell clones (TCC). The antigen-specific TCC reactive to TSH receptor (TSH-R), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), or thyroglobulin (Tg), and their respective peptides, were classified into Th0 (secreting IL-4 and/or IL-5 and IFN-gamma) and Th1 (secreting IFN-gamma) according to their cytokine profile. Engraftment of autologous or HLA-matched allogeneic CD4(+) thyroid-specific clones with Th0 or Th1 phenotypes induced the production of total IgG and thyroid-specific autoantibodies by B cells present in xenografted thyroid tissues. TSH-R-specific clones mainly enhanced thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb) production, while clones reactive to TPO and Tg increased the synthesis of TPO and Tg autoantibodies. Total IgG production, but not TSAb, was also stimulated by PBMC and TSH-R lines. TSAb correlated with the viability and hyperplasia of thyroid follicles, but not with the serum T3 levels, which were normal. Thyroid tissue viability was maintained or increased by antigen-specific Th0 clones, and decreased by Th1 clones reactive to TSH-R or TPO. Thyroid lymphocytic infiltration was variable; however, Th0 and Th1 clones from HT patients caused high degree of lymphocytic infiltration compared to the control groups. These results demonstrate for the first time that T cells clones reactive to specific epitopes of TSH-R, TPO, or Tg can generate antibody-mediated and/or cell-mediated responses in the xenografted thyroid tissue microenvironment. Such effects depend on clonal specificity, HLA class II restriction, and cytokine profile of the clones. Th0 clones reactive to TSH-R stimulate both total IgG production and TSAb in SCID mice engrafted with thyroid tissue from GD patients. Th0 and Th1 clones specific for TPO and Tg also function as helper T cells, stimulating total IgG synthesis and autoantibodies against TPO and Tg. Th1 clones may also cause tissue destruction in GD and HT. (C) 1997 Academic Press.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Administrative Forbearance. This Article investigates the normative and constitutional case for a particular form of congressional delegation that is of increasing practical importance: delegations that give agencies the power to deprive statutory provisions of legal force and effect, a power this Article calls \\\\'administrative forbearance authority.\\\\' Although legal scholars have recently noted the rise of administrative forbearance authority, they have largely ignored how exactly such a power might operate in the hands of the agency and the various governance functions it performs. Without such knowledge, the case for administrative forbearance authority is necessarily incomplete.To defenders of delegation generally, this Article posits that there is no special reason to be wary of administrative forbearance authority and that forbearance can be used as a governance device in previously underappreciated ways. To critics who urge a stronger nondelegation doctrine than the one we have today, I argue that there may be reasons to actually support administrative forbearance in a world where delegations of the traditional type are unlikely to go anywhere anytime soon.This Article thus makes two principal contributions to the literature. First, it describes the variety of functions that administrative forbearance authority serves at the agency level, drawing on the previously unexplored histories of various agencies' experience with such authority. Second, it uses the descriptive account both to develop a fuller normative and constitutional case for administrative forbearance authority and to illuminate the various circumstances in which forbearance can be beneficially employed as a policy tool.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "The Emergence of Naturopathy in Two Canadian Provinces: British Columbia and Ontario, 1920-1970. This paper explores the development and regulation of naturopathy in two Canadian provinces, Ontario and British Columbia, prior to 1950. Naturopathy has been a regulated profession in British Columbia since 1936 In Ontario the regulated group, since 1926 until recently, has been 'drugless therapy. ' Through a comparative case study we not only document the early history of naturopathy, and its regulation, but we explore the factors shaping professional regulation and development historically. In particular, we highlight the importance of provincial patterns of professional regulation, and inter-professional relations in shaping regulatory trajectories.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Thermal Characterisation of Active Layer Across a Soil Moisture Gradient in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Heat transport into active layer soils is important to understanding potential responses to changes in surface energy balance, particularly in the context of changing climate. Here we present results of a study to characterise soil thermal properties along a soil moisture gradient adjacent to Lake Fryxell in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Our goals were to characterise the thermal characteristics of these relatively wet soils (compared to the rest of the McMurdo Dry Valleys landscape), and to assess the response of the active layer to possible increases in soil moisture. We measured subsurface temperatures at depths from 3 to 50 cm at four locations along a natural gradient of wet to dry soils adjacent to Lake Fryxell from January 2006 to January 2007. We used a numerical model to estimate apparent thermal diffusivity (ATD) and simulate observed temperature time series. Calculations of ATD at discrete locations yielded values ranging from 1.0 x 10(-9) -2.4 x 10(-5) m(2) s(-1), and the corresponding range of bulk (i.e. depth averaged at a single surface location) ATD was 2.9 x 10(-9) -1.2 x 10(-7) m2 s(-1). Thawed soils had a range of bulk ATD during warming of 2.9 x 10(-9) -3.8 x 10(-8) m(2) s(-1), and during cooling of 2.9 x 10(-9) -4.8 x 10(-8) m(2) s(-1). When soils were frozen, however, the range of bulk ATD was 7.6 x 10(-9) -1.2 x 10(-7) m(2) s(-1) during warming, and 7.8 x 10(-9) -1.1 x 10(-7) m(2) s(-1) during cooling. Estimated bulk ATD values were consistently greater in locations of enhanced soil moisture, so lakeside soils were more likely to conduct energy into the subsurface. Increased soil moisture across the landscape would likely increase ATD, allowing for greater heat exchange between the atmosphere and the subsurface. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "How can subnational governments develop and deliver distinctive policy agendas?. A subnational government's success in pursuing distinctive policy agendas depends on the issues it decides to focus on and the way it chooses to deploy the formal powers and resources available to it. There is little point in investing time and efforts in pursuing issues that national governments are unwilling to cede control over. However, where they are given a degree of autonomy, subnational governments need to exploit their pivotal position in policy networks to foster collaboration with a range of state and non-state actors who bring complementary resources.The ways in which subnational governments develop and deliver distinctive policies is central to our understanding of effective multi-level governance systems. The existing literature focuses on institutional autonomy and the formal powers given to subnational governments but this is only one side of the story. Success also depends on the way in which policy actors deploy their powers, resources and legitimacy. This article presents an empirical analysis of two contrasting attempts to develop distinctive policy frameworks at the subnational level. It demonstrates the importance of looking beyond formal institutional powers and paying attention to policymakers' political skills and visibility, as well as the strategies and tactics that they employ in deploying formal powers. It highlights, in particular, the need for subnational governments to focus on those issues where they can make a difference and to exploit their nodality within policy networks to foster collaboration with state and non-state actors who bring complementary resources.Points for practitioners", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Quasi-one-dimensional steady-state cavitating nozzle flows. A bubbly liquid composed of water vapour-air bubbles in water at 20 degreesC for two different area variations is considered, and the initial cavitation number is chosen in such a way that cavitation can occur in the nozzle. Results obtained, when bubble/bubble interactions are neglected, show solutions with flow instabilities, similar to the flashing flow solutions found recently by Wang and Brennen. Stable steady-state cavitating nozzle flow solutions, either with continuous growth of bubbles or with growth followed by collapse of bubbles, were obtained when bubble/bubble interactions were considered together with various damping mechanisms.Quasi-one-dimensional cavitating nozzle flows are considered by employing a homogeneous bubbly liquid flow model. The nonlinear dynamics of cavitating bubbles is described by a modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation that takes into account bubble/bubble interactions by a local homogeneous mean-held theory and the various damping mechanisms by a damping coefficient, lumping them together in the form of viscous dissipation. The resulting system of quasi-one-dimensional cavitating nozzle flow equations is then uncoupled leading to a nonlinear third-order ordinary differential equation for the flow speed. This equation is then cast into a nonlinear dynamical system of scaled variables which describe deviations of the flow field from its corresponding incompressible single-phase value. The solution of the initial-value problem of this dynamical system can be carried out very accurately, leading to an exact description of the hydrodynamic field for the model considered.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS - A CONSENSUS REPORT. The Committee of the European-Concerted Action for Multiple Sclerosis (Charcot Foundation) organised five workshops to discuss CSF analytical standards in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. This consensus report from 12 European countries summarises the results of those workshops. It is hoped that neurologists will confer with their colleagues in clinical chemistry to arrange the best possible local practice. The most sensitive method for the detection of oligoclonal immunoglobulin bands is isoelectric focusing. The same amounts of IgG in parallel CSF and serum samples are used and oligoclonal bands are revealed with IgG specific antibody staining. Ah laboratories performing isoelectric focusing should check their technique at least annually using ''blind'' standards for the five different CSF and serum patterns. Quantitative measurements of IgG production in the CNS are less sensitive than isoelectric focusing. The preferred method for detection of blood-CSF barrier dysfunction is the albumin quotient. The CSF albumin or total protein concentrations are less satisfactory. These results must be interpreted with reference to the age of the patient and the local method of determination. Cells should be counted. The normal value is no more than 4 cells/mu l. Among evolving optional tests, measurement of the combined local synthesis of antibodies against measles, rubella, and/or varicella tester could represent a significant advance if it offers higher specificity (not sensitivity) for identifying chronic rather than acute inflammation. Other tests that may have useful correlations with clinical indices include those for oligoclonal free light chains, IgM, IgA, or myelin basic protein concentrations.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "International Pellet Watch: Global monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in coastal Waters. 1. Initial phase data on PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs. Samples of polyethylene pellets were collected at 30 beaches from 17 countries and analyzed for organo-chlorine compounds. PCB concentrations in the pellets were highest on US coasts, followed by western Europe and Japan, and were lower in tropical Asia, southern Africa and Australia. This spatial pattern reflected regional differences in the usage of PCBs and was positively correlated with data from Mussel Watch, another monitoring approach. DDTs; showed high concentrations on the US west coast and in Vietnam. In Vietnam, DDT was predominant over its metabolites (DDE and DDD), suggesting the principal source may be current usage of the pesticide for malaria control. High concentrations of pesticide HCHs were detected in the pellets from southern Africa, suggesting current usage of the pesticides in southern Africa. This study demonstrates the utility and feasibility of the International Pellet Watch approach to monitor POPs at a global scale. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Thermodynamic modeling of the Ni-In system. The complete nickel-indium system was thermodynamically assessed at a total pressure of 1 bar from room temperature up to liquidus temperatures. The Gibbs energies of five condensed solution phases and five stoichiometric compounds were modeled using all available T-x phase diagram and thermodynamic data. For the Ni-rich solid solution with face-centered cubic structure as well as the liquid phase a substitutional approach was chosen to describe the Gibbs energies. Sublattice models were applied to account for the description of the thermodynamics of three nonstoichiometric intermetallic compounds. Three sublattices were chosen according to the crystallographic structures of the zeta-Ni2In and zeta'-Ni13In9 phases, whereas two sublattices were selected for the delta-NiIn phase. The gas phase was treated as thermodynamically ideal. All computations were carried out with the Gibbs energy minimization program ChemSage and its routine for parameter optimization.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "ARE HAEMOGLOBIN LEVELS ADEQUATE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) STAGE 2-4?. Design and Measurement: Haemoglobin, ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT) data for patients with Stage 2-4 CKD were extracted from the Renal Anaemia Management database for the period 1999-2010. The data were compared with the target levels specified in the Caring for Australasians with Renal Impairment guidelines.Conclusion and Application to Practice: More emphasis should be placed on detection and treatment of anaemia in earlier stages of kidney disease. Poor response to erythropoiesis stimulating agent therapy should be investigated in this group and any identified causes of poor response treated.Results: Less than 50% of the patients achieved the recommended haemoglobin levels, and even fewer patients achieved the levels recommended for ferritin and TSAT.Background: Anaemia often goes unrecognised in people with early chronic kidney disease (CKD) resulting in under treatment until reaching the need for dialysis.Objectives: This study aimed to determine if anaemia is adequately treated in Australians with CKD, who do not require dialysis.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "THE EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF TWO STRAINS OF COCKERELS. In a 2 x 3 factorial design, two hundred and seven 3 weeks old black (Bovan Nera) and white (Gold line) cockerels were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments. The basal diet was based on maize, soybean meal, groundnut cake and wheat offal. Probiotics replaced the wheat offal in Diets I, II and III in proportion of 0, 0.05 and 0.1%. Probiotics contained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisae and Saccharomyces boulardii. Each diet was offered to 3 pens of 12 black cockerels each or 3 pens of 11 white cockerels each. Starting chicken of both strains responded non-significantly to increasing probiotics concentration in feed intake, body weight gain, and feed/gain ratio. A non-significant interaction occurred between strain and dietary probiotics concentration for all response criteria. The slope of regression of body weight changes depending on age was higher for white than black.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Outcomes of two surgical techniques for major trichiasis treatment. The purpose of this article is to analyze the outcomes of two surgical techniques to treat major trichiasis. A retrospective chart review of 67 patients (89 eyelids) with major trichiasis was performed who underwent surgical treatment using one of two techniques: intermarginal split lamella with graft (ISLG group) or lid lamella resection (LLR group). There were 30 lids in the ISLG group with mean patient age of 71.8 years and 63.3% were females. There were 59 lids in the LLR group with mean patient age of 72.5 years and 52.5% were female. The minimum postoperative follow up was six months. Statistical analysis included descriptive measures, Goodman association test for contrasts between and within multinomial populations and nonparametric Mann-Whitney test for comparison between groups. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The underlying causes of trichiasis were blepharitis (37.07%), chronic meibomitis (21.3%), multiple causes (20.2%), ectropion (11.2%), actinic keratosis (6.7%), or prior ocular surgery (3.3%). Postoperatively, in the ISLG group, there were 20% lids with complete success, 50% underwent laser or electrolysis, 16.7% required further surgery, and 13.3% were unsuccessful. Postoperatively, in the LLR group, there were 47.5% eyelids with complete success, 46.7% underwent laser or electrolysis, 6.8% required further surgery, and 5.1% were unsuccessful. There was a higher statistical chance of complete success with LLR (P < 0.05). LLR is superior to ISLG surgery for the treatment of major trichiasis. There is a greater chance of success with LLR and it is technically simpler.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Bridging the gap between research and teaching (Music education). Research in music education can have practical implications. The research presented here suggests an approach to the teaching of general music, based on learning strategies and musical organizations that were found in children's intuitive musical learning while the children were engaged in learning an unfamiliar song. On the basis of detailed examination and analysis of their behaviors, a mental model was identified. This model is presented here, together with implications of the study for teaching a general music program.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Feasibility of using teleradiology to improve tuberculosis screening and case management in a district hospital in Malawi. Relevant changes From September 2010-2011, 159 images (from 158 patients) were reviewed by teleradiology. Teleradiology changed patient management in 36 cases (23.5%). Two (1.3%) of them were cases of pulmonary tuberculosis not previously suspected by clinical staff. In addition, the radiologist's review corrected the misdiagnosis of tuberculosis and averted inappropriate treatment in 16 patients (10.5%).Local setting Thyolo district's 600000 inhabitants are mostly subsistence-level or migrant farmers living in extreme poverty. Health facilities include one public hospital and 38 primary health centres. Understaffing and the absence of a radiologist make the diagnosis of tuberculosis difficult in a population where this disease affects 66% of patients with HIV infection.Problem Malawi has one of the world's highest rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (10.6%), and southern Malawi, where Thyolo district is located, bears the highest burden in the country (14.5%). Tuberculosis, common among HIV-infected people, requires radiologic diagnosis, yet Malawi has no radiologists in public service. This hinders rapid and accurate diagnosis and increases morbidity and mortality.Lessons learnt Teleradiology can improve tuberculosis diagnosis and case management, especially if criteria to identify the patients most suitable for referral are developed and the radiologist is conversant with local resources and health problems. Designating a clinical focal point for teleradiology ensures sustainability. Staff need time to adapt to a new teleradiology programme.Approach Medecins Sans Frontieres, in collaboration with Malawi's Ministry of Health, implemented teleradiology in Thyolc district to assist clinical staff in radiologic image interpretation and diagnosis.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Arthropod touch reception: stimulus transformation and finite element model of spider tactile hairs. Striving towards an in depth understanding of stimulus transformation in arthropod tactile hairs, we studied the mechanical events associated with tactile stimulation. A finite element model was developed taking a tarsal tactile hair of the spider Cupiennius salei as an example. Considering hair diameter, wall thickness, and curvature, the hair is subdivided into six regions each with its specific mechanical properties. When the hair is touched from above with a flat surface oriented parallel to the tarsus the point of stimulus contact moves towards the hair base with increasing load and hair deflection. Thereby the effective lever arm is reduced protecting the hair against breaking near its base. At the same time the mechanical working range of the hair increases implying higher mechanical sensitivity for small deflections (about 5x10(-5) N/degrees) than for large deflections (about 1x10(-4) N/degrees). The major stresses within the hair shaft are axial stresses due to bending. The position of stress maxima moves along the shaft with the movement of the stimulus contact point. Remarkably, the amplitude of this maximum (about 1x10(5) N/m(2)) hardly changes with increasing loading force due to the way the hair shaft is deflected by the stimulus.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 18, 55, 47]}
{"token": "Towards international consensus on patient harm: perspectives on pressure injury policy. Implications for nursing management The pressure injury policy agenda has fostered a discourse of attention to incidents, compliance and penalty (sanctions). Prevention and intervention strategies are informed by technical and biomedical interpretations of patient risk and harm, with little attention given to the nature or design of nursing work. Considerable challenges remain if this policy agenda is successfully to eliminate pressure injury as a source of patient harm.Evaluation Comparative review and synthesis of pressure injury policies that inform practice.Key issues The predominant focus of policy is on patient risk assessment, compliance with documentation and pressure relief. Financial penalty for institutions is emerging as a strategy where pressure injuries occur. Comparisons of prevalence rates are hampered by the lack of consensus on data collection and reporting. To date there has been little evaluation of policy implementation and implemented policy strategies, associated guidelines remain founded upon expert opinion and low-level evidence.Background Pressure injuries are associated with significant harm to patients, and carry economic consequences for the health sector. Internationally, preventing and managing pressure injuries is a key nursing activity and quality indicator.Aims To analyse influential policies that inform practice related to pressure injury management in Australia, England, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Scotland and the United States of America.", "label": [2, 5, 50, 26]}
{"token": "Pancreatic involvement in Legionella pneumonia. Legionella-associated pancreatitis has been rarely reported. Since this condition is very rarely suspected and investigated in patients with Legionella pneumonia, its incidence is probably underestimated. Here we report a case of Legionella pneumonia-associated pancreatitis and review the relevant related literature.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "Causation in Personal Injury Law: The Case for a Probabilistic Approach. This paper makes the case for a wider acceptance of a probabilistic approach to causation in negligence. This acceptance would help to remove much of the incoherence which has come to afflict the English law of personal injury law. This incoherence can also be found in other common law jurisdictions (notably those of the United States, Canada and Australia). Concentrating upon recent UK case law, the argument opposes the contention that 'naked statistics' can play no role in establishing causation. The argument is controversial but it can be reduced to three unremarkable grounds: (1) With its acceptance (albeit in certain carefully prescribed circumstances) of liability for a negligently increased risk which has eventuated, the common law has already embraced a probabilistic conception of causation; (2) The English common law already employs a probabilistic (frequentist) approach to identifying coincidences; and (3) With the 'balance of probabilities' as the standard of proof in civil cases, the common law has long had a probabilistic (epistemic) concept at its core. Probabilistic approaches (at both the type and token level) are shown to be consistent with laypersons' understanding of the concepts such as risk, chance, odds and likelihood. Moreover, a wider acceptance of a probabilistic perspective on causation would entail no major challenge to the fundamental aims of tort, viz. deterrence and corrective justice.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Saving the armchair by experiment: what works in economics doesn't work in philosophy. Financial incentives, learning (feedback and repetition), group consultation, and increased experimental control are among the experimental techniques economists have successfully used to deflect thebehavioral challengeposed by research conducted by such scholars as Tversky and Kahneman. These techniques save the economic armchair to the extent that they align laypeople judgments with economic theory by increasing cognitive effort and reflection in experimental subjects. It is natural to hypothesize that a similar strategy might work to address theexperimentalorrestrictionist challengeto armchair philosophy. To test this hypothesis, a randomized controlled experiment was carried out (for incentives and learning), as well as two lab experiments (for group consultation, and for experimental control). Three types of knowledge attribution tasks were used (Gettier cases, false belief cases, and cases in which there is knowledge on the consensus/orthodox understanding). No support for the hypothesis was found. The paper describes the close similarities between the economist's response to the behavioral challenge, and the expertise defense against the experimental challenge, and presents the experiments, results, and an array of robustness checks. The upshot is that these results make the experimental challenge all the more forceful.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "The capital gap for small technology companies: public venture capital to the rescue?. In this paper, we analyze effectiveness of public intervention for fostering private venture-capital market in Spain. We use a sample obtained from VentureXpert database, consisting of 755 investments made by 83 Spanish public and private venture capitalists that closed at least one fund between 1997 and 2008. We compare the investments undertaken by private and public investors before and after public venture capital programs were started. We found that Spanish venture-capital market has rapidly developed in the last 10 years and that this development coincides with the establishment of public policies for encouraging technology entrepreneurship. We also found that other factors, such as previous experience of investors and size, have also contributed to fostering more high-risk investments. These results may encourage governments in other countries to start or keep working to promote private venture-capital investments.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 50]}
{"token": "Characterization of inner structure of limestone by X-ray computed sub-micron tomography. Limestones are fundamental industrial and building materials. Sparry calcite as a principal petrographic component of limestones can contain fluid inclusions. A certain amount of fluid inclusions directly influences decrepitation which plays an important role in decarbonisation processes.In this paper, a limestone with a high content of fluid inclusions and carbon was investigated. Presence of chlorine and alcalic elements was confirmed with microthermometry, mineralogical and chemical analyses. X-ray computed tomography with sub-micron resolution (CT) was applied to obtain a 3D distribution of cavities. CT data were correlated with some light microscopy images and also with the same sample's tomography data which were gathered using the 3D X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (3D EDS) by a scanning electron microscope equipped with a focused ion beam (FIB-SEM). The latter further determined dolomites and metals in the CT data of limestone. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Multiple mode regulation of a cysteine proteinase gene expression in rice. In many plants, cysteine proteinases play essential roles in a variety of developmental and physiological processes. In rice (Oryza sativa), REP-1 is a primary cysteine proteinase responsible for the digestion of seed storage proteins to provide nutrients to support the growth of young seedlings. In the present study, the gene encoding REP-1 was isolated, characterized, and designated as OsEP3A. An OsEP3A-specific DNA probe was used to study the effect of various factors on the expression of OsEP3A in germinating seeds and vegetative tissues of rice. The expression of OsEP3A is hormonally regulated in germinating seeds, spatially and temporally regulated in vegetative tissues, and nitrogen-regulated in suspension-cultured cells. The OsEP3A promoter was linked to the coding sequence of the reporter gene, gusA, which encodes beta-glucuronidase (GUS), and the chimeric gene was introduced into the rice genome. The OsEP3A promoter is sufficient to confer nitrogen regulation of GUS expression in suspension-cultured cells. Histochemical studies also indicate that the OsEP3A promoter is sufficient to confer the hormonal regulation of GUS expression in germinating seeds. These studies demonstrate that in rice the REP-1 protease encoded by OsEP3A may play a role in various physiological responses and processes, and that multiple mechanisms regulate the expression of OsEP3A.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Parental satisfaction with same-day discharge after laparoscopic appendectomy for uncomplicated appendicitis. Objectives Recent studies suggest that same-day discharge is safe for the paediatric population after various laparoscopic procedures. Same-day discharge is increasingly common after laparoscopic surgery for uncomplicated appendicitis although it is not standard practice. This prospective study aims to assess parental satisfaction with same-day discharge after laparoscopic appendectomy for uncomplicated appendicitis.Conclusions The majority of parents recalled being happy at discharge, with an increase to 82% retrospectively. Only 7% of parents would not elect to go home on the same day again. Opportunities for improvement include a unified plan from all providers with expectations of same-day discharge if appendicitis is intraoperatively confirmed to be uncomplicated and better analgesic instructions at discharge.Results Approximately 65% of 185 total parental responses reported initial satisfaction with same-day discharge. About 30% were nervous at that time, and 5% did not feel ready to go home yet. Upon reflection, a higher proportion of parents (81.6%) felt same-day discharge was the appropriate course of action, 11.4% were unsure, and 7.0% would not do it again. Some parents cited concerns regarding pain control and incongruous expectations from conversations with staff or surgical experiences of their own.Methods At our institution, 849 patients with uncomplicated acute appendicitis underwent laparoscopic appendectomy in 2016; of which, 382 were discharged on the same calendar day. Postdischarge surveys assessing parental satisfaction were administered by telephone at the 2-week follow-up.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "A formal approach to Machian general relativity. We take Mach's principle to mean that the local properties of a test particle should depend on the global properties of the geometry. Using a complex wave-like metric and an appropriate redefinition of the energy-momentum tensor, we show this to be possible in principle within the context of general relativity. We outline implications for higher-dimensional theories of gravity.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Identifying potential moderators for response to treatment in low back pain: A systematic review. Objective To systematically review papers of therapist delivered interventions for low back pain to identify potential moderators to inform an individual patient data meta-analysis.Background Identifying which patients with non-specific low back pain are likely to gain the greatest benefit from different treatments is an important research priority. Few studies are large enough to produce data on sub-group effects from different treatments. Data from existing large studies may help identify potential moderators to use in future individual patient data meta-analyses.Data extraction and data synthesis We screened for randomised controlled trials with >= 500 or more participants, and cohort studies of >= 1000 or more participants. We examined all publications related to these studies for any reported moderator analyses. Two reviewers independently did risk of bias assessment of main results and quality assessment of any moderator analyses.Data sources We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Citation Index and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRALhup://www.cochrane.org/editorial-and-publishing-policy-resource/cohrane-central-register-controlled-trials-central) for relevant papers.Results We included four randomised trials (n = 7208). Potential moderators with strong evidence (p < 0.05) in one or more studies were age, employment status and type, back pain status, narcotic medication use, treatment expectations and education. Potential moderators with weaker evidence (0.05 < p <= 0.20) included gender, psychological distress, pain/disability and quality of life.Conclusion There are insufficient robust data on moderators to be useful in clinical practice. This review has identified some important potential moderators of treatment effect worthy of testing in future confirmatory analyses. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "The Sense and Sensibility of Equality. The idea of equality in political thought is often approached from a distributive perspective that entails a rethinking of institutional arrangements. In this paper I present an approach to conceived as a complement to the common institutional approach in liberal theory. The foundational claim is that blacks do not come into view for a wide range of people as worthy of full human recognition, that is, persons in possession of human vulnerabilities that require responses and in possession of warrants to rights that demand respect. The central argument is that this problem of diminished social value can be addressed by imagination and that imagination is crucially important to bridge the experiential divide between white and black Americans. I deploy two ideas I claim are essential for leveraging imagination: attentiveness and skill. When we are attentive we provide the imagination range to sense the more difficult aspects of others' lives under inequality; when we are skilled we deploy a finer sensibility in taking the proper ethical stance towards others' experiential difficulties under a regime of racial inequality. To achieve this, I provide a schematic of three pairs of concepts that provide a foundation though not full accounting of the necessary skills in response to ethical challenges: narrative/receptivity, reasons/responsibility, affect/compassion.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "The relationship between religiosity and drug use among 'At risk' women. This study focuses on the interplay between religiosity and drug use in a sample of 250 adult women from the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area who were interviewed between August 1997 and August 2000. The research addresses two principal questions: (1) Is there a relationship between the level of religiosity and the amount of illegal drug use reported? (2) If so, is this relationship maintained in multivariate analysis when the eects of other potentially relevant factors like demographic characteristics, childhood maltreatment experiences, psychosocial traits, and substance user-related measures are taken into account? We found that religiosity is related to the amount of drugs women used. Four variables were retained in the final multivariate drug use prediction model: religiosity, coping with everyday stresses, number of family members who are substance abusers, and amount of oral sex. Greater amounts of drugs were used by women who were less religious, less capable of coping with stress, had more drug-abusing family members, and reported having more oral sex. Together, these items explained nearly one-fifth of the variance in the dependent variable. The implications for substance abuse prevention and intervention eorts are discussed.", "label": [2, 3, 24, 33]}
{"token": "The Intellectual Construction of the Fifth Empire: Legitimating the Braganza Restoration. Under the Iberian Union, the Portuguese discourse on empire had been both relatively muted and intertwined with Spanish debates. The Braganza Restoration presented a radical break from this tradition. A new network of preachers, theologians and jurists from the four corners of the Portuguese empire made the case for the recovery of independence. Instead of buttressing a common moral universe and the old pan-Iberian network of higher learning, the new network focused its energies on the establishment of the particularity of the Portuguese imperial and missionary enterprises. The contribution explores the importance of networks in establishing intellectual independence and the strategies employed by the partisans of the newly independent Portugal. It was no longer good enough for Portugal to be the other Iberian empire; her very raison d'etre was now to become the only Iberian empire.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "On the Occurrence of the Azanus ubaldus (Stoll, 1782) in the Maltese Islands (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Azanus ubaldus (Stoll, 1782) is recorded for the Maltese Islands for the first time. Possible larval host plant and adult nectaring sources are included. A vernacular name is proposed.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Putting the 'We' Into Well-being: Using Collectivism-Themed Measures of Well-Being Attenuates Well-being's Association With Individualism. Studies repeatedly have documented that societal well-being is associated with individualism. Most of these studies, however, have conceptualized/measured well-being as individual life satisfaction-a type of well-being that originates in Western research traditions. Drawing from the latest research on interdependent happiness and on family well-being, we posit that people across cultures pursue different types of well-being, and test whether more collectivism-themed types of well-being that originate in Confucian traditions also are associated with individualism. Based on data collected from 2,036 participants across 12 countries, we find support for the association between individual life satisfaction and individualism at the societal level, but show that well-being's association with individualism is attenuated when some collectivism-themed measures of well-being are considered. Our article advances knowledge on the flourishing of societies by suggesting that individualism may not always be strongly linked with societal well-being. Implications for public policies are signaled.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Trouble for AGN feedback? The puzzle of the core of the galaxy cluster AWM 4. The core of the relaxed cluster AWM 4 is characterized by a unique combination of properties which defy a popular scenario for AGN heating of cluster cores. A flat inner temperature profile is indicative of a past, major heating episode which completely erased the cool core, as testified by the high central cooling time (greater than or similar to 3 Gyr) and by the high central entropy level (similar to 60 keV cm(2)). Yet the presence of a 1.4 GHz active central radio galaxy with extended radio lobes out to 100 kpc reveals recent feeding of the central massive black hole. A system like AWM 4 should have no radio emission at all if only feedback from the cooling hot gas regulates the AGN activity.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Gastrinoma in Childhood: Case Report and Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. We report a case of gastrinoma in a child and review the literature on gastrinoma in childhood, particularly with regard to the clinical, laboratory, radiological and scintigraphic characteristics, therapeutic approaches and prognosis. An eleven-year-old boy with gastrinoma underwent surgical resection. One year later resection of the left lateral lobe of the liver was performed due to a liver metastasis. The boy has been followed up for four years since this last procedure. The outcome was satisfactory for one year after the primary resection and then for a further four years after resection of a liver metastasis. Based on our data and that of the literature, it is our opinion that gastrinoma should be considered as a potentially malignant disease. The best approach is an early diagnosis and surgical treatment through resection of the primary tumor, followed by periodic postoperative clinical, laboratory, radiological and scintigraphic evaluations, because of the risk of metastatic disease. Such metastases must be resected as soon as possible.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Intramedullary lesion resection as an effective treatment of spinal cord microscopic polyangiitis: a case report. Background Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), an autoimmune disease, is a subtype of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. The lungs and kidneys are the most common targets, whereas spinal cord involvement is rare. Methods We reported the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of a patient with spinal cord MPA. Results The patient showed spinal compression symptoms and was diagnosed with MPA following magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological examination. Spinal compression symptoms were completely relieved after intramedullary lesion resection and postoperative treatment with methylprednisolone. Conclusion The diagnosis of MPA without typical manifestations can be challenging. MRI and histological examination are of great importance in spinal cord MPA diagnosis. Intramedullary lesion resection is an effective treatment for spinal cord MPA. Methylprednisolone is also recommended for postoperative treatment.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Tensile load capacity analysis of perforated reinforcement sheet. Research was conducted to develop, analyze and optimize a novel composite element consisting of a perforated reinforcement sheet embedded in self consolidating fiber reinforced concrete (SC-FRC). Experimental results of the optimized composite showed that SC-FRC and the reinforcement sheet act synergistically, which leads to an enhanced material utilization. The research in this paper focuses only on the reinforcement sheet and its optimization supported by a finite element parametric study. A semi-mechanical model was derived to describe the load bearing capacity of an embedded reinforcement sheet under biaxial loading. The semi-mechanical model is based on the mechanical behavior of an infinitive sheet with centered opening. Direct tension tests of the concrete-steel composite as well as tension tests of the non-embedded sheet were performed to experimentally verify the proposed model.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Infinite Time and Contingent Beings: Aquinas's Third Way Revisited. Many commentators have accused Aquinas of committing either a formal or an informal fallacy in his Third Way argument. I believe it is possible to revise the Third Way argument so as to avoid such errors. I here present a revision of the first part of the Third Way that is (a) immune to the objections most commonly raised against it, (b) consonant with the basic tenets of Thomism, and (c) plausible from a contemporary point of view.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "What Kind of Thing Is Land? Hannah Arendt's Object Relations, or: The Jewish Unconscious of Arendt's Most 'Greek' Text. Informed by D. W. Winnicott's object relations theory, and focused on the role of Things in constituting the world that is the object of Arendtian care, this essay examines Hannah Arendt's treatment in The Human Condition of two liminal examples, cultivated land and poetry, that hover on the borders of Labor, Work, and/or Action. Cultivated land could belong to Work because cultivation leaves a lasting mark on the land, but it is assigned to Labor because land, once it is left uncultivated, returns to nature, Arendt says. Poetry could belong to Action, which is the realm of meaning-making speech, but it is assigned to Work because, Arendt argues, poetry's memorability ultimately depends on its writtenness and, once it is written, it becomes a Thing possessed of the object permanence characteristic of Work's objects. But (un)cultivated land also has a textualized form; it, too, can be written down as, for example, in the form of mapping. Why does Arendt not consider this? What possibilities of political thought or action (beyond the mere reassignment of land cultivation from Labor to Work) might have been opened had she done so? Working through these questions with particular reference to colonial cartography (in which uncultivated land, deemed fallow, has a particularly political resonance), and reading Kafka's The Castle (cited by Arendt elsewhere) alongside Brian Friel's Translations, this essay explores practices of participatory mapping and land sabbatical that might make of land a Thing in Arendt's sense. Noting the Biblical origins of land sabbatical and that Arendt's move in the Work section from cultivated land to text/poem retraces George Steiner's diasporic journey From Homeland to Text, I suggest that The Human Condition, commonly called Arendt's most Greek text, may have a Jewish unconscious.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Isoform-Specific Destabilization of the Active Site Reveals a Molecular Mechanism of Intrinsic Activation of KRas G13D. Ras GTPases are mutated at codons 12, 13, and 61, with different frequencies in KRas, HRas, and NRas and in a cancer-specific manner. The G13D mutant appears in 25% of KRas-driven colorectal cancers, while observed only rarely in HRas or NRas. Structures of Ras G13D in the three isoforms show an open active site, with adjustments to the D13 backbone torsion angles and with disconnected switch regions. KRas G13D has unique features that destabilize the nucleotide-binding pocket. In KRas G13D bound to GDP, A59 is placed in the Mg2+ binding site, as in the HRas-SOS complex. Structure and biochemistry are consistent with an intermediate level of KRas G13D bound to GTP, relative to wild-type and KRas G12D, observed in genetically engineered mouse models. The results explain in part the elevated frequency of the G13D mutant in KRas over the other isoforms of Ras.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Hydrothermal Transformation of Dried Grass into Graphitic Carbon-Based High Performance Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. In this work, we present a low cost and environmentally benign hydrothermal method using dried grass as the sole starting material without any synthetic chemicals to directly produce high quality nitrogen-doped carbon nanodot/nanosheet aggregates (N-CNAs), achieving a high yield of 25.2%. The fabricated N-CNAs possess an N/C atomic ratio of 3.41%, consist of three typed of doped N at a ratio of 2.6 (pyridinic): 1.7 (pyrrolic): 1 (graphitic). The experimental results reveal that for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the performance of N-CNAs, in terms of electrocatalytic activity, stability and resistance to crossover effects, is better or comparable to the commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst. The theoretical studies further indicate that the doped pyridinic-N plays a key role for N-CNAs' excellent four-electron ORR electrocatalytic activity.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Effect of irrigation rate on yield of drip-irrigated seedless watermelon in a humid region. Seedless watermelon can be a profitable crop in humid regions such as the Delmarva Peninsula in the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA. Production using drip irrigation under plastic mulch is increasingly common but, although this is potentially an efficient production system, it is also complex in terms of irrigation scheduling. Experiments were conducted in 2004, 2005 and 2006 in Georgetown, Delaware to measure the effect of irrigation rate on yield of seedless watermelon grown with drip irrigation under plastic mulch. Relative irrigation rates were used to provide water amounts that ranged from low to high. The irrigation rates in all years included 50%, 100% and 150% of nominal crop water use, with additional rates of 0% and 250% in 2005 and 2006. Data from a nearby weather station were used to estimate reference evapotranspiration. Volumetric soil water content in the 50%, 100% and 150% treatments was measured in the center of each mulched bed using multi-sensor capacitance probes with sensors at depths of 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm and 70 cm. Yield of seedless melons per unit area of land ranged from about 55-95 tonnes/ha, depending on the year and the irrigation rate, but within each year the yield differences due to the irrigation rate were not significant (p = 0.10) despite the large range in rate. Differences in quality, as measured by sugar content and the incidence of hollow heart, was also not significant. This lack of response to irrigation may be due to the ability of the root system to use infiltrated rainwater from outside the mulched bed. Growers in the region tend to apply more water than may be required as a form of risk avoidance. This study indicates that irrigation amounts could likely be reduced without having an adverse effect on yield. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Astonishment and joy: Luke 1 as told from the perspective of Elizabeth. This article, a dramatic, scholarly monologue, examines the events that Luke 1 recounts, retelling them from the viewpoint of Elizabeth, the elderly wife of Zechariah, a priest. It uses a literary method and presents the monologue as an eyewitness account.(1) Luke 1 frames its central events from a female and gynocentric perspective.(2) As a participant in the infancy narrative in Luke 1, Elizabeth should figure predominantly in scholarly articles and sermons. Surprisingly, she does not. Instead, scholarly, lectionary and congregational attention focuses primarily on Zechariah and Mary, two of the other speaking characters. Consequently, this article seeks to showcase, honour, and analyse Elizabeth, an overlooked yet pivotal character in Luke's gospel. Via a dramatic monologue, it lets her speak about the astonishing recent events in her life and thereby invites readers and hearers to share her joy, surely a singular theme in Luke's gospel.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Kampimodromus aberrans (Acari : Phytoseiidae) from the USA: morphological and molecular assessment of its density. Morphological measurements and a mitochondrial molecular marker (COI) were used to identity specimens reported as Kampimodromus aberrans oil hazelnut in the USA. Several species and populations of this genus were studied to assist with identification. Both data types showed that specimens from the USA differed from K. aberrans from other regions. USA specimens seem to belong to the same species as Kampimodromus specimens from France on hazelnut. These mites were morphologically similar to Kampimodromus coryli and K. corylosus, which according to the original descriptions, are distinguished by the presence or absence of a tooth on the movable digit of the chelicera, with K. coryli having one tooth and K. corylosus none. As chelicerae of Kampimodromus its from hazelnut in the USA and France are toothless, they are assigned to the species K. corylosus. Studies showed that morphological characters traditionally used to identify Kampimodromus species, such as setal length, are of less value than other characters that are difficult to observe, such as the numbers of solenostomes and the presence of teeth on the movable digit of the chelicerae. Some synonyms are discussed.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "What you are feeling and why: Two distinct types of emotional clarity. Individual difference approaches have typically treated emotional clarity (i.e., one's understanding of one's own emotions) as a unitary construct. Based on strong theoretical reasons, in this study we explored two related aspects of emotional clarity in a student sample. The first, type awareness, refers to the extent to which people typically can identify and distinguish the types of emotions they experience. The second, source awareness, refers to the extent to which people typically know the causes of their emotions. We psychometrically distinguished self-report items of source and type awareness. Items measuring type awareness were obtained from traditional measures of the construct, clarity of emotions. As no existing measures assess individual differences in source awareness, we developed a set of items with strong face validity. Our results provide initial evidence that one can measure source and type awareness separately. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Obsession with China' and Religious Spirit: Rethinking about the Christianity in Mudan's Poetry. Mudan is an important Chinese poet whose works were influenced by Christianity Scholars trying to discuss the religious spirit in Mudan's poetry should, however, be fully aware of those poems which deviate from the teachings of the Christian religion, and of the historical and literary context in which his poetry was created, especially, of the \\\\'Obsession with China\\\\' of most modern Chinese writers. Oftern, Christianity endows Mudan with a transcendental vision and a power of criticizing the secular world, claiming that the Christianity in Mudan's works dispels the historical progressivism and the Utopian hallucination prevalent in modern Chinese literature, making it possible for him to embrace the \\\\'present\\\\' and transcend the \\\\'Obsession with China.\\\\' Mudan kept praying to the divinity, but he was never convinced of it, which gives him great spiritual perplexity Moreover, Mudan's \\\\'Obsession with China\\\\' was not completely replaced by his religious concern; instead, it coexisted in his works with the later. This makes some of his poems paradoxical and blocks his way of seeking divinity Careful readers could find in Mudan's poetry an understanding of how the Christian religion collides and negotiates with the thought and history of modern China.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Regulating restraint use in mental health and aged care settings: Lessons from the Oakden scandal. This article argues that there exist unnecessary gaps in the regulation of the use of physical, mechanical and chemical restraints in mental health and aged care settings. While the use of these forms of restraint may be rationalised on the basis of preventing harm to self or others, there are adverse consequences that necessitate the minimisation, if not elimination, of their use. The overuse of mechanical and chemical restraints at the Oakden Older Persons Mental Health Service in South Australia led to several scathing inquiries. This article looks at the lessons learned and suggests a multidimensional, consistent approach is overdue.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Pottery firing temperatures: a new method for determining the firing temperature of ceramics and burnt clay. A new method for determining the maximum firing temperature of ceramics and burnt clay is presented. The technique relies on measuring the magnetic susceptibility on a step-wise re-fired sample. The validity of the method has been tested by determining firing temperatures of two sets of clay samples fired at temperatures ranging from 400 to 1000 degrees C. Aliquots of the same samples have been studied petrographically by optical microscopy on thin sections and analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction in order to monitor structural and mineralogical changes as a function of temperature. The method is demonstrated on samples from four geographically widely different sites and it is applied to a larger set of ceramics of Late (ca. AD 900 AD 1450) and Inca (ca. AD 1480 AD 1532) periods from the Northwestern Argentine region, dating to a limited period of time prior to the fall of the Inca Empire. The method is shown to be a powerful tool in revealing archaeological information about the change in firing technologies in the pre-Hispanic societies in the Andean area through time. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Purification and characterization of an esterase involved in poly(vinyl alcohol) degradation by Pseudomonas vesicularis PD. An esterase catalyzing the hydrolysis of acetyl ester moieties in poly(vinyl alcohol) was purified 400-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity from the cytoplasmic fraction of Pseudomonas vesicularis PD, which was capable of assimilating poly(vinyl alcohol) as the sole carbon and energy source. The purified enzyme was a homodimeric protein with a molecular mass of 80 kDa and the isoelectric point was 6.8. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 8.0 and 45 degrees C. The enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of side chains of poly(vinyl alcohol), short-chain p-nitrophenyl esters, 2-naphthyl acetate, and phenyl acetate, and was slightly active toward aliphatic esters. The enzyme was also active toward the enzymatic degradation products, acetoxy hydroxy fatty acids, of poly(vinyl alcohol). The K-m and V-max of poly(vinyl alcohol) (degree of polymerization, 500; saponification degree, 86.5-89.0 mol%) and p-nitrophenyl acetate were 0.381% (10.6 mM as acetyl content in the polymer) and 2.56 mu M, and 6.52 and 12.6 mu mol/min/mg, respectively. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and diisopropyl fluorophosphate at a concentration of 5 mM, which indicated that the enzyme was a serine esterase. The pathway for the metabolism of poly(vinyl alcohol) is also discussed.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 19, 36, 8, 42]}
{"token": "Hereditarily dominated graphs. A graph G is hereditarily dominated by a class of connected graphs D if each connected induced subgraph of G contains a dominating induced subgraph belonging to D. In this paper, we determine graphs hereditarily dominated by classes of cycles and paths, paths, trees and trees with a bounded diameter. In each case, a characterization in terms of forbidden induced subgraphs is given. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Comparative morphology of sensilla on antenna, maxillary palp and labial palp of larvae of white-spotted and yellow-spotted Asian long-horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The Asian long-horned beetle (ALB) is one of the most important wood-boring insects worldwide that damages broad-leaved trees, primarily poplar, willow, elm and maple. Based on the color of the spots on the elytra, the beetles are separated into white-spotted (ALB-W) and yellow-spotted (ALB-Y) Asian long-horned beetles. In order to clarify the morphology of sensilla on antenna, maxillary palp and labial palp of ALB-W and ALB-Y larvae, we studied the typology, morphology, number and distribution of the sensilla by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that: (i) the antennae of two biotypes had five types of sensilla, including three types of sensilla basiconica (b.) and two types of sensilla twig basiconica (s.tb); numbers of b.1, b.2, b.3 and s.tb1 on antenna were not significantly different (P>0.05) between two biotypes, and the numbers of s.tb2 were significantly different (P<0.05); (ii) the maxillary palp of two biotypes had four types of sensilla, including sensilla styloconica (st.), two types of s.tb and digitiform sensilla (ds.); the numbers of st. and ds. on the maxillary palp were not significantly different (P>0.05) between two biotypes, and the numbers of s.tb1 and s.tb2 were significantly different (P<0.05); (iii) the labial palp of two biotypes had four types of sensilla, including b., st. and two types of s.tb, and the numbers of b.3, st., s.tb1 and s.tb2 on the labial palp were not significantly different (P>0.05) between two biotypes. We discuss the relationships between sensilla and damage caused by the larvae inside the host trees.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "An Empirical Model to Predict the Diabetic Positive Using Stacked Ensemble Approach. Today, disease detection automation is widespread in healthcare systems. The diabetic disease is a significant problem that has spread widely all over the world. It is a genetic disease that causes trouble for human life throughout the lifespan. Every year the number of people with diabetes rises by millions, and this affects children too. The disease identification involves manual checking so far, and automation is a current trend in the medical field. Existing methods use a single algorithm for the prediction of diabetes. For complex problems, a single model is not enough because it may not be suitable for the input data or the parameters used in the approach. To solve complex problems, multiple algorithms are used. These multiple algorithms follow a homogeneous model or heterogeneous model. The homogeneous model means the same algorithm, but the model has been used multiple times. In the heterogeneous model, different algorithms are used. This paper adopts a heterogeneous ensemble model called the stacked ensemble model to predict whether a person has diabetes positively or negatively. This stacked ensemble model is advantageous in the prediction. Compared to other existing models such as logistic regression Naive Bayes (72), (74.4), and LDA (81%), the proposed stacked ensemble model has achieved 93.1% accuracy in predicting blood sugar disease.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Firm productivity, foreign direct investment and the host-country welfare: trade cost vs. cheap labor. We show that the relationship between higher productivity of the foreign firm and host country welfare depends on the reason for foreign direct investment (FDI). If the reason for FDI is to get the advantage of cheap labor, higher productivity of the foreign firm may reduce host-country welfare. Higher productivity of the foreign firm always increases host-country welfare if the reason for FDI is to save transportation costs but may reduce it if trade costs consist of tariffs. Thus, the present paper complements the recent literature on international trade that explores the effects of foreign firms' productivities on the incentives for FDI.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Robert Breer's Perpetual Motion Machine. Embodying and balancing the European avant-garde movement of the 1920s and the dialectical U.S. neo-avant-garde aesthetics of the 1960s, Robert Breer encompassed various art forms in his painting, sculpture and film. In doing so, he created a distinct style that embraces both photographic representation and non-figurative abstraction - a heterogeneous assemblage of sorts - to advocate taking an intermediate stance in the act of rendering the relation between artistic tradition and innovation. By looking at A Man and His Dog Out for Air (1957), Fuji (1974) and LMNO (1978), I show three strategies devised by Breer that help generate the vital energy in these animations: metamorphosis, gradational abstraction, and self-moving objects. All three strategies point to Breer's dualistic endeavour to experiment with the aesthetic and ontological possibilities of moving images and with the animated objects within the frame in spite of photographic, realist and rational confinements.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
{"token": "Latent growth curve model selection with Tabu search. The purpose of this research note is to introduce a latent growth curve reconstruction approach based on the Tabu search algorithm. The approach algorithmically enables researchers to optimally determine at both the individual and the group levels the order of the polynomial needed to represent the latent growth curve model. The procedure is illustrated using empirical data along with an easy to use computerized implementation.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Sensitivities in Wind Driven Spectral Wave Modelling for the Belgian Coast. This paper presents the analysis of spectral wind-wave modelling (using SWAN) of the North Sea focusing on the modelled wave parameters along the Belgian coast. Two wind databases were used to drive the model: ECMWF-ERA5 reanalysis and the Dutch Offshore Wind Atlas. The models were calibrated with measured data at various stations along the Belgian coastline. The accuracy in terms of wave parameter statistics was compared for the calibrated and uncalibrated models. It was found that a calibrated SWAN model does, in general, produce more accurate results when compared to measured data for stations along the Belgian coastline even though not by any significant margin. Comparing the two wind databases, on the modelling scale conducted in this study, there is no advantage observed in using a spatially finer scale wind database over a coarser database to force the model. The grid sizes were varied in the models and marginal differences were observed in the modelled data. The long-term extreme value statistics were calculated for various grid sizes and compared to published values. It is shown that the extreme value statistics are relatively insensitive to the grid density and thus much time can be saved on long-term modelling on this model scale. In addition, a benefit to the practise of grid nesting is demonstrated when considering complex bathymetric effects that have an influence on wave transformation in the shallower areas of the coast, especially along the Belgian coastline demarcated with its numerous sandbanks.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Governing Alone and With Partners: Presidential Governance in a Post-NPM Environment. Seeking to close the gap between expectations and capacity, presidents have utilized a broad interpretation of executive power to control administrative affairs. However, the emergence of a post-New Public Management environment characterized by loosely constructed networks and a surge of governmental activity has required an evolution in the tools needed to govern. In exploring this dynamic through a constitutional governance model, it becomes evident that a new ethos of presidential governance is starting to develop that is marked by a mixture of governing alone and governing with partners. This dynamic potentially enables more effective and responsible execution of public laws.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Deposition of glucuronoxylans on the secondary cell wall of Japanese beech as observed by immune-scanning electron microscopy. Glucuronoxylans (GXs), the main hemicellulosic component of hardwoods, are localized exclusively in the secondary wall of Japanese beech and gradually increase during the course of fiber differentiation. To reveal where GXs deposit within secondary wall and how they affect cell wall ultrastructure, immune-scanning electron microscopy using anti-GXs antiserum was applied in this study. In fibers forming the outer layer of the secondary wall (S-1), cellulose fibrils were small in diameter and deposited sparsely on the inner surface of the cell wall. Fine fibrils with approximately 5 nm width aggregated and formed thick fibrils with 12 nm width. Some of these thick fibrils further aggregated to form bundles which labelled positively for GXs. In fibers forming the middle layer of the secondary wall (S-2), fibrils were thicker than those found in S-1 forming fibers and were densely deposited. The S-2 layer labelled intensely for GXs with no preferential distribution recognized. Compared with newly formed secondary walls, previously formed secondary walls were composed of thick and highly packed microfibrils. Labels against GXs were much more prevalent on mature secondary walls than on newly deposited secondary walls. This result implies that the deposition of GXs into the cell wall may occur continuously after cellulose microfibril deposition and may be responsible for the increase in diameter of the microfibrils.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Spousal effect and timing of retirement. The retirement decisions of individuals are strongly influenced by spousal retirement, financial incentives and institutional constraints such as access to early retirement benefits. In the European Union (EU), farm retirement is encouraged by early retirement provisions for farmers. As exit from farming determines the characteristics of structural change in agriculture, it is important to find out how, spousal retirement and economic incentives affect the timing and type of retirement decisions among elderly farmers. This paper analyses the timing of early, retirement decisions of farming couples using duration analysis and different exit channels. The empirical analysis is based on Finnish farm-level panel data for the period 1993-1998. The results suggest that an expected pension particularly advances farm transfers. Farming couples are found to co-ordinate their early retirement decisions. However, farmers are not found to co-ordinate their early retirement according to spousal retirement under other pension schemes.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
{"token": "A new pest scale insect on avocado trees in Colombia, Laurencella colombiana, sp n. (Hemiptera : Coccoidea : Margarodidae). A new scale insect pest of avocado trees (Persea americana, Lauraceae) in Colombia is becoming increasingly important at altitudes over 2000 meters above sea level, killing branches by excessive extraction of plant sap and reducing productivity by causing development of sooty mould on leaves and fruit. The adult male and female of Laurencella colombiana, sp. n. are described and illustrated. The female is recognizable by the presence of numerous distinctive cribriform cicatrices on the venter of the abdomen only. The genus Laurencella is redefined and placed in tribe Llaveiini (Monophlebinae). An identification key to the genera of Llaveiini and species of the genus Laurencella is provided. Other species of scale insect (Coccoidea) recorded on avocado world-wide are listed.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Bacterial community in the tunic matrix of a colonial ascidian Diplosoma migrans. This paper provides the first information on the morphology of different morphotypes of bacteria in the tunic matrix of the colonial ascidian Diplosoma migrans. Ascidians were collected from waters near Helgoland (German Bight, North Sea). The dominant type is represented by extremely high numbers of long, needle-like rods (length 10-30 mum, width 0.5 mum). The bacteria are motile by means of bipolar monotrichous flagella, generating swift sigmoidal movement. Bacteria are already present during different embryonic stages. It is assumed that they are transferred during sexual propagation from the parental colony to its offspring. As a second morphotype, the tunic harbors screw-like bacteria in low numbers (length 4-10 mum, width 0.5 mum). Besides these conspicuous morphotypes, occasionally motile rods with spore-like globules at one end and additional coccoid forms in large quantities of unknown meaning (possibly spores) were found. The taxonomic status and ecological functions of these differently shaped bacterial groups are unclear.", "label": [4, 45, 39]}
{"token": "3-structures with torsion. We find conditions which ensure the integrability of the canonical 3-dimensional distribution V spanned by the Reeb vector fields of an almost 3-contact manifold. showing by an explicit counterexample that the normality of the structures does not necessarily imply the integrability of V. Then we focus on those almost 3-contact metric manifolds for which V is integrable and we define an appropriate notion of almost 3-contact metric connection with torsion. The geometry of an almost 3-contact manifold with torsion is then studied and put in relation with the well-known HKT-geometry. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Dependence of the melting temperature on pressure up to 2000 bar in uranium dioxide, tungsten, and graphite. The melting points of uranium dioxide, tungsten, and graphite were measured as a function of the isostatic pressure up to 2000 bar (200 MPa), in a laser-heated autoclave filled with inert gas. The measured melting curves and their elopes were compared with predictions obtained from the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and existing thermochemical data of these substances. While for tungsten and graphite the results show reasonable agreement with the equilibrium thermodynamic calculations, the melting point of UO2 increases with pressure with a slope more than three times larger than expected.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Rheology of polymer-modified bitumens. Since 1987, when the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) arose, rheometry has rapidly gained acceptance as a powerful technique for measuring mechanical properties of bitumen, which can be directly related to in-service performance. Neat bitumen and polymer-modified bitumen rheology is highly dependent on temperature. Thus, these binders should have low viscosity when handled and mixed with mineral aggregates at high temperatures. At intermediate temperature, binder linear viscoelastic behaviour is related to its resistance to traffic loading. Finally, at or below the glass transition temperature, thermal cracking is likely to occur under certain loading conditions. In this regard, this chapter first presents detailed information on general rheology and its application to the study of polymer-modified bitumen, which readers might find of great interest for the understanding of some other chapters in this book. In addition, two illustrative case studies are also envisaged. On the one hand, the rheological characterisation, and modelling, of bitumen modified by different elastomers and plastomers is described. On the other hand, the rheological behaviour of synthetic binders, mixtures of oil, resin and polymer with similar characteristics to bitumen but easily pigmented, is reviewed.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 36, 11]}
{"token": "Putting lipstick on a pig: the rewrite that will foster the continued hegemony of the culture that already has caused the collapse of the UK economy. Wealth creation and trusts go hand in hand. At the recent conference in London mentioned in the Editorial in this issue, the co-editor was very critical of the Tax Rewrite: which he saw as ill-advised, and as an obstacle to wealth creation. This is a revised version of his paper.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Manufacturing ethnicity. Immigrants often depend on ethnic mutual assistance to make a start in this country. But the concept of ethnic solidarity can also be manipulated by employers to gain better control over their co-ethnic employees. In studying the predicament of Chinese immigrant workers in New York's Chinatown, and especially the Chinese illegals, this article shows that Chinese employers often invoke ethnic symbols to project an image that only co-ethnics can be trusted, thus blocking the new immigrants' attempts to seek better opportunities outside of their ethnic environment. Ultimately, this article questions the validity of the ethnic enclave thesis.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Polytype 1T/2H MoS2 heterostructures for efficient photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has emerged as a prominent nanomaterial in photoelectrocatalytic water splitting due to its appropriate energy band and low production cost. However, its low-density active site and poor-efficiency electron transfer have essentially limited the photoelectrocatalytic properties. In this present study, we have proposed a simple yet novel ammoniated molybdenum disulfide with a unique 1T/2H heterostructure as the photoelectrocatalyst via a facile hydrothermal reaction. The presence of the 1T phase in MoS2 is found to enhance the electronic conductivity as well as boost the density of the active site, resulting in an increase in efficiency for both electron transfer and mass transport. More importantly, the synergistic effect of the 1T/2H heterostructure of MoS2 has been demonstrated to improve the photoelectrocatalytic properties.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Prospects of the Use of Sodium Tetrafluoroaluminate as a Correcting Additive to Electrolyte in Aluminum Baths. The disadvantages of the use of aluminum trifluoride as a correcting additive to the commercial electrolytes of aluminum production are discussed. In pot rooms equipped with electrolysis cells having self-calcinating anodes and a dry gas cleaning system, sodium tetrafluoroaluminate can be a challenging alternative for aluminum trifluoride. In the range of acid electrolytes, sodium tetrafluoroaluminate is the dominating component of a melt and gaseous phase.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Objective but Not Impartial: Human Events, Barry Goldwater, and the Development of the 'Liberal Media' in the Conservative Counter-Sphere. This article contends that we have little understanding of why the idea of the \\\\'liberal media\\\\' became an article of faith among conservatives. This study looks to the past by examining the construction of the \\\\'liberal media\\\\' in conservative thought to understand the present state of right-wing populism. The objective is not to determine whether the news media has a liberal bias, rather it is to understand the origins and development of this political and rhetorical project. It is argued that the liberal media critique was developed in the \\\\'conservative counter-sphere,\\\\' a public sphere for right-wing activists and thinkers. Based on a content analysis of the conservative publication Human Events from 1957-1965, this study finds that the presidential campaign of 1964, and the political actors and issues surrounding it, played a critical role in solidifying the rightwing critique of the liberal media.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, ethyl methacrylate, CAS Registry Number 97-63-2. Ethyl methacrylate was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that ethyl methacrylate is not genotoxic. Data on read-across analog butyl methacrylate (CAS # 97-88-1) provide a calculated margin of exposure (MOE) > 100 for the repeated dose toxicity and fertility endpoints. Data on ethyl methacrylate provide a calculated MOE >100 for the developmental toxicity endpoint. The skin sensitization endpoint was completed using the dermal sensitization threshold (DST) for reactive materials (64 mu g/cm(2)); exposure is below the DST. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on ultraviolet (UV) spectra; ethyl methacrylate is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. For the local respiratory endpoint, a calculated MOE >100 was provided by the read-across analog methyl methacrylate (CAS # 80-62-6). The environmental endpoints were evaluated; ethyl methacrylate is not persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards. For the risk assessment, ethyl methacrylate was not able to be risk screened as there were no reported volumes of use for either North America or Europe in the 2015 IFRA Survey.The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Political Obligation, Dirty Hands and Torture; A Moral Evaluation. The example of a political leader who has to decide whether he would allow the torture of a suspect in order to get information about a ticking bomb has become notorious in ethical discussions concerning the tension between moral principles and political necessity. The relation between these notions must be made as clear as possible before a sincere moral evaluation of ticking bomb situations can be given. The first section of this article considers whether the concept of political obligation is different from moral and legal obligations or whether it is a special kind of moral obligation. In the second section, the idea that the dirty hands problem confronts us with the ambiguities of moral life is rejected because it would imply an untenable moral paradox. The thesis that is developed is, namely, if there is such a thing as political necessity, it must be some form of moral obligation. The third section analyses the concept of political necessity and concludes that it cannot overrule basic moral principles and that the international legal prohibition of torture must be considered to be a categorical imperative. In the last section, these ideas concerning political and moral necessity are brought in against the defence of torture, which should be tolerated in the 'War on Terror'. There it will be argued that the use of the ticking bomb argument not only supports a highly hypocrite political practice but is also deceptive as a moral and political argument.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Deep Geological Structures Associated With Terrestrial Volcanic Hydrothermal Metallogenic System: Evidence From Geophysical Survey in Taohemu Superlarge Silver-Polymetallic Deposit, Inner Mongolia. Taohemu deposit is a superlarge silver-polymetallic deposit discovered in the Great Xing'an Range metallogenic belt of China in recent years. The deposit occurs in the terrestrial volcanic rock sequences of Late Jurassic age. The ore bodies consist mainly of rhyolitic tuffs, brecciated tuffs, and volcanic breccia bearing Ag-Pb-Zn mineralization, and are largely conformable with the surrounding layered volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks with a gradual transitional relationship manifesting as strata-bounded features in general. The mineralization system appears to be generally controlled by a paleo-volcanic chamber. It is suggested that the late volcanic hydrothermal fluids flowed within the permeable layers of rhyolitic pyroclastics consisting mainly of volcanic breccias and breccia-bearing tuffs. This resulted in the formation of superlarge Ag-Pb-Zn polymetallic ore deposit metasomatism and fracture filling. The majority of the deposit occurs as shallowly dipping concealed ore bodies, as defined by sparsely distributed drill holes. Because of its short discovery history, new mineralization style and low degree of comprehensive research, the boundaries of most ore bodies have not been effectively delineated along vertical and lateral extensions. At present, it is crucial to strengthen the comprehensive studies on the deposit, conduct more detailed geological exploration, and establish the metallogenic and prospecting models. For this reason, we have designed and implemented long sections of magnetotelluric (MT) and controlled-source audio magnetotelluric (CSAMT) sounding across the Taohemu ore field and obtained a large number of geological structures and valuable underground exploration results that provided reliable geophysical support for promoting deep resource exploration.Plain Language Summary The geological structures associated with metallogenic system is usually covered by surface vegetation and Quaternary layer. Furthermore, surface mineralization is not relevant to deep ore bodies. To reveal the shape of ore bodies and geoelectrical structures in this study area, we applied geophysical electromagnetic methods to achieve this purpose. The results showed that the ore bodies are largely conformable with the surrounding rocks as strata-bounded features in general tested by borehole information. The mineralization system appears to be generally controlled by a paleo-volcanic chamber.", "label": [4, 34, 38]}
{"token": "A fuzzy data mining algorithm for incremental mining of quantitative sequential patterns. In real world applications, the databases are constantly added with a large number of transactions and hence maintaining latest sequential patterns valid on the updated database is crucial. Existing data mining algorithms can incrementally mine the sequential patterns from databases with binary values. Temporal transactions with quantitative values are commonly seen in real world applications. In addition, several methods have been proposed for representing uncertain data in a database. In this paper, a fuzzy data mining algorithm for incremental mining of sequential patterns from quantitative databases is proposed. Proposed algorithm called IQSP algorithm uses the fuzzy grid notion to generate fuzzy sequential patterns validated on the updated database containing the transactions in the original database and in the incremental database. It uses the information about sequential patterns that are already mined from original database and avoids start-from-scratch process. Also, it minimizes the number of candidates to check as well as number of scans to original database by identifying the potential sequences in incremental database.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "The specialized translator or the art of deciphering coded messages. This article supports the idea that scientific and technical texts should be translated by specialized translators. This statement is based on the argument that only a part of the information potentially transmittable in that kind of texts is explicit, i.e. directly accessible to any reader. The remaining information is implicit and only accessible to a specialist. Because of differences in the structure and grammar among languages, only an specialized translator can \\\\'read between the lines\\\\', go beyond the written words and transfer pieces of information into the target text that may not be visible in the source text. The article delivers raw material for the investigation with important practical application possibilities such as the translator's education and selection.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Convergence of a Hybrid Projection Algorithm in Banach Spaces. In this paper, we consider a hybrid projection algorithm for two families of quasi-phi-nonexpansive mappings. We establish strong convergence theorems of common fixed points in the framework of Banach spaces. Our results improve and extend the corresponding results announced by many others.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Exploring, exploiting and evolving diversity of aquatic ecosystem models: a community perspective. Here, we present a community perspective on how to explore, exploit and evolve the diversity in aquatic ecosystem models. These models play an important role in understanding the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, filling in observation gaps and developing effective strategies for water quality management. In this spirit, numerous models have been developed since the 1970s. We set off to explore model diversity by making an inventory among 42 aquatic ecosystem modellers, by categorizing the resulting set of models and by analysing them for diversity. We then focus on how to exploit model diversity by comparing and combining different aspects of existing models. Finally, we discuss how model diversity came about in the past and could evolve in the future. Throughout our study, we use analogies from biodiversity research to analyse and interpret model diversity. We recommend to make models publicly available through open-source policies, to standardize documentation and technical implementation of models, and to compare models through ensemble modelling and interdisciplinary approaches. We end with our perspective on how the field of aquatic ecosystem modelling might develop in the next 5-10 years. To strive for clarity and to improve readability for non-modellers, we include a glossary.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Iron Age society and chronology in South-east Kazakhstan. This new view of Iron Age society in Kazakhstan breaks away from the old documentary and ethnic framework and offers an independent archaeological chronology. Excavated house types and new environmental data show that nomadism and cultivation were practised side by side. Scholars had previously tended to emphasise the ability of documented Saka leaders to plunder and collect tribute from sedentary agriculture groups through military aggression. But what really gave them a political and economic edge over other steppe groups was a dual economy based upon farming and herding.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Analogue of Cucurbita maxima trypsin inhibitor III (CMTI-III) with all L-cysteine residues substituted by L-penicillamine (Pen). synthesis and evaluation of trypsin inhibitory activity. A 29-peptide, [Pen(3,10,16,20,22,28)]CMTI-III, an analogue of Curcurbita maxima trypsin inhibitor from squash seeds was synthesized by the solid phase method using the Fmoc chemistry. The inhibitory activity of the analogue, as measured by the association equilibrium constant (K-a) with bovine beta-trypsin, is of the same order of magnitude as that for the wild CMTI-III.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Evaporation from a thin layer of wet sand. Natural evaporation from wet sand is experimentally estimated by differential weigh and subsequently it is modeled empirically. The experiment consists in weighing, before and after being exposed to open-air ambient conditions, a shallow tray containing a layer of wet sand. The difference in weigh is taken as the amount of water evaporated during the experiment. Evaporation from a tray containing water only is similarly estimated and corroborated with a graduated cylinder. The procedure was repeated 42 times during the autumn and early winter 2007-2008, at Ensenada, Mexico (31 degrees 52'N, 116 degrees 40'W). Several meteorological variables (air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed, among others) were recorded at the site simultaneously. The main results are (1) Evaporation from a thin layer of wet sand was modeled successfully using air temperature and solar radiation as predictors; and (2) this evaporation and evaporation from a thin layer of plain water varied similarly, but, in average, the latter was about 12% less than the former.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Determinants of outward FDI from emerging economies. Findings & Value added: In this paper, we distinguish between horizontal and vertical reasons for FDI. Our estimation results support the hypothesis that main-stream theory of multinational enterprise can explain FDI flows from emerging economies, implying the significant roles of total market size, skilled-labor abundance, investment cost, trade cost as well as geographical distance between two countries.Methods: In order to derive empirically testable hypotheses this paper refers to theoretical Knowledge-Capital model developed by Markusen (2002). The model is estimated using the Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimation technique. The specific research hypotheses derived from the theory are verified using a panel dataset of 38 home emerging countries and 134 host countries over the period 2001-2012.Purpose of the article: The main goal of this paper is to contribute empirically to the study of the determinants of FDI outflows from emerging economies.Research background: The last four decades have witnessed an upsurge of multi-nationals from emerging markets alongside a narrowed gap in growth prospects between developed and emerging economies. UNCTAD statistics show that FDI flows from emerging economies have gone steady since 1980 and occupied more than one fifth of global FDI stock in 2015. Japan led the reverse FDI trend when it started to invest abroad in the 1960s and 1970s. Two decades later, in the 1980s-1990s, the reverse FDI trend was continued by so-called Asian tigers, then recently by those rapidly-industrializing economies in Southeast Asia as well as China and India in East and South Asia.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Linear analogues of human beta-defensin 3: Concepts for design of antimicrobial peptides with reduced cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. A series of engineered linear analogues [coded as F6, W6, Y6, A6, S6 and C(Acm)6] were modeled, designed, synthesized and structurally characterized by mass spectra, circular dichroism, hydrophobicity analysis and molecular modeling. We have screened antimicrobial activity, hemolysis to rabbit erythrocytes, and cytotoxicity to human conjunctival epithelial cells. No significant hemolytic effect was observed for hBD3 or from five of the six analogues [F6, Y6, A6, S6 and C(Acm)6] over the range of 3-100 mu g mL(-1). The six linear analogues have reduced cytotoxicity to human conjunctival epithelial cells over the range of 6-100 mu g mL(-1) compared to hBD3. By tuning the overall hydrophobicity of linear hBD3 analogues, reduced cytotoxicity and hemolysis were obtained while preserving the antimicrobial properties. The decreased cytotoxicity of the linear analogues is suggested to be structurally related to the removal of disulfide bridges, and the flexible structure of the linear forms, which seem to be associated with loss of secondary structure. These results suggest a new approach for guiding the design of new linear analogues of defensin peptides with strong antibiotic properties and reduced cytotoxicity to mammalian cells.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
{"token": "Poetic voices in listening to the fragility of the poor: contributions to a theological reflection on the mystique in dialogue with the poetry of Violeta Parra. This paper proposes an analysis centered on the flourishing of an \\\\'open-eyed mystique\\\\' in Latin America throughout the twentieth century, the so-called spirituality of liberation. Among the results of the research, there are elements of the mysticism that reveals itself with the meaning of \\\\'sigh of the oppressed\\\\', according to Rubem Alves' interpretation of Karl Marx's well-known expression, woven into a dialogue with the sociology of religion in Brazil, as the result of a reflection on the return of the sacred in contemporary society. The sigh, however, that it expresses itself as a desire for reality transformation, with social liberation on the horizon. Mystic as indignation in the face of injustice and as a force for revolution, for the empowerment of subaltern groups and for social change. The mystic also stands out as a channel for the expression of human frailty, the capacity for alterity and the awakening of the playful dimension. Through bibliographic methodology, this analysis offers elements for the epistemological debate within the scope of the mystical studies that propose to listen to the religious experience of voices repressed by the colonial power, having as resource the correspondence of Latin American theological perspectives, especially those of Gustavo Gutierrez, Maria Clara Bingemer and Rubem Alves, with the poetry of Violeta Parra.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "THE FIGHT FOR FAMILY PLANNING IN SPAIN DURING LATE FRANCOISM AND THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY, 1965-1979. This article examines the founding and early development (1965-1979) of the Spanish family planning movement. This movement was composed of two branches: one medical, the other feminist. Despite their different roots, the two branches had complementary interests. From 1976 to 1979 they cooperated in the dissemination of contraception and sexual education, the establishment and consolidation of private and public family planning centers, and the promotion of a new, more egalitarian (woman) patient-doctor relationship. The movement's final achievement was the legalization of the sale and advertisement of contraception in 1978, followed by the incorporation of family planning into the Spanish public health care system. This article is based on oral history interviews with feminist activists and doctors involved in the Spanish family planning movement, print media from the period, and archival material.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Inability to regain normal body mass despite extensive refuelling in great reed warblers following the trans-Sahara crossing during spring migration. Migratory birds wintering in Africa face the challenge of passing the Sahara desert with few opportunities to forage. During spring migration birds thus arrive in the Mediterranean area with very low energy reserves after crossing the desert. Since early arrival to the breeding grounds often is of importance to maximize reproductive success, finding stopover sites with good refuelling possibilities after the Saharan passage is of utmost importance. Here we report on extensive fuelling in the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus on the south coast of Crete in spring, the first land that they encounter after crossing the Sahara desert and the Mediterranean Sea in this area. Birds were studied at a river mouth and due to an exceptional high recapture rate (45 and 51% in two successive years), we were able to get information about stopover behaviour in 56 individual great reed warblers during two spring seasons. The large proportion of trapped great reed warbler compared to other species and the large number of recaptures suggest that great reed warblers actively choose this area for stopover. They stayed on average 3-4 d, increased on average about 3.5 g in body mass and the average rate of body mass increase was 4.8% of lean body mass d(-1). Wing length affected the rate of increase and indicated that females have a slower increase than males. The results found show that great reed warblers at this site regularly deposit larger fuel loads than needed for one continued flight stage. The low body mass found in great reed warblers (also in birds with high fat scores) is a strong indication that birds staging at Anapodaris still had not been able to rebuild their structural tissue after the strenuous Sahara crossing, suggesting that rebuilding structural tissue may take longer time than previously thought.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Habitat without roots. Since humankind's origins, man has moved from place to place looking for well-being. this migratory flow generates the necessity of a portable architecture, able to be relocated as required. in the areas where society develops housing is the basic building which men seek to satisfy their life style in a safe and comfortable to face external unfavorable conditions. the text examines this matter and proposes the portable housing as an alternative for a contemporary population sector; includes a brief review of its evolution and theoretical approach, its technological and regulative characteristics, the profile of the user emancipated of its origins, in addition to showing the challenges and alternatives that the contemporary architezct faces in a changing society. This paper is presented to establish a theoretical framework that supports the later study on the use of portable housing on the northern border of Mexico, where migratory phenomenon affects life forms more than in other regions of the country.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Identifying Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses With Psychological Scales in the General Population. We study the predictive power and associations of several psychopathology and temperament scales with respect to schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Measures of psychopathology (Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales, Perceptual Aberration Scale, Hypomanic Personality Scale, Bipolar II Scale, and Schizoidia Scale) and the Temperament and Character Inventory were included in the 31-year follow-up of the prospective Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort (N = 4926). The Perceptual Aberration Scale was the best scale for concurrent validity in psychoses, and also the best psychopathology scale in terms of discriminant validity. Participants scoring high in hypomanic personality were at the highest risk for developing psychosis during the 11-year follow-up. Harm avoidance was a dominant temperament dimension in individuals with psychosis compared with participants without psychiatric diagnoses. These scales are useful as vulnerability markers in studying psychoses.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "The Motus Wildlife Tracking System: a collaborative research network to enhance the understanding of wildlife movement. We describe a new collaborative network, the Motus Wildlife Tracking System (Motus; https://motus.org), which is an international network of researchers using coordinated automated radio-telemetry arrays to study movements of small flying organisms including birds, bats, and insects, at local, regional, and hemispheric scales. Radio-telemetry has been a cornerstone of tracking studies for over 50 years, and because of current limitations of geographic positioning systems (GPS) and satellite transmitters, has remained the primary means to track movements of small animals with high temporal and spatial precision. Automated receivers, along with recent miniaturization and digital coding of tags, have further improved the utility of radio-telemetry by allowing many individuals to be tracked continuously and simultaneously across broad landscapes. Motus is novel among automated arrays in that collaborators employ a single radio frequency across receiving stations over a broad geographic scale, allowing individuals to be detected at sites maintained by others. Motus also coordinates, disseminates, and archives detections and associated metadata in a central repository. Combined with the ability to track many individuals simultaneously, Motus has expanded the scope and spatial scale of research questions that can be addressed using radio-telemetry from local to regional and even hemispheric scales. Since its inception in 2012, more than 9000 individuals of over 87 species of birds, bats, and insects have been tracked, resulting in more than 250 million detections. This rich and comprehensive dataset includes detections of individuals during all phases of the annual cycle (breeding, migration, and nonbreeding), and at a variety of spatial scales, resulting in novel insights into the movement behavior of small flying animals. The value of the Motus network will grow as spatial coverage of stations and number of partners and collaborators increases. With continued expansion and support, Motus can provide a framework for global collaboration, and a coordinated approach to solving some of the most complex problems in movement biology and ecology.", "label": [4, 37, 46, 39]}
{"token": "DIFFERENCES IN LINGUAL VIBROTACTILE THRESHOLDS OF SENSITIVITY USING ADJUSTED VS FIXED METHODS OF VIBRATOR PROBE-CONTACTOR ALIGNMENT. The purpose of this study was to compare lingual vibrotactile thresholds of sensitivity obtained using individual subject adjustments of vibrator probe-contractor to lingual surface, with thresholds obtained using a fixed vibrator probe-contractor position across 30 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 26 yr. (M age = 20 yr.). Analysis-showed minor (less than 5 dB SPL) differences in lingual vibrotactile thresholds of sensitivity between the two methods of vibrator probe-contactor alignment. For research purposes, the vibrator probe-contactor assembly should be adjusted to each individual's lingual surface, but for clinical-behavioral purposes, it might be sensible to use a fixed vibrator probe-contactor position across subjects, especially when performing research on young children, older adults, and the communicatively handicapped.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Personalized blood flow computations: A hierarchical parameter estimation framework for tuning boundary conditions. We propose a hierarchical parameter estimation framework for performing patient-specific hemodynamic computations in arterial models, which use structured tree boundary conditions. A calibration problem is formulated at each stage of the hierarchical framework, which seeks the fixed point solution of a nonlinear system of equations. Common hemodynamic properties, like resistance and compliance, are estimated at the first stage in order to match the objectives given by clinical measurements of pressure and/or flow rate. The second stage estimates the parameters of the structured trees so as to match the values of the hemodynamic properties determined at the first stage. A key feature of the proposed method is that to ensure a large range of variation, two different structured tree parameters are personalized for each hemodynamic property. First, the second stage of the parameter estimation framework is evaluated based on the properties of the outlet boundary conditions in a full body arterial model: the calibration method converges for all structured trees in less than 10 iterations. Next, the proposed framework is successfully evaluated on a patient-specific aortic model with coarctation: only six iterations are required for the computational model to be in close agreement with the clinical measurements used as objectives, and overall, there is a good agreement between the measured and computed quantities. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41, 42]}
{"token": "Stability criteria for continuous and discrete elastic composites and the influence of geometry on the stability of a negative-stiffness phase. Recent experimental findings and theoretical analyses have confirmed the bound-exceeding performance of composite materials with one constituent of so-called negative stiffness (i.e., with non-positive-definite elastic moduli): the overall elastic properties greatly exceed those of the composite constituents, when the negative-stiffness phase's properties are appropriately tuned. However, the stability of such composite materials has remained a key open question. It has been shown, e.g., that a spherical particle of a negative-stiffness material can be stabilized when embedded in a sufficiently stiff and thick coating to impose a geometrical constraint on the negative-stiffness phase. For general composite geometries (as those arising from actual manufacturing processes), no such investigation has been reported. We review the classical stability conditions for homogeneous linear elastic solids and outline methods to determine the sufficient stability conditions for elastic composites. In addition, a numerical technique to obtain the stability restrictions on the elastic moduli of a composite with, in principle, arbitrary geometry is presented. Based on this method, we investigate the stability of simple elastic two-phase composites consisting of an inclusion (having non-positive-definite elastic moduli) embedded in a different coating material. In particular, the influence of the geometry of the encapsulated particles and the surrounding matrix is shown to considerably affect the overall stability. Our results compare the stability limits for two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) composite arrangements and provide design guidelines for optimal stability.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Use of thermal imaging and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the pre-symptomatic detection of cucumber downy mildew. Most cultivars of cucumber are susceptible to Pseudoperonospora cubensis, the causal agent of cucurbit downy mildew. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of two methods for the pre-symptomatic detection of downy mildew in cucumber. First, we observed the infection process of downy mildew using digital infrared thermography, as measured by the maximum temperature difference (MTD) and spot temperature of symptomatic areas. Under controlled conditions, visible symptoms were observed 5.36 +/- 0.10 days after infection with P. cubensis, while thermal differences were detected 4.42 +/- 0.16 days after infection. The MTD values of infected leaves were higher compared to those of non-infected leaves, but the MTD decreased sharply before the symptoms of downy mildew became visible. Significant differences in the spot temperatures of the symptomatic areas were apparent between the infected and healthy leaves from 4 days after infection. Second, we observed a changes in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of infected leaves and three characteristic wavenumbers-2977 cm(-1), 1544 cm(-1), and 1050 cm(-1)-were selected for the pre-symptomatic detection of cucumber downy mildew. According to the peak areas at these wavenumbers, pre-symptomatic and symptomatic samples could be classified correctly. These results clearly demonstrate that both thermal infrared imaging and FTIR spectra allow for the discrimination of healthy and infected leaves before there are visible symptoms. The pre-symptomatic data may be useful for scheduling timely fungicide applications for early detection and subsequent control of this destructive disease of cucumber.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Synthesis, structural elucidation, thermal, mechanical, linear and nonlinear optical properties of hydrogen bonded organic single crystal guanidinium propionate for optoelectronic device application. A new nonlinear optical single crystal of Guanidinium Propionate (GP) has been grown from the aqueous solution by slow evaporation method. Orthorhombic structure with Pbca space group was confirmed by single crystal XRD. The crystal packing is identified to the stabilized through three dimensional hydrogen bonding network between cation and anion N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds leading to three ring motifs viz. R-1(2)(4), R1(6) and R-1(2)(6). The grown crystals were characterized by thermal, mechanical, dielectric and optical studies. The third order nonlinear optical properties such as nonlinear absorption coefficient, nonlinear refractive index and susceptibility were calculated by Z-scan technique. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Rates and types of psychiatric disorders in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus-infected youth and seroreverters. Our data suggest that HIV+ youths are at high risk for mental health disorders. Further longitudinal research is necessary to understand the etiology, as well as potential protective factors, in order to inform efficacy-based interventions.Results:Data for this paper come from the baseline interview of a longitudinal study of mental health outcomes in 9-16 year old perinatally HIV-exposed youths (61% HIV+) and their caregivers. Three hundred forty youths and their primary adult caregivers were recruited from four medical centers and participated in separate individual interviews. Youth psychiatric disorder was assessed using the caregiver and youth versions of The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-IV).According to caregiver or youth report, a high percentage of HIV+ and HIV- youths met criteria for a non-substance use psychiatric disorder, with significantly higher rates among the HIV+ youths (61% vs. 49%, OR = 1.59; CI = 1.03,2.47; p < .05). The most prevalent diagnoses in both groups were anxiety disorders (46% for total sample) which included social phobia, separation anxiety, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive- compulsive disorder, and specific phobias. One quarter of the sample met criteria for a behavioral disorder (ADHD, conduct disorders, and oppositional defiant disorders), with ADHD being most prevalent. HIV+ youths had significantly higher rates of ADHD (OR = 2.45; CI = 1.20, 4.99, p < .05). Only 7% of youths met criteria for a mood disorder and 4% for a substance abuse disorder. Several caregiver variables (caregiver type and HIV status) were also associated with both child HIV status and mental health outcomes.Conclusions:Background:The purpose of this study was to examine 1) the prevalence of psychiatric and substance use disorders in perinatally HIV-infected (HIV+) adolescents and 2) the association between HIV infection and these mental health outcomes by comparing HIV+ youths to HIV exposed but uninfected youths (HIV-) from similar communities.Methods:", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Competence-based Curriculum Design for Training Translators. This article situates the concept of translation competence and its acquisition in the context of recent competence-based approaches to teaching and learning in general in higher education. It begins with the challenges posed by present-day curricula, the reform of university systems and corresponding changes in teaching requirements, in particular with reference to the European Higher Education Area. It then outlines the basic concepts of competence-based training, following Lasnier (2000), and proceeds to apply the concept specifically to translator training, building on the holistic and dynamic models of translation competence developed by the PACTE research group over recent years. The teaching and learning approach adopted is a translation task-based approach,organized in teaching. Issues such as the establishment of objectives, task design, Finally, the entire approach is illustrated with a practical example. The course module chosen as an illustration is an introductory module to translation into students 'A language or mother tongue, structured around six categories of competences, each with their own teaching and learning objectives and curricular content.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Neuroblastoma with intracerebral metastases and the need for neurosurgery: a single-center experience. METHODS This study is a retrospective single-center analysis of all neurosurgical strategies used in the treatment of intracerebral metastases in neuroblastoma patients.RESULTS Between 2009 and 2017, 237 pediatric patients (94 girls, 143 boys) with a mean age of 39 months at diagnosis were treated for neuroblastoma. Five (2.1%) of the 237 patients had a neurosurgical procedure for intracerebral metastases. The metastases occurred a mean of 46 months after initial diagnosis. All of these patients had neuroblastoma stage 4. Indications for surgery were recurrent metastases after initial successful oncological treatment or progression of the metastasis under oncological treatment as well as deterioration of neurological function. Intraoperatively, the tumor usually had a distinguishable dissection plane but was infiltrative to adjacent nerves in some spots. Mean overall survival after the neurosurgical procedure was 22 months. Furthermore, in another 3 patients, a neurosurgical procedure was done for an intracranial but extracerebral metastasis.OBJECTIVE Intracerebral metastases in neuroblastoma patients are rare, and information about the indication for and the outcome of neurosurgical procedures in this setting is scarce in the literature. The authors' aim in the present study was to report a single-center experience with the neurosurgical treatment of intracerebral metastases in neuroblastoma.CONCLUSIONS Neurosurgical procedures for intracerebral metastases in neuroblastoma patients are rare and were performed in 2.1% of patients in the present study. Intracerebral metastases occurred during disease progression, and the prognosis after surgery was very limited. The main indications for surgery were rapid neurological deterioration or recurrence of the metastasis after initial successful oncological treatment. Intraoperatively, the metastases usually had a distinguishable dissection plane from the normal brain tissue.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "MODELING INSITU MUSSEL RU-106 CONCENTRATION DYNAMICS DUE TO FLUCTUATING SEAWATER RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS. A 'laboratory' model of radionuclide transfer between marine organisms and seawater was extended with a view to using it in situ. The model was applied to results of experiments performed in situ on the French shores of the English Channel. Therefore 2 first experiments on the transfer of 106-ruthenium between Mytilus edulis and its environment were carried out to establish parameters. The results of these experiments confirmed that the model could predict the time-course of concentrations in the organisms, in the accumulation experiment as well as during the elimination phase in which comparison of the results with other work allowed some of the proposed hypotheses to be validated. Once the transfer model had been characterized, it was applied to results obtained in an independent test experiment. The accuracy of the model fitting to the data was not entirely satisfactory but the discrepancy between the estimates and observations was much smaller than that obtained using the standard 'concentration factor' method. The results obtained in the 2 experiments were compared and factors were considered that might be responsible for the differences observed between real and calculated concentrations. Previous work led to the conclusion that the main factor still to be represented in the model was seasonal change in the metabolism of the mussels and more precisely the mussels' weight fluctuations. Although the formulation of the model has yet to be perfected, results obtained indicate that it could constitute a satisfactory tool for describing concentrations of radioactivity in an organism in situ.", "label": [4, 37, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Getting tough on juvenile crime: An analysis of costs and benefits. Recent decades have seen juvenile justice broaden its focus from the child and treatment to include offenses and accountability. This expansion, manifest in juvenile codes that support punishment and doctrines that include transfers to adult criminal court, has had significant caseload and fiscal impacts. However a scarcity of pertinent research and of cost-benefit analyses leaves unclear whether this newer get tough focus achieves greater delinquency reduction than previously attained. Combined with a quasi-experimental empirical simulation of the effects of punitive sanctions, a cost-benefit analysis of alternative dispositions in Dallas County, Texas, suggests that harsher sentencing can indeed prevent some offenses. The value of this gain, however is much less than its cost to produce. As a result, by consuming public resources that might otherwise be invested in more productive purposes within or outside the justice system, the policy of toughness visits substantial opportunity costs on communities that embrace it.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "TRANSNATIONAL BUREAUCRATIC POLITICS: AN INSTITUTIONAL RIVALRY PERSPECTIVE ON EU NETWORK GOVERNANCE. This contribution introduces our symposium by highlighting four distinctive aspects of transnational governance from a bureaucratic politics perspective: the emergence of transnational institutions, their functioning, their impact on the domestic level, and the diffusion of regulatory standards. The general argument is that many accounts of transnational governance seem to be overly optimistic about the conditions for effective problem-solving and fail to take into account that institutional rivalry may either support or constrain the implementation of supranational policies. The aim of this piece is to review existing research, to highlight the contribution of the symposium articles in furthering an institutional rivalry perspective on transnational governance, and to sketch pertinent areas for further research building upon this perspective.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Consumerism, solidarity and communism: Consumer protection and the consumer movement in Poland. It has long been assumed that inattention to matters of consumption contributed to the collapse of the centrally planned economies of the Soviet bloc. In Poland, the party-state followed a productivist model which occasionally paid lip-service to the consumer but which ultimately focused on the dictates of production. Yet, by 1981, there existed an organized consumer movement (Federacia Konsumentow) which emerged amidst the broader challenges to the state associated with Solidarity. In the transition to democracy, a form of consumer agency developed in Poland concerned less with the relative benefits of capitalism or communism in supplying consumer wants and desires, and more with a less overtly ideological notion of rights and protection promoted at the global level. This article demonstrates that Polish consumers and their expert representatives, both within and beyond the state, were capable of exercising an agency more complex than the negative one of frustration and recourse to alternative forms of provisioning usually associated with a command economy.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Methotrexate-induced alterations in beta-oxidation correlate with cognitive abilities in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Treatment advances, including central nervous system (CNS) treatment with methotrexate, have led to significant gains in disease-free survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, methotrexate has been associated with neurological problems such as declines in cognitive and academic abilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate methotrexate-induced changes in beta-oxidation in children with ALL receiving methotrexate for CNS treatment. Specific aims were to investigate effects of methotrexate on beta-oxidation of the two most prevalent fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and correlate the ratio of monounsaturation to saturation of these fatty acids with cognitive and academic abilities. The sample included 12 females and 14 males with low-risk (n = 7), standard-risk (n = 13), or high-risk (n = 6) ALL. Mean age at diagnosis was 94.1 months (SD = 34.4). CSF samples were obtained in conjunction with diagnostic lumbar punctures; subsequent samples were obtained prior to intrathecal methotrexate administration during the induction, consolidation, and continuation phases of treatment. Fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results showed a significant increase in the ratio of monounsaturation to saturation of both fatty acids, which was greatest during the most intensive phase of treatment. Ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids were negatively correlated with full-scale IQ, verbal IQ, and math calculations. Findings suggest that methotrexate alters beta-oxidation and that the resulting increase in fatty acid monounsaturation is related to declines in some domains of cognitive ability.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "The Crocodylomorpha at and between geological boundaries: the Baden-Powell approach to change?. Although the Crocodylomorpha spans a time period of over 200 million years, none of its notable morphological transitions appear 'to coincide with major geological boundaries. The Crocodylomorpha originated before the extinction event at the end of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic), concomitant with a shift of locomotor pattern from bipedal erect posture to quadrupedal erect posture. With the successive divergence of the Sphenosuchia and Protosuchia the majority of features of the extant Crocodylia became established before the end of the Triassic. The Mesoeucrocodylia may have arisen in the early part of the Early Jurassic. The adoption of a more sprawling posture in the Longirostrine Taxa of the Mesoeucrocodylia was associated with a change of way of life from terrestrial to aquatic, probably immediately after the extinction event at the end of the Pliensbachian Stage (Jurassic). The Eusuchia arose in the Early Cretaceous, being characterized mainly by a complete bony secondary palate and the procoely of all vertebrae. The three extant clades most probably all arose before the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Thus, the patterns of cladogenesis and diversification within the Crocodylomorpha indicate that, at least as currently understood, these taxa were prepared for the major environmental and biotic events that occurred during their history. Baden-Powell's motto of \\\\'be prepared\\\\' (Maynard 1946), taken from his own initials, appears to be an adequate descriptor of the history of the Crocodylomorpha,", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Properties and applications of some gold alloys modified by rare Earth additions. The influence of rare earth (RE) additions on the microstructure and some properties of gold and gold alloys have been studied. RE additions can refine the grain size of gold alloys, but show a tendency to segregation, both dendritic segregation in cast alloys and grain boundary segregation in annealed alloys. For gold alloys, RE additions are generally used in trace amounts or dilute concentrations in order to avoid a large segregation of RE and the potential embrittlement of gold alloys. The experimental results demonstrate that RE additions can inhibit recovery softening, increase the recrystallization temperature and enhance the strength of gold alloys. The strengthening mechanisms of RE additions in gold alloys are discussed. Some gold alloys with RE additions have been developed and their applications are illustrated briefly.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
{"token": "When the Mute Speak to the Deaf Generational Dialogue and History Policy in Russia. The 65th anniversary of victory in the Second World War in May 2010 will be the last one that a considerable number of veterans will experience. Ten years ago, the living memory of millions of veterans still confronted the myth of glorious victory. Today, the process of passing down of personal memory has practically run dry. Young people in Russia are at the mercy of an ideologised, pseudo-patriotic politics of memory. By itself, family memory would be a source of remembrance. But even that was always fragmented and contradictory. Traumas and censorship kept old people from opening up. The upheaval of the 1990s led to a situation in which the values and experiences of the old no longer applied to the young. A dialogue addressing historical experiences could hardly take place under such conditions.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Effects of nest-site availability and distribution on density-dependent clutch size and laying date in the Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax. We compared the breeding phenology and clutch size of Choughs Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax in three Spanish areas that differed in feeding habitat, breeding environmental. conditions and the distribution and availability of different nesting sites (cliffs or artefacts), The variation in the timing of laying seemed to be related to differences in climatic conditions determined by the altitude, The variation in clutch size was associated with the different use that Choughs made of the feeding areas because of the contrasting availability and distribution of their nesting sites, Within southeastern Madrid, clutch size of the Chough decreased and its variance increased at high nest densities on cliff sites, suggesting that density dependence in fecundity arises from habitat heterogeneity rather than by interference, At high densities, individuals, territories, nest sites or a combination of these may differ in quality, thus promoting differences and increasing the variance in the initial investment of reproductive effort. The syncronization of the onset of laying at increased breeding densities suggests that social influences arising from communal foraging or avoidance of predation by early warning and predator swamping may be acting also, We suggest that nest-site availability and distribution have a major influence on the social organization of Choughs through their breeding and foraging strategies.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Secure Communications Based on the Projective Synchronization of Four-Dimensional Hyperchaotic Systems. This paper deals with the projective synchronization (PS) of two identical discrete-time generalized four-dimensional (4D) hyperchaotic Henon maps using a master-slave configuration. A discrete sliding mode controller (DSMC) scheme is proposed to synchronize the master and the slave systems. The performance of the controlled systems is simulated; the simulation results indicate that the proposed controller works well. In addition, a secure communication scheme is proposed based on the developed control scheme. The validity of the proposed scheme is tested by transmitting an image and simulating the results. The simulation results clearly indicate the effectiveness of the proposed secure communication scheme.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
{"token": "THE NECESSITY OF MULTI-STRANDED FEMINIST JUDICIAL OPINIONS. This article examines and evaluates Feminist Judgments of Aotearoa New Zealand, Te Rino: A Two Stranded Rope, the latest published book in the growing collection of global feminist judgments projects. Feminist judgments projects are exploding across the globe, with completed projects in Canada, England, Australia, the United States and Ireland, an international law feminist judgments project well under way, and projects in Scotland, India, Mexico and Africa in process. In the US, a series of subject-matter specific feminist judgment books is in progress, the first volume of which has already been published. The participants in these projects have asked what difference a judge with a feminist perspective could have made in the reasoning or result in a case, and then attempted to show, through the writing of 'shadow opinions,' what that judgment might look like. Through the lens of Feminist Judgments: Te Rino, this article, written by the editors of the US feminist judgments book, explores and compares how the various international feminist judgments projects have taken on the enduring jurisprudential question of how much a judge's individual perspective matters in decision making.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "A NEW NEARCTIC SPHACOPHILUS PROVANCHER (HYMENOPTERA: ARGIDAE). Sphacophilus laetus Smith, new species, from Texas is added to the Nearctic fauna of Argidae. It is described and illustrated and separated from other species of the genus.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Diagenetic changes of magnetic and geochemical signals by anaerobic methane oxidation in sediments of the Zambezi deep-sea fan (SW Indian Ocean). The Zambezi deep-sea fan, the largest of its kind along the east African continental margin, is poorly studied to date, despite its potential to record marine and terrestrial climate signals in the southwest Indian Ocean. Therefore, gravity core GeoB 9309-1, retrieved from 1219 m water depth, was investigated for various geophysical (magnetic susceptibility, porosity, colour reflectance) and geochemical (pore water and sediment geochemistry, Fe and P speciation) properties. Onboard and onshore data documented a sulphate/methane transition (SMT) zone at similar to 450-530 cm sediment depth, where the simultaneous consumption of pore water sulphate and methane liberates hydrogen sulphide and bi-carbonate into the pore space. This leads to characteristic changes in the sediment and pore water chemistry, as the reduction of primary Fe (oxyhydr) oxides, the precipitation of Fe sulphides, and the mobilization of Fe (oxyhydr)oxide-bound P. These chemical processes also lead to a marked decrease in magnetic susceptibility. Below the SMT, we find a reduction of porosity, possibly due to pore space cementation by authigenic minerals. Formation of the observed geochemical, magnetic and mineralogical patterns requires a fixation of the SMT at this distinct sediment depth for a considerable time-which we calculated to be similar to 10000 years assuming steady-state conditions-following a period of rapid upward migration towards this interval. We postulate that the worldwide sealevel rise at the last glacial/interglacial transition (similar to 10 000 years B.R) most probably caused the fixation of the SMT at its present position, through drastically reduced sediment delivery to the deep-sea fan. In addition, we report an internal redistribution of 11 occurring around the SMT, closely linked to the (de)coupling of sedimentary Fe and R and leaving a characteristic pattern in the solid P record. By phosphate re-adsorption onto Fe (oxyhydr)oxides above, and formation of authigenic P minerals (e.g. vivianite) below the SMT, deep-sea fan deposits may potentially act as long-term sinks for R (D 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Excision of giant mature teratoma of the adrenal gland in a 1-year-old girl. The mature teratoma is a germ cell tumor, characterized by the presence of mature tissue of two or more layers of germ cells. Mature teratomas of retroperitoneal localization are rare, and the cases reported in adrenal localization are even rarer. In this publication, we present the case of a 1-year-old girl, who attended a Medical Centre in Peru, for presenting a giant tumor at the level of the left adrenal gland associated with abdominal distension and difficulty standing.The patient underwent tumorectomy and adrenalectomy by open surgery and the pathological diagnosis was mature Teratoma of the left adrenal gland.A search was made by published cases of mature teratoma of the adrenal gland in pediatric patients, under 18 years of age. There were 13 cases reported to date, of which 8 cases (61.5%) were women, the most frequent location was the right adrenal gland (61.5%), and the range of tumor diameter was between 3.0 cm at 12.0 cm, with a mean of 8.0 cm. All cases were metabolically silent, the main symptoms were pain and abdominal distension.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "The Random Finite Element Method (RFEM) in Slope Stability Analysis. The paper investigates the probability of failure of a cohesive slope using both simple and more advanced probabilistic analysis tools. The influence of local averaging on the probability of failure of a test problem is thoroughly investigated. In the simple approach, classical slope stability analysis techniques are used, and the shear strength is treated as a single random variable. The advanced method, called the random field theory. The RFEM method is shown to offer many advantages over traditional probabilistic slope stability techniques, because it enables slope failure to develop naturally by \\\\'seeking out\\\\' the most critical mechanism. Of particular importance in this work, is the conclusion that simplified probabilistic analysis, in which spatial variability is ignored by assuming perfect correlation, can lead to unconservative estimates of the probability of failure. This contradicts the findings of other investigators using classical slope stability analysis tools.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Celebrating JN Findlay's contribution to philosophy: A comparative textual analysis from a Mahayana Buddhist perspective. J.N. Findlay was a South African philosopher who published from the late 1940s into the 1980s. He had a prestigious international academic career, holding many academic posts around the world. This article uses a textual comparative approach and focuses on Findlay's Gifford Lecture at St Andrews University between 1965 and 1970. The objective of the article is to highlight the extent to which Findlay's philosophical writings were influenced by Mahayana Buddhism. Although predominantly a Platonist, Findlay drew influence from Asian philosophy and religion, particularly Mahayana Buddhism. In these lectures, he applies the metaphor of the Platonic Cave to investigate Hegelian and Husserlian approaches to knowledge. Though he was a leading Hegel and Husserl scholar, his reading of these two philosophers is strongly influenced by Mahayana Buddhism, resulting in a unique mystical interpretation of these two philosophers. Revisiting Findlay's writings is significant for two reasons; firstly, he investigated Buddhism prior to the Asian religions being included in Religious Studies departments' purview in South African universities, and secondly, his interpretation of two prominent Western philosophers along Buddhist lines provides an early attempt at decolonising the predominance of Western philosophical views of knowledge. Contribution: This contribution forms part of a larger collection of essays investigating philosophical works that have had a significant impact on the study of religion. This contribution investigates the Buddhist influence on J.N. Findlay's philosophical readings of Husserl and Hegel.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Influence of Temperature on the Mechanical Performance of Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Straps. The performance of pretensioned, laminated, unidirectional (UD), carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) straps, that can potentially be used for example as bridge deck suspender cables or prestressed shear reinforcements for reinforced concrete slabs and beams, was investigated at elevated temperatures. This paper aims to elucidate the effects of elevated temperature specifically on the tensile performance of pretensioned, pin-loaded straps. Two types of tests are presented: (1) steady state thermal and (2) transient state thermal. Eight steady-state target temperatures in the range of 24 degrees C to 600 degrees C were chosen, based on results from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Transient state thermal tests were performed at three sustained tensile load levels, namely 10, 15, and 20 kN, corresponding to 25%, 37%, and 50% of the ultimate tensile strength of the pin-loaded straps at ambient temperature. In general, the straps were able to retain about 50% of their ambient temperature ultimate tensile strength (UTS) at 365 degrees C.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "A fresh geometrical look at the general S-procedure. We revisit the S-procedure for general functions with \\\\'geometrical glasses\\\\'. We thus delineate a necessary condition, and almost a sufficient condition, to have the S-procedure valid. Everything is expressed in terms of convexity of augmented sets (i.e., via convex hulls, conical hulls) of images built from the data functions.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
{"token": "Evaluation of a non-isotopic polymerase chain reaction assay for detection in clinical specimens of herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA. Conclusion: Detection and typing of HSV-2 in clinical samples, including those collected in viral transport medium, can be accomplished with PCR assays using the AMPLICOR format. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.Background: PCR assays for detection of herpes simplex virus DNA sequences in clinical specimens are more sensitive than cell culture.Study design: A total of 125 patients (73 women, 40 men, 12 unknown) provided 162 samples contained in viral transport medium. Samples were first inoculated in cell culture, centrifuged at 12 000 x g, lyzed and kept frozen. A total of 77 women provided 42 cervicovaginal lavages and 30 vaginal tampons that were lyzed, tested with two isotopic HSV-2 PCR assays and kept frozen. All these samples were subsequently thawed and amplified with the glycoprotein B HSV-2 assay using generic primers for HSV glycoprotein B gene. Amplicons were captured on microplates with a HSV-2-specific probe and were detected with avidin-peroxidase and substrate.Objective: A non-isotopic PCR assay (glycoprotein B HSV-2 assay, Roche Molecular Systems) for detection of HSV-2 DNA sequences was evaluated on 234 clinical specimens.Results: Of the 162 samples submitted to viral culture, HSV-2 was isolated from 73 while 89 did not contain HSV-2. All the 73 specimens with culture-proven HSV-2 infections tested positive with glycoprotein B HSV-2 assay (sensitivity of 100%). Herpesviruses other than HSV-2 were isolated from 34 samples that were negative with glycoprotein B HSV-2 assay. Two culture-negative samples tested positive in the glycoprotein B HSV-2 assay (specificity of 98.7%). The latter samples could not be retested in confirmatory isotopic HSV-2 PCR tests. HSV-2 DNA sequences could also be detected directly in cervical lavages or vaginal tampons from 13 women with the glycoprotein B HSV-2 assay.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "CHARACTERIZATION OF A WHEAT-FLOUR REFERENCE MATERIAL (ARC/CL) FOR 12 ELEMENTS. An ARC/CL coded wheat flour reference material (ARC/CL RM) with established recommended concentration values for 12 elements [1, 21 was further characterized for P, K and Cr contents by means of an intercomparison study. Minor corrections were made to earlier recommended values in accordance with new results obtained. Fifteen laboratories using a total of 11 methods based on six entirely different analytical principles participated in the intercomparison study. The medians and standard deviations were calculated for the results of the intercomparison study. After rejecting as outliers values falling outside the median +/- sd, the present recommended values were obtained by recalculating the median and 95% confidence limits. Recommended values were established for the major elements Ca, K, Mg, P, the minor elements Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and the trace elements Mo, Cr, Ni and Se. The relative standard deviations for the 95 % confidence limits of the medians were lower than 10 % for major and minor elements, 11 % for Mo and 18 % for Cr. All of the recommended concentration values fell into category A, having a high degree of confidence. The present RM, with its 16 recommended concentrations, is of value for use in nutritional, food composition and contaminant monitoring studies.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Seedling resistance to tan spot and Stagonospora nodorum blotch in synthetic hexaploid wheats. Tan spot and Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB), caused by fungi Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. fanamorph: Drechslera tritici-repentis (Died.) Shoem.] and Phaeosphaeria nodorum (E. Mwler) Hedjaroude [anamorph: Stagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Castellani & Germano], respectively, are two important foliar diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objective of this study was to evaluate the two sets of elite synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW, 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) lines (Elite 1 and Elite 2) developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) for their seedling resistance to P. tritiei-repentis and P. nodorum. In this study, 120 elite CIMMYT SHW lines and their durum wheat IT. turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] parents were inoculated with P. tritici-repentis race 1 and a standard field isolate (Sn2000) of P. nodorum, respectively, in two separate three-replication experiments. The seedling reactions to P. tritici-repentis and P. nodorum were evaluated 7 and 10 d postinoculation, respectively. The plant leaves were also infiltrated with the host-selective toxin (HST) Ptr ToxA at the two-leaf stage and sensitivity was evaluated 3 to 4 d postinfiltration. As expected, most SHW lines were the same as their durum parents in their sensitivity to Ptr ToxA because the sensitivity locus Tsn1 is located on chromosome 5B. However, a few of the synthetics were different from their durum parents, suggesting that heterozygosity and heterogeneity might exist in some of the SHW lines and durum parents. The toxin sensitivity significantly increased susceptibility of the synthetics to tan spot but had no significant effects on durum parents. The data showed that 56 (46.7%) and 36 (30.0%) SHW lines were resistant to tan spot and SNB, respectively, whereas resistance was almost absent in the durum parents. These results suggest that the elite CIMMYT synthetics are an excellent source of resistance to tan spot and SNB and should be useful in developing new resistant cultivars and adapted germplasm in bread wheat.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Features of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) of School Mathematics Teachers in Zimbabwe. This paper describes some characteristics of continuing professional development (CPD) for mathematics teachers in Zimbabwe. The characteristics were identified from the pilot phase of a study with an objective of understanding the nature of mathematics teacher CPD programmes across 11 selected countries. Data were gathered from purposively sampled ministry officials, CPD providers, and teachers using through interviews and questionnaires. Findings were that the government in partnership with other stakeholders including non-governmental organizations provides CPD; teachers engage in CPD activities on voluntary basis; there are few mathematics teacher-targeted provisions outside standard university programme offerings; teachers seem to value CPDs essentially for personal career, while providers value CPDs in terms of improving the pass rates. The main observation was that the style of CPD provision for mathematics teachers in Zimbabwe is characterized by fairly stable structural arrangements, but the associated resource and support mechanisms render operational aspects largely dysfunctional.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Objective but not neutral' - On the development of Ostforschung after 1945. Despite the burden of its association with National Socialism, Ostforschung managed to establish itself in West Germany as an academic discipline after 1945. This was due to the flexibility of its advocates, who knew how to make themselves and their research conform to the new political conditions: On the one hand, they stressed the political uses of their work for the dispute over the Oder-Neisse line and the issue of the German expellees from beyond that line; on the other hand, the Cold War provided a convenient means for suppressing individual incrimination in and German responsibility for Nazi crimes committed in Eastern and Central Europe during the Second World War. Only in the course of the 1960s did this field shed the German-centric, often anti-communist orientation that had dominated it for so long.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Polynomial analysis algorithms for free choice Probabilistic Workflow Nets. We introduce Probabilistic Workflow Nets (PWNs), a model extending confusion-free workflow Petri nets with probabilities. We give PWNs a semantics in terms of Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) and introduce a reward model. We show that the expected reward of a complete execution of a PWN is independent of the scheduler used to resolve the nondeterminism of the MDP, which allows one to choose a suitable scheduler for its computation. However, this feature does not lead to a polynomial algorithm, and in fact we prove that deciding whether the expected reward exceeds a given threshold is PSPACE-hard.Finally, we present two extensions of our work. First, we show that our reduction rules can also be used to compute the expected reward parametrically, that is, as a function of parameters related to the probabilities and rewards of the transitions. Second, we discuss the extension of PWNs to workflow nets that are not confusion-free, and show that some of our results still hold. (c) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.To alleviate this high computational cost, we extend previous work on property preserving reductions of non-probabilistic workflow nets. We introduce reduction rules for PWNs, and prove that they preserve the expected reward. The rules allow us to simplify the workflow before constructing its MDP. We then consider the subclass of free-choice PWNs, whose non-probabilistic counterpart has been extensively studied. Using a previous result on the power of the rules for this class, published by us in FASE'16, we derive a polynomial-time algorithm in the size of the PWN for the computation of the expected reward. In contrast, algorithms based on constructing the MDP require exponential time. We report on a sample implementation of the reduction algorithm and on its performance on a collection of benchmarks.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Between family and temple: Jesus and sacrifices. Sacrifice generally aims at obtaining from and by supernatural force the right to exercise control over life. As far as Jewish sacrifices are concerned, according to Leviticus, victims' blood serves to purify the holy places of the temple and no sacrifices can expiate voluntary sins. In Mt 6: 12 God's forgiveness is obtained through a trilateral relationship between the sinner, the \\\\'debtor\\\\', and God, without any expiatory sacrificial act being required. Jesus did not, however, reject the sacrificial rituals of the temple, those rituals that did not serve to expiate voluntary sins. In Jesus' proposal, the forgiveness by one individual of another implies a social conception, which includes the absence of debt, reconciliation, justice and equality. Jesus transforms and relocates two aspects of the religion of the Second Temple. In his conception, the forgiveness of sins and a new beginning of people's lives brought about by the Jubilee can happen anywhere (not only in the temple) and at any time ( not only once a year for Yom hakippurim).", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Examining Whether Practical Measures of Neighborhood Characteristics Improve Correctional Risk Assessment Tools. This study examined whether inclusion of a neighborhood domain improved prediction and classification in an existing risk assessment tool. Logistic regression and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with random effects were conducted using a sample of individuals under community supervision (N = 10,548) to determine whether a neighborhood domain improved the predictive validity of the Ohio Risk Assessment System-Community Supervision Tool (ORAS-CST). In five of our six models, inclusion of the neighborhood domain did not significantly improve the predictive validity of the ORAS-CST regardless of whether it was considered as an additive variable or moderator. One model found that the addition of a neighborhood domain improved prediction; however, the relationship was opposite from what was theoretically expected. The findings suggest that individual-level factors remain the most meaningful predictors in correctional risk assessment tools for those under community supervision. Future research is needed on whether neighborhood indicators improve assessment tools for individuals under other forms of supervision.", "label": [5, 55, 57]}
{"token": "Dahlberg's theorem in higher co-dimension. In the present paper we prove the first analogue of Dahlberg's theorem in higher co-dimension, on a Lipschitz graph Gamma of dimension d in R-n, d < n -1, with a small Lipschitz constant. We construct a linear degenerate elliptic operator L such that the corresponding harmonic measure omega(L) is absolutely continuous with respect to the Hausdorff measure on Gamma. More generally, we provide sufficient conditions on the matrix of coefficients of L which guarantee the mutual absolute continuity of omega(L) and the Hausdorff measure. (C) 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.In 1977 the celebrated theorem of B. Dahlberg established that the harmonic measure is absolutely continuous with respect to the Hausdorff measure on a Lipschitz graph of dimension n - 1 in R-n, and later this result has been extended to more general non-tangentially accessible domains and beyond.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Cephalothoracopagus (monocephalic dithoracic) conjoined twins in a pig (Sus scrofa f. domestica): a case report. In this report, we present a rare case of cephalothoracopagus (monocephalic dithoracic) conjoined twins with anencephaly in pig. Conjoined Polish large white piglets were born at term after an uncomplicated birth. The litter consisted of 11 piglets. The conjoined twins were born alive, but died shortly after birth and were subjected to further investigation. Blood vessels of the heart were filled with LBS 3060 latex, and then the twins were fixed in 10% non-buffered formalin. Necropsy revealed the external and internal anatomy of the affected twins. Examinations demonstrated abnormalities of skeletal, digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems. The twins had a single head, neck and chest and were separated from the umbilicus caudally. They had four forelimbs and four hindlimbs. Examination of the skeleton revealed two complete vertebral columns connected with one skull. Two tongues and a cleft palate were present in the oral cavity. The conjoined twins had a single pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, part of jejunum, spleen, liver and pancreas. The remaining part of the digestive system was doubled. Each piglet had a separate urogenital apparatus. The examination revealed only one heart with structural abnormalities. Two larynxes and tracheas were identified. The right twin had the right lung while the left twin had the left lung. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first detailed report of this type of conjoined twins in the pig.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Bacterial processes of photosynthesis and dark carbon dioxide assimilation in the lakes of Bunger Hills oasis in eastern Antarctica. Photosynthetic and dark assimilation of carbon dioxide was studied in both perennially and temporarily ice-covered lakes of the Antarctic oasis Bunger Hills. The intensity of these processes in the lakes studied varied from 0.08 to 326 mg C/(m(3) day) and correlated with water mineralization. Irrespective of the character of ice-cover, the chemical composition of water in Antarctic water ecosystems affected the organic matter photoproduction to a greater extent than the intensity of photosynthetically available radiation. With the method of polymerase chain reaction, the predominance of oxygenic phototrophic microorganisms carrying the RuBisCO genes was revealed in all the lakes examined. The results obtained and the literature data unambiguously point to the photosynthetic production of organic matter by cyanobacteria as the main biogeochemical process that determines all the other metabolic strategies in Antarctic water ecosystems studied hitherto.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Ebola virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees living in a rain forest of Cote d'Ivoire. An outbreak of Ebola in nature is described for the first time. During a few weeks in November 1994, similar to 25% of 43 members of a wild chimpanzee community disappeared or were found dead in the Tdi National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. A retrospective cohort study was done on the chimpanzee community. Laboratory procedures included histology, immunohistochemistry, bacteriology, and serology. Ebola-specific immunohistochemical staining was positive for autopsy tissue sections from 1 chimpanzee. Demographic, epidemiologic, and ecologic investigations were compatible with a point-source epidemic. Contact activities associated with a case (e.g., touching dead bodies or grooming) did not constitute significant risk factors, whereas consumption of meat did. The relative risk of meat consumption was 5.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.3-21.1), A similar outbreak occurred in November 1992 among the same community. A high mortality rate among apes tends to indicate that they are not the reservoir for the disease causing the illness. These points will have to be investigated by additional studies.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Freedom from God: Periyar and Religion. This paper looks at South Indian rationalist and anti-caste leader Periyar EV Ramasamy's approach to religion. Periyar saw Hinduism as a fundamental degradation of the non-Brahmin community in general, the Dalits in particular. Here, I draw parallels between Periyar and Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin, especially with regards to their radical readings of religion and social power. Similar to Bakunin who inverts Christianity to look at Satan as the original free thinker, Periyar inverts Ramayana to consider the asura Ravana as a Dravidian hero and a victim of Brahminical supremacy. A militant atheist and an avowed enemy of God, Periyar was nevertheless aware of the importance of religion in social life, and I briefly explore his qualified support for Islam and Buddhism and his rationale for urging the lower castes to convert to these religions. I conclude that reading Periyar in the anarchist tradition might open up new ways of understanding his political thought.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "E-Government Effectiveness and Efficiency in EU-28 and COVID-19. The task of every government, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, is to provide services and goods for citizens and to maintain economic order. Therefore, the combination of legislation, the judiciary and administration is inevitable. Moreover, public administrations must transform the way they function by using more information and communication technology in order to remain responsive and efficient. This challenge was further revealed during lockdowns in individual countries, which affected their social and economic development. The solution to that challenge is the implementation of e-government in the public sector. It also increases innovation in governance processes as well as efficiency and effectiveness by offering more participative opportunities to citizens. Hence, a mature level of e-government development also arises. Nevertheless, there are significant differences among the levels of e-government development in the EU-28. The aim of this article is to assess the influence of e-government maturity on government effectiveness and efficiency in the EU-28. In order to obtain empirical results, a two-stage least square regression (2SLS) was applied. The empirical results show that e-government maturity positively and significantly contributes to enhancing government effectiveness and efficiency in the EU-28. In addition, the rule of law plays an important role in each stage regression model. Based on the empirical results, we can conclude that e-government is inevitable and should ensure the proper functioning of public administration during the Covid-19 pandemic.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Six Decades of Top Economics Publishing: Who and How?. Presenting data on all full-length articles in the three top general economics journals for one year in each decade 1960s-2010s, I analyze changes in patterns of coauthorship, age structure and methodology, and their possible causes. The distribution of number of authors has shifted steadily rightward. In the last two decades, the fraction of older authors has almost quadrupled. Top journals are publishing many fewer papers that represent pure theory, regardless of subfield, somewhat less empirical work based on publicly available data sets, and many more empirical studies based on data collected by the author(s) or on laboratory or field experiments. (JEL A14)", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Enigma variations: control of sexual fate in nematode germ cells. A new study showing that neither FEM-2 nor FEM-3 is required for spermatogenesis in Caenorhabditis briggsae, unlike in Caenorhabditis elegans, implies that the sex-determination pathway in these species is evolving rapidly, and supports the proposal that they evolved hermaphroditism independently.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
{"token": "Micro-texture design and optimization in hydrodynamic lubrication via two-scale analysis. A novel computational surface engineering framework is developed to design micro-textures which can optimize the macroscopic response of hydrodynamically lubricated interfaces. All macroscopic objectives are formulated and analyzed within a homogenization-based two-scale setting and the micro-texture design is achieved through topology optimization schemes. Two non-standard aspects of this multiscale optimization problem, namely the temporal and spatial variations in the homogenized response of the micro-texture, are individually addressed. Extensive numerical investigations demonstrate the ability of the framework to deliver optimal micro-texture designs as well as the influence of major problem parameters.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40, 12]}
{"token": "Evaluation of debonding failure of reinforced concrete girders strengthened in flexure with FRP laminates using finite element modeling. The use of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials dates back to the early 1940s when they were used in aerospace and naval applications. During the 1970s and early 1980s. FRP started being used in civil engineering applications for new construction, but more importantly for repair and strengthening of existing structures. However, experimental research showed that the typical failure mode of reinforced concrete (RC) structures strengthened with FRP composite materials is due to the debonding that occurs at the interface between concrete and FRP. The bond between FRP and concrete is therefore the key factor controlling the behavior of these structures since it limits the full use of the FRP strength. The paper evaluates the effect of the debonding failure on the response of FRP-strengthened RC beams. A nonlinear RC beam element with bond-slip between the concrete and the FRP laminates is developed and used to analyze several test specimens and to investigate their corresponding failure mode. The model was also used to study the reduction factor of FRP tensile strength of simply supported strengthened RC girders due to debonding failure. This reduction factor proved to be affected by several parameters: (a) the bond strength between FRP and concrete interface; (b) the concrete strength; (c) the thickness of FRP; (d) the modulus of FRP; (e) the width of FRP laminate; and (f) the development length of the FRP sheet. A large number of beam specimens were analyzed in order to conduct a thorough evaluation of debonding failure of RC beams strengthened with FRP laminates. Based on these studies, new equations that account for the aforementioned parameters were proposed to address the reduction in FRP strength due to debonding failure. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "How Temperament and Personality Contribute to the Maladjustment of Children With Autism. To test the spectrum hypothesis-postulating that clinical and non-clinical samples are primarily differentiated by mean-level differences-, this study evaluates differences in parent-rated temperament, personality and maladjustment among a low-symptom (N = 81), a high-symptom (N = 94) ASD-group, and a comparison group (N = 500). These classic spectrum hypothesis tests are extended by adding tests for similarity in variances, reliabilities and patterns of covariation between relevant variables. Children with ASD exhibit more extreme means, except for dominance. The low- and high-symptom ASD-groups are primarily differentiated by mean sociability and internal distress. Striking similarities in reliability and pattern of covariation of variables suggest that comparable processes link traits to maladaptation in low- and high-symptom children with ASD and in children with and without autism.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Review of the new world treehopper tribe Stegaspidini (Hemiptera : Membracidae : Stegaspidinae): II: Lycoderes Germar, Oeda Amyot and Serville, and Stegaspis Germar. Three genera in the treehopper tribe Stegaspidini Haupt-Lycoderes Germar, Oeda Amyot and Serville, and Stegaspis Germar-are redescribed and illustrated based on adult and nymphal morphology. Lycoderes has 36 valid species, including L. nathanieli Cryan, new species; Oeda has 4 valid species and Stegaspis has 2. Six previously described Lycoderes species are here placed to subgenus for the first time: L. fernandezi Strumpel, L. luteus Funkhouser, L. phasianus Fowler, and L. serraticornis Fowler are included in the subgenus Lycoderides Sakakibara; L. capitatus Buckton and L. minamen (Buckton) are included in the subgenus Lycoderes Germar. An updated taxonomic key and a complete species checklist, including all synonymies, are given for each genus.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus artesunate-amodiaquine: Superior efficacy and posttreatment prophylaxis against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria. Background. Antimalarial drug resistance is now well established in both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. In southern Papua, Indonesia, where both strains of plasmodia coexist, we have been conducting a series of studies to optimize treatment strategies.Results. Of the 334 patients in the evaluable patient population, 185 were infected with P. falciparum, 80 were infected with P. vivax, and 69 were infected with both species. The overall parasitological failure rate at day 42 was 45% (95% confidence interval [CI], 36%-53%) for AAQ and 13% (95% CI, 7.2%-19%) for DHP (hazard ratio [HR], 4.3; 95% CI, 2.5-7.2;). Rates of both recrudescence of P. falciparum infection and recurrence P. vivax of P. vivax infection were significantly higher after receipt of AAQ than after receipt of DHP (HR, 3.4 [95% CI, 1.2-9.4] and 4.3 [95% CI, 2.2-8.2], respectively;). By the end of the study, AAQ recipients were 2.95-fold (95% CI, 1.2- to 4.9-fold) more likely to be anemic and 14.5-fold (95% CI, 3.4- to 61-fold) more likely to have carried P. vivax gametocytes.Conclusions. DHP was more effective and better tolerated than AAQ against multidrug-resistant P. falciparum and P. vivax infections. The prolonged therapeutic effect of piperaquine delayed the time to P. falciparum reinfection, decreased the rate of recurrence of P. vivax infection, and reduced the risk of P. vivax gametocyte carriage and anemia.Methods. We conducted a randomized trial that compared the efficacy and safety of dihydroartemisininpiperaquine (DHP) with artesunate-amodiaquine (AAQ). The primary end point was the overall cumulative parasitological failure rate at day 42.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Local scour due to free fall jets in non-uniform sediment. The results of experiments on the local scour due to free fall jets are presented in this paper. Experiments were conducted for various values of the densimetric Froude number, the relative tailwater depth, the relative drop height and the relative sediment size. It has been found that by increasing the sediment non-uniformity parameter the scour hole parameters decrease. Moreover, in non-uniform sediment, d(90) can be used instead of d(50) in the densimetric Froude number of the jet. By using the present and previous experimental data, new equations for the scour parameters were developed. The validity of the developed equations was checked by available prototype data on the scour depth. (C) 2012 Sharif University of Technology. Production and hosting by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Development of competitiveness and its determinants in Slovak dairy farms. The competitiveness and its determinants for Slovak dairy cattle farms during the years 2007 to 2011 was analysed. The economic database of the Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra was used as the basis. The profit in milk production with including the direct subsidies was assumed as the main parameter of the dairy farm competitiveness. The influence of the individual cost items and milk yield on the competitiveness was quantified using the multivariable linear regression model. Our results indicate that the farms were competitive in milk production only in 2007 and 2008. The highest profit (0.026 (sic) per 1 kg of milk) was reached in 2007. It was mainly determined by the level of the milk price (+9%) and unit costs (-10%) in the evaluated period. The negative regression to the competitiveness was observed for the feed costs, labour costs, repairs and services, depreciations, other direct costs and overheads. On the other hand, the statistically positive impact of the milk yield was found. Generally, the effective utilization of the production potential of animals should be recommended as the main factor of the unit costs reduction as well as for the improvement of the dairy cattle farms profit.", "label": [0, 5, 6, 49]}
{"token": "The choice of inflation targeting regimes for inclusive growth: Lessons from southern countries. This study tries to shed light on whether the inflation targeting framework behaves as a growth enhancing strategy in some selected southern countries. The study also investigates the best choice of inflation targeting regimes. Using panel data regression model for a growth regression, we found that this monetary policy framework has a relatively significant positive effect on economic growth. This means that even in terms of economic growth, using inflation as a nominal anchor is a better framework to conduct monetary policy than using exchange rate or money aggregate. The results also revealed that among different types of inflation targeting frameworks, full-fledged can be the best choice for the selected southern countries.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Cloning, expression, and biological activity of growth hormone in bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). The cDNA (GenBank, AY251538) encoding bullfrog growth hormone (fGH) was cloned by RT-PCR from the total RNA of pituitary glands. Its sequence encoded a putative polypeptide of 215 amino acids, including a signal peptide of 25 amino acids with no change to those of other previous reported bullfrog GHs. The fGH precursor shares 98.1, 96.3, and 95.3% homologies to those of other bullfrog GHs (AAB24792, AAB19428, CAA31038) in amino-acid sequence and its nucleotide sequences of the coding region shares 99.1 and 98.5% homologies to those of previous bullfrog GH genes (S52027 and X12520). The fGH cDNA was also efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli carrying a plasmid pGfGH in which the cDNA was under the control of GST promoter of pGEX1-lambda T. The expressed fusion protein GST-fGH is comprised about 29.3% of the total cellular protein in such bacteria. The purified GST-fGH cannot only showed a obvious dose-response curve when it reacted with the hepatic membrane receptor proteins from bullfrog, but also significantly increased the body weight and length of bullfrog after twice injection and such effects lasted two or three weeks after the last injection with purified GST-fGH. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 47]}
{"token": "Ptilochronology reveals differences in condition of captive White-throated Sparrows. Ptilochronology is a technique in which the growth rate of a feather is used as an assay of a birds condition. Two important questions remain regarding this decade-old technique: (I) Does the daily rate of feather growth correspond very closely with changes in nutritional status during feather growth? and (2) For which stressors can ptilochronology be used as a reliable assay? Using an experimental manipulation of diet, we tested the effectiveness of ptilochronology for assessing nutritional condition in male White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis). Our hypothesis was that birds given an ample diet would be in better condition than those given a subsistence diet, as indicated by faster feather growth. In a second experiment, we examined the effect of a stressor, low social status, on feather growth. We expected that dominant birds would be in better condition and regrow feathers faster than subordinates because of their priority of access to food. Birds fed an enriched diet weighed more, grew longer feathers, and had wider growth bars than birds receiving a diet lower in protein and calories. Dominants retained more fat than subordinates, but did not g-row significantly longer feathers or wider growth bars. However, within flocks, the differences in social status between the birds corresponded to differences in growth-bar width. Our results support the validity of ptilochronology for directly detecting differences in nutritional status during feather regrowth, and point to a likely influence of social status, a density-dependent ecological stressor, on feather growth rates.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Ear Leaf Photosynthesis and Related Parameters of Transgenic and Non-GMO Maize Hybrids. Hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) through transgenics now includes delta-endotoxins for insect control and tolerance to the herbicides glyphosate and glufosinate. Some hybrids have multiple transgenic traits as part of their genotype (stacked gene). Limited information is available on how these traits alone affect.. (net assimilation rate; mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1)) and related physiological parameters. A two-year, two-location, irrigated experiment comparing four stacked gene, four glyphosate tolerant, and two non-GMO hybrids for ear leaf A, g(s) (stomatal conductance; mol H2O m(-2) s(-1)), Em (transpiration; mol H2O m(-2) s(-1)), IWUE (intrinsic water use efficiency; (A/(g(s)* 100))), and C-i (intercellular [CO2]. mu mol CO2 mol air(-1)) was completed at Stoneville, MS, in 2012. Data were collected at growth stages R1 (anthesis) and R2 (early kernel filling) using a Li-Cor LI-6400XT set at 355 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 with a flow rate of 500 mu mol s(-1) and a 6400-02 light source set at 87.5% full sunlight. Measurements were made between 08: 30 h and 11: 30h CST, within 48 h of 25 ha mm irrigation and >= 33.0% cloud cover. Transgenic traits did not influence the physiological parameters of A, g(s), Em, IWUE, or C-i during the critical growth stages of R1 or R2.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Seismic response of underground reservoir structures in sand: Evaluation of Class-C and C1 numerical simulations using centrifuge experiments. Centrifuge experiments were conducted to investigate the seismic response of stiff-unyielding buried reservoir structures with varying stiffness in medium-dense, dry sand. The results of these tests were used to evaluate the predictive capabilities of Class-C and C1, nonlinear, finite element analyses of the seismic response of these relatively stiff buried structures. All simulations were performed in two dimensions using the pressure-dependent, multi-yield-surface, plasticity-based soil constitutive model (PDMY02) implemented in OpenSees. For Class-C simulations, model parameters were calibrated based on the available cyclic simple shear tests on the test soil. For Class-C1 simulations, the same soil model was used along with user-defined modulus reduction curves that were corrected for soil's implied shear strength. The use of shear modulus reduction curves, which modeled a softer soil response compared to POMY02, generally improved the prediction of site response in the far-field as well as seismic racking deformations, earth pressures, and bending strains on the structures. Experimentally, the dynamic thrust, racking, and bending strains on or of the model structures were shown to primarily peak near the strain-dependent fundamental frequency of the site, regardless of the fundamental frequency of the structure itself. This influence in addition to other important response parameters were captured reasonably well by Class-C1 simulations, with residuals ranging from 0.25 to 0.2. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "A Black Sister to Massachusetts': Latin America and the Fugitive Democratic Ethos of Frederick Douglass. The aim of this article is to read Frederick Douglass as a theorist of democracy. It explores the hemispheric dimensions of Douglass' political thought, especially in relation to multiracial democracy. Douglass is generally viewed as an African-American thinker primarily concerned with U.S. politics, and the transnational scope of his ideas is rarely acknowledged. Instead, this article traces the connections between Douglass' Caribbean interventions and his arguments about racial politics in the United States. It argues that Douglass not only found exemplars of black self-government and multiracial democracy in the Caribbean and Central America, he also sought to incorporate black and mixed-race Latin Americans in order to reshape the contours of the U.S. polity and challenge white supremacy. Viewed though a hemispheric lens Douglass is revealed as a radically democratic thinker whose ideas can be utilized to sketch a fugitive democratic ethos that contains important resources for contemporary democratic theory and comparative political theory.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Evaluation of an In Silico PBPK Post-Bariatric Surgery Model through Simulating Oral Drug Bioavailability of Atorvastatin and Cyclosporine. An increasing prevalence of morbid obesity has led to dramatic increases in the number of bariatric surgeries performed. Altered gastrointestinal physiology following surgery can be associated with modified oral drug bioavailability (F-oral). In the absence of clinical data, an indication of changes to F-oral via systems pharmacology models would be of value in adjusting dose levels after surgery. A previously developed virtual \\\\'post-bariatric surgery\\\\' population was evaluated through mimicking clinical investigations on cyclosporine and atorvastatin after bariatric surgery. Cyclosporine simulations displayed a reduced fraction absorbed through gut wall (f(a)) and F-oral after surgery, consistent with reported observations. Simulated atorvastatin F-oral postsurgery was broadly reflective of observed data with indications of counteracting interplay between reduced f(a) and an increased fraction escaping gut wall metabolism (F-G). Inability to fully recover observed atorvastatin exposure after biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch highlights the current gap regarding the knowledge of associated biological changes.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "First record of Mattirolomyces terfezioides from the Iberian Peninsula: its southern- and westernmost locality. During revision of Terfezia specimens in the Mycological Collection of the Herbarium of the Real Jardin Botanico of Madrid (MA-Fungi), morphological and molecular analyses revealed a specimen collected in Madrid as the truffle Mattirolomyces terfezioides. This paper presents the first record of the species from the Iberian Peninsula, the western- and southernmost known locality for M. terfezioides in Europe. General characteristics of known collection sites are also discussed.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Social Worker's Understanding of the Immigrant Muslim Client's Perspective. The evolution of social work knowledge, theory, and methods is necessary to be applicable to the multicultural component of the Canadian population. The effectiveness and importance of social work education and practice is largely tied to the ability to provide culturally sensitive service to clients. In this instance, we sought to identify what issues were specific for Muslim clients. Interviews were conducted with 50 Canadian Muslim and non-Muslim social work practitioners who work closely with Muslim clients. Practitioners identified a number of potential cultural factors and social issues that should be taken into consideration when working with Muslim clients.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Apraxia, Appearances, and Beliefs: The Pyrrhonists' Way Out. According to the objection of inactivity (apraxia), the skeptics cannot live their skepticism, since any attempt to apply it to everyday life would result in total inactivity, while any action they would perform qua skeptics would be a sign that they abandoned their skepticism. In this paper I discuss the ancient Pyrrhonists' response to the objection as is presented in the writings of Sextus Empiricus. Sextus argues that the Pyrrhonists are immune to the apraxia objection because it is based on the misunderstanding of their position, that is, on the wrong assumption that they live in accordance with philosophical logos. To live in accordance with philosophical logos includes two things. First, it includes the idea that one should apply one's philosophical tenets, concepts and recommendations to ordinary human life and use it as a practical guide. However, the only item that survives skeptical philosophy, appearance, is not used in this way: its role as criterion of action is different. Second, it includes the idea that ordinary human life can be, and should be, described in philosophical terms. However, the skeptics.refuse to describe their actions in philosophical terms. More specifically, they refuse to describe their actions in terms of beliefs: from the Pyrrhonists' point of view, the question 'Do you have beliefs?\\\\' is misplaced, since any answer to it, affirmative or negative, is as credible as any other, since it is about something non-evident.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Photosynthetic activities of vegetative and fruiting tissues of tomato. Photosynthetic activities of different chlorophyll-containing parts of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv, Saporo) were assessed using chlorophyll fluorescence techniques. Trusses selected for study contained near mature, green fruit and measurements were carried out on the truss peduncle, pedicels, calyces, and fruit. Activities of these tissues were compared with those of adjacent compound leaves considered to be the primary suppliers of photosynthetic assimilates to fruit. All tissues showed high intrinsic efficiencies of photosystem II, measured as F-v/F-m,, in dark-adapted tissue (range 0,77-0,82), Maximal photosynthetic electron transfer activities varied from 110 to 330 pmol m(-2)s(-1). With increasing photon flux density there was a gradation of tissue activity with actual photosynthetic yields, electron transport rates and photochemical quenching coefficients (q(p)) of tissues decreasing in the order: upper leaf lamina, lower leaf lamina, leaf petiole, truss peduncle, pedicel, calyx, and fruit. The reverse order was found for the rapidity at which absorbed photon energy was diverted to non-photochemical pathways as photon flux density was increased. The onset of F-o quenching at high photon flux densities suggested that all tissues contained a regulated mechanism for dissipating excess energy as heat. It was concluded that the non-leaf green tissues of tomato are quite active photosynthetically and therefore potentially contribute significantly to plant growth. At a photon flux density of 185 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), 29% of photosynthetic electron transport activity on a surface area basis was located in tissues other than leaf laminae, with fruit accounting for 15%.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Market assessment of tuberculosis diagnostics in China in 2012. RESULTS: In 2012, the China CDC and hospital sectors performed a total of 44 million TB diagnostic tests at an overall value of US$294 million. Tests used by the CDC sector were smear microscopy, solid and liquid culture and DST, while the hospital sector also used IGRAs, NAATs, ADA and serology. The hospital sector accounted for 76% of the overall test volume and 94% of the market value.OBJECTIVE: To assess the 2012 served available market for tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics in China in the sector served by the China Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the hospital sector in China, including both designated TB hospitals and general hospitals.DESIGN: Test volumes and unit costs were assessed for tuberculin skin tests, interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), smear microscopy, serology, cultures, speciation tests, nucleic-acid amplification tests (NAATs), drug susceptibility tests and adenosine-deaminase tests (ADA). Data were obtained from electronic databases (CDC sector) and through surveys (hospital sector), and were estimated for the two sectors and for the country as a whole. Test costs were estimated by staff at China CDC, and using published literature.CONCLUSION: China has a very large TB diagnostic market that encompasses a wide range of diagnostic tests, with the majority being performed in Chinese hospitals.", "label": [2, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Hepatitis E Virus Exposure is Increased in Pork Butchers from Burkina Faso. We conducted the first survey of zoonotic risk of Hepatitis E virus (REV) transmissions in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, through the direct contact with pork meat during professional activity. Anti-REV antibodies were more prevalent in pork butchers, 76% than in the general population, which was 47.8% in 2013 (odds ratio = 3.46, 95% CI = 2.85-4.21, P < 0.001). Among slaughter-aged swine, REV seroprevalence was of 80%, and REV RNA was detected in 1% of pork livers. Phylogenetic analysis pointed out HEV genotype 3. Thus, in addition to possible HEV contamination through the water source, as in endemic region, zoonotic transmissions of REV probably occur in west Africa.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "A two-layer representation of four-state reversible number-conserving 2D cellular automata. We present a novel representation of 1D reversible and number-conserving cellular automata with four states. Carrying this view over to two dimensions, we are able to construct 65 four-state reversible and number-conserving 2D cellular automata with the von Neumann neighborhood. A clever use of the split-and-perturb decomposition of number-conserving CAs allows to prove by elimination that this list is complete.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Cross-Layer Optimization of Correlated Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks. We consider the problem of gathering correlated sensor data by a single sink node in a wireless sensor network. We assume that the sensor nodes are energy constrained and design efficient distributed protocols to maximize the network lifetime. Many existing approaches focus on optimizing the routing layer only, but in fact the routing strategy is often coupled with power control in the physical layer and link access in the MAC layer. This paper represents a first effort on network lifetime maximization that jointly considers the three layers. We first assume that link access probabilities are known and consider the joint optimal design of power control and routing. We show that the formulated optimization problem is convex and propose a distributed algorithm, JRPA, for the solution. We also discuss the convergence of JRPA. When the optimal link access probabilities are unknown, as in many practical networks, we generalize the problem formulation to encompass all the three layers of routing, power control, and link-layer random access. In this case, the problem cannot be converted into a convex optimization problem, but there exists a duality gap when the Lagrangian dual method is employed. We propose an efficient heuristic algorithm, JRPRA, to solve the general problem, and show through numerical experiments that it can significantly narrow the gap between the computed and optimal solutions. Moreover, even without a priori knowledge of the best link access probabilities predetermined for JRPA, JRPRA achieves extremely competitive performance with JRPA. Beyond the metric of network lifetime, we also discuss how to solve the problem of correlated data gathering under general utility functions. Numerical results are provided to show the convergence of the algorithms and their advantages over existing solutions.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Contemporary anthropology and the clinical approach of the 'subject. Psychoanalysis is closely linked to anthropology. A large body of literature has been published on the various exchanges and dialogues, as well as on the lack of understanding and differences in points of view between the two disciplines. The strategies of exchange reflect certain patterns, i.e., analogy, borrowing, or distortion. These exchanges are sometimes used by psychoanalysts as a basis for justifying the 'meta' aspect of their construction and to determine what. in psychoanalysis, is applicable to the History of civilizations as a whole. One of the special terms in anthropology is that of ethnicity, but in parallel to its disengagement, this term is also the subject of important social and idealogical demands. The ethnic explanation is required to take into account a certain number of tensions in the relationship of social insertion experienced by the immigrant subject and his children in the care-giving and/or medical institutions. This ideological landscape can considerably remodel the in-field scenarios and the attitudes of the therapist and the anthropologist in this respect. The old patterns and themes that are present in the interactions between anthropology and psychoanalysis should also take into account a critical analysis of the idealogical construction of the ethnic referent, in order to take into consideration subjective conflicts and their implications in a social context. (C) 2003 Elsevier SAS. Tous droits reserves.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Optimisation of ISO 10705-1 on enumeration of F-specific bacteriophages. During the European project 'Bacteriophages in bathing waters' (January 1996-June 1999), research was carried out to optimise the method for detection and enumeration of F-specific (RNA) phages in water. It was evaluated whether further optimisation would be possible/needed for the procedure as described in the standard method of the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) 10705-1. The research focused mainly on optimisation of the different steps for culturing the host strain WG49 Salmonella Typhimurium. It was concluded that all steps described in ISO 10705-1 are necessary and, if followed carefully, using a culture of host strain WG49 Salmonella Typhimurium of good quality, reliable results could be obtained for the enumeration of F-specific RNA phages. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42, 21]}
{"token": "Comparison of the basin-scale effect of dredging operations and natural estuarine processes on suspended sediment concentration. Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data from San Pablo Bay, California, were analyzed to compare the basin-scale effect of dredging and disposal of dredged material (dredging operations) and natural estuarine processes. The analysis used twelve 3-wk to 5-wk periods of mid-depth and near-bottom SSC data collected at Point San Pablo every 15 min from 1993-1998. Point San Pablo is within a tidal excursion of a dredged-material disposal site. The SSC data were compared to dredging volume, Julian day, and hydrodynamic and meteorological variables that could affect SSC. Kendall's tau, Spearman's rho, and weighted (by the fraction of valid data in each period) Spearman's rho(w) correlation coefficients of the variables indicated which variables were significantly correlated with SSC. Wind-wave resuspension had the greatest effect on SSC. Median water-surface elevation was the primary factor affecting mid-depth SSC. Greater depths inhibit wind-wave resuspension of bottom sediment and indicate greater influence of less turbid water from down estuary. Seasonal variability in the supply of erodible sediment is the primary factor affecting near-bottom SSC. Natural physical processes in San Pablo Bay are more areally extensive, of equal or longer duration, and as frequent as dredging operations (when occurring), and they affect SSC at the tidal time scale. Natural processes control SSC at Point San Pablo even when dredging operations are occurring.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Georg Simmel and the transmission of distance. Simmel's social thinking is discussed in terms of distance and associated ideas. Distance is viewed as the negative ground of positive forms which, like a receding horizon, inhabits all aspects of human life as an immanent absence. For Simmel, distance implies the constant abandonment of positive forms in a continuous reaching out by human agency to the indefinite and unknown. Distance thus means that human agency has its source in a primal force that transcends the specific goals of everyday life. Human agency is moved principally by a force that continually exceeds it as the continuous transmission of distance as a negative ground which never comes. Simmel's example of the modern city illustrates distance as the distension and de-creation of human agency, which is further exemplified in contemporary developments such as globalization and the transmission of information.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Perovskite-Ion Beam Interactions: Toward Controllable Light Emission and Lasing. Achieving controllable coherent and incoherent light sources is crucial to meet the requests of the constantly developing integrated optics, which, however, remains challenging for the existing semiconductor materials and techniques. All-inorganic lead halide perovskites (ILHPs) are emerging as the promising semiconductors, featuring the defect-tolerant nature and tunable band gap. Herein, an experimental design, based on the interaction between ILHPs and energetic ions, for achieving controllable light emitters and microlasers is reported. We reveal that the photoluminescence intensity from ILHPs can be modulated by more than 1 order of magnitude upon low-dose gallium ion (similar to 10(15) ions/cm(2)) irradiation, which can be attributed to the generation of vacancy/interstitial defects, metallic lead, and crystal-to-amorphization transition. Such ion-dependent light emission can be exploited to make the colorful photopatterns and in situ tailor the lasing behavior from CsPbBr3 microplates. Further, a strong sputtering effect is observed with the increase of the ion dose (similar to 10(17) ions/cm(2)), which enables the top-down fabrication of microlasers based on ILHPs. These findings represent a significant step toward controllable light sources leveraging on perovskite-ion interactions.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Heavy water enrichment in wired concentric-tube thermal-diffusion columns with transverse sampling streams. The equations which may be employed to predict the optimum wire angles of inclination for enrichment of heavy water in a concentric-tube thermal-diffusion column with a tight fitting wire spiral, having a diameter equal to the annular spacing, wrapped on the entire inner tube, operating with transverse sampling streams, have been derived. Considerable improvement in performance is obtainable if wire. spiral is employed in the column at the optimum angle, instead of the absence of wire spiral, so that the convection strength can be properly reduced and controlled, resulting in suppressing the undesirable remixing effect while still preserving the desirable cascading effect. Accordingly, essential savings in fixed charges and operating expense can be achieved, particularly for lower production rate operations or for smaller degree of separation.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Altered expression levels of transcripts of GNAC TFs during drought stress in susceptible and tolerant cultivars of groundnut. By modulating gene expression, transcription factors (TFs) play a key role in conferring drought resistance. During drought, NAC, one of the major plant-specific transcription factor families, is found to be substantially upregulated, indicating that it influences the gene(s) involved in drought tolerance. The goal of this study was to get insight into how the drought-tolerant wild type A. duranensis and the susceptible variety GJG 22 altered their expression levels of GNAC TFs during drought and after re-watering. Physio-biochemical parameters like relative water content electrolytic leakage, chlorophyll content, osmotic potential, and proline content were examined, along with this differential gene expression, with eleven GNAC TF water stress- related genes were evaluated in both types at different stages. In the drought-tolerant cultivars, nine TF(s) were upregulated, whereas, six were up-regulated in GJG 22. Five GNAC TFs in A. duranensis and four in GJG22 were elevated post revival. The influence of drought and revival on physio-biochemical parameters and the degree of expression of GNAC genes, as well as the impact on drought tolerance in plants, is revealed by this finding. Insight into the mechanisms of drought resistance in groundnut might lead to new possibilities in crop development utilizing molecular breeding and biotechnology.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Emerging trend in second messenger communication and myoendothelial feedback. Over the past decade, second messenger communication has emerged as one of the intriguing topics in the field of vasomotor control. Of particular interest has been the idea of second messenger flux from smooth muscle to endothelium initiating a feedback response that attenuates constriction. Mechanistic details of the precise signaling cascade have until recently remained elusive. In this perspective, we introduce readers to how myoendothelial gap junctions could enable sufficient inositol trisphosphate flux to initiate endothelial Ca2+ events that activate Ca2+ sensitive K+ channels. The resulting hyperpolarizing current would in turn spread back through the same myoendothelial gap junctions to moderate smooth muscle depolarization and constriction. In discussing this defined feedback mechanism, this brief manuscript will stress the importance of microdomains and of discrete cellular signaling.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Time evolution of the depth profile of {113} defects during transient enhanced diffusion in silicon. The evolution of {113} defects as a function of time and depth within Si implant-generated defect profiles has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Two cases are considered: one in which the {113} defects evolve into dislocation loops, and the other, at lower dose and energy, in which the {113} defects grow in size and finally dissolve. The study shows that dissolution occurs preferentially at the near-surface side of the defect band, indicating that the silicon surface is the principal sink for interstitials in this system. The results provide a critical test of the ability of physical models to simulate defect evolution and transient enhanced diffusion. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Incidence and Persistence of High-risk Anogenital Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Female Youth With and Without Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodefiency Virus Infection: A 3-year Observational Cohort Study. Background. Female youth with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (PHIV) may be at higher risk than uninfected youth for persistent anogenital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, due to prolonged immunodeficiency.Conclusions. Female PHIV were at higher risk of having anogenital HR-HPV acquisition and persistence. Primary and secondary prevention programs for HPV infection and HPV-related diseases should be prioritized for PHIV children and youth.Methods. A 3-year cohort study was conducted between 2013 and 2017 among Thai and Vietnamese PHIV and HIV-uninfected females 12-24 years, matched by age group and number of lifetime sexual partners. For HPV genotyping, cervical and anal samples were obtained at baseline and annually. Vaginal samples were collected at baseline and every 6 months. Factors associated with high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) persistence and incidence were assessed.Results. We enrolled 93 PHIV and 99 HIV-uninfected females. Median age was 19 (interquartile range [IQR] 18-20) years. For the 7 IIR-HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58) in the nonavalent I IPV vaccine, PI IIV had significantly higher incidence (P = .03) and persistence (P = .01) than HIV-uninfected youth over a 3-year period. Having HIV (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-3.9) and ever using illegal substances (aHR 4.8, 95% CI 1.8-13.0) were associated with incident 7 HR-HPV infections. HIV-positive status (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 2.2, 95% CI 1.5-3.2), recent alcohol use (aPR 1.75, 95% CI 1.2-2.5), and higher number of lifetime partners (aPR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4-3.1, for 3-5 partners; aPR 1.93, 95% CI 1.2-3.2, for >= 6 partners) were significantly associated with persistent 7 HR-HPV infections.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Internal relationship modeling and production planning optimization for the manufactured housing. The 'manufacturer-internal relationship optimization model (MIROM)', a schematic framework for internal relationship, is proposed for the manufactured housing (MH) factory. This model emphasizes the relationship between customer order from retailers (i.e., customized MH) and the production process, indicating that these elements are not mutually exclusive. In particular, through surveys and site visits, the planning of the product mix and sequence in the MH factory is considered the most critical area of the MIROM framework. This paper aims to convey how these areas can be elevated to the planning level with innovative changes and optimization. A product mix optimization model with linear programming was developed and a sequence optimization model was created by incorporating just-in-time (JIT) approaches. The proposed strategic MIROM framework and the specific optimization models can contribute to achieving significant improvement in the internal MH production planning. It can be applied for the site-built housing industry with similar industrialized environments depending on the scale of the operation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Constructing superhydrophobic surface of PES/PES-SiO2 mixed matrix membrane contactors for efficient SO2 capture. Obtaining high SO2 absorption flux for membrane contactor is noticeably vital for fule gas desulfurization, and superhydmphobic surface is essential to reach excellent desulfurization performance. The development of a generic and low budget strategy for membrane contactors preparation is important in indisturial application. In this study, a superhydrophobic polyethersulfone-silica (PES/PES-SiO2) gas-liquid membrane contactor is fabricated using a facile spin coating method. PES substrate is prepared by a facile non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS), and then the superhydmphobic surface of PES/PES-SiO2 is formed on the PES substrate by spin coating method. The solubility parameters of mixed solvent, PES concentration, and SiO2 content are regulated to investigate the morphology of membrane contactors. On one hand, the surface structure of MMMCs is regulated, and constructs lotus-leaf like morphology, which noticeably elevate surface roughness. On the other hand, SiO2 nanoparticles enhance hydrophobic characteristic with water contact angle 159 degrees and anti wetting resistance with liquid entry pressure of water (LEP W ) 1.389 bar. Moreover, the SiO2 nanoparticles help to significantly improve the stability of desulfurization performance, which is much higher than PES control membrane after 12 h test. The SiO(2 )absorption fluxes and SiO(2 )removal efficiencies are 1.24 x 10(-3) mot. m(-2).s(-1) and 63.8%, respectively. Besides, the membrane phase transfer coefficient (K-m) and membrane phase transfer resistance (H/K-m) are explored.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "A conditional Triplet loss for few-shot learning and its application to image co-segmentation. Few-shot learning tries to solve the problems that suffer the limited number of samples. In this paper we present a novel conditional Triplet loss for solving few-shot problems using deep metric learning. While the conventional Triplet loss suffers the limitation of random sampling of triplets which leads to slow convergence in training process, our proposed network tries to distinguish between samples so that it improves the training speed. Our main contributions are two-fold. (i) We propose a conditional Triplet loss to train a deep Triplet network for deep metric embedding. The proposed Triplet loss employs a penalty-reward technique to enhance the convergence of standard Triplet loss. (ii) We improve the performance of the existing image co-segmentation model by replacing the conventional loss function by our proposed conditional Triplet loss. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed network, experiments carry out on MNIST and CIFAR. Simulation results are evaluated by AUC and Recall (sensitivity) and indicate that the proposed conditional Triplet network achieves higher accuracy in comparison to state-of-the-arts. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 40]}
{"token": "Formation of International Economic Policy in Countries with different shares of state participation in the Economy. The article considers the emergence of an international system of economic relations based on the international legal regulation of commodity relations. It is determined that the beginning of international cooperation in the field of trade was preceded by local trade agreements at the beginning of the XVII century.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The strength of sensitivity to ambiguity. We report an experiment where each subject's ambiguity sensitivity is measured by an ambiguity premium, a concept analogous to and comparable with a risk premium. In our design, some tasks feature known objective risks and others uncertainty about which subjects have imperfect, heterogeneous, information (\\\\'ambiguous tasks\\\\'). We show how the smooth ambiguity model can be used to calculate ambiguity premia. A distinctive feature of our approach is estimation of each subject's subjective beliefs about the uncertainty in ambiguous tasks. We find considerable heterogeneity among subjects in beliefs and ambiguity premia; and that, on average, ambiguity sensitivity is about as strong as risk sensitivity.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "The configuration and failed eruption of a complex magnetic flux rope above a delta sunspot region. Conclusions. Combining the observations and magnetic field extrapolation, we conclude that the precursor reconnection, which occurs at the null point, weakens the overlying confinement to allow the flux rope to rise, fitting the breakout model. The main phase reconnection, which may occur at the BP or HFT, facilitates the flux rope rising. The results suggest that the delta spot configuration presents an environment prone to the formation of complex magnetic configurations that work together to produce activities.Aims. We aim to investigate the configuration of a complex flux rope above the delta sunspot region in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration AR 11515 and its eruptive expansion during a confined M5.3-class flare.Methods. We studied the formation of the delta sunspot using the continuum intensity images and photospheric vector magnetograms provided by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on-board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). We employed the extreme-ultraviolet and ultraviolet images provided by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on-board SDO and the hard X-ray emission recorded by the Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager to investigate the eruptive details. The coronal magnetic field is extrapolated from the photospheric field using a nonlinear force free field (NLFFF) method, based on which the flux rope is identified through calculating the twist number T-w and squashing factor Q. We searched the null point via a modified Powell hybrid method.Results. The collision between two newly emerged spot groups form the delta sunspot. A bald patch (BP) configuration forms at the collision location between one umbra and the penumbra, above which a complex flux rope structure is identified. The flux rope has a multilayer configuration, with one compact end and the other end bifurcating into different branches. It has a non-uniform T-w profile, which decreases from the core to the boundary. The outmost layer is merely sheared. A null point is located above the flux rope. The eruptive process consists of precursor flarings at a v-shaped coronal structure, rise of the filament, and brightening below the filament, corresponding well with the topological structures deduced from the NLFFF, including a higher null point, a flux rope, and a BP and a hyperbolic flux tube (HFT) below the flux rope. Two sets of post-flare loops and three flare ribbons in the delta sunspot region further support the bifurcation configuration of the flux rope.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Highly active trialkoxymolybdenum(VI) alkylidyne catalysts synthesized by a reductive recycle strategy. A systematic study of alkyne metathesis catalyzed by trialkoxymolybdenum(VI) alkylidyne complexes is reported, in which substrate functional groups, alkynyl substituents, and catalyst ligands are varied. Sterically hindered trisamidomolybdenum(VI) propylidyne complex 5 was prepared conveniently through a previously communicated reductive recycle strategy. Alcoholysis of 5 with various phenols/alcohols provides a set of active catalysts for alkyne metathesis at room temperature, among which the catalyst with p-nitrophenol as ligand shows the highest catalytic activity and is compatible with a variety of functional groups and solvents. A key finding that enabled the use of highly active molybdenum(VI) catalysts is replacement of the commonly used propynyl substituents on the starting alkyne substrates with butynyl groups. Under reduced pressure using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as an involatile solvent, the alkyne metathesis of butynyl substituted compounds proceeds well at 30 degreesC providing high yields (83%-97%) of dimers. Rationalization of the special role played by butynyl substrates is discussed.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Diastereomeric C-glycosyloxanthrones from picramnia antidesma. Nine compounds were isolated and identified from the stem of Picramnia antidesma. Two of the isolated compounds: mayoside and saroside, which is new, are diastereoisomeric oxanthrones. The structure of saroside has been obtained on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. The absolute configuration of this diastereoisomeric pair has been determined by CD spectra, and that of saroside was further established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "The practicalities of transferring data between project collaboration systems used by the construction industry. As part of an industry-lead initiative, standards have been developed to enable bulk exchange of project data between project collaboration systems used by the construction industry. Through the work of developing exchange standards to the practical implementation of data transfer, this paper examines the issues that need to be addressed by both solution providers and their clients when considering moving a project's data between two different instances of collaborative software. It highlights the practical difficulties of keeping the consistency of the data during the transfer process and gives solutions that can help to overcome these and other problems. The paper draws on experience gained through the development of vendor-neutral standards and real-life project migrations to put forward procedures which should be adopted by vendors, and gives insight into the underlying process for clients. The paper will form a vital framework for clients to determine if the benefits of moving projects between suppliers outweigh the difficulties associated with the move, and to help vendors put processes in place to best facilitate the transfer. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Governance of the Cuban media system. A study of the regulatory framework on communication from 1959 to 2018. This research characterizes the Cuban media system, based on the study of the regulatory framework established in the country for nearly 60 years. A mixed methodological design of two stages is used to perform an analysis of the regulations through Atlas.ti qualitative software. The results indicate that the media regulation is mainly developed by the executive and political powers, and that the guarantee of fundamental rights related to the media -freedom of expression, editorial autonomy, the right to information, or the independence of the regulatory system- is subject to the conditions established by the single system of state ownership and to the control over the media exercised by the Communist Party.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Galileo Between Jesuits: The Fault Is in the Stars. In the middle of the seventeenth century, Andre Tacquet, S.J. briefly discussed a scientific argument regarding the structure of a Copernican universe, and commented on Galileo Galilei's discussion of that same argument-Galileo's discussion in turn being a commentary on a version of the argument by Christoph Scheirer, S.J. the argument was based on observations of the sizes of stars. This exchange involving Galileo and two Jesuits illustrates how through much of the seventeenth century, science-meaning observations, measurements, and calculations-supported a view of the Copernican universe in which stars were not other suns, hut were dim bodies, far larger than the sun. Johannes Kepler emphasized this, especially in arguing against Giordano Bruno. Jesuit astronomers like Tacquet and Scheirer understood this. Those who might have listened to Jesuit astronomers would likewise have understood this-Robert Bellarmine, for example, whose role in the debate over Copernicanism is well known. To many, such a universe was, in the words of Galileo's Dialogue character Sagredo, \\\\'beyond belief,\\\\' and no modern view of a universe of many distant suns would be scientifically supportable until after Tacquet's death in 1660. The Copernican universe of the seventeenth century looked radically different from the universe as modern astronomers understand it, and recognizing this fact allows for interesting questions to be asked regarding the actions of those, such as Bellarmine, who were responding to the work of Copernicus.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Soil: the great connector of our lives now and beyond COVID-19. The soil is the great connector of lives, the source and destination of all. It is the healer and restorer and resurrector, by which disease passes into health, age into youth, death into life. Without proper care for it we can have no community, because without proper care for it we can have no life.- Wendell Berry (American novelist)Humanity depends on the existence of healthy soils, both for the production of food and for ensuring a healthy, biodiverse environment, among other functions. COVID-19 is threatening food availability in many places of the world due to the disruption of food chains, lack of workforce, closed borders and national lockdowns. As a consequence, more emphasis is being placed on local food production, which may lead to more intensive cultivation of vulnerable areas and to soil degradation. In order to increase the resilience of populations facing this pandemic and future global crises, transitioning to a paradigm that relies more heavily on local food production on soils that are carefully tended and protected through sustainable management is necessary. To reach this goal, the Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (ITPS) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) recommends five active strategies: improved access to land, sound land use planning, sustainable soil management, enhanced research, and investments in education and extension.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Tuning in the future: Digital technology and commercial radio broadcasting in Canada. Commerical radio, a pervasive part of the Canadian cultural landscape for nearly a century, is poised to undergo a fundamental transformation. Driven by a technology known as Digital Audio Broadcasting, radio broadcasters, with support of th estate, are proposing to replace conventional AM and FM radio, altering the familiar sounds we have known and re-organizing cultural practices associated with the medium. Prophesied as the \\\\'wave of the future,\\\\' this digital technology and the new programming services it will engender, promise to draw Canadian radio into the \\\\'communications revolution,\\\\' as well as the larger processes of globalization that are increasingly characterizing social, economic and political life. This essay outlines the nature of digital radio, the powers behind its development and stabilization, and some of the questions and issues that arise concerning not only the fate of radio broadcasting, but of commercial culture and cultural policy in Canadian national life.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Phytochemical study on the leaves of Wollemia nobilis. In this work, a phytochemical study performed on the leaves of the rare species, Wollemia nobilis W.G. Jones, K.D. Hill & J.M. Allen, is reported. By means of classical column chromatography and NMR Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry, nine compounds were evidenced. These were: pheophorbide a (1), isocupressic acid (2), acetyl-isocupressic acid (3), sandaracopimaric acid (4), agathic acid (5), 7-4'4\\\\''/-tri-O-methyl-agathisflavone (6), 7-4'-7\\\\'-4\\\\''1-tetra-O-methyl-agathisflavone (7), caffeic acid (8) and shikimic acid (9). Compared to our previous phytochemical analysis on the male cones, some further compounds were identified i.e. compounds 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8. This confirmed the previous chemotaxonomic considerations of the species but also added new ones which were discussed within the text. In addition, a possible different accumulation of secondary metabolites in the tissues and organs of this plant was even noticed. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Jadeite with the Ca-Eskola molecule from an ultra-high pressure metagranodiorite, Dora-Maira Massif, Western Alps. A metagranodiorite from the ultra-high pressure (UHP) Brossasco-Isasca Unit (BIU) of the southern Dora Maira Massif, Western Alps, contains relicts of jadeite developed as a pseudomorph after igneous plagioclase during the Alpine UHP metamorphism. The jadeite is characterised by a slight but significant shortage of total cations. On average, for 6 oxygens, the sum of M2 (Na + Ca) cations is 0.93. Careful algebraic calculations on the jadeite end members indicate that Ca and Al combine to form the calcium-Eskola (CaEs) molecule (0.08-0.17) and minor calcium-Tschermack (CaTs) molecule (less than or equal to 0.03). This is the first report of jadeite with significant amounts of CaEs component from a natural UHP metagranitoid rock. The finding of CaEs molecule in the metagranodiorite is further evidence that the rock experienced UHP metamorphism during the Alpine metamorphism.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "On the Accuracy of Elastic Strain Field Measurements by Laue Microdiffraction and High-Resolution EBSD: a Cross-Validation Experiment. Determining the accuracy of elastic strain measurements in plastically deformed alloys is an experimental challenge. To develop a novel cross-validation procedure, a controlled elasto-plastic strain gradient was created in a stainless steel single crystal by four point bending deformation. The corresponding elastic strain field was probed, with an intragranular spatial resolution, in-situ by Laue microdiffraction and ex-situ by High Resolution EBSD. Good agreement is found for the two independent measurements and the predictions of a mechanical model, at plastic strains below 0.5 %. The accuracy of the measurements is estimated at 3.2 x 10(-4).", "label": [1, 11, 12]}
{"token": "On-line electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry configurations: recent developments and trends. In the present mini-review, an account of the actual state-of-the-art and future possibilities offered by on-line ET-AAS is presented. Topics such as: (1) on-line analyte preconcentration (by means of precipitation, sorption, solvent extraction, and solid phase extraction); (2) analyte separation by means of chromatography, and electrochemical, microdialysis and chemical vapor generation processes; and (3) sample treatment (by microwave sample digestion, sample emulsification and dilution processes) are used to illustrate the versatility of flow injection, sequential injection analysis, stop flow and continuous flow, when coupled to a graphite furnace. The use of some of the on-line systems for speciation and the simultaneous determination of different analytes is underlined. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE PARASITES AND PREDATORS OF RED GROUSE LAGOPUS-LAGOPUS-SCOTICUS. Both parasites and predators can reduce the survival and productivity of bird species and have serious consequences for avian population dynamics, Long-term population studies of Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus have concentrated on the importance of different natural enemies throughout the geographic range of this subspecies, Examination of birds found dead coupled with long-term studies show that the relative importance of parasites and predation varies both temporally and spatially, but both are important as significant sources of mortality. The parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus tenuis reduces the survival and breeding production of Red Grouse, and these effects are sufficient to generate long-term cycles in Red Grouse abundance. Predation rates on grouse appear to be high in some areas, particularly in Scotland where numbers of Foxes Vulpes vulpes have increased dramatically over the past 30 years. Parasites cause morbidity, and an experimental test illustrates how parasites may influence grouse scent emission and make the birds more vulnerable to predation. Mathematical models demonstrate that small numbers of predators selectively removing heavily infected individuals may allow the size of the Red Grouse population to increase since the predators effectively reduce the regulatory role of the parasites, However, moderate and high levels of predation result in suppression of the Red Grouse population.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "From Nationalism to National Indifference: Binary Logic and Sense of Time. The vast body of inquiry into nationalism has traditionally seen Europe as a main center for the emergence of nationalism, but scholars of \\\\'national indifference\\\\' have countered with the idea that nationalism may not matter much at all as a motive for most people. The concept of national indifference calls into question the power of nationalism as a motive for action and the mass appeal of nationalism. Studies of national indifference have constructed an alternative non-national narrative, but face particular challenges accounting for major themes and episodes of discrimination and violence. At its core, national indifference paradoxically both rejects and accepts binary notions of identity and incorporates binary assumptions about motives. It is tempting to resolve the contest between parallel accounts of pervasive, powerful nationalism and national indifference by choosing a victor, but this contrast between models shows the fluidity and dynamism of nationalism. The debate between the now classic accounts of nationalism and the alternative of national indifference points to the importance of often overlooked variables: frames and sense of time.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 30, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Effect of PRE and POST-Directed Herbicides for Season-Long Nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) Control in Bell Pepper. Fomesafen and imazosulfuron are two recendy registered herbicides for use in Florida bell pepper. Field studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate PRE, POST-directed (POST-DIR), and PRE followed by (fb) POST-DIR control programs utilizing these new herbicides for nutsedqe control in Florida bell pepper. PRE treatments included: S-metolachlor at 0.71 and 1.07 kg ai ha(-1), fomesafen at 0.28 and 0.42 kg ai ha(-1), S-metolachlor at 0.71 kg ha(-1) + fomesafen 0.28 kg ha(-1), and S-metolachlor at 1.07 kg ha(-1) + fomesafen at 0.42 kg ha(-1). POST-DIR treatments included imazosulfuron at 0.21 and 0.34 kg ai ha(-1). PRE fb POST-DIR treatments included S-metolachlor at 0.71 or 1.07 kg ha(-1) fb imazosulfuron at 0.21 kg ha(-1) and fomesafen at 0.28 or 0.42 kg ha(-1) fb imazosulfuron at 0.21 kg ha(-1). Nutsedge control in both years at 28 d after planting was similar among all PRE treatments providing <= 60% control. The addition of imazosulfuron POST-DIR following S-metolachlor or fomesafen PRE provided greater control compared to S-metolachlor or fomesafen alone 14, 21, and 28 d after the POST-DIR application. Plots treated with S-metolachlor resulted in lower marketable weight and marketable fruit count compared to fomesafen in 2012; however, this was not observed in 2013. The results for these studies indicate the importance of a PRE fb POST-DIR herbicide for nutsedge control and that fomesafen or S-metolachlor PRE fb imazosulfuron POST-DIR provides growers with a viable tool capable of achieving season-long control of nutsedge in bell pepper.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Rapid Determination of the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) Function in an Oscillatory Baffled Reactor (OBR) Using a Design of Experiments (DoE) Approach. Residence time distribution (RTD) profiles were investigated in a standard oscillatory baffled reactor (OBR) as a function of oscillatory and bulk flow components using a design of experiments (DoE) approach. A second-order, polynomial model (R-2 = 92.1%) was fitted to N values estimated from concentration profiles and used to maximise plug flow conditions. The velocity ratio (Psi) required to maximise plug flow was 1.9, agreeing well with the range previously identified by Stonestreet and van der Veeken (1.8 < Psi < 2.0), suggesting that the approach used here is valid. This method could be used to rapidly quantify and maximise plug flow in various OBR designs in a simple and robust manner which could prove valuable for the operation and design of continuous processes using OBR technology.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Determination of glucosinolates in 19 Chinese medicinal plants with spectrophotometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography. Glucosinolates were evaluated in 19 traditional Chinese medicinal plants involved in seven different families: Brassicaceae, Capparaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Tropaeolaceae, Caricaceae and Rubiaceae. The total glucosinolate contents were determined by spectrophotometry. Results showed that the high contents of total glucosinolates were found in some herbs of Brassicaceae, Capparaceae and Euphorbiaceae families, while low total glucosinolate contents were observed in two Rubiaceae herbs. In addition, eight glucosinolates (glucoraphanin, glucoraphenin, sinalbin, sinigrin, progoitrin, 4-hydroglucobrassicin, glucoiberin and glucoibervirin) in these herbs were measured using HPLC, and the data showed that individual glucosinolates and their contents varied at different degrees among the distinct species. The highest contents of cancer-protective compounds were found in the seeds of Raphanus sativus L. (glucoraphenin), Sinapis alba (sinalbin) and Phyllanthus emblica L. (sinigrin).", "label": [2, 4, 18, 36]}
{"token": "Phenomenology and the Poststructural Critique of Experience. Phenomenology is considered a philosophy of experience. But in the wake of French post-structuralism beginning in the 1970s, the concept of experience within phenomenology has fallen under heavy critique. Even today, in the context of feminist philosophy the phenomenological concept of experience has yet to recover from the poststructuralist critique. In this article, I will closely examine the poststructuralist critique of the concept of experience within the context of feminist theory. I will thereby refer first and foremost to the poststructuralist theorist Joan Scott, and her influential text o'Experience'o. In my examination of the poststructuralist critique of experience, the leading question will be whether or not this critique, down to its details, can in fact be applied to phenomenology. My thesis is that phenomenology is able to withstand the poststructuralist critique of experience. Further, I will argue that post-structuralism and phenomenology have more in common as regards the concept of experience than is usually admitted. For several reasons, it seems - as I will maintain - that both poststructuralist feminism and phenomenology are equally interested in a strong concept of experience and thus do not promote doing away with the concept.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Towards improved monitoring of offshore carbon storage: A real-world field experiment detecting a controlled sub-seafloor CO2 release. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key technology to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial processes in a feasible, substantial, and timely manner. For geological CO2 storage to be safe, reliable, and accepted by society, robust strategies for CO2 leakage detection, quantification and management are crucial. The STEMM-CCS (Strategies for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Carbon Capture and Storage) project aimed to provide techniques and understanding to enable and inform cost-effective monitoring of CCS sites in the marine environment. A controlled CO2 release experiment was carried out in the central North Sea, designed to mimic an unintended emission of CO2 from a subsurface CO2 storage site to the seafloor. A total of 675 kg of CO2 were released into the shallow sediments (similar to 3 m below seafloor), at flow rates between 6 and 143 kg/d. A combination of novel techniques, adapted versions of existing techniques, and well-proven standard techniques were used to detect, characterise and quantify gaseous and dissolved CO2 in the sediments and the overlying seawater. This paper provides an overview of this ambitious field experiment. We describe the preparatory work prior to the release experiment, the experimental layout and procedures, the methods tested, and summarise the main results and the lessons learnt.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Drug challenge and desensitization protocols. Readministration of incriminated medications may involve drug challenges and desensitization protocols that are classified as true immunologic desensitization or test-dosing protocols. In the case of penicillin-induced, IgE-mediated reactions, such as severe urticaria and angioedema, true desensitization involves very cautious readministration beginning with small doses of a beta-lactam antibiotic. Subsequently, the antibiotic administration causes the disappearance of immediate cutaneous reactivity, representing neutralization of IgE antibodies. In contrast, most drug challenges are performed empirically, beginning with subanaphylactic or subreactive doses. These challenges require proper planning, patient consent, expectation of inducing an untoward reaction, and preparedness for treatment of the reaction.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "A Framework for Government Response to Social Media Participation in Public Policy Making: Evidence from China. This article develops a conceptual framework to understand government response to citizens' social media participation in public policy making and identifies four participation-response archetypes: the Ostrich, the Cuckoo, the Queen Bee, and the Mandarin Duck modes. Drawing on analysis of 136 cases in China, the Cuckoo mode, in which public opinions are pre-expressed and government is reactive, was the predominant response observed. Incidents of the Ostrich mode, avoiding or denying citizen voice, occur but are declining, while the Queen Bee mode of government-led communication is increasing. The Mandarin Duck mode, characterized by high levels of online political participation by both citizens and government, was rare. The four modes offer a way of classifying government response to social media political participation and enable governments to more effectively integrate the views of citizens into the policy-making process.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Raymond Aron, Reader of Max Weber. A Critical Legacy. This article aims to describe the way in which Raymond Aron received and interpreted Max Weber's intellectual work. This reception can be divided in two periods. The first period is marked by discovery: Aron meets Weber in the 1930s and is very well impressed by his methodological rigor and his way of understanding political reality. Then, from the 1950s onwards, Aron distances himself somewhat from some of Weber's central theses. Particularly, he does not believe that a scientist, as such, is able to reach something akin to neutrality. This distancing, however, did not prevent him from recognizing in Weber's work a rather solid contribution to social sciences, nor did it prevent him from accepting many of his teachings.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Genetic analysis of circulating and sequestered populations of Plasmodium falciparum in fatal pediatric malaria. Falciparum malaria is characterized by cytoadherence of host erythrocytes containing mature asexual-stage parasites and the consequent sequestration of these forms in tissue microvasculature. A postmortem study of pediatric malaria provided us with the opportunity to compare the genetic complexity of circulating and sequestered Plasmodium falciparum populations, in patients with fatal cerebral malaria ( CM) versus control subjects with incidental P. falciparum parasitemia who died of causes other than malaria. Parasite genotypes identified in peripheral blood collected at the time of admission to the hospital constituted a subset of those detected in the tissues at death. Despite a higher tissue burden of parasitized erythrocytes in patients with CM than in parasitemic control subjects, parasite populations in tissues from patients with CM were less genetically complex, and the genotypes were more homogeneously distributed throughout the body, than in patients with incidental infection. Our findings support the notion that CM is associated with the emergence of a small number of dominant genotypes in an infected individual.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Sexuality in women with epilepsy. Most women with epilepsy maintain normal reproductive cycles and sexual lives. However, a significant minority, approximately 20-30%, have some degree of sexual dysfunction, including problems with seizure exacerbation, libido, arousal, and orgasm. Fluctuating hormone levels may contribute to an array of reproductive cycling abnormalities. With regard to sexual dysfunction, there is some evidence of reduced genital blood flow in women with temporal lobe epilepsy. Other studies suggest that psychosocial factors, such as depression, feeling stigmatized, and being anxious about having seizures during sex, may contribute to the higher rates of sexual dysfunction in this patient population. Some antiepileptic drugs may adversely affect normal reproductive cycling and sexual function, particularly drugs that increase serotonergic transmission. Conversely, resective epilepsy surgery has been shown to restore sexual function. Treatments for sexual dysfunction include testosterone replacement, although transdermal testosterone replacement is not yet approved by the Food and Drug Administration for women. Given the possibility that women with epilepsy may experience inadequate vasocongestion during arousal, sildenafil may have a useful role, though it has not proved effective for women in general. This review focuses on potential sexual problems that are faced by women with epilepsy, with the suggestion that proper treatment may alleviate these problems. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Evaluation of a blood-specific DNA methylated region and trial for allele-specific blood identification from mixed body fluid DNA. The identification of blood samples obtained from crime scenes has been an important step in forensic investigation. Recently, a novel approach using the blood-specific methylated CpG site cg06379435 has been reported. In this study, we developed a real-time polymerase-chain-reaction-based method that can simply and rapidly quantitate the methylation ratio of cg06379435 and its neighboring CpGs and set the threshold ratios for blood identification by analyzing various body fluid samples. Blood identification using the thresholds was successfully performed in the analysis of a small amount (1 ng) of DNA from blood and various aged blood samples, including 29-year-old stains. We also demonstrated a test for allele-specific blood identification from a mixed DNA sample by bisulfite sequencing analysis of these CpG sites and their neighboring single nucleotide polymorphism, rs7359943 (A/G), which is of relevance in cases where mixed samples are obtained from crime scenes. The stability of DNA methylation in aged samples and the usefulness of neighboring genetic information shown in this study suggest that DNA-methylation-based body fluid identification will play a major role in future forensic investigations. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
{"token": "The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Vorinostat (SAHA) Increases the Susceptibility of Uninfected CD4(+) T Cells to HIV by Increasing the Kinetics and Efficiency of Postentry Viral Events. Latently infected cells remain a primary barrier to eradication of HIV-1. Over the past decade, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which latency is established and maintained has led to the discovery of a number of compounds that selectively reactivate latent proviruses without inducing polyclonal T cell activation. Recently, the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat has been demonstrated to induce HIV transcription from latently infected cells when administered to patients. While vorinostat will be given in the context of antiretroviral therapy (ART), infection of new cells by induced virus remains a clinical concern. Here, we demonstrate that vorinostat significantly increases the susceptibility of CD4(+) T cells to infection by HIV in a dose-and time-dependent manner that is independent of receptor and coreceptor usage. Vorinostat does not enhance viral fusion with cells but rather enhances the kinetics and efficiency of postentry viral events, including reverse transcription, nuclear import, and integration, and enhances viral production in a spreading-infection assay. Selective inhibition of the cytoplasmic class IIb HDAC6 with tubacin recapitulated the effect of vorinostat. These findings reveal a previously unknown cytoplasmic effect of HDAC inhibitors promoting productive infection of CD4(+) T cells that is distinct from their well-characterized effects on nuclear histone acetylation and long-terminal-repeat (LTR) transcription. Our results indicate that careful monitoring of patients and ART intensification are warranted during vorinostat treatment and indicate that HDAC inhibitors that selectively target nuclear class I HDACs could reactivate latent HIV without increasing the susceptibility of uninfected cells to HIV. IMPORTANCE HDAC inhibitors, particularly vorinostat, are currently being investigated clinically as part of a \\\\'shock-and-kill\\\\' strategy to purge latent reservoirs of HIV. We demonstrate here that vorinostat increases the susceptibility of uninfected CD4(+) T cells to infection with HIV, raising clinical concerns that vorinostat may reseed the viral reservoirs it is meant to purge, particularly under conditions of suboptimal drug exposure. We demonstrate that vorinostat acts following viral fusion and enhances the kinetics and efficiency of reverse transcription, nuclear import, and integration. The effect of vorinostat was recapitulated using the cytoplasmic histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor tubacin, revealing a novel and previously unknown cytoplasmic mechanism of HDAC inhibitors on HIV replication that is distinct from their well-characterized effects of long-terminal-repeat (LTR)driven gene expression. Moreover, our results suggest that treatment of patients with class I-specific HDAC inhibitors could induce latent viruses without increasing the susceptibility of uninfected cells to HIV.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Impact of Carbon Pricing on Low-Carbon Innovation and Deep Carbonisation: Controversies and Path Forward. There is an ongoing discussion about the effectiveness of carbon pricing, with a strong division between optimists and pessimists. A recent review study by Lilliestam, Patt and Bersalli (2020) of the impact of carbon pricing on low-carbon innovation and deep carbonization concludes that there is no evidence for such an impact. We evaluate this study and identify various shortcomings of it, which together cast strong doubts on its main conclusion. Instead, we conclude, based on the studies reviewed by the authors and additional, overlooked literature, that carbon pricing has had a small but positive and significant effect on low-carbon innovation. Our evaluation provides lessons for undertaking a systematic and objective review of research on this topic. Since the main goal of carbon pricing is changing choices by firms and consumers that affect carbon emissions, we also point the reader towards recent evidence for the broader effectiveness of carbon pricing.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "May the Reinforcement Be with You: On the Reconstruction of Scientific Episodes. Like theories, reconstructions of episodes in the history of science can possess, or lack, certain virtues such that, when we face two or more different reconstructions of the same episode, we assume that we should choose the most \\\\'virtuous one\\\\'. However, we will argue that, with dissimilar reconstructions of the same episode, it is not always necessary to separate the \\\\'good ones\\\\' from the \\\\'wrong ones\\\\', and that, as a matter of fact, each reconstruction could provide different but perhaps equally relevant data about the episode, about science in general, and about particular philosophical theses. In order to help us to identify these benefits, we will present a criterion that guides the search for historiographical reinforcement of philosophical theses and we will use it to evaluate three different reconstructions of the same scientific episode.", "label": [3, 31, 32]}
{"token": "Public management and cost overruns in public projects. There is a growing concern in the field of public administration regarding cost overruns, which are often perceived to be a sign of project failure. Past studies have identified potential causes and explanatory factors for the occurrence of cost deviations. This article expands the existing body of knowledge by explicitly considering exogenous determinants (political, governance, and economic) to analyze how public management affects cost deviations and overruns. The article provides an empirical analysis of 4,305 projects developed in Portugal from 1980 to 2014. The study found that electoral periods; institutional, legal, and regulatory frameworks; and economic cycles all influence cost overruns.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Preparation of Activated Carbon from the Residue of Plasma Pyrolysis of Coal by Steam Activation. This work mainly evaluated the feasibility of preparation of activated carbon from the residue of plasma pyrolysis of coal from Karamay, China, by steam activation. The demineralization was brought in to analyze the effect of ash content on the porosity development of activated carbon. The maximum Brunner-Emmet-Teller surface area of the activated carbon obtained from the residue was 387 m(2)/g. After NaOH-HCl demineralization, the reactivity between steam and char was reduced and the surface area of the activated carbon was increased. The initial ash affects the porosity development. A first-order reaction model between steam and char was established. The apparent activation energy was ascertained by Arrhenius equation.", "label": [1, 5, 16, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Enhancing Smallholder Access to Agricultural Machinery Services: Lessons from Bangladesh. Resource poor smallholders in developing countries often lack access to capital goods such as farm machinery. Enabling adequate access through machinery services can thereby significantly contribute to food security and farm incomes. At the core of the service provision model is the lead farmer, who makes the initial investment in agricultural machinery, and provides services to others on a fee-for-service basis. Profiling the lead farmers can thereby provide important lessons and scaling implications. The present paper provides a case study of Bangladesh, using primary data to characterise the lead farmers. General education, credit availability and risk taking attitude play significant roles in whether or not a farm household will be a lead farmer in Bangladesh.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
{"token": "Gerhard Gesemann (1888-1948) Slavicist and Balkanologie at the German University of Prague during the most difficult Years - Contributions to a Documentation. Gerhard Gesemann, being with his publications one of the leading specialists for South Slavic literature and folklore was born in 1888 in Lichtenberg/Germany, graduated in 1913 at University of Kiel. After his stay in the area of Yougoslavia during World War I he became in 1920 university teacher of Slavonic philology at Munich University, then in 1922 -professor at the German University Prague, where he was elected rector of the university by support of liberal groups in 1933. Together with the slavist Franz Spina he edited a great number of special publications, founded a society for Slavic research, he also edited the scientific journal \\\\'Slavische Rundschau\\\\'. Aspiring to professorships in the \\\\'Reich\\\\' at the universities of Munich, Leipzig and Konigsberg, Gesemann was suspected by NS-representatives of close ties with Jews and Russians from Soviet Union. In 1939 he became director of the new-founded \\\\'Deutsches Wissenschaftliches Institut\\\\' in Belgrade. In 1941 after the German annexation of Czechoslovakia he returned to Prague, but in 1944 because of lasting persecutions and hostilities he retired and moved to Bavaria, where he lived as author till 1948.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Staphylococcus aureus Epicutaneous Exposure Drives Skin Inflammation via IL-36-Mediated T Cell Responses. Staphylococcus aureus colonization contributes to skin inflammation in diseases such as atopic dermatitis, but the signaling pathways involved are unclear. Herein, epicutaneous S. aureus exposure to mouse skin promoted MyD88-dependent skin inflammation initiated by IL-36, but not IL-1 alpha/beta, IL-18, or IL-33. By contrast, an intradermal S. aureus challenge promoted MyD88-dependent host defense initiated by IL-1 beta rather than IL-36, suggesting that different IL-1 cytokines trigger MyD88 signaling depending on the anatomical depth of S. aureus cutaneous exposure. The bacterial virulence factor PSM alpha, but not alpha-toxin or delta-toxin, contributed to the skin inflammation, which was driven by IL-17-producing gamma delta and CD4(+) T cells via direct IL-36R signaling in the T cells. Finally, adoptive transfer of IL-36R-expressing T cells to IL-36R-deficient mice was sufficient for mediating S. aureus-induced skin inflammation. Together, this study defines a previously unknown pathway by which S. aureus epicutaneous exposure promotes skin inflammation involving IL-36R/MyD88-dependent IL-17 T cell responses.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 43, 21]}
{"token": "Illusory transition? Elite reconstitution in Kazakhstan, 1989-2002. Changes in elite composition during the post-Soviet transition in Russia and Central and Eastern Europe have received significant scholarly attention, but corollary developments in other former 'Communist' countries, including Kazakhstan, have attracted much less scrutiny, or have been attributed to organic features of Central Asian society. We examine the trajectory of the Kazakhstan elite in the light of three key perspectives on elite transformation: the first claims that the country has reverted to traditional clan social structures, the second proposes the conquest of power by a nascent 'acquisition class', and the third argues that the Soviet-era elite was largely successful in maintaining power during the economic reorganisation. We find that Kazakhstan's experience most closely matches the third explanation.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
{"token": "An investigation of adult attachment and coping with exam-related stress. Students differ in how they cope with and manage stress associated with university life. This study investigates associations between adult attachment and coping strategies for exam-related stress. Fifty-seven students at a university in the north of England completed online questionnaires to assess attachment anxiety and avoidance, helpful and unhelpful coping strategies, and positive and negative affect. We found that students who were more avoidant in their attachment relationships were less likely to report using helpful problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies to cope with their exams. We also found that students who were more anxious in their attachment relationships reported using more dysfunctional coping strategies. We discuss the implications of the findings for university pastoral care and academic support systems.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Euthanasia, Human Experiments, and Psychiatry in Nazi-Occupied Lithuania, 1941-1944. During World War II the Nazis sponsored the practice of \\\\'euthanasia\\\\' (the killing of medical patients) outside Germany as well as within the Reich. While responsibility for the starvation of psychiatric patients and other medical abuses in Lithuania resides primarily with the Reichskommissariat Ostland-the German civil administration in the Baltics-the 1,200 to 1,500 patients who died from malnutrition in Lithuania between 1941 and 1944 were simultaneously victims of Lithuanian health officials, physicians, and others. The author's research demonstrates that many Lithuanian professionals not only condoned and helped to administer Nazi \\\\'euthanasia,\\\\' but that they also rendered their own significant contribution by conducting medical experiments on already starving patients.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "MicroRNA alterations in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons from Parkinson disease patients. MicroRNA (miRNA) misregulation in peripheral blood has been linked to Parkinson disease (PD) but its role in the disease progression remains elusive. We performed an explorative genome-wide study of miRNA expression levels in dopaminergic neurons (DAn) from PD patients generated by somatic cell reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem cells differentiation. We quantified expression levels of 377 miRNAs in DAn from 3 sporadic PD patients (sPD), 3 leucine-rich repeat kinase 2-associated PD patients (L2PD) (total 6 PD), and 4 healthy controls. We identified differential expression of 10 miRNA of which 5 were upregulated in PD (miR-9-5p, miR-135a-5p, miR-135b-5p, miR-449a, and miR-449b-5p) and 5 downregulated (miR-141-3p, miR-199a-5p, miR-299-5p, miR-518e-3p, and miR-519a-3p). Changes were similar in sPD and L2PD. Integrative analysis revealed significant correlations between miRNA/mRNA expression. Moreover, upregulation of miR-9-5p and miR-135b-5p was associated with downregulation of transcription factors related to the DNA hypermethylation of enhancer elements in PD DAn (FOXA1 and NR3C1). In summary, miRNA changes are associated with monogenic L2PD and sPD and co-occur with epigenetic changes in DAn from PD patients. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "The use of the critical path and critical chain methods in the South African construction industry. Based on the findings, the critical path and critical chain methods are mostly used in the South African construction industry by the building sector, in comparison to the civil and industrial sectors. The critical path method is used more than the critical chain method, with over 70% of the responding companies applying the critical path method and only 22% applying the critical chain method. The latter method is considered to be a relatively new project management tool and requires a culture change in the company. Users of the critical path method believe that the method mainly improves their project understanding, planning, scheduling and control, with all these improvements ultimately leading to better on-time completion of projects and cost saving.The purpose of this article is to report on an investigation of the use of critical path and critical chain methods in the South African construction industry. Through a questionnaire survey, data was collected to establish which construction sectors apply these methods, the percentage of construction professionals using these methods, the reasons why these methods are applied, and the factors that influence the use of these methods.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Subject-dependent selection of geometrical features for spontaneous emotion recognition. Facial expressions are among the most powerful ways to reveal the emotional state. Therefore, Facial Expression Recognition (FER) has been widely introduced to wide fields of applications, such as security, psychotherapy, neuromarketing, and advertisement. Feature extraction and selection are two essential key issues for the design of efficient FER systems. However, most of the previous studies focused on implementing static feature selection methods. Although these methods have shown promising results, they still present weaknesses, especially when dealing with spontaneous expressions. This is mainly due to the specificity of each face, which makes the facial emotion display differs from one subject to another. To address this problem, we propose a face-based dynamic feature selection of two geometric features sub-classes, namely linear and eccentricity features. This combination provides a better understanding of the facial transformation during the emotion display. Moreover, the suggested selection method takes into consideration the subject's general facial structure, muscle movements, and head position. The performed experiments, using the CK+ and the DISFA datasets, have showed that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques and maintains superior performance with cross-dataset validation. In fact, the accuracy of facial expression recognition by the proposed method reaches 97.72% and 91,26% on the CK+ and the DISFA datasets, respectively.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "A techno-functional perspective on quartz micro-notches in Sibudu's Howiesons Poort indicates the use of barbs in hunting technology. In this paper we present the results of a use-wear study of quartz micro-notches identified during a technological analysis of lithics from the Howiesons Poort layers of Sibudu Cave. Building on the technological analysis and preliminary functional screening of the archaeological material, a series of experiments was designed to evaluate different hypotheses for notch formation (blank production, intentional notching, hafting, projectile use, and trampling). The experimental reference collection was compared with archaeological micro-notches and a large sample of other archaeological quartz pieces (including bladelets, bipolar blanks, flakes and retouched pieces). This allowed us to evaluate the causes of micro-notch formation in the studied assemblage. Results indicate two novelties in the Howiesons Poort hunting technology at Sibudu: the use of quartz barbs and non-retouched quartz blanks. It seems that in addition to backed pieces (segments, obliquely backed points, etc.), unretouched pieces were mounted as elements in hunting weapons during the Howiesons Poort techno-tradition. Seven probable and 29 tentative barbs were identified. We thus present one of the strongest and oldest bodies of evidence for the use of barbs as projectile elements. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Regionalism and Sub-Regional Representation: A Guide to the County Transformation of Croatia. The aim of the paper is to explore regionalism and the representation of sub-regional identities in a regional institutional-setting. This is especially important for Croatia as it struggles and repeatedly fails to introduce a territorial restructuring of the meso-level of its local government (counties) and to increase the size of its counties by transforming them into regions, in parallel with a stronger push towards decentralisation. The academic community and the general public have been advocating the transformation of 20 counties into a smaller number (mostly five) of larger and stronger regions, but opposition has come from interest groups connected with current county system, including local political elites. This paper focuses on the ways to overcome some of the stronger disagreements over the potential \\\\'bundling\\\\', or amalgamation, of areas with differing and idiosyncratic cultural, political, historic, and socio-economic heritages into a greater region. Therefore, a comparative analysis of sub-regional representations in selected European countries is used to show a way to resolve the impasse.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Investing in Health to Create a Third Demographic Dividend. The world is aging as a result of unprecedented successes worldwide adding 30 years of life expectancy and presenting great opportunities for all of society, but only if we invest effectively. This article, written as a requested background article for the World Health Organization 2015 World Report on Aging, proposes that creating health into the oldest ages could lay the basis for a third demographic dividend resulting from the societal benefits from the generative social capital of older adults, on top of the second demographic dividend's savings associated with longer lives. The combination would contribute to stronger and wealthier societies, greater success of the young, and increased societal ability to provide the humane supports needed at the end of life, plus a dividend that would endure. We now know that prevention works at every age and into the oldest ages. A life-course approach to prevention and health promotion is the key investment. The creation of geriatrically knowledgeable and integrated public health, medical and social care systems has the potential to amplify capabilities and well-being to the end of life. Healthy older populations bring both desire for engagement and unique talents. Institutions designed to create impactful roles for older adults to contribute to the success of the young can activate the societal benefits and further enhance health at older ages. Creating a new vision for the opportunities of an older age is the first critical step toward experiencing the benefits of our longer lives and creating a sustained third demographic dividend.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Stability of hydrous ferric oxide nanoparticles encapsulated inside porous matrices: Effect of solution and matrix phase. Nanocomposite adsorbents synthesized by in-situ nucleation of hydrous ferric oxide nanoparticles (HFOs) within porous matrices have been extensively studied and applied in polluted water remediation. In this study a series of nanocomposites were developed by loading HFOs inside different porous materials, including anion exchanger (Resin(+)), cation exchanger (Resin(-)), neutral-chloromethyl resin (Resin(0)) and granular activated carbon (GAC), and the stability of the encapsulated HFOs was investigated as a function of pH, ionic strength, temperature and coexisting foreign ions (Fe2+/PO43-). Protonation-induced Fe3+ release was observed for all the tested nanocomposites, and increasing ionic strength of solution facilitated Fe3+ release. HFOs encapsulated in Resin+ phase retarded Fe3+ release as compared to those in Resin(-)/Resin(0) phases. Meanwhile, the HFOs retention capacity increased drastically (e.g., from 20.7% to 75.8% at pH 1.35) with decrease in the average pore diameter of Resin(0) from 32.5 nm to 9.5 nm. Coexisting phosphate not only efficiently suppressed the dissolution of HFOs inside the porous matrices, but hindered their transformation into other crystalline counterparts. Catalytic structural transformation of amorphous HFO phases into thermodynamically more stable phases by Fe (II), commonly observed in bare HFOs systems, was not observed for the encapsulated HFOs. Additionally, EXAFS analyses indicated that the HFOs in Resin-phase have stronger binding energy with Cu (II) ions than the bare HFOs. These results are expected to provide necessary information for the optimization of such nanocomposite adsorbents and their practical applications.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Effects of plant community composition on nematode communities between rows of trees in a citrus grove. The benefits of using perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) groundcover in citrus (Citrus spp.) groves of central Florida may be compromised by the presence of common weed species with potential host-status for nematode pests. Sixteen plots with varying perennial peanut ground cover were delimited within a young citrus grove. Nematode communities within these plots were related to plant species composition. Results with plant-parasitic genera were most consistent, showing positive associations with bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), the most common weed species present, and negative associations with perennial peanut. Near the end of the growing season (October-December), numbers of Belonolaimus and Hoplolamius were highly correlated (P < 0.05) with bahiagrass ground cover (r = 0.597 to 0.808). Both of these nematodes were negatively correlated (P < 0.10) with perennial peanut ground cover (r = -0.574 to r = -0.685). These results illustrate the importance of maintaining weed-free ground cover in managing plant-parasitic nematodes in a citrus grove.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Have foundations become an independent sector in China? Exploring the links between foundations and the state. The Regulations on the Management of Foundations (2004) potentially marked a watershed in the development of foundations in China. Many practitioners and researchers believe that, since then, foundations have become an independent sector with significant characteristics. This note addresses this matter, based on available data from various sources. It counters the belief about the independence of foundations by indicating that most are state-linked, with state-granted privileges in choosing their fundraising status and the policy areas in which they work. Their state connections serve, at least in part, to explain their structures and modes of operation.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "A giant crocodile in the Dubois Collection from the Pleistocene of Kali Gedeh (Java). The fauna of the Pleistocene Homo-bearing sites of Java has been well known for more than a century. A recent revision of the crocodylian remains confirmed both the validity of Gavialis bengawanicus and the synonymization of Crocodylus ossifragus with C. siamensis. Here we report on a still unpublished crocodylian specimen collected by Eugene Dubois in the latest Early Pleistocene of Kali Gedeh that can be tentatively referred to the genus Crocodylus. The size of the specimen, the approximately 1 m long lower jaw in particular, indicated that this crocodile attained a total length of approximately 6 or 7 m. Along with specimens from the Plio-Pleistocene of Africa, this material provides evidence for gigantism in Crocodylus. It is not clear whether or not the 'temperature-size rule' applies to fossil crocodylians, but due to the growing interest in predicting future temperature-related size changes of the extant organisms, it would be interesting to study in detail the past reaction to temperature changes of crocodylians and other terrestrial ectothermic animals.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Comparative social cognition: what can dogs teach us?. Research in comparative social cognition addresses how challenges of social living have formed the cognitive structures that control behaviours involved in communication, social learning and social understanding. In contrast to the traditional psychological approach, recent investigations take both evolutionary and functional questions into account, but the main emphasis is still on the mechanisms of behaviour. Although in traditional research 'comparative' meant mainly comparisons between humans and other primates, ethological. influences have led to a broadening of the spectrum of species under study. In this review, we evaluated how the study of dogs broadens our understanding of comparative social cognition. In the early days of ethology, dogs enjoyed considerable interest from ethologists, but during the last 20 years, dogs have rarely been studied by ethological methods. Through a complex evolutionary process, dogs became adapted for living in human society; therefore, the human environment and social setting now represents a natural ecological niche for this species. We have evidence that dogs have been selected for adaptations to human social life, and that these adaptations have led to marked changes in their communicative, social, cooperative and attachment behaviours towards humans. Until now, the study of dogs was hindered by the view that they represent an 'artificial' species, but by accepting that dogs are adapted to their niche, as are other 'natural' species, comparative investigations can be put into new light. (C) 2004 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 55, 47]}
{"token": "A 1.1-kb duplication in the p67-phox gene causes chronic granulomatous disease. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited immunodeficiency that is caused by a functional defect of the NADPH oxidase of phagocytes, and that leads to severe recurrent infections. CGD results from the absence or the dysfunction of various components of NADPH oxidase, and autosomal recessive CGD with the lack of p67-phox (A67 CGD) is the rarest form of the disease. Identifying familiar mutations in subjects with A67 CGD provides the most reliable method of detecting carriers and is the basis for prenatal diagnosis. In the present study, we report the detailed characterization of the first duplication in the p67-phox gene identified in a 30-year-old patient affected by systemic aspergillosis attributable to p67-phox deficiency. We show that this new mutation involving exons 9 and 10 is the result of a tandem duplication of approximately 1.1 kb, which resulted from the juxtaposition of intron 8 to intron 10. We have sequenced both the junction fragment of this duplication and the corresponding wild-type regions and have found that the breakpoint regions in intron 8 and in intron 10 show limited homology. Our result suggests that this interchange arose as an illegitimate recombination event. As in other non-homologous rearrangements previously reported, the duplication break-points are located within the sequence motif 5 ' -CCAG-3 ' and its complement 5 ' -CTGG-3 '.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Process Optimization of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Extended Release Pellets by QbD. Objective: The aim of the present research work was to optimize the process of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride (HCl) Extended releasse (ER) pellets based on Quality by Design (QbD) principles. Materials and methods: Wurster (Bottom spray fluid bed coating) process was employed to develop ER pellets of Methylphenidate HCl. Impact of various process variables on drug layering process was assessed by using statistical interpretation such as ANOVA. A face centered central composite design (CCD) was employed to study the effect of independent variables (product temperature, atomization air pressure, fluidization air volume, and spray rate) on dependent variables (Fines, agglomerates, coating efficiency and assay). Fabricated pellets were characterized for various physicochemical parameters and stability studies. Results: Optimization was done by fitting experimental results to the software program (Design expert). The design space for process parameters and its influence on % fines, % agglomerates, coating efficiency and assay was developed. From the obtained results, 40 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C as product temperature, 0.8-1.0 kg/cm(2) as atomization air pressure, 45-60 CFM as fluidization air volume and 2-6 g/min as spray rate were selected as the operating ranges for robust coating process, desired yield and quality of the product. The drug release from the optimized formulation followed first order kinetics and fickian diffusion process. There is no significant change observed during stability. Conclusion: It was concluded that the face centered central composite design facilitated the process optimization of Methylphenidate HCl ER pellets. The Methylphenidate HCl ER pellets were successfully developed by employing bottom spray fluid bed coating (Wurster) technique.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
{"token": "Equation of State of Ne-20 gas in the temperature-range 27-36 K. The many-body phase shifts for Ne-20 gas are calculated for low number densities in the temperature-range 27-36 K, using the Galitskii-Migdal-Feynman formalism. These phase shifts are inserted in the Beth-Uhlenbeck formula to determine the quantum second virial coefficient. This is compared to the classical coefficient as well as to the experimental values and other theoretical results. It is used to investigate the pressure-volume-temperature behavior of the gas and to compute other thermodynamic properties -the Helmholtz free energy, total internal energy, entropy, and specific heat capacity -for a number density of 1x 10(27) atoms/m(3). Our results show that, in cooling and compressing the system, vapor-liquid condensation always occurs.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Constrained regularization of digital terrain elevation data. A framework for geometric regularization of elevation maps is introduced in this letter. The framework takes into account errors in the data, which form part of standard elevation maps specifications, as well as possible additional user/application-dependent constraints. The algorithm is based on adapting the theory of geometric active surfaces to the problem of regularizing elevation maps. We present the underlying concepts and numerical experiments showing the effectiveness and potential of this theory.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Kinetics of the behavior of photosensitive impurities and defects in high-purity semi-insulating silicon carbide. The kinetics of the behavior of photosensitive impurities and defects in the high-purity semi-insulating material 4H-SiC has been studied both theoretically and experimentally using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) under photoexcitation and optical admittance spectroscopy. The rate equations describing the processes of recombination, trapping, and ionization of nonequilibrium charge carriers bound dynamically to shallow donors and acceptors (nitrogen and boron), as well as of charge carrier transfer from the shallow nitrogen donor to deep levels of intrinsic defects, have been solved. A comparison of the calculations with the experimental curves plotting the decay of admittance conductance and EPR signal intensities due to nitrogen and boron after termination of photoexcitation has revealed that the probabilities of hole trapping by an ionized acceptor and the rate of ionization of a neutral boron acceptor are two orders of magnitude higher than those of similar processes in a system of donor levels. The latter is dominated by cascade electron transitions between levels in the band gap, as well as by electron-hole recombination.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Yvy marae'y' the conflict of the State with the indigenous villages in Paraguay. The 1992 Constitution recognizes the existence of people prior to the formation of the Paraguayan State and in that sense it gives them certain rights that protect their territory, identity and culture. This declaration of purpose constitutes a break with the previous model of dominant and exclusionary state policies toward indigenous peoples. However, the rights of indigenous peoples continue without respected, in spite of the space won in terms of social and political organizations, the struggle continues in this constant \\\\'search of the land without evil\\\\'. This paper aims to describe the current situation of indigenous peoples from an analysis of access to public services, economic status, employability, employment discrimination and public policy. It also attempts to explain the factors that have influenced in the lack of consolidation of the indigenous movement in Paraguay.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Basic Information on Maize. This chapter begins by reviewing the long history of maize as a biofuel crop, with a focus on ethanol production and use in the United States. It then turns to its center of origin in Mexico and domestication in the Western Hemisphere. The next sections focus on its botanical descriptions, and economic importance both domestically and internationally. The following sections describe the use of maize as a model plant for bioenergy research, and studies on its suitability as a bioenergy plant from a variety of perspectives. Finally, the chapter ends with brief conclusions.", "label": [0, 1, 2, 7, 19, 15, 9]}
{"token": "The Land of Milk and Honey An Ethnographic Inquiry into the Electoral Campaign of a Professional in Kenya. The Land of Milk and Honey. An Ethnographic Inquiry into the Electoral Campaign of a Professional in Kenya. - The 2013 general elections in Kenya were characterized by a significant number of candidacies from professionals and managerial elites. A professional, neoliberal economist, adept at the professional practice of currying political patronage, ran for office for the first time, flooding the local political arena with managerial elites. One of these new political figures, Chris Wamalwa, a Nairobi-based professor of economics, also a World Bank and UN consultant, decided to run for the Kiminini parliamentary seat, which changed Kenyan campaigning in significant ways. Through an ethnographic approach focusing on the multiple compromises, negociations and \\\\'makeshift solutions\\\\', during the last days of his campaign, this article illustrates how these economic elites engage with the long-lasting moral economy upon which political leadership is built. It eventually shows how the interactions of ethnicity and managerial practices between these new managerpoliticians affect the style of campaigning in rural Kenya.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "The Suffering of Symbols: Giotto Frescoes and the Cultural Trauma of Objects. The loss of iconic buildings and artifacts can result in public mourning which may even overshadow the loss of human life. Cultural trauma theory examines how such processes are socially constructed, but has focused on events of great human suffering, ignoring the power of objects. Discourse analysis of two months of Italian media coverage following the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake and local interviews in Assisi show that a cultural trauma was articulated around the damaged Basilica of St Francis of Assisi and its fragmented Giotto frescoes. In addition to factors specific to Italy, I compare ten recent worldwide cases of artistic loss, some of which became cultural traumas while others did not, in order to determine the critical factors in creating a cultural trauma of objects: the comparative loss of human life, the object's totemic significance to the collective, and the time-frame until the object can be repaired.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Kinetic Rate Constant of Liquid Drainage from Colloidal Gas Aphrons. A kinetic model fitted by the empirical equation has been proposed to describe the liquid drainage behavior. Rate constants (k(d)) of liquid drainage equation could be obtained from the above empirical equation. In this paper, the stability of the colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs), the effect of concentrations of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphate (SDBS), dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) and polyoxyethylene sorbitol anhydride monolau-rate(Tween-20), temperature, stirring speed, stirring time, and various kinds of salts on the k(d) of liquid drainage are further investigated. The results show that the Arrhenius equation can be successfully used to describe the relation between k(d) and absolute temperature (T), and concentrations of surfactants, stirring speed, stirring time and salinities also have great effect on the k(d). At last, the CGAs drainage mechanism is explained from analysis of the rate of liquid drainage as a function of time.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Composition and evaluation of a novel web-based decision support system for grape black rot control. Black rot on grapevine is a fungal disease caused by Phyllosticta ampelicida (syn. Guignardia bidwellii) affecting grape leaves as well as clusters. A novel black rot decision support system termed VitiMeteo Black rot was assembled based on existing sub-models and incorporated into the established VitiMeteo forecast and decision support platform. Based on local weather data and a 5-day weather forecast, VitiMeteo Black rot simulates the relative susceptibility of grape clusters, the occurrence and severity of infection events as well as the duration of incubation periods. Data sets obtained in extended international (14 case studies; eight monitoring locations; 11 cultivars; seven countries in Europe and North America) field monitoring campaigns in 2012 and 2013 were used to evaluate the model predictions of newly expressed symptoms on leaves. In the case of the Vitis vinifera cultivars, on average 26.3 disease assessments took place per season. On average, 9.9 predictions were classified as true positive, 8.0 as true negative, 5.2 as false positive and 3.2 as false negative. Model precision, sensitivity and accuracy were on average 64, 77 and 67 %. Potential reasons for false positive and false negative predictions are discussed. VitiMeteo Black rot is freely available for several locations in Germany, Luxembourg and Austria on the internet via the VitiMeteo platform and might be expanded to other regions in the future.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Before Ritalin: children and neurasthenia in the Netherlands. This article is concerned with the history of the neurological disorder that preceded ADHD: 'neurasthenia' or nervousness, conceived of as a functional disease of the nervous system. Around 1900 it appeared on the scene of children's disorders and it disappeared at the time of the pharmacological turn in psychiatry by the late 1960s. In spite of a series of adversary conditions neurasthenia survived. To explain this the author traces the history of neurasthenia and its more popular equivalents through a discursive analysis of Dutch child-rearing literature. The focus is directed at the shifting content of the diagnosis, its symptoms and aetiology and on the advantages for people using this label. Neurasthenia is followed from the early twentieth century when 'weak' or 'oversensitive' nerves were discovered and discussed by experts, through the interwar years when schools were accused of producing 'nervous' children and the disease had to compete with psychoanalytical 'neurosis' and, finally, the immediate post Second World War period when concern for children's mental health increased rapidly and 'nervositas' was one of its major expressions. The conclusion is drawn that childhood neurasthenia as a hereditary disease has been functional for experts, teachers, parents, and children in a variety of ways.", "label": [5, 53, 52]}
{"token": "Member State interest articulation in the Commission phase. Institutional pre-conditions for influencing 'Brussels'. There is a large literature on Member State influence in the European Union, typically focusing on a combination of preferences of the Member States and their strategies with an emphasis on Council negotiations. However, prior to Council negotiations Member States also seek to influence the Commission's development of legislative proposals. This paper argues that Member States need scientific expertise, experiential knowledge and target group support to make this strategy work and that the availability of these resources is partly shaped by domestic institutions, such as the territorial organization of the state, the recruitment principles of governmental departments, and the structure of government's relationship with business groups and societal interests. As a plausibility probe for our argument we have conducted a case study of the Dutch government's strategy regarding the REACH Regulation.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "New data on brachypterous Paederus (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) of mainland China. Material of the brachypterous Paederus of the Chinese provinces Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Hunan, Fujian, Guizhou, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Guangdong and Guangxi was examined. In total, twelve species are recognized, among which two are described here as new: P. daicongchaoi sp. n. (Anhui: Yaolouping) and P. nanlingensis sp. n. (Guangdong: Nanling). One species probably undescribed remains unnamed and one synonymy is proposed: Paederus (Gnathopaederus) bursavacua Willers, 2001 = Paederus (Gnathopaederus) daozhenensis Li & Zhou, 2009, nov. syn. A key to the brachypterous Paederus species of mainland China is provided.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "The quantity and quality of research on religion and spirituality in four major gerontology journals between 1985 and 2002. The study examines the quantity and quality of research on religion published in four gerontological journals between 1985 and 2002. The percentage of studies that addressed religion increased significantly. over time, especially in The Gerontologist and Research on Aging. The research quality of studies on religion also increased significantly over time. However, the measurement of religion and spirituality did not improve across time. The quality of religious measures used and other criteria of methodological and theoretical sophistication differed significantly between studies in which religion was the major research focus and those in which it was only a minor focus. The most important methodological improvement was the increased use of repeated measures designs, whereas the most important theoretical improvement was the increased use of hypothesis testing. Procedures and criteria for assessing the methodological and theoretical sophistication of a field are discussed.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Consumer evaluation and quality measurement of fresh-cut slices of 'Fuji,' 'Golden Delicious,' 'GoldRush,' and 'Granny Smith' apples. We compared the eating quality of a new apple cultivar, 'GoldRush,' with 'Golden Delicious' (one of its parents), 'Fuji,' and 'Granny Smith' (the latter two often used for fresh-cut apple slices). We also compared a commercial with an in-house processing treatment, NatureSeal for apples and Produce Quality and Safety Laboratory (PQSL), respectively. Intact apples that had been stored for about 6 months were washed, processed into fresh-cut slices, stored, and then served to consumers. Both NatureSeal and PQSL treatments maintained cut-surface color values similar to values at the time of cutting. NatureSeal-treated slices were rated slightly better for texture than those receiving the PQSL treatment, but there was no significant difference in acceptability of appearance or flavor. Acceptability scores for the texture and flavor of 'GoldRush,' and of 'Fuji' when included, were higher than those of 'Granny Smith' and 'Golden Delicious.' There were small age and gender biases, with older women liking 'GoldRush' less and older men liking 'Granny Smith' less than other age groups and cultivars in one study. No instrumental measurement was a satisfactory predictor of sensory acceptability scores. 'GoldRush' proved to be a promising new cultivar for fresh-cut apple slices and the in-house processing solution maintained the quality of apple slices similar to that of a commercial processing treatment. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6, 7, 8]}
{"token": "Accelerated life testing models for nonhomogeneous Poisson processes. In this paper an axiomatic approach is used to construct accelerated life testing (ALT) models for Nonhomogeneous Poisson Processes (NHPPs). First, the models of random lifetime variables and Nonhomogeneous Poisson Processes used for modeling non-repairable and repairable systems are compared. Then, an axiomatic approach for the construction of ALT models for NHPPs is given. Particular models are considered that can be constructed by this method.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Noninvasive sampling method for urinalysis and urine protein profile in captive giraffes. Urinalysis could be helpful to investigate the health status of giraffes held in captivity using noninvasive methods to avoid animal handling or anesthesia. We collected 52 voided urine samples from 20 giraffes of different ages, sexes, and subspecies from the ground. To evaluate potential interference by soil contaminants, a pilot study was performed using 20 urine samples obtained from 10 cows. All bovine and 29 giraffe samples were subjected to routine urinalysis including urine specific gravity (USG). All samples were analyzed for urine total protein (uTP), urine creatinine (uCrea) concentration, and urine protein-to-urine creatinine ratio (UPC). Urinary proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. No significant differences were determined between free-catch and urine sampled from the ground in cows. Giraffe urine was pale-yellow, with alkaline pH (>8.0) and a mean USG of 1.035 +/- 0.013. The uTP, uCrea, and UPC expressed as median (range) were 0.20 (0.08-0.47) g/L, 2.36 (0.62-5.2) g/L, and 0.08 (0.05-0.15), respectively. SDS-PAGE allowed the separation of protein bands with different molecular masses, including putative uromodulin at 90 kD, putative albumin at 64 kD, and putative immunoglobulin heavy and light chains at 49 kD and 25 kD, respectively. Urine collection from the ground appears to be a reliable technique for urinalysis and urine electrophoresis in giraffes.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Climatology of aerosol composition (organic versus inorganic) at nonurban sites on a west-east transect across Europe. In the framework of the European CARBOSOL project ( Present and Retrospective State of Organic versus Inorganic Aerosol over Europe: Implications for Climate), atmospheric aerosol was continuously sampled for 2 years at six sites along a west-east transect extending from Azores, in the mid-Atlantic Ocean, to K-Puszta ( Hungary), in central Europe. Aerosols were analyzed for (210) Pb, inorganic ions, elemental (EC) and organic (OC) carbon, water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), macromolecular type (humic-like) organic substances (HULIS), C-2-C-5 diacids, cellulose, and levoglucosan. Pooled aerosol filters were also used for the identification of different families of organic compounds by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, GC/MS, as well as 14 C determinations. The data resulted in a climatological overview of the aerosol composition over Europe in the various seasons, from west to east, and from the boundary layer to the free troposphere. The paper first summarizes the characteristics of the sites and collected samples and then focuses on the aerosol mass partitioning ( mass closure, inorganic versus organic, EC versus OC, water soluble versus insoluble OC), giving an insight on the sources of carbonaceous aerosol present in rural and natural background areas in Europe. It also introduces the main role of other companion papers dealing with CARBOSOL aerosol data that are also presented in this issue.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "The content and role of formal contracts in high-tech alliances. In this study we investigate the governance structure of innovation processes in high-tech alliances, focusing on the content and role of formal contracts. The design of a formal agreement is one of the most important strategic decisions for alliance partners. Drawing upon transaction cost arguments and social exchange theory, we study the determinants of contractual detail of collaborative agreements in the Dutch high tech industry. The findings confirm important roles for transactional and relational characteristics. We also show that contracts have multiple functions: they are important to safeguard risks but are also used to co-ordinate alliance activities and show commitment; or to safeguard external contingencies. Each of these different dimensions has unique antecedents.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "The ancestors' masculinities in Genesis. In Genesis, many of the male protagonists represent different peoples in the Levant and their relationships among each other. How those ancestors perform as 'masculine' men reflects the notion of the masculinity of the peoples descending from them, formulated from an Israelite/Judahite point of view. While the ancestors of Israel and Judah (Seth, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob) perform a certain masculine style, which can be labelled as pious, peaceful, gentle, smart and cultivated, the ancestors of neighbouring peoples (Ham, Lot, Ishmael, Esau) are portrayed as wild or sexually perverted but also aggressive, dominant or hypermasculine. The authors perceive their own people in a historically realistic way; they are no super-men. However, their masculine performance is favoured throughout and even divinely approved.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "From the Amphitheatre to Twitter: Cultivating Secondary Orality in Dialogue with Female Preachers. Ever since the theory of orality and literacy was introduced, it has provided scholars with a deeper understanding of the intertwined nature of culture and communication, as well as an appreciated tool for analysis. This is true also for the field of World Christianity. As the era of digital media emerged, the theory was developed as a tool to interpret digital culture as a 'secondary orality'. This article critiques and cultivates this theory, by showing how the analytical tool of orality, literacy and secondary orality might be sharpened. This is done in dialogue with the practice of female preachers. Preaching thus serves as an example for a wider discussion on the development of the theory. The sharpening of the tool is done through letting the complexity of practices inform the theory. Through historical case studies of three strategically chosen female preachers, four questions are identified that would be important to consider when the theory and its developments are used in analysis: genre of communication, the categories of body and space, and how authority is construed. Finally, the cultivated theory is applied in the analysis of a female preacher in a digital culture and space.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Sample preparation for arsenic, copper, iron, and lead determination in sugar. Two sample preparation methods were modified and optimized for the determination of As, Cu, Fe, and Pb in white sugar using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Analyses were carried out using hydride generation AAS (HG-AAS) for As and flame AAS (FAAS) for Cu, Fe, and Pb. White sugar samples were prepared by dry ashing of the samples with H2SO4 and Mg(NO3)(2). Recoveries for As, Cu, Fe, and Pb were 87.6, 92.8, 95.8, 91.1% respectively, in ashing with H2SO4 They were 95.1, 92.4, 97.4, and 91.1%, respectively, in ashing with Mg(NO3)(2) . 6H(2)O. When small quantities,of spikes were used, 94.7 and 95.3% recoveries of arsenic were found for the procedures applying H2SO4 and Mg(NO3)(2), respectively.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "The conundrum of cross-cultural understanding in the practice of law. In many countries, there are distinct communities that administer justice following their own laws. Often this informal justice is not regulated by official state law. This situation can be called empirical legal pluralism. But regularly aspects of this local law are incorporated into state laws, for instance when traditional, local authorities are granted some official competence as state judges. In a few countries, particularly in Latin America, the local indigenous law as a whole is recognized on a par with state law. These are examples of formal legal pluralism. The question is whether the local jurisdiction changes under these conditions of formal legal pluralism, and if so, in what way? How are the local ways of viewing man, social relations, nature, spirituality, and the good life - their cosmovision - distorted by their law becoming part of the national legal order that manifests a different, more individualistic philosophy? This local cosmovision is sometimes poorly understood and not respected by the dominant elites and legal functionaries of the state. In this article, we look for examples of such cross-cultural misunderstandings. Two cases of the national jurisprudence exercised by a state constitutional court will be discussed, one showing this misunderstanding, and the other one overcoming it.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Nanocomposite Film Based on Cellulose Acetate and Lignin-Rich Rice Straw Nanofibers. Nanofibers isolated from unbleached neutral sulfite rice straw pulp were used to prepare transparent films without the need to modify the isolated rice straw nanofibers (RSNF). RSNF with loading from 1.25 to 10 wt.% were mixed with cellulose acetate (CA) solution in acetone and films were formed by casting. The films were characterized regarding their transparency and light transmittance, microstructure, mechanical properties, crystallinity, water contact angle, porosity, water vapor permeability, and thermal properties. The results showed good dispersion of RSNF in CA matrix and films with good transparency and homogeneity could be prepared at RSNF loadings of less than 5%. As shown from contact angle and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements, the RSNF resulted in increased hydrophilic nature and roughness of the films. No significant improvement in tensile strength and Young's modulus was recorded as a result of adding RSNF to CA. Addition of the RSNF did not significantly affect the porosity, crystallinity and melting temperature of CA, but slightly increased its glass transition temperature.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Evaluation of PCR in the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis in two different epidemiological regions: Campinas (SP) and Teresina (PI), Brazil. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis has greater sensitivity and specificity than culture and visualization of the parasite. This study compares PCR for the diagnosis of the genus and species of Leishmania with serological techniques used for the control of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in Brazil, considering two regions. We analysed peripheral blood samples collected from 195 dogs in the Campinas (SP) and Teresina (PI) regions. ELISA was performed as a serological method and PCR was performed using specific primers for the genus Leishmania spp. and the species Leishmania chagasi. In Campinas, a greater sensitivity of PCR (88.24%) (P=0.0455) compared to Teresina (14.71%) (P<0.0001) was observed, and an agreement was observed for Cohen's kappa index (0.9096). Both PCR and ELISA showed discordance for sensitivity (Campinas 100%, Teresina 21.74%), specificity (Campinas 30.77%, Teresina 100%), positive predictive value (Campinas 68.97%, Teresina 100%), negative predictive value (Campinas 100%, Teresina 37.94%) and Cohen's kappa index (0.1238). This study confirms the importance of PCR in analysis of the canine reservoir, and as an effective method for the detection of active and recent infection.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "Time and Cost-Optimized Decision Support Model for Fast-Track Projects. The fast-track method is one of the most recognized methodologies for reducing construction project schedules. However, due to the lack of definitive research to date pertaining to the effects of fast-track application in terms of time and cost, it has been difficult for project owners to determine its correct application. This paper presents the time and cost optimized decision support (TACTICS) model, and it was developed based on the fast-track methodology and genetic algorithms (GAs). TACTICS was applied to two case studies, and the results indicated that the fast-track method could be expected to deliver more efficient projects compared with using the traditional method. In particular, (1) the average reduction in project duration by applying the fast-track method was 40.48% (Case I) and 18.59% (Case II) compared with using the traditional method, and (2) the average project costs were reduced by as much as 0.39% (Case I) and 4.48% (Case II). Consequently, TACTICS could be expected to help in making a decision regarding the fast-track application and further contribute to the project scheduling expertise in the construction engineering and management body of knowledge. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000570. (C) 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Hemocompatibility study of a bacterial cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposite. Bacterial cellulose (BC) has been suggested to be a suitable biomaterial for the development of cardiovascular grafts. The combination of BC with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) results in nanocomposites with improved properties. Surprisingly, there are very few studies on the BC blood interaction. This is the focus of this paper. We present the first thorough assessment of the hemocompatibility of the BC/PVA nanocomposite. Whole blood clotting time, plasma recalcification, Factor XII activation, platelet adhesion and activation, hemolytic index and complement activation are all determined. The platelet activation profiles on BC and BC/PVA surfaces are comprehensively characterized. BC and BC/PVA outperformed ePTFE - used as a point of comparison thus evidencing their suitability for cardiovascular applications. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 42]}
{"token": "On the solution of bivariate population balance equations for aggregation: Pivotwise expansion of solution domain. The solution of a bivariate population balance equation (PBE) for aggregation of particles necessitates a large 2-d domain to be covered. A correspondingly large number of discretized equations for particle populations on pivots (representative sizes for bins) are solved, although at the end only a relatively small number of pivots are found to participate in the evolution process. In the present work, we initiate solution of the governing PBE on a small set of pivots that can represent the initial size distribution. New pivots are added to expand the computational domain in directions in which the evolving size distribution advances. A self-sufficient set of rules is developed to automate the addition of pivots, taken from an underlying X-grid formed by intersection of the lines of constant composition and constant particle mass. In order to test the robustness of the rule-set, simulations carried out with pivotwise expansion of X-grid are compared with those obtained using sufficiently large fixed X-grids for a number of composition independent and composition dependent aggregation kernels and initial conditions. The two techniques lead to identical predictions, with the former requiring only a fraction of the computational effort. The rule-set automatically reduces aggregation of particles of same composition to a 1-d problem. A midway change in the direction of expansion of domain, effected by the addition of particles of different mean composition, is captured correctly by the rule-set. The evolving shape of a computational domain carries with it the signature of the aggregation process, which can be insightful in complex and time dependent aggregation conditions. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "On Spaces Extremal for the Gomory-Hu Inequality. Let (X, d) be a finite ultrametric space. In 1961 E.C. Gomory and T.C. Hu proved the inequality vertical bar Sp(X)vertical bar <= vertical bar X vertical bar where Sp(X) = {d(x, y): x, y is an element of X}. Using weighted Hamiltonian cycles and weighted Hamiltonian paths we give new necessary and sufficient conditions under which the Gomory-Hu inequality becomes an equality. We find the number of non-isometric (X, d) satisfying the equality vertical bar Sp(X)vertical bar = vertical bar X vertical bar for given Sp(X). Moreover it is shown that every finite semimetric space Z is an image under a composition of mappings f : X -> Y and g : Y -> Z such that X and Y are finite ultrametric spaces, X satisfies the above equality, f is an e-isometry with an arbitrary epsilon > 0, and g is a ball-preserving map.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "LEGAL NATURE OF HEALTH IN LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBEAN: A COMPARED CONSTITUCIONAL STUDY. Based on the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights ( 2005) that states that health is a fundamental human right, this study aims at investigating how health is expressed in the Constitutions of different regions on Latin America and Caribean. In this research, the description of each constitution is analysed and a comparison is performed. This works concludes that: a) health concept is mainly based on World Health Organization - WHO (1946) description; b) the great majority of the studied countries states that health is indeed a human right and is a duty of the State; c) some countries considered it as an individual duty and others as a public property.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Variation in SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks across sub-Saharan Africa. A surprising feature of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic to date is the low burdens reported in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries relative to other global regions. Potential explanations (for example, warmer environments(1), younger populations(2-4)) have yet to be framed within a comprehensive analysis. We synthesized factors hypothesized to drive the pace and burden of this pandemic in SSA during the period from 25 February to 20 December 2020, encompassing demographic, comorbidity, climatic, healthcare capacity, intervention efforts and human mobility dimensions. Large diversity in the probable drivers indicates a need for caution in interpreting analyses that aggregate data across low- and middle-income settings. Our simulation shows that climatic variation between SSA population centers has little effect on early outbreak trajectories; however, heterogeneity in connectivity, although rarely considered, is likely an important contributor to variance in the pace of viral spread across SSA. Our synthesis points to the potential benefits of context-specific adaptation of surveillance systems during the ongoing pandemic. In particular, characterizing patterns of severity over age will be a priority in settings with high comorbidity burdens and poor access to care. Understanding the spatial extent of outbreaks warrants emphasis in settings where low connectivity could drive prolonged, asynchronous outbreaks resulting in extended stress to health systems.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 42]}
{"token": "Thrombotic microangiopathy following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Thrombotic microangiopathy is one of the complications of bone marrow transplantation and is related to other complications such as graft-versus-host disease, veno-occlusive disease, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, and cytomegalovirus infection. Thrombotic microangiopathy occurred in three out of 12 patients who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation over the past 1 year at our department. We compared the changes in cytokines and other molecules between patients with and without microangiopathy from before conditioning to the early post-transplantation period. All three patients with microangiopathy showed a significant increase of interleukin-12 at the time of leukocyte recovery after transplantation (two-way layout analysis of variance; P < 0.05), while none of the patients without microangiopathy showed an increase of interleukin-12. No significant differences were found between the two groups with respect to the other cytokines and molecules that were tested. These findings suggested that thrombotic microangiopathy might be predicted at an early stage after bone marrow transplantation by detecting an increase of interleukin-12 at the time of leukocyte recovery. The possibility that thrombotic microangiopathy is related to inflammation or autoimmunity was also suggested.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 42]}
{"token": "A CORRECTION TO APPROXIMATION OF GENERALIZED HOMOMORPHISMS IN QUASI-BANACH ALGEBRAS. Eshaghi et. al [Approximation of generalized homomorphisms in quasi-Banach algebras, An. St. Univ. Ovidius Constanta, 17(2), (2009), 203-214] defined the notion of generalized homomorphisms in quasi-Banach algebras. They investigated generalized homomorphisms from quasi-Banach algebras to p-Banach algebras and proved the generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability. In this paper, we show that their results only hold for Banach algebras and then we correct and prove the results for p-Banach algebras.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Prophecy and the near future: Thoughts on macroeconomic, evangelical, and punctuated. A view from 1950s and 1960s Britain suggests that the public culture of temporality in the United States has shifted from a consequential focus on reasoning toward the near future to a combination of response to immediate situations and orientation to a very Long-term horizon. This temporal perspective is most marked in the public rhetoric of macroeconomics, but it also corresponds in remarkable ways to evangelicals' views of time. In this article, I trace the optionality and consonance of this shift toward the relative evacuation of the near future in religion and economics by examining different theoretical positions within each domain. In conclusion, I suggest that the near future is being reinhabited by forms of punctuated time, such as the dated schedules of debt and other specific event-driven temporal frames.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Willy Richard Frantz Seewald (1900-1929): The Brazilian Sportsman in the 1924 Olympic Games. This study investigates evidence of sporting values in the trajectory of the Brazilian athlete Willy Seewald, who participated in the 1924 Olympic games in Paris. The documental corpus analyzed consisted of interviews, newspapers, magazines, documents and other material, such as medals and diplomas from the Seewald family's personal collection. The interpretation of the material shows that Willy Seewald played several sports but excelled in Brazilian and South American competitions in javelin throwing. The athlete's participation in the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris, France, was surrounded by several difficulties that he was able to surmount due to his cultural background and his relationship with the community. Evidence was found that, throughout his sporting career, the athlete incorporated values consistent with the Olympic values and was referred to as a 'moral giant'. Although he died in 1929, he is still remembered in the Brazilian sporting scene.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "A Country Level Evaluation of the Impact of E-Government: The Case of Italy. Despite considerable investments made worldwide in e-government initiatives in the past years, whether e-government succeeded in achieving the expected benefits in terms of increased efficiency, effectiveness and quality in the delivery of services is still under discussion. This chapter proposes an evaluation of the outcomes of the National Action Plan (NAP) for the diffusion of e-government at the local level in Italy. The evaluation considers whether the implementation of the projects funded under the action plan determined positive effects at the country level in terms of an increase in the value generated for different stakeholders. The discussion of data from both national and international secondary sources shows that during the period in which the benefits of the NAP should have become apparent no positive effects have emerged with evidence. The chapter argues that this depends on some of the principles the NAP has been based on that limited its capability of achieving the expected results.", "label": [4, 5, 40, 51]}
{"token": "TAKING INTO ACCOUNT HISTORIES OF ACCOUNTING IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: SCRIBES, CUNEIFORM TABLETS, AND HISTORIANS. Although the cuneiform documentation of the Ancient Near East is mainly composed of administrative texts, written by palaces, temples or private individuals, accounting practices as such do not generally attract the interest of Assyriologists. They traditionally prefer to subordinate their study to quantitative history or archival analysis. However, the program of concrete history of abstraction proposed by Jean-Claude Perrot invites us to investigate this historical object in the perspective of a total history, where the economic factors could explain the social and the political ones. This implies having a reflexive approach to the conception of accounting by historians, but also by management science professionals, and an emic approach that takes into consideration the modes of intellection, the relationship to materiality and the social and political motives of the Ancients.", "label": [3, 31, 28, 32]}
{"token": "Analysis of Vibrio cholerae Genome Sequences Reveals Unique rtxA Variants in Environmental Strains and an rtxA-Null Mutation in Recent Altered El Tor Isolates. IMPORTANCE Pathogen evolution involves both gain and loss of factors that influence disease. In the environment, bacteria evolve rapidly, with nucleotide diversity arising by genetic modification. Such is occurring with Vibrio cholerae, exemplified by extensive diversity and unique variants of the rtxA-encoded multifunctional autoprocessing RTX (MARTX) toxin among environment-associated strains that cause localized diarrheal outbreaks and food-borne disease. In contrast, seventh pandemic El Tor V. cholerae strains associated with severe diarrhea have changed minimally until the altered El Tor emerged as the most frequent cause of cholera, including in the 2010 Haiti epidemic. These strains have increased virulence attributed to a new variant of the major virulence factor, cholera toxin. It is revealed that these strains also have an inactivated MARTX toxin gene. A similar inactivation occurred during classical cholera pandemics, highlighting that evolution of El Tor cholera is following a similar path of increased dependence on cholera toxin, while eliminating other secreted factors.Vibrio cholerae genome sequences were analyzed for variation in the rtxA gene that encodes the multifunctional auto-processing RTX (MARTX) toxin. To accommodate genomic analysis, a discrepancy in the annotated rtxA start site was resolved experimentally. The correct start site is an ATG downstream from rtxC resulting in a gene of 13,638 bp and deduced protein of 4,545 amino acids. Among the El Tor O1 and closely related O139 and O37 genomes, rtxA was highly conserved, with nine alleles differing by only 1 to 6 nucleotides in 100 years. In contrast, 12 alleles from environment-associated isolates are highly variable, at 1 to 3% by nucleotide and 3 to 7% by amino acid. The difference in variation rates did not represent a bias for conservation of the El Tor rtxA compared to that of other strains but rather reflected the lack of gene variation in overall genomes. Three alleles were identified that would affect the function of the MARTX toxin. Two environmental isolates carry novel arrangements of effector domains. These include a variant from RC385 that would suggest an adenylate cyclase toxin and from HE-09 that may have actin ADP-ribosylating activity. Within the recently emerged altered El Tor strains that have a classical ctxB gene, a mutation arose in rtxA that introduces a premature stop codon that disabled toxin function. This null mutant is the genetic background for subsequent emergence of the ctxB7 allele resulting in the strain that spread into Haiti in 2010. Thus, similar to classical strains, the altered El Tor pandemic strains eliminated rtxA after acquiring a classical ctxB.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Impact of lightning on the lower ionosphere of Saturn and possible generation of halos and sprites. We study the effect of lightning on the lower ionosphere of Saturn. A self-consistent one-dimensional model of the electric field and electron density is used to estimate the changes of the local electron and photon emissions. The chemical fingerprint and ion densities are determined using a detailed self-consistent kinetic model. Charge moment change, depth of lightning flashes and their duration are estimated based on the known constraints of saturnian lightning activity. We test two electron density profiles and find that the conservative estimation of lightning charge moment change 10(4) to 10(5) C km could lead to faint halos and possibly sprites if the base of the ionosphere is located at 1000 km above the 1 bar level; if the base of the ionosphere is located at 600 km then only the extreme scenario of a 10(6) C km charge moment change could induce considerable ionization, halos and possibly sprites. We found that H-3(+) ions are rapidly produced from the parent H-2(+) ions through the fast reaction H-2(+)+ H-2 --> H-3(+) + H, so that H-3(+) becomes the dominant ion in all the scenarios considered. The resulting light emissions, mostly in the blue and ultraviolet spectral regions, are below the detection threshold of Cassini. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Roaming the rhizomic playing field of visual culture in art education. Acknowledging that many art teachers have difficulties with the concept of visual culture, the author offers some guidelines for considering the playing field of an art education that embraces the rhizomic nature of visual culture. The guidelines include distinguishing between Visual Culture Studies as a field and what part of it legitimately concerns art education. In turn, this involves distinguishing between different functions of images and artefacts-when they concern data and utility and when they constitute beliefs and values, as well as when they support a status quo and when they resist and/or offer alternatives. Examples of rhizomic curriculum are offered that serve for both clarification and as exemplars of practice.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "National, Ethnic and Religious Identities: Hybridity and the case of the Polish Tatars. Questions of hybridity and multiple identities are over-theorised but the number of empirical studies is limited. The present study examines some of the discursive devices used in two Polish Tatar magazines for managing narratives about their national, ethnic and religious identities. The Polish Tatars are a numerically small group that have lived for more than 600 years in Catholic Poland. For them, being a Tatar, Muslim and Pole at the same time, is central to their self-understanding, and they do not want to limit the importance of any of these. Two main strategies of narrative identity management were identified, related to identity definitions and identity connections. The former gives layered understandings about Polish Tatar identity: a factual one in which a local and historical connection is made and a spiritual one in which belonging to an imagined symbolic community is stressed. The latter provides reconciliation between identities by stressing their similarities and relations, by emphasizing the contributions made by Tatars to Polish society, and by presenting the Tatars as potentially being in a unique mediating position between Islam and Christianity. In the near future, Tatars' strategies for creating a hybrid identity might be challenged by global and more local developments.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Bridge for the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical corrosion: Modeling on dissolution, ionization, diffusion and deposition in metal/ solution interface. A new model is describing complex dissolution-ionization-diffusion-deposition (DIDD) process in metal/solution interface. Taking CO2 corrosion of steel as an example for modeling verification, helping to better understand the non-Arrhenius corrosion behavior of 20 steel, especially the role of alloying element Cr on the corrosion resistance. The calculated results have a good agreement with morphology and weight loss. Moreover, a significant contribution of this study is to find a bridge between the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical corrosion, providing a promising tool to develop a deterministic method for corrosion prediction and formulate a set of principles for designing new alloys.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Movement of fishes (Grunts: Haemulidae) across the coral reef seascape: A review of scales, patterns and processes. Reef fish movements over short and long time frames have important consequences for identifying essential fish habitat, quantifying ecological flows across the seascape and designing marine reserves. We use grunts (Haemulidae) as a representative model group for quantifying movement in terms of distances, time scales, temporal patterns, habitat associations and controls. Here, we provide a review based on recent studies and our own experience. The ritualized, twilight feeding migrations of grunts represent an important mechanism for transferring nutrients and organic matter across habitat boundaries, with movements on the order of 100-300 m. Both compass orientation and vision are used for navigation during feeding migrations. Feeding movements of adults are less ritualized in both space and time and typically occur on the same scale of distance as juveniles, although longer excursions have been documented. Ontogenetic migrations occur over years and take the form of discrete habitat shifts, with most individuals moving progressively offshore. Distances and pathways followed by fish will depend on the exact width of the shelf and distribution of suitable habitats. Transplant experiments suggest there are significant barriers to fish migration, and migration corridors, especially reef margins, seem to be important in determining the direction of ontogenetic habitat shifts, but these may be disrupted by environmental perturbations. Theoretical considerations relative to barrier perception and growth-survival trade-offs appear to explain normal movements of grunts and their responses to environmental perturbations, but lack of information on how fish may sense new locations at distance prevents the full use of theory to generate rules of migration covering timing, distance and direction.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Production of Phytase Transgenic Porcine Blastocysts by Handmade Cloning. To address the problem of the phosphorus pollution from livestocks, phytase transgenic animals have been developed by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). However, the SCNT technology is quite complicated, inefficient and requires expensive micromanipulators. In this study, we used the economical handmade cloning (HMC) technique to produce phytase transgenic porcine blastocysts. The recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid containing the modified phytase gene was generated and transferred into the donor porcine fetal fibroblasts. The reconstructed embryos were produced by the use of transgenic donor cells and cytoplasms from porcine mature oocytes. The transgenic blastocysts were obtained after subsequent culture of the reconstructed embryos. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) identification validated the successful expression of phytase gene in the transgenic blastocysts at the transcriptional level. These handmade cloned blastocysts provide the fundamentals for further producing phytase transgenic pigs with potential to be environmentally friendly.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Initial Growth of Merremia cissoides, Mucuna aterrima and Neonotonia wightii. This work aimed to evaluate the initial growth of three species of weed considered as emerging problems for sugarcane crop: Neonotonia wightii, Stizolobium aterrimum, and Merremia cissoides. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with seven treatments and four repetitions for each species studied. Seven growth evaluations (treatments) were carried out every 15 days, totaling a 105 day-cycle, followed by the analysis of the variables, such as leaf area (Af) given in (cm(2) per plant). The sampled material was dried in an oven, with the dry mass (g per plant) of the roots (Mr), the shoot (Ma) and total (Mt) being measured. The biomass accumulation observed shows the high ability of S. aterrimum to produce biomass. At the end of the experiment, stabilization of the dry mass of the shoot (Ma) was observed for the three species, followed by the variable total dry mass (Mt) also showing stabilization at the end of the experiment. S. aterrimum presented the highest initial growth rate and total dry mass accumulation, besides the highest leaf area (Af). N. wightii presented slow initial growth, while M. cissoides showed a significant accumulation of total dry mass (Mt), compared with the other species.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Aster yellows phytoplasma in grapevines: identification of vectors in South Africa. Since the discovery of aster yellows phytoplasma on grapevine in South Africa in 2006, a concerted effort by various research groups to identify the vector(s) was co-ordinated by Winetech. This included qualitative and quantitative surveys for two years of leaf- and planthoppers occurring in vineyards in affected areas, testing specimens of leaf- and planthopper species for the presence of aster yellows phytoplasma with PCR, transmission experiments, and relating presence of leaf- and planthoppers in the field to the time of disease transmission. Twenty-eight leaf- and planthopper species/species groups have been recorded from vineyards in aster yellows-infected regions. The four most abundant species/species groups were Aria lineatifrons (Naude), Austroagallia spp., Cicadulina spp. and Mgenia fuscovaria (St(a)over circlel) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Austroagallia spp. and M. fuscovaria repeatedly tested positive for the presence of AY. Results of transmission experiments and a field trial to determine leaf-/planthopper abundance in vineyards along with time of transmission in the field suggest that M. fuscovaria is a vector of aster yellows phytoplasma in South Africa. The concerted effort between industry and researchers allowed for fast identification of a potential vector of aster yellows phytoplasma in South Africa.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "cyp51A-based mechanism of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: Illustration by a new 3D Structural Model of Aspergillus fumigatus CYP51A protein. Mutations of CYP51A protein (Cytochrome P450 14-alpha Sterol demethylase) play a central role in the azole resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus. The available structural models of CYP51A protein of A. fumigatus are built based on that of Homo sapiens and that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, of which the amino acid homology is only 38% and 29% compared with CYP51A protein of A. fumigatus, respectively. In the present study, we constructed a new 3D structural model of A. fumigatus CYP51A protein based on a recently resolved crystal structure of the homologous protein in the fungus S. cerevisiae, which shares 50% amino acid homology with A. fumigatus CYP51A protein. Three azole molecules, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole, were docked to the wild-type and the mutant A. fumigatus CYP51A protein models, respectively, to illustrate the impact of cyp51A mutations to azole-resistance. We found the mutations that occurred at L98, M220, and Y431 positions would decrease the binding affinity of azoles to the CYP51A protein and therefore would reduce their inhibitory effects. Additionally, the mutations of L98 and G432 would reduce the stability of the protein, which might lead to conformational change of its binding pocket and eventually the resistance to azoles.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 25, 42, 10]}
{"token": "Linguistic and social Consideration of insult in the Tesoro by Covarrubias. This study aims at the concept of injury, the presence of insulting words and their sociolinguistic labels in the Tesoro of Covarrubias. This paper analyzes the mentions of the offense, the insults and the treatment of the words that the sources of the Golden Age give as coded lexemes to insult, as well as the possible social stratification of such words. The result shows the Tesoro as a reflection of social significance of the offense and the starting work of a lexicographical tradition, continued to the present, that avoids lexical representation of injury and the loss of meaning of these terms. Furthermore, this dictionary proves that injurious words do not distinguish speakers socially; they must, however, respect some conditions of use.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Mediterranean diet-gene interactions: A targeted metabolomics study in Greek-Cypriot women. Conclusion: Serum levels of flavin mononucleotide and 5-MTHF were shown to be influenced by interactions between GSTM1 deletion or MTHFR (rs1801133) polymorphisms and a dietary pattern, characteristic of MD.Methods and results: Greek-Cypriot women who were BC controls and had the lowest or the highest MD adherence (vegetables, fruit, legumes, fish) as assessed by principal component analysis (n = 564) were included. Participants were previously genotyped for nine polymorphisms of the one-carbon metabolism, oxidative stress, and xenobiotic metabolism. The serum levels of 14 metabolites that are key players in the aforementioned pathways were measured by UPLC-MS/MS. ANCOVA was used to assess polymorphism-MD interactions on metabolites' levels within a multivariate linear regression model. Statistically significant interactions between GSTM1 (where GST is glutathione S-transferase) deletion polymorphism and MD on flavin mononucleotide and on 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) concentrations were observed. The MTHFR rs1801133 interacted significantly with MD on 5-MTHF concentration.Scope: A high adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) was previously associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer (BC) among Greek-Cypriot women. Additionally, particular polymorphisms were shown to modulate this MD-BC association. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effect of polymorphisms-MD interactions on the levels of specific metabolites that could be related to dietary adherence or enzymatic activity, which is itself modulated by polymorphisms.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "A mutation in Sec15l1 causes anemia in hemoglobin deficit (hbd) mice. Hemoglobin deficit (hbd) mice carry a spontaneous mutation that impairs erythroid iron assimilation but does not cause other defects. Normal delivery of iron to developing erythroid precursors is highly dependent on the transferrin cycle. Through genetic mapping and complementation experiments, we show that the hbd mutation is an in-frame deletion of a conserved exon of the mouse gene Sec15l1, encoding one of two Sec15 proteins implicated in the mammalian exocyst complex. Sec15l1 is linked to the transferrin cycle through its interaction with Rab11, a GTPase involved in vesicular trafficking. We propose that inactivation of Sec15l1 alters recycling of transferrin cycle endosomes and increases the release of transferrin receptor exocytic vesicles. This in turn decreases erythroid iron uptake. Determining the molecular basis of the hbd phenotype provides new insight into the intricate mechanisms necessary for normal erythroid iron uptake and the function of a mammalian exocyst protein.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Critical O(d)-equivariant biharmonic maps. We study O(d)-equivariant biharmonic maps in the critical dimension. A major consequence of our study concerns the corresponding heat flow. More precisely, we prove that blowup occurs in the biharmonic map heat flow from into . To our knowledge, this was the first example of blowup for the biharmonic map heat flow. Such results have been hard to prove, due to the inapplicability of the maximum principle in the biharmonic case. Furthermore, we classify the possible O(4)-equivariant biharmonic maps from into , and we show that there exists, in contrast to the harmonic map analogue, equivariant biharmonic maps from into that wind around as many times as we wish. We believe that the ideas developed herein could be useful in the study of other higher-order parabolic equations.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "CCTSDB 2021: A More Comprehensive Traffic Sign Detection Benchmark. Traffic signs are one of the most important information that guide cars to travel, and the detection of traffic signs is an important component of autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems. Constructing a traffic sign dataset with many samples and sufficient attribute categories will promote the development of traffic sign detection research. In this paper, we propose a new Chinese traffic sign detection benchmark, which adds more than 4,000 real traffic scene images and corresponding detailed annotations based on our CCTSDB 2017, and replaces many original easily-detected images with difficult samples to adapt to the complex and changing detection environment. Due to the increase of the number of difficult samples, the new benchmark can improve the robustness of the detection network to some extent compared to the old version. At the same time, we create new dedicated test sets and categorize them according to three aspects: category meanings, sign sizes, and weather conditions. Finally, we present a comprehensive evaluation of nine classic traffic sign detection algorithms on the new benchmark. Our proposed benchmark can help determine the future research direction of the algorithm and develop a more precise traffic sign detection algorithm with higher robustness and real-time performance.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "A Victorian fraudster and bigamist: Gentleman or criminal?. This article examines the case of a Victorian gentleman who operated at the tipping point between respectable gentleman and habitual criminal. The case of Henry Wilshin allows an exploration of ideas of class and respectability in Victorian England and the problematics of the distinction between the gentleman and the convict: an analysis of Wilshin's escapades places the deconstruction of the 'crimes of the law-abiding' in a Victorian context. The issues remain relevant today in debates concerning the banking industry. In the mid-19th century the expanding commercial enterprise of industrial Britain presented opportunities that were grasped by the unscrupulous, but the distinction between licit and illicit activity was far from clear. A gentleman offender like Henry Wilshin challenged Victorian assumptions of respectability. This article analyses Wilshin's career in the context of Victorian ideas of middle-class respectability and the operations of commerce. Neutralization theory will be advanced to reconcile the contradictions in Wilshin's life.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Drought Response and Genetic Diversity in Pisum fulvum, a Wild Relative of Domesticated Pea. Productivity of grain crops in semi-arid environments is often affected by drought, which is likely to increase due to predicted climate changes. Wild pea (Pisum fulvum Sibth. & Smith, Pf) accessions sampled across its ecological amplitude in Israel (350-850 mm annual precipitation) were used to assess the genetic diversity for drought responses. We hypothesized that native species evolving under Eastern Mediterranean climate carry adaptive traits to cope with drought stress. Accessions were classified according to single-nucleotide polymorphism variation pattern and habitat ecogeographic parameters. Significant differences were found between the accession groups, but grouping in both systems did not match. Subsequently, 52 Pf accessions and three domesticated pea (P. sativum L.) genotypes were evaluated during 2 yr under well-watered (similar to 580 mm) and water-limited (similar to 340 mm) treatments. Total dry matter, grain yield, harvest index, and average grain weight were higher in domesticated pea than wild Pf; however several Pf accessions exhibited lower drought susceptibility indices (i.e., greater stability across environments) than domesticated genotypes. Of special interest are a number of Pf genotypes in which low susceptibility to water stress was coupled with relatively high productivity. The sampling habitats of those low susceptibility-high productivity accessions are characterized by mild (400-530 mm) annual precipitation. Further sampling and evaluation of Pf from such locations may improve our understanding of pea drought adaptation and yield physiology.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Influence of cigarette circumference on smoke chemistry, biological activity, and smoking behaviour. Cigarettes with reduced circumference are increasingly popular in some countries, hence it is important to understand the effects of circumference reduction on their burning behaviour, smoke chemistry and bioactivity. Reducing circumference reduces tobacco mass burn rate, puff count and static burn time, and increases draw resistance and rod length burned during puff and smoulder periods. Smoulder temperature increases with decreasing circumference, but with no discernible effect on cigarette ignition propensity during a standard test. At constant packing density, mainstream (MS) and sidestream (SS) tar and nicotine yields decrease approximately linearly with decreasing circumference, as do the majority of smoke toxicants. However, volatile aldehydes, particularly formaldehyde, show a distinctly non-linear relationship with circumference and increases in the ratios of aldehydes to tar and nicotine have been observed as the circumference decreases. Mutagenic, cytotoxic and tumorigenic specific activities of smoke condensates (i.e. per unit weight of condensate) decrease as circumference decreases. Recent studies suggest that there is no statistical difference in mouth-level exposure to tar and nicotine among smokers of cigarettes with different circumferences. Commercially available slim cigarettes usually have changes in other cigarette design features compared with cigarettes with standard circumference, so it is difficult to isolate the effect of circumference on the properties of commercial products. However, available data shows that changes in cigarette circumference offer no discernible change to the harm associated with smoking. Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
{"token": "Digital advertising and the phenomenon of influencers in chilean law. The purpose of this work is to address the figure of influencers as an advertising practice and its link with the advertising contracts that the adviser can be concluded with them, examining their content, limits and consequences of breach of the obligations imposed on the influencer, which can directly impact the latter. the protection of consumer rights and the duty of correction that must prevail among market agents. His analysis, then, is interesting not only from the perspective of digital advertising or the theory of service contracts and advertising contracts, but also from the protection of the advertiser and the remedies available, the protection of the rights of consumers and users. competitors, because sometimes this practice can become abusive, aggressive, deceptive and unfair.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "INTEGRATING PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW INTO THE AUSTRALIAN LAW CURRICULUM. It is uncontroversial that Australian law degrees ought to be 'internationalised' to account for the globalised nature of legal practice. This article argues that law schools ought to commit to internationalisation by integrating private international law, the discipline which deals with civil disputes with foreign elements, into their curricula. A working knowledge of the subject is increasingly essential to legal practice. Yet, as this article shows, most Australian law graduates have not studied the subject. The article argues that this situation is unacceptable. It explains why private international law is so important to legal practice. By engaging with the subject, students will develop important skills. The article takes account of the practical barriers facing many law schools that prevent private international law from becoming its own compulsory unit of study, arguing that integration of the discipline throughout the existing core curriculum is an appropriate pragmatic alternative.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Structural basis for substrate binding to human pyridoxal 5 '-phosphate phosphatase/chronophin by a conformational change. Human pyridoxal 5'-phosphate phosphatase (PLPP), also known as a chronophin, is a phosphatase belonging to subfamily II of the HAD phosphatases, characterized by a large cap domain. As a member of the subfamily, its cap open conformation is expected for substrate binding. We determined apo and PLP-bound PLPP/chronophin structures showing a cap-closed conformation. The active site, in which a PLP molecule was found, is too small to accommodate a phospho-cofilin peptide, the substrate of chronophin. A conformational change to a cap open conformation may be required for substrate binding. The core and cap domains are joined through linker peptide hinges that change conformation to open the active site. The crystal structures reveal that a disulphide bond between the cap and core domains restricts the hinge motion. The enzyme displays PLP dephosphorylation activity in the cap-closed conformation with the disulphide bond and even in the crystal state, in which repositioning of the cap and core domains is restricted. Structural analysis suggests that a small substrate such as PLP can bind to the active site through a small movement of a local motif. However, a change to the cap-open conformation is required for binding of larger substrates such as phosphopeptides to the active site. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "Superoxide dismutase in the marine sponge Cliona celata. The aim of this work is to investigate the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase in the cosmopolitan sponge Cliona celata (Grant, 1826), since this enzyme has been described as a useful biomarker for marine pollution in other marine invertebrates. The quantification of the catalytic activity for superoxide dismutase is quite complex because its substrate is an unstable free radical. Several methods have been developed for this enzymatic activity determination; most of them are based on inhibition of a redox reaction involving the superoxide radical. In this work, two methods are compared, for crude sponge extracts, as far as repeatability, reproducibility and sensibility are concerned. The adrenaline oxidation method seems to be the most adequate for these determinations. Statistical treatment of the data indicates that the reference value for the specific superoxide dismutase activity in C. celata should be in the interval [0-535.5] U/mg of total protein in wet tissues, for normal populations.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Quality differentiation in a dual-channel supply chain. In this paper, we investigate a dual-channel supply chain with a retailer (she) and a manufacturer (he) who manufactures a high-quality product and a low-quality one. The manufacturer can distribute the high-quality and low-quality products in a direct channel (e.g., its own online channel) and an indirect channel (e.g., a traditional retailer channel) respectively, or the opposite. Our analyses reveal that the manufacturer's optimal distribution strategy depends on the product type. If the product's customer demand is more sensitive to quality level than production cost, it can be classified as the demand type. For a demand-type product, it is optimal for the manufacturer to sell its premium product through the direct channel to attract more demand. Otherwise, the product can be classified as the cost type and it is optimal for the manufacturer to sell its premium product through the traditional channel. In this way, the relatively high manufacturing cost can be shared with the retailer. Furthermore, we demonstrate the robustness of our results by analyzing an alternate demand model for the dual channels. Finally, we find that the manufacturer's optimal quality differentiation is detrimental to the retailer. Hence, we extend our basic model and show that the retailer can adopt an effective countermeasure by introducing an alternative supplier, even when the supplier charges a higher wholesale price. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "News translation on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's English and French websites. This chapter examines the techniques journalists use to incorporate translated speech into news stories published on the websites of the French and English networks of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It examines four sets of stories: national political news in French (76 stories) and in English (63 stories) and local news from Canada's capital region in French (85 stories) and in English (98 stories). It combines content analysis, textual analysis, and ethnography to provide an update of past research about the Corporation's television news programs in the early 1990s. It reveals that the asymmetries that have long shaped the Corporation's French- and English-language news continue to operate, although in different form, and they continue to influence the ways journalists incorporate translated speech into their stories.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 52]}
{"token": "Cave invertebrate assemblages differ between native and exotic leaf litter. Allochtonous leaf litter is an important source of energy and nutrients for invertebrates in cave ecosystems. A change to the quality or quantity of litter entering caves has the potential to disrupt the structure and function of cave communities. In this study, we adopted an experimental approach to examine rates of leaf litter decomposition and the invertebrate assemblages colonizing native and exotic leaf litter in limestone caves in the Jenolan Caves Karst Conservation Reserve, New South Wales, Australia. We deployed traps containing leaf litter from exotic sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata) trees and native eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) in twilight zones (near the cave entrance) and areas deep within the caves for 3 months. Thirty-two invertebrate morphospecies were recorded from the litter traps, with greater richness and abundance evident in the samples from the twilight zone compared with areas deep within the cave. Sycamore litter had significantly greater richness and abundance of invertebrates compared with eucalypt and pine litter in samples from the twilight zone, but there was no difference in richness or abundance among litter samples placed deep within the cave. Relative rates of decay of the three litters were sycamore > eucalypt > pine. We discuss the potential for the higher decomposition rates and specific leaf area in sycamores to explain their higher invertebrate diversity and abundance. Our findings have important implications for the management of exotic plants and the contribution of their leaf litter to subterranean ecosystems.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "In-Tree Behavior of Diverse Viruses Harbored in the Chestnut Blight Fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica. The ascomycete Cryphonectria parasitica causes destructive chestnut blight. Biological control of the fungus by virus infection (hypovirulence) has been shown to be an effective control strategy against chestnut blight in Europe. To provide biocontrol effects, viruses must be able to induce hypovirulence and spread efficiently in chestnut trees. Field studies using living trees to date have focused on a selected family of viruses called hypoviruses, especially prototypic hypovirus CHV1, but there are now known to be many other viruses that infect C. parasitica. Here, we tested seven different viruses for their hypovirulence induction, biocontrol potential, and transmission properties between two vegetatively compatible but molecularly distinguishable fungal strains in trees. The test included cytosolically and mitochondrially replicating viruses with positive-sense single-stranded RNA or double-stranded RNA genomes. The seven viruses showed different in planta behaviors and were classified into four groups. Group I, including CHV1, had great biocontrol potential and could protect trees by efficiently spreading and converting virulent to hypovirulent cankers in the trees. Group II could induce high levels of hypovirulence but showed much smaller biocontrol potential, likely because of inefficient virus transmission. Group III showed poor performance in hypovirulence induction and biocontrol, while efficiently being transmitted in the infected trees. Group IV could induce hypovirulence and spread efficiently but showed poor biocontrol potential. Nuclear and mitochondrial genotyping of fungal isolates obtained from the treated cankers confirmed virus transmission between the two fungal strains in most isolates. These results are discussed in view of dynamic interactions in the tripartite pathosystem.IMPORTANCE The ascomycete Cryphonectria parasitica causes destructive chestnut blight, which is controllable by hypovirulence-conferring viruses infecting the fungus. The tripartite chestnut/C. parasitica/virus pathosystem involves the dynamic interactions of their genetic elements, i.e., virus transmission and lateral transfer of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes between fungal strains via anastomosis occurring in trees. Here, we tested diverse RNA viruses for their hypovirulence induction, biocontrol potential, and transmission properties between two vegetatively compatible but molecularly distinguishable fungal strains in live chestnut trees. The tested viruses, which are different in genome type (single-stranded or double-stranded RNA) and organization, replication site (cytosol or mitochondria), virus form (encapsidated or capsidless) and/or symptomatology, have been unexplored in the aforementioned aspects under controlled conditions. This study showed intriguing different in-tree behaviors of the seven viruses and suggested that to exert significant biocontrol effects, viruses must be able to induce hypovirulence and spread efficiently in the fungus infecting the chestnut trees.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Understanding the institutional challenges and impacts of higher education reforms in Indonesia. IMPACT This paper offers new insights regarding the nature and impacts of higher education reforms in an emerging economy. The authors explain why positive outcomes from higher education reforms are difficult to achieve in developing economies, without reforming existing institutions such as the human resource systems and laws underpinning the operation of higher education. The paper has important insights for employers, government and university managers and academics in developing countries, including the importance of opening a nation's university sector to international providers.This paper contributes to the academic literature on policy-making at the global level by empirically showing the nature and institutional challenges of higher education reforms under NPM principles. The authors explain the key strategies adopted by Indonesia's government and the problems it faced in reforming its higher education system. The overall result was negative. The Indonesian reforms will not bring about meaningful outcomes unless the existing institutions, and the environment in which they operate, are also reformed.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Effects of dietary genistein on nutrient use and mineral status in heat-stressed quails. Genistein is a powerful antioxidant and plays a role in calcium and bone metabolism. We evaluated the efficacy of dietary supplementation with genistein on the nutrient use and mineral concentrations in tibia and serum of quails reared at high environmental temperature (34 degrees C). Two hundred and forty Japanese quails (10 days old) were randomly assigned to 8 treatment groups consisting of 10 replicates of 3 birds. The birds were kept in a temperature-controlled room at 22 degrees C (Thermoneutral, TN groups) or 34 degrees C (for 8 h/d; 09.00 am-05.00 pm; Heat stress, HS groups). Birds were fed either a basal diet (TN and HS) or the basal diet supplemented with 200, 400 or 800 mg of genistein/kg of diet. Heat exposure decreased apparent nutrient digestibility and bone mineralization when the basal diet was fed (P < 0.001). Apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) (P < 0.05), crude protein (CP) (P < 0.05) and ash (P < 0.01) was significantly improved by genistein supplementation. However, this improvement was not in direct proportion to increased doses of supplement since there was no difference when diets included either 400 or 800 mg genistein/kg of diet (P < 0.05) in birds reared under heat stress. The amounts of Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu in the excreta decreased (P < 0.01), while Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations in tibia ash increased in quails reared under heat stress conditions (P < 0.01) with genistein supplementation. Ca and P concentrations in tibia ash were also increased in birds kept under thermoneutral conditions with genistein supplementation. Increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity (P < 0.01) was associated with increasing dietary genistein in all groups. In conclusion, genistein supplementation to the basal diet improved digestibility of CP, DM and ash and levels of Ca and P and bone mineralization in quails reared under heat stress conditions.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
{"token": "SOME TOPOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF RITUAL PLACES. In accordance to the trocan principles an ideal spatial organisation consisted of three points of worship that were dedicated to the three forces of nature. Settlements, fields, burial sites, as well as the points of worship themselves were oriented towards one of these points of worship. They were accompanied by the axis mundi that supported the sky. These principles were never an canonized part of the belief, and they were taken into account to a certain degree, depending on the context. However, some solutions were often repeated and showed the core idea. During Christianisation three scenarios were likely for these points of worship: a) churches were built on them, b) they were destroyed, or c) the points of worship were moved to a new point which included a Christian church. Unchanged old belief points of worship are today found very rarely.In Croatia all of the compounds of the trocan old belief ideology can be found. Even though only a single point was determined on Northern Velebit, and two on the Southern side, this does not mean that this is the exact and final number to be found at these locations, i. e. that these points represented the entire structure. We could thus understand this analysis merely as an encouragement for future researches. There is a great possibility that much of the mythical landscape from the pre-Slavic period survived to the present day, of course it is now full of everything the younger periods have added.On the high altitude plateau of Rujno (South Velebit) two points of worship step out. The rock Baba was visited by women while 'the grave of the virgin child' (today Sv. Bogorodica - Mary, the Mother of God) was visited by shepherds, i.e. men. This means that we had a stone for men and a stone for women, and they were oriented towards each other (with the male stone the orientation was later on adopted by Sv. Bogorodica). The Baba rock is an example of an unchanged point of worship, which with its placement in the surrounding mythological landscape undoubtedly indicates that this is the clitoris of mother earth.On the island of Pag the three points of worship have clear spatial relations. Sv. Marija that lies south of Sv. Juraj is oriented towards St. Vid. With at least a part of its architecture Sv. Juraj is also oriented towards Sv. Vid. The latter is located on the highest point of the island and makes excellent use of its astronomic position, for it is oriented towards the sunrise on St. George's day (24th April). According to the ancient Eurasian calendar this was when the year begun. The worship system was at its strongest in the early medieval period; it is clear that Sv. Marija continued the point of worship tradition from late antiquity.The text deals with three examples in Croatia. In the Krasno area (North Velebit) the worshipping practice of a fertility stone was moved from the high altitude plateau Jezera into the valley, where the pilgrim's temple of Majka Bozja od Krasna (Mary, the Mother of God) was established.In the introduction the author presents the ideology system that is known under the folk name old faith. This system tried to establish permanent harmony, especially between the three basic natural elements: fire ( sky), earth and water. In Slovenia the name trocan still remains in use for this old faith.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "KCND3 potassium channel gene variant confers susceptibility to electrocardiographic early repolarization pattern. CONCLUSIONS. In this study, we identified for the first time to our knowledge a genome-wide significant association of a genetic variant with ERP. Our findings of a locus in the KCND3 gene provide insights not only into the genetic determinants but also into the pathophysiological mechanism of ERP, discovering a promising candidate for functional studies.BACKGROUND. The presence of an early repolarization pattern (ERP) on the surface ECG is associated with risk of ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. Family studies have shown that ERP is a highly heritable trait, but molecular genetic determinants are unknown.METHODS. To identify genetic susceptibility loci for ERP, we performed a GWAS and meta-analysis in 2,181 cases and 23,641 controls of European ancestry.RESULTS. We identified a genome-wide significant (P < 5 x 10(-8)) locus in the potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3 (KCND3) gene that was successfully replicated in additional 1,124 cases and 12,510 controls. A subsequent joint meta-analysis of the discovery and replication cohorts identified rs1545300 as the lead SNP at the KCND3 locus (OR 0.82 per minor T allele, P = 7.7 x 10(-12)) but did not reveal additional loci. Colocalization analyses indicate causal effects of KCND3 gene expression levels on ERP in both cardiac left ventricle and tibial artery.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "The Occurrence and Effects of Verbal and Visual Anchoring of Tropes on the Perceived Comprehensibility and Liking of TV Commercials. For print advertising, it has been shown that rhetorical figures, tropes in particular, are used abundantly and that the effect on ad appreciation depends on the ad being perceived as comprehensible. To help the audience arrive at the intended interpretation, sometimes anchoring information is provided. The question is to what extent the same holds for TV commercials. A content analysis of 200 TV commercials revealed that the vast majority contained tropes and (verbal and visual) anchoring information that either hinted at the intended interpretation or spelled it out completely; this anchoring information could be presented before/during the trope or after. For each commercial, aggregated consumer response data were analyzed. Verbally and visually spelling out the intended interpretation increased the perceived comprehensibility. For the visual anchoring information, this led to higher appreciation scores; for verbal anchoring information, increased comprehensibility canceled out the negative effect on appreciation caused by providing this information. Verbal anchoring information presented after the trope improved appreciation compared to it being presented before or during. Advertisers appear to take into account that solving the riddle posed by a trope may be difficult if the processing pace is set by the medium and provide additional help.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
{"token": "Functional relationships between giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) interference and sweet corn yield and ear traits. Field experiments were conducted to quantify functional relationships between giant ragweed density and sweet corn yield and ear traits. A rectangular hyperbolic model was fit to yield loss measured in terms of marketable ear mass, appropriate for the processing industry, and boxes of 50 marketable ears, relevant to the fresh market industry. The initial slope of the hyperbolic yield loss function (I), which describes the linear portion of yield loss as weed density (weeds per square meter) approaches zero, was 119 for loss of ear mass and 97 for loss of boxes of ears. Furthermore, 10 of 12 ear traits including green ear mass, husked ear mass, ear length, filled ear length, ear width, number of kernels per row, number of rows, kernel depth, kernel mass, and kernel moisture content were significantly affected by giant ragweed interference.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "High-temperature cyclic fatigue-crack growth behavior in an in situ toughened silicon carbide. The growth of fatigue cracks at elevated temperatures (25-1300 degrees C) is examined under cyclic loading in an in situ toughened, monolithic silicon carbide with AI-B-C additions (termed ABC-SiC), with specific emphasis on the roles of temperature, load ratio, cyclic frequency, and loading mode (static vs cyclic). Extensive crack-growth data are presented, based on measurements from an electrical potential-drop crack-monitoring technique, adapted for use on ceramics at high temperatures. It was found that at equivalent stress-intensity levels, crack velocities under cyclic loads were significantly faster than those under static loads. Fatigue thresholds were found to decrease with increasing temperature up to 1200 degrees C; behavior at 1300 degrees C, however, was similar to that at 1200 degrees C. Moreover, no effect of frequency was detected (between 3 and 1000 Hz), nor evidence of creep cavitation or crack bridging by viscous ligaments or grain-boundary glassy phases in the crack wake. Indeed, fractography and crack-path sectioning revealed a fracture mode at 1200-1300 degrees C that was essentially identical to that at room temperature, i.e. predominantly intergranular cracking with evidence of grain bridging in the crack wake. Such excellent crack-growth resistance is attributed to a process of grain-boundary microstructural evolution at elevated temperatures, specifically involving crystallization of the amorphous grain-boundary films/phases. (C) 2000 Acta Metallurgica Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Infection of Tilapia tilapinevirus in Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), a Globally Vulnerable Fish Species. Tilapia tilapinevirus, or tilapia lake virus (TiLV), is a highly contagious virus found in tilapia and its hybrid species that has been reported worldwide, including in Asia, the Americas, and Africa. In this study, we experimentally challenged Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) with a virulent TiLV strain, VETKU-TV01, at both low (1 x 10(3) TCID50/mL) and high (1 x 10(5) TCID50/mL) concentration. After the challenge, the Mozambique tilapia showed pale skin with some hemorrhage and erosion, lethargy, abdominal swelling, congestion around the eye, and exophthalmos; there was a cumulative mortality rate at 48.89% and 77.78% in the groups that received the low and high concentration, respectively. Quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of TiLV in the internal organs of moribund fish. Notably, severe histopathological changes, including glycogen depletion, syncytial hepatic cells containing multiple nuclei and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and infiltration of melanomacrophage into the spleen, were frequently found in the Mozambique tilapia challenged with high TiLV concentration. Comparatively, the infectivity and pathology of the TiLV infection in Mozambique tilapia and red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) were found to be similar. Our results confirmed the susceptibility of Mozambique tilapia, which has recently been determined to be a vulnerable species, to TiLV infection, expanding knowledge that the virus can cause disease in this fish species.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "APPLICATION OF MICROFOCUS X-RAY BEAMS FROM SYNCHROTRONS IN HERITAGE CONSERVATION. Synchrotron-based techniques are becoming increasingly important in heritage science and the aim of this article is to describe how recently developed microfocus methods can probe the elemental composition, speciation and structure at the micron level in samples from structures. Firstly an outline is given of the major techniques that are used, namely x-ray fluorescence, diffraction and absorption spectroscopy, and the information that they can provide. This is followed by a description of the experimental set-up and procedures. The application of the methods is exemplified by case studies of the degradation of three types of historic structural materials; marble, glass and ship timbers. The results of the studies and their role in developing conservation strategies are described.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Myelofibrosis. Myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) is a category in the World Health Organization classification of myeloid tumors. BCR-ABL1-negative MPN is a subcategory that includes primary myelofibrosis (MF), post-essential thrombocythemia MF, and post-polycythemia vera MF. These disorders are characterized by stem cell derived clonal myeloproliferation. Clinically, these diseases present with anemia and splenomegaly and significant constitutional symptoms such as severe fatigue, symptoms associated with an enlarged spleen and liver, pruritus, fevers, night sweats, and bone pain. Multiple treatment options may provide symptom relief and improved survival; however, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HCT) remains the only potentially curative option. The decision for a transplant is based on patient prognosis, age, comorbidities, and functional status. This review describes the recent data on various peritransplantation factors and their effect on outcomes of patients with MF and new therapeutic areas, such as the use and timing of Janus kinase inhibitors with HCT and gives overall conclusions from the available data in the published literature. (C) 2017 American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "High-density functional display of proteins on bacteriophage lambda. This lambda phage display system, which avoids direct cloning into lambda DNA and in vitro packaging, achieved cloning efficiencies comparable to those obtained with any plasmid system. The high-density display of foreign proteins on bacteriophage lambda should be extremely useful in studying low-affinity protein-protein interactions more efficiently compared to the M13 phage-based system. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.We designed a bacteriophage lambda system to display peptides and proteins fused at the C terminus of the head protein gpD of phage lambda. DNA encoding the foreign peptide/protein was first inserted at the 3' end of a DNA segment encoding gpD under the control of the lac promoter in a plasmid vector (donor plasmid), which also carried lox P-wt and lox P-511 recombination sequences. Cre-expressing cells were transformed with this plasmid and subsequently infected with a recipient lambda phage that carried a stuffer DNA segment flanked by lox P-wt and lox P-511 sites. Recombination occurred in vivo at the lox sites and Amp(r) cointegrates were formed. The cointegrates produced recombinant phage that displayed foreign protein fused at the C terminus of gpD. The system was optimised by cloning DNA encoding different length fragments of HIV-1 p24 (amino acid residues 1-72, 1-156 and 1-231) and the display was compared with that obtained with M13 phage. The display on lambda phage was at least 100-fold higher than on M13 phage for all the fragments with no degradation of displayed products. The high-density display on lambda phage was superior to that on M13 phage and resulted in selective enrichment of epitope-bearing clones from gene-fragment libraries. Single-chain antibodies were displayed in functional form on phage lambda, strongly suggesting that correct disulphide bond formation takes place during display.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Money, museums, and memory: cultural patronage by black voluntary associations. While the middle- and upper-class is typically cast as using museum patronage to support narratives that reinforce the position of dominant racial groups, this paper presents an alternative perspective. Drawing on ethnographic and archival data, I conceptually and empirically elaborate how gifts by black middle- and upper-class voluntary organizations to African American museums are enabled by racial uplift ideology and directed at nurturing counter-narratives about African Americans. As patrons of memory they aim to reconstitute recollections of African Americans by challenging master narratives of national life where they are either absent or marginalized. Gifts to black museums also support the inclusion of their own organizations and members as protagonists in this counter-memory. By turning attention to cultural patronage among black middle- and upper-class voluntary organizations, this paper demonstrates how museum patronage among elites can unsettle, rather than reinforce, master racial narratives.", "label": [3, 5, 30, 57]}
{"token": "Oligomeric state study of prokaryotic rhomboid proteases. Rhomboid peptidases (proteases) play key roles in signaling events at the membrane bilayer. Understanding the regulation of rhomboid function is crucial for insight into its mechanism of action. Here we examine the oligomeric state of three different rhomboid proteases. We subjected Haemophilus influenzae, (hiGlpG), Escherichia coli GlpG (ecGlpG) and Bacillus subtilis (YqgP) to sedimentation equilibrium analysis in detergent-solubilized dodecylmaltoside (DDM) solution. For hiGlpG and ecGlpG, rhomboids consisting of the core 6 transmembrane domains without and with soluble domains respectively, and YqgP, predicted to have 7 transmembrane domains with larger soluble domains at the termini, the predominant species was dimeric with low amounts of monomer and tetramers observed. To examine the effect of the membrane domain alone on oligomeric state of rhomboid, hiGlpG, the simplest form from the rhomboid class of intramembrane proteases representing the canonical rhomboid core of six transmembrane domains, was studied further. Using gel filtration and crosslinking we demonstrate that hiGlpG is dimeric and functional in DDM detergent solution. More importantly co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate that the dimer is present in the lipid bilayer suggesting a physiological dimer. Overall these results indicate that rhomboids form oligomers which are facilitated by the membrane domain. For hiGlpG we have shown that these oligomers exist in the lipid bilayer. This is the first detailed oligomeric state characterization of the rhomboid family of peptidases. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "The 'Regiment of Skeletons': A First World War Medical Collection. Soon after the outbreak of the First World War, pathologists and senior military clinicians set out to record and collect information relating to conflict-related conditions and wounds. This material included not only statistics, case histories and clinical illustrations, but also models and human remains. This paper discusses the largest British concentration of such specimens, in the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Pathological preparations and images arrived from the front and elsewhere to be preserved and exhibited-word, image and object juxtaposed-with the intention of training the Army Medical Services. The work that went into the collection and the post-war debates about the ownership of these specimens demonstrate the value of human remains in medical museums in the early twentieth century.", "label": [3, 31, 30]}
{"token": "Scale as both material and discursive: A view through China's rescaling of urban planning system for environmental governance. This paper elaborates on the interconnectedness of scale and discourse in environmental governance. It accentuates that the emergence and subsequent reconfiguration of a particular scalar structure of environmental governance is the outcome of the discursive contest among various political actors, whose discourses acquire persuasive power through employing scale to frame how the world should be observed. In so arguing this paper distinguishes two moments of scale, as material political-environmental relations being shaped and as device shaping political-environmental relations. The connections of these two moments are illustrated by a case study based in the Pearl River Delta region of China, where scalar-implicated discourses were constructed by various tiers of the state to influence the scaling of the urban planning system, now being an important domain to perform environmental governance. With a scalar-discursive attention, this paper seeks to move towards a more holistic treatment of the obscured operational complexities of politics of scale.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Corruption and Climate Change Policies: Do the Bad Old Days Matter?. We study the effect of countries' historical legacy with corruption on recent climate change policies and on global cooperation. Current policy outcomes build on policy choices made in previous years, and these choices were likely affected by the degree of corruption at the time. Our empirical findings using data for up to 131 countries suggest that accumulated historical experience with corruption is important for today's policy outcomes, and appears to be more important than the current level of corruption.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Effect of Different Desensitizers on Shear Bond Strength of Self-Adhesive Resin Cements to Dentin. The sealing and bonding characteristics of luting cements may be affected by the application of desensitizers containing ingredients that induce chemical interaction with dentin organic matrix. This study evaluated the effect of different desensitizers on the immediate and long-term shear bond strength (SBS) of a self-adhesive resin cement (SARC) to dentin. Healthy bovine dentin specimens were used for the study. Gluma (R) Desensitizer, Desensibilize Nano P (R), and Soothe (R) desensitizer were used in study groups, while the control group did not receive any treatment. Next, SARC (RelyXTM U200) in cylindrical mold was applied to the sample surface. All specimens were stored at 37 degrees C for 24 h or six months and tested for SBS. Additionally, water contact angle was measured using an optical tensiometer. Results were analyzed by analysis of variance and Student-t tests (p < 0.05). Application of the different types of desensitizers had no significant influence on immediate or long-term SBS of SARC to dentin (p > 0.05). Differences for water contact angle were not statistically significant among the tested groups (p = 0.450). Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that the application of the different types of desensitizers had no significant influence on the SBS of a SARC to dentin.", "label": [1, 2, 19, 15]}
{"token": "Long-term doxycycline-regulated transgene expression in the retina of nonhuman primates following subretinal injection of recombinant AAV vectors. Adeno-associated viral gene therapy has shown promise for the treatment of inherited and acquired retinal disorders. In most applications, regulation of expression is a critical concern for both safety and efficacy. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the ability of the tetracycline-regulatable system to establish long-term transgene regulation in the retina of nonhuman primates. Three rAAV vectors expressing the tetracycline-dependent transactivator (rtTA) under the control of either the ubiquitous CAG promoter or the specific RPE65 promoter (AAV2/5.CAG.TetOn.epo, AAV2/ 4.CAG.TetOn.epo, and AAV2/4.RPE65.TetOn.epo) were generated and administered subretinally to seven macaques. We demonstrated that repeated inductions of transgene expression in the nonhuman primate retina can be achieved using a Tet-inducible system via rAAV vector administration over a long period (2.5 years). Maximum erythropoietin (EPO) secretion in the anterior chamber depends upon the rAAV serotype and the nature of the promoter driving rtTA expression. We observed that the EPO isoforms produced in the retina differ from one another based on the transduced cell type of origin within the retina and also differ from both the physiological EPO isoforms and the isoforms produced by AAV-transduced skeletal muscle.", "label": [2, 18, 19, 20]}
{"token": "Development of a standard cleaning protocol to evaluate the effect of cleaning on membrane performance. A standard cleaning protocol using an enzyme cleaner was developed in order to evaluate the long-term effect of cleaning on membrane performance and life. The cleaning efficiency of other enzyme cleaners used in the dairy industry and whey processing in particular was evaluated against the standard protocol at both laboratory and pilot scales. A similar trend was found on both scales.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
{"token": "A Review of Probiotic Therapy in Preventive Dental Practice. Probiotics have been widely publicized in the general press and the consumer media. Knowledge of the existence of \\\\'probiotics\\\\' is commonplace, and the effectiveness of probiotic therapy has been well reported in the medical literature. However, even though most published dental studies have reported positive results, the dental profession has not yet accepted the use of probiotic therapy as an adjunct for preventive dental care. This review article discusses published and current research into the applications of probiotics along with diagnostic testing of the oral biofilm. Probiotic therapy appears to be generally safe and effective in modifying with beneficial bacteria the oral biofilm and thereby reducing the effects of pathogenic oral bacteria. In this review, some examples of current oral probiotic research are discussed along with reference to the potential application of diagnostic testing of the oral biofilm for the presence of oral pathogens as a precursor to initiation of specific probiotic therapy. Dental professionals should be actively investigating this potentially very useful therapeutic measure for the benefit of their patients.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
{"token": "Species identification of processed animal proteins (PAPs) in animal feed containing feed materials from animal origin. Since June 2013 the total feed ban of processed animal proteins (PAPs) was partially lifted. Now it is possible to mix fish feed with PAPs from non-ruminants (pig and poultry). To guarantee that fish feed, which contains non-ruminant PAPs, is free of ruminant PAPs, it has to be analysed with a ruminant PCR assay to comply with the total ban of feeding PAPs from ruminants. However, PCR analysis cannot distinguish between ruminant DNA, which originates from proteins such as muscle and bones, and ruminant DNA, which comes from feed materials of animal origin such as milk products or fat. Thus, there is the risk of obtaining positive ruminant PCR signals based on these materials. The paper describes the development of the combination of two analysis methods, micro-dissection and PCR, to eliminate the problem of 'false-positive' PCR signals. With micro-dissection, single particles can be isolated and subsequently analysed with PCR.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 36, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Curating the Antipodes: The Diversification of Cultural Diplomacy in the 21st Century. In this chapter, I examine the diverse cultural connections between Germany and Australia that have emerged in the 21st century and the associated social trends and technological developments. Contemporary mobility and the internet enable a multitude of cultural connections that have previously been inaccessible to the masses. The flows of global information are unprecedented and increasingly take place on a person-to-person basis rather than government-to-government, thereby demanding a rethink of nation branding and soft-power. Whilst the concepts were earlier discussed in the realm of governments and their application of public diplomacy, in the present individuals, institutions and companies that intentionally and unintentionally shape conceptualisations of respective countries complement this. Here, I outline contemporary concepts of cultural diplomacy and the prominent images about Australia and Germany that are disseminated through diverse forms of cultural traffic between the antipodes.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Data-Driven Planning for Renewable Distributed Generation Integration. As significant amounts of renewable distributed generation (RDG) are installed in the power grid, it becomes increasingly important to plan RDG integration to maximize the utilization of renewable energy and mitigate unintended consequences, such as phase unbalance. One of the biggest challenges in RDG integration planning is the lack of sufficient information to characterize uncertainty (e.g., load and renewable output). In this paper, we propose a two-stage data-driven distributionally robust optimization model (O-DDSP) for the optimal placement of RDG resources, with both load and generation uncertainties described by a data-driven ambiguity set that both enables more flexibility than stochastic optimization (SO) and allows less conservative solutions than robust optimization (RO). The objective is to minimize the total cost of RDG installation plus the total operational cost on the planning horizon. Furthermore, we introduce a tight approximation of O-DDSP based on principal component analysis (leading to a model called P-DDSP), which reduces the original problem size by keeping the most valuable data in the ambiguity set. The performance of O-DDSP and P-DDSP is compared with SO and RO on the IEEE 33-bus radial network with a real data set, where we show that P-DDSP significantly speeds up the solution procedure, especially when the problem size increases. Indeed, as compared to SO and RO, which become computationally impractical for solving problems with large sample sizes, our proposed P-DDSP can use large samples to increase solution accuracy without increasing the solution time. Finally, extensive numerical experiments demonstrate that optimal RDG planning decisions lead to significant savings as well as increased renewable penetration.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Energy saving potential of hybrid membrane and distillation process in butanol purification: Experiments, modelling and simulation. For product purities of 99 wt% of BuOH a hybrid pervaporation and distillation process saves around 50% of the energy demand compared to state of the art distillation. A sensitivity analysis of the pervaporation step reveals, that for the hybrid pervaporation and distillation process compared to state of the art distillation the energy demand decreases already exceeding 5 wt% BuOH in the permeate stream. (c) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.Pervaporation experiments of dilute aqueous butanol solutions were carried out with three PDMS [poly (dimethyl siloxane)] membranes. Based on the experimental results of the best performing membrane a regression for both butanol and water permeability was done in the software R and implemented in a user defined pervaporation unit operation in the software Aspen Custom Modeler. With the implementation of the pervaporation step in Aspen Plus the hybrid pervaporation and distillation purification chain can be simulated in consistent way.Calculation of pervaporation of a 0.5 wt% BuOH-water solution with the experimentally investigated PDMS membrane results in a permeate stream with a concentration of 9 wt% BuOH. Application of membrane distillation resulted in a permeate butanol concentration of only 3 wt% and a considerable higher specific energy demand compared to pervaporation.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "SCIENCE IN HISTORY. What is the history of science? How has it changed over the course of the twentieth century? And what does the future hold for the discipline? This 'Retrospect' provides an introduction to the historiography of science as it developed in the Anglophone world. It begins with the foundation of the Cambridge History of Science Committee in the 1940s and ends with the growth of cultural history in the 2000s. At the broadest level, it emphasizes the need to consider the close relationship between history and the history of science. All too often the historiography of science is treated separately from history at large. But as this essay shows, these seemingly distinct fields often developed in relation to one another. This essay also reveals the ways in which Cold War politics shaped the history of science as a discipline. It then concludes by considering the future, suggesting that the history of science and the history of political thought would benefit from greater engagement with one another.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Back from the dead (again): The specter of the Fairness Doctrine and its lesson for social media regulation. In the United States, debates about political bias in the content curation and moderation practices of social media platforms have spilled over into the policy realm, rekindling conversations about the Fairness Doctrine and its potential utility in possible regulatory approaches to social media. This article revisits the history of the Fairness Doctrine and uses this history as a lens for critically examining current proposals for integrating Fairness Doctrine-like principles into a regulatory framework for social media. In addressing this topic, the first section of this article provides a brief overview of the history of the Fairness Doctrine and how the Doctrine has informed (and misinformed) subsequent media policy debates in the years since its elimination. The second section describes how the Fairness Doctrine is being brought to bear in the contemporary debates around social media regulation. The third section offers a critical analysis of the applicability of the Fairness Doctrine to the social media context.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "A Virtual Screening Approach For Identifying Plants with Anti H5N1 Neuraminidase Activity. Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic and occasional drug-resistant influenza strains have highlighted the need to develop novel anti-influenza therapeutics. Here, we report computational and experimental efforts to identify influenza neuraminidase inhibitors from among the 3000 natural compounds in the Malaysian-Plants Natural-Product (NADI) database. These 3000 compounds were first docked into the neuraminidase active site. The five plants with the largest number of top predicted ligands were selected for experimental evaluation. Twelve specific compounds isolated from these five plants were shown to inhibit neuraminidase, including two compounds with IC50 values less than 92 mu M. Furthermore, four of the 12 isolated compounds had also been identified in the top 100 compounds from the virtual screen. Together, these results suggest an effective new approach for identifying bioactive plant species that will further the identification of new pharmacologically active compounds from diverse natural-product resources.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 36, 40]}
{"token": "Impact of human disturbance on temporal partitioning within carnivore communities. Interspecific competition is an important evolutionary force, influencing interactions between species and shaping the composition of biological communities. In mammalian carnivores, to reduce the risks of negative encounters between competitors, species can employ a strategy of temporal partitioning, adapting activity patterns to limit synchronous activity. This strategy of non-human competitor avoidance, however, may be influenced by the expansion of human activities, which has driven wild mammals towards nocturnality. We hypothesise that the disruption of temporal niche partitioning by humans and their activities could increase temporal overlap between carnivores, enhancing interspecific competition. We reviewed the published literature systematically and employed generalised linear models to evaluate quantitatively the relative influence of a range of human, meteorological and ecological variables on coefficients of temporal overlap within mammalian terrestrial carnivore communities (orders Carnivora and Didelphimorphia) on a global scale. None of the models investigated showed evidence of an impact of humans on temporal partitioning between carnivores on a global scale. This illustrates that temporal avoidance of humans and competitors does not always follow a consistent pattern and that its strength may be context-dependent and relative to other dimensions of niche partitioning (spatial and trophic). Similarly, the regulation of activity patterns may be strongly site-specific and may be influenced by a combination of biotic and abiotic characteristics. Temporal avoidance of both humans and competitors by carnivores may take the form of short, reactive responses that do not impact activity patterns in the longer term. Although we did not detect a global disruption of temporal partitioning due to human disturbance, carnivore communities may still experience an increase in interspecific competition in other niche dimensions. Further research would benefit from using controlled experimental designs and investigating multiple dimensions of niche partitioning simultaneously. Finally, we recommend complementing the coefficient of temporal overlap with other metrics of fine-scale spatiotemporal interactions.", "label": [4, 37, 47]}
{"token": "On the notion, meaning and importance of the Toledo School. The main intellectual and translation center in the Iberian Peninsula in the twelfth and thirteenth century, without a doubt, was the School of Toledo, or also called School of Translators of Toledo. Jourdain was one of the first to realize the importance of it, and he gave an account in the preliminary results of his research in 1819. Since then, references to the Toledo School, and, especially, disputes over its significance, existence and importance have not ceased, and so, there are no agreements on certain basic aspects, due above all to a mixture of intellectual, political, social and identity interests. Naturally, in this work I do not intend to solve these contimersies, but only to offer some historical and semantic precisions regarding the meaning of the School of Toledo notion. So, first, I will contextualize the origin of the denomination School of Translators of Toledo; for this, I will analyze the germinal contributions of Jourdain and Rose; then, I will describe the reception of these notions in Renan and Menendez Pelayo, and finally, I will offer some notes for the understanding of the notion of Toledo School, which will be focused on examining: (1) the importance of Toledo; (2) the existence of a formal school; and (3) the activity carried out in Toledo.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Moral hypocrisy, power and social preferences. We study how individuals adjust their judgment of fairness and unfairness when they are in the position of spectators before and after making real decisions, and how this adjustment depends on the actions they take in the game. We find that norms that appear universal instead take into account the players' bargaining power. Also, individuals adjust their judgments after playing the game for real money, when they behaved more selfishly and only in games where choices have no strategic consequence. We interpret this possibly self-deceptive adjustment of judgments to actions as moral hypocrisy. This behavior appears produced by the attempt to strike a compromise between self-image and payoffs, so as to release oneself of one's responsibility for selfish behavior. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Mental Health Status, Life Satisfaction, and Mood State of Elite Athletes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Follow-Up Study in the Phases of Home Confinement, Reopening, and Semi-Lockdown Condition. Scientific reports notified that the pandemic caused by the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised an unprecedented mental health emergency worldwide. Abrupt changes in daily routine, environmental constraints, adopted home confinement measures, and uncertainty about a date for returning to usual activities can potentially affect mental health and sports activities in athletes. Hence, we designed a cross-sectional study with a within-subjects design to investigate the impact of the pandemic on mental health, mood states, and life satisfaction of elite athletes. During the three phases of home confinement (April 14-24, n = 525), reopening (May 9-19, n = 464), and current semi-lockdown (July 20-31, n = 428), elite athletes voluntarily responded to an online survey. The self-report questionnaire was prepared to collect demographic and epidemiological variables of interest and the COVID-19-related information. All participants also completed the Profile of Mood State (POMS), General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The main result is that the training rate, mental health, life satisfaction, and positive mood have decreased during the home confinement period as compared with the reopening and semi-lockdown phases. However, the need for psychosocial services has increased during the pandemic period. The present study provides the first preliminary evidence that home confinement conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic might have negatively influenced elite athlete's mood state, mental health, and life satisfaction, as well as training rates. Monitoring the psychological parameters of elite athletes and developing strategies to improve their mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic should be on the agenda. Next studies, therefore, seem reasonable to focus on active interventions for athletes during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BANANA CULTIVARS DEPENDING ON MATURATION STAGES. The objective of this work was to morphologically characterize 15 banana cultivars and assess the physical and chemical characteristics of their fruits at two maturation stages, unripe (pre-climacteric) and ripening. The plants were evaluated regarding their pseudostem height and diameter, petiole length, leaf blade length, width and length-to-width ratio. The cultivar Ouro had fruits with lower diameter, total length, market weight and fresh weight at both stages, and also firmer pulp when they were unripe. The cultivar Caru-Roxa had higher fresh fruit and pulp weights, and the cultivar Terrinha had the highest percentage of pulp dry weight percentage in unripe and ripe fruits. The cultivars Mac'a and Ouro had higher pulp-to-peel ratio in unripe fruits. The ripe peels had lower fresh weight and thickness and higher dry weight percentage compared to unripe peels. The fruit peel of the cultivar Marmelo had the highest fresh weight at both stages. The cultivars Marmelo and Maca had higher percentage of peel dry weight percentage at both stages. The unripe pulp had lower soluble solids. The titratable acidity in the pulp increased with ripening. The average plant height ranged from 2.25 to 6.15 m. The cultivars that had the largest pseudostem diameters had also the highest heights, except the Prata-Ana and Prata-Grauda. The cultivar and maturity stage influenced all the characteristics evaluated in fruits, except the total and market lengths, which did not vary with the ripening of fruits.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Enforcing L2 Learner Autonomy in Higher Education: The Top 50 Cited Articles. Learner autonomy as both a pre-condition of self-efficacy and higher achievements in learning and an essential learning outcome has been in the highlight in the higher education domain for many years. This review aims to single out the most influential publications (with 10 citations or more) on foreign language and L2 learner autonomy in tertiary education in the highly reputed journals indexed with the Scopus database, with the publication period limited to the last ten years (2011-2020). The key findings show that the top 50 cited articles on learner autonomy broadly cover conceptual development; self-efficacy and motivation within the learner autonomy concept; educational technologies and web-based activities in fostering learner autonomy; country-specific issues of learner autonomy as the prevailing directions of study in the field of learner autonomy.", "label": [3, 5, 53, 28]}
{"token": "Enhanced biofuel production using optimality, pathway modification and waste minimization. In response to their environment, algae in the wild may use an approximation to optimality of resource allocation in cellular structures, photosynthetic pigments, enzymes, transporters in membranes and RNAs and in their genetic material. However, under controlled conditions, when algae are grown for biofuel (lipid) production for example, some of these processes can be altered to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis and therefore, lipid yield. This suggests that there is scope for selecting mutations and for genetic engineering at various levels in the photosynthetic apparatus with the aim of increasing efficiency of photon use and the rate of transformation of resources per unit biomass to improve biofuel yields. More specifically, the wavelength range covered by photosynthetic pigments and photochemical reaction centres could be increased, the number of protons transported from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma per unit ATP synthesised by the ATP synthetase could be decreased, the fluctuating light effect could be utilised and photosynthetic pathways changed, e.g. replacing part or all of the current machinery for autotrophic fixation of inorganic carbon. There are also possibilities for decreasing carbon loss by decreasing 'wasteful' aspects of dark respiration and of dissolved organic carbon loss. Provided that the environmental fluctuations to which algal growth conditions are constrained, there are possibilities for decreasing the resource costs of protection from ROS, and by down-regulating photoprotective mechanisms, as well as limiting the capacity to repair processes related to photoinhibition. Decreased protein turnover is also a potential energetic saving. These interventions apply to individual processes; however, this may not be immediately incorporated into the optimal allocation of resources by the alga, and further intervention using a system biology approach may be required.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
{"token": "Massive QTL analysis identifies pleiotropic genetic determinants for stress resistance, aroma formation, and ethanol, glycerol and isobutanol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Background The brewer's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is exploited in several industrial processes, ranging from food and beverage fermentation to the production of biofuels, pharmaceuticals and complex chemicals. The large genetic and phenotypic diversity within this species offers a formidable natural resource to obtain superior strains, hybrids, and variants. However, most industrially relevant traits in S. cerevisiae strains are controlled by multiple genetic loci. Over the past years, several studies have identified some of these QTLs. However, because these studies only focus on a limited set of traits and often use different techniques and starting strains, a global view of industrially relevant QTLs is still missing. Results Here, we combined the power of 1125 fully sequenced inbred segregants with high-throughput phenotyping methods to identify as many as 678 QTLs across 18 different traits relevant to industrial fermentation processes, including production of ethanol, glycerol, isobutanol, acetic acid, sulfur dioxide, flavor-active esters, as well as resistance to ethanol, acetic acid, sulfite and high osmolarity. We identified and confirmed several variants that are associated with multiple different traits, indicating that many QTLs are pleiotropic. Moreover, we show that both rare and common variants, as well as variants located in coding and non-coding regions all contribute to the phenotypic variation. Conclusions Our findings represent an important step in our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of industrially relevant yeast traits and open new routes to study complex genetics and genetic interactions as well as to engineer novel, superior industrial yeasts. Moreover, the major role of rare variants suggests that there is a plethora of different combinations of mutations that can be explored in genome editing.", "label": [1, 2, 19, 15]}
{"token": "Quasispecies dynamics on a network of interacting genotypes and idiotypes: applications to autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. In spite of their many facets, the phenomena of autoimmunity and immunodeficiency seem to be related to each other through the subtle links connecting the mutation and action of retroviruses (viruses whose genetic material can find its way into that of the host's cells and destroy them) to immune response and adaptation. In a previous work, we introduced a network model of how a set of interrelated genotypes (called a quasispecies, in the stationary state, representing for example a population of viruses) and a set of interrelated idiotypes (an idiotypic network, representing the immune system through its population of B and T cells) interact. That model, which does not cover the case of a retroviral quasispecies, is here extended by the addition of a further parameter (v) to account for the action of retroviruses (i.e. the destruction of idiotypes by genotypes). We give simulation results within a suitable parameter niche, highlighting the issues of quasispecies survival and of the onset of autoimmunity through the appearance of the so-called pathogenic idiotypes (those that mimic some external pathogen). Our main findings refer to how v and lambda, a parameter describing the rate at which idiotypes get stimulated, relate to each other. While for v > lambda the quasispecies survives at the expense of weakening the immune system significantly or even destroying it, for v < lambda the fittest genotypes of the quasispecies become mimicked inside the immune system as pathogenic idiotypes. The latter is in agreement with the current understanding of the HIV quasispecies.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Simultaneous high speed PIV and CH PLIF using R-branch excitation in the C-2 Sigma(+) -X-2 Pi (0,0) band. Simultaneous particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) utilizing R-branch transitions in the C-X (0,0) band were performed at a 10-kHz repetition-rate in a turbulent premixed flame. The CH lines at 310.690 nm (from the R-branch of the C-X band) used here have greater efficiency than A-X and B-X transitions, which allows for high-framerate imaging with low laser pulse energy. Most importantly, the simultaneous imaging of both CH PLIF and PIV is enabled by the use of a custom edge filter, which blocks scattering at the laser wavelength (below similar to 311 nm) while efficiently transmitting fluorescence at longer wavelengths. The Hi-Pilot Bunsen burner operated with a turbulent Reynolds number of 7900 was used to demonstrate simultaneous PIV and CH PLIF utilizing this filtered detection scheme. Instances where pockets of products were observed well upstream of the mean flame brush are found to be the result of out-of-plane motion of the flame sheet. Such instances can lead to ambiguous results when interpreting the thickness of reaction layers. However, the temporally resolved nature of the present diagnostics facilitate the identification and proper treatment of such situations. The strategy demonstrated here can yield important information in the study of turbulent flames by providing temporally resolved flame dynamics in terms of flame sheet visualization and velocity fields. (C) 2018 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Pollination by monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae : Hopliini): Do color and dark centers of flowers influence alighting behavior?. Monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Hopliini) visit mostly unscented flowers with conspicuous dark center patterns that have been suggested to mimic resting beetles. Field observations in South Africa showed that monkey beetles are the primary pollen vectors of the dark-centered flowers of Ixia dubia Vent. (Iridaceae) and Spiloxene capensis (L.) Garside (Hypoxidaceae), and the dark-centered flowerheads of Gazania pectinata (Thunb.) Spreng. (Asteraceae). Monkey beetles used the flowers of these species as mating rendezvous sites and consequently showed a significant clumped distribution in flowers. We used model flowers approximating the study species to determine which traits are important for eliciting alighting behavior in monkey beetles. Contrary to expectations, beetles did not significantly prefer dark-centered to plain models in 7 of 8 independent experiments, nor did beetles discriminate significantly between plain models and models with male or female beetles glued to their surface. However, beetles did show a strong preference for orange over red, yellow, and blue models. The results of this study indicate that alighting behavior of monkey beetles is influenced primarily by flower color rather than flower patterning or presence of other beetles.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Stochastic leverage effect in high-frequency data: a Fourier based analysis. The stochastic leverage effect, defined as the standardized covariation between the returns and their related volatility, is analyzed in a stochastic volatility model set-up. A novel estimator of the effect is defined using a pre-estimation of the Fourier coefficients of the return and the volatility processes. The consistency of the estimator is proven. Moreover, its finite sample properties are studied in the presence of microstructure noise effects. The Fourier methodology is applied to S&P500 futures prices to investigate the magnitude of the stochastic leverage effect detectable at high-frequency.(c) 2021 EcoSta Econometrics and Statistics. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Vegetation Responses to Goat and European Rabbit Eradications on Islands. Introduced goats and European rabbits have caused devastating effects on island vegetation, and many successful efforts to eradicate these introduced animals have taken place mainly since the 1950s, Yet, a comprehensive review of vegetation response to goat and rabbit eradications is lacking. We conducted a literature search for articles on vegetation assessments before and after eradications. We conducted two kinds of reviews of species richness and cover response to eradication: a literature review for studies that provided qualitative or species-by-species responses to eradications and a meta-analysis on quantitative vegetation cover and species richness data A key finding from our literature search was a significant information gap in the reporting of vegetation responses after eradication. Of over 200 successful island eradications that have been conducted since the 1800s, we found only 23 eradication studies that met our criteria for inclusion in the present analysis. Plant richness and vegetation cover increased more often than they decreased after eradication. Results varied according to region, herbivore type, habitat, and vegetation type, suggesting island-specific circumstances influence responses. The effect of eradication on Sub-Antarctic tundra species richness and on tropical vegetation percentage cover was higher than for other types of vegetation. Few cases differentiate responses of native versus exotic plant species, despite native biodiversity protection being one common goal of introduced herbivore eradication. We strongly recommend before and after eradication vegetation monitoring to understand how island ecosystems respond to eradication. Continuous monitoring would provide guidance on whether active restoration strategies need to be implemented to recover key native species and on the development of a general model of expected vegetation response, which is an integral first step to accelerate our predictive ability of vegetation responses.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
{"token": "Present and future aerosol impacts on Arctic climate change in the GISS-E2.1 Earth system model. Results showed that the simulations have underestimated observed surface aerosol levels, in particular black carbon (BC) and sulfate (SO42-), by more than 50 %, with the smallest biases calculated for the atmosphere-only simulations, where winds are nudged to reanalysis data. CMIP6 simulations performed slightly better in reproducing the observed surface aerosol concentrations and climate parameters, compared to the Eclipse simulations. In addition, simulations where atmosphere and ocean are fully coupled had slightly smaller biases in aerosol levels compared to atmosphere-only simulations without nudging.Arctic BC, organic aerosol (OA), and SO(4)(2-)burdens decrease significantly in all simulations by 10 %-60% following the reductions of 7 %-78% in emission projections, with the Eclipse ensemble showing larger reductions in Arctic aerosol burdens compared to the CMIP6 ensemble. For the 2030-2050 period, the Eclipse ensemble simulated a radiative forcing due to aerosol-radiation interactions (RFARI) of -0.39 +/- 0.01Wm(-2), which is -0.08Wm(-2) larger than the 1990-2010 mean forcing (-0.32Wm(-2)), of which -0.24 +/- 0.01Wm(-2) was attributed to the anthropogenic aerosols. The CMIP6 ensemble simulated a RFARI of --0.35 to -0.40Wm(-2) for the same period, which is -0.01 to -0.06Wm(-2) larger than the 1990-2010 mean forcing of 0.35Wm(-2). The scenarios with little to no mitigation (worst-case scenarios) led to very small changes in the RFARI, while scenarios with medium to large emission mitigations led to increases in the negative RFARI, mainly due to the decrease in the positive BC forcing and the decrease in the negative SO42- forcing. The anthropogenic aerosols accounted for -0.24 to -0.26Wm(-2) of the net RFARI in 2030-2050 period, in Eclipse and CMIP6 ensembles, respectively. Finally, all simulations showed an increase in the Arctic surface air temperatures throughout the simulation period. By 2050, surface air temperatures are projected to increase by 2.4 to 2.6 degrees C in the Eclipse ensemble and 1.9 to 2.6 degrees C in the CMIP6 ensemble, compared to the 1990-2010 mean.Overall, results show that even the scenarios with largest emission reductions leads to similar impact on the future Arctic surface air temperatures and sea-ice extent compared to scenarios with smaller emission reductions, implying reductions of greenhouse emissions are still necessary to mitigate climate change.The Arctic is warming 2 to 3 times faster than the global average, partly due to changes in short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) including aerosols. In order to study the effects of atmospheric aerosols in this warming, recent past (1990-2014) and future (2015-2050) simulations have been carried out using the GISS-E2.1 Earth system model to study the aerosol burdens and their radiative and climate impacts over the Arctic (> 60 degrees N), using anthropogenic emissions from the Eclipse V6b and the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) databases, while global annual mean greenhouse gas concentrations were prescribed and kept fixed in all simulations.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy improves early recovery of urinary continence: a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial with a 1-year follow-up. Objective To evaluate the impact of Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (posterior approach) on early recovery of urinary continence (UC) compared to the conventional approach (anterior approach) for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa). Methods A total of 110 consecutive patients with clinically localized PCa were prospectively randomized in a 1:1 ratio to an anterior group (n= 55) or a posterior group (n= 55). The primary outcome was immediate UC, defined as freedom from any pad use within 1 week after removal of the urinary catheter. The UC rate following surgery was also calculated with Kaplan-Meier curves, and the log-rank test was used for statistical comparison. Intra-operative outcomes, pathological data and oncological outcomes, including positive surgical margin (PSM) status and biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS), were also compared between the two groups. The comparison of the two approaches was also analysed in subgroups after risk stratification. Results Of the patients who underwent the posterior approach, 69.1% achieved immediate UC compared with 30.9% in the anterior group (relative risk 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48-3.51;P= 0.000). The relative Kaplan-Meier curves for UC during the 12-month follow-up revealed statistically better recovery in the posterior group when compared with the anterior group (hazard ratio [HR] 1.51, 95% CI 1.01-2.24; log-rankP= 0.007). No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups regarding complications (P= 0.399), PSM status (P= 0.225) or BCRFS (HR 4.80, 95% CI 0.97-23.78; log-rankP= 0.111). In sub-analyses, no significant difference between the two approaches with regard to UC recovery in patients with high-risk PCa was observed (HR 1.26, 95% CI 0.63-2.51; log-rankP= 0.415). Conclusions The Retzius-sparing approach significantly improved early recovery of UC compared to the conventional approach. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the benefits of the Retzius-sparing approach for clinically localized PCa, especially for high-risk cases.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Novel mutation in the HSN2 gene in a Korean patient with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 2. Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN) are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders that are associated with sensory dysfunction. Among these, HSAN type 2 (HSAN2; MIM 201300) is a rare recessive disease that is characterized by an early age of onset with distal and proximal sensory loss, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, loss of the tendon reflex, the presence of various mutilations, and the slow progression of the disease over time. The authors report a Korean patient with the clinical features of HSAN2, who was compound heterozygous for two loss-of-function mutations in the HSN2 gene: c.217C > T (Gln73X) and c.1134_1135insT (Asp379fsX1). The Gln73X mutation was a novel mutation while the Asp379fsX1 mutation has recently been reported in a Japanese patient with HSAN2. These results expanded the spectrum of mutations of the HSN2 gene by identifying a novel truncating mutation in a Korean patient and further support the hypothesis that HSN2 is a causative gene for HSAN2.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Low-moderate arsenic exposure and respiratory in American Indian communities in the Strong Heart Study. Background Arsenic exposure through drinking water is an established lung carcinogen. Evidence on non-malignant lung outcomes is less conclusive and suggests arsenic is associated with lower lung function. Studies examining low-moderate arsenic (< 50 mu g/L), the level relevant for most populations, are limited. We evaluated the association of arsenic exposure with respiratory health in American Indians from the Northern Plains, the Southern Plains and the Southwest United States, communities with environmental exposure to inorganic arsenic through drinking water. Methods The Strong Heart Study is a prospective study of American Indian adults. This analysis used urinary arsenic measurements at baseline (1989-1991) and spirometry at Visit 2 (1993-1995) from 2132 participants to evaluate associations of arsenic exposure with airflow obstruction, restrictive pattern, self-reported respiratory disease, and symptoms. Results Airflow obstruction was present in 21.5% and restrictive pattern was present in 14.4%. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for obstruction and restrictive patterns, based on the fixed ratio definition, comparing the 75th to 25th percentile of arsenic, was 1.17 (0.99, 1.38) and 1.27 (1.01, 1.60), respectively, after adjustments, and 1.28 (1.02, 1.60) and 1.33 (0.90, 1.50), respectively, based on the lower limit of normal definition. Arsenic was associated with lower percent predicted FEV1 and FVC, self-reported emphysema and stopping for breath. Conclusion Low-moderate arsenic exposure was positively associated with restrictive pattern, airflow obstruction, lower lung function, self-reported emphysema and stopping for breath, independent of smoking and other lung disease risk factors. Findings suggest that low-moderate arsenic exposure may contribute to restrictive lung disease.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Non-destructive analysis of amber artefacts from the prehistoric Cioclovina hoard (Romania). Amber beads from the Cioclovina hoard (Hunedoara County, Romania), dating from the transitional period between the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age, were analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - variable angle reflectance (FTIR-VAR) and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman). The aim was to determine if the raw material came from the shores of the Baltic Sea, on the Amber Route which crosses Central Europe, or if it originated from the area of the main amber occurrences in Romania, in Buzau County, around the village of Colti. All applied analyses strongly suggest that a large part of the amber from the Cioclovina deposit has a Romanian origin, and thus no connection with the Amber Route. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Differences between Two Groups of Burmese Vipers (Viperidae: Azemiops) in the Proteomic Profiles, Immunoreactivity and Biochemical Functions of Their Venoms. Two recently revised Azemiops snakes with apparent differences in their external appearances and skeletal morphologies but unclear genetic boundaries have been proposed. Some researchers have refrained from using the newly proposed taxonomy because these two \\\\'species\\\\' might be two clades corresponding to different geographical populations of Azemiops feae. To improve the understanding of the kinship of these two Burmese viper groups, more of their characteristics should be explored in depth. We performed a comparative analysis of the proteomic profiles and biochemical activities of snake venoms from these two groups (Sichuan A. feae and Zhejiang A. feae) and evaluated the immunorecognition capacity of commercial antivenoms toward them. Eight protein families were identified in venoms from these two groups, while phospholipase B was only detected in venom from Sichuan A. feae. These protein families displayed varying degrees of differences in relative abundance between venoms, and phospholipase A(2) (Sichuan A. feae: 57.15%; Zhejiang A. feae: 65.94%) was the predominated component. Gloydius brevicaudus antivenom exhibited the strongest capacity to immunologically recognize these two venoms, but this was mainly limited to components with high molecular masses, some of which differed between venoms. Additionally, Zhejiang A. feae venom was more toxic than Sichuan A. feae venom, and the venoms expressed remarkable differences in enzymatic activities, probably resulting from the variation in the relative abundance of specific protein families. Our findings unveil differences between the two Burmese viper groups in terms of proteomic profiles, immunoreactivity, and the biochemical functions of their venoms. This information will facilitate the management of snakebites caused by these snakes.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "The core root microbiome of Spartina alterniflora is predominated by sulfur-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria in Georgia salt marshes, USA. Background: Salt marshes are dominated by the smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora on the US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines. Although soil microorganisms are well known to mediate important biogeochemical cycles in salt marshes, little is known about the role of root microbiomes in supporting the health and productivity of marsh plant hosts. Leveraging in situ gradients in aboveground plant biomass as a natural laboratory, we investigated the relationships between S. alterniflora primary productivity, sediment redox potential, and the physiological ecology of bulk sediment, rhizosphere, and root microbial communities at two Georgia barrier islands over two growing seasons.Conclusions: The S. alterniflora root microbiome is dominated by highly active and competitive species taking advantage of available carbon substrates in the oxidized root zone. Two microbially mediated mechanisms are proposed to stimulate S. alterniflora primary productivity: (i) enhanced microbial activity replenishes nutrients and terminal electron acceptors in higher biomass stands, and (ii) coupling of chemolithotrophic S oxidation with carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fixation by root- and rhizosphere-associated prokaryotes detoxifies sulfide in the root zone while potentially transferring fixed C and N to the host plant.Results: A marked decrease in prokaryotic alpha diversity with high abundance and increased phylogenetic dispersion was found in the S. alterniflora root microbiome. Significantly higher rates of enzymatic organic matter decomposition, as well as the relative abundances of putative sulfur (S)-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing, and nitrifying prokaryotes correlated with plant productivity. Moreover, these functional guilds were overrepresented in the S. alterniflora rhizosphere and root core microbiomes. Core microbiome bacteria from the Candidatus Thiodiazotropha genus, with the metabolic potential to couple S oxidation with C and N fixation, were shown to be highly abundant in the root and rhizosphere of S. alterniflora.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "A Child Has Been Born unto Us' Arendt on Birth. In The Human Condition, at the end of the dense chapter on action, Hannah Arendt reiterates that action, that is, the political faculty for excellence, \\\\'is ontologically rooted\\\\' in the fact of natality, \\\\'like an ever-present reminder that men, though they must die, are not born in order to die but in order to begin\\\\' (Arendt 1998, 246). 1 To reinforce this argument, Arendt compares action to miracles, and makes an interesting and, as we will see, somewhat perplexing reference to the Bible:", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Interventions promoting exclusive breastfeeding up to six months after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Methods: Six databases were searched, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and KoreaMed. The authors independently extracted data from journals written in English or Korean and published between January 2000 and August 2017. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting EBF until 6 months were screened.Results: A total of 27 RCTs were reviewed, and 36,051 mothers were included. The effectiveness of breastfeeding support interventions to promote EBF for 6 months was significant (odds ratio [OR] = 2.77; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.81-3.76). A further subgroup analysis of intervention effects shows that a baby friendly hospital initiative (BFHI) intervention (OR = 5.21; 95% CI: 2.15-12.61), a combined intervention (OR = 3.56; 95% CI: 1.74-7.26), a professional provider led intervention (OR = 2.76; 95% CI: 1.76-4.33), having a protocol available for the provider training program (OR = 2.87; 95% CI: 1.89-4.37) and implementation during both the prenatal and postnatal periods (OR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.83-6.03) increased the rate of EBF for 6 months.Background The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that mothers practice exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) of their infants for 6 months. Various breastfeeding support interventions have been developed to encourage mothers to maintain breastfeeding practices. Research aim: This study aims to review how effectively breastfeeding support interventions enable mothers to practice EBF for 6 months and to suggest the best intervention strategies.Conclusion: We suggest considering a multicomponent intervention as the primary strategy and implementing BFHI interventions within hospitals. Evidence indicates that intervention effectiveness increases when a protocol is available for provider training, when interventions are conducted from the pre- to postnatal period, when the hospital and community are connected, and when healthcare professionals are involved.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "CULTURAL IDENTITY AS SECURITY AND A PHILOSOPHY OF DEVELOPMENT FOR AFRICA: REFLECTIONS ON AMILCAR CABRAL. The paper looks at the problem of national and human security in many parts of Africa today. seen in the inability of most governments to guarantee the adequate protection, peace and well-being of the citizens due in part to foreign dominating ideas. Cabral in his cultural and political thought offered philosophical insights and applied culture to the analysis of security for modern Africa. His theory of security is build upon the struggle for liberation from the colonial ordinance and his philosophy of identity is based on a combination of theory and praxis in the pursuit of reality. This requires the unearthing of the deep cultural roots and causes of things. This harmonization of interests is not just between men and men, but also between men and nature. The question is; what principles and values can best facilitate the crucial sense of security in most African societies?", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Annonaceous acetogenins as natural pesticides: Potent toxicity against insecticide-susceptible and -resistant German cockroaches (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae). Six compounds, representing the mono-tetrahydrofuran (THF) (gigantetrocin A, annomontacin), adjacent bis-THF (asimicin, parviflorin), and nonadjacent bis-THF (sylvaticin, bullatalicin) classes of annonaceous acetogenins, were compared with technical grades of synthetic amidinohydrazone (hydramethylnon), carbamate (propoxur, bendiocarb), organophosphate (chlorpyrifos), and pyrethroid (cypermethrin) insecticides to determine their dietary toxicities to insecticide-resistant and insecticide-susceptible strains of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Differential susceptibility occurred among B. germanica nymphs of both strains to this variety of the acetogenins and the 5 conventional synthetic insecticides. The speed of kill (LT50) values against insecticide-susceptible and insecticide-resistant 2nd and 5th instars permitted ranking of ail 11 compounds. The adjacent bis-THF acetogenins showed the highest potency among the 3 acetogenin classes. The acetogenins caused high percentages of mortality and delays in development of the 5th instars of both strains. Insecticide-susceptible nymphal development was mainly affected by gigantetrocin A and annomontacin, whereas insecticide-resistant nymphal development was mainly affected by gigantetrocin A and bullatalicin. Most tested acetogenins performed better than the conventional insecticides against both stages of both strains. No growth regulation effects were caused by any of the compounds tested. Low resistance ratios were obtained for most compounds (except chlorpyrifos). Low resistance ratios values for 2nd instars ranged from 0.9 to 2.2 with the natural acetogenins and from 1.0 to 3.8 with the synthetic compounds; the 5th instars ranged from 0.2 to 3.9 with the natural acetogenins and from 0.6 to 8.0 with the synthetic compounds. Insecticidal properties and characteristics of acetogenins and the possible use of acetogenins in baits for cockroach control are discussed.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Continuous Human Activity Recognition With Distributed Radar Sensor Networks and CNN-RNN Architectures. Unconstrained human activities recognition with a radar network is considered. A hybrid classifier combining both convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for spatial-temporal pattern extraction is proposed. The 2-D CNNs (2D-CNNs) are first applied to the radar data to perform spatial feature extraction on the input spectrograms. Subsequently, gated recurrent units with bidirectional implementations are used to capture the long- and short-term temporal dependencies in the feature maps generated by the 2D-CNNs. Three NN-based data fusion methods were explored and compared with utilize the rich information provided by the different radar nodes. The performance of the proposed classifier was validated rigorously using the K-fold cross-validation (CV) and leave-one-person-out (L1PO) methods. Unlike competitive research, the dataset with continuous human activities with seamless interactivity transitions that can occur at any time and unconstrained moving trajectories of the participants has been collected and used for evaluation purposes. Classification accuracy of about 90.8% is achieved for nine-class human activity recognition (HAR) by the proposed classifier with the halfway fusion method.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Association between the IL-10-1082G/A, IL-10-819T/C and IL-10-592A/C polymorphisms and Brucellosis susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Brucellosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by small bacteria of the genus Brucella. The promoter polymorphisms of IL-10 (-1082 loci, -819 loci and -590 loci) are closely related to the production of IL-10, leading to the alteration of development and pathogenesis of Brucellosis. However, the previous results were controversial. In the present study, we conduct the meta-analysis to get a more precise result of IL-10 polymorphisms with Brucellosis risk. The quality of the studies was assessed according to a predefined scale. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were counted to evaluate the association strength. No significant association was found between position -1082 loci or -590 loci polymorphism and Brucellosis risk. The significant association was found in Asian population of position -819 (T vs. C: OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.44-0.82, P = 0.001), homozygote comparison (TT vs. CC: OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.09-0.62, P = 0.003) and recessive genetic model (TT vs. TC/CC: OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.05-0.91, P = 0.036). The present meta-analysis demonstrates that IL-10-819 loci polymorphism is not associated with Brucellosis risk of Caucasian population but may contribute a decreased risk to Asian population. And neither IL-10-1082 loci nor -592 loci polymorphism is associated with Brucellosis risk.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "FREE DNA METHODS FOR PLANT TRANSFORMATION. The most significant development in experimental and applied plant molecular biology during the past year has been the creation of fertile maize plants containing genes introduced by either the 'particle gun' or a new protoplast transformation method. Progress in optimization of free DNA delivery methods and in developing vectors from viruses has also been reported.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
{"token": "Sustainable Diversity in Law. The field of law and development has been a recognizable one for approximately a half-century. However, evaluations of the success of the law and development endeavor appear overwhelmingly negative. Failure of previous efforts of law and development do not appear to be due to a lack of either talent or money. Some of the world's best legal talent has been brought to bear on the problems, and very large sums of money have been spent. The failure appears rather to have been conceptual, as suggested by the need for an alternative theory. So some critical consideration appears necessary of the main underlying concepts which have driven law and development projects. Subsequent attention will be given to an alternative theory, that of sustainable diversity in law. The rule of law has historically been a useful concept in some parts of the world; it could well be replaced by the rule of laws.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Social observation in early commercial print media. Towards a genealogy of the social sketch (ca. 1820-1860). Nineteenth-century journalism has rarely been an object of attention in the humanities and social sciences - despite its political and cultural significance and its documental value. This article explores the verbal-visual social sketch, as it has evolved as a journalistic genre on the expanding market of periodicals in early nineteenth-century Europe. The social sketches (often referred to as 'panoramic literature') provide rich ethnographic micro-analysis and often relate to debates held by statisticians, moralists, folklorists, and ethnologists. This article, rather than providing a close reading analysis of selected texts, attempts to trace a genealogy of the sketch of society from a history of knowledge perspective. After placing the consolidation of the social sketch within its socio-medial contexts, the article considers various literary and epistemic 'regimes' that have preconditioned and influenced the evolution of this verbal-visual genre of social observation and formulates cross-genre and interdisciplinary perspectives on the refinement and institutionalization of social inquiry throughout the nineteenth century.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31]}
{"token": "Successful treatment with secnidazole for trichomoniasis in the setting of metronidazole hypersensitivity. Limited effective treatment options currently exist for trichomoniasis management among patients with metronidazole hypersensitivity. We report a patient with a documented history of metronidazole hypersensitivity who initially was treated with nitazoxanide but demonstrated clinical and microbiological failure. Secnidazole was subsequently used for treatment, which resulted in clinical and microbiological cure without observation of cross-reactivity. Secnidazole may represent a potential treatment option for trichomoniasis in patients with metronidazole hypersensitivity after consultation with an infectious disease specialist.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Dry-matter yield of Lotus varieties in grass-white clover mixtures in a low-fertility soil. Lotus corniculatus (bird's-foot trefoil) and L.pedunculatus (greater bird's-foot trefoil) have the potential to contribute nutritional benefits to grass-legume swards in temperate regions, but there is a lack of information on their competitive ability in such mixtures. This experiment compared the sward contribution and condensed tannin (CT) content of nine Lotus varieties established in plots on a low-fertility upland site in Wales, UK, containing mixtures of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) and white clover (Trifolium repens) varieties of different leaf size, or without white clover (control). Total dry-matter (DM) yields and Lotus DM were evaluated in two cuts in each of three harvest years, with CT content of Lotus measured at Cut 1 in each year. Lotus corniculatus varieties were significantly higher yielding than those of L.pedunculatus, except in Year 3. In all cuts, except Cut 1 in Year 1 and Year 3, the presence of white clover increased total DM yield compared with the zero-clover treatment. Total DM yields were higher with large-leaved cv. Katrina than with small-leaved cv. AberAce except for Cut 1 in Year 1. Annual Lotus DM yields were significantly higher in the presence of white clover, except in Year 3, but were not significantly affected by white clover leaf size. The highest concentration of sward CT (17mgg(-1) of sward DM) was insufficient to bring about measurable environmental benefits. A Lotus breeding programme aimed at increasing the leaf/stem ratio within persistent germplasm could be pursued to ensure delivery of appropriate levels of sward CT.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Chains of end elementary extensions of models of set theory. Large cardinals arising from the existence of arbitrarily long end elementary extension chains over models of set theory are studied here. In particular, we show that the large cardinals obtained in this fashion ('unfoldable cardinals') lie in the boundary of the propositions consistent with 'V = L' and the existence of 0(#). we also provide an 'embedding characterisation' of the unfoldable cardinals and study their preservation and destruction by various forcing constructions.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "The seismic colony: earthquakes, empire and technology in Russian-ruled Turkestan, 1887-1911. For much of Russia's fractious history, the earth's stability at least could be taken for granted. The imperial heartland was situated deep on the Eurasian tectonic plate, rarely experiencing fatal seismic activity. As the empire expanded, however, it acquired several of Eurasia's most earthquake-prone regions. This interplay between colonization and seismic landscapes produced a novel entity: the 'seismic colony'. With its occasional earthquakes and perpetual risks, the seismic colony posed a significant challenge to Russian rule, particularly in Turkestan. Earthquakes devastated infrastructure, gave lie to the civilizing mission and fostered social disorder, thereby undercutting the technologies of rule that the empire relied on to exploit the region. Engaging analytical tools from the history of environment and technology, this article details this threat and the developments it prompted from Russian experts and settlers, including first-response efforts, reconfigured construction practices, and the concretization of seismology as a science and infrastructure.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Well-to-Wheel analysis of natural gas fuel for hybrid truck applications. Following the tendency of sustainable development, compressed natural gas as an alternative fuel has been expanded applied in the transportation sector these years. Although several studies on the life cycle are quite comprehensive for passenger vehicles, it is problematic to apply these results to heavy-duty electric hybrid trucks. This study applies the Well-to-Wheel methodology on compressed natural gas fuel. The optimized hybrid electric truck model is built up to minimize the truck performance variation. The total CO2 equivalent emissions and the methane leakage as indicators are compared among the three largest emitting countries. The results indicate that compressed natural gas-based hybrid trucks have 9.1%-18.7% less CO2 equivalent emissions than diesel-based ones and the results are more obvious for heavy-duty trucks. Nevertheless, this advantage may be minimized by methane leakage, particularly in the recovery process, accounted for 7.3% Total CO2 equivalent emissions increase in North America, 5.1% in Europe, 5.3% in China from well to wheel. Applying natural gas in hybrid electric trucks does have environmental benefits. Methane capturing and compression efficient improving can be the faster ways to help reach the emission reduction target.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Leptospirosis and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: A lethal association. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a common cause of anemia in dogs. The immune aggression towards erythrocytes can be triggered by many pathological conditions such as infection, inflammatory disease or neoplasia. Upon ruling out any eliciting conditions, a diagnosis of the primary immune-mediated disease can be made. In this particular case of severe anemia (tested positive for circulating antibodies against red blood cells with flow cytometry), vector-borne diseases (which are a common cause of immunopathology in Mediterranean countries) were excluded, leptospirosis was not. This resulted in an unsuccessful immunosuppressive therapy with prednisone, two whole blood transfusions and ultimately death of the patient. Leptospirosis (confirmed positive in two tests, microagglutination test for antibodies and PCR for microbial DNA in urine), can mimic a primary IMHA and must be considered in its differential list of causes. A liver involvement, that included elevated serum activity of liver enzymes and increased serum bile acid was observed at the admission and suggested an etiopathogenesis other than a primary IMHA. (C) 2019 Urmia University. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 10, 47]}
{"token": "A mixed nonlinear height-diameter model for pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.). A nonlinear mixed-effects modelling approach was used to model the individual tree height-diameter relationship in pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.). A set of 24,627 pairs of height-diameter measurements were used to fit the model. These were taken at 950 Spanish National Forest Inventory plots embracing six different biogeoclimatic strata. Eleven biparametric nonlinear height-diameter equations were evaluated to find a local model, which only includes the dimensions of the tree as explanatory variables. After selecting the local model, a regional or generalized model was studied. The following stand variables were tested for inclusion in the model as fixed effects: stand density, quadratic mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, dominant diameter, arithmetic mean height, dominant height and basal area. Dominant height and basal area of the stand were found to produce the most satisfactory fits in the stand model. Interregional variability was studied by including strata effects as dummy categorical variables and was analysed using the non-linear extra sum of squares method and the Lakkis-Jones test. Height-diameter models were found to be similar for the six biogeoclimatic strata. Finally, a mixed nonlinear model technique was applied to fit the definitive model. By calibrating the model it is possible to predict random components of definitive model from height measurements previously taken from a subsample of trees. The different alternatives tested reveal that only two or three trees are necessary to calibrate the model. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Mobile Learning in Pre-Service Teacher Education: Perceived Usefulness of AR Technology in Primary Education. Mobile learning is a resource that can enhance the teaching-learning process of students and improve the training of future teachers. Specifically, augmented reality (AR) technology allows for immersive and experiential learning without the need to leave the classroom. The purposes of this paper were to apply AR technology in the training of future Primary Education teachers and to analyze the perceived usefulness of AR in the classroom by future teachers. A quantitative approach was used based on a design with a control group and two experimental groups with a post-test using a sample of 171 second-year students studying an education degree. The results showed that experimentation with AR promoted a slight increase in student motivation. However, no significant differences were found between the control group and the experimental groups. Finally, the findings allowed us to establish that the implementation of resources such as AR does not differ in the opinion of future teachers about the inclination to implement AR in the classroom.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Rapid evaluation of gold nanoparticle-lipid membrane interactions using a lipid/polydiacetylene vesicle sensor. Surface modification of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has significant and complicated effects on their interactions with cell membranes. In this study, we used a lipid/polyacetylene (PDA) vesicle sensor as the lipid membrane model to evaluate AuNP-lipid membrane interactions. Based on the colorimetric response (CR) of PDA vesicles before and after incubation with AuNPs, it was found that the interaction was highly dependent on the surface charge of AuNPs. As compared to the positively charged NPs, neutral and zwitterionic NPs adsorbed much less on the lipid membrane. Negatively charged NPs did not induce any noticeable color changes even at high concentrations. A class of cationic AuNPs with different degrees of surface hydrophobicity was further selected to investigate the role of hydrophobicity in interacting with lipid/PDA vesicles, and log(EC50) was employed as the evaluation index. According to the log(EC50)-NP concentration curve, the hydrophobicity of NPs enhanced the lipid membrane affinity, but electrostatic interactions weakened this effect. Finally, different concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were used to study the effect of the protein corona on NP-lipid membrane interactions. The formation of a NP-protein corona was found to mask the electrostatic interactions, leading to the decrease of the CR values of cationic NPs, and highly hydrophobic NPs were less affected by a low concentration of BSA due to the strong hydrophobic interactions. Although the effect of NP surface properties on their interactions with cells is far more complicated, our study provides a rapid and effective method for the evaluation of the interactions between surface modified AuNPs and lipid membranes.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Energetic neutral atoms at Mars - 1. Imaging of solar wind protons. [1] Energetic neutral atom (ENA) images are computed from an empirical solar wind proton model and recent models of the Martian exosphere. The proton model describes the proton bulk velocity in the interaction region and the neutral model the profiles of H, H-2 and O (hot) and O (thermal). We assume a Maxwellian proton velocity distribution. The ENA production model is analytical; thus an ENA image can be constructed for any vantage point by line of sight integration, and we present examples of such images. In this work we study the influence of different parameters in the input models on the generated images and examine the relative importance of the different parameters on the global ENA production rate as well as on image morphology for particular vantage points. All together our parameter set includes 14 variables for solar wind conditions, flow geometry, and the exosphere model. Changing the parameters also makes it possible to mimic various features of the solar wind- Mars interaction, such as some of the effects caused by the recently observed magnetic anomalies. It is found that the exobase temperature of atomic hydrogen is the parameter that affects the ENA production and images most. We also investigate the backscattering of ENAs that precipitate on the Martian atmosphere. It is found to be an important effect for views of Mars in the antisunward direction. The outflux of ENAs from the near Mars region is studied, and two maxima are found. One at an angle of approximately 115degrees to the Mars- Sun line corresponding to ENAs produced downstream of the bow shock and one at approximately 150degrees corresponding to ENAs produced upstream of the bow shock in the solar wind.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Seize the Day or Save the World? The Importance of Ethical Claims and Product Nature Congruity. Consumers have shown increasing interest in products that reflect social and environmental concernsso-called sustainable products. Although consumers typically view sustainability positively, the ethical attributes of products do not always drive their preferences, which implies a trade-off between ethical attributes and other valued attributes. In the current research, we examine how consumers implicitly judge products and services that are more or less congruent with social and environmental concerns and how incongruity between ethical claims and a product's nature may influence consumers to behave responsibly. The results from two experimental studies show that increasing the strength of ethical claims impairs sophisticated products' evaluation but enhances simple products' evaluation. Additionally, the findings reveal that the strength of ethicality on sophisticated products may impair perceptions of product enjoyment to a point at which products are evaluated more favorably when less-ethical claims are used to promote them. For managers, the results highlight an important business consideration, as they reveal the circumstances under which it is worth emphasizing the strength of the sustainability appeal of products or services. Results show that not all consumers are willing to sacrifice taste or quality in their leisure time preferring to seize the day rather than saving the world.", "label": [3, 5, 48, 30]}
{"token": "Small-Strain Stiffness of Natural Pumiceous Sand. This paper focuses on the small-strain shear modulus (Gmax) of natural pumiceous (NP) sands, a type of crushable volcanic soil commonly found in the North Island of New Zealand. These sands are also compressible and lightweight, resulting in difficulty to accurately evaluate their geotechnical properties. To better understand the Gmax dependency of these NP sands on effective confining pressure (sigma c ') and void ratio (e), bender element tests are performed on three types of locally sourced NP sands and, for comparison purposes, similar tests are conducted on hard-grained Toyoura sand. The results illustrate that the Gmax of NP sands are considerably lower than that of Toyoura sand over a wide range of e and sigma c '. Furthermore, materials with higher pumice content show higher dependency on sigma c ' and lower dependency on e compared with those with lower pumice content as well as Toyoura sand. Particle characteristics (e.g., particle shape, particle-size distribution, particle crushing, pumice content, compressibility, and fines content) are taken into consideration to explain the different response of the tested materials. (c) 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "Developmental regression and mitochondrial dysfunction in a child with autism. Autistic spectrum disorders can be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We present a singleton case of developmental regression and oxidative phosphorylation disorder in a 19-month-old girl. Subtle abnormalities in the serum creatine kinase level, aspartate aminotransferase, and serum bicarbonate led us to perform a muscle biopsy, which showed type I myofiber atrophy, increased lipid content, and reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity. There were marked reductions in enzymatic activities for complex I and III. Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) activity was near the 5% confidence level. To determine the frequency of routine laboratory abnormalities in similar patients, we performed a retrospective study including 159 patients with autism (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Nand Childhood Autism Rating Scale) not previously diagnosed with metabolic disorders and 94 age-matched controls with other neurologic disorders. Aspartate aminotransferase was elevated in 38% of patients with autism compared with 15% of controls (P <.0001). The serum creatine kinase level also was abnormally elevated in 22 (47%) of 47 patients with autism. These data suggest that further metabolic evaluation is indicated in autistic patients and that defects of oxidative phosphorylation might be prevalent.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Incorporating negative and positive word of mouth (WOM) in compartment-based epidemiology models in a not-for-profit marketing context. The simultaneous occurrence of negative and positive word of mouth is often likely in a marketing context. Measuring the influence of these conflicting social pressures is not straightforward in current diffusion models. Adaptations from compartment models of epidemiology can provide methods for estimating both positive and negative word of mouth. This study examines the impact of positive and negative word of mouth on donating behavior using data from over 89,000 households that made a gift to a non-profit. The 10-year longitudinal dataset creates the opportunity to calculate negative and positive word of mouth on donating behavior.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Pc3-4 geomagnetic pulsations at very low latitude in Brazil. In order to investigate Pc3-4 geomagnetic pulsations at very low and equatorial latitudes, L = 1.0 to 1.2, we analyzed simultaneous geomagnetic data from Brazilian stations for 26 days during October November 1994. The multitaper spectral method based on Fourier transform and singular value decomposition was used to obtain pulsation power spectra, polarization parameters and phase. Eighty-one (81) simultaneous highly polarized Pc3-4 events occurring mainly during daytime were selected for the study. The diurnal events showed enhancement in the polarized power density of about 3.2 times for pulsations observed at stations close to the magnetic equator in comparison to the more distant ones. The phase of pulsation observed at stations near the magnetic equator showed a delay of 48-62degrees in relation to the most distant one. The peculiarities shown by these Pc3-4 pulsations close to the dip equator are attributed to the increase of the ionospheric conductivity and the intensification of the equatorial electrojet during daytime that regulates the propagation of compressional waves generated in the foreshock region and transmitted to the magnetosphere and ionosphere at low latitudes. The source mechanism of these compressional Pc3-4 modes may be the compressional global mode or the trapped fast mode in the plasmasphere driving forced field line oscillations at very low and equatorial latitudes. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Forecasting a Hurricane: Israeli and American Estimations of the Khomeini Revolution. The surprising Arab Spring' raises the question as to what would enable national intelligence to provide high quality warnings prior to the eruption of popular revolutions. This article uses new sources of evidence to trace and explain Israel's success in comparison to US failure at correctly estimating the course of the Iranian Revolution in 1977-79. In explaining this variance, the article shows that it was mainly the result of the intimate acquaintance of Israel's representatives in Iran with the local language, history and culture, as well as the ability to communicate with locals-tools which the Americans completely lacked.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Specialty board certification among US citizen and non-US citizen graduates of international medical schools. Results There is variability among the specialties, but overall USMGs have the highest specialty certification rates followed by non-USIMGs, and USIMGs. Among recent medical school graduates, non-USIMGs have certification rates that are comparable to USMGs.Background Graduates of international medical schools (IMGs) make up approximately one-quarter of the physician population and play a key role in the provision of health care in the United States. This study investigated whether they differ from U.S. medical graduates (USMGs) in specialty board certification.Method The study compared USMGs, U.S. citizen IMGs (USIMGs), and non-U.S. citizen IMGs (non-USIMGs) who graduated from medical school between 1958 and 1994 and were involved in direct patient care in 2003.Conclusions IMGs have lower board-certification rates than USMGs, although a sizeable majority has achieved board certification in the specialty they practice. There are differences between non-USIMGs and USIMGs, with the former more likely to become board certified.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
{"token": "Initial complex associated to a jet scheme of a determinantal variety. We show in this paper that the principal component of the first-order jet scheme over the classical determinantal variety of m x n matrices of rank at most 1 is arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay, by showing that an associated Stanley-Reisner simplicial complex is shellable. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Development and social mobility. Comparative analysis between Andalusia and Catalonia. This article focuses on the study of trends in the processes of social mobility in terms of development of societies. Two moments in time (1999 and 2004) and two locations in space (Andalusia and Catalonia) were analysed. Longitudinal comparative analysis comparing two different times in development processes, and cross-comparisons between the two communities, Andalusia and Catalonia, were realised. The main argument is that in advanced societies mobility processes are stronger and more intense than in less developed societies. The results show that the processes of social mobility don't work in the same way in all the societies, and that the reference hypothesis is not always confirmed.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Infection With Cryptosporidium hominis Provides Incomplete Protection of the Host Against Cryptosporidium parvum. Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum, which infect humans equally, are genetically/antigenically almost identical. It remains unclear, however, whether infection with C. hominis protects against C. parvum. Gnotobiotic piglets were used to investigate cross-protection. After >= 3 days of recovery from C. hominis infection, the piglets were completely protected against subsequent challenge with C. hominis but only partially against challenge with C. parvum, as compared with age-matched control animals challenged with either species. In conclusion, C. hominis-specific immunity was sufficient to completely protect against challenge with the same species but insufficient to provide the same level of protection against C. parvum.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Safety of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors in Valvular Heart Disease. Erectile dysfunction is a common entity in clinical practice. Primary erectile dysfunction, not related to vasculopathy or psychiatric disorder, can be readily treated with phosphodiesterase inhibitors. These drugs have many physiologic effects that can alter a patient's hemodynamic profile considerably, especially in the presence of concomitant structural heart disease, specifically valvular heart disease. Although some contraindications to the use of PDE5 inhibitors in patients with cardiovascular disease are defined, the effect of these drugs in the presence of valvular heart disease is not well documented. The purpose of this review is to analyze the data regarding the safety of PDE5 inhibitors in patients with valvular heart disease.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "THE LAYERS OF CORDOBA: AN ANALYTICAL HISTORICAL STUDY FOR THE EFFECT OF RELIGION CONFLICT ON ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN FEATURES. This paper discusses Cordoba as one of the most iconic cities in human history and particularly in Europe. As part of the Andalusia region in southern Spain, Cordoba was the center of many conflicts that helped in shaping the European architecture and the urban fabric. Under the Umayyad rule, Cordoba was the largest and arguably most beautiful city in the World. However, the passage of time has not been very kind to it. Unfortunately, it has suffered from severely diminished of its historical and strategic value. This paper analysed Cordoba's history through different ages. Then, we focused on the peak of the city when it was under the Islamic rule when it became the center for culture and arts. At the end, we analysed how the city has faced a drastic architectural transformation that was carried out by the Spanish when they took control of the city during the Spanish Reconquista. We found how different cultures and religions throughout history have affected the architectural layers of Cordoba. These layers have exposed either demolish, overlap or dominate of one layer over another layer. Finally, we realized that this conflict created present Cordoba; the strong cultural, economic, touristic center in Southern Spain.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Intervention strategies for false information on two-layered networks in public crisis by numerical simulations. Recently, public crises caused by rumor and other false information are occupying an increasingly high proportion, so how to control the diffusion of false information and decrease the loss of society has become a vital problem. In order to explore intervention strategies, firstly a two-layered network was generated considering real conditions, and its diffusion threshold is calculated based on previous studies. Then, after dividing intervention conditions into before and after the outbreak, intervention strategies were explored from the aspects of network topology and public management. And the results indicated that before the outbreak, the superposition of networks will add to the difficulty in intervention, while an integrated immunization strategy which takes the topology of multiplex network into consideration works well. After the outbreak, the integrated immunization strategy has a relative worse effect. But releasing correct information could receive a better effect on intervention. Besides, releasing correct information in the online network has better effect on the final results than in the offline network. Also, correct information with high acceptance rate will weaken the influence of degree on intervention, which means that nodes with high or low degree have no significant difference in intervention effect.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Campylobacter jejuni bacteremia and Helicobacter pylori in a patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. We describe a 15-year-old patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia who developed malabsorption and bacteremia due to infection of Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni. The Campylobacter bacteremia was only recognized after subculturing of blood culture bottles that failed to signal in the automated system. After 2 weeks of treatment with meropenem and erythromycin for 4 weeks, the patient developed a relapse of bacteremia 10 months later with a high level erythromycin resistant C. jejuni. Sequencing revealed an A2058C mutation in the 23 S rRNA gene associated with this resistance. Treatment with doxycycline for 4 weeks finally resulted in complete eradication. This case report illustrates the importance for physicians to use adapted culture methods and adequate prolonged therapy in patients with an immunodeficiency. A summary of published case reports and series of patients with hypogammaglobulinemia or agammaglobulinemia with Campylobacter or Helicobacter bacteremia is given.", "label": [2, 4, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Geotechnical virtual laboratory. I. Permeability. The Geotechnical Virtual Laboratory is a computer based instructional package intended to complement, and potentially replace, some physical testing in a real geotechnical laboratory. The article covers initial design stages of the project, mostly work on the first (permeability) module, its outcomes, evaluation results, and the experience in its use. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 53, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Venality of offices and honours in the city council of Granada during the first third of the 17th century: power, conflict and social climbing. The present paper analyses the phenomenon of the sale, patrimonialization and alienation of offices as well as the obtaining of honours and titles in the city council of Granada. Under this premise, we pay attention to his function as social climbing strategies, his relation with various economic difficulties suffered of the Hispanic Monarchy in this period together with the decisive repercussion which had in the institutional activities. On the other hand, these circumstances were frequently determining factors as cause of conflicts.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "On the near-infrared halo of Elias 1. We present new near-infrared speckle interferometric observations of the young stellar object Elias 1. The emission is resolved into a narrow east-west elongated blue halo (FWHM about 0.'' 2x1.'' 0) and an unresolved core (FWHM < 0.'' 2). Previously, Kataza and Maihara (1991) had inferred an east-west elongated optically thin disk within which the NIR light is directly scattered. Adding new pieces to the puzzle may alter the scenario in favor of scattering in bipolar lobes with a polar axis oriented east-west.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "The role of dust, grit and phytoliths in tooth wear. The threat of wear to dental enamel from hard particles of silica or silicates may have exerted great selective pressure on mammals. Increasing the hardness of enamel helps to forestall this, but capacity for variation is small because the tissue is almost entirely composed of hydroxyapatite. Hard though it is, enamel also displays considerable toughness, which is important in setting the sharpness of particles (defined as an attack angle) necessary to wear it. Added to the threat from environmental silica(tes) are phytoliths, particles of opaline silica embedded in plant tissues. We show here that phytoliths have very different properties to grit and dust and are unlikely to wear enamel. However, phytoliths would tend to fracture between teeth under similar conditions, so resembling natural agents of wear. In this context, we suggest that phytoliths could represent an example of mimicry, forming an example of a feeding deterrent operating by deceit.", "label": [4, 37, 47]}
{"token": "Study on the compatibility between the old artistic techniques and the new materials and methods for the conservation - Restauration processes inventations. I. Theoretical aspects. The paper deals with the modern procedures used in the study, of compatibility between the old-traditional artistic techniques and the new materials and methods of intervention in the active conservation and restoration. The main types of compatibility between materials, methods and steps implied in testing, the strategy of the compatibility analysis, the valuation of the systems' compatibility and the chromatic analysis are presented.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "The role of melodic and temporal cues in perceiving musical meter. A number of different cues allow listeners to perceive musical meter. Three experiments examined effects of melodic and temporal accents on perceived meter in excerpts from folk songs scored in 6/8 or 3/4 meter. Participants matched excerpts with 1 of 2 metrical drum accompaniments. Melodic accents included contour change, melodic leaps, registral extreme, melodic repetition, and harmonic rhythm. Two experiments with isochronous melodies showed that contour change and melodic repetition predicted judgments. For longer melodies in the 2nd experiment, variables predicted judgments best at the beginning of excerpts. The final experiment, with rhythmically varied melodies, showed that temporal accents, tempo, and contour change were the strongest predictors of meter. The authors' findings suggest that listeners combine multiple melodic and temporal features to perceive musical meter.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Comparing survey ranking question formats in mail surveys. Although questions that ask respondents to rank-order a list of items can be analytically valuable, responding to ranking questions typically requires a good deal of cognitive effort. This is especially true in mail questionnaires where the advantages of electronic response formats available in web surveys are inaccessible. In this article, we examine two alternative formats for ranking questions in mail surveys. Using a nationally representative mail survey of U.S. adults, this article experimentally compares ranking formats in which respondents write numbers in boxes versus selecting items for the most and second most important issues using a grid layout. Respondents to the numbering format were more likely to provide usable data, although one-third of respondents in this format still did not follow instructions correctly. Substantive responses differed somewhat across formats. Less educated respondents had difficulty with both formats, resulting in substantively different conclusions about preferences across formats for this group. A numbering format is more effective than a most-second most grid format for collecting ranking data in mail surveys.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "A rapid assessment of species-specific bird strike risk at the Kotoka International Airport in Accra, Ghana. The Kotoka International Airport in Accra, the capital city of Ghana, has in recent years been confronted with increased presence of birds posing great challenges to aviation safety due to a high risk of bird strikes. As part of measures to mitigate the negative impacts of increasing numbers of birds, a species-specific bird strike risk index (SSBR) was modelled and calculated for a total of 86 species recorded within and near the airport. Based on the SSBR index, four species were classified as critical risk' and another four species as high risk'. All six species, namely Corvus albus, Necrosyrtes monachus, Milvus migrans parasitus, Bubulcus ibis, Falco biarmicus and Falco tinnunculus, constituting 7% of the total species assemblage, were considered problem species'. During the intensive, albeit short, study period, we also recorded bird strikes of N. monachus, F. biarmicus and notably M. m. parasitus. We conclude that wildlife management to avert the risk of bird strikes could be successfully achieved by adopting both proactive and reactive measures to reduce the presence of problem species at the aerodrome.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "AutoML and Artificial Neural Network Modeling of Process Dynamics of LNG Regasification Using Seawater. First principle-based modeling studies have been performed to improve the heat exchange efficiency of ORV and optimize operation, but the heat transfer coefficient of ORV is an irregular system according to time and location, and it undergoes a complex modeling process. In this study, FNN, LSTM, and AutoML-based modeling were performed to confirm the effectiveness of data-based modeling for complex systems. The prediction accuracy indicated high performance in the order of LSTM > AutoML > FNN in MSE. The performance of AutoML, an automatic design method for machine learning models, was superior to developed FNN, and the total time required for model development was 1/15 compared to LSTM, showing the possibility of using AutoML. The prediction of NG and seawater discharged temperatures using LSTM and AutoML showed an error of less than 0.5K. Using the predictive model, real-time optimization of the amount of LNG vaporized that can be processed using ORV in winter is performed, confirming that up to 23.5% of LNG can be additionally processed, and an ORV optimal operation guideline based on the developed dynamic prediction model was presented.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Validation of a Chromosome 14 Risk Haplotype for Idiopathic Epilepsy in the Belgian Shepherd Dog Found to Be Associated with an Insertion in the RAPGEF5 Gene. An idiopathic epilepsy (IE) risk haplotype on canine chromosome (CFA) 14 has been reported to interact with the CFA37 common risk haplotype in the Belgian shepherd (BS). Additional IE cases and control dogs were genotyped for the risk haplotypes to validate these previous findings. In the new cohort, the interaction between the two regions significantly elevated IE risk. When the haplotypes were analyzed individually, particular haplotypes on both CFA14 (ACTG) and 37 (GG) were associated with elevated IE risk, though only the CFA37 AA was significantly associated (p < 0.003) with reduced risk in the new cohort. However, the CFA14 ACTG risk was statistically significant when the new and previous cohort data were combined. The frequency of the ACTG haplotype was four-fold higher in BS dogs than in other breeds. Whole genome sequence analysis revealed that a 3-base pair predicted disruptive insertion in the RAPGEF5 gene, which is adjacent to the CFA14 risk haplotype. RAPGEF5 is involved in the Wnt-beta-catenin signaling pathway that is crucial for normal brain function. Although this risk variant does not fully predict the likelihood of a BS developing IE, the association with a variant in a candidate gene may provide insight into the genetic control of canine IE.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Functional characterization of the apple MdSAMDC2 gene by ectopic promoter analysis and over-expression in tobacco. The expression of MdSAMDC2 gene, which encodes S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) in apple, was up-regulated by low temperature, salt and drought stresses. To identify its in vivo biological functions in the responses to stresses, the promoter region of MdSAMDC2 was isolated and characterized by analyzing the cis-acting regulatory elements and GUS reporter gene by an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. GUS activity was enhanced upon salt and cold stresses, indicating that MdSAMDC2 promoter region controls gene transcription under stresses. In parallel, several lines of the transgenic tobacco plants over-expressing MdSAMDC2 were obtained. The contents of three polyamines greatly increased in the transgenic lines compared with the non-transgenic WT control. Upon exposed to low temperature (4 A degrees C), salt (150 and 250 mM NaCl) and osmotic (20 % polyethylene glycol) stresses, transgenic plants produced more free polyamines and more active antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase than the WT control. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde content, an indicator for membrane lipid peroxidation, decreased in transgenic plants relative to the WT control. Thus, over-expression of MdSAMDC2 in tobacco conferred tolerance to stresses.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Sexuality and the Older Adult. Purpose of Review This paper provides an overview of biopsychosocial components of sexuality in older adults, sexual expression in older LGBTQ and cognitively impaired adults, and inappropriate sexual behaviors (ISBs) in dementia. Recent Findings Sexual expression of older adults is influenced by diverse psychosocial and biologic determinants including ageist beliefs. Although the prevalence of sexual dysfunction increases with age, studies of sexual satisfaction reveal that only a minority experience significant distress. Stigma against sexual expression in LGBTQ older adults may cause concealment of sexual orientation from family or care providers due to fears of rejection. Cognitive impairment affects frequency of and satisfaction with sexual activity, as well as capacity to consent. Staff biases about sexuality can negatively impact sexual expression in healthcare settings. Dementia-related inappropriate sexual behaviors (ISBs) are common and distressing. Recent research has focused on early identification and prevention of ISB, in addition to management through non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches. Sexuality remains integral to quality of life for many older adults and informed consideration of their needs is critical to healthcare delivery and institutional service planning. A comprehensive understanding of older adults' sexuality can enhance education, research, policy, and clinical care for this growing population.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Volume Doubling Times of Lung Adenocarcinomas: Correlation with Predominant Histologic Subtypes and Prognosis. Purpose: To investigate differences in VDT between the predominant histologic subtypes of primary lung adenocarcinomas and to assess the correlation between VDT and prognosis.Conclusion: Volume doubling times varied significantly according to the predominant histologic subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma and had additional prognostic value for disease-free survival. (C) RSNA, 2020Results: Among 268 patients (mean age, 64 years 6 8 [standard deviation]; 143 men), there were 30 lepidic, 87 acinar, 109 papillary, and 42 solid or micropapillary predominant subtypes. The median VDT was 529 days (interquartile range, 278-872 days) for lung adenocarcinomas. VDTs differed across subtypes (P<.001) and were shortest in solid or micropapillary subtypes (229 days; interquartile range, 77-530 days). Solid lesions (VDT, 248 days) had shorter VDTs than subsolid lesions (part-solid lesions, 665 days; nonsolid lesions, 648 days) (P<.001). In the 148 patients (mean age, 64 years +/- 8; 89 men) included in the survival analysis, 35 patients had disease recurrence and 17 patients died. VDT (<400 days) was an independent risk factor for poor DFS (hazard ratio, 2.6; P =.01) and higher TNM stage. Adding VDT to TNM stage improved model performance (C-index, 0.69 for TNM stage vs 0.77 for combined VDT class and TNM stage; P =.002).Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent at least two serial CT examinations before undergoing operation between July 2010 and December 2018. Three-dimensional tumor segmentation was performed on two CT images and VDTs were calculated. VDTs were compared between predominant histologic subtypes and lesion types by using Kruskal-Wallistests. Disease-free survival (DFS) was obtained in patients undergoing surgical procedures before July 2017. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to determine predictors of DFS.Background: The volume doubling time (VDT) is a key parameter in the differentiation of aggressive tumors from slow-growing tumors. How different histologic subtypes of primary lung adenocarcinomas vary in their VDT and the prognostic value of this measurement is unknown.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Heat and mass transfer simulation and experimental evaluation of solar powered vacuum membrane distillation system. Water and energy scarcity in dry and remote areas is a well understood issue and becoming even more pronounced in the future due to the impact of climate change. Research on solar powered desalination techniques in these places is growing worldwide to produce fresh water using renewable sources of energy. Membrane distillation processes are technically simple and capable of producing high-quality potable water over a long period with minimal maintenance. With regard to the attractive advantages of the vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) process, it is a promising technology that can be implemented by the use of solar energy. The aim of this paper is not only to develop a mathematical model describing heat and mass transfer processes across a VMD process using thermal renewable energy, but also to implement innovative design to improve the overall performance of a solar powered vacuum membrane distillation (SVMD) system. In the present work, a small pilot-scale SVMD unit was designed, assembled and tested. The dependency of the predictive model to natural climatic conditions is assessed and validated against experimental data. Theoretical flux data of the proposed SVMD pilot plant is then graphed via a numerical solution in order to compare with experimental results. The influence of salinity concentration on the permeate flux is explained. Finally, sensitivity analysis of the simulated model showed that the permeate flux is highly sensitive to pressure, solar irradiance and flow rate values.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 39]}
{"token": "FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION OF A U5 RIBOZYME - INTRACELLULAR SUPPRESSION OF HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1 EXPRESSION. We have designed a ribozyme that cleaves human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in U5 (at nucleotide +115).  This ribozyme was tested in vitro and was found to give efficient and specific digestion of RNA containing the HIV-1 U5 sequence.  When the U5 ribozyme was placed into the HIV-1 genome, virus replication was suppressed in tissue culture.  Introduction of this ribozyme into cells by using an amphotropic retrovirus vector significantly reduced expression of U5-containing RNA in cells chronically infected with HIV-1.  Naive T cells were cocultivated with packaging cells that produce defective amphotropic retroviruses containing the U5 ribozyme.  These lymphocytes were found to be partially protected from HIV-1 infection.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "The recruitment of peripheral blood leukocytes to the brain is delayed in susceptible BALB/c compared to resistant C57BL/6 mice during herpes simplex virus encephalitis. The cerebral immune response induced by herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis (HSE) was evaluated in susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice. BALB/c and C57BL/6 (named C57BL/6-high) mice were respectively infected intranasally with 1x10(3) and 5x10(5) plaque-forming units (PFUs) of HSV-1. C57BL/6 mice (named C57BL/6-low) infected with a low inoculum (1x10(3) PFUs) of HSV-1 were tested in parallel. Mice were monitored for weight loss, sickness signs, and survival for 21days. The viral load, infectious titers, cytokine/chemokine levels, and peripheral leukocyte infiltration were determined in brain homogenates on days 0 (non-infected), 4, 6, and 8 post-infection (p.i.) by qPCR, plaque assay, ELISA/Luminex (TM), and flow cytometry, respectively. Our results showed that the mortality of BALB/c mice (67%) was higher compared to those of C57BL/6-low (0%; P <= 0.01) and C57BL/6-high (20%; P <= 0.05) animals. This higher mortality was associated with increased infectious titers and cytokine/chemokine levels in the brains of BALB/c compared to C57BL/6 mice. Recruitment of inflammatory monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer, and natural killer T cells to the brain was higher in C57BL/6-high compared to BALB/c animals on day 4 p.i. Infiltration of inflammatory monocytes and T cells in the brain of BALB/c mice was seen on day 6 p.i. Our data suggest that a rapid, sustained, and coordinated recruitment of peripheral leukocytes to the brain of C57BL/6-high mice results in an effective control of viral replication and inflammation whereas the delayed infiltration of immune cells in the brain of BALB/c mice was associated with an exacerbated inflammatory response during HSE.", "label": [2, 18, 21]}
{"token": "HISTOPATHOLOGIC STUDY OF UVEITIS IN CATS - 139 CASES (1978-1988). Histopathologic findings in 158 globes obtained from 139 cats by enucleation or at necropsy, with histopathologic diagnosis of uveitis, were compared, and morphology was correlated with clinical and/or histopathologic diagnosis.  The most common morphologic feature was a lymphocytic-plasmacytic anterior uveal infiltrate that was either diffuse or nodular; specific cause could not be associated with this nongranulomatous anterior uveitis.  In decreasing order of frequency, other common causes of uveitis in cats included feline infectious peritonitis; FeLV-associated lymphosarcoma; trauma; and lens-induced uveitis.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "The Pro-Oxidant Activity of Pheomelanin is Significantly Enhanced by UVA Irradiation: Benzothiazole Moieties Are More Reactive than Benzothiazine Moieties. It is generally considered that eumelanin (EM) is photoprotective while pheomelanin (PM) is phototoxic. A recent study using a mouse model demonstrated that PM produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause DNA damage and eventually lead to melanomagenesis. A biochemical study showed that PM possesses a pro-oxidant activity. PM consists of benzothiazine (BT) and benzothiazole (BZ) moieties, BT moieties being transformed to BZ moieties by heat or light. In this study, we compared the effects of ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation using synthetic PMs with different BT to BZ ratios and using various coat color mouse hairs. We found that UVA irradiation of BZ-PM increased glutathione (GSH) depletion and generated more H2O2 than UVA irradiation of BT-PM. Non-irradiated controls did not exhibit strong pro-oxidant activities. Upon UVA irradiation, yellow mouse hairs oxidized GSH and produced H2O2 faster than black or albino mouse hairs. Next, to examine the mechanism of the pro-oxidant activity of BT-PM and BZ-PM, we examined the pro-oxidant activities of 7-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-dihydro-1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid (DHBTCA) and 6-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-4-hydroxybenzothiazole (BZ-AA) as BT and BZ monomers, respectively. Their pro-oxidant activities were similar, but a large difference was seen in the effects of ROS scavengers, which suggests that the redox reactions may proceed via singlet oxygen in BZ-AA and via superoxide anions in DHBTCA. These results show that UVA enhances the pro-oxidant activity of PM, in particular BZ-PM.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "Physical and mechanical properties of methyl methacrylate impregnated jabon wood. Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) wood specimens were impregnated for 10, 20, and 30 min with monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) and polymerized with Co-60 gamma radiation at doses of 10, 20, and 30 kGy. After polymerization process polymer loadings were calculated. For comparison purpose untreated wood as control was also prepared, and all wood specimens were tested for some physical and mechanical properties. The results showed that average polymer loading reached 34 %, and MMA impregnated wood has significantly enhanced physical and mechanical properties. These were indicated by 7 % lower moisture content, 17 % lower volume shrinkage, 12 % higher MOR, and 27 % higher MOE compared to the untreated wood. The impregnation period and radiation doses, and interaction of both the factors did not affect physical and mechanical properties of MMA wood, except impregnation period for moisture content, also radiation doses and the interaction both factors for shrinkage. Impregnation period of 10 min and 10 kGy Co-60 gamma radiation dose were sufficient applying for MMA impregnated process of jabon wood.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "ON THE CONSISTENCY OF PANTHEISM. Pantheists commonly wish to hold three distinct theses: that God is identical with the universe as a whole, that God is to be found altogether in each part of the universe, and that some features of the universe are more divine than others. However, it might well be complained that these constitute an incompatible set of requirements on any theory. After outlining the three positions in question, this paper considers how successfully the four main species of pantheist metaphysic - the substance monist model, the microcosmic-macrocosmic model, the universal-expressivist model, and the Absolute Idealist model - are able to respond to the problem of their compatibility.", "label": [3, 32, 33]}
{"token": "Translating languages of low diffusion: current and future avenues. This article introduces a special issue of The Interpreter and Translator Trainer devoted to the much under-researched issue of translating languages of low diffusion (LLDs). Here we explore a plethora of aspects which have rarely been discussed in Translation Studies in general and, in particular, regarding translator training, such as linguistic diversity, variations in the terminology concerning LLDs, effects of unequal power relations between languages, language and translation policy, acute problems with language access in crisis situations and challenges for translator trainers. We present the contributions to this special issue, the first three of which focus on various directionality-related issues and the way they affect the information needs of translators, their stylistic choices and L2 phraseology. The remaining four articles focus on unique problem areas involving LLDs: International Sign (IS) interpreters, socialisation into the profession as an LLD translator, literary translators working with LLDs and the need to include indirect translation in translator education. We conclude with a call to legitimise indirect translation as a research topic in the context of LLDs, and we point to other unexplored aspects of translating LLDs and languages of low resources (LLRs) deserving further attention.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Laboratory Evaluation of Placement Behavior of Microgels for Conformance Control in Reservoirs Containing Superpermeable Channels. Gel treatment has been proven an effective method to attack excessive water production in many mature oilfields. However, not all of the application projects have successful stories. The effectiveness of a gel treatment largely depends on the transport and placement behavior of gel materials in reservoirs to be treated. In this work, we carried out systematic studies to investigate the transport, placement, water-blocking ability, fluid diversion and sweep improvement, and matrix damage effect of micrometer-sized preformed particle gels (microgels) in reservoirs containing superpermeable (super-K) channels. The impact of the channel/matrix permeability contrast and the particle/pore size ratio in the channels and in the matrices was studied. The favorable conditions for gel treatments were identified. The results show that the microgel particles selectively penetrate, place in, and effectively shut off the super-K channels under proper conditions. The sweep improvement after gel treatments was evaluated through chemical tracer tests. The results clearly demonstrate delayed breakthrough, fluid diversion, and increased swept volume of the subsequent flooding fluid. In the experiments, the sweep improvement was in the range of 0.25-0.43 total pore volumes. A higher sweep improvement was achieved as the permeability contrast was higher (i.e., the reservoir was more heterogeneous). To achieve both good injectivity and water-blocking efficiency for the tested microgels, the particle/pore size ratio in the channel should be below 2. Meanwhile, the particle/pore ratio in the matrices should be kept above 5 to avoid significant damage to the matrices. The results of this study provide support for gel product selection and successful gel treatment designs and implementations.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Politics Against the Grain: The Dalit Movement of Uttar Pradesh in the Throes of NGOization. The 'empowerment' approach to development adopted by international institutions has recently enabled the Indian Dalit movement to avail itself of western funds. This case study of a network of Dalit NGOs in Uttar Pradesh highlights how these funds are being used and to what political effect. It shows that in such a previously politicized context, politicized actors of the NGOization process actively defend a radical agenda that links up caste, class and gender, while pursuing under the label of women's empowerment a pre-existing trend of mobilization of the rural poor. Their political work, however, requires tactical adjustments so as to fit exacting and costly norms of management imposed by funding agencies. While pointing to certain radical experiments that show the political resilience of the Dalit movement in spite of a depoliticizing pattern of 'professionalization', this article also highlights the economic precariousness encountered by the activists.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Engineering single-phonon number states of a mechanical oscillator via photon subtraction. We introduce an optomechanical scheme for the probabilistic preparation of single-phonon Fock states of mechanical modes based on photosubtraction. The quality of the produced mechanical state is confirmed by a number of indicators, including phonon statistics and conditional fidelity. We assess the detrimental effect of parameters such as the temperature of the mechanical system and address the feasibility of the scheme with state-of-the-art technology.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Pharmacovigilance in hospice/palliative care: the net immediate and short-term effects of dexamethasone for anorexia. Conclusions This study shows positive and negative effects of 7 days of dexamethasone as an appetite stimulant in patients with advanced life-limiting illnesses. Identifying clinicodemographic characteristics of people most at risk of harms with no benefit is a crucial next step. Longer term follow-up will help to understand longer term and cumulative harms.Objectives Loss of appetite is prevalent in palliative care and distressing for patients and families. Therapies include corticosteroids or progestogens. This study explores the net effect of dexamethasone on anorexia.Methods Prospective data were collected when dexamethasone was started for anorexia as part of routine care. The National Cancer Institute's Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events (NCICTCAE) Likert scales assessed severity of anorexia and immediate and short-term harms at 2 time points: baseline and 7 days.Results This study (41 sites, 8 countries) collected data (July 2013 to July 2014) from 114 patients (mean age 71 (SD 11), 96% with cancer). Median Australian-modified Karnofsky Performance Scale was 50% (range 20-70). Mean baseline NCICTCAE anorexia score was 2.7 (SD 0.6; median 3). 6 patients died by day 7. Of 108 evaluable patients, 74 (68.5%; 95% CI 59.0% to 76.7%) reported >= 1 reduction anorexia scores by day 7, of whom 30 were 0. Mean dexamethasone dose on day 7 was 4.1 mg/day (SD 3.4; median 4; range 0-46 mg). 24 patients reported >= 1 harms (32.4% CI 22.6% to 44.1%; insomnia n=10, depression n=7, euphoria n=7 and hyperglycaemia n=7). Of 24 patients with no benefit, 10 reported >= 1 harms.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Retrieving Experience: On the Phenomenology of Experience in Hegel and Kierkegaard, Arendt and Gadamer. The purpose of the present contribution is to develop an understanding of experience that accounts for its need to be continuously uncovered and recovered in order to consolidate itself. Through critical dialogue with modern phenomenological and hermeneutical traditions I posit that this consolidation process proves porous and discontinuous as experience contains caesuras and limits, which break open and even fracture what is already known by individual consciousness so as to make room for something new to appear over the horizon. Thinking about how to engage with the phenomena given in experience draws us into a dynamic movement at the limits of singular subjectivity and the world which transcends it to all sides. After following and exploring this movement, it remains a question, which will be discussed in the end, whether all experience can be retrieved.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Fabrication of c-axis oriented Zn0.98Al0.02O by a high-magnetic-field via gelcasting and its thermoelectric properties. The c-axis oriented Zn0.98Al0.02O was prepared by a combination of high magnetic field and gelcasting techniques, and its thermoelectric properties were examined. Optimized gelcasting conditions made it possible to align the particles preferentially along the c-axis within a short exposure time in the high magnetic field. The particle orientation was not degraded and disturbed by the gelation and subsequent processing. The degree of orientation was increased after sintering at 1400 degrees C. The c-axis oriented specimen along the ab-plane showed an enhanced the electrical conductivity compared with the non-oriented specimen. The differences in the Seebeck coefficients between oriented and non-oriented specimens were a very small. This study indicated that applying the magnetic alignment via gelcasting method provides effective and versatile techniques to fabricate large and dense grain oriented materials without hindering the thermoelectric properties.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Believing and acting on fake news related to natural food: the influential role of brand trust and system trust. Purpose Fake news represents a real risk for brands, particularly for firms selling essential products, such as food items. Despite this anecdotal acknowledgement, the dynamics of the relationship between fake news and brand reputation remain under-explored. The present study addresses this gap by examining the association of consumer values (universalism and openness to change), brand trust, fake news risk and system trust in the context of natural food products. Design/methodology/approach The study utilised a cross-sectional survey design and the mall-intercept method to collect data from 498 consumers of natural food residing in India. To test the hypotheses, which were grounded in the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) framework, the collected data were analysed using covariance-based structural equation modelling in SPSS AMOS. The conceptual model proposed universalism and openness to change as stimuli, brand trust as an internal state or organism and fake news risk - captured through the tendency of consumers to believe and act on fake news - as a response. Findings The findings support a positive association of universalism with brand trust and a negative association with fake news risk. In comparison, openness to change has no association with either brand trust or fake news risk. Brand trust, meanwhile, is negatively related to fake news, and this association is moderated by system trust. Furthermore, brand trust partially mediates the relationship between universalism value and fake news risk. Originality/value Notably, the present study is one of the first attempts to understand the fake news risk associated with natural food brands by utilising the SOR framework in an emerging market setting. The study provides interesting insights for policymakers, brands and consumers.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
{"token": "Genome properties of beet virus Q, a new furo-like virus from sugarbeet, determined from unpurified virus. Based solely on the information that beet virus Q (BVQ) contains tubular particles, the entire nucleotide sequence of its tripartite genome was determined from unpurified virus in ca, 40 ml crude sap from locally infected Chenopodium quinoa, A starting sequence for RNA 1 was generated using primers corresponding to highly conserved helicase domains in the respective RNAs of furo-, pomo-, peclu-, hordei- and tobraviruses, and was extended by a walking random-primed cDNA approach. The similarity of the 3' ends of furoviral RNAs allowed starting sequences for BVQ RNAs 2 and 3 to be obtained once the 3' end of RNA 1 was known. BVQ RNA 1 encodes a protein with a methyltransferase-like, a variable and a helicase-like region, and for a readthrough protein which, in addition, contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region. RNA 2 carries the coat protein gene, a coat protein readthrough protein gene and two additional ORFs which may have arisen by deletions from an originally larger readthrough domain. RNA 3 carries a triple gene block resembling that of several other rod-shaped viruses. The 5' UTRs of the three RNAs have the potential to form a series of hairpins with C-A and C-C mismatches resembling those found in tymoviral RNAs, The 3' ends can be folded into tRNA-like structures which are preceded by a long hairpin-like structure and an upstream pseudoknot domain. BVQ belongs to the recently proposed genus Pomovirus; it shows evolutionary relationships to furoviruses in sensu stricto, peclu-, hordei-, tobra-, tymo-, tobamo-, carla- and potexviruses.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
{"token": "Understanding the consequences of changes in the production frontiers for roots, tubers and bananas. The widely recognized role of roots, tubers and bananas (RT&Bs) in achieving food security and providing income opportunities in the world's poorest regions will be challenged by socioeconomic and climate related drivers. These will affect demand and production patterns and increase pressure on farming systems. Foresight results presented in this paper show that the importance of RT&B crops for food security will likely increase by 2050 despite these challenges. Furthermore, investments targeted at yield growth appear to be more effective than marketing improvements in alleviating production constraints and in strengthening the role of RT&B crops in future food systems.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Evaluation of Hemostatic Aids in Laparoscopic Nephron-Sparing Surgery. Partial nephrectomy is considered the standard of care for the management of small renal masses, and laparoscopic techniques are becoming popular for multiple reasons, one of which is minimal invasiveness. On the other hand, kidneys are extremely vascular organs, and renal hemorrhage is a major cause of morbidity after laparoscopic partial nephrectomies. Control of bleeding and management of calyceal injuries can be difficult and make the procedure technically challenging. This review looks at the various energy sources and hemostatic agents that are available to reduce bleeding during laparoscopic partial nephrectomies.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Laboratory Rearing of Callitettix versicolor (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cercopidae), With Descriptions of the Immature Stages. Callitettix versicolor (F., 1794) (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Cercopidae) was reared from egg to adult under controlled laboratory conditions and the immature stages were described. Adults of this spittlebug were collected from a maize field and were reared in the laboratory on fruits of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabales: Fabaceae). Nymphs were reared on roots of rice seedlings. Adults, eggs, and nymphs were all maintained in an artificial climate chamber at 27 +/- 1 degrees C, photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h, and 70 +/- 5% relative humidity. The incubation period averaged 102.63 d. The five stadia averaged 5.36, 5.48, 7.06, 7.92, and 12.67 d, respectively. Instars can be distinguished by differences in morphological features, body size, and body color.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Throw away your books, rally in the streets: Yoshimoto Takaaki's taishu concept and the film-making of Terayama Shuji. A knowledge of an ideology's artistic aspect facilitates the understanding of its theory, and vice versa. This article makes a comparative analysis of the film-making of Terayama Shuji, specifically Sho o suteyo machi e deyo [Throw away your books, rally in the streets], and Yoshimoto Takaaki's theory of taishu, both as components of the Japanese New Left's ideology of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Specifically, I focus on the parallels between Terayama's films and Yoshimoto's theory in their view of the relationship between the intellectual and the masses. I develop this comparative analysis on the basis that, even though both Yoshimoto and Terayama criticize ideology, their proposals contain a strong political component.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Study on synthesis and bioactivity of biotinylated emodin. A novel compound biotinylated emodin was synthesized by a two-step acyl chloride method which connects the biotin to emodin with esterification reaction. The product was characterized with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, fourier transform infrared and high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry techniques. Its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus CMCC 26003 was investigated, and the emodin- and biotinylated emodin-caused antibacterial mechanism was proposed. It was shown that the product was isolated and activity of emodin was remained. These results indicated that our study provides a kind of chemosynthesis method under mild conditions and a strong molecular tool for investigating the emodin-binding protein.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Population Pharmacokinetics of Benznidazole in Adult Patients with Chagas Disease. The aim of the present study was to build a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model to characterize benznidazole (BNZ) pharmacokinetics in adults with chronic Chagas disease. This study was a prospective, open-label, single-center clinical trial approved by the local ethics committee. Patients received BNZ at 2.5 mg/kg of body weight/12 h (Abarax, Elea Laboratory, Argentina) for 60 days. Plasma BNZ samples were taken several times during the study and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-visible detection (HPLC-UV). The popPK analysis was done with NONMEMv.7.3. Demographic and biological data were tested as covariates. Intraindividual, interoccasion, and residual variabilities were modeled. Internal and external validations were completed to assess the robustness of the model. Later on, simulations were performed to generate BNZ concentration-time course profiles for different dosage regimens. A total of 358 plasma BNZ concentrations from 39 patients were included in the analysis. A one-compartment PK model characterized by clearance (CL/F) and the apparent volume of distribution (V/F), with first-order absorption (K-a) and elimination, adequately described the data (CL/F, 1.73 liters/h; V/F, 89.6 liters; and K-a, 1.15 h(-1)). No covariates were found to be significant for CL/F and V/F. Internal and external validations of the final model showed adequate results. Data from simulations revealed that a dose of 2.5 mg/kg/12 h might lead to overexposure in most patients. A lower dose (2.5 mg/kg/24 h) was able to achieve trough BNZ plasma concentrations within the accepted therapeutic range of 3 to 6 mg/liter. In summary, we developed a population PK model for BNZ in adults with chronic Chagas disease. Dosing simulations showed that a BNZ dose of 2.5 mg/kg/24 h will adequately keep BNZ trough plasma concentrations within the recommended target range for the majority of patients.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 43]}
{"token": "Design, synthesis, and spasmolytic activity of thiophene-based derivatives via Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of 5-bromothiophene-2-carboxylic acid: their structural and computational studies. In the current research work, a facile synthesis of a series of novel thiophene-based derivatives of 5-bromothiophene-2-carboxylic acid (1) have been synthesized. All analogs (5a-5e, 10a-10t) were obtained from the coupling reaction of 5-bromothiophene2-carboxylic acid (1) and different arylboronic acids with moderate-to-good yields under controlled and optimal conditions. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were characterized through spectral analysis and their spasmolytic activity, and most of the compounds exhibited potentially good spasmolytic effect. Among the synthesized analogs, compound phenethyl 5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (10d) particular showed an excellent spasmolytic effect with an EC50 value of 1.26. All of the compounds were also studied for their structural and electronic properties by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Through detailed insight into frontier molecular orbitals of the compounds and their different reactivity descriptors, it was found that the compounds 10c and 5c are the most reactive, while 10a is the most stable in the series. Furthermore, compounds 10c and 5c showed a very good NW response with the highest beta values.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Legionella risk in evaporative cooling systems and underlying causes of associated breaches in health and safety compliance. This provides a valuable data resource for dutyholders, so that they can understand where they need to focus to achieve significant improvement in legal compliance and therefore reduce the risk of LD for employees and members of the public affected by their workplace, and valuable data for regulators to target future interventions aimed at improving dutyholder compliance leading to better protection of workers and members of the public.Data from the intervention programme was analysed to identify root causes of these breaches of legislation on Legionella control. The majority of Improvement Notices (53%) were issued for the 'lack of effective implementation of a Written Control Scheme', with 'Risk Assessment' and 'Written Control Scheme' both accounting for 23%. More detailed examination showed major problems to be lack of training; failure to maintain the cleanliness of cooling towers and the water within them; risk assessments either being absent or not up to date, i.e., no longer representing the risks present; and Written Control Schemes being absent or insufficiently detailed.Legionella bacteria can colonise and proliferate in water systems in the built environment and can be spread by aerosol generation. If inhaled by a susceptible individual, this can lead to respiratory infections such as Legionnaires' Disease (LD), or the generally milder Pontiac fever. Evaporative cooling systems (ECS), including cooling towers, used in industrial processes to dissipate excessive heat are prone to contamination by Legionella. From these systems it is possible for contaminated aerosols to be dispersed over a wide area, potentially exposing workers on site, neighbouring workplaces or nearby members of the public. Analysis of reported data on outbreaks of LD in Great Britain, collated for a ten year period, identified 44 separate legionellosis outbreaks of which seven were attributed to ECS and were responsible for 229 infections and 10 fatalities. This prompted an examination of health and safety inspection records which revealed, over a five year period, 321 enforcement actions taken against failings in Legionella control, of which 31% were attributed to cooling towers. Based on this evidence, an intervention programme was undertaken by health and safety inspectors in which 1,906 sites with ECS were inspected. During these inspections, sites were rated against four topics that are used to demonstrate compliance with statutory requirements for Legionella control: Risk Assessment; Written Control Scheme; Implementation of Control Scheme; and Record Keeping. While there was compliance at the majority of sites, breaches of the legislation were found at 625 sites (33% of those inspected), leading to 409 Improvement Notices (compelling dutyholders to make improvements to health and safety breaches of law in a given timeframe) and 12 Prohibition Notices (compelling dutyholders to stop work until they have remedied breaches in health and safety law) being served at 229 sites (12.0% of those inspected).", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "Structural and biochemical evaluation of Ceratitis capitata odorant-binding protein 22 affinity for odorants involved in intersex communication. In insects, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) connect the peripheral sensory system to receptors of olfactory organs. Medfly Ceratitis capitata CcapObp22 shows 37% identity and close phylogenetic affinities with Drosophila melanogaster OBP69a/pheromone-binding protein related protein 1. The CcapObp22 gene is transcribed in the antennae and maxillary palps, suggesting an active role in olfaction. Here, we recombinantly produced CcapObp22, obtaining a 13.5 kDa protein capable of binding multiple strongly hydrophobic terpene compounds, including medfly male pheromone components. The highest binding affinity [half maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 0.48 mu M] was to (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, one of the most abundant compounds in the male pheromone blend. This odorant was used in cocrystallization experiments, yielding the structure of CcapOBP22. The monomeric structure shows the typical OBP folding, constituted by six alpha-helical elements interconnected by three disulphide bridges. A C-terminal seventh alpha-helix constitutes the wall of a deep, L-shaped hydrophobic cavity. Analysis of the electron density in this cavity suggested trapping of farnesene in the crystal structure, although with partial occupancy. Superposition of the CcapOBP22 structure with related seven-helical OBPs highlights striking similarity in the organization of the C-terminal segment of these proteins. Collectively, our molecular and physiological data on medfly CcapOBP22 suggest its involvement in intersex olfactory communication.", "label": [4, 44, 42]}
{"token": "Infralimbic muscarinic M1 receptors modulate anxiety-like behaviour and spontaneous working memory in mice. Rationale: Spontaneous working memory and anxiety-like behaviour can be concurrently influenced following kappal opioid agonist or antagonist infusions in the infralimbic (IL) area of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in CD-1 mice. Objective: The present study sought to evaluate whether acetylcholine (ACh) muscarinic (M) receptor drugs can similarly influence these cognitive-behavioural processes in the IL cortex. Method: Anxiety was evaluated in the elevated plus-maze and spontaneous working memory was evaluated in the Y-maze following scopolamine, pirenzepine or McN-A-343 infusion in the IL cortex. Results: In experiment 1, the non-specific muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, was anxiogenic in trial 1 (5, 10 and 20 nmol), but did not influence behaviour in trial 2 (no-injection) in the elevated plus-maze 24 h later. In week 2, scopolamine disrupted spontaneous working memory in the Y-maze at the highest dose (20 nmol). In experiment 2, pretreatment with the M1 antagonist, pirenzepine, was anxiolytic in trial 1 (5 and 10 nmol), as well as in trial 2 (no-injection) in the elevated plus-maze 24 h late (0.25, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 nmol). In week 2, pirenzepine disrupted spontaneous working memory in the Y-maze (2.5, 5 and 10 nmol). In experiment 3, pretreatment with the M1 agonist, McN-A-343, was anxiogenic in trial 1 (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 nmol), as well as in trial 2 (no-injection) in the elevated plus-maze 24 h later (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 nmol). In week 2, McN-A-343 enhanced spontaneous working memory in the Y-maze (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 nmol). Conclusions: (1) Enhanced ACh transmission in the vmPFC induces anxiety in challenging environments and enhances spontaneous working memory performance. (2) Blocking or activating postsynaptic M1 receptors in the vmPFC may truncate or exaggerate, respectively, afferent anxiety-relevant information. (3) IL pirenzepine and McN-A-343 exert long-term opposite effects on aversive learning during trial 1 in the elevated plus-maze.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 23]}
{"token": "CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES OF ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN AND ITS FRAGMENT, PHE(31)-ILE(59), INDUCED BY SODIUM DODECYL-SULFATE. Conformational changes of bovine alpha-lactalbumin in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution were studied with the circular dichroism (CD) method using a dilute phosphate buffer of pH 7.0 and ionic strength 0.0 14. The proportions of alpha-helix and beta-structure in alpha-lactalbumin were 34% and 12%, respectively, in the absence of SDS. In the SDS solution, the helicity increased to 44%, while the beta-structure disappeared. In order to verify the structural change from beta-structure to alpha-helix, the moiety, assuming the beta-structure in the alpha-lactalbumin, was isolated by a chymotryptic digestion. The structure of this alpha-lactalbumin fragment, Phe31-Ile59, was almost disordered. However, the fragment adopted a considerable amount of alpha-helical structure in the SDS solution. On the other hand, the tertiary structure of alpha-lactalbumin, detected by changes of CD in the near-ultraviolet region, began to be disrupted before the secondary structural change in the surfactant solution. Dodecyl sulfate ions of 80mol were cooperatively bound to alpha-lactalbumin. Although the removal of the bound dodecyl sulfate ions was tried by the dialysis against the phosphate buffer for 5 days, 4mol dodecyl sulfates remained per mole of the protein. The remaining amount agreed with the number of stoichiometric binding site, determined by the Scatchard plot, indicating that the stoichiometric binding was so tight.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Pocket-Sized Ultrasound Versus Traditional Ultrasound Images in Equine Imaging: A Pictorial Essay. This pictorial essay aims to display the image quality of pocket-sized ultrasound devices and hospital based equipment to provide clinicians visual information about the potential uses of point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) in equine practice. Twenty-two paired images were obtained using traditional ultrasound equipment and pocket-sized ultrasound devices from patients evaluated at veterinary teaching hospitals. Images of many common ultrasound windows and miscellaneous sonographic abnormalities were obtained using pocket-sized ultrasound equipment. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Molecular characterization of exploitation of the polyubiquitination and farnesylation machineries of Dictyostelium discoideum by the AnkB F-box effector of Legionella pneumophila. The Dot/Icm-translocated Ankyrin B (AnkB) F-box effector of Legionella pneumophila is essential for intra-vacuolar proliferation and functions as a platform for the docking of polyubiquitinated proteins to the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) within macrophages and ameba. Here we show that ectopically expressed AnkB in Dictyostelium discoideum is targeted to the plasma membrane where it recruits polyubiquitinated proteins and it trans-rescues the intracellular growth defect of the ankB null mutant, which has never been demonstrated for any effector in ameba. Using co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation we show specific interaction of Skp1 of D. discoideum with the F-box domain of AnkB, which has never been demonstrated in ameba. We show that anchoring of AnkB to the cytosolic face of the LCV membrane in D. discoideum is mediated by the host farnesylation of the C-terminal eukaryotic CaaX motif of AnkB and is independent of the F-box and the two ANK domains, which has never been demonstrated in ameba. Importantly, the three host farnesylation enzymes farnesyl transferase, RCE-1, and isoprenyl cysteine carboxyl methyl transferase of D. discoideum are recruited to the LCV in a Dot/Icm-dependent manner, which has never been demonstrated in ameba. We conclude that the polyubiquitination and farnesylation enzymatic machineries of D. discoideum are recruited to the LCV in a Dot/Icm-dependent manner and the AnkB effector exploits the two evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic machineries to proliferate within ameba, similar to mammalian cells. We propose that L. pneumophila has acquired ankB through inter-kingdom horizontal gene transfer from primitive eukaryotes, which facilitated proliferation of L. pneumophila within human cells and the emergence of Legionnaires' disease.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Altimetry, bathymetry and geoid variations at the Gavdos permanent Cal/Val facility. Using 3.5 years of Jason-2 calibration data and careful data analysis, certain features and variations, with permanent signatures at some locations south of Gavdos, have been found in the altimeter bias values. Causes of these variations have been interpreted. Some of these features, for example, at 12 km south of the Cal/Val site seem to be related to the general oceanographic circulation, but others of short wavelength (in the order of 1 km) are because of the insufficient geoid model resolution. Along Pass No. 109, the concealed effect of bathymetry on the geoid has produced a slope of 3.1 cm over 14-21 km from Gavdos. Along the other Pass No.18 and in the range 12-21 km, a slope in the geoid model, caused again by the sharp changes in the topography of seafloor (from 300 to 3200 m depth over a distance of 10 km), have been discovered. Those geoid model imperfections of short wavelength do not change the previously reported bias values.The aim of this work has been to examine the relationship of steep bathymetry in the coastal areas around the permanent Cal/Val facility of Gavdos, and their influence on the produced calibration values for the Jason-2 satellite altimeter. The paper describes how changes in seafloor topography (from 200 to 3500 m depth over a distance of 10 km) are reflected on the determined altimeter parameters using different reference surfaces for satellite calibration. Finally, it describes the relation between these parameter trends and the region's local characteristics.Finally, boat campaigns that took place for verifying the previous features, were also used to determine an altimeter bias of B = +19.6 +/- 4.5 cm, for cycle = 80, at 15:14:58 UTC, on 7-Sept-2010, along Pass No. 109. Calibration took place at a distance of about 19 km south of Gavdos, in the open sea while Jason-2 was flying over. (C) 2012 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 34, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "CloudNet: Dynamic Pooling of Cloud Resources by Live WAN Migration of Virtual Machines. Virtual machine technology and the ease with which VMs can be migrated within the LAN, has changed the scope of resource management from allocating resources on a single server to manipulating pools of resources within a data center. We expect WAN migration of virtual machines to likewise transform the scope of provisioning compute resources from a single data center to multiple data centers spread across the country or around the world. In this paper we present the CloudNet architecure as a cloud framework consisting of cloud computing platforms linked with a VPN based network infrastructure to provide seamless and secure connectivity between enterprise and cloud data center sites. To realize our vision of efficiently pooling geographically distributed data center resources, CloudNet provides optimized support for live WAN migration of virtual machines. Specifically, we present a set of optimizations that minimize the cost of transferring storage and virtual machine memory during migrations over low bandwidth and high latency Internet links. We evaluate our system on an operational cloud platform distributed across the continental US. During simultaneous migrations of four VMs between data centers in Texas and Illinois, CloudNet's optimizations reduce memory migration time by 65% and lower bandwidth consumption for the storage and memory transfer by 19GB, a 50% reduction.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Cranial vault modification as a cultural artifact: a comparison of the Eurasian steppes and the Andes. This paper details the practice of intentional cranial vault modification in the Eurasian steppes as well as in the pre-Columbian Andes focusing on the similarities and differences in how the practice was used to respond to changes in society. The appearance of vault modification in the steppes and the forms seen in the cemeteries of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya River deltas are discussed. Temporal changes in the pattern of modification are also investigated, especially the dramatic homogenization of the custom resulting from the conquests of the Huns. This is contrasted with incidences of cranial modification in the southcentral Andes, including the appearance of deliberate head shaping as well as shifts in the practice during the expansion of the Bolivian Altiplano state of Tiwanaku. Similarities in the use of cranial vault modification between these unrelated areas and in the alterations of the practice resulting from foreign contact are considered in light of vault modification's role as a malleable cultural artifact. &COPY; 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Spatial Effects of Participation in Global Value Chains on CO2 Emissions: A Global Spillover Perspective. Using balanced panel data of 62 countries (regions) from 1995 to 2011, we explore the linkage between a country's participation in global value chains (GVC) and its carbon emissions using spatial panel econometric models. We find: First, positive spatial dependency does exist between countries. Second, forward and backward GVC participation has different spatial spillover effects, with the latter causing most of the spillovers. Third, regarding industry heterogeneity, the manufacturing sector generates a stronger spatial spillover than the service sector. High-tech manufacturing sub-industries show stronger spillovers, compared to low-tech sub-industries. Finally, we propose policy suggestions for international relations and environmental governance.", "label": [5, 48, 49, 52]}
{"token": "Expressive line selection by example. An important problem in computer generated line drawing is determining which set of lines produces a representation that is in agreement with a user's communication goals. We describe a method that enables a user to intuitively specify which types of lines should appear in rendered images. Our method employs conventional silhouette-edge and other feature-line extraction algorithms to derive a set of candidate lines, and integrates machine learning into a user-directed line removal process using a sketching metaphor. The method features a simple and intuitive user interface that provides interactive control over the resulting line selection criteria and can be easily adapted to work in conjunction with existing line detection and rendering algorithms. Much of the method's power comes from its ability to learn the relationships between numerous geometric attributes that define a line style. Once learned, a user's style and intent can be passed from object to object as well as from view to view.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "FIBROMYALGIA IN THE ADULT DANISH POPULATION .2. A STUDY OF CLINICAL-FEATURES. Clinical characteristics of fibromyalgia have so far been based mainly on patients identified in rheumatologic settings. This paper offers the clinical findings in fibromyalgia based on a national health interview survey, in which 123 persons fulfilled preset criteria for widespread pain. Clinical examination could be performed on 65 subjects (53%) and included physical examination, tender point palpation by two blinded trained physicians, blood sample analysis, measurement of dynamic muscular strength and a detailed self-administered questionnaire.Significantly more subjective swelling, fatique, headache, difficulty in stairclimbing, and poorer self-evaluated health with more tender points was found. Contrary to that which was expected, fibromyalgia subjects did not suffer from sleep disturbances, irritable bowels or morning stiffness. Our findings indicate that clinical characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population may differ from those found in rheumatological settings.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Service life analysis from field data on age distributions. In survey investigations of building stocks for example, data on age distributions of construction details are often collected. What interests the material scientist, though, is not the age distribution but rather the service life distribution. Presented herein will be a renewal process model describing the relationship between such an age distribution found and the corresponding service life distribution being sought. The model comprises a phenomenological parameter to accommodate correlations between objects and the service life's determining factors. However, it is shown that, because of numerical ambiguity, the correlation parameter cannot be uniquely determined from an age distribution. Therefore, some additional information and data processing are required before the full advantage of this model can be realized. This somewhat difficult part has yet to be completed. Nevertheless, in its present form, the model does point out possible ranges of service life distribution parameters in terms of the correlation strength, thus providing uncertainties in the distribution parameters, which up until now have normally been overlooked when estimating the service lives of building materials. For wide service life distributions, it is shown that the possible parameter ranges will also be rather wide.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "MOAR, A GENE THAT ENCODES A POSITIVE REGULATOR OF THE MONOAMINE REGULON IN KLEBSIELLA-AEROGENES. We cloned and sequenced a Klaebsiella aerogenes gene (moaR) for activation of arylsulfatase synthesis by tyramine. This gene was cloned by complementation of a K. aerogenes mutant in which tyramine fails to relieve the arylsulfatase repression caused by sulfur compounds. The moaR gene also activated induction of the synthesis of both tyramine oxidase and the 30-kDa protein that is specifically induced by high concentrations of tyramine or catecholamines. The moaR gene on the chromosome of the wild-type strain of K. aerogenes was disrupted by homologous recombination with a plasmid containing the inactivated moaR. The resultant mutant showed the same phenotype as previously isolated atsT mutant strains that are negative for the derepressed synthesis of arylsulfatase. In this mutant strain, tyramine also failed to induce the synthesis of tyramine oxidase or the production of a 30-kDa protein. The moaR gene is capable of encoding a protein of 26,238 Da. The putative MoaR protein has a helix-turn-helix motif in its C terminus. Thus, it seems likely that the MoaR protein regulates the operons by binding to the regulatory region of the monoamine regulon. The MoaR protein is subject to autogenous control, which was shown by use of a moaR'-lacZ transcriptional fusion.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Meteor showers from known long-period comets. What long-period comets with orbital periods >250 years cause detectable meteor showers on Earth? Low-light video cameras are used to track the motion of +4 to -5 magnitude meteors in our atmosphere by triangulation and calculate the meteoroid orbit in space. In recent years, the CAMS (Cameras for Allsky Meteor Surveillance) low-light video camera network was greatly expanded and, together with other video networks, now has increased the total video meteoroid orbit database to over 2.2 million orbits. Here, we searched this database for meteor showers associated with known long-period comets. Previously, five associations were known. Now, we find 14, as well as six uncertain but likely associations. These showers show a change of longitude of perihelion with node that is a strong function of inclination. Showers of longer duration show a steeper magnitude distribution index, presumably due to aging of the meteoroid population. Showers are generally detected only if the orbital period of the comet is less than 4000 years and the Earth-Comet orbital miss distance is <= 0.10 AU. The lack of an associated meteor shower sets lower limits on the orbital period of poorly observed comets.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Description of a new species of Tomiyamichthys from Australia with a discussion of the generic name. Tomiyamichthys levisquama is described as a new species from the Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia from estuaries and soft bottom marine environments. It is distinctive in body and head shape, head coloration and by the absence of ctenoid scales on the body. It is compared with the related species Tomiyamichthys russus (Cantor 1849), which has ctenoid scales on the posterior part of the body. The validity of the name Tomiyamichthys over Flabelligobius is discussed, with both genera being described in the same paper, here accepting Tomiyamichthys as the appropriate name.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "The sociodemographic patterning of opposition to raising taxes on tobacco and restricting tobacco advertisements in Argentina. Study design: Secondary analysis of Argentina's Global Adult Tobacco Survey (N = 6645).Background: Argentina has enacted important tobacco control initiatives in recent years. Yet little is known about the social patterning of attitudes toward tobacco control. Research is needed to explore what predicts opposition to tobacco control initiatives such as higher taxes on tobacco and the prohibition of tobacco advertising.Results: Respondents generally indicated very little opposition to either tobacco control measure, with only 15.6% of respondents opposed to increasing taxes on tobacco products and 9.6% opposed to banning tobacco advertisements. Smoking status is the most important predictor of opposition to increasing taxes (OR = 7.85, 95% CI = 6.60-9.34) and banning advertisements (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.39-2.11). Opposition to these measures is most likely among young respondents (aged 15-24) and least likely among older age groups (55-64 and 65 or over), compared to the 25-34 age group. Stratified models suggest that the effect of age may be different for smokers and non-smokers. Low income is a significant predictor of opposition, but only in stratified models for smokers.Methods: Binary logistic regression analysis examining opposition to raising tobacco taxes and banning tobacco publicity. Models were stratified by smoking status.Conclusion: There is general support for stronger tobacco control measures in Argentina. Opposition to raising taxes on tobacco products and banning tobacco advertisement appears to be concentrated among young smokers with low and medium levels of household income. (C) 2015 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Characterization of crumb tire rubber lightly pyrolyzed in waste cooking oil and the properties of its modified bitumen. Crumb tire rubber (CTR) is one of the most common bitumen modifiers used to improve bitumen rheological properties. However, the rubberized bitumen has shown poor storage stability and workability in the application which affect the service performance of the pavement. This work investigated the feasibility of application of waste rubber/oil (WRO) produced by light pyrolysis of CTR in waste cooking oil as a bitumen modifier. The chemical properties, thermal behaviors and reaction process of WRO were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and TGA/DSC synchronous thermal analysis. The thermodynamic parameters of WRO were calculated by TGA/DTG data, and the thermal stability of WRO was analyzed. The storage stability, physical and rheological properties of WRO modified bitumen and rubberized bitumen were evaluated by separation test, conventional tests and rheological tests, respectively. Results show that, the chain scission and depolymerization occur in the cross-linked network structure of CTR after light pyrolysis, which result in the reduction of rubber hydrocarbon content in gel CTR and the molecular weight of CTR. Natural rubber appears in the sol of the lightly pyrolyzed CTR, and the content of the oxygen-containing functional groups in the sol increases. The thermal behaviors of WRO become complicated, and thermal stability is enhanced from the apparent active energy. Compared to rubberized bitumen, the storage stability, plasticity at low temperature and workability of WRO modified bitumen are greatly improved. However, the resistance to rutting and deformation at high temperature become worse. Further study will be conducted to enhance the high temperature performance with additional additives. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Biomechanical performance of powder-free examination gloves. Biomechanical performance studies were undertaken for powder-free, latex and nitrile examination gloves. Using standardized tests, examination glove performance was judged by measuring glove thickness, glove puncture force, glove tape adhesion force, glove donning force, glove stiffness, and immediate unrecovered stretch. Even though the nitrile examination gloves were thinner than the latex examination gloves, they exhibited a greater puncture resistance, In addition, tape adherence to the N-Dex(TM) nitrile glove was the lowest, Moreover, measurements of the handling characteristics of the nitrile examination gloves demonstrated that they are an acceptable alternative to latex examination gloves, While these biomechanical studies demonstrate the superiority of the nitrile examination gloves, clinical glove evaluation is still needed to determine their performance in the health care setting. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Asp141 and the hydrogen-bond chain Asp141-Asn109-Asp33 are respectively essential for GT80 sialyltransferase activity and structural stability. Sialyltransferases are key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of biologically and pathologically important sialic acid-containing molecules in nature. In this study, the activity of a putative sialyltransferase (Pm0160) harboring an inherent mutation D141Y in the conserved DDG motif, which has been identified in GT52 and GT80 families, was restored by reverse mutation. More interestingly, a hydrogen-bond chain was found to form between three conserved residues (Asp141, Asn109, and Asp33) of GT80 sialyltransferases based on recently determined crystal structures. Our mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that the hydrogen-bond chain connecting the general base Asp141 with N beta 4, N beta 1, and N alpha 1 plays an essential role in maintaining protein structural stability other than keeping the general base Asp141 in a productive orientation for sialic acid transfer.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "The Vision of Constantine and the cultural history of dreams. The earliest stories about Emperor Constantine's dream and vision before the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312) have long been one of those most popular research topics among scholars of Late Antiquity. After distancing itself from recent attempts to explain these famous episodes by reducing them to mere astronomical events, this study offers a thorough reinterpretation of the sources. First of all, it analyses mnemo-historical relations between Constantine, Lactantius, Eusebius and the Latin Panegyrics, thus overcoming the opposition between facts and representations in the history of memory. Secondly, a historical-semantic analysis of the oneiric-visionary lexicon of the same sources shows that in order to understand the meaning of Constantine's dream and vision it is necessary to contextualize the sources within the pagan-Christian polemic on oracular divination and, in particular, to look at the fourth-century process which led to the domestication and then Christian appropriation of the ancient ritual of incubation. Thus, a review of the written records of one of the most famous dreams in history can provide a key to understanding the history of dreams.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Challenges Facing Senior Public Servants in a Plural Society. This article examines some of the challenges facing senior public officers in a plural society such as Trinidad and Tobago. Published studies and data collected for this article suggest that in divided societies, it is not unusual for the public sector to be dominated by the group that maintains political control. In the case of Trinidad and Tobago, for example, while the Indo-Trinidadian group constituted 40.3% of the population during the period considered, members of this ethnic group held very few senior positions in the bureaucracy. This article discusses the factors that led to ethnic imbalances in the civil service of Trinidad and Tobago. Much of the article is devoted to advancing explanations for the imbalance. The article also presents an examination of the challenges that emerged with the introduction of New Public Management within the country's government, suggesting that the major challenges that may emerge in divided societies will be introducing mechanisms that will bring about changes in attitudes and behaviors among public sector employees. The article concludes with the recommendation that government leaders may need to implement mechanisms to establish trust in order to see changes to public management succeed.", "label": [5, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Factors affecting mummification and sporulation of pome fruit infected by Monilinia fructigena in Dutch orchards. A 2-year field experiment (1997-98, 1998-99) was conducted to study mummification and subsequent sporulation in spring of apple (cvs James Grieve, Golden Delicious) and pear (cv. Conference) fruits infected by Monilinia fructigena . Most mummified fruits were found in James Grieve and Conference, whereas in late-infected Golden Delicious, fruits were still soft when examined in April. In the first year, these late-infected fruits had a significantly higher sporulation intensity per sporulating fruit (P = 0.05) compared with Golden Delicious fruits infected 9 and 5 weeks before harvest maturity, which were partly mummified. It was concluded that early- and late-infected fruits contributed to primary inoculum in the next season. In a postinfection regime of 25degreesC and 65-75% relative humidity under controlled conditions, the number of Conference fruits sporulating decreased rapidly, and after 12 weeks' incubation sporulation had completely ceased. After 8 weeks' incubation, sporulation intensity in the postinfection regime at 10degreesC was significantly higher than that at 20 and 25degreesC in a first experiment with inoculated unripe fruit (P = 0.05). Results of a second experiment with ripe fruit were less clear. These results are discussed in relation to orchard disease management.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Hydrogeochemical Prospecting for evaporate and clay deposits in Harrat ash Shaam basalts, Jordan. The study shows that hydrogeochemical prospecting in such areas covered by different basaltic eruptions is a very useful tool in locating clays' and evaporates' types of mineral deposits.In this article these groundwaters are classified in different types and their genesis investigated. The results show that the major roles played in the genesis of the different water types are: water rock interaction with the aquifer matrix and with the deposits of enclosed lakes which formed in between the different volcanic eruption phases. Both mechanisms are playing the major role in the groundwater genesis of the area. Formerly, irrigation return flows were made responsible for producing the different groundwater types, but that assumption seems to be unrealistic as can be shown by the analyses of the genesis and evolution of the different groundwater types.Through the study of the hydrogeochemistry of basalts of Harrat ash Shaam and its surrounding areas it was possible, on the example of Azraq clay and evaporate deposits, to refer the high salinity water with ion exchange reactions to buried clay and evaporates' deposits under the basaltic cover in Dhleil-Hallabat, Al Umari, Hazim and eventually Safawi areas. Such deposits may have big economic value.Volcanic rocks of different eruption phases cover the central northern part of Jordan and contain a variety of groundwater types with a wide range of salinities, plotting in different water compositions of Piper classification and on the dissolution, mixing, ion exchange or reverse ion exchange lines in Durov diagram. The different types show also variations in the isotopic compositions as a result of recent and historic recharge, evaporation, mixing with ground waters of different origins (recharge areas) and water rock interactions.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "DIFFERENTIAL DISTRIBUTION OF LEAF RUST ACROSS MAJOR WHEAT GROWING REGIONS OF PAKISTAN REVEALED THROUGH A THREE YEAR SURVEILLANCE EFFORT. Considering the important role of wheat leaf rust disease in reducing wheat yields, the present study was designed to assess the countrywide distribution of wheat leaf rust across Pakistan, based on the surveillance conducted during 2016, 2017 and 2018. A total of 1202 fields were surveyed from 95 districts over the three years. The surveillance revealed that both spatial and temporal variability were present across Pakistan in terms of incidence and severity of leaf rust. The disease was more prevalent in Sindh and Punjab than other parts, with little infestation in the northern cold wheat growing regions. The disease was more prevalent in 2017 than both 2016 and 2018. In the Sindh province, 20% fields surveyed over three years had the severe leaf rust infestation (with >60% severity), while in Punjab the disease was absent in more than 95% fields. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Kashmir, the disease was detected in less than 1% of the total surveyed fields. Our results revealed that among the four provinces and the Kashmir state, leaf rust was a major problem in Sindh and Southern Punjab, while over the three years, it was more prevalent in 2017. Among the major cultivated varieties surveyed, severe infestation was observed for wheat varieties Galaxy-2013, Morocco, TD_1, Sehar, Yecora, Aas-11, Inqilab-91, Kiran-95, Shafaq, Sarsabz, TJ-83, Marvi, Sassi and some local lines. The information should be useful for both breeders, farmers and extension workers to devise a better leaf rust management strategy considering the relative regional risk of the disease.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "DEFENDING PHILADELPHIA A Historical Case Study of Civil Defense in the Early Cold War. The city of Philadelphia, today, is in the midst of revamping its plans for emergency preparedness. For a city of its size, age, and infrastructural complexity, this presents a number of critical challenges. This article examines the last era in which emergency preparedness-in the form of early cold war civil defense-stood at the forefront of the city's challenges. This article develops a historical case study of Philadelphia's civil defense efforts against atomic attack in the 1950s, especially in the earliest planning and implementation stages under retired Major General Norman D. Cota. Civil defense failed in Philadelphia, as it did across the nation, and this article considers in detail the role that Cota's \\\\'command-and-control\\\\' methods led to this failure.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Developmental Predictors of Cognitive and Adaptive Outcomes in Genetic Subtypes of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Approximately one-fourth of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases are associated with a disruptive genetic variant. Many of these ASD genotypes have been described previously, and are characterized by unique constellations of medical, psychiatric, developmental, and behavioral features. Development of precision medicine care for affected individuals has been challenging due to the phenotypic heterogeneity that exists even within each genetic subtype. In the present study, we identify developmental milestones that predict cognitive and adaptive outcomes for five of the most common ASD genotypes. Sixty-five youth with a known pathogenic variant involvingADNP, CHD8, DYRK1A, GRIN2B, orSCN2Agenesparticipated in cognitive and adaptive testing. Exploratory linear regressions were used to identify developmental milestones that predicted cognitive and adaptive outcomes within each gene group. We hypothesized that the earliest and most predictive milestones would vary across gene groups, but would be consistent across outcomes within each genetic subtype. Within theADNPgroup, age of walking predicted cognitive outcomes, while age of first words predicted adaptive behaviors. Age of phrases predicted adaptive functioning in theCHD8group, but cognitive outcomes were not clearly associated with early developmental milestones. Verbal milestones were the strongest predictors of cognitive and adaptive outcomes for individuals with mutations toDYRK1A, GRIN2B, orSCN2A. These trends inform decisions about treatment planning and long-term expectations for affected individuals, and they add to the growing body of research linking molecular genetic function to brain development and phenotypic outcomes. Lay Summary Researchers have found many genetic causes of autism including mutations toADNP,CHD8,DYRK1A,GRIN2B, andSCN2Agenes. We found that each genetic cause had different early developmental milestones that explained the overall functioning of the children when they were older. Depending on the genetic cause, the age that a child first starts walking and/or talking may help to better understand and support a child's development who has a mutation to one of the above genes.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Is survivorship a better fitness surrogate than fecundity?. Although fitness depends on both survivorship and fecundity, we tend to assume fecundity relates to fitness more directly than survivorship. In fact, several recent ecological studies suggest fitness depends more heavily on annual survivorship than annual fecundity for most taxa with lifespans longer than one year. These studies review elasticities of transition matrices for a broad range of taxa. Elasticities covary monotonically with selection gradients for demographic rates and are identical to selection gradients for traits resealed to have mean values of zero and variance of one. For all taxa except semelparous perennial plants, adult survivorship has consistently higher elasticity than other suites of demographic rates. Fecundity only rarely has the highest elasticity. Thus, differences in yearly survival affect fitness disproportionately more than differences in yearly fecundity, even in many exponentially growing populations. This pattern reinforces the importance of interpreting the contribution of vital rates to fitness in the context of life history and population dynamics.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet spectroscopy of two hot white dwarfs. We have obtained Hubble Space Telescope high-dispersion spectroscopy of two hot white dwarfs using the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph. The stars were selected on the basis of EUV flux as examples of H-rich DA stars containing high and low levels of short-wavelength opacity. The high-opacity star, REJ 1614-085, possesses strong features due to C IV, Si IV, and N V. Carbon and silicon in this star are underabundant with respect to the predictions of radiative levitation; nitrogen, however, is superabundant. This is in sharp contrast to the apparently similar DA star GD 394, where silicon is in extreme overabundance. The low-opacity star PG 1057 + 719, as expected, shows no clear evidence of these or any other heavy ions. We find evidence of weak blueshifted components in the REJ 1614-085 C IV and Si IV lines, which may indicate the star is experiencing ongoing mass loss.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Fractal analysis of the egg shell ornamentation in anostracans cysts: a quantitative approach to the morphological variations in Chirocephalus ruffoi. The external ornamentations of the cysts in anostracans are often characterized by crests and ridges. However, their variation cannot be properly quantified by traditional morphometrics. We propose a fractal-based analysis through box-counting to evaluate and compare differences between groups. Box-counting provides a value (fractal dimension, FD) which is proportional to the coverage and space-filling property of a geometrical pattern. Therefore, it is useful to quantify features associated with the spatial organization of the crests. Crests height is moderately correlated with cyst body diameter at individual (R = 0.27; P < 0.0001) and population (R = 0.58; P = 0.05) level. The geometric pattern of the crests is not related to the cyst body size, suggesting that allometric components influencing the spatial distribution of the crests are absent or negligible. There is a faint correlation between crests geometry and height (R = 0.20; P = 0.003). Interestingly, the distribution of the FDs is bimodal, revealing two distinct morphotypes that may be associated with structural constraints, genetics, or environmental components. Taking into account the limited information on the factors shaping the external crests of the cysts, this approach can be useful in evaluating phylogenetic and ecological influences on the final phenotype of the cysts.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "A Warre of the Pen': The Force on Parliament and English Polemic, 1646-48. This essay examines the polemical history of the London apprentices' \\\\'Force on Parliament\\\\' of July 26,1647. Despite its relatively minor political impact, the Force took on a profound significance in partisan print as contemporary polemicists appropriated its events to fit a variety of conflicting ideological narratives. Ultimately, these debates contributed to a massive revival in English print production during the fall of 1647. Although modern historians have not addressed this element of the Force's political legacy, this case study suggests that a more sustained commitment to the manifold connections between politics and polemic during the English Revolution might yield considerable scholarly dividends.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "National virtue and the 'media sexualisation of children' discourse in Australia. Most studies of the media sexualisation of children debate focus on its significance in terms of discourses of sexuality and gender. This article makes observations about public meetings called to express concern about media sexualisation held in several Australian capital cities 2009-2010 to argue that media sexualisation is also meaningful in relation to discourses of nation. Drawing on the claim made by Valerie Walkerdine that concern with the eroticisation of girls is a defence against acknowledgement of difficult sexual desires and Gayle Rubin's observation that concerns with children's sexuality often carry other political agendas, this article argues that the concern with media sexualisation of children in the Australian context carries meaning about national identity and national virtue. It places the emergence of the discourse in the recent history of revelations about the systemic abuse of children by the state and the Christian churches throughout the 20th century and into this century, and argues that the media sexualisation discourse constitutes subjects who, via their investment in innocence, are exonerated from any culpability in this compromising national history.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Prebiotic competition and evolution in self-replicating polynucleotides can explain the properties of DNA/RNA in modern living systems. Background We hypothesize prebiotic evolution of self-replicating macro-molecules (Alberts, Molecular biology of the cell, 2015; Orgel, Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 39:99-123, 2004; Hud, Nat Commun 9:5171) favoured the constituent nucleotides and biophysical properties observed in the RNA and DNA of modern organisms. Assumed initial conditions are a shallow tide pool, containing a racemic mix of diverse nucleotide monomers (Barks et al., Chembiochem 11:1240-1243, 2010; Krishnamurthy, Nat Commun 9:5175, 2018; Hirao, Curr Opin Chem Biol 10:622-627), subject to day/night thermal fluctuations (Piccirilli et al., Nature 343:33-37, 1990). Self-replication, like Polymerase Chain Reactions, followed as higher daytime thermal energy \\\\'melted\\\\' inter-strand hydrogen bonds causing strand separation while solar UV radiation increased prebiotic nucleobase formation (Szathmary, Proc Biol Sci 245:91-99, 1991; Materese et al., Astrobiology 17:761-770, 2017; Bera et al., Astrobiology 17:771-785, 2017). Lower night energies allowed free monomers to form hydrogen bonds with their template counterparts leading to daughter strand synthesis (Hirao, Biotechniques 40:711, 2006). Results Evolutionary selection favoured increasing strand length to maximize auto-catalytic function in RNA and polymer stability in double stranded DNA (Krishnamurthy, Chemistry 24:16708-16715, 2018; Szathmary, Nat Rev Genet 4:995-1001, 2003). However, synthesis of the full daughter strand before daytime temperatures produced strand separation, longer polymer length required increased speed of self-replication. Computer simulations demonstrate optimal polynucleotide autocatalytic speed is achieved when the constituent nucleotides possess a left-right asymmetry that decreases the hydrogen bond kinetic barrier for the free nucleotide attachment to the template on one side and increases bond barrier on the other side preventing it from releasing prior to covalent bond formation. This phenomenon is similar to asymmetric kinetics observed during polymerization of the front and the back ends of linear cytoskeletal proteins such as actin and microtubules (Orgel, Nature 343:18-20, 1990; Henry, Curr Opin Chem Biol 7:727-733, 2003; Walker et al., J Cell Biol 108:931-937, 1989; Crevenna et al., J Biol Chem 288:12102-12113, 2013). Since rotation of the nucleotide would disrupt the asymmetry, the optimal nucleotides must form two or more hydrogen bonds with their counterpart on the template strand. All nucleotides in modern RNA and DNA have these predicted properties. Our models demonstrate these constraints on the properties of constituent monomers result in biophysical properties found in modern DNA and RNA including strand directionality, anti-parallel strand orientation, homochirality, quadruplet alphabet, and complementary base pairing. Furthermore, competition between RNA and DNA auto-replicators for 3 nucleotides in common permit states coexistence and possible cooperative interactions that could be incorporated into nascent living systems. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the molecular properties of DNA/RNA could have emerged from Darwinian competition among macromolecular replicators that selected nucleotide monomers that maximized the speed of autocatalysis.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Real-time circulating tumor cells detection via highly sensitive needle-like cytosensor-demonstrated by a blood flow simulation. The concept of rapid detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has always been the focal point of modern and future medicine. However, the dispersity and rarity of CTCs in the bloodstream makes it hard to detect metastasis. Herein, our newly designed needle-like cytosensor demonstrates that the capture and analysis of CTCs are a much less laborious process and have more potential than ever. Our aim is to detect and capture CTCs directly in the bloodstream without altering the genetic information; further benefit of current cytosensor is allows for the whole circulation of blood to run through the cytosensor, giving a much better sensitivity and chance of detecting CTCs. Our functionalized needle-like cytosensor has been modified with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide, N-hydroxysuccinimide and conjugated streptavidin to allow the binding of the biotinylated-antibody of epithelial cell adhesion molecules, which captures targeted colon cancer CTC. The capability of our needle-like cytosensor to detect CTCs spanned from 102 to 106 cells/mL. Beyond this, the needle-like cytosensor avoids the distortion of the cell information. In addition, we constructed a blood flow simulation that mimics human circulating system about 10 mL/min speed; by using cyclic voltammetry we could detect significant signals from captured cancer CTCs more than 21 cells/mL without delay; the fluorescence dye detection was further performed for data confirmation. The future of biosensors begins with this, by providing early monitoring quality care in cancer therapy.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 19, 36, 15, 42]}
{"token": "Citrus flavonoids and the intestinal barrier: Interactions and effects. The intestinal barrier plays a central role in sustaining gut homeostasis and, when dysfunctional, may contribute to diseases. Dietary flavonoids derived from Citrus genus represent one of the main naturally occurring phytochemicals with multiple potential benefits for the intestinal barrier function. In the intestine, citrus flavonoids (CFs) undergo ingestion from the lumen, biotransformation in the epithelial cells and/or crosstalk with luminal microbiota to afford various metabolites that may in turn exert protective actions on gut barrier along with their parental compounds. Specifically, the health-promoting properties of CFs and their metabolic bioactives for the intestinal barrier include their capacity to (a) modulate barrier permeability; (b) protect mucus layer; (c) regulate intestinal immune system; (d) fight against oxidative stress; and (e) positively shape microbiome and metabolome. Notably, local effects of CFs can also generate systemic benefits, for instance, improvement of gut microbial dysbiosis helpful to orchestrate gut homeostasis and leading to alleviation of systemic dysmetabolism. Given the important role of the intestinal barrier in overall health, further understanding of underlying action mechanisms and ultimate health effects of CFs as well as their metabolites on the intestine is of great significance to future application of citrus plants and their bioactives as dietary supplements and/or functional ingredients in medical foods.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Al-4Cu Alloy Produced by Mechanical Alloying and Vacuum Hot Pressing. Bulk nanostructured Al-4 wt pct Cu alloy with high compression strength (879 MPa) was produced by mechanical alloying followed by vacuum hot pressing (VHP). The hot-pressed compacts were nanostructured with a grain size of 50 nm and were densified to more than 99 pct of the theoretical density. Contributions from different strengthening mechanisms were estimated using simplified models and were compared with the experiment.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Constrained null controllability for distributed systems and applications to hyperbolic-like equations. We consider linear control systems of the form y '(t) = Ay(t) + Bu(t) on a Hilbert space Y . We suppose that the control operator B is bounded from the control space U to a larger extrapolation space containing Y . The aim is to study the null controllability in the case where the control u is constrained to lie in a bounded subset Gamma subset of U. We obtain local constrained controllability properties. When (e(tA))(t is an element of Double-struck capital R) is a group of isometries, we establish necessary conditions and sufficient ones for global constrained controllability. Moreover, when the constraint set Gamma contains the origin in its interior, the local constrained property turns out to be equivalent to a dual observability inequality of L-1 type with respect to the time variable. In this setting, the study is focused on hyperbolic-like systems which can be reduced to a second order evolution equation. Furthermore, we treat the problem of determining a steering control for general constraint set Gamma in nonsmooth convex analysis context. In the case where Gamma contains the origin in its interior, a steering control can be obtained by minimizing a convenient smooth convex functional. Applications to the wave equation and Euler-Bernoulli beams are presented.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41]}
{"token": "Effects of progesterone presynchronization and eCG on pregnancy rates to GnRH-based, timed-AI in beef cattle. Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of low-dose progesterone presynchronization and eCG on pregnancy rates to GnRH-based, timed-AI (TAI) in beef cattle (GnRH on Day 0, PGF(2 alpha) on Day 7, with GnRH and TAI on Day 9, 54-56 h after PGF(2 alpha)). Experiments 1 and 2 were 2 x 2 factorials with presynchronization (with or without a once-used CIDR: Days -15 to 0 in Experiment 1 and Days -7 to 0, with PGF(2 alpha) at insertion, in Experiment 2), and with or without 400 IU eCG on Day 7 in suckled cows. In Experiment 3. Suckled cows and nulliparous heifers were either presynchronized with a twice-used CIDR (Days -5 to 0) and PGF(2 alpha) at insertion, or no treatment prior to insertion of a new CIDR (Days 0-7). Presynchronization increased (P < 0.05) ovulation rate to GnRH on Day 0 (75.0% vs 48.7%, 76.7% vs 55.0%, and 60.0% vs 36.1% for Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively), increased the diameter of the preovulatory follicle in Experiments 1 and 2, and increased the response to PGF(2 alpha) (regardless of parity) in Experiment 1 (P < 0.01), and in primiparous cows in Experiment 2 (P < 0.01). Effects of presynchronization on pregnancy rates (53.4% vs 54.1%, 57.7% vs 45.3%, and 54.3% vs 44.4% for Experiments 1, 1 and 3, respectively) were influenced by parity and eCG (P < 0.05). Treatment with eCG had no effect (P > 0.05) on the diameter of the preovulatory follicle (Experiment 1), or the response to PGF(2 alpha) (Experiments 1 and 2), but tended (P = 0.08) to improve pregnancy rates, especially in primiparous cows that were not presynchronized (P < 0.01). However, the effects of eCG and presynchronization were not additive. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 10]}
{"token": "Enhancement of latent fingermarks on non-porous surfaces using anti-L-amino acid antibodies conjugated to gold nanoparticles. Enantioselective anti-L-amino acid antibodies conjugated to gold nanoparticles are shown to facilitate the detection of latent fingermarks by interacting with amino acids present in friction ridge secretions. This antibody-based system is particularly effective for the enhancement of aged and dried fingermarks on non-porous surfaces, an area unexploited by current techniques.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Effect of rice straw and/or nitrogen fertiliser inputs on methanogenic archaeal and denitrifying communities in a typical rice paddy soil. To understand better the microbial functional populations which are involved in methanogenesis and denitrification in paddy soils with rice straw (RS) and/or nitrogen fertiliser (potassium nitrate, N) application, the dynamics of methanogens and the denitrifying community were monitored simultaneously during the incubation period. The results show that the community structure of methanogens remained relatively stable among treatments based on 16S rDNA analysis, but fluctuated based on 16S rRNA. The Methanocellaceae and Methanosarcinaceae dominated all treatments at 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA level, respectively. RS+N increased the relative abundance of Methanosaetaceae at the 16S rRNA level, while there was an increasing trend in that Methanomicrobiaceae following RS addition at the 16S rDNA level. RS and/or N did not significantly change the diversity of methanogens targeting both 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA. RS and RS+N increased copy numbers of methanogens targeting both 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA analyses. The community structure and abundance of nirS and nosZ-containing denitrifiers, and the diversity of nirS-containing denitrifiers was significantly altered only by the N treatment. These results indicate that the community structure, diversity and abundance of methanogens respond differently to RS addition at the 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA levels.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Willughby's angel: the pintailed sandgrouse (Pterocles alchata). Among paintings of birds thought to have been bought in 1663 in Nuremberg by Francis Willughby, and now housed in Nottingham University library, is the painting of a bird called Jangle de Languedoc. Unlike some of the other drawings, this particular one was never used by Ray in his Ornithology of Francis Willughby (1678), who had difficulty in identifying the bird. We show here that this painting was not bought in Nuremberg, but that it was obtained by Ray from Sir Thomas Crew, during his stay in Montpellier in 1665. Furthermore, had Ray looked at Gessner (Historiae animalium liber III qui est de avium natura. Christophus Froschoverus, Tiguri, 1555), Aldrovandi (Ornithologiae, tomus alter. Bononiae, apud Franciscum de Franciscis Senensem, 1600), Jonston (Historiae naturalis de avibus libri VI. Matthaeus Merianus, Frankfurt, 1650) and mostly at Charleton (Gualteri Charletoni Exercitationes de Differentiis & Nominibus Animalium. Theatro Sheldoniano, Oxford, 1677), he would have been able to identify the bird of the painting as alchata or \\\\'angel\\\\', specifically a pintailed sandgrouse, Pterocles alchata.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "An improved shear deformation theory for bending beams with symmetrically varying mechanical properties in the depth direction. The paper is devoted to simply supported beams under three-point bending. Their mechanical properties symmetrically vary in the depth direction. The individual shear deformation theory for beams of such features is proposed. Based on the principle of stationary total potential energy the differential equations of equilibrium are obtained. The system of the equations is analytically solved, and the shear coefficients and deflections of example beams are calculated. The solution is compared with other analytical results obtained with the use of another deformation function. Moreover, the bending problem of these beams is also numerically studied using the finite element method. Results of analytical and numerical studies are presented in Figures and Tables.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "STUDIES OF THE MOLYBDENUM COFACTOR OF MOLYBDENUM-CONTAINING ENZYMES (A REVIEW). The molybdenum cofactor is the active site of a large, group of molybdenum-containing enzymes. Nitrogenase, which contains its own iron-molybdenum cofactor, is the only exception. The enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions involving nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur. A concise summary of results published by members of the Laboratory of Biochemistry of Nitrate Assimilation at the Each Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, is presented.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 43]}
{"token": "Analysis of Multiphase Heat Transfer of TA2/Q235B Clad Plate Subjected to Impinging Liquid Jet Cooling. Three-dimensional numerical simulations are conducted to calculate the surface heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of the water jet impinging on a TA2/Q235B clad plate. The accuracy of the simulation model is validated by experiment. The simulation results are basically in agreement with the experimental results. The effect of clad plate temperature and thickness, jet height, orifice diameter, and orifice velocity on the HTC is investigated. The numerical results show that the average surface HTC of TA2/Q235B clad plate is greatly affected by plate temperature, Reynolds number (orifice velocity and orifice diameter), and plate thickness, while it is less affected by jet height. The surface HTC decreases with the increase of clad plate temperature and thickness. The surface HTC increases dramatically with the increase of jet Reynolds number. At the same Reynolds number (more than 14500), the cooling effect of increasing the orifice velocity is stronger than increasing the orifice diameter, while at the same Reynolds number (less than 14500), the orifice diameter has the larger impact on the surface HTC than the orifice velocity.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Migraine and hypertension. Although the possibility of a comorbidity between migraine and hypertension has long been suspected, the epidemiologic evidence is controversial, with studies demonstrating positive, negative or no correlation between the two diseases. A unifying view that takes into account the most recent evidence suggests that there might be a different effect of diastolic and systolic pressure, with the former having a positive and the latter a negative correlation with migraine. In this paper, the methodologic and clinical reasons for the discrepancies in epidemiologic studies are discussed, together with the possible biological mechanisms that might. account for the migraine-hypertension correlation. One such mechanisms may be the renin angiotensin system, which is certainly involved in hypertension and has activities in the CNS that may be relevant for migraine pathogenesis. Despite the uncertainty still present in this field, the control of hypertension in migraine patients is an important factor for the success of migraine,treatment and to lower cerebrovascular risk.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "Multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae from Tanzania: a major concern for malaria vector control. Conclusions: Overall, this study confirmed resistance to all four insecticide classes in An. gambiae sensu lato in selected locations in Tanzania. Results are discussed in relation to resistance mechanisms and the optimization of resistance management strategies.Background: Malaria vector control in Tanzania is based on use of long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), which both rely on the use of chemical insecticides. The effectiveness of these control tools is endangered by the development of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vectors. This study was carried out to monitor the susceptibility status of major malaria vectors to insecticides used for IRS and LLINs in mainland Tanzania.Results: Anopheles arabiensis was the dominant malaria specie in the country, accounting for 52% of the sibling species identified, while An. gambiae s.s. represented 48%. In Arumeru site, the dominant species was An. arabiensis, which was resistant to both pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin), and pirimiphos-methyl, and had significant elevated levels of GSTs, non-specific esterases, and oxidase enzymes. An. arabiensis was also a dominant species in Kilombero and Kondoa sites, both were resistant to permethrin and deltamethrin with significant activity levels of oxidase enzymes. Resistance to bendiocarb was recorded in Ngara site where specie composition is evenly distributed between An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis. Also bendiocarb resistance was recorded in Mbozi site, where An. gambiae s.s. is the dominant species.Methods: Mosquito larvae were collected in 20 sites of Tanzania mainland in 2015. Phenotypic resistance was determined using standard WHO susceptibility tests. Molecular assay were used to determine distribution of Anopheles gambiae sub-species. A microplate assay approach was used for identifying enzyme levels on single mosquitoes from each sites compared with a susceptible reference strain, An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) Kisumu strain.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Using problems with wicked tendencies as vehicles for learning in higher professional education: towards coherent curriculum design. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of using problems with wicked tendencies as vehicles for learning in higher professional education (HPE). It was guided by this question: How can the features of problems, problem-solving approaches and outcomes be aligned in HPE courses aiming to prepare students for addressing problems with wicked tendencies? A multiple case study design was used to investigate six courses in HPE. Data came from semi-structured interviews with teachers, students and external stakeholders, observations and document study. Wickedness was defined in terms of complexity, uncertainty and value divergence. Findings showed nine characteristic manifestations of wickedness that students encounter and should learn to deal with. These manifestations pertain to the system-like character, the changing patterns and the fragmented character of problems; the transdisciplinary, adaptive and participatory character of the problem-solving process; and the integral, provisional and mutually shared character of outcomes. The study led to the generation of curriculum design principles for the design and implementation of courses that foster students' skills for addressing problems with wicked tendencies. The conjecture is that students' experiences of wickedness can create destructive tension leading to efforts to reduce this tension by reducing wickedness. Teachers should balance this tension, provide alignment of the dimensions of wickedness in problem, process and outcome and ensure the integration of these dimensions as such in a coherent curriculum design.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Performing Restoration Shakespeare 'Then' and 'Now': A Case Study of Davenant's Macbeth. Focusing on a case study of William Davenant???s Macbeth (c.1664), this article sets out to explore how and why Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare???s plays succeeded in performance in their own time (especially in the 1660s and 1670s) and how they might be revived for audiences today. To achieve this, the article combines theater history and literary criticism with practice-based performance scholarship. Firstly, it draws on reviews and reports from the Restoration to examine how and why rewriting and adaptation were necessary to ensure the survival of Shakespeare???s plays after the end of the English Civil War. In the same segment, the article also examines how the emphasis on musical and visual spectacle and the use of heavily revised playtexts were received by seventeenth-century playgoers. The article then uses observations and conclusions made during a rare professional production of Davenant???s Macbeth at the Folger Theatre in Washington, DC (2018) to investigate how Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare can inform modern theater practice. The conflicts and obstacles that were encountered in this production, and the possibilities and solutions that were discovered, can offer lessons as well as strategies for performing Restoration Shakespeare both now and in the future. By considering the creative choices made during the Folger???s production and investigating how these were received by reviewers and audiences, the article suggests a selective and adaptive approach to using Restoration Shakespeare in modern theater practice: namely, one that exploits the performance potential of the musical spectacle and of the new characters that were added by Restoration adapters but treats with caution the revisions of Shakespeare???s plots and language.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "New methods for reconstructing geographical effects on dispersal rates and routes from large-scale radiocarbon databases. We also introduce an important additional model output, namely, modelled phylogenies of the dispersing population or diffusing cultural entity, based on branching networks of shortest or 'least cost' paths. These 'dispersal trees' can be used as an additional tool to evaluate dispersal scenarios, based on their degree of congruence with phylogenies of the dispersing population reconstructed independently from other kinds of information.We illustrate our approach with a case study, the spread of the Neolithic transition in Europe, using a database from the literature (Pinhasi, Fort and Amerman 2005). Our methods find support for a geographical model in which dispersal is limited by an altitudinal cut-off and in which there is a climate-related latitudinal gradient in rate of spread. This model leads to a deceleration in front propagation rate with geodesic distance, which is also consistent with models of the propagation of the Neolithic transition under space competition with pre-existing populations of hunter-gatherers. Our genetic algorithms meanwhile searched the parameter space and found support for an alternative model involving fast spread along the northern Mediterranean coast and the Danube/Rhine riverine corridor. Both these models outperformed the geography-free Great Circle distance model, and both also outperformed another, almost geography-free, model that constrains dispersal to land to and near-offshore coastal waters. The adjusted coefficient of determination for modelled and observed radiocarbon dates for first arrival supports the GA-derived model; the shortest path network analysis, however, gives greater support to the model with altitudinal cut-off and latitudinal gradient in dispersal rate, since it produces branching 'dispersal trees' that are more congruent with these archaeological sites' clade memberships (as defined by archaeological material culture). 0 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.We introduce a methodology for reconstructing geographical effects on dispersal and diffusion patterns, using georeferenced archaeological radiocarbon databases. Fast Marching methods for modelling front propagation enable geographical scenarios to be explored regarding barriers, corridors, and favoured and unfavoured habitat types. The use of genetic algorithms as optimal search tools also enables the derivation of new geographical scenarios, and is especially useful in high-dimensional parameter spaces that cannot be characterized exhaustively due to computer runtime constraints. Model selection is guided by goodness-of-fit statistics for observed and predicted radiocarbon dates.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Identifying cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genes induced in response to Aspergillus flavus infection. Development of aflatoxin-resistant cotton against Aspergillus flavus is handicapped by the lack of resistance source in available germplasm. Genetic engineering warrants for identification of resistanc-associated genes in cotton. As a first step toward this, we isolated 44 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to A. flavus infection, using annealing control primer system. Different functional classification of the DEGs suggested a complex and multi-factorial plant-fungus interaction. Eight DEGs, including transcription factors, kinase, and downstream stress responsive genes, showed a tissue- and time-dependent differences in their expression. The upregulated genes can be used as transgenes and/or functional markers for breeding aflatoxin-resistant cottonseed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Impact of Infection Control Education on Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Procedural Staff. To date, minimal research has been conducted on proper use of personal protective equipment and hand hygiene within endoscopy. The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy has developed guidelines for infection control within the endoscopy suite. A practice change based upon these guidelines was implemented. Education was provided to endoscopy procedural staff within a Midwestern hospital based upon the World Health Organization 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene initiative and included personal protective equipment. Knowledge, skills, and attitudes of the participant group were compared from paired pre- to posteducation surveys pertaining to hand hygiene and personal protective equipment. Observation of personal protective equipment use and hand hygiene implementation during procedures was also documented pre- to posteducation. The project results revealed both willingness to implement proper donning and doffing of personal protective equipment and improved technique as evidenced by improved observed technique with the endoscopy suite and moderately improved hand hygiene questionnaire results. Although conducted as a quality improvement project, clinical significance was found via observation following education. These practices can aid in reduction of organism transmission from patients to staff.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "sPlot - A new tool for global vegetation analyses. Aims Vegetation-plot records provide information on the presence and cover or abundance of plants co-occurring in the same community. Vegetation-plot data are spread across research groups, environmental agencies and biodiversity research centers and, thus, are rarely accessible at continental or global scales. Here we present the sPlot database, which collates vegetation plots worldwide to allow for the exploration of global patterns in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity at the plant community level. Results sPlot version 2.1 contains records from 1,121,244 vegetation plots, which comprise 23,586,216 records of plant species and their relative cover or abundance in plots collected worldwide between 1885 and 2015. We complemented the information for each plot by retrieving climate and soil conditions and the biogeographic context (e.g., biomes) from external sources, and by calculating community-weighted means and variances of traits using gap-filled data from the global plant trait database TRY. Moreover, we created a phylogenetic tree for 50,167 out of the 54,519 species identified in the plots. We present the first maps of global patterns of community richness and community-weighted means of key traits. Conclusions The availability of vegetation plot data in sPlot offers new avenues for vegetation analysis at the global scale.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37, 9]}
{"token": "National Varieties of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): A Comparative Analysis of PPP-Supporting Units in 19 European Countries. Most countries that have adopted the public-private partnership (PPP) model as a means of implementing infrastructure projects have launched dedicated supporting units to guide policy development and stimulate project implementation. This paper draws on the theoretical notion of PPP-enabling fields to carry out a comparative analysis of the roles and functions of PPP-supporting units across 19 European countries with varying PPP experiences. We distinguish four categories of national support of PPPs, from skeptical systems of zero support to full-fledged PPP systems. Furthermore, we take initial steps to analyze the possible link between national differences in institutionalized PPP support and the amount of implemented PPP projects. Finally, pathways for further research on PPP-supporting units are discussed.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Induction of rhythmicity in prothoracicotropic hormone and ecdysteroids in Rhodnius prolixus: roles of photic and neuroendocrine Zeitgebers. Circadian rhythms have been described in Rhodnius prolixus in both the release of prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) from the brain complex and the synthesis land release) of ecdysteroids by the prothoracic glands (PGs). The PGs possess a circadian oscillator that is light-sensitive in vitro. The present work reports the ability of a 'lights-off' signal to induce rhythmicity in both PTTH and ecdysteroids in whole animals. Continuous light (LL:) caused cessation of release of PTTH; rhythmic release was promptly initiated by transfer to darkness (DD). We infer a light-sensitive circadian oscillator that regulates PTTH release and discuss evidence of its location in the protocerebrum. PGs maintained in LL became arrhythmic but maintained a developmental modulation of steroidogenesis. Transfer of animals to DD initiated rhythmic steroidogenesis; thus, the 'PG oscillator' operates in vivo despite an overlying cuticle. The first initiated peak in steroidogenesis precedes that of PTTH by several hours and was not impaired when PTTH release was prevented by prior injection of tetrodotoxin. In normal animals (PTTH present), the phase of the induced rhythm of steroidogenesis was shifted in a single cycle to align with that of PTTH release. We conclude that both 'brain oscillator' and 'PG oscillator' are photosensitive, and the induced PTTH rhythm regulates the phase of rhythmic steroidogenesis. This neuroendocrine axis contains (at least) three photosensitive oscillators, in which classical pacemaker and slave oscillators are not obvious. Caution in the application of formal terminology to discrete tissues is urged. This multioscillator timing system appears to direct the circadian organization of development through the rhythm in haemolymph ecdysteroids that reaches ecdysone-responsive cells. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 47]}
{"token": "Population genetics of a successful invader: the marsh frog Rana ridibunda in Britain. We investigated the genetic outcome of successful invasion by an alien species, the marsh frog Rana ridibunda , in Britain. Twelve adults translocated from Hungary into Kent (Romney) in 1935 resulted rapidly in a large localized population. A further successful translocation in 1973 from Romney to Sussex (Lewes), together with other range extensions, provided an opportunity to test bottleneck effects during colonization events. Romney and Lewes frogs had similar genetic diversities to those in Hungary at 14 random amplified polymorphic DNA marker (RAPD) and five microsatellite loci. The introduced populations were, however, differentiated genetically from each other and from a reference population in Hungary. Fitness assessments (larval growth and survival) revealed no differences between the Lewes and Romney populations. Despite starting with few founders, significant bottleneck effects on R. ridibunda in Britain were therefore undetectable, presumably because population expansions were rapid immediately after the translocations.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Empowering Teachers to Deal with Classroom Diversity. This paper briefly presents an educational intervention program focused on empowering teachers to deal with classroom diversity and results obtained following its implementation at undergraduate students preparing for a teaching career, attending the Pedagogy of primary and preschool education B; study programme at Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacau, Romania. Our findings show that the educational intervention program enhanced the trainees' knowledge, skills and attitudes in terms of their ability to successfully approach classroom diversity and risks of conflicts based on discrimination and differences in the class of students.In the age of globalization, teachers need to have special skills to deal with classroom diversity represented by the different cultural, socio-economic backgrounds of students in a class. Studies have shown the need to train teachers with respect to several dimensions related to dealing with diversity in class: respect for cultural differences and diversity, confidence in interactions with students from different cultural backgrounds, manifesting interest in interactive contexts.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Effect of Monosilicic and Polysilicic Acids on Cd Transport in Rice, a Laboratory Test. Silicon (Si) has been reported to enhance the plant tolerance to cadmium (Cd) toxicity, while the Si-Cd interactions remain poorly investigated. In a laboratory study, the transport of monosilicic and polysilicic acids in the apoplast and symplast of roots, stems and leaves of rice as well as the effect of Si supplementation on the external solution-to-root-to-stem-to-leaf time-dependent Cd transport through apoplastic and symplastic pathways were investigated. The Cd translocation was very fast and mainly through apoplastic pathway. For 24 h the Cd concentration increased 38-50 times in apoplast and 6-8 times in symplast. In Cd-exposed plants, Cd entry into apoplast was inhibited during the first 2 days, but its massive flow was observed on the 4th day. In Si-supplied plants, the ability of apoplastic barriers to impede Cd root-to-leaf transport was higher during all time of examination. Silicon reduced the Cd transport through the apoplast of roots, stems, and leaves by 50-90%, while the symplast transport of Cd was influenced by Si only in stems. In the apoplast and symplast, soluble Si was presented in the form of both monomers and polymers of silicic acid. Exposure to Cd initiated the uptake by roots and fast redistribution of Si from leaves to roots via mono- and polysilicic acids movement in apoplast and symplast.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Seasonal variation in avian community composition in a high-andean Polylepis (Rosaceae) forest fragment. We analyzed seasonal variation in avian species richness and relative abundance at the community and guild level during a 13-month period in central Bolivia in an 11-ha patch of Polylepis (Rosaceae) forest, a high-Andean ecosystem that has suffered from extreme anthropogenic fragmentation. Birds were surveyed audio-visually (supplemented with mist net data) and assigned to five relative abundance categories for 2-month survey periods. We recorded 35 core species, including 16 insectivores (46%), 11 frugi-granivores (31%), seven nectarivores (20%), and one carnivore (3%). Core species richness varied from 25 (June-July) to 33 (October-November). Insectivores had a significantly higher proportion of year-round residents (81%) than frugi-granivores (45%) or nectarivores (14%); the same trend was evident with respect to seasonal variation in species richness of each guild. Although most species varied considerably in their relative abundance, no guild showed significant variation in relative abundance scores among survey periods. However, frugi-granivores and nectarivores combined, both of which depend upon plants as food resources, reached a significant minimum in mid-winter (June-July), and the same result was found at the community level. The insectivore guild thus was the most temporally stable both in terms of species richness and abundance. Qualitative observations indicated that the fluctuations in frugi-granivores and nectarivores were related to the availability of food resources.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "SEX DIFFERENTIATION OF BONELLI'S EAGLE AQUILA FASCIATA IN WESTERN EUROPE USING MORPHOMETRICS AND PLUMAGE COLOUR PATTERNS. The study of biometric variables and the colour patterns of different plumage parts allow sex discrimination of Bonelli's eagles, both in the hand and at a distance. Between 1999 and 2012, 175 Bonelli's eagles were captured in Spain, Portugal and France and sexed on the basis of genetic analysis or by verification of reproductive behaviour. Biometric variables were measured and coloration patterns were assigned to four plumage parts (tail feathers, undertail coverts, leg feathers and throat). Females were larger than males, all variables analysed, with the exception of wing length, showing significant differences. The greatest differences were in body length, tarsus width, body mass and hindclaw length. The study of coloration revealed differences in plumage patterns between males and females. Males had paler underparts than females. Bonelli's eagles may be sexed reliably through biometric measurements and by assessing and identifying colour patterns. This is the first study quantifying sexual dimorphism of the endangered Bonelli's eagle, for which several research and conservation programmes are now being implemented.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Naive migrants and the use of magnetic cues: temporal fluctuations in the geomagnetic field differentially affect male and female Ruff Philomachus pugnax during their first migration. In many species, naive first-time migrants undertake migration without adults, supposedly on the basis of a simple' vector programme that combines an innate directional preference with a temporal programme that specifies distance. In strongly dimorphic species in which the sexes show distinct ecological requirements, the innate mechanisms of navigation may be expected to diverge between males and females with respect to their specific destinations. Based on captures of juvenile Ruff Philomachus pugnax at a migratory stopover over 21years, a correlation was found between the year-specific sex ratio and the global magnetic field disturbance during the 2weeks prior to the peak of captures in that year. This suggests that males and females respond differently to geomagnetic disturbance with changes in either the direction of migration or the level of migratory activity, and implies sex-specificity in the use of their geomagnetic navigational toolbox'.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Phylogenetic and serological analysis of turnip ringspot virus and radish mosaic virus isolates. Turnip ringspot virus (TuRSV) has been proposed to be a member of a new species in the genus Comovirus. Its remarkable host-range similarity to radish mosaic virus (RaMV) may have led to its misrecognition in the past. Findings from both sequence analysis and serological tests support the assignment of TuRSV to a new comovirus species. In addition, phylogenetic analysis suggests that the two genome segments of some TuRSV isolates have a heterogeneous origin.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER-STABLE AND UNSTABLE SUBTYPES. There have been criticisms that the criteria for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) are over-dependent on criminal behavior. This study aimed to identify unrelated criteria of social and behavioral problems and instability, and to investigate their associations in a representative household sample of adults in the UK. Approximately one third of adults with ASPD did not fulfill any of the criteria for instability. They were less aggressive and involved in illegal activities but expressed less remorse for their behaviors. Instability in ASPD was mediated primarily through comorbid anxiety disorders and borderline personality disorder. The concept of Secondary Psychopathy, which has not generally been applied to ASPD, demonstrated many similarities to the unstable subtype.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "MC1R variants in childhood and adolescent melanoma: a retrospective pooled analysis of a multicentre cohort. Findings We analysed data from 233 young patients, 932 adult patients, and 932 healthy adult controls. Children and adolescents had higher odds of carrying MC1R r variants than did adult patients (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.02-2.33), including when analysis was restricted to patients aged 18 years or younger (1.80, 1.06-3.07). All investigated variants, except Arg160Trp, tended, to varying degrees, to have higher frequencies in young patients than in adult patients, with significantly higher frequencies found for Val60Leu (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.05-2.44; p=0.04) and Asp294His (2.15, 1.05-4.40; p=0.04). Compared with those of healthy controls, young patients with melanoma had significantly higher frequencies of any MC1R variants.Interpretation Our pooled analysis of MC1R genetic data of young patients with melanoma showed that MC1R r variants were more prevalent in childhood and adolescent melanoma than in adult melanoma, especially in patients aged 18 years or younger. Our findings support the role of MC1R in childhood and adolescent melanoma susceptibility, with a potential clinical relevance for developing early melanoma detection and preventive strategies. Copyright (c) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Background Germline variants in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) might increase the risk of childhood and adolescent melanoma, but a clear conclusion is challenging because of the low number of studies and cases. We assessed the association of MC1R variants with childhood and adolescent melanoma in a large study comparing the prevalence of MC1R variants in child or adolescent patients with melanoma to that in adult patients with melanoma and in healthy adult controls.Methods In this retrospective pooled analysis, we used the M-SKIP Project, the Italian Melanoma Intergroup, and other European groups (with participants from Australia, Canada, France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and the USA) to assemble an international multicentre cohort. We gathered phenotypic and genetic data from children or adolescents diagnosed with sporadic single-primary cutaneous melanoma at age 20 years or younger, adult patients with sporadic single-primary cutaneous melanoma diagnosed at age 35 years or older, and healthy adult individuals as controls. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) for childhood and adolescent melanoma associated with MC1R variants by multivariable logistic regression. Subgroup analysis was done for children aged 18 or younger and 14 years or younger.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Case-based reasoning for design of drying equipment. Case-based reasoning (CBR) is based on the use of past experience in finding the solution to a new but similar problem. CBR is composed of five main phases: input of the new problem, retrieval of the most similar cases from the knowledge base, adaptation of retrieved cases, validation of the new solution, and learning of the system by adding the approved solution to the knowledge base. Adaptation is the most difficult and the most important step in the successful use of the CBR strategy. Two adaptation methods that are based on fuzzy and rough sets are presented in this paper. The given example illustrates selection of a vibrofluidized bed (VFB) dryer, determination of a drying time, and evaluation of the final moisture content based on application of both adaptation methods.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Determinants of Arab public opinion on foreign relations. Using Zogby International polling data from seven different Arab nations (Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) this paper offers a societal-level quantitative analysis (N=91 dyads) of the determinants of Arab public opinion toward 13 different non-Arab countries (Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Pakistan, Russia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States). We first explore whether Arab public opinion toward these countries is predicted by general \\\\'realist,\\\\' \\\\'liberal,\\\\' \\\\'Marxist,\\\\' and/or \\\\'cultural\\\\' hypotheses suggested in the IR/foreign policy literature. After finding few statistically significant relationships among these variables, we present evidence that Arab publics evaluate non-Arab countries on the basis of those countries' specific foreign policy behaviors throughout the wider Middle East (e.g., especially those behaviors affecting Palestine and Iraq). Noting that these evaluations occur in the context of competing identity frames, we provisionally link Arab publics' concerns with \\\\'regional\\\\' matters to the high salience of \\\\'Arabist\\\\' identity among respondents to the Zogby survey.", "label": [5, 52, 54]}
{"token": "Sexual Functioning in Obese Adults Enrolling in a Weight Loss Study. The authors assessed sexual functioning among treatment-seeking obese men (n = 91) and women (n = 134) using the comprehensive validated Sexual Functioning Questionnaire. Scores were lower for women than for men, indicating reduced sexual functioning. Men's scores fell between those of a group of cancer survivors and a general population group, whereas women generally had lower scores than both of these groups. Increasing body mass index was associated with decreasing sexual functioning only for arousal and behavior. Sexual functioning was also reduced on most subscales for individuals who reported sexual inactivity in the past month.", "label": [5, 52, 55]}
{"token": "Business model with a social impact. Among the alternatives in the pursuit of sustainable development are businesses with a social impact, i.e., those businesses created to meet some type of social demand via a profitable operation. The aim of this study was to propose a business model with a social impact that can help identifying the elements of such businesses. The business model proposed differs from existing ones in that it combines a number of said models and mainly in that it details the elements that form it. Our method was based on secondary data collected from documentary research, and primary data from interviews and questionnaires, totaling 49 organizations. The model consists of 5 dimensions formed by 13 elements. As additional contributions, we present a proposal for the definition of Businesses with a Social Impact (BSI) and a taxonomy, considering products/services, clients, and profit structure.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Using online technologies to extend a classroom to learners at a distance. The authors studied a course in which an instructor allowed individuals at a distance to participate. Although these students were not formally enrolled in the university where the class took place, the instructor gave them full access to all course materials and encouraged them to complete course assignments. The authors examined the time and technical proficiency required to involve learners at a distance. We surveyed these learners to determine their perceptions of the course and examined their work. Learners at a distance reported receiving some benefit from the course, particularly in terms of learner-content interaction. We surveyed students in the face-to-face classroom to determine whether having students participating at a distance in the same class affected their perception of the course. They reported no impact. The implications and limitations of these results are discussed.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "History, Administration, Goals, Value, and Long-Term Data of Russia's Strictly Protected Scientific Nature Reserves. One of the most comprehensive attempts at biodiversity conservation in Russia and the former Soviet Union has been the establishment of an extensive network of protected natural areas. Among all types of protected areas in Russia, zapovedniks (strictly protected scientific preserves) have been the most effective in protecting biodiversity at the ecosystem scale. Russia has 101 zapovedniks with a total area of 34.3 million ha, representing 2% of Russian territory. The mission of zapovedniks is to protect native biodiversity and ecosystem processes as well as to facilitate the study of natural ecosystem processes and functions. In this manuscript, we provide a brief history of Russian ecosystem preservation and outline the goals and administrative organization of the Russian zapovednik system as it currently functions, as well as the characteristics, problems, and values of the system.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37]}
{"token": "Herbicide resistance in transgenic plants with mammalian P450 monooxygenase genes. Transgenic potato and rice plants were generated by the introduction of human P450 species, CYP1A1, CYP2B6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, which metabolized a number of herbicides, insecticides and industrial chemicals. The transgenic potato plant T1977 co-expressing CYP1A1, CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 genes showed remarkable cross-resistance to several herbicides with different structures and modes of action due to metabolism of these herbicides by the P450 species expressed. The transgenic rice plant 2C9-57R(2) expressing CYP2C9 gene showed resistance to sulfonylureas, and the transgenic rice plant 2C19-12R(1) expressing CYP2C19 gene showed cross-resistance to certain herbicides with different structures and modes of action. These transgenic plants appear to be useful for herbicide resistance as well as phytoremediation of environmental contaminants. (C) 2005 Society of Chemical Industry.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "Subcellular Redistribution of Root Aquaporins Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide. Aquaporins are water channel proteins that mediate the fine-tuning of cell membrane water permeability during development or in response to environmental stresses. The present work focuses on the oxidative stress-induced redistribution of plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) aquaporins from the plasma membrane (PM) to intracellular membranes. This process was investigated in the Arabidopsis root. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation showed that exposure of roots to 0.5 mM H2O2 induces significant depletion in PM fractions of several abundant PIP homologs after 15 min. Analyses by single-particle tracking and fluorescence correlative spectroscopy showed that, in the PM of epidermal cells, H2O2 treatment induces an increase in lateral motion and a reduction in the density of a fluorescently tagged form of the prototypal AtPIP2; 1 isoform, respectively. Co-expression analyses of AtPIP2;1 with endomembrane markers revealed that H2O2 triggers AtPIP2;1 accumulation in the late endosomal compartments. Lifetime analyses established that the high stability of PIPs was maintained under oxidative stress conditions, suggesting that H2O2 triggers a mechanism for intracellular sequestration of PM aquaporins without further degradation. In addition to information on cellular regulation of aquaporins, this study provides novel and complementary insights into the dynamic remodeling of plant internal membranes during oxidative stress responses.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "IF INDUSTRIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT IS SUSTAINABLE: LITHUANIA COMPARED TO THE EU. Discussions about development of economies` structure and impact of economies structures on patterns and rate of economic growth of countries comprise a separate research area in classic field of economics - economic growth economics, and in a reletively newer field of research - comparative economics. If discussion in classic economic growth theories tackled proportions between agriculture industry, later, with rapid industrialization of currently developed countries, discussion its focus gradually swiched. After industrilization reached its saturation in developed countries and percentage of value added generated by agricultural sector diminished, development economists` discussion turned field of efficiency of economic sectors, estimated by total factor productivity (TFP). The paper is devoted to analysis of tendencies of industrial sector development. Admitting that percentage of value added generated in industrial sector diminishes as county develops and value added generated by service sector increases, we claim, that industry does not loose its importance. In oposite, despit servise sector grow and obviously will rapidly develop in observable futire, industry remain the very important consumer of natural, energectical, capital resources and human resources. It is difficult to underestimate industries role in the process of sustainable development of counries development. This paper suggests a sequently devised glance at historical path of industry sector development in Lithuania. Selected indicators of other countries or the EU are used for comparison reasons having a purpose to shed a light on peculiarities similiarities and differences - of Lithuanian industrial sector development. Insights generated in the result of simple economic comparative analysis of selected counties, we believe, would allow select methodology allowing gradual transforming of Lithuanian industry into more efficient, sustainable and competitive economic sector conditioning the faster economic growth of Lithuania and similar countries, which encounter similar issues and tackle similar economic and politic aims.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Co-circulation of genetically distinct highly pathogenic avian influenza A clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) viruses in wild waterfowl and poultry in Europe and East Asia, 2017-18. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses were first introduced into Europe in late 2014 and reintroduced in late 2016, following detections in Asia and Russia. In contrast to the 2014-15 H5N8 wave, there was substantial local virus amplification in wild birds in Europe in 2016-17 and associated wild bird mortality, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Since December 2017, several European countries have again reported events or outbreaks with HPAI H5N6 reassortant viruses in both wild birds and poultry, respectively. Previous phylogenetic studies have shown that the two earliest incursions of HPAI H5N8 viruses originated in Southeast Asia and subsequently spread to Europe. In contrast, this study indicates that recent HPAI H5N6 viruses evolved from the H5N8 2016-17 viruses during 2017 by reassortment of a European HPAI H5N8 virus and wild host reservoir LPAI viruses. The genetic and phenotypic differences between these outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern for both animal and human health. The current co-circulation of potentially zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia warrants the determination of drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian lineage viruses and the potential threat they pose to public health.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Choosing vehicle capacity to minimize risk for transporting flammable materials. Highway transportation of hazardous materials (hazmat) has been an active area of research with significant efforts in the risk assessment and route selection domains. Almost all these works assume fixed (constant) truck capacity, and hence capacity-based vehicle selection has not been studied. In this paper, we make a first attempt to investigate the impact of different truck capacities on transport risk from moving flammables, such as gasoline or explosives, on a given route. We make use of three scenarios, under risk-neutral and risk-averse assumptions, to develop conditions for preferring a specific vehicle size. A problem instance based in the US is solved to gain managerial insights. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Childcare Attendance and Academic Achievement at Age 16 Years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cohort study, data were included from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) born from April 1991 to December 1992 and the UK National Pupil Database for examination results. Data on academic achievement at age 16 years were available for 11 843 participants. Data were collected from June 2006 to June 2008, and data were analyzed from September 2019 to May 2020.IMPORTANCE Low school preparedness is linked to high school dropout, poor employment, and negative outcomes. Childcare attendance may increase school readiness and foster academic achievement.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Promoting universal childcare with facilitated access for children of lower socioeconomic backgrounds deserves to be considered as a way to reduce the intergenerational transmission of low academic achievement.RESULTS Of 14541 children in the ALSPAC study, 8936 children had complete data on childcare attendance, academic achievement, and maternal education levels. Of these, 4499 (50.3%) were male. Attending childcare was associated with higher probabilities of obtaining a Level 1 or 2 GCSE qualification (Level 1: relative risk, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.16-1.73; Level 2: relative risk, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.30-2.01); however, this association was moderated by the child's maternal education level. When children of mothers with low education attended childcare, their probability of no GCSE qualification went from 28.9% (95% CI, 26.8-31.0) to 20.3% (95% CI, 18.0-22.8), whereas children of mothers with higher education had a probability of no qualification of less than 10% regardless of childcare attendance. The benefit-cost ratio for each 1 pound (US $1.40) invested in full-time childcare attendance for children of mothers with low education was 1.71(95 pound% CI, 1.03-2.45; US $2.39; 95% CI, 1.44-3.43) for those who reached a Level 2 GCSE qualification.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Academic achievement was defined as no certificate, Level 1 General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE; limited training), or Level 2 GCSE (qualification for academic post-16 education; high school diploma equivalent). Lifetime productivity return estimates were withdrawn from previous economic analysis based on pupil's qualifications.EXPOSURES On average, 3.7%, 5.9%, and 90.4% attended childcare full time, part time, and less than 10 hours per week, respectively. Maternal education was assessed by questionnaire during pregnancy. Analyses included weights for population representativeness and propensity score weights to account for parental selection into childcare.OBJECTIVE To explore whether childcare attendance was associated with academic achievement at the end of compulsory schooling (age 16 years in the UK), whether maternal education level was a moderator, and the benefit-cost ratio of childcare regarding productivity returns of academic achievement.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Us versus them, or us versus everyone? Delineating consumer aversion to foreign goods. This paper presents evidence that international animosity and consumer ethnocentrism are distinct constructs that play different roles depending on the set of products available to consumers. Results show that animosity toward a foreign nation is related to choices between foreign goods, while consumer ethnocentrism is related to choices between domestic and foreign goods. Further, the study finds animosity effects even though anger levels are generally low, thus extending the boundaries of the animosity model of foreign purchase. The study focuses on U.S. consumer views of Japan and Japanese products. Implications for decisions concerning global versus local branding strategies are discussed.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "The coup d'etat and the early years of the military government in the reports of the Czechoslovak station in Chile. The study analyses the reports drawn up between 1973 and 1980 by the Czechoslovak rezidentura in Santiago de Chile. These documents are key to a critical reflection of mutual relations of this period, little known up to now. The paper presents not only Czechoslovak interests in the country, but at the same time pays attention to the collaboration with the East German secret service aimed at supporting Chilean Communists.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Bond Modification of Carbon Rovings through Profiling. The load-bearing behavior and the performance of composites depends largely on the bond between the individual components. In reinforced concrete construction, the bond mechanisms are very well researched. In the case of carbon and textile reinforced concrete, however, there is still a need for research, especially since there is a greater number of influencing parameters. Depending on the type of fiber, yarn processing, impregnation, geometry, or concrete, the proportion of adhesive, frictional, and shear bond in the total bond resistance varies. In defined profiling of yarns, we see the possibility to increase the share of the shear bond (form fit) compared to yarns with a relatively smooth surface and, through this, to reliably control the bond resistance. In order to investigate the influence of profiling on the bond and tensile behavior, yarns with various profile characteristics as well as different impregnation and consolidation parameters are studied. A newly developed profiling technique is used for creating a defined tetrahedral profile. In the article, we present this approach and the first results from tensile and bond tests as well as micrographic analysis with profiled yarns. The study shows that bond properties of profiled yarns are superior to conventional yarns without profile, and a defined bond modification through variation of the profile geometry as well as the impregnation and consolidation parameters is possible.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Software firm evolution and innovation-orientation. The software industry is experiencing dramatic growth worldwide. This paper offers a theoretical framework to examine the growth and evolution of software firms from an innovation-orientation perspective. While it is apparent that the attitudes and perceptions of a firm's key stakeholders towards innovative product development hold valuable insights on its future growth and evolution, such a perspective has received limited theoretical attention in studies on firm evolution. In this paper, we define a software firm growth stage model that reflects the changes in a firm's process and product portfolios. We offer a set of research propositions that link the innovation-related attitudes and perceptions of a firm's internal stakeholders to firm evolution. The research model has several important implications for both research and practice and can be extended to other high technology contexts. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 48, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Global Versus Momentary Osteoarthritis Pain and Emotional Distress: Emotional Intelligence as Moderator. Background Pain and emotional well-being are complexly associated both globally and in the moment. Emotional regulation strategies may contribute to that complexity by shaping the pain-well-being association.Conclusions Attention to mood states exacerbates the experience of pain in both short and long terms. In contrast, both mood clarity and ability to repair moods appear important to both momentary and longer-term emotional well-being.Results Global and momentary pain were positively associated with mood clarity and negatively with attention, but not with repair. Clarity and repair negatively predicted depression, and buffered effects of pain on depression. Momentary negative affect was negatively predicted by mood clarity and repair; again, clarity and mood repair buffered effects of momentary pain on negative affect. Only mood repair predicted positive affect, with no interactions emerging.Purpose Using emotional intelligence (EI) as an integrative conceptual framework, this study probed the role of emotional regulation in the associations of osteoarthritis pain with emotional well-being in varying time frames. Perceived attention to, clarity, and regulation of emotions were examined as predictors of well-being, and as moderators of the well-being-pain association, at global and momentary (within-day) levels.Methods In a microlongitudinal study, 218 older adults with physician-diagnosed knee osteoarthritis self-reported global pain, depressive symptoms, and EI (mood attention, clarity, and repair). Momentary pain and positive and negative affect were then assessed four times daily for 7 days. EI subscales were examined as moderators of the pain-well-being association at global and momentary levels, controlling demographics and general health.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LEPTIN RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISM AND QUALITY OF BOTH MEAT AND BACK FAT IN LARGE WHITE PIGS OF UKRAINIAN BREEDING. Leptin receptor is one of the components of the system of regulating energy homeostasis of the organism. Leptin receptor gene (LEPR) polymorphism is associated with pig carcass index of the content of intramuscular fat in its valuable parts, which is particularly important when assessing the quality of their carcasses for processing. Intramuscular fat is associated with meat flavor characteristics and partly determines its tenderness, juiciness, and other parameters. Aim. To analyze LEPR gene (SNP NM001024587.1, p. 1987 C > T) polymorphism in populations of various pig breeds and to establish its relationship with the quality of both meat and fat of pigs of Large White breed of Ukrainian breeding. Methods. Genetic-population analysis of nine pig breeds, associative analysis on the search connection of LEPR gene polymorphism with quality of both meat and fat of pigs of Large White breed of Ukrainian breeding. LEPR locus genotyping was performed by High Resolution Melting (HRM). Results. All the studied breeds are characterized by polymorphism of the leptin receptor gene (SNP NM001024587.1, p. 1987 C > T), significant breed specificity in the distribution of frequencies of alleles was established. Statistically confirmed effect (p < 0.05) of genotypes LEPR on the content of intramuscular fat, total dry matter and moisture in the meat, as well as the moisture content in the back fat of pigs of Ukrainian Large White breed was revealed. Higher content of intramuscular fat was found in the animals with genotype TT, while a smaller amount of intramuscular fat and more moisture in fat was revealed in heterozygotes. Conclusions. Genetic marker LEPR SNP NM001024587.1, p. 1987 C > T can be used in the marker-assisted selection to predict and improve the performance quality of the meat of pigs of Large White breed of the Ukrainian breeding. These results suggest that porcine leptin receptor gene controls the quality of fat complex - inside muscles and in the dorsal part of the carcass.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "The Fifth International Survey of Critical Care Nursing Organizations: Implications for Policy. Purpose To examine the activities, concerns, and expectations of critical care nurses and professional critical care nursing organizations worldwide. Design A descriptive survey methodology was used. This study is the fifth worldwide quadrennial review of its type to monitor variations in critical care nursing needs and provide robust evidence to inform policy related to critical care nursing practice. Methods The fifth World Federation of Critical Care Nurses international survey of critical care nursing organizations was emailed to potential participants from countries with critical care nursing organizations or known critical care nurse leaders. Data were collected online. Responses were entered into SPSS version 23 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and analyzed by geographical region and national wealth group. Findings Eighty-two national representative respondents participated in the survey, of whom two thirds (n= 56, 68%) had an established critical care nursing organization in their country. The five most important issues identified were working conditions, teamwork, staffing levels, the need for formal practice guidelines and competencies, and wages. The top five critical care nursing organization services that were considered to be of most importance were professional representation, as well as provision of workshops and education forums, national conferences, practice standards and guidelines, and local conferences. The most important contributions expected from the World Federation of Critical Care Nurses were standards for clinical practice and professional practice, international conferences, professional representation, and study and education grants. Conclusions The results highlight priority areas for critical care nursing and reinforce the need to address factors that can inform critical care nursing policy and practice. Results of this survey should be incorporated into strategic action plans at the national and international levels. Clinical Relevance Nursing leaders, policymakers, and other interested stakeholders should consider these findings when planning critical care workforce requirements. Interested parties should work collaboratively to inform recommendations for further policy and action.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Distribution of Two Distinct Genotypes of Citrus Greening Organism in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. The Asian type \\\\'Candidantus Liberibacter asiaticus\\\\' (Las, citrus greening organism) is severely damaging citrus production in Asia including Japan. Our previous study suggested that the bacteriophage-type DNA polymerase region (DNA pol) would be useful for molecular differentiation in different Southeast Asian Las isolates. Moreover, Las isolates originated from most of the Southeast Asian regions harbor the DNA pol gene, whereas Japanese ones lack this region. These preliminary findings lead us to a hypothesis that all Japanese isolates lack DNA pol. To try this hypothesis, we collected citrus leaf samples infected with Las throughout the Ryukyu Islands, and examined them by a duplex PCR that could simultaneously amplify two DNA fragments of DNA pol and nusG-rplK operon of Las. The duplex PCR was applied to the collection of 65 Las isolates. Both DNA pol and nusG-rplK operon were successfully amplified from nine isolates, whereas only nusG-rpIK operon was amplified with the other 56 isolates. These nine isolates with DNA pot originated from the Hateruma, Irabu, Kohama, Miyako, Tarama, and Yonaguni Islands, which are geographically close to Taiwan. The nucleotide sequence of DNA pol of these nine isolates was identical, and was also the same as four Taiwanese isolates reported previously. These results suggest that Japanese Las isolates comprise at least two distinct genotypes, and the genotype that had DNA pot is highly homogeneous.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Checklist of jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Psyllidae) from Mato Grosso, Brazil. Psyllids or jumping plant-lice are small phloem-feeding insects characterised by narrow host ranges, i.e., the plants on which they develop. This work shows the results of a survey of the superfamily Psylloidea in different biomes of Mato Grosso state. In total, 29 described genera and 24 described species are listed. The Cerrado biome showed the highest diversity, followed by the Amazon and Pantanal. Compared with a checklist published for Brazil in 2012, the present paper increases significantly the knowledge on the biodiversity of the state of Mato Grosso. In addition to the species recorded here for the first time from Mato Grosso (Diaphorina citri, Heteropsylla caldwelli, Pseudophacopteron longicaudatum, Tainarys myracrodrui and Trioza struthanthi), we provide also new records for other Brazilian states: Isogonoceraia divergipennis from Maranhao, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina; Heteropsylla caldwelli - from Goias and Sao Paulo; Euphalerus clitoriae - from Ceara, Goias, Para, Parana and Santa Catarina; Trioza tabebuiae - from Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo and Santa Catarina; and Trioza struthanthi from Sao Paulo.", "label": [0, 6, 9]}
{"token": "The Relationship Between Visit-to-Visit Variability in Systolic Blood Pressure and All-Cause Mortality in the General Population Findings From NHANES III, 1988 to 1994. Recent data suggest that visit-to-visit variability of blood pressure is associated with stroke incidence. Correlates of increased visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure and the relationship between variability and all-cause mortality were examined using data on US adults >20 years of age from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=956). Three consecutive blood pressure readings were taken during 3 separate study visits from 1988 to 1994. Based on the mean of the second and third measurements from each visit, visit-to-visit blood pressure variability for each participant was defined using the standard deviation and coefficient of variation across visits. Mortality was assessed through December 31, 2006 (median follow-up=14 years; n=240 deaths). The mean of the standard deviation for systolic blood pressure across visits was 7.7 mm Hg. After multivariable adjustment, older age, female gender, history of myocardial infarction, higher mean systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, and use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors were associated with higher standard deviation in systolic blood pressure. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality associated with a standard deviation of systolic blood pressure of 4.80 to 8.34 mm Hg and >= 8.35 mm Hg, versus <4.80 mm Hg, were 1.57 (95% CI, 1.07 to 2.18) and 1.50 (95% CI, 1.03 to 2.18), respectively. Results were similar when coefficient of variation for systolic blood pressure was evaluated. Visit-to-visit variability for diastolic blood pressure was not associated with mortality. In this population-based study of US adults, higher levels of short-term visit-to-visit variability in systolic blood pressure were associated with increased all-cause mortality. (Hypertension. 2011;57:160-166.).", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Fluoxetine and cyclosporine in organ transplantation - Failure to detect significant drug interactions or adverse clinical events in depressed organ recipients. Depression and anxiety disorders are common clinical problems in organ transplant recipients, but there is a paucity of clinical data to inform the selection of psychopharmacologic treatment. The authors retrospectively compared 13 depressed organ transplant recipients treated with fluoxetine with 13 nondepressed matched control recipients and 11 transplant recipients treated with tricyclic antidepressants (nortriptyline or desipramine). Blood level:dose ratios and dose-response relationships for cyclosporine were virtually identical in all three groups before and during treatment. No increase in adverse clinical events was detected in either active treatment group compared with the control subjects. Fluoxetine appeared to be well tolerated by this population of transplant patients, and the authors failed to detect significant alterations in cyclosporine levels or graft function.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "From text to intertext: Intertextuality as a paradigm for reading Matthew. In this article intertextuality is introduced as one important part of a theory of the semiotics of biblical texts. Intertextuality is an essential factor for the generation of the meanings of a text in the acts of the production and reception of a text. It opens the internal structure of a text with regard to its relations to other texts. The semiotic concept of intertextuality distinguishes three ways of intertextual readings: production-oriented intertextuality, reception-oriented intertextuality and experimental intertextuality. This wide but differentiated concept of intertextuality can serve as a theory and helpful method for investigations of the history of biblical texts as well as for reflected school lessons, sermons and poetics in today's times. An intertextual reading of the first chapter of Matthew provides a test case of this semiotic concept of intertextuality.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Multi-Objective Application-Driven Approximate Design Method. Approximate Computing (AxC) paradigm aims at designing computing systems that can satisfy the rising performance demands and improve the energy efficiency. AxC exploits the gap between the level of accuracy required by the users, and the actual precision provided by the computing system, for achieving diverse optimizations. Various AxC techniques have been proposed so far in the literature at different abstraction levels from hardware to software. These techniques have been successfully utilized and combined to realize approximate implementations of applications in various domains (e.g. data analytic, scientific computing, multimedia and signal processing, and machine learning). Unfortunately, state-of-the-art approximation methodologies focus on a single abstraction level, such as combining elementary components (e.g., arithmetic operations) which are firstly approximated using component-level metrics and then combined to provide a good trade-off between efficiency and accuracy at the application level. This hinders the possibility for designers to explore different approximation opportunities, optimized for different applications and implementation targets. Therefore, we designed and implemented E-IDEA, an automatic framework that provides an application-driven approximation approach to find the best approximate versions of a given application targeting different implementations (i.e., hardware and software). E-IDEA compounds 1) a source-to-source manipulation tool and 2) an evolutionary search engine to automatically realize approximate application variants and perform a Design-Space Exploration (DSE). The latter results in a set of non-dominate approximate solutions in terms of trade-off between accuracy and efficiency. Experimental results validate the effectiveness and the flexibility of the approach in generating optimized approximate implementations of different applications, by using different approximation techniques and different accuracy/error metrics and for different implementation targets.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
{"token": "THE IMAGE OF GERMANY IN A WRITER'S DIARY BY FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY. The paper explores the image of Germany, represented in A Writer's Diary by F.M. Dostoevsky during Balkan crisis 1876 and Russo-Turkish war 1877-1878. The purpose of this paper is to summarize Dostoevsky's views, thoughts, reflections and ideas on the Germans as a people, on Germany as a military-political unity, its ideology, mysticism, cultural-religious stance and political significance for Russian Empire. Particular attention is paid to the geopolitical significance of Europe in the imaginary geography of Dostoevsky.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The roles of morphology, phonology, and prosody in reading and spelling multisyllabic words. While most English words are multisyllabic, research on literacy acquisition has tended to focus on early acquisition of monosyllabic words. The processes involved in multisyllabic word reading and spelling in middle childhood are likely to differ from those in monosyllabic reading and spelling. The current paper examines the contributions of morphological awareness (MA; awareness of derivational morphemes), prosodic sensitivity (sensitivity to lexical stress), and phonological awareness (PA; awareness of phonemes) for multisyllabic word reading and spelling, after accounting for background variables (age, vocabulary, nonverbal IQ, short-term memory). Seventy 7-10-year-old children completed a battery of tasks. MA and prosodic sensitivity were independent predictors of multisyllabic reading, while MA and PA were independent predictors of multisyllabic spelling. These results contrast with previous research, which instead found that PA plays a more prominent role while prosodic sensitivity appears to demonstrate only an indirect influence. However, those studies largely examined reading of shorter, one to three syllable words. These findings indicate when words are longer and multisyllabic, prosodic sensitivity, PA, and MA have differing direct influences on literacy. MA and prosodic sensitivity relate to word reading, while MA and PA are important for spelling.", "label": [3, 5, 28, 55]}
{"token": "REVIEW: Practical strategies to maintain anabolism by intravenous nutritional management in children with inborn metabolic diseases. One of the most vital elements of management for patients with inborn errors of intermediary metabolism is the promotion of anabolism, the state in which the body builds new components, and avoidance of catabolism, the state in which the body breaks down its own stores for energy. Anabolism is maintained through the provision of a sufficient supply of substrates for energy, as well as critical building blocks of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and vitamins for synthetic function and growth. Patients with metabolic diseases are at risk for de-compensation during prolonged fasting, which often occurs during illnesses in which enteral intake is compro-mised. During these times, intravenous nutrition must be supplied to fully meet the specific nutritional needs of the patient. We detail our approach to intravenous management for metabolic patients and its underlying ra-tionale. This generally entails a combination of intravenous glucose and lipid as well as early introduction of pro-tein and essential vitamins. We exemplify the utility of our approach in case studies, as well as scenarios and specific disorders which require a more careful administration of nutritional substrates or a modification of mac-ronutrient ratios. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
{"token": "A parameter model for dredge plume sediment source terms. The presented model allows for fast simulations of the near-field behaviour of overflow dredging plumes. Overflow dredging plumes occur when dredging vessels employ a dropshaft release system to discharge the excess sea water, which is pumped into the trailing suction hopper dredger (TSHD) along with the dredged sediments. The fine sediment fraction in the loaded water-sediment mixture does not fully settle before it reaches the overflow shaft. By consequence, the released water contains a fine sediment fraction of time-varying concentration. The sediment grain size is in the range of clays, silt and fine sand; the sediment concentration varies roughly between 10 and 200 g/l in most cases, peaking at even higher value with short duration. In order to assess the environmental impact of the increased turbidity caused by this release, plume dispersion predictions are often carried out. These predictions are usually executed with a large-scale model covering a complete coastal zone, bay, or estuary. A source term of fine sediments is implemented in the hydrodynamic model to simulate the fine sediment dispersion. The large-scale model mesh resolution and governing equations, however, do not allow to simulate the near-field plume behaviour in the vicinity of the ship hull and propellers. Moreover, in the near-field, these plumes are under influence of buoyancy forces and air bubbles. The initial distribution of sediments is therefore unknown and has to be based on crude assumptions at present. The initial (vertical) distribution of the sediment source is indeed of great influence on the final far-field plume dispersion results. In order to study this near-field behaviour, a highly-detailed computationally fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed. This model contains a realistic geometry of a dredging vessel, buoyancy effects, air bubbles and propeller action, and was validated earlier by comparing with field measurements. A CFD model requires significant simulation times, which is not available in all situations. For example, to allow correct representation of overflow plume dispersion in a real-time forecasting model, a fast assessment of the near-field behaviour is needed. For this reason, a semi-analytical parameter model has been developed that reproduces the near-field sediment dispersion obtained with the CFD model in a relatively accurate way. In this paper, this so-called grey-box model is presented.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "A fuzzy approach for the earned value management. The earned value technique is a crucial technique in analyzing and controlling the performance of a project which allows a more accurate measurement of both the performance and the progress of a project. This paper presents a new fuzzy-based earned value model with the advantage of developing and analyzing the earned value indices, and the time and the cost estimates at completion under uncertainty. As the uncertainty is inherent in real-life activities, the developed model is very useful in evaluating the progress of a project where uncertainty arises. A small example illustrates how the new model can be implemented in reality. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. and IPMA. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Risk and benefits of Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for neonatal and childhood respiratory diseases in Low- and Middle-Income countries. Over 80% of the global burden of childhood deaths occur in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). Of the leading causes of death, respiratory failure is common to the top three. Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (bCPAP) is a standard therapy considered safe and cost effective in high resource settings. Although high-quality trials from LMIC are few, pooled available trial data considered alongside studies from high-income countries suggest that bCPAP: (i) reduces mortality; (ii) reduces the need for mechanical ventilation; and (iii) prevents extubation failure. Wider availability and optimal use at all levels of the health care system in LMIC are important steps to improve childhood survival. Studies aimed at effectively implementing, and sustaining safe use of bCPAP in the resource limited setting of LMIC are required. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Synthesis and characterization of de novo designed peptides modelling the binding sites of [4Fe-4S] clusters in photosystem I. Photosystem I (PS I) converts the energy of light into chemical energy via transmembrane charge separation. The terminal electron transfer cofactors in PS I are three low-potential [4Fe-4S] clusters named F-X, F-A and F-B, the last two are bound by the PsaC subunit. We have modelled the F-A and F-B binding sites by preparing two apo-peptides (maquettes), sixteen amino acids each. These model peptides incorporate the consensus [4Fe-4S] binding motif along with amino acids from the immediate environment of the iron-sulfur clusters F-A and F-B. The [4Fe-4S] clusters were successfully incorporated into these model peptides, as shown by optical absorbance, EPR and Mossbauer spectroscopies. The oxidation-reduction potential of the iron-sulfur cluster in the F-A-maquette is - 0.44 +/- 0.03 V and in the F-B-maquette is - 0.47 +/- 0.03 V. Both are close to that of F-A and F-B in PS I and are considerably more negative than that observed for other [4Fe-4S] model systems described earlier (Gibney, B. R., Mulholland, S. E., Rabanal, F., and Dutton, P. L Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1996) 15041-15046). Our optical data show that both maquettes can irreversibly bind to PS I complexes, where PsaC-bound F-A and F-B were removed, and possibly participate in the light-induced electron transfer reaction in PS I. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Spontaneous intestinal perforation. Pathogenesis: In contrast to the findings in necrotizing enterocolitis demarcations due to spontaneous perforations are sharply punched out of an otherwise vital bowel section. Pathophysiologic interactions currently are poorly understood. Arterial hypotension and vascular compromises seem to play a crucial role in the development of spontaneous intestinal perforations.Background: Spontaneous intestinal perforations mainly affect preterms within their first two weeks of life.Clinical aspects: Clinical characteristics are abdominal distension and green-blue discolouration in association with a stable general condition. Intestinal perforations require surgical intervention in terms of primary anastomosis or barrelled stoma, for instance. Spontaneous perforations carry favourable prognosis with a rare chance of relapses.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Visible-Light-Induced Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzylamine into Imine over Supported Ag/AgI Photocatalysts. Titanate nanotubes (TNT) supported AgI nanoparticles were prepared by a two-step method: the deposition of Ag2O on titanate nanotubes from AgNO3 solution and the subsequent I-adsorption process from NaI solution. It is found that the supported AgI samples exhibited excellent photoactivity for the selective oxidation of benzylamine to the corresponding imine under visible light illumination and the photocatalyst can be used for many times without apparent activity loss. X-ray diffraction studies, transmission electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption measurements were used for the characterization of the as-prepared and recycled AgI samples. It is found that under visible light irradiation, AgI partially decomposed to produce Ag/AgI nanostructure and thus stabilized. The photoactivity of supported Ag/AgI for the selective oxidation of benzylamine was studied in terms of the light intensity, wavelength, temperature and substituent. It is proposed that the formation of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles should be responsible for the high activity and selectivity.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "THE ANTISOCIAL PROFILE: Deception and Intimacy in Greek Psychiatry. Based on field research in Greek Thrace, this essay examines the problem of deception in psychiatric care, in the context of national psychiatric reform. Over the last 25 years, psychiatric treatment in Greece has shifted from custodial hospitals to outpatient settings, challenging the mentally ill to help care for themselves as they adapt to life \\\\'in the community.\\\\' I explore the consequent reworking of therapeutic relationships outside custodial institutions through verbal negotiation, as against methods of confinement and constraint associated with inhumane institutional care. I argue that an ambivalent intimacy is fostered in these relationships by suspicions of deceit, which speak as well to a problem of knowledge in contemporary psychiatry globally. Working through the case of a Gypsy outpatient diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, whose life ended in a drug overdose, I trace suspicions of deceit across multiple terrains: from (neo)liberal reform, to clinical diagnosis, to constructions of minority culture. On these terrains, I do not attempt to determine the truth of speech in the clinic, but to discern the dynamics of suspicion through which that truth comes into question. Rather than clear refusals of responsibility, I show suspicions of deception in community-based care as refractions of psychiatric reform through a constitutive opacity in intimate ethical relations between patients and therapists.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "A classification of the cofinal structures of precompacta. We provide a complete classification of the possible cofinal structures of the families of precompact (totally bounded) sets in general metric spaces, and compact sets in general complete metric spaces. Using this classification, we classify the cofinal structure of local bases in the groups C(X, R) of continuous real-valued functions on complete metric spaces X, with respect to the compact-open topology. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Real-Time Estimation of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Clock Based on Ground Tracking Stations. The rapid movement of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite can improve geometric diversity, which contributes to the rapid convergence of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) precise point positioning (PPP). However, the LEO onboard receiver clock cannot be used directly by PPP users as the LEO satellite clock because the LEO onboard receiver clock and LEO satellite clock absorb different code delays when receiving and transmitting signals. In this study, a real-time estimation approach for the LEO satellite clock based on ground tracking stations was proposed for the first time. The feasibility for the rapid convergence of the LEO satellite clock was analyzed using the satellite time dilution of precision (TDOP) that one satellite is relative to multiple ground tracking stations. The LEO constellation of 168 satellites and observations for 15 ground tracking stations were simulated to verify the proposed method. The experiment results showed that the average convergence time was 31.21 min for the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite clock, whereas the value for the LEO satellite clock was only 2.86 min. The average root mean square (RMS) and standard deviation (STD) values after convergence were 0.71 and 0.39 ns for the LEO satellite clock, whereas the values were 0.31 and 0.13 ns for the GPS satellite clock. The average weekly satellite TDOP for the LEO satellite was much smaller than that for the GPS satellite. The average satellite TDOPs for all LEO and GPS satellites were 19.13 and 1294.70, respectively. However, the average delta TDOPs caused by satellite motion for all LEO and GPS satellites were both 0.10. Therefore, the rapid convergence of the LEO satellite clock resulted from the better geometric distribution of the LEO satellite relative to ground stations. Despite errors and the convergence time of the LEO satellite clock, the convergence time and positioning accuracy for LEO-augmented GPS and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) PPP with the real-time estimated LEO satellite clock can still reach 10.63 min, 1.94 cm, 1.44 cm, and 4.18 cm in the east, north, and up components, respectively. The improvements caused by LEO satellite for GPS/BDS PPP were 59%, 30%, 31%, and 33%, respectively.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Marriage policy affecting public employees in the Indies and official montepios in latter stages of the colonial period. One of the main reasons for colonial official mutual benefit societies or montepios, created in the eighteenth century, was to protect the wives and children of public employees stationed overseas. This study seeks to analyse the terms and conditions set by the montepios for widows' and orphans' to obtain pensions, and the regulations concerning regal interdictions directly affecting the marriage of members and the widowhood regime. The regulations generated by these institutions, coupled with laws and royal ordinances, show there were more obstacles than benefits for members and for the widows and orphans of ministers and lower-level employees. By examining a series of applications and files in the Archivo General de Indias, the article also highlights how acts of grace were widely used as a way of obtaining pensions or support.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The 'Great Doctrine of Transcendent Disdain': History, Politics and the Self in Renan's Life of Jesus. This article situates Ernest Renan's representation of the historical Jesus in the author's intellectual, personal and political trajectory. It traces the development of Renan's ideas about Jesus across a variety of texts, from his loss of faith at the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice in 1845 until the publication of Life of Jesus in 1863. It particularly argues that Renan's best-selling book should be rooted in the cultural aftermath of the revolutionary upheavals of 1848 to 1851. The violence of the June Days and the election of Louis-Napoleon bred in Renan a deep disillusionment with democracy and socialism. Where French writers of the 1830s and 1840s had offered a proletarian Christ promising social revolution, Renan therefore depicted a liberal Jesus who offered a non-violent 'revolution' of personal morality. This Jesus was an individualist who spurned the temporal realm with 'transcendent disdain', preferring instead to pursue a state of inner liberty and perfection. Furthermore, this article argues that this representation of Jesus reflected the self-justification of Second Empire liberals such as Renan, who had retreated from frontline politics into the realm of culture and ideas. Indeed, Life of Jesus was itself a product of precisely this retreat.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Using Commercially Available Techniques To Make Organic Chemistry Representations Tactile and More Accessible to Students with Blindness or Low Vision. Organic. chemistry courses can present major obstacles to access for students with blindness or low vision (BLV). In recent years, efforts have been made to represent organic chemistry concepts in tactile forms for blind students. These methodologies are described in this manuscript. Further work being done at Illinois State University is also described that allows a student with BLV to independently make properly Braille labeled structures from the organic chemistry online database via ChemDraw.", "label": [4, 5, 36, 53]}
{"token": "Process Tracing in Public Administration: The Implications of Practitioner Insights for Methods of Inquiry. The field of public administration is often seen as a late adopter of cutting-edge research methods. Related disciplines like political science use more advanced research methods for single or small-n case studies including techniques like process tracing. Many elements of process tracing are analogous to investigations. To inform process tracing practices, political scientists looked at Sherlock Holmes novels. We draw on the experiences of a police inspector and a former soldier who worked with intelligence to offer insights on the implementation of process tracing, bridge the academic-practitioner gap, and increase the methodological rigor in public administration research.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Analysis of Robusta coffee cultivated in agroforestry systems (AFS) by ESI-FT-ICR MS and portable NIR associated with sensory analysis. Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI(+/-)FT-ICR MS) and portable micro near-infrared spectroscopy (microNIR), coupled to sensory analysis, were used to propose a new analytical methodology to observe the characteristics of Robusta coffees cultivated in agroforestry systems (AFS). Principal component analysis (PCA) chemometric models provided excellent discrimination of the samples analyzed by ESI(+/-)FT-ICR mass spectra for the ground coffee grains. Analysis of the spectra allowed for identification of the compounds responsible for distinguishing the samples grown with different intercropping AFS species. The microNIR results corroborated the ESI(-)FT-ICR MS data and the sensory analysis, by grouping together coffees grown in AFS intercropped with Gliricidia sepium and Inga edulis. The coupling of these analytical techniques shows promise in coffee quality control, presenting advantages such as collection at point analysis, speed, and analytical reliability.", "label": [0, 4, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Don't Be a Stiff A Review Article on the Management of Tetanus. Vaccine-preventable diseases, such as tetanus, are oftentimes a thought of the past in countries that only see a handful of cases per year. In recent years, though, there has been more controversy around vaccinations and fewer individuals getting vaccinated. This movement has resulted in vaccine-preventable diseases resurfacing (e.g., measles). Tetanus is one of the diseases that health care providers should continue to be familiar with in regard to its clinical presentation and the treatments that are available to manage the corresponding signs and symptoms. Because tetanus is an acute, toxin-mediated illness that can be fatal, prevention and treatment are critical. This article briefly summarizes tetanus and the therapies considered to be first line in its management.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "The use and value of Bernstein's work in studying (in)equalities in undergraduate social science education. This paper illustrates how critical use of Basil Bernstein's theory illuminates the mechanisms by which university knowledge, curriculum and pedagogy both reproduce and interrupt social inequalities. To this end, empirical examples are selected from the findings of the ESRC-funded project Pedagogic Quality and Inequality in University First Degrees' (RES-062-23-1438, November 2008January 2012). The project investigated sociology-related social science degrees in four social science departments in universities in different positions in influential UK higher education league tables. A Bernsteinian lens throws fresh light on how university education might contribute to a more egalitarian society.", "label": [5, 53, 57]}
{"token": "Using Gaussian and hyperbolic distributions for quality improvement in construction: Case study approach. The Gaussian distribution and the 6 sigma principle have been widely used in the field of construction quality management with great success. This paper proposes a theoretical study on a new hyperbolic distribution using the 6 sigma principle to improve quality in construction management. The hyperbolic and Gaussian distributions are then numerically compared by estimating their important statistical properties, such as population in range, number of defects, yield percentage, and defects per million opportunities. The impacts of these factors are briefly discussed to give guidance to organizations in the construction industry on how to lower cost and improve project quality by prevention. A case study showing the cost data of a construction consultant company is presented. The data's population in range and defects per million opportunities are estimated using Gaussian and hyperbolic distributions. In this particular case study, the hyperbolic distribution is shown to be more effective in quality improvement by prevention than the Gaussian distribution. This also validates the hyperbolic distribution as a suitable distribution for construction quality management.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Dyes from the leaves of deciduous plants with a high tannin content for wool. The aqueous leaf extracts of five different deciduous plants, namely, silver oak, flame of the forest, tanner's senna, wattle and serviceberry, were used on their own and in combination with aluminium sulphate, stannous chloride and ferrous sulphate to dye wool by a simultaneous mordanting technique. The washing and light fastness properties of the developed shades were moderate to good. Based on the CIE 2000 spectral colour coordinate values (K/S, Delta L, Delta a, Delta b and Delta E), the developed shades were classified into four groups: yellow/brown, yellow, orange and dark grey. The use of aluminium sulphate gave medium shades (K/S = 8.24), while the stannous chloride and ferrous sulphate mordants provided deep shades (K/S = 30.5). Statistical analyses have shown that only the type of mordant and not the dye source significantly influenced the development of colour on wool. Hence, it was theoretically possible to use five selected leaves as a single mixture to produce four different colours on wool.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 11]}
{"token": "On choosing governance structures. Two main paradigms split the core of the debate on governance structures: the maxi-minimizing and the satisficing paradigms. Some differences between the two has been hidden by the (only apparently) similarity of the \\\\'maximum\\\\' and \\\\'maximal\\\\' concepts. If the maximizing behavior refers to the maximum of the utility function and not to the maximal of a binary preference relation, then satisficing does not correspond to maximizing behavior. Besides such differences, from an empirically grounded point of view the maxi-minimizing approach to choose and to evaluate governance structures has relevant limitations. The remarkable limitations of the maxi-minimizing approach become further evident and crucial when one acknowledges that the comparison between alternative governance structures is - like almost any other human choice - unavoidably multicriteria. The absence of tradeoffs among the different criteria prevents the generalized use of a single real-valued function (utility, profit, cost, etc.) to represent decision maker's goals. However, multicriteria problems can be solved when properly dealt with outranking methods. These are heuristic choice algorithms fully consistent with the satisficing paradigm and with the behavioral economic theory. In order to show its effectiveness, a tutorial example is discussed in detail comparing the three main forms of governance structures: market, hierarchy and network. They are scrutinized by four evaluation criteria: profitability, effectiveness, accountability and organizational capability. It will be demonstrated that the outranking algorithm can solve multicriteria decision making problems under conflicting criteria of evaluation. Outranking solutions are at the same time satisficing solutions, that take into account and operationalize the Simonian \\\\'levels of aspiration\\\\' through concrete parameters.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Resistance to belly rot in cucumber identified through field and detached-fruit evaluations. Belly rot, caused by the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn,, is a severe disease in many regions that produce cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.,), Annual crop loss to belly rot is commonly 5% to 10%, but losses as high as 80% can occur in individual fields, There are no resistant cultivars, so fungicides are used to provide partial control. Genetic resistance in an acceptable cultivar would be more desirable and economical, Studies were conducted in Summers 1991 and 1992 to screen promising germplasm for belly rot resistance using field and detached-fruit screening methods, In 1991, 105 cultigens (cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introduction accessions) were evaluated for belly rot resistance. The tests were repeated in 1992 with 63 cultigens, including the most resistant cultigens identified in 1991 and appropriate controls, Several cultigens were identified as potential sources of resistance genes. Pickling cucumbers showing resistance included PI 197085, PI 271328, and an F-4, selection of PI 197087 x PI 280096. Slicing cucumbers with resistance included 'Marketmore 76' and the F-1 of Gy 14 x PI 197087. Belly rot resistance was not correlated with other horticultural traits measured, including fruit type, skin type, spine color, and firmness. The resistant cultigens identified should be useful for developing cucumber cultivars with enhanced resistance to Rhizoctonia solani.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "ATTEMPT TO APPLY PULLULAN AS GROWTH STIMULATOR FOR SELECTED PROBIOTIC AND POTENTIALLY PROBIOTIC BACTERIA. The effect was studied of the addition of pullulan on the growth stimulation of 12 strains of probiotic and potentially probiotic bacteria of a Lactobacillus genus. The cultures were incubated for 48h with the use of an automatic growth analyzer 'Bioscreen C' in MRS control media with glucose (0.5 to 2.0 %), in experimental MRS media with pullulan added (from 0.5 to 2.0 %), and in MRS media containing 2.0 % of glucose and 2.0 % of pullulan. It was found that the bacteria studied did not grow better in the media containing pullulan; however, the strains studied grew much better in the media with glucose and supplemented with 2.0 % of pullulan. The best stimulating effect was achieved for the L. plantarum 44 strain. At the same time, changes in pH and total acidity of the culture media were analyzed after a period of 24 and 48 h of incubation. No differences were reported in the values of pH and total acidity as regards the MRS medium with 2.0 % of glucose and the MRS with 2.0 % of glucose and 2.0 % of pullulan, equally after 24 and 48 h of their incubation. A culture of L. acidophilus CH-5 was the only one to show a higher acidity of the MRS medium with 2.0 % of glucose and 2.0 % of pullulan, equally after 24 and 48 h of their incubation. At the same time, the addition of pullulan stimulated the growth of the latter bacterial strain.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Performance and greenhouse gas emission of Nellore and F1 Angus x Nellore yearling bulls in tropical production systems during backgrounding and finishing. This study investigated the performance, carcass traits, and greenhouse gas emission of Nellore and F1 Angus x Nellore yearling bulls raised under two [lenient (S1) and intensified (S2)] production systems during the backgrounding and finishing phases. S1 was practiced on a 18.6 ha palisade grass pasture, divided into eight paddocks, which was not fertilized and managed using continuous stocking at a constant rate of two animals per hectare during backgrounding. Then, 20 Nellore [initial body weight (BWi), 277 +/- 13 kg; initial age, 15.2 +/- 1.1 months] and 20 F1 Angus x Nellore (BWi, 304 +/- 21 kg; initial age, 15.8 +/- 0.44 months) yearling bulls were randomly allocated to four paddocks for each breed. During finishing, animals remained on the pasture and received high supplementation (at rate of 2.0 kg.100 kg(-1) BW). S2 was practiced on a 11.4 ha palisade grass pasture, divided into six paddocks, which was fertilized (150 kg N.ha(-1).year(-1)) and managed using continuous stocking at variables rates during backgrounding. Then, 24 Nellore (BWi, 288 +/- 16 kg; initial age, 15.6 +/- 0.65 months) and 24 F1 Angus x Nellore (BWi, 325 +/- 18 kg; initial age, 15.8 +/- 0.42 months) yearling bulls were randomly allocated to three paddocks for each breed. During finishing, the bulls were moved to feedlots. During backgrounding, F1 Angus x Nellore bulls in S2 achieved the highest average daily gain (ADG) and final shrunk body weight (SBWf), whereas Nellore bulls in S1 achieved the lowest ADG and SBWf. During finishing, ADG and SBWf were greater in S2 than in S1 as well as for F1 Angus x Nellore bulls than for Nellore bulls. From the beginning of backgrounding until the end of finishing, the ribeye area of F1 Angus x Nellore bulls in S2 was larger than that of other bulls. The greatest backfat deposition occurred during finishing, resulting in greater backfat thickness of bulls in S2 than that of bulls in S1. The carbon footprint of F1 Angus x Nellore bulls in S2 (10.8 kg.CO(2)e.kg(-1) carcass) was similar to that of Nellore bulls in S1, but it was approximately 13% and 11.5% lower than that of Nellore bulls in S2 and F1 Angus x Nellore bulls in S1, respectively. This study demonstrated that the enhancement of productivity through improving genetic merit and pasture management is a suitable strategy to reduce environmental impact and achieve environmental sustainability.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Requirements for Remote RF Laboratory Applications: An Educators' Perspective. This paper discusses the results of a study of the requirements for developing a remote RF laboratory. This study draws on the perspectives of educators in university electrical engineering departments and in technical colleges, on the teaching of the radio frequency (RF) domain. The study investigates how these educators would like the technical content of a state of the art RF laboratory to be designed. As far as the authors know, no publication exists in the literature that investigates the requirements and needs of remote laboratories in that particular field. The outcomes of this work are expected to guide remote laboratory platform developers towards the most effective design of their platforms, The analysis of the results showed that educators would like the technical content of the laboratory to cover basic communication techniques, microwave circuits and devices, antennas and propagation, RF technology, and radio system design aspects of modern telecommunication systems. They would therefore like the laboratory instrumentation to be designed to that end. The educators also reported the need for advanced experimental setups which require expensive RF measurement devices. The discrepancy between university and technical college views was also considered in this paper.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 14]}
{"token": "Notae Tocharicae: apalkats, parsa(n)ts, letse et autres addenda et corrigenda-4. This article continues the series of works \\\\'Addenda et corrigenda\\\\' (Svetlana Burlak & Ilya Itkin 2000, 2010; Ilya Itkin 2018) dedicated to re-interpretation and re-analysis of word forms found in Tocharian texts (mostly Tocharian A).", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "A CALL FOR THEORY: THE MATURATION OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT DISCIPLINE. This essay introduces a forum that discusses the conceptual theory development approach within the context of the supply chain management discipline. The purpose of the forum is to provide guidance to both authors and reviewers concerning how to carry out meaningful and impactful conceptual theory development research. In this essay I discuss the conceptual theory development approach, describe the Journal of Supply Chain Management's perspective and philosophy toward conceptual theory development, offer broad guidelines to aid authors in crafting their work and reviewers in effectively evaluating and helping authors to further develop their manuscripts, and introduce the remaining essays that comprise the discussion forum.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Ethylene biosynthesis in relation to cyanide metabolism. Cyanide is a co-product of ethylene biosynthesis in higher plants via the ACC pathway. In certain physiological states, such as fruit ripening and flower senescence, and in many environmental conditions, such as flooding and chilling, ethylene biosynthesis is greatly induced. Cyanide is toxic to plants if it accumulates in plant tissues; however, during fruit ripening, the co-product cyanide is shown to be rapidly conjugated to form L-3-cyanoalanine derivatives by the enzyme L-3-cyanoalanine synthase. Recent evidence shows that cyanide, the coproduct of ethylene biosynthesis, causes phytotoxic effects on plants subjected to auxin-type herbicide treatments. It points to the possibility that under certain severe stress conditions, the induced ethylene, and thereby cyanide, may cause the death of the plants.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "The Datafication of Law: How Technology Encodes Carceral Power and Affects Judicial Practice in the United States. This inquiry explores how data analyses about US Federal sentences have transformed sentencing practice beginning in the mid-1980s. I consider this inquiry an early case of the datafication of law, a pervasive process that translates legal practice into data and embeds it in digital networks so it can be tracked and analyzed in real time. To explore datafication historically and in relation to legal practice and power, I consider it not as an objective and passive undertaking but, rather, as an ideological and performative process that encodes and enacts normative presumptions and desirable futures. The empirical inquiry traverses \\\\'levels of analysis\\\\' and thus bridges prominent perspectives in sociolegal research. In so doing, I identify four mechanisms that mediate \\\\'large-scale\\\\' processes and \\\\'local\\\\' practices: field assembly, symbolic projection, material inscription, and boundaries spanning. Substantively, I show how datafication has not simply described, but also transformed, sentencing practice according to a colorblind-carceral imaginary that strives to fix the present in place. By relentlessly translating decisions into data forms that derive from this carceral imaginary, datafication affects judicial action and partakes in sustaining legacies of oppression. Yet, like other technologies, datafication also reveals dialectic dimensions in opening up to new actors and subjecting its ideological underpinnings to contestation and change.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Energy drinks: What is all the hype? The dangers of energy drink consumption. Purpose: To describe the adverse effects associated with energy drink consumption among adolescents and young adults. Data sources: Review of literature utilizing Medscape, the Internet, MD Consult, and CINAHL. The following search terms were used: Energy drinks, caffeine, guarana, taurine, ginseng, sugar, and caffeine toxicity. Search was limited to English language sources from 2005 to 2010. Conclusions: The popularity of energy drinks and the rapid growth of their excessive consumption among adolescents and young adults have brought about great concern in regards to overall health and well-being. Caffeine, which is readily available to minors, is the most commonly used psychoactive substance in the world and imposes a potentially harmful influence on health, academic performance, and personal adjustments. Teens and young adults account for nearly $2.3 billion of energy drink sales. Adolescents and young adults are often unaware that various products, such as energy drinks, herbal medications, and various other medications that promote alertness, contain caffeine. When these products are taken together, caffeine toxicity and severe adverse effects can occur. Implications for practice: Practitioners need to be aware of the consequences of energy drink consumption and be prepared to provide appropriate patient education.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer in a Packed Bed by Considering Particle Arrangement. Low reducing agent operation of large blast furnace has attracted a special attention from the background of the global warming. Because the coke ratio is reduced in this operation, causing a huge local ventilation resistance that causes operational problems, it has become increasingly necessary to understand the operation of blast furnace based on non-empirical phenomena. Among the most promising numerical approaches is a combination of the discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this study, particle-based model was newly developed, which considers heat transfer, mass transfer and chemical reactions in the shaft part of blast furnace. It became possible to analyze the three-dimensional discontinuous phenomena among particle with gas flow.Because this model was developed to expand the spatial scale more than conventional analysis, the discontinuous factors made it possible to simulate by the behavior of discrete particles. The particle arrangement and the packed bed structure were evaluated for studying the flow structure, temperature and composition distribution. Remarkable change in the heat and mass transfer characteristic appeared in the interface between coke and ore layer, and near the wall. The ore and coke particle mixture system, which was expected to improve reducing rate due to the dense packing, is relatively-ineffective. Rather, a low permeability resistance improved reducing rate, it means convection effect was larger. Degree of freedom of particle arrangement is high, and its large influence on temperature and reaction distribution, it was able to show the usefulness of this model.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Prediction and Sensitivity Analysis of Bubble Dissolution Time in 3D Selective Laser Sintering Using Ensemble Decision Trees. The presence of defects like gas bubble in fabricated parts is inherent in the selective laser sintering process and the prediction of bubble shrinkage dynamics is crucial. In this paper, two artificial intelligence (AI) models based on Decision Trees algorithm were constructed in order to predict bubble dissolution time, namely the Ensemble Bagged Trees (EDT Bagged) and Ensemble Boosted Trees (EDT Boosted). A metadata including 68644 data were generated with the help of our previously developed numerical tool. The AI models used the initial bubble size, external domain size, diffusion coefficient, surface tension, viscosity, initial concentration, and chamber pressure as input parameters, whereas bubble dissolution time was considered as output variable. Evaluation of the models' performance was achieved by criteria such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R-2). The results showed that EDT Bagged outperformed EDT Boosted. Sensitivity analysis was then conducted thanks to the Monte Carlo approach and it was found that three most important inputs for the problem were the diffusion coefficient, initial concentration, and bubble initial size. This study might help in quick prediction of bubble dissolution time to improve the production quality from industry.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Luteolin, a compound with adenosine A(1) receptor-binding activity, and chromone and dihydronaphthalenone constituents from Senna siamea. Activity-guided fractionation led to the isolation of luteolin (1) from the leaves of Senna siamea (syn. Cassia siamea). This compound was found to be an antagonist at the adenosine Al receptor with a K-i, value in the low micromolar range. Four additional nonactive compounds (2-5) were also isolated, and their structures were elucidated. One compound was identified as cassia chromone (5-acetonyl-7-hydroxy-2-methylchromone) (2). Three other compounds are new, and they were identified as 5-acetonyl-7-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-chromone (3), 4-(trans)-acetyl-3,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methyldihydronaphthalenone (4), and 4-(cis)-acetyl-3,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methyldihydronaphthalenone (5).", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "Bats seek refuge in cluttered environment when exposed to white and red lights at night. Background Artificial light at night is recognized as an increasing threat to biodiversity. However, information on the way highly mobile taxa such as bats spatially respond to light is limited. Following the hypothesis of a behavioural adaptation to the perceived risks of predation, we hypothesised that bats should avoid lit areas by shifting their flight route to less exposed conditions. Methods Using 3D acoustic localization at four experimentally illuminated sites, we studied how the distance to streetlights emitting white and red light affected the Probability of bats Flying Inside the Forest (PFIF) versus along the forest edge. Results We show that open-, edge-, and narrow-space foraging bats strongly change flight patterns by increasing PFIF when getting closer to white and red streetlights placed in the forest edge. These behavioural changes occurred mainly on the streetlight side where light was directed. Conclusions The results show that bats cope with light exposure by actively seeking refuge in cluttered environment, potentially due to involved predation risks. This is a clear indication that bats make use of landscape structures when reacting to light, and shows the potential of vegetation and streetlight orientation in mitigating effects of light. The study nevertheless calls for preserving darkness as the most efficient way.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Psoralea corylifolia protects against testicular torsion/detorsion-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury. Materials and methods: Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, each containing 20 rats. Rats in the control group underwent a sham operation of the left testis. In the torsion-detorsion group, the left testis was rotated 720 for 2 h. Rats in the treatment group received the same surgical procedure as the torsion-detorsion group, but Psoralea corylifolia was administered orally. Bilateral orchiectomy was performed on half of the rats in each experimental group at 4 h after detorsion for measurement of malondialdehyde which is an indicator of intratesticular reactive oxygen species content. Orchiectomy was performed on the remaining rats at 3 months after detorsion for analysis of testicular CREM tau expression and spermatogenesis.Results: Unilateral testicular torsion-detorsion caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde level and caused significant decreases in CREM tau expression and spermatogenesis in ipsilateral testes. Psoralea corylifolia treatment significantly decreased malondialdehyde level and significantly increased CREM tau expression and spermatogenesis in ipsilateral testes, compared with torsion-detorsion group.Conclusions: These results suggest that Psoralea corylifolia may protect testicular spermatogenesis by enhancing CREM tau expression by scavenging reactive oxygen species. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Ethnopharmacological relevance: The pathophysiology of testicular torsion-detorsion is ischemia-reperfusion injury of the testis. In the course of testicular ischemia and reperfusion, over-generation of reactive oxygen species is a major initiating component of the testicular spermatogenic injury. Reactive oxygen species regulate many genes whose expression affects cell-cycle regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. The transcription factor cAMP-responsive element modulator-tau (CREM tau) plays an essential role in spermatogenesis. Psoralea corylifolia, a medicinal herb with anti-oxidative activity, has been used to treat male reproductive dysfunction in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, we investigated the effect of Psoralea corylifolia on testicular torsion/detorsion-induced injury.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 22, 9]}
{"token": "A study on the epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in Punjab (India) using milk-ELISA. Bovine brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is a serious zoonotic disease manifested by reproductive disorders resulting in huge economic losses to dairy farmers. A random survey was conducted to study the epidemiology of brucellosis in Punjab (India) using sampling software Survey Toolbox. Two-stage sampling procedure was adopted; in the first step, villages were selected randomly from sampling frame of all the villages of Punjab followed by selection of owners, and animals in individual farms were identified using random sampling. In all, 32 villages were selected and then 345 animals (approximately 5%) were sampled from these villages. The milk samples collected were screened for brucella antibodies employing ELISA test. The overall apparent prevalence of brucellosis was found to be 18.26% (true prevalence - 17.68%). The prevalence in the central zone of the state was significantly higher, viz. 23.2% (chi square = 11.34, p < 0.01) compared to 14.2% in the sub-mountainous zone and 5.8% in the and irrigated zone. The disease prevalence was found to be non-significantly higher (chi square 1.029, p = 0.310) in cattle (20.67%) compared to buffaloes (16.41%) and increased with age (chi square = 8.572, p < 0.05) in both species. There was significant association between disease and abortion (chi square = 22.322, p < 0.01) and maximum abortion cases due to brucellosis were found in > 6 month of gestation (95.7%). The disease was significantly associated with the retention of placenta (chi square = 8.477, p < 0.01), however there was no significant relationship of the disease with repeat breeding (chi square = 0.044, p = 0.834). The results of the study suggested that the accurate epidemiological scenario of the disease may be obtained by employing multistage sampling procedures using milk-based ELISA.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "A unified solution framework for multi-attribute vehicle routing problems. Vehicle routing attributes are extra characteristics and decisions that complement the academic problem formulations and aim to properly account for real-life application needs. Hundreds of methods have been introduced, in recent years for specific attributes, but the development of a single, general-purpose algorithm, which is both efficient and applicable to a wide family of variants remains a considerable challenge. Yet, such a development is critical for understanding the proper impact of attributes on resolution approaches, and to answer the needs of actual applications. This paper contributes towards addressing these challenges with a component-based design for heuristics, targeting multi-attribute vehicle routing problems, and an efficient general-purpose solver. The proposed Unified Hybrid Genetic Search metaheuristic relies on problem-independent unified local search, genetic operators, and advanced diversity management methods. Problem specifics are confined to a limited part of the method and are addressed by means of assignment, sequencing, and route-evaluation components, which are automatically selected and adapted and provide the fundamental operators to manage attribute specificities. Extensive computational experiments on 29 prominent vehicle routing variants, 42 benchmark instance sets and overall 1099 instances, demonstrate the remarkable performance of the method which matches or outperforms the current state-of-the-art problem-tailored algorithms. Thus, generality does not necessarily go against efficiency for these problem classes. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "Mapping and estimating forest carbon absorption using time-series MODIS imagery in South Korea. Time-series data of Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained by the Moderateresolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) satellite imagery gives a waveform that reveals the characteristics of the phenology. The waveform can be decomposed into harmonics of various periods by the Fourier transformation. The resulting nth harmonics represent the amount of NDVI change in a period of a year divided by n. The values of each harmonics or their relative relation have been used to classify the vegetation species and to build a vegetation map. Here, we propose a method to estimate the annual amount of carbon absorbed on the forest from the 1st harmonic NDVI value. The 1st harmonic value represents the amount of growth of the leaves. By the allometric equation of trees, the growth of leaves can be considered to be proportional to the total amount of carbon absorption. We compared the 1st harmonic NDVI values of the 6220 sample points with the reference data of the carbon absorption obtained by the field survey in the forest of South Korea. The 1st harmonic values were roughly proportional to the amount of carbon absorption irrespective of the species and ages of the vegetation. The resulting proportionality constant between the carbon absorption and the 1st harmonic value was 236 tCO2/5.29ha/year. The total amount of carbon dioxide absorption in the forest of South Korea over the last ten years has been estimated to be about 56 million ton, and this coincides with the previous reports obtained by other methods. Considering that the amount of the carbon absorption becomes a kind of currency like carbon credit, our method is very useful due to its generality.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Percutaneous radiofrequency coagulation of osteoid osteoma in children and adolescents. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of osteoid osteoma in children and adolescents. Twenty-three patients aged 4.5-19.5 years were retrospectively reviewed. All patients with lower limb lesions were able to bear full weight on their operated limb immediately after the procedure, and to resume their daily activities within 24-48 h. Pain disappeared immediately after surgery in 21 cases, and in lower limb lesions the gait was back to normal after an average of 5 days. No septic or neurovascular complications were observed. At an average follow-up of 3.5 years, all the patients including two cases of initial failure were free of pain and had a normal gait. Clinical healing was confirmed by computed tomography and bone scan performed in 12 cases. This precise and minimally invasive method is safe, effective and associated with reduced health care resources. It could be recommended as the treatment of choice for osteoid osteoma of the limbs in children and adolescents. (C) 2003 Lippincott Williams Wilkins.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Individual learning and building organisational capacity for development. Building capacities and capabilities for international development is an ongoing subject for debate, further fuelled by recent interest in learning and knowledge. This article focuses on how, and the extent to which, individual learners in education and training programmes for development policy and management interact with their organisations to build capacities and capabilities. It demonstrates some of the ways that individual learning and organisational capacity are linked by examining case studies from Uganda, Zimbabwe and South Africa. The article reflects on the complex nature of this interaction and on the broader challenges of linking learning to development. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 51, 57]}
{"token": "Simple model for high-frequency pyroelectric energy harvesting. Conversion of waste heat into usable electricity is a strategic technology for saving natural resources and an important option for powering autonomous devices. Current developments in micro- and nanotechnology open new horizons and require revisiting the process of energy conversion with a focus on low-dimensional micro- and nano-scale generators. An important advantage of the low-dimensional systems for pyroelectric conversion is that they may operate at higher frequencies and render increased specific powers. Here we develop simple model of high-frequency pyroelectric conversion. It is demonstrated that miniaturization of pyroelectric energy harvesters leads to essential gains in specific power.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Value co-creation and appropriation of platform-based alliances in cooperative advertising. Digital platforms help develop the open value co-creation strategic alliances, reshape traditional B2B relationships, and promote inclusive social innovation. This research explores the nature of coopetition between the digital platform and its participants. The focus is on how the platform-based alliance balances the contradiction between value creation and appropriation. The support evidence derives from a Stackelberg game in the context of cooperative advertising. Either the platform or the participant supporting advertising in the alliance prompts a Pareto improvement for all players. But the increased profit would be mainly occupied by the dominant platform. The incentive mechanism of profit sharing can promote the alliance to co-create value in a sustainable manner. The game illustrates the significance of cooperative relationships to co-create a larger total value and the existence of an unequal win-win relationship in the strategic alliance. The contradictory logic of cooperation and competition can be accommodated in the platform-based alliance. The dynamic coopetition is involved in a partially convergent interest structure and impacted by power asymmetry. The results highlight the balance between the tensions and harmonies through value creation and appropriation.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Associations of childhood trauma experiences with religious and spiritual struggles. Childhood trauma is associated with many interpersonal and psychosocial problems in adulthood. The aim of this study was to explore the associations with a spiritual area of personality, namely religious and spiritual struggles (R/S struggles). A nationally representative sample of 1,000 Czech respondents aged 15 years and older participated in the survey. All types of CT were associated with an increased level of all six types of R/S struggles, with the highest values for demonic struggles. Thus, the findings of this study might be important for clinical practice and pastoral care as well as a further research.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategies on Small Islands. In 2002 the European Parliament and Council indicated the general principles and options for an Integrated Coastal Management Strategy for Europe (Recommendation 2002/413/CE). In 2005, due to the lack of contributions by each State member, the European Council invited all the EU countries to establish the ground rules for that strategy by presenting the national efforts on the field and by establishing their one Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategies (ICZMS). The document had a deadline of February 2006. The National Strategies then presented are now being evaluated.What is proposed in this paper is not a quantitative structured analysis but a comprehensive one applied to small islands. For sure we know that small islands problems and needs are different from the mainland countries. So, is there a true need for ICZM guidelines with a scale and operational contexts often applied to larger territories? Are there specific features to small island ICZM Strategies? Based on the analysis of the Macaronesian Archipelagos of Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands the discussion is presented and some Conclusions are drawn.CALADO, H., QUINTELA, A. and PORTEIRO, J., 2007 Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategies on Small Islands. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 50 (Proceedings of the 9(th) International Coastal Symposium), 125 - 129. Gold Coast, Australia, ISSN 0749.0208", "label": [4, 5, 38, 52]}
{"token": "The Role of TP53 in Cisplatin Resistance in Mediastinal and Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are considered to be highly curable; however, there are major differences in the outcomes related to histology and anatomical localization. GCTs originating from the testis are, overall, sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy, whereas GCTs originating from the mediastinum show a worse response, which remains largely unexplained. Here, we address the differences among GCTs from two different anatomical locations (testicular versus mediastinal/extragonadal), with a specific focus on the role of the P53 pathway. It was recently shown that GCTs with TP53 mutations most often localize to the mediastinum. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, TP53 knock-out lines were generated in cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant clones of the representative 2102Ep cell line (wild-type TP53 testicular GCT) and NCCIT cell line (hemizygously mutated TP53, mutant TP53 mediastinal GCT). The full knock-out of TP53 in 2102Ep and resistant NCCIT resulted in an increase in cisplatin resistance, suggesting a contributing role for P53, even in NCCIT, in which P53 had been reported to be non-functional. In conclusion, these results suggest that TP53 mutations contribute to the cisplatin-resistant phenotype of mediastinal GCTs and, therefore, are a potential candidate for targeted treatment. This knowledge provides a novel model system to elucidate the underlying mechanism of clinical behavior and possible alternative treatment of the TP53 mutant and mediastinal GCTs.", "label": [4, 36, 42]}
{"token": "Theater Life of Provincial Russia in the 1840-1870 (on the Example of the Penza Province). In article formation and development of the Russian theater in the Penza province in the 40-70th of the 19th century is considered. For rich scenic life Penza was called by \\\\'the Mordovian Athens\\\\'. The Theatre of noble fans created by the vice governor I.N. Dolgorukov in the estate of the Penza nobleman D.E. Polchaninov at the beginning of the 90th of the 18th century was the first theater in Penza. At the beginning of the 19th century serf and public theaters of Akimov, Gladkov, Gorikhvostov, Kozhin, Kishinsky, etc. worked in the city. Gladkov' theater was the most known and durable of them. He existed 24 years (1806-1829). The theatrics have been presented after it in Penza by visitors professional troupes, amateur noble theatricals. Since 1842 it is known of existence theater of I.N. Gorstkina. Different impresarios directed this theater. The theater didn't enjoy special popularity and pertinent public. In 1846 I.N. Gorstkin has repaired the building of theater of Gladkov redeemed earlier where itself I put performances and invited troupes from another town. The repertoire was various - domestic and translated dramas, tragedies, but comedies, vaudevilles prevailed as they attracted the audience mostly. The actor and the director P.M. Medvedev removed theater in 1861. He has organized the Russia's first actor's association in Penza. The actor with an international recognition black Ira Olridzh gave representations in theater in 1864. Many charitable statements were given in theater I.N. Gorstkina (for fire victims of residents of Simbirsk, school at the Penza prison, the Alexandria children's shelter, Slavs of the Balkan Peninsula, etc.). The theater passes to his widow Aleksandra Nikolaevna after I.N. Gorstkin's death in 1876, to his son L.I. Gorstkin - in 1879.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Primate malarias: Diversity, distribution and insights for shark zoonotic Plasmodium. Protozoans within the genus Plasmodium are well-known as the causative agents of malaria in humans. Numerous Plasmodium species parasites also infect a wide range of non-human primate hosts in tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide. Studying this diversity can provide critical insight into our understanding of human malarias, as several human malaria species are a result of host switches from non-human primates. Current spillover of a monkey malaria, Plasmodium knowlesi, in Southeast Asia highlights the permeability of species barriers in Plasmodium. Also recently, surveys of apes in Africa uncovered a previously undescribed diversity of Plasmodium in chimpanzees and gorillas. Therefore, we carded out a meta-analysis to quantify the global distribution, host range, and diversity of known non-human primate malaria species. We used published records of Plasmodium parasites found in non-human primates to estimate the total diversity of non-human primate malarias globally. We estimate that at least three undescribed primate malaria species exist in sampled primates, and many more likely exist in unstudied species. The diversity of malaria parasites is especially uncertain in regions of low sampling such as Madagascar, and taxonomic groups such as African Old World Monkeys and gibbons. Presence-absence data of malaria across primates enables us to highlight the close association of forested regions and non-human primate malarias. This distribution potentially reflects a long coevolution of primates, forest-adapted mosquitoes, and malaria parasites. The diversity and distribution of primate malaria are an essential prerequisite to understanding the mechanisms and circumstances that allow Plasmodium to jump species barriers, both in the evolution of malaria parasites and current cases of spillover into humans. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) sub-chronic consumption on insulin resistance and lipid profile in prediabetic subjects. A pilot study. Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) is a plant rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds, gluco-sinolates (GLS) and their hydrolyzed metabolites isothiocyanates (ITCs), which modulate signaling pathways related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. This randomized crossover trial explored the effect of intervention with a freeze-dried nasturtium drink on insulin response and lipid profile in prediabetic subjects. Ten (10) pa-tients were randomly assigned to the following treatments: NT (nasturtium) and PLC (placebo) for 4 weeks and after this time the treatments were crossed for another 4 weeks. Biomarkers related to insulin resistance and lipid profile were measured at the beginning and the end of the intervention with each treatment. The consumption of 15 g NT (681 mu mol of benzyl glucosinolate)/dose week for four (4) weeks resulted in a significant decrease in the concentration of LDL cholesterol (LDLc), Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), Castelli's risk index I and II (TC/HDLc, and LDLc/HDLc) and Atherogenic Coefficient (non-HDLc)/HDLc). The results suggest that the nasturtium con-sumption might have a modulating effect on biomarkers related to cardiovascular disease, altered in subjects with chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. This study is the first in vivo study to explore the chronic effect of T. majus consumption in patients with prediabetes and shows the importance of continuing to explore this effect in studies with a larger number of participants.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Morphology and yield response to weed pressure by corn hybrids differing in canopy architecture. Recently, corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids accumulating more leaf area above the ear, maturing earlier, yielding better in narrower row spacings and tolerating higher population densities than conventional hybrids have been developed. However, no research has been conducted to assess their ability to compete with weeds. The objective of this study was to quantify morphological and grain yield responses of hybrids with differing canopy architectures to the presence and absence of weeds. Field experiments were conducted in 1996, 1997, and 1998 at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec and in 1996 at Ottawa, Ontario. Three hybrids, leafy reduced-stature (LRS), late maturing big leaf (LMBL), and conventional Pioneer 3979 (P3979), were evaluated at two population densities (normal and high), row spacings (38 and 76 cm) and weed pressure levels (weed-free and weedy). Weed pressure reduced the plant height of LRS less (only 4 cm) than the tall hybrids (average reduction of 26 cm). The overall grain yield of the LMBL hybrid was much greater (12.7 mg ha(-1)) than the LRS (9.6 mg ha(-1)) and P3979 (11.0 mg ha(-1)) hybrids in the absence, but not in the presence (LRS, 6.5; LMBL, 6.7; and P3979, 6.8 mg ha(-1)), of weeds. The yield of early-maturing LRS and P3979 (especially LRS) hybrids, were least affected by weed pressure, suggesting better tolerance of, and competition with, weeds. However, further research with more LRS hybrids is needed, as is the development of better yielding LRS hybrids, before they can be recommended over conventional hybrids. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Partnerships take the lead: A deans summit on education for a technological world. There is much concern about graduates from the U.S. precollege (K-12) system being technologically literate enough to survive in our modern, rapidly changing technological world. Through the sponsorship of the IEEE Educational Activities Board, a Summit of Deans of Education and Deans of Engineering was convened to address the issues of technological literacy. Forty-two pairs of deans began cross-campus collaborations at the summit, held October 1-2, 2001, in Baltimore, MD. The conference comprised keynote speakers, panel sessions, a poster session, and breakout groups that brainstormed to develop common or emerging themes and action plans. Each pair of deans committed to a customized action plan to guide their future collaborations in the contexts of precollege (K-12) teacher preparation, outreach, and the enhancement of engineering teaching, learning, and assessment. This paper summarizes the conference and the action items suggested by these deans.", "label": [1, 5, 53, 14]}
{"token": "Handke's Die Fahrt im Einbaum: Utopia as a Counter-Historical Performance: Theater versus Media and Historiography. This article focuses on the dynamics between historical materialism in Walter Benjamin's sense and the postmodern rendition of the baroque metaphor of theatrum mundi in Peter Handke's play Die Fahrt im Einbaum that create a type of utopia which runs counter to not only the linear discourse of historiography but also the reductive logic of the mass media. The structure of the play is a contemporary version of the theatrum mundi, insofar as the role of God, the original author of the play of human life, is now assigned to the inscrutable history, the contemporary deus absconditus. The utopian project in the play, presented as a voyage by dugout, defies history through a form of memory which Benjamin termed Eingedenken. This memory resembles theology with its focus on the recurring utopian now-time, a messianic moment of recognition, which suspends historical linearity and prevents retribution for bygone injustices among the Balkan peoples.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "How do older drivers perceive visual information under increasing cognitive load? Significance of personality on-road safety. The ability to properly receive information and respond to stimuli is a prerequisite for road safety. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in oculomotor activity under conditions of increasing cognitive load depending on personality traits in older drivers (65 years and above). We assessed 44 male active drivers (M = 69, SD = 8.1) in a road traffic simulator in the dual-task paradigm: n-back reaction test (central task) and memory test (peripheral task). During the test in the simulator, oculomotor activity was recorded. Drivers' personality traits were determined using the EPQ-R questionnaire. With the increase of cognitive load in drivers with high levels of neuroticism and extraversion, the time of saccades and fixation significantly increased. The decrease in the effectiveness of visual attention shifting in older drivers intensified as the difficulty of performing tasks increased and manifested itself in longer saccade and fixation times. A higher level of neuroticism and the resulting stress and emotional tension can translate into a greater tendency to make mistakes in older drivers.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 15, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Lukewarm Nationalism: The 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Social Media and Affective Communities. This article considers the way in which a new nationalism is being created in the age of the Internet and social media by looking at the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games and other Games in the past. The development of media technology from film, radio, and television to the Internet and social media has changed the character of the Olympic Games as media event. It has been argued that these developments have created a shared consciousness, a sense of belonging and enthusiastic nationalism in the age of modern nation-state. While the spread of the Internet and social media was originally expected to contribute to globalization or to the emergence of global citizens in a global village, as McLuhan once predicted, it seems that the world is more divided, fragmented, and fluid than ever. At the same time, the digital media organize various layers of community not only by ideology but also by affect: affective communities. This often leads to the rise of chauvinistic nationalism in developed countries. With reference to McLuhan's famous argument on hot and cool media, the article tries to examine the character of contemporary lukewarm nationalism in the age of digital media.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Supervision or collusion? CEO-CFO social ties and financial reporting quality. Purpose Social ties may either help chief executive officers (CEOs) supervise chief financial officers' (CFOs) behaviors effectively and improve financial reporting quality or lead to collusion and undermine financial reporting quality. Therefore, this paper examines the impact of social ties between CEOs and CFOs on financial reporting quality. Design/methodology/approach This paper constructs the CEO-CFO social ties through their mutual alma mater or birthplace. Based on 6,787 Chinese non-financial firm-year observations from 2003 to 2020, the paper conducts an empirical test using the multiple regression method. Findings The main finding is that firms with CEO-CFO social ties are more likely to exhibit higher financial reporting quality. CEOs with social ties to CFOs can obtain a high level of information and exert a better supervisory and monitoring role. Further, CEO-CFO social ties are more effective when the CEO does not have a financial background and when the institutional environment is weak. Originality/value This paper mainly contributes to the literature exploring the impact of executive characteristics on financial reporting quality and the literature examining the relation between social ties and corporate behaviors. Meanwhile, the paper emphasizes the important role of social ties as an informal monitoring mechanism in practice.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Improving patient outcomes by coaching primary health general practitioners and practice nurses in evidence based wound management at on-site wound clinics. Findings: Results included an increase in the confidence of health professionals to manage wounds. Utilisation of a repetitive coaching model over a six month period empowered the decision making process and assessment knowledge for a variety of wound types. A positive impact on patient outcomes for a variety of wound types was also observed.Aim: The aim of this project was to develop and trial a Cooperative Wound Clinic model of care in General Practices, using a nurse led, interdisciplinary, holistic approach; including training and coaching to increase the wound management expertise and capacity of health professionals working in the primary healthcare environment.Background: Wound management is frequently performed in the community and forms a large part of daily activities of General Practice health professionals. However, previous research has acknowledged a need for further education and training on evidence based wound management for these health professionals.Conclusion: The potential for expanding this model will bring many benefits including: empowerment of nurses' confidence in managing wounds, promoting the role of nurse led clinics; improved wound related capability and confidence of health professionals; improved wound management, patient knowledge and better patient satisfaction and outcomes. (C) 2018 Australian College of Nursing Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Methods: A longitudinal, pre-post design was used. Four Cooperative Wound Clinic pilot sites and nine wound clinics were established in General Practices across three Australian states with the intervention of the study being the model of care and incorporating a local wound expert employed to provide the training and coaching. Pre and post survey data were collected on wound management practices, health professional confidence in evidence based wound management, patient health, wellbeing and healing outcomes. Longitudinal patient data were collected for 24 weeks.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Identification of steroid biosynthetic defects in genotype-proven heterozygous individuals for 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency. Eight patients and fourteen family members from five families with 17OHD were recruited. The mutations of the CYP17A1 gene in these individuals were screened by sequencing. The hormonal response to cosyntropin (ACTH) was evaluated in the 14 genotype-proven carriers and 45 age- and gender-matched normal controls.ResultsFourteen carriers of the CYP17A1 mutation - seven with the D487_F489 deletion, six with Y329fs and one with H373L - were identified from the five families with 17OHD. Compared with normal controls, carriers showed lower basal and ACTH-stimulated cortisol levels but higher ACTH-stimulated corticosterone levels. The ratios of corticosterone to cortisol in the genotype-proven heterozygotes were higher than those of the normal controls at the baseline and after cosyntropin stimulation. Similarly, the progesterone levels and the ratios of progesterone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the male heterozygotes were also higher than those of the normal controls, both before and after ACTH stimulation.P>ObjectiveConclusionP450c17 deficiency (17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency, 17OHD) is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by CYP17A1 gene mutations. The D487_F489 deletion in exon 8 and Y329fs in exon 6 are relatively frequent mutations of the CYP17A1 gene in China that completely abolish the enzyme activity of P450c17. However, little remains known about steroid biosynthetic functions in carriers with these mutations in a single allele of the CYP17A1 gene, who are assumed to have 50% P450c17 activity. We investigated adrenal steroidogenic function in genotype-proven heterozygotes carrying such mutations in the CYP17A1 gene in vivo.Patients and designGenotype-proven carriers of the CYP17A1 mutation who lack apparent clinical symptoms exhibit decreased adrenal 17 alpha-hydroxylase activity and altered adrenal gland reserve for steroid biosynthesis.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Corruption, Corporate Character-Formation and 'Value-Strategy'. While most discussions of corruption focus on administration, institutions, the law and public policy, little attention in the debate about societal reform is paid to the \\\\'internalities\\\\' of anti-corruption efforts, specifically to character-formation and issues of personal and corporate integrity. While the word \\\\'integrity\\\\' is frequently mentioned as the goal to be achieved through institutional reforms, even in criminal prosecutions, the specifically philosophical aspects of character-formation and the development of corporate and individual virtues in a rational and systematic way tend to be neglected. This paper focuses on the \\\\'internalities\\\\' of anticorruption work with special emphasis on the pre-requisites that need to be ensured on behalf of the social elites in order for proper individual and collective character-formation to take place throughout the society. The author argues that a systematic pursuit of socially recognised virtues, both those pertaining to society as a whole and those specific to particular professions and social groups, is the most comprehensive and strategically justified way of pursuing anti-corruption policy, while institutional and penal policies can only serve an auxiliary role. The pursuit of institutional and criminal justice policies against corruption in a society that is subject to increasing relativism with regard to values and morality is at best ineffective, and at worst socially destructive. Thus the paper suggests a re-examination of the social discourse on the level of what the author calls \\\\'value strategy\\\\' and the gradual building of a plan to create and solidify specifically designed features of \\\\'corporate character\\\\' for key sectors of the society. This approach can serve as the main long-term strategy to improve the public profile of integrity and reinforce morality in both the public and civil sectors.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Load path effect on fatigue crack propagation in I plus II plus III mixed mode conditions - Part 1: Experimental investigations. This paper is devoted to the analysis of the load path effect on mixed mode I + II + III fatigue crack growth in a 316L stainless steel. Experiments were conducted in model + II and in model I + II + III. The loads were applied using the six actuators servo-hydraulic testing machine available at LMT-Cachan and the crack growth rate was measured using digital image correlation. The topographies of the crack paths were determined post-mortem using a numerical optical microscope. The fracture surfaces were also examined at high magnification using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The load paths used in the experiments were chosen so as to be equivalent with respect to most of the fatigue crack growth criteria, in particular with those based on Delta K-eq = n root alpha Delta K-I(n) + beta Delta K-II(n) + gamma Delta K-III(n) since the same maximum, minimum and mean values of the stress intensity factors were used for each loading path. In addition, load paths were constructed by pairs, either so that the extreme values of the stress intensity factors are attained simultaneously, or so as to display the same cumulative \\\\'length\\\\'. The main result of this set of experiments is that very different crack growth rates and crack paths are observed for load paths that are however considered as equivalent in most fatigue criteria. In addition, it was shown that the load path can have a very significant effect on the crack growth rate even if the crack path is not significantly different. The comparison of the results of the experiments conducted in mode I + II and in mode I + II + III, also allowed to show that the addition of mode III loading steps to a mode I + II loading sequence is increasing the fatigue crack growth rate, even when the crack path is not significantly modified. And finally, the SEM observations of the fracture surface showed that in non-proportional mixed mode conditions, a complex system of slip bands is formed at crack tip and is used to promote crack growth. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Does the 'Widowhood Effect' Precede Spousal Bereavement? Results from a Nationally Representative Sample of Older Adults. Objective: Increased mortality risk following spousal bereavement (often called the \\\\'widowhood effect\\\\') is well documented, but little prior research has evaluated health deteriorations preceding spousal loss. Design: Data are from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative sample of Americans over 50 years old. Method: Individuals who were married in 2004 were considered for inclusion. Outcome data from 2006 on mobility (walking, climbing stairs), number of depressive symptoms, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) were used. Exposure was characterized based on marital status at the time of outcome measurement: \\\\'recent widows\\\\' (N = 396) were bereaved between 2004 and 2006, before outcomes were assessed; \\\\'near widows\\\\' (N = 380) were bereaved between 2006 and 2008, after outcomes were assessed; \\\\'married\\\\' individuals (N = 7,330) remained married from 2004 to 2010, the follow-up period for this analysis. Linear regression models predicting standardized mobility, depressive symptoms, and IADLs, were adjusted for age, race, gender, birthplace, socio-economic status, and health at baseline. Results: Compared to married individuals, recent widows had worse depressive symptoms (beta = 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): [0.57, 0.85]). Near widows had worse depressive symptoms (beta = 0.21, 95% CI: [0.08, 0.34]), mobility (beta = 0.14, 95% CI: [0.01, 0.26]), and word recall (beta = -0.13, 95% CI: [-0.23, -0.02]) compared to married individuals. Conclusions: Health declines before spousal death suggests some portion of the \\\\'widowhood effect\\\\' may be attributable to experiences that precede widowhood and interventions prior to bereavement might help preserve the health of the surviving spouse.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 23, 57]}
{"token": "How does leader self-deprecating humor affect creative performance? The role of creative self-efficacy and power distance. Creative performance affects the achievement of an enterprise's financial objectives to a great extent. As the agent of an organization, a leader's influence on followers' creative performance has been widely examined. In recent years, testing humorous leadership as one of the new leadership styles has related it to employee attitudes and behaviors. However, since the concept includes both positive and negative aspects, the effects of leader humor have not met in a consistent conclusion. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the role of the unique aspect of leader humor, namely, self-deprecating humor, on subordinates' creative performance in a Chinese context. The empirical results show that leader self-deprecating humor negatively relates to employee creative performance, through employee creative self-efficacy, and employee power distance moderates the process.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Performances of Power: Staging Queenly Authority in Lope de Vega's Los pleitos de Ingalaterra. This article explores the relationship between power, performance, and identity through the figure of the queen in Lope de Vega's Los pleitos de Ingalaterra. Built upon a theoretical understanding of identity as both intersectional and performative, this study argues that compositional elements such as staging, costume, and spatial politics are essential to understanding the queen's multi-faceted character and her relationship to power. By exploring the constant interplay between the queen's identity markers-most notably gender, class, and sexuality-and how their variable expression or repression impacts on her ability to exercise authority, I demonstrate that power is temporary. In so doing, I show that power does not reside in a single individual or fixed category, and that, through these performative acts, the comedia invites a radical reconsideration of the hegemonic ideology that dictates who can and does merit power.", "label": [3, 28, 30]}
{"token": "Remote Delivery of Prevent Teach Reinforce for Families. A single-case multiple baseline design across three families was used to evaluate the impact of a manualized Prevent Teach Reinforce for Families (PTR-F) process for addressing challenging behavior (CB) when delivered in a remote format (PTR-F: R). Results across three families showed that (a) a functional relation existed between parent implementation of the strategies and reductions in child's CB, (b) families achieved high levels of implementation fidelity for behavior intervention plans developed using the PTR-F: R process, and (c) families rated the PTR-F: R process and the intervention plans positively. The results replicated findings from previous research on the general efficacy of the PTR process while adapting the method for use in a remote format. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.", "label": [5, 53, 55]}
{"token": "When are Cities Engines of Growth in China? Spread and Backwash Effects across the Urban Hierarchy. Chen A. and Partridge M. D. When are cities engines of growth in China? Spread and backwash effects across the urban hierarchy, Regional Studies. China's remarkable growth has an urban bias, but it is unclear whether it has greatly disadvantaged particular regions. To assess this question, a Central Place Theory framework is employed to assess spread and backwash effects. It is found that New Economic Geography representations do not capture the heterogeneity across urban tiers. Market potential in China's mega-cities is inversely related to growth for smaller cities and rural communities, while medium-sized cities have positive spread effects. It is concluded that China's urban-centric process should be re-evaluated because it may not maximize aggregate growth, and growth in the mega-cities may reduce growth elsewhere.", "label": [5, 49, 52]}
{"token": "SEX-BASED PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT IN DOCTORAL DEGREES. Introduction: Unlike men, women are not equally represented in the different professional categories of the scientific system. According to several studies, the first noticeable decrease in the number of women takes place in doctoral degrees. The aim of this study was to evaluate sex differences in performance in doctoral degrees both globally and by areas of knowledge. Method: As a measure of performance, the number of doctoral theses registered in the Ordered Spanish Theses (TESEO) data base between 2002 and 2009 was compared across sex in a sample of 3.463 PhD students (1.724 women, 1.739 men). Results: The differential analysis did not show any statistically significant difference either at the global level or any specific area of knowledge. Conclusion: This study confirms that, when PhD students are given a pre-doctoral scholarship, there is not any sex difference in performance in doctoral degrees.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Assessing host specialization in symbiotic cyanobacteria associated with four closely related species of the lichen fungus Peltigera. Heterocystous cyanobacteria form symbiotic associations with a wide range of plant and fungal hosts. We used a molecular phylogenetic approach to investigate the degree of host specialization of cyanobacteria associated with four closely related species of the lichenized fungus Peltigera, and to compare these strains with other symbiotic cyanobacteria. We conducted phylogenetic analyses on 16S, rbcLX, and trnL sequences from cyanobacteria associated with multiple specimens of each lichen species and from symbionts of other fungi and plants, as well as from free-living strains of Nostoc and related genera of cyanobacteria. The genus Nostoc comprises two divergent lineages, but symbiotic strains occur primarily within a single monophyletic lineage that also includes free-living representatives. Cyanobacteria from the same lichen species were often more closely related to strains from other species or to plant symbionts or free-living strains than to each other. These results indicate that host specialization is low for the genus Nostoc, and suggest that opportunities for coevolution with its partners may be rare.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
{"token": "Integrated FEM and CFD Simulation for Offshore Wind Turbine Structural Response. This paper implements Finite Element Model (FEM)-enabled computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis to enable wind and wave time-history analysis with multiple force-induced soil-structure-interaction. The soil-structure interaction of steel monopile supported 5MW wind turbine has been simulated with two common and applicable soil profiles. Lateral soil springs were used according to the American Petroleum Institute (API) Code for p-y curves, while vertical soil springs were generated according to the t-z and q-z API standards. A modal analysis was performed to verify the joint CFD-FEM exhibited a fundamental frequency in the desired range. A verification of the load applications was completed for maximum force and moment under specific wind and wave loading parameters. Deflection results were generated and compared with reliable results published in past studies. Results reveal that a variation in wind speed has a higher impact on soil structure interaction causing a larger deflection than a variance in the significant wave height. It is also evident that the heterogeneous sand profile has a high enough stiffness to cause fatigue damage during extreme multi-hazard loading. It is anticipated that this proposed modeling technique will provide a basis for more accurate application of multi-wind-wave simulations coupled with soil-monopile-interaction.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Model-based organizational decision making: A behavioral lens. Operational research assumes that organizational decision-making processes can be improved by making them more rigorous and analytical through the application of quantitative and qualitative modeling. However, we have only a limited understanding of how modeling actually affects organizational decision-making behavior, positively or negatively. Drawing from the Carnegie School's tradition of organizational research, this paper identifies two types of organizational decision-making activities where modeling can be applied: routine decision making and problem solving. These two types of decision-making activities have very different implications for model-based decision support, both in terms of the positive and negative behavioral impacts associated with modeling as well as the criteria used to evaluate models and modeling practices. Overall, the paper offers novel insights that help understand why modeling activities are successful (or not), explains why practitioners adopt some approaches more readily than others and points to new opportunities for empirical research and method development. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. and Association of European Operational Research Societies (EURO) within the International Federation of Operational Research Societies (IFORS). All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "INVITRO SECRETION OF 4 DEHYDROGENASES (ADH, MDH, IDH AND ALPHA-GPDH) BY FAT-BODIES FROM VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY, CERATITIS-CAPITATA (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE). The developmental profile of four dehydrogenases of the fat body of Ceratitis capitata was found to be similar to that of thc whole homogenate. Electrophoretic analysis revealed that the isozymic pattern of whole animal homogenate resembles that of the fat body, excluding MDH. Organ culture experiments demonstrated that the fat body secretes the four dehydrogenases into thc incubation medium differentially. Moreover, electrophoretic analysis indicated that the secretion of fat body is specific, since one of the MDH isozymes was not secreted. Heat shock treatment resulted in the suppression of ADH activity to about 50% during the transformation of larvae to pupae. Moreover, it seemed to promote thc secretive action of the fat body's isozymes.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Metamorphosis of the edible mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Ucididae) in response to benthic microbial biofilms. Benthic microbial communities can play an important role in the induction of larval metamorphosis in marine invertebrates. The role of biofilms in recognizing the parental habitat is unknown for the ecologically and economically important mangrove crab Ucides cordatus, a species suffering from environmental pressures such as habitat degradation and disease. In the laboratdry, we experimentally tested the influence of biofilms grown in offshore and estuarine waters on the moulting rates and developmental time to metamorphosis (TIN) of the last larval stage (megalopa) of U. cordatus. Here, we specifically studied whether: (i) megalopae of this larval-exporting species respond differently to marine (MB) and estuarine biofilms (EB), (ii) biofilms previously immersed (24 h) in adult crab-conditioned seawater (ACSW; i.e. conspecific chemical cues) exhibit a greater effectiveness (i.e. by inducing higher moulting rates and shorter TTM) on larval metamorphosis than non-immersed ones and (iii) biofilms pre-immersed (24 h) in ACSW decrease their effectiveness when incubated (24 h) in pure filtered seawater (FSW) before offering them to megalopae. U. cordatus megalopae metamorphosed to the first juvenile crab stage (Jl) in response to both MB and EB, however the moulting rates were significantly higher and development TTM shorter in the presence of EB compared to MB. The metamorphosis-inducing effects were significantly enhanced when both types of biofilms were pre-immersed in ACSW, suggesting that conspecific cues can be absorbed and stored by microbial matrix. The higher inductiveness of EB compared to MB persisted after previous contact with ACSW. Furthermore, EB exhibited a significantly greater biomass production (measured as dry weight) than MB, and when immersed in ACSW, both groups of biofilms significantly increased in biomass (maintaining the hierarchy EB > MB), suggesting that water-soluble chemical substances emitted by the adult crabs may have been absorbed and metabolized by the biofilms. The metamorphic inductiveness and biomass production decreased when both groups of biofilms that were previously kept (24 h) in ACSW were thereafter immersed (24 h) in FSW. All megalopae successfully moulted toil after accelerated TTM when reared in ACSW, regardless of presence or absence of biofilms, corroborating that conspecific stimuli are the most effective metamorphosis-stimulating cues tested so far in U. cordatus. The fact that EB improved the moulting rates and shortened the development TTM indicates that megalopae can recognize and respond to microbial assemblages typical for specific environments. This should be ecologically important during larval recruitment by facilitating settlement in appropriate habitats for the post-metamorphic development of early benthic recruits. In addition, the influence of EB could encourage colonization of new estuarine areas and aid natural recovery of U. cordatus in mangrove habitats where crab populations have suffered significant reduction due to deforestation, fishing pressure or diseases. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 37, 45]}
{"token": "'So debatable a subject, and viewed with so much suspicion': Theology in the University: Australia. Although marked by suspicion reaching back to sectarianism among early colonisers, theology endures in Australian institutions - albeit not always being welcome in universities. Creative responses to exclusion from university contexts have emerged over time - some more stable, others quite fragile. However, colonialism morphs across the sector, and longstanding injustices remain unresolved. This article charts institutional developments and then explores gender and colonial history as areas of ongoing tension.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "DIAMETER AND BLOOD VELOCITY CHANGES IN THE SAPHENOUS-VEIN DURING THERMAL-STRESS. Although volume, pressure or flow in superficial veins have been studied extensively, little is known about venous blood velocity during thermal stress. Most authors have suggested that the velocity is decreased in the dilated superficial veins during heat stress to facilitate heat loss, and is increased during cooling as the vein is constricted. Duplex ultrasound has been used to study saphenous cross sectional area (CSA) and mean maximal venous blood velocity (BV) in ten healthy volunteers (age 22-31 years). Compared with unstressed mean values, 4.8 (SD 2.6) mm(2), CSA increased to 9.3 (SD 2.1) mm(2) (P < 0.005) during heat stress and decreased to 2.1 (SD 1.9) mm(2) (P < 0.005) during cold stress. These results are consistent with previous studies, but the absolute CSA of the saphenous vein has never been estimated during thermal stress. The BV increased from 0.07 (SD 0.02) m.s-1 to 0.29 (SD 0.11) m.s(-1) (P < 0.005) during warming. During cooling, BV tended to decrease: 0.05 (SD 0.03) m.s(-1) (N.S). We would suggest that heat loss during thermal stress can be facilitated by the rapid turnover of warm blood, and not (as usually suggested) by the prolonged cooling of each blood sample in the dilated superficial veins.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 52]}
{"token": "Predation and functional response of the multi-coloured Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis on the adult Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) is a vector for the citrus Huanglongbing greening disease, which can reduce crop yields. Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is known to prey on D. citri nymphs; we investigated the predation capacity and functional response of H. axyridis on adult D. citri. H. axyridis larvae exhibited Holling's type II functional response to different densities of adult D. citri. For second, third and fourth instar H. axyridis larvae, the successful attack rates were 0.75 +/- 0.22, 1.06 +/- 0.11, and 1.04 +/- 0.26, respectively; the handling times were 18.08 +/- 5.37, 0.45 +/- 0.07, and 0.24 +/- 0.07 h, respectively; and the estimated maximum predation rates were 4, 54, and 102, respectively. Fourth instar larvae had the lowest handling time. Adult H. axyridis consumed more D. citri adults maintained at 15-20 degrees C than at 30-35 degrees C, with an optimal temperature of 17.28 degrees C. More adults were consumed during the day than at night, with peak consumption between 12:00 and 14:00 h, not differing significantly differ between predator genders. Adult H. axyridis reared on the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum were tested for D. citri predation; these H. axyridis had successful attack rates, handling times, and estimated maximal predation rates of 0.66 +/- 0.18, 0.82 +/- 0.26 h, and 29, respectively. Conversely, those fed and tested on D. citri had corresponding rates of 0.99 +/- 0.17, 0.38 +/- 0.12 h, and 63, respectively. Significant H. axyridis predation on adult D. citri indicated its enhanced role in suppressing both nymph and adult D. citri.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
{"token": "Inception or Interpellation? The Slovenian School, Butler, and Althusser. Critics of Louis Althusser ask why an interpellated individual turns around. With this question, Mladen Dolar, among others, tries to establish the intermediary stage of \\\\'belief before belief'' or \\\\'subject before subject.'' However, Althusser's position is that such a circularity of \\\\'X before X'' is not the cause but the retroactive effect of interpellation: the subject teleologically projects the imposed identity to its eternal past, thereby falling into the illusion of causa sui (the subject before itself). In this regard, Althusser's position is not so different from Jacques Lacan's. Applying a double standard to them, Dolar betrays Lacan's own logic of retroaction and regresses into the logic of inception. Judith Butler clearly recognizes the ontological impossibility of positing subject before subject, but she wants to reserve the tropological possibility of designating one and attempts to turn this possibility into the source of resistance. This article investigates why Althusser did not choose to go this way.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Evaluation of augmented reality technology for the design of an evacuation training game. Building evacuation training systems and training employees in an organization have a vital role in emergency cases in which people need to know what to do exactly. In every building, procedures, rules, and actions are attractively shown on the walls, but most of the people living in that building are not aware of these procedures and do not have any experience what to do in these dangerous situations. In order to be able to apply these procedures properly in an emergency situation, community members should be trained with the state-of-the-art equipment and technologies, but to do so, up-front investment and development of such a system are necessary. In this study, augmented reality (AR) technology was applied to realize a game-based evacuation training system that implements gamification practices. The architectural plans of a university were used to model the floors and the relevant environment. Employees are trained to learn how to reach the nearest exit location in the event of a fire or earthquake, and also, the system provides the shortest path for the evacuation. In addition to these features, our training game has educational animations about the fire, chemical attack, and earthquake events. A mobile application was implemented to train employees working in the building and inform them to know how to escape in an emergency situation. The technology acceptance model and the related questionnaire form were applied, and the response of 36 participants was analyzed. It was demonstrated that AR and relevant tools provide a flexible environment to develop evacuation systems in a university, our mobile application enabled participants to be trained in a realistic environment, and trainees were highly satisfied with the system. Educational animations were also another benefit for the trainees.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "A contextual approach on sex-related biases in pain judgements: The moderator effects of evidence of pathology and patients' distress cues on nurses' judgements of chronic low-back pain. Although women report feeling more pain than men, their pain is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. By proposing a gender-based theoretical conceptualisation, we argue that such sex-related biases may be enhanced or suppressed by contextual variables pertaining to the clinical situation, the perceiver or the patient. Consequently, we aimed to explore the moderator role of two clinically relevant variables in a chronic low-back pain (CLBP) scenario: diagnostic evidence of pathology (EP) and pain behaviours conveying distress. One-hundred and twenty-six female nurses (M=35.33, SD=7.64) participated in an experimental between-subjects design, 2 (patient's sex) x 2 (EP: present vs. absent) x 2 (pain behaviours: with vs. without distress). Independent variables were operationalised by vignettes depicting a patient with CLBP. Nurses judged the patient's pain on several dimensions: (1) credibility; (2) disability; (3) severity of the clinical situation; (4) psychological attributions and (5) willingness to offer support. Main findings showed that judgements of women's pain were influenced by EP, while judgements of men's pain were not. Moreover, nurses showed biases against men, but only in the presence of EP. The influence of distress cues was less consistent. Theoretical and practical implications are drawn.", "label": [2, 5, 55, 24]}
{"token": "Relational distance and the acceptance of mental health evaluations: A social influence approach to deviant labeling. Research on labeling has been criticized for neglecting individual-level responses to being labeled. The authors examine labeling as social influence, focusing on the '' relational distance '' between the labeler and the labelee and how this affects the labelee's '' avowal,'' or acceptance, of mental evaluations. The authors report results showing that participants more strongly accepted mental evaluations from a randomly assigned, less relationally distant evaluator, regardless of either participants' actual depression levels or the content of randomly assigned mental evaluations. The authors discuss the implications of their findings for understanding race differences in reactions to labeling and for integrating labeling arguments with ideas concerning re-integrative shaming.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "SELF-DETERMINATION FOR SOME: THE PALESTINIANS AND THE UYGHURS IN CHINA'S FOREIGN POLICY. China's first ever white paper publicly outlining its policy toward the greater Middle East affirmed Beijing's support for the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, as well as an independent Palestinian state based on pre-1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital. Beijing's support for Palestinian independence stands in stark contrast and apparent tension with its oppression of its Uyghur minority, who, like the Palestinians, aspire to an independent state of their own in present-day Xinjiang. What explains China's continued support for an independent, Muslimmajority Palestinian state despite its brutal crackdown of its own Muslim minority at home? Drawing on the literature on sovereignty and self-determination, I argue that these policy positions are not inconsistent, and can indeed by reconciled. As a doctrinal matter, international law has differentiated between permissible self-determination claims in the context of decolonization on the one hand, and impermissible secessionist claims on the other. In its foreign relations, China has consistently highlighted this distinction and characterized Xinjiang as an integral part of Chinese territory, with the necessary implication that Uyghur self-determination claims are irredentist in nature. Whatever the legalities, in practice, China has managed to reconcile these policies due in no small part to its significant economic and political leverage and its framing of its Uyghur policy as a security issue immune from criticism. By maintaining this careful balancing act, China has facilitated-or at least eliminated one possible roadblock to-the creation of a greater role for itself in the Middle East, while not abandoning its historical support for the Palestinians or emboldening secessionist movements at home.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Whither Are We Bound? New Insights on American Economic Policymaking. This article reviews recent scholarship in American economic policymaking. It focuses on scholarly work from 2012 to 2015 and considers three main streams of research. The first concerns how, amidst the lingering effects of the Great Recession, monetary and fiscal policy variables interplay to affect policy outcomes such as employment and income. The second stream relates to the politics of regulation and spans several aspects of regulatory governance such as enforcement and compliance, regulatory arbitrage in financial markets, and the role of U.S. regulatory regime structures as standards of best practice in global contexts. The third stream of research focuses on the dynamics of institutional relationships in the policy process and explores how policy narratives influence policy outcomes, how the media engages and alters political attention, and how interest groups and lobbyists shape policy decisions. The final section provides directions for future research and assesses the extent to which these frontier issues in economic research could shape American economic policymaking going forward.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Global analysis of inclusive B decays. In light of the large amount of new experimental data, we revisit the determination of |V-cb| and m(b) from inclusive semileptonic and radiative B decays. We study shape variables to order Lambda(QCD)(3)/m(b)(3) and alpha(s)(2)beta(0), and include the order alpha(s)Lambda(QCD)/m(b) correction to the hadron mass spectrum in semileptonic decay, which improves the agreement with the data. We focus on the 1S and kinetic mass schemes for the b quark, with and without expanding m(b)-m(c) in heavy quark effective theory. We perform fits to all available data from BABAR, BELLE, CDF, CLEO, and DELPHI, discuss the theoretical uncertainties, and compare with earlier results. We find |V-cb|=(41.4+/-0.6+/-0.1(tauB))x10(-3) and m(b)(1S)=4.68+/-0.03 GeV, including our estimate of the theoretical uncertainty in the fit.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Alternatives instead of protest A pragmatic change of direction in the new Russian art. Russian performance artists such as Pussy Riot or Pavel Pavlensky have attracted international attention with sensational acts. However, from the mid-2010s onwards - not least due to its lack of effectiveness - this form of \\\\'heroic\\\\' protest was replaced by a new type of resistance against the authoritarian regime. Groups such as \\\\'Partizaning\\\\' and \\\\'ZIP\\\\' no longer confront the state power, but instead, aim to transform society - using participatory art. For them, the goal is to re-interpret urban space and to shape it in a humane way. Many projects make aesthetic and political reference to the Soviet art of the early 1920s. At the same time, they are also related to the performances of the global do-it-yourself movement and the western minimalist art of the 1960s, as well as to the global trend towards \\\\'relational aesthetics\\\\'.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Trawetsia princetonensis gen. et sp nov (Blechnaceae): A permineralized fern from the middle Eocene Princeton Chert. Trawetsia princetonensis Smith, Stockey, Nishida & Rothwell gen. et sp. nov. is described from several permineralized rhizomes, stipes, and higher-order frond members of a blechnoid fern that have been identified from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert of British Columbia. Rhizomes bear stipes arising from all sides of the stem as well as diarch adventitious roots. The dictyostelic rhizomes are up to 16 mm across and have five to seven amphiphloic cauline bundles that are capped internally and externally by sclerenchyma. Ground tissue, where well preserved, is transitional from arenchymatous to parenchymatous, with abundant small sclerotic nests found throughout the pith and cortex. Multicellular scales are borne on the rhizome but are sparse and do not imbricate. At least three orders of frond material are preserved: stipes, primary pinnae, and laminar pinnules. Stipes have an adaxial groove, two adaxial hippocampiform bundles, and seven or fewer small, circular bundles arranged in an abaxial U-shaped arc. In distal sections of the rachis, the vascular bundles are reduced to three or fewer. Ground tissue of the stipe has sclerenchyma nests near the base but distally becomes completely aerenchymatous, further evidence that the Princeton Chert preserves an ancient wetland environment. This fossil material expands our knowledge of fern diversity from the Princeton Chert locality, which also includes osmundaceous, dennstaedtioid, and dryopterid ferns, and it contributes to the understanding of the timing and evolution of derived Filicales. While the vegetative anatomy of this fern allies it with the Blechnaceae, the lack of attached fertile fronds precludes the possible recognition of T. princetonensis as a fossil representative of a modern genus or perhaps even a living species.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Comparative evaluation of a novel, moderately hypofractionated radiation protocol in 56 dogs with symptomatic intracranial neoplasia. Background: Use of strongly hypofractionated radiation treatments in dogs with intracranial neoplasia did not improve outcomes and yielded increased rates of toxicosis. Objectives: To evaluate safety and efficacy of a new, moderately hypofractionated radiation protocol of 10 x 4 Gy compared to a standard protocol. Animals: Convenience sample of 56 client-owned dogs with primary symptomatic brain tumors. Methods: Retrospective observational study. Twenty-six dogs were assigned to the control standard protocol of 20 x 2.5 Gy (group A) and 30 dogs to the new protocol of 10 x 4 Gy (group B), assigned on owners' informed consent. Statistical analysis was conducted under the \\\\'as treated\\\\' regime, using Kaplan-Meier and Cox-regression analysis. Treatment was delivered with technically advanced image-guided radiation therapy. The 2 treatment groups were compared in terms of outcome and signs of toxicosis. Results: Overall progression-free interval (PFI) and overall survival (OS) time were favorable, with 663 (95%CI: 497;828) and 637 (95%CI: 403;870) days, respectively. We found no significant difference between the two groups: PFI for dogs in group A vs B was 608 (95%CI: 437;779) days and mean (median not reached) 863 (95%CI: 644;1083) days, respectively (P = .89), and OS for dogs in group A vs B 610 (95%CI: 404;816) and mean (median not reached) 796 (95%CI: 586;1007) days (P = .83). Conclusion and Clinical Importance: In conclusion, 10 x 4 Gy is a safe and efficient protocol for treatment of primary intracranial neoplasia and future dose escalation can be considered.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Structural analysis of C-19 through Coulomb dissociation reactions. We present a comprehensive study of the Coulomb dissociation reactions induced by C-19 at high energies on heavy targets within the framework of eikonal approximation approach with a motive to investigate its ground state structure. Various observables of the reaction are well described by assuming the predominance of [0(+) circle times 2s(1)/2] core-neutron spin coupling in the ground state of C-19. However, the tail observed in the longitudinal momentum distribution of C-18 coming from the breakup of C-19 is better explained by considering the coupling of 2s(1/)2 neutron with highly excited 0(2)+ (E-x = 4.0 MeV) core state. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "A three-dimensional hybrid smoothed finite element method (H-SFEM) for nonlinear solid mechanics problems. This paper presents a novel three-dimensional hybrid smoothed finite element method (H-SFEM) for solid mechanics problems. In 3D H-SFEM, the strain field is assumed to be the weighted average between compatible strains from the finite element method (FEM) and smoothed strains from the node-based smoothed FEM with a parameter alpha equipped into H-SFEM. By adjusting alpha, the upper and lower bound solutions in the strain energy norm and eigenfrequencies can always be obtained. The optimized alpha value in 3D H-SFEM using a tetrahedron mesh possesses a close-to-exact stiffness of the continuous system, and produces ultra-accurate solutions in terms of displacement, strain energy and eigenfrequencies in the linear and nonlinear problems. The novel domain-based selective scheme is proposed leading to a combined selective H-SFEM model that is immune from volumetric locking and hence works well for nearly incompressible materials. The proposed 3D H-SFEM is an innovative and unique numerical method with its distinct features, which has great potential in the successful application for solid mechanics problems.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Gene encoding polygalacturonase inhibitor in apple fruit is developmentally regulated and activated by wounding and fungal infection. A cDNA encoding polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) from mature apple fruit has been cloned and characterized. The open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of 330 amino acids, in which 24 amino acids at the N-terminus comprise the signal peptide. Apple PGIP contains 10 imperfect leucine-rich repeat sequence motifs averaging 24 amino acids in length. In addition to the 1.3 kb PGIP transcript, the cloned cDNA also hybridized to RNA molecules with sizes of 3.2 and 5.0 kb. Genomic DNA analysis revealed that the apple PGIP probably belongs to a small family of genes. PGIP transcript levels varied in fruit collected at different maturities, suggesting the gene is developmentally regulated. Very high PGIP transcript levels were detected in decayed areas and the tissue adjacent to the inoculation sites of Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea. However, no increase in the amount of PGIP transcript in tissue distant from the decayed region was observed. Wounding on fruit also induced PGIP gene expression but to a much lessser extent when compared with decayed areas. After storage at 0 degrees C for 1 month, the abundance of PGIP transcript in ripe fruit was substantially increased. The PGIP gene in immature and ripe fruit was rapidly up-regulated by fungal infections, while in stored fruit the induction was very limited and concurred with an increase of fruit susceptibility to fungal colonization. Since PGIP gene expression is regulated by fruit development and responds to wounding, fungal infection and cold storage, these observations suggest that apple PGIP may have multiple roles during fruit development and stress response.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Breeding biology of Coquerel's Coua (Coua coquereli) in Western Madagascar. The breeding biology of the endemic Coquerel's Coua (Coua coquereli), a non-parasitic cuckoo species for which few ecological data are available, was studied in the dry deciduous forest of western Madagascar. Nestling C. coquereli remain in the nest for only a short time after hatching. At approximately 9 days old and still unable to fly, they were observed to leave the nest and then remained on the ground where they were fed by both parents. This behaviour is probably a strategy used to reduce nestling predation.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Early Gothic numismatic [h]rustis and gamma Omicron u nu theta/iota Omicron u. The inscriptions on two late Roman Iron Age coins conserved in the Ossolineum in Wroclaw appear to record an early Gothic noun and name respectively. One, an imitation of an aureus of Severus Alexander, bears a runic text that seems best to be taken as [h]rustis >adornment<. The other, an aureus of Postumus, appears to feature a name Gunthorneis or Gutteis scratched into it recorded in Greek letters. Both of the coins feature holes bored in them, indicating that they were formerly worn as pendants, much like the later Migration Age bracteates.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "(???????)A novel in-situ test method for permeability in saturated sandy porous media. Permeability is a vital parameter for the design and construction of structures involving ocean engineering. Based on the steady-state heat transfer theory and Darcy's law, a novel in-situ test method for permeability in saturated sandy porous media is introduced in this work. This approach aims to obtain permeability through the inversion of the measured temperatures. Temperatures measuring device with a constant heater was installed in an insulating experimental tank filled with sandy sediments of different permeability. Further, a numerical model based on the Finite Element method was simulated to validate the feasibility of the proposed method and ac-curacy of the experimental data. Besides, the results obtained by the constant head test were compared with those calculated by the novel in-situ test method, considering different surface temperatures of the heater and different sediments' permeability. It shows that the permeability obtained by in-situ method are reliable and accurate (the accuracy is within one order of magnitude) in both numerical simulations and experimental tests. The effects of different surface temperatures of the heater and permeability of porous media on permeability calculation results were also discussed. The surface temperature was found that has little influence on permeability. And the proposed method is applicable when the permeability is higher than 10(-12) m(2). The findings can provide some reference to the in-situ measurement of submarine sediments' permeability.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 39]}
{"token": "Analysis of the Genome and Transcriptome of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii Reveals Complex RNA Expression and Microevolution Leading to Virulence Attenuation. Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast responsible for more than 600,000 deaths each year. It occurs as two serotypes (A and D) representing two varieties (i.e. grubii and neoformans, respectively). Here, we sequenced the genome and performed an RNA-Seq-based analysis of the C. neoformans var. grubii transcriptome structure. We determined the chromosomal locations, analyzed the sequence/structural features of the centromeres, and identified origins of replication. The genome was annotated based on automated and manual curation. More than 40,000 introns populating more than 99% of the expressed genes were identified. Although most of these introns are located in the coding DNA sequences (CDS), over 2,000 introns in the untranslated regions (UTRs) were also identified. Poly(A)-containing reads were employed to locate the polyadenylation sites of more than 80% of the genes. Examination of the sequences around these sites revealed a new poly(A)-site-associated motif (AUGHAH). In addition, 1,197 miscRNAs were identified. These miscRNAs can be spliced and/or polyadenylated, but do not appear to have obvious coding capacities. Finally, this genome sequence enabled a comparative analysis of strain H99 variants obtained after laboratory passage. The spectrum of mutations identified provides insights into the genetics underlying the micro-evolution of a laboratory strain, and identifies mutations involved in stress responses, mating efficiency, and virulence.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Mutations in MTHFR and POLG impaired activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in 46-year-old twins with spastic paraparesis. Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are characterized by lower extremity spasticity and weakness. HSP is often caused by mutations in SPG genes, but it may also be produced by inborn errors of metabolism. We performed next-generation sequencing of 4813 genes in one adult twin pair with HSP and severe muscular weakness occurring at the same age. We found two pathogenic compound heterozygous variants in MTHFR, including a variant not referenced in international databases, c.197C>T (p.Pro66Leu) and a known variant, c.470G>A (p.Arg157Gln), and two heterozygous pathogenic variants in POLG, c.1760C>T (p.Pro587Leu) and c.752C>T (p.Thr251Ile). MTHFR and POLG mutations were consistent with the severe muscle weakness and the metabolic changes, including hyperhomocysteinemia and decreased activity of both N(5,10)methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and complexes I and II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. These data suggest the potential role of MTHFR and POLG mutations through consequences on mitochondrial dysfunction in the occurrence of spastic paraparesis phenotype with combined metabolic, muscular, and neurological components.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "International and multicenter comparison of EUCAST and CLSI M27-A2 broth microdilution methods for testing susceptibilities of Candida spp. to fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole. The aim of this study was to compare MICs of fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole obtained by the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and CLSI (formerly NCCLS) methods in each of six centers for 15 Candida albicans (5 fluconazole-resistant and 4 susceptibledose-dependent [S-DD] isolates), 10 C. dubliniensis, 7 C. glabrata (2 fluconazole-resistant isolates), 5 C. guilliermondii (2 fluconazole-resistant isolates), 10 C. krusei, 9 C. lusitaniae, 10 C. parapsilosis, and 5 C. tropicalis (1 fluconazole-resistant isolate) isolates. CLSI MICs were obtained visually at 24 and 48 h and spectrophotometric EUCAST MICs at 24 h. The agreement (within a 3-dilution range) between the methods was species, drug, and incubation time dependent and due to lower EUCAST than CLSI MICs: overall, 94 to 95% with fluconazole and voriconazole and 90 to 91% with posaconazole and itraconazole when EUCAST MICs were compared against 24-h CLSI results. The agreement was lower (85 to 94%) against 48-h CLSI endpoints. The overall interlaboratory reproducibility by each method was >= 92%. When the comparison was based on CLSI breakpoint categorization, the agreement was 68 to 76% for three of the four species that included fluconazole-resistant and S-DD isolates; 9% very major discrepancies (<= 8 mu g/ml versus >= 64 mu g/ml) were observed among fluconazole-resistant isolates and 50% with voriconazole (<= 1 mu g/ml versus >= 4 mu g/ml). Similar results were observed with itraconazole for seven of the eight species evaluated (28 to 77% categorical agreement). Posaconazole EUCAST MICs were also substantially lower than CLSI MIC modes (0.008 to 1 mu g/ml versus 1 to >= 8 mu g/ml) for some of these isolates. Therefore, the CLSI breakpoints should not be used to interpret EUCAST MIC data.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "To the Issue of the Public Education System on the Territory of the Caucasian Educational District in 1848-1917. Part 1. The authors attempt to consider the systems of public education on the territory of the Caucasian Educational District in the period from 1848 to 1917. In this part of the work, the attention is paid to the period from 1848 to 1900.Due to the specifics of the work, the statistical method was widely used in methodological terms. Thanks to its application, we managed to systematize a variety of statistical information on different types of educational institutions (primary, lower and secondary), as well as to identify changes in the number of students in the Caucasus and pay attention to their gender balance.The authors come to the conclusion that the system of public education on the territory of the Caucasian Educational District consisted of secondary, lower, primary and private education. Various parish schools (Orthodox, Armenian-Gregorian, Jewish, Muslim) were not subordinated to the Caucasian School District and data on them were not considered in this work. The Caucasian Educational District, created in 1848, was a territory with scattered centers of public education with the predominance of primary schools. By 1879 there have already been more than 80o educational institutions in the Caucasus, of which 25 are secondary and 32 are lower, together with private ones. By 1900, the number of secondary and lower schools reached 55 and 84, respectively, and the total number of schools reached 1902, with 168 thousand students. Despite the obvious successes in public education, the gender imbalance and the infringement of girls' rights to primary education continued to be a significant problem.There were used as materials the annual \\\\'Reports of the trustee of the Caucasian Educational District on the state of educational institutions of the Caucasian Educational District\\\\', which were published from 1884 to 1914. These reports published data on the public education system subordinated both to the Ministry of Public Education and, especially at the initial stage, on schools of other departments, for example, the Holy Synod.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Progressive scoliosis in early, non-progressive CNS injuries: role of axial muscles. Forty-three patients with progressive neurological deficits involving axial musculature, starting 3-6 years alter non-progressive brain injuries insults are described. Losses of function followed period of several years of stable motor deficits. Subsequent losses were stereotypic, with loss of ambulation and scoliosis, followed by loss of word articulation, malalignment of the mandible and ultimately neurogenic impairment of swallowing. Physical therapy, serial castings and spinal instrumentation palliated specific musculoskeletal problems but did not alter the relentless loss of various functions. The balanced action of paired axial muscles (i.e. spine, proximal muscle groups of the lower extremities, oropharynx, mastication) is regulated by the brainstem with modulation by the cerebral hemispheres. The clinical evolution in these patients suggest that, in the absence of normal input from the cerebral hemispheres, some patients have a progressive loss of these brainstem mechanisms. The most resistant functions (last ones to be lost), seem to be the ones phylogenetically most relevant for survival, such as suction and swallowing.", "label": [2, 18, 22]}
{"token": "MICROORGANISMS OF THE COCCIDIA SUBCLASS: RESISTANCE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ASEPTIC PROCESSING OF HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS. This theoretical study proposes a reflection on the intrinsic resistance of the subclass Coccidia, particularly the genus Cryptosporidium, considered to be potential pathogens for immunocompromised patients, and the implications for nursing practice. Currently, the international and national guidelines support the chemical disinfection of digestive system endoscopes after their cleansing as a safe and effective procedure. However, studies show that microorganisms of the subclass Coccidia, namely Cryptosporidium, responsible for enteric infection, are more resistant than mycobacteria and are not inactivated by high-level disinfectants, except for hydrogen peroxide 6% and 7.5%, which are not currently available in Brazil. We conclude that the legislation should include this agent among test microorganisms for approving high-level disinfectants. Health authorities should make efforts to ensure that healthcare institutions have access to effective disinfectants against Cryptosporidium.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "The Sense of the Transcendental Field: Deleuze, Sartre, and Husserl. There are two ways in which sense has been approached in contemporary philosophy. The dividing line is between those who interpret sense as abiding with models of recognition and those who determine sense as arising with paradox. In The Logic of Sense, Gilles Deleuze puts forth a paradoxical constitution of sense in order to render that which is new in being something untimely, the always new in being. In placing paradox at the center of the constitution of sense, Deleuze effectively works to displace the two aspects of doxa, good sense and common sense. Such a conception of sense comes into direct tension with Husserl's theory of sense. By outlining the fundamentals of Husserl's position, I intend to show on what points the two part ways. This distinction will create the context in which we can posit the relationship of transcendental and formal logic in Deleuze's philosophy via Sartre's essay \\\\'The Transcendence of the Ego.\\\\' My aim is to show that the doubling of sense does not reinforce the act of recognition, which Husserl realizes in the two-leveled predicative process.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Presence of the Augustinians in the urban and social area of Rome (13th-15th centuries). The first Hermit settlement attested in Rome, in the sec. XIII, was that of S. Maria del Popolo, built in a marginal area of the city, which from 1473 will be revitalized by the observant Congregation of Lombardy. Subsequently there was a second settlement in S. Trifone near Piazza Navona, therefore in the heart of the city, where the church of the same name enjoyed the advantages of the cura animarum, which was managed by the Augustinian prior. The Conventual Studium Generale was also established here in 1324. Only after a short distance from Piazza Navona will the church of S. Agostino be built (later rebuilt from the foundations by Cardinal Guglielmo d'Estouteville from 1479), which will live together with S. Trifone and will become the privileged place of preaching and therefore of the work of apostolate by the Order. To complete the picture, during the fifteenth century in various churches both the presence of Augustinian friars with the function of chaplains and the spontaneous foundation of domus of tertiary and Augustinian \\\\'bizzoche\\\\' are attested, which shed light on the attraction of Augustinian religiosity to the world female (devotion to S. Monica).", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "SYNTHESIS FOR TESTABILITY BY SYNTHESIS CONTROLLING. The Synthesis for Testability system Synthesis Controller SC is described in this paper. SC integrates Design for Testability in usual High-Level Synthesis systems during the design process by controlling the synthesis phases. Symbolic assignments containing elements of a data flow graph are computed by the SC. The methods for the selection of the elements and the construction of the assignments are defined. The results and data structures of a High-Level Synthesis system are transformed based on the assignments. After integration of the modified results and data structures the synthesis process constructs a better testable design. The addition of the SC to an existing High-Level Synthesis system has led to designs of well integrated test concepts.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Benchmarking sensory off-flavor score, off-flavor descriptor and fatty acid profiles for muscles from commercially available beef and dairy cull cow carcasses. The first objective of this research was to benchmark off-flavors from 9 muscles and fatty acid profiles from the longissimus muscle from commercially identified fed and non-fed cull beef and dairy cows and A-maturity, USDA Select steers (n = 15 each). The second objective of this study was to determine the relationship between fatty acids and off-flavor score in the longissimus muscle. There was a trend (P = 0.06) for a muscle by carcass group interaction for sensory off-flavor detection. Muscles from non-fed beef cows had the greatest incidence of off-flavor detection while muscles from A-maturity. Select steers had the lowest incidence of off-flavors. No relationship (P > 0.10, R-2 < 0.08) was found to exist between the fatty acid profile of the longissimus muscle and sensory off-flavor detection. Commercially identifying cull cows as fed or non-fed prior to harvest may be a beneficial method to reduce off-flavors in muscles that may be used beyond ground products. Published by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Mapping the base of sand dunes using a new design of land-streamer for static correction applications. The complex near-surface structure is a major problem in land seismic data. This is more critical when data acquisition takes place over sand dune surfaces, where the base of the sand acts as a trap for energy and, depending on its shape, can considerably distort conventionally acquired seismic data. Estimating the base of the sand dune surface can help model the sand dune and reduce its harmful influence on conventional seismic data. Among the current methods to do so are drilling upholes and using conventional seismic data to apply static correction. Both methods have costs and limitations. For upholes, the cost factor and their inability to provide a continuous model is well realized. Meanwhile, conventional seismic data lack the resolution necessary to obtain accurate modeling of the sand basement. We developed a method to estimate the sand base from land-streamer seismic acquisition that is developed and geared to sand surfaces. Seismic data acquisition took place over a sand surface in the Al-Thumamah area, where an uphole is located, using the developed land-streamer and conventional spiked geophone systems. Land-streamer acquisition not only provides a more efficient data acquisition system than the conventional spiked geophone approach, but also in our case, the land-streamer provided better quality data with a broader frequency bandwidth. Such data enabled us to do accurate near-surface velocity estimation that resulted in velocities that are very close to those measured using uphole methods. This fact is demonstrated on multiple lines acquired near upholes, and agreement between the seismic velocities and the upholes is high. The stacked depth seismic section shows three layers. The interface between the first and second layers is located at 7 m depth, while the interface between second and third layers is located at 68 m depth, which agrees with the uphole result.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "Mobile Phone as an Extension Tool among Female Agricultural Practitionersin Lagos State Nigeria. This study assessed the use of mobile telephone for extension among female agricultural practitioners in Lagos State. The study adopted purposive selection of Epe and Ikorodu Local Government Areas (LGA), while simple random sampling technique was used to select 60 female farmers and 5 female EAs in each of the two LGAs. Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics and chi square. Results showed that female agricultural practitioners in Lagos State cut across different age groups, changing trend of farming business as youths and the younger generation now take active part. The majority (97.69%) of the respondents owned and used mobile phone for accessing market information among others. Also, 90.8% respondents agreed that it's an efficient and effective facility for extension communication. High cost of subscription, mobile phone and accessories were the major constraints reported. This study provided evidence on the role of mobile phones in reducing information search costs and asymmetries and increasing market efficiencies. It is recommended that an agricultural extension service incorporates/ strengthens use of mobile phones for information dissemination by training EAs on opportunities inherent in the use of mobile phones.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Pedogenic evidence of Urmia Lake's maximum expansion in the late Quaternary. The Urmia Lake recession, and the resulting increase in vast barren area around it, has been rapid in recent decades and thus has attracted attention of environmentalists and geoscientists alike. However, evidence for its different strandlines and the largest extension of the lake during the late Quaternary has not been reported yet. The principal goals of the current research were to figure out pedological evidence of its maximum expansion during the late Quaternary and mapping out the different strandlines along the western shores of Urmia Lake over time. Thirty-two soil pedons at different landscape positions, geomorphic surfaces and distances from Urmia Lake were studied during autumn in 2013 and 2014. Micromorphological and mineralogical studies were performed for some diagnostic horizons. Results showed along the transect under study three different entities diagnostic of the lake's history (1) lithological discontinuities, (2) saline lacustrine sediments, (3) buried soils. However, almost 2 km from the closest pedon to the lake, no evidence of saline playa sediments were detected. Based on previous chronology results from Urmia Lake, which indicated high lake levels with very low salinity since about 180 ky BP, the sediments of this part of the study area were considered to have been deposited at the same period of time, indicating a maximum expansion of Urmia Lake during the late Quaternary. The current results demonstrate that soil pedons which were situated at various distances from Urmia Lake denote different stages of the lacustrine evolution. Along with the distance from the lake the development of soils increases. Due to a longer and more intensive impact of pedogenic processes on the topstratum the overall soil system becomes more \\\\'mature\\\\'. The study of buried soils and their comparison to upper non-buried soils revealed that in some cases, the buried soils were more evolved than their upper soils or vice versa. Through these observations, the periods of exposure to soil-forming processes after each sedimentation period was detected and schematic diagrams illustrating periods of highstands and lowstands (recessions) of Urmia Lake were reconstructed. This study demonstrates that even though multiple episodes of lake recession were apparent, the level of Urmia Lake increased during hydroclimatic events conducive to lake expansion, which affected the soil evolution due to several fluctuations during the late Quaternary.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Photoyellowing of wool. Part 2: Photoyellowing mechanisms and methods of prevention. Part 1 of this review discussed the effects of light on wool keratin and the factors that affect the rate of photoyellowing. Part 2 describes the various photochemical mechanisms that have been proposed to account for photoyellowing of wool by sunlight, and focuses in particular on their strengths and weaknesses. The mechanisms involved in the rapid photoyellowing of wool treated with a fluorescent whitening agent are described in some detail since this remains a serious commercial problem. Existing methods for reducing the rate of wool photoyellowing are reviewed, together with a discussion of the remaining scientific and technical challenges to achieve bright, white wool fabrics and garments of high photostability.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 11]}
{"token": "Geometry-based solution of joint diagonalisation in blind source separation. Joint diagonalisation (JD) of a set of target matrices is a common approach to solve the blind source separation (BSS) problem. In fact, the separating matrix (the inverse of the mixing matrix) of the sources is the joint diagonaliser of the target matrices. In this study, the authors show that each row of the separating matrix maps the target matrices using a linear mapping into the new vectors which are located on a direct line along the corresponding column of the mixing matrix. Based on this geometrical interpretation, the authors propose a method for solving JD problem, which let us estimate the rows of the separating matrix and the columns of the mixing matrix, (i) independently and in parallel, (ii) consecutively or (iii) simultaneously. Simulation results in different scenarios such as additive noise, ill-posed mixing matrix, and high-dimensional data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method relative to state-of-the-art JD methods. The authors also propose an approach to omit the effect of outlier data, which severely degrades parameters estimation. The proposed approach can be used in JD algorithms to improve their performance in the presence of outlier data.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Viral Theatre: Preliminary Thoughts on the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Online Theatre. Theatre has been associated with contagion and contagious emotions since Plato and Aristotle. In the twentieth century, Antonin Artaud proposed that theatre or performance should be like the plague that takes control of actors' and spectators' bodies and infects them with an affective energy. For these infections to happen, however, audiences and actors must be in the same room. In times of the corona pandemic, this spatial proximity has been substituted by theatre mostly performed and/or streamed online. This article offers some preliminary thoughts on this development: it considers what we descriptively call \\\\'viral theatre.\\\\' We argue that we currently witness a form of viral theatre that manifests itself through an interplay of three aspects: first, the fact that both performers and spectators are in a state of disruption, second, the willingness/expectations on the part of spectators to participate in the event, and, finally, the use of communication technologies such as Zoom. The framework of the pandemic, therefore, enhances and modifies what viral theatre can be and what kind of effect it can have, oscillating between more Platonic notions of dangerous contagion when plays force us to explore questions of complicity and the Aristotelian ideal of cathartic emotions when plays/performers reach out to us for moral support.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Identification of two HEXA mutations causing infantile-onset Tay-Sachs disease in the Persian population. The beta-hexosaminidase A (HEXA) mutations in the first reported cases of infantile Tay-Sachs disease in the Persian population were identified in two unrelated consanguineous families. The clinical diagnoses of the affected infants were confirmed by their markedly deficient levels of HEXA activity in plasma or peripheral leukocytes. The specific causative mutation in each family was determined by sequencing the HEXA alleles in both sets of related parents. Two mutations were identified: c.1A>G (p.MIV), which obliterated the initiating methionine in codon 1, and c.1177C>T (p.R393X), which predicted a termination codon or nonsense mutation. Journal of Human Genetics (2011) 56, 682-684; doi: 10.1038/jhg.2011.78; published online 28 July 2011", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Widespread genome duplications throughout the history of flowering plants. Genomic comparisons provide evidence for ancient genome-wide duplications in a diverse array of animals and plants. We developed a birth-death model to identify evidence for genome duplication in EST data, and applied a mixture model to estimate the age distribution of paralogous pairs identified in EST sets for species representing the basal-most extant flowering plant lineages. We found evidence for episodes of ancient genome-wide duplications in the basal angiosperm lineages including Nuphar advena (yellow water lily: Nymphaeaceae) and the magnoliids Persea americana (avocado: Lauraceae), Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip poplar: Magnoliaceae), and Saruma henryi (Aristolochiaceae). In addition, we detected independent genome duplications in the basal eudicot Eschscholzia californica (California poppy: Papaveraceae) and the basal monocot Acorus americanus (Acoraceae), both of which were distinct from duplications documented for ancestral grass (Poaceae) and core eudicot lineages. Among gymnosperms, we found equivocal evidence for ancient polyploidy in Welwitschia mirabilis (Gnetales) and no evidence for polyploidy in pine, although gymnosperms generally have much larger genomes than the angiosperms investigated. Cross-species sequence divergence estimates suggest that synonymous substitution rates in the basal angiosperms are less than half those previously reported for core eudicots and members of Poaceae. These lower substitution rates permit inference of older duplication events. We hypothesize that evidence of an ancient duplication observed in the Nuphar data may represent a genome duplication in the common ancestor of all or most extant angiosperms, except Amborella.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Correlations Between the Development of a Flare in the Blazar 3C 454.3 in the Radio and Optical. Radio and optical data are used to analyze the development of the flare in the blazar 3C 454.3 observed in 2004-2007. A detailed correspondance between the optical and radio flares is established, with a time delay that depends on the observing frequency. The variation of the delay of the radio Hare relative to the optical flare is opposite to the dispersion delay expected for the propagation of radiation in the interstellar medium, testifying to an intrinsic origin for the observed outburst. Small-scale flux variations on time intervals of 5-10 days in the millimeter and optical are also correlated, with a time delay of about ten months. This may provide evidence for a single Source generating the radiation at all wavelengths. Rapid flux fluctuations in the radio and optical that are correlated with the indicated time delays could be associated with inhomogeneities in the accretion disk. Detailed studies of the flux variations of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) can be used to analyze the structure of the accretion disk. A model for the energy release in AGN that is not associated purely with accretion onto supermassive black holes is proposed. As is the case for other active members of the AGN family, estimates of the lifetime of the binary blackhole system in 3C 454.3 Suggest that this object is in a stage of its evolution that is fairly close to the coalescence of its black holes. The energy that is released as the companion of the central black hole loses orbital angular momentum is sufficient to explain the observed AGN phenomena. The source of primary energy release could be heating of the gas behind shock fronts that. arise due to the friction between the companion black hole and the ambient gaseous medium. The orbit of the companion Could be located at the periphery of the accretion disk of the central body at its apocenter and Plunge more deeply into the accretion disk at its pericenter, inducing flares at all wavelengths. Energy-release parameters Such as the temperature and density of the heated gas are estimated for 3C 454.3. The model considered assumes omnidirectional radiation of the medium in the presence of a magnetic held. The radiation corresponding to the minimum flux level (base level) Could represent omnidirectional radiation due to the orbit of the moving companion. The fraction of the energy that is transferred to directed jets is small, comprising 1-2% of the total energy released clue to the loss of orbital angular momentum by the companion.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "On modelling of typhoon-induced non-stationary wind speed for tall buildings. Typhoon-induced wind around tall buildings may not be stationary because it is a large body of rotating air. A new approach is thus proposed in this paper for characterizing typhoon-induced wind speed. Typhoon-induced non-stationary wind speed is modelled as a deterministic time-varying mean wind speed component plus a zero mean stationary fluctuating wind speed component. The time-varying mean wind speed is naturally extracted from the measured wind speed time history using empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Wind characteristics described in the traditional approach based on a stationary wind model are redefined and extended in the non-stationary wind model. The new approach is then applied to wind data measured at the Di Wang building during Typhoon York. The results show that most of recorded wind samples are non-stationary but they can be decomposed into a time-varying mean wind speed component plus a well-behaved zero mean fluctuating wind speed component admitted as a stationary random process with Gaussian distribution. Other wind characteristics such as probability distribution of fluctuating wind speed, turbulence intensity, gust factor, and wind spectrum obtained by the new approach seem to be more realistic than those gained by the traditional approach. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Divergence in Avian Communities Following Woody Plant Invasions in a Pine Barrens Ecosystem. We compared avian communities and vegetation characteristics in invaded and uninvaded pine barren ecosystems to test whether invasive woody plants were altering native bird communities, We hypothesized that structural changes in vegetation caused by the invasion of fire-intolerant deciduos,,, trees were altering bird communities in (lie Albany pine Bush, east central New York State. We recorded bird calls at 55 stations during breeding season to estimate abundances of breeding birds in areas dominated by fire-dependent pine-shrub savanna and areas dominated by invasive hardwoods (black locust. Robinia pseudoacacia, and aspens, Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata). Vegetation surveys were conducted surrounding each station to quantify woody plant composition and structure. Sites, characterized Lis invaded had more vegetation layers, twice as much closed canopy, and higher tree stein densities in all but the largest (> 25 cm dia) size classes. Forty-seven bird species were recorded thirty-three at both invaded and uninvaded sites. Grassland/shrubland birds. Such as prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor). field sparrow (Spizella pusilla). red-breasted nuthatch (Sitta canadensis), and eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus). were twice as frequent and three times as abundant at uninvaded sites. Native bird species characteristic of closed-canopy forest were more frequent and abundant at stations in invaded sites. Multivariate analyses indicate distinct associations of particular birds with unique combinations of vegetation characteristics that differed between invaded and uninvaded points. A campaign of adaptive fire management holds promise to restore critical avian habitat in protected areas of this threatened barrens ecosystem.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 37]}
{"token": "Icariin-Loaded TiO2 Nanotubes for Regulation of the Bioactivity of Bone Marrow Cells. To explore the effects of icariin on the biocompatibility of dental implants, icariin- (ICA-) loaded TiO2 nanotubes were fabricated on Ti substrates via anodic oxidation and physical absorption. The surface characteristics of the specimens were monitored by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), contact angle measurements (CA), and high pressure liquid chromatography. Additionally, the activities of bone marrow cells, such as cytoskeletal, proliferative activities, mineralization, and osteogenesis-related gene expression on the substrates were investigated in detail. The characterization results demonstrated that ICA-loaded TiO2 nanotubes were successfully fabricated and the hydrophilicity of these TiO2 nanotubes was significantly higher than that of the pure Ti groups. The results also showed that ICA-loaded TiO2 nanotubes might not have enhanced effects on cell proliferation and ALP expression. However, it seemed to significantly promote differentiation of bone marrow cells, demonstrated by enhancing the formation of mineralized nodule and the upregulation of the gene expression such as OC, BSP, OPN, and COL-1. The results indicated that ICA-loaded TiO2 nanotubes can modulate bioactivity of bone marrow cells, which is promising for potential applications in the orthopedics field.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Detection of the maximum resistance to the herbicides diuron and glyphosate, and evaluation of its phenotypic cost, in freshwater phytoplankton. One of the most important anthropogenic impacts on freshwater aquatic ecosystems close to intensive agriculture areas is the cumulative increase in herbicide concentrations. The threat is especially relevant for phytoplankton organisms because they have the same physiological targets as the plants for which herbicides have been designed. This led us to explore the evolutionary response of three phytoplanktonic species to increasing concentrations of two herbicides and its consequences in terms of growth and photosynthesis performance. Specifically, we used an experimental ratchet protocol to investigate the differential evolution and the limit of resistance of a cyanobacterium (Microcystis aeruginosa) and two chlorophyceans (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides) to two herbicides in worldwide use: glyphosate and diuron. Initially, the growth rate of M. aeruginosa and D. chlorelloides was completely inhibited when they were exposed to a dose of 0.23 ppm diuron or 40 ppm glyphosate, whereas a higher concentration of both herbicides (0.46 ppm diuron or 90 ppm glyphosate) was necessary to abolish C. reinhardtii growth. However, after running a ratchet protocol, the resistance of the three species to both herbicides increased by an adaptation process. M. aeruginosa and D. chlorelloides were able to grow at 1.84 ppm diuron and 80 ppm glyphosate and C. reinhardtii proliferated at twice these concentrations. Herbicide-resistant strains showed lower growth rates than their wild-type counterparts in the absence of herbicides, as well as changes on morphology and differences on photosynthetic pigment content. Besides, herbicide-resistant cells generally showed a lower photosynthetic performance than wild-type strains in the three species. These results indicate that the introduction of both herbicides in freshwater ecosystems could produce a diminution of primary production due to the selection of herbicide-resistant mutants, that would exhibit lower photosynthetic performance than wild-type populations.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 45]}
{"token": "Uranus at equinox: Cloud morphology and dynamics. As the 7 December 2007 equinox of Uranus approached, collaboration between ring and atmosphere observers in the summer and fall of 2007 produced a substantial collection of ground-based observations using the 10-m Keck telescope with adaptive optics and space-based observations with the Hubble Space Telescope. Both near-infrared and visible-wavelength imaging and spatially resolved near-infrared spectroscopic observations were obtained. We used observations spanning the period from 7 June 2007 through 9 September 2007 to identify and track cloud features, determine atmospheric motions, characterize cloud morphology and dynamics, and define changes in atmospheric band structure. Atmospheric motions were obtained over a wider range of latitudes than previously was possible, extending to 73 degrees N, and for 28 cloud features we obtained extremely high wind-speed accuracy through extended tracking times. We confirmed the existence of the suspected northern hemisphere prograde jet, locating its peak near 58 degrees N. The new results confirm a small N-S asymmetry in the zonal wind profile, and the lack of any change in the southern hemisphere between 1986 (near solstice) and 2007 (near equinox) suggests that the asymmetry may be permanent rather than seasonally reversing. In the 2007 images, we found two prominent groups of discrete cloud features with very long lifetimes. The one near 30 degrees S has departed from its previous oscillatory motion and started a significant northward drift, accompanied by substantial morphological changes. The complex of features near 30 degrees N remained at a nearly fixed latitude, while exhibiting some characteristics of a dark spot accompanied by bright companion features. Smaller and less stable features were used to track cloud motions at other latitudes, some of which lasted over many planet rotations, though many could not be tracked beyond a single transit. A bright band has developed near 45 degrees N, while the bright band near 45 degrees S has begun to decline, both events in agreement with the idea that the asymmetric band structure of Uranus is a delayed response to solar forcing, but with a surprisingly short delay of only a few years. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Life history and current distribution of the fairy shrimp Chirocephalus carnuntanus (Brauer, 1877) (Crustacea: Anostraca). The anostracan Chirocephalus carnuntanus is presumably a Pannonian endemic large branchiopod species In this paper, we provide the first detailed data on its life history characteristics and reviewed its recent distribution. The life cycle study was conducted in an intermittent soda pond (formed in a bomb crater). C. carnuntanus was found to be univoltine, which is in accordance with previous assumptions. The first nauplii occurred after ice-break in mid-February and the population disappeared two months later at the end of April, much earlier than the desiccation of the pond. During population development, we observed a gradual change in the sex ratio after the appearance of pre-adults, from approximately equal ratios to almost exclusive male dominance, probably due to the higher cost of egg production. Based on its recent distribution, this species is rather rare and sporadic, restricted only to the lowlands of the Carpathian Basin. Particular caution should be taken by habitat managers to help maintaining suitable habitats for the longterm conservation of this species.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Ecological ethics and creation faith. Over past decades a concept of ecological ethics has taken root, which is often equated with environmental ethics. Church and theology have also responded to the environmental crisis. In the last third of the past century an intense discourse about the concerns and extent of a so-called creation ethics was conducted. In connection with the question of a creation ethics, and the global responsibility of humans for the biosphere of our planet, the topic of creation has also gained new attention in dogmatics. In this way, ecology has also become a topic of systematic theology. The article focuses on the debate in the German speaking context. Occasionally, a quasi-religious elevation of ecology to the status of a doctrine of salvation is observable. Because theology always also has a function of critique of religion, it must also critically engage the sometimes open and sometimes hidden religious contents and claims of eco-ethical concepts. For this purpose, the first step of the present contribution is to more precisely determine the concepts of creation and nature. Thereafter, the problem of anthropocentrism is analysed. In a further step, the concept of sustainability is analysed. In conclusion, the main features of a responsibility-ethics model of ecological ethics are outlined.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Host cis-mediated extinction of a retrovirus permissive for expression in embryonal stem cells during differentiation. The use of retroviral vectors for gene transfer into animals has been severely hampered by the lack of provirus transcription in the early embryo and embryonic stem (ES) cells. This primary block in provirus expression is maintained in differentiated cells by a cis-acting mechanism that is not well characterized. Retroviral vectors based on the murine embryonal stem cell virus (MESV), which overcome the transcriptional block in ES cells, were constructed to investigate this secondary mechanism. These vectors transferred G418 resistance to ES cells with the same efficiency as to fibroblasts, but overall transcript levels were greatly reduced. A mosaic but stable expression pattern was observed when single cells from G418-resistant clones were replated in G418 or assayed for expression of LacZ or interleukin-3. The expression levels in independent clones were variable and correlated inversely with methylation. However, a second, more pronounced, block to transcription was found upon differentiation induction. Differentiation of the infected ES cells to cells permissive for retroviral expression resulted in repression and complete extinction of provirus expression. Extinction was not accompanied by increased levels of methylation. Provirus expression is thus regulated by two independent cis-acting mechanisms: (i) partial repression in the undifferentiated state, accompanied by increased methylation but compatible with long-term, low expression of retroviral genes, and (ii) total repression and extinction during early stages of differentiation, apparently independent of changes in methylation. These results indicate a time window early during the transition from an undifferentiated to a differentiated stage in which provirus expression is silenced. The mechanisms are presently unknown, but elucidation of these events will have an important impact on vector development for targeting stem cells and for gene therapy.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "PUBLISHING THE RAPHAEL CARTOONS AND THE RISE OF ART-HISTORICAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN ENGLAND, 1707-1764. In studies of English artistic culture of the first half eighteenth century, the notion of art-historical consciousness has attracted little attention, in contrast to an immense interest in issues of picture consumption and taste. This article provides a new perspective on the rise of art-historical consciousness by examining publications associated with the Raphael Cartoons, then at Hampton Court. Through a wide range of engraved reproductions and written commentaries, the Cartoons not only came to be the most visible Old Master paintings in England in the period, but also became central to an on-going process whereby ideas about painting were formulated in terms of artistic standards and historical development. The Cartoons publications illustrate a trend in which works of art formerly enjoyed privately by royal or aristocratic collectors became increasingly accessible to wider audiences. In consequence, ideas associated with these works penetrated diverse levels of society and art-historical consciousness assumed a public value.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS BASED ON SMART ENERGY HOUSE. This paper develops a feasibility study to identify the problem regarding energy efficiency house and implementation of the home automation system in that. Therefore, the possibilities were profoundly analyzed to determine the key points which were necessary to that project. Energy efficiency can play a significant role in reducing electrical cost, and the attachment of Smart Energy House made the idea more unique and challenging to implement it. Furthermore, the possibilities were analyzed and successfully demonstrated to reduce the temperature impact and minimize the effect in the power source by controlling the connected load into the system.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Historical Racial Contexts and Contemporary Spatial Differences in Racial Inequality. Research examining regional variation in the impact of racial concentration on Black-White economic inequality assumes that the American South is distinct from the non-South because of its slavery history. However, slavery's influence on the relationship has not been directly examined nor has it been adequately theorized within the economic inequality literature. We assess whether the link between contemporary Black concentration and poverty disparities is structured by historical racial context. We find that while there is contemporary racial inequality throughout the United States, inequality-generating processes vary spatially and in ways that are tied to the local historical racial context.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Development of a Fluorescent Tool for Studying Legionella bozemanae Intracellular Infection. Legionnaires' disease incidence is on the rise, with the majority of cases attributed to the intracellular pathogen, Legionella pneumophila. Nominally a parasite of protozoa, L. pneumophila can also infect alveolar macrophages when bacteria-laden aerosols enter the lungs of immunocompromised individuals. L. pneumophila pathogenesis has been well characterized; however, little is known about the >25 different Legionella spp. that can cause disease in humans. Here, we report for the first time a study demonstrating the intracellular infection of an L. bozemanae clinical isolate using approaches previously established for L. pneumophila investigations. Specifically, we report on the modification and use of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing plasmid as a tool to monitor the L. bozemanae presence in the Acanthamoeba castellanii protozoan infection model. As comparative controls, L. pneumophila strains were also transformed with the GFP-expressing plasmid. In vitro and in vivo growth kinetics of the Legionella parental and GFP-expressing strains were conducted followed by confocal microscopy. Results suggest that the metabolic burden imposed by GFP expression did not impact cell viability, as growth kinetics were similar between the GFP-expressing Legionella spp. and their parental strains. This study demonstrates that the use of a GFP-expressing plasmid can serve as a viable approach for investigating Legionella non-pneumophila spp. in real time.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "A large-scale functional RNAi screen reveals a role for CK2 in the mammalian circadian clock. Post-translational processes are essential for the generation and dynamics of mammalian circadian rhythms. In particular, phosphorylation of the key circadian protein PER2 precisely controls the period and phase of circadian oscillations. However, the mechanisms underlying that control are poorly understood. Here, we identified in a high-throughput RNAi-based genetic screen casein kinase 2 (CK2) as a PER2-phosphorylating kinase and novel component of the mammalian circadian clock. When CK2 subunits are silenced by RNAi or when CK2 activity is inhibited pharmacologically, circadian rhythms are disrupted. CK2 binds to PER2 in vivo, phosphorylates PER2 specifically at N-terminal residues in vitro, and supports normal nuclear PER2 accumulation. Mutation of CK2 phosphorylation sites decreases PER2 stability and copies CK2 inhibition regarding oscillation dynamics. We propose a new concept of how PER2 phosphorylation and stabilization can set the clock speed in opposite directions, dependent on the phase of action.", "label": [2, 4, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Beyond the 'African'' Archive Paradigm. Recently there has been an unprecedented surge of interest among scholars, curators and collectors in early photographic material from West Africa, galvanizing new multidisciplinary networks of scholarly research and exhibition practices. The transfer of photographs and even whole archives from the African continent to Europe and the United States has continued to increase as a consequence of the research and market demand, posing new questions about rights to access, preservation, public awareness and scholarship of these photo collections. The photographic, film and related archival material that remains in West Africa is found in profoundly fragile conditions: rarely centralized, often in private hands, and often totally inaccessible to communities. The conditions of disintegration and other threats compound these circumstances, and can only partially be met by digitization technologies and improved capacity for circulation online. It is within this contextual framework that our authors frame the creative histories of photography in West Africa, their social and aesthetic dimensions and their political subjectivities.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "A C1 composite spline Hermite interpolant on the sphere. In this paper, we identified the sphere-like surface by a rectangular domain. We constructed a new interpolant on the sphere using the tensor product of the quadratic composite-spline interpolant and the third-order trigonometric composite-spline interpolant. This construction on the rectangular domain is described in detail, with the study and the proof of the error bounds of each interpolant. Furthermore, we present numerical examples to show the efficiency of this method.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "The unintended consequences of performance-based incentives on inequality in scientists' research performance. The reward system in academic science has changed rapidly in recent years, as many universities especially in Asia and Europe implemented new incentive systems based on research performance. To understand the relationship between inequality in science and the performance-based incentives, this study examined the influence of incentives for publications on not only research performance, but also the distribution of research performance in a Korean university. The findings of this study suggest that using a carefully designed performance incentive system, research organizations may reduce inequality in scientists' research performance while increasing their overall performance. The reduced inequality was due mainly to lower ranking researchers improving their publication performance. Meanwhile, top-ranked researchers responded only to incentives for the quality of publications. We interpret the change in research performance as an outcome of complicated interactions among the structure of incentive systems, scientists' diverse motivations, and their position in the stratification in science.", "label": [5, 50, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Cause of death in patients with chronic visceral and chronic neurovisceral acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (Niemann-Pick disease type B and B variant): Literature review and report of new cases. Results: Common disease-related morbidities included splenomegaly (96.6%), hepatomegaly (91.4%), liver dysfunction (82.6%), and pulmonary disease (75.0%). The overall leading causes of death were respiratory failure and liver failure (27.7% each) irrespective of age. For patients with chronic neurovisceral ASMD (31.8%), progression of neurodegenerative disease was a leading cause of death along with respiratory disease (both 23.1%) and liver disease (19.2%). Patients with chronic neurovisceral disease died at younger ages than those with chronic visceral disease (median age at death 8 vs. 23.5 years).Conclusions: The analysis emphasizes that treatment goals for patients with chronic visceral and chronic neurovisceral ASMD should include reducing splenomegaly and improving liver function and respiratory status, with the ultimate goal of decreasing serious morbidity and mortality. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.Background: Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD), [Niemann-Pick Disease Types A and B (NPD A and B)], is an inherited metabolic disorder resulting from deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase. Accumulation of sphingomyelin in hepatocytes, reticuloendothelial cells, and in some cases neurons, results in a progressive multisystem disease that encompasses a broad clinical spectrum of neurological and visceral involvement, including: infantile neurovisceral ASMD (NPD A) that is uniformly fatal by 3 years of age; chronic neurovisceral ASMD (intermediate NPD A/B; NPD B variant) that has later symptom onset and slower neurological and visceral disease progression; and chronic visceral ASMD (NPD B) that lacks neurological symptoms but has significant disease-related morbidities in multiple organ systems. The purpose of this study was to characterize disease-related morbidities and causes of death in patients with the chronic visceral and chronic neurovisceral forms of ASMD.Methods: Data for 85 patients who had died or received liver transplant were collected by treating physicians (n = 27), or abstracted from previously published case studies (n = 58). Ages at symptom onset, diagnosis, and death; cause of death; organ involvement, and morbidity were analyzed.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 20]}
{"token": "11-BETA-HYDROXYLATION OF NORETHISTERONE ACETATE BY CURVULARIA-LUNATA. The biotransformation of norethisterone acetate by Curvularia lunata was studied. The 11-beta-hydroxy-norethisterone acetate produced was identified by mass spectrometry, and H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance after extractive sample preparation.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Gauss-Jacobi combinatorial adjustment and its modification. Many determined nonlinear systems in geodesy are analytical. C. F. Gauss and C. G. J. Jacobi ever developed an adjustment technique, later called as Gauss-Jacobi combinatorial method, to obtain an optimal solution of an over-determined nonlinear system. Nowadays, facing new development in abstract algebra, the potential of these contributions becomes clearer that this method can analytically solve an over-determined nonlinear system only if the determined sub systems are analytical. An important subject, that determines whether this method is rigorous, is to discuss the relation between the combinatorial estimator and the nonlinear least squares estimator. In this paper, we first introduce the Gauss-Jacobi combinatorial method in the context of the Gauss-Newton iterative equation, and illustrate what manifests the accuracy of the Gauss-Jacobi combinatorial estimator. It shows that high nonlinearity, large residuals or ill conditioning can cause the Gauss-Jacobi combinatorial estimator to be inaccurate. Then, employing the high order Taylor approximation we propose a modified combinatorial method to improve the Gauss-Jacobi combinatorial estimator. Finally, in order to show when and why one should employ the high order combinatorial technique proposed, the first order combinatorial method and the second order combinatorial method are both applied to solve over-determined distance equations. It shows that the second order combinatorial estimator is more accurate than the first order combinatorial estimator.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "On the Dirichlet problem for the prescribed mean curvature equation over general domains. We study and solve the Dirichlet problem for graphs of prescribed mean curvature in R(n+1) over general domains Omega without requiring a mean convexity assumption. By using pieces of nodoids as barriers we first give sufficient conditions for the solvability in case of zero boundary values. Applying a result by Schulz and Williams we can then also solve the Dirichlet problem for boundary values satisfying a Lipschitz condition. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "From cross-tabulations to multipurpose exposure information systems: A new job-exposure matrix. Previous job-exposure matrices (JEM) have usually cross-tabulated classified exposure information by chemical agent and occupational class. A new Finnish job-exposure matrix (FINJEM) was constructed for exposure assessment in large register-based studies. Unlike most other JEMs, FINJEM was designed to contain definitions, inferences, exposure data, and references. This documentation enables FINJEM to be applied also as a general exposure information system for hazard control, risk quantification and hazard surveillance. The system includes, e.g., workforce data, and it provides information on the numbers of exposed workers in Finland by agent, occupation, and level of exposure. The exposures of FINJEM cover major-physical, chemical, microbiological, ergonomic, and psychosocial factors. The assessment period is 1945-1997, divided into several subperiods. Exposure is described by the prevalence of exposure and the level of exposure among the exposed both estimated mainly an continuous scales. The user may also define the final criteria of exposure, and thereby influence the magnitude of misclassification. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Assessment of the State of Lung Lichen, Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., in Forest Communities with Different Times Since Disturbance in the Northeast of European Russia. Quantitative parameters of cenopopulations of Lobaria pulmonaria, an endangered cyanolichen, have been studied in spruce phytocenoses of Karelia recovering after disturbance through the successional stage of aspen stands for a period ranging from 80 to 450 years. The results show that, as the time since disturbance increases, the total number of L. pulmonaria thalli and the number of colonized substrate units increase as well, with no stabilization of these parameters being observed in the series of communities studied. The total area of thalli in the phytocenoses is restored within approximately 200 years after the last disturbance. In old-growth forests (> 400 years), L. pulmonaria thalli colonize a broad spectrum of tree species in different life states, including lower branches of young spruce trees. Even if they serve as temporary substrates, this can markedly strengthen the potential of the species for further expansion within the community in case of shortage in the main phorophyte (aspen). Thus, the proportion of regressive populations decreases, while that of colonizing populations increases, which is indicative of successful reproduction of the species.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Impact of sugar syrup and pollen diet on the bacterial diversity in the gut of indoor-reared bumblebees (Bombus terrestris). In this project, we showed the influence of diet on the microbial composition in the gut of indoor-reared bumblebees (Bombus terrestris), using Illumina MiSeq 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing. Three sugar syrups and sterilized pollen from three suppliers were tested. Different effects were observed depending on the developmental stage of the gut microbiota at the start of the dietary treatment. Fructose-rich sugar syrup prevented the colonization of Bifidobacteriaceae in the microbiota of newly emerged bumblebees. This effect was correlated with a lower bacterial community richness and diversity. The pollen diet with the best parameters, regarding the protein content and bumblebee offspring, showed the lowest bacterial richness and diversity. The interaction between diet and the microbiota of bumblebees provides new insights for bumblebee breeders. Diet could be used to modulate the bacterial composition in the gut to improve the health of mass-produced bumblebees used for biological pollination.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Magnetic Fluid Composite Gels. Polymer gels in which magnetic fluid is immobilized have been considered as a possible candidate of useful actuators or sensors. Particularly, remote actuation is possible without any harmful damage to the body in medical actuation. This means the system can also be applied for energy harvesting system, too. In this chapter the author summarize the some characteristics of magnetid fluid (or ferrofluid) which implies super paramagnetic property. Then the immobilization of these material in polymer gels, and the structural changes induced in the magnetic gels by applying magnetic field or gradient of magnetic field. Some applications of these gels are introduced in the last section.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Aristotle on the akratic's knowledge. This paper is an analysis of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics 7.3. Aristotle's discussion in this chapter is motivated by the Socratic doctrine, elaborated in Plato's Protagoras, according to which it is impossible to know what is good and act against this knowledge. Aristotle wants to rebut this doctrine and show that there is a sense of \\\\'know\\\\' such that this is possible. I argue that this is all that he wants to do in EN 7.3, and that his discussion is not meant to provide an explanation of akrasia, as is usually supposed by commentators. Since the akratic knows that the action she is performing is not good for her, and actions are particulars, the akratic's knowledge is about a particular. I argue that Aristotle's discussion in EN 7.3 adds strength to the idea that knowledge of a particular is explainable only in terms of knowledge of a universal. More determinately, knowledge of a particular is explainable in terms of the actualization or use of knowledge of a universal, and such an actualization is in turn explainable by means of the syllogistic form. Thus, I argue that syllogisms in 7.3 (esp. at 1146(b)35-1147a10) are not \\\\'practical syllogisms\\\\', but that their function is epistemological: they are meant to reveal the structure and content of the akratic's knowledge, not to explain her actions.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Family values and primary schools: an investigation into family-related education. Within the context of the changing nature of family life within contemporary Britain, this article is concerned with the introduction of education on family relationships into the Personal, Social and Health Education curriculum. It draws on a research project that, through observations and interviews, investigated how three teachers portrayed 'family' within the classroom and how a sample of their pupils reacted to the images and values that were presented. The evidence presented suggests that the subject matter is complex and sensitive, and that careful thought needs to be given to both content and delivery if this area of values education is to be effective.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Socio-economic factors associated with the incidence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) enteritis and cryptosporidiosis in the Republic of Ireland, 2008-2017. The Republic of Ireland (ROI) currently reports the highest incidence rates of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) enteritis and cryptosporidiosis in Europe, with the spatial distribution of both infections exhibiting a clear urban/rural divide. To date, no investigation of the role of socio-demographic profile on the incidence of either infection in the ROI has been undertaken. The current study employed bivariate analyses and Random Forest classification to identify associations between individual components of a national deprivation index and spatially aggregated cases of STEC enteritis and cryptosporidiosis. Classification accuracies ranged from 78.2% (STEC, urban) to 90.6% (cryptosporidiosis, rural). STEC incidence was (negatively) associated with a mean number of persons per room and percentage of local authority housing in both urban and rural areas, addition to lower levels of education in rural areas, while lower unemployment rates were associated with both infections, irrespective of settlement type. Lower levels of third-level education were associated with cryptosporidiosis in rural areas only. This study highlights settlement-specific disparities with respect to education, unemployment and household composition, associated with the incidence of enteric infection. Study findings may be employed for improved risk communication and surveillance to safeguard public health across socio-demographic profiles.", "label": [2, 25, 24]}
{"token": "Cognitive mapping: A process to support strategic planning in an academic department. Cognitive mapping has been used to support strategic planning in business. However, the process has seldom been utilized to support strategic planning in nonprofit public organizations, where many reporting lines are less clear. This paper describes how the cognitive mapping process was designed and implemented to help a large academic department identify and merge the individual goals of faculty members as a first step in creating a strategic plan. Each map was created using the Decision Explorer (TM) software during individual interviews, as opposed to using paper and pencil. An action case approach was used to plan and evaluate individual mapping sessions. Eliciting individual cognitive maps led to greater engagement by faculty in the strategic planning process. Nearly all of the participating faculty members believed that the cognitive mapping process was helpful and insightful and the resulting map was accurate and complete.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "The persistence of family: A study of a nineteenth-century Canadian family and their correspondence. Beginning in the 1850s, the struggling farming family of Elijah Dunham (1810-1893) and Anna Maria Briggs (1813-1899) ceased to function as a single economic and social unit. The children left the family home to establish lives and families of their own in various parts of Canada and the United States. As the family dispersed, however they continued to maintain contact through letters. In the letters, the family shared news, sought advice, received comfort, and, at times, vented their frustrations and exposed internal family tensions. The letters provided a means of requesting and extending financial assistance, especially as it came to maintaining the elderly parents back in Ontario. Although the family would never again inhabit the same geographic location, they continued to function as a kinship network even though separated by time and space.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Recombinant overexpression of dihydroneopterin aldolase catalyst potentially regulates folate-biofortification. We aim to investigate the prospects of increased production of folate through the overexpression of heterologous dihydroneopterin aldolase catalyst. The gene encoding aldolase catalyst was cloned into an expression vector and the induced recombinant protein was purified through metal-affinity chromatography which appeared at 14kDa position on polyacrylamide-gel. Remarkably, a periodic increase in the extracellular and intracellular folic acid concentration was observed at 4h growth of induced recombinant DHNA samples than control in a pH-dependent manner. Maximum folate concentration was observed with at least twofold increase in induced recombinant samples at pH8.0 compared to the significant decline at 6h growth. Consistently, heterologous overexpression of bacterial aldolase through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of tobacco led to more than 2.5-fold increase in the folate concentration in the transgenic leaves than control tissues. These data are veritable inspecting metabolic flux in both bacterial and plant systems, thus providing directions for future research on folate agri-fortification.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "A new method for the prediction of chatter stability lobes based on dynamic cutting force simulation model and support vector machine. Currently, chatter has become the critical factor in hindering machining quality and productivity in machining processes. To avoid cutting chatter, a new method based on dynamic cutting force simulation model and support vector machine (SVM) is presented for the prediction of chatter stability lobes. The cutting force is selected as the monitoring signal, and the wavelet energy entropy theory is used to extract the feature vectors. A support vector machine is constructed using the MATLAB LlBSVM toolbox for pattern classification based on the feature vectors derived from the experimental cutting data. Then combining with the dynamic cutting force simulation model, the stability lobes diagram (SLD) can be estimated. Finally, the predicted results are compared with existing methods such as zero-order analytical (ZOA) and semi-discretization (SD) method as well as actual cutting experimental results to confirm the validity of this new method. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "De Novo Truncating Mutations in the Last and Penultimate Exons of PPM1D Cause an Intellectual Disability Syndrome. Intellectual disability (ID) is a highly heterogeneous disorder involving at least 600 genes, yet a genetic diagnosis remains elusive in similar to 35%-40% of individuals with moderate to severe ID. Recent meta-analyses statistically analyzing de novo mutations in >7,000 individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders highlighted mutations in PPM1D as a possible cause of ID. PPM1D is a type 2C phosphatase that functions as a negative regulator of cellular stress-response pathways by mediating a feedback loop of p38-p53 signaling, thereby contributing to growth inhibition and suppression of stress-induced apoptosis. We identified 14 individuals with mild to severe ID and/or developmental delay and de novo truncating PPM1D mutations. Additionally, deep phenotyping revealed overlapping behavioral problems (ASD, ADHD, and anxiety disorders), hypotonia, broad-based gait, facial dysmorphisms, and periods of fever and vomiting. PPM1D is expressed during fetal brain development and in the adult brain. All mutations were located in the last or penultimate exon, suggesting escape from nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Both PPM1D expression analysis and cDNA sequencing in EBV LCLs of individuals support the presence of a stable truncated transcript, consistent with this hypothesis. Exposure of cells derived from individuals with PPM1D truncating mutations to ionizing radiation resulted in normal p53 activation, suggesting that p53 signaling is unaffected. However, a cell-growth disadvantage was observed, suggesting a possible effect on the stress-response pathway. Thus, we show that de novo truncating PPM1D mutations in the last and penultimate exons cause syndromic ID, which provides additional insight into the role of cell-cycle checkpoint genes in neurodevelopmental disorders.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "The Impact of Voter Evaluations of Leaders' Traits on Voting Behaviour: Evidence from Seven European Countries. This article aims to examine how the evaluation of party leaders' traits influences voting behaviour. The work incorporates data from election studies across seven countries with different social contexts (Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy and Hungary). Characteristics of leaders were placed into two groups: competence and warmth, in accordance with the stereotype content model and relevant studies on evaluations of leaders' traits. Since different personality traits were evaluated within each country, the analysis was based on the two aforementioned dimensions and the political ideology of the leader. Multiple sequential binary logistic regression models were performed to analyse the predictive power of competence and warmth on voting behaviour, controlling for socio-demographic and political ideology variables of voters. Results reinforce the personalisation of politics theory, showing the relevance of leaders' warm personality traits. As for the competence dimension, it was proven to be decisive only with regard to left-wing party leaders.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Body-terrain interaction affects large bump traversal of insects and legged robots. Small animals and robots must often rapidly traverse large bump-like obstacles when moving through complex 3D terrains, during which, in addition to leg-ground contact, their body inevitably comes into physical contact with the obstacles. However, we know little about the performance limits of large bump traversal and how body-terrain interaction affects traversal. To address these, we challenged the discoid cockroach and an open-loop six-legged robot to dynamically run into a large bump of varying height to discover the maximal traversal performance, and studied how locomotor modes and traversal performance are affected by body-terrain interaction. Remarkably, during rapid running, both the animal and the robot were capable of dynamically traversing a bump much higher than its hip height (up to 4 times the hip height for the animal and 3 times for the robot, respectively) at traversal speeds typical of running, with decreasing traversal probability with increasing bump height. A stability analysis using a novel locomotion energy landscape model explained why traversal was more likely when the animal or robot approached the bump with a low initial body yaw and a high initial body pitch, and why deflection was more likely otherwise. Inspired by these principles, we demonstrated a novel control strategy of active body pitching that increased the robot's maximal traversable bump height by 75%. Our study is a major step in establishing the framework of locomotion energy landscapes to understand locomotion in complex 3D terrains.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "From Sensing to Action: Quick and Reliable Access to Information in Cities Vulnerable to Heavy Rain. Cities need to constantly monitor weather to anticipate heavy storm events and reduce the impact of floods. Information describing precipitation and ground conditions at high spatio-temporal resolution is essential for taking timely action and preventing damages. Traditionally, rain gauges and weather radars are used to monitor rain events, but these sources provide low spatial resolutions and are subject to inaccuracy. Therefore, information needs to be complemented with data from other sources: from citizens' phone calls to the authorities, to relevant online media posts, which have the potential of providing timely and valuable information on weather conditions in the city. This information is often scattered through different, static, and not-publicly available databases. This makes it impossible to use it in an aggregate, standard way, and therefore hampers efficiency of emergency response. In this paper, we describe information sources relating to a heavy rain event in Rotterdam on October 12-14, 2013. Rotterdam weather monitoring infrastructure is composed of a number of rain gauges installed at different locations in the city, as well as a weather radar network. This sensing network is currently scarcely integrated and logged data are not easily accessible during an emergency. Therefore, we propose a reliable, efficient, and low-cost ICT infrastructure that takes information from all relevant sources, including sensors as well as social and user contributed information and integrates them into a unique, cloud-based interface. The proposed infrastructure will improve efficiency in emergency responses to extreme weather events and, ultimately, guarantee more safety to the urban population.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "A simple mathematical model using centred loops and random perturbations accurately reconstructs search patterns observed in desert ants. This paper describes a new mathematical model that is based on centred loops to reconstruct the Systematic Search behaviour of Cataglyphis desert ants. The notable advantage of this model is the combination of simplicity, efficiency and performance. All model input is kept to a minimum, using only parameters that previous research has shown to be available to the animals at all times: distance from the origin, direction of the last step and home vector. Outbound and inbound search paths are being combined into loops that return to the origin, sampling this area more intensely. A stochastic element is added by random perturbations during the next step, mimicking unsystematic errors during the process of path integration and yielding the typical search patterns observed in Cataglyphis desert ants. The model output is compared to runs observed in the field.", "label": [2, 4, 5, 18, 55, 47]}
{"token": "For the turtles' sake: Miracles, the third sector and hegemony on the coast of Oaxaca (Mexico). Turtle fishing - which defined life and work, and the tempo and contours of the coast of Oaxaca - was halted by presidential decree in 1990. The industry's workers converted from predators into guardians of nature under the stewardship of an emergent civil society that coordinated the efforts of environmental NGOs, the regulations of corresponding governmental agencies, and funding from private and public donors. Here I discuss the material and ideological transformation of the social relations of production in an 'environmental' class project. I argue an interpretation focused on the relation between coercion and consent in a hegemonic process of class rule.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Insect Oil as An Alternative to Palm Oil and Poultry Fat in Broiler Chicken Nutrition. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Tenebrio molitor (TM) oil as a total replacement for palm oil and poultry fat in broiler chicken diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, pancreatic enzyme activity, selected blood parameters and the lipid fatty acid compositions of liver and breast muscle tissues. A total of 72 seven-day-old female Ross 308 broiler chickens were used. The birds were randomly distributed into three groups with 12 replicates each, using two birds per replicate for 30 days in metabolic cages. The basal diet was supplemented with 5% palm oil, poultry fat or TM oil. There was no effect (p > 0.05) caused by the dietary oil replacement on the birds' performance and apparent nutrient digestibility. Liver size (p = 0.033), the concentration of hepatic triglycerides (p = 0.049) and total cholesterol (p = 0.048) were reduced by TM oil supplementation. Furthermore, TM oil supplementation increased n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (p = 0.006; p < 0.001, respectively) in breast muscle tissue. In conclusion, the use of TM oil in broiler chickens' diets did not show any adverse effects on performance, nutrient digestibility and blood biochemical parameters. Moreover, TM oil supplementation improved the fatty acid profiles of liver and breast muscle tissues.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
{"token": "RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, pyridine, 4-ethenyl-, reaction products with 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrodimethyl-4,7-methano-1H-indene, CAS Registry Number 125352-06-9. The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. Pyridine, 4-ethenyl-, reaction products with 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrodimethyl-4,7-methano-1H-indene was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity/photoallergenicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that pyridine, 4-ethenyl-, reaction products with 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrodimethyl-4,7-methano-1H-indene is not genotoxic. Data on pyridine, 4-ethenyl-, reaction products with 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrodimethyl-4,7-methano-1H-indene provide a calculated MOE >100 for the repeated dose toxicity endpoint. Data on read-across analog 4-(3-phenylpropyl) pyridine (CAS # 2057-49-0) provide a calculated MOE >100 for the reproductive toxicity endpoint. The skin sensitization endpoint was completed using the DST for reactive materials (64 [mu g/cm(2)); exposure is below the DST. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on UV spectra; pyridine, 4-ethenyl-, reaction products with 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrodimethyl-4,7-methano-1H-indene is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The local respiratory toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the TTC for a Cramer Class III material, and the exposure is below the TIC (0.47 mg/day). The environmental endpoints were evaluated; pyridine, 4-ethenyl-, reaction products with 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydrodimethyl-4,7-methano-1H-indene was found not to be PBT as per the IFRA Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., PEC/PNEC), are <1.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "Ethnicity, Religion, and Socialism in Canada: The Twenties through the War. This article articulates the idiosyncratic socialist affinities of ethnic and religious groups in Canada between the 1920s and the end of the Second World War by surveying a multitude of diverse secondary sources about the groups. Specific ethno-cultural groups accounted for the differences in support for the most prominent socialist parties, an unwieldy mixture of largely labour parties and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), and the Communist Party (CP). The study points to the uneven immigrant settlement patterns in Canada's regions at the turn of the twentieth century to account for the uneven regional strength of the parties. As acculturation, intermarriage, integration, and assimilation proceeded, domestic issues increasingly informed the politics of subsequent generations to the benefit of the CCF at the expense of the CP.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Solid-State Studies of the Triclinic (Z '=2) Antiprotozoal Drug Ternidazole. The solid-state properties of antiprotozoal ternidazole (3-(2-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-1-yl)-propan-1-ol) have been studied. Crystals are triclinic in the temperature interval between 100 and 333 K (melting point) with two different molecular conformations present in the asymmetric unit (Z' = 2) and two of each conformer make up a tetramer held together by hydrogen bonding. Its melting enthalpy at 333 K is 25.65 (+/- 1.29) kJ.mol(-1). Linear plots were obtained for the melting temperature versus pressure (dP/dT = 5.67 (+/- 0.08) MPa.K(-1)] and the glass transition versus pressure [dP/dT = 7.73 (+/- 1.76) MPa.K(-1)]. No crystalline polymorphism could be detected; thus, the single-crystal structure that has been found is most likely the stable one. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 100: 2258-2266, 2011", "label": [2, 4, 18, 36, 22]}
{"token": "Imperious Temptations: Democratic Legitimacy and Indigenous Consent in Canada. Canadian courts and governments increasingly invoke principles of mutual consent and nation-to-nation negotiation as central to the goal of addressing colonial injustices in a democratic society. However, Canada continues to interpret its obligations according to the Crown's fiduciary obligation to merely consult and accommodate Aboriginal peoples on infringement of their rights. In this article, I argue that there are conceptual resources available within existing Canadian law and politics for reconstructing a democratic consensual resolution to the problem of Indigenous exclusion and dispossession. I demonstrate that meeting the basic threshold of mutual consent would first require Canadian institutions to abjure the imperious temptation to impose parochial standards of free, prior and informed consent. Second, the Crown would refuse to ensnare Indigenous communities in unconscionable bargains, agreements that they would not otherwise view as reasonable, fair or equitable. And finally, Canada would accept rights of jurisdiction over land rooted in vital relations of health and well-being, as well as a corollary right of refusal or veto over decisions deemed by affected parties to be unwanted.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "EXPLOSIVE INSTABILITY AND CORONAL HEATING. The observed energy-loss rate from the solar corona implies that the coronal magnetic field has a critical angle at which energy is released. It has been hypothesized that at this critical angle an \\\\'explosive instability\\\\' would occur, leading to an enhanced conversion of magnetic energy into heat. In earlier investigations, we have shown that a shear-dependent magnetohydrodynamic process called \\\\'secondary instability\\\\' has many of the distinctive features of the hypothetical \\\\'explosive instability.\\\\' In this paper, we give the first demonstration that this \\\\'secondary instability\\\\' occurs in a system with line-tied magnetic fields and boundary shearing basically the situation described by Parker. We also show that, as the disturbance due to secondary instability attains finite amplitude, there is a transition to turbulence which leads to enhanced dissipation of magnetic and kinetic energy. These results are obtained from numerical simulations performed with a new parallelized, viscoresistive, three-dimensional code that solves the cold plasma equations. The code employs a Fourier collocation-finite difference spatial discretization, and uses a third-order Runge-Kutta temporal discretization.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Lead iodide X-ray detection systems. Recent progress in the development of room-temperature lead iodide (PbI2) X-ray detectors is reported. Progress has been made in the areas of detector fabrication and preamplifier electronics, and this has resulted in improved detection performance. An energy resolution of 415 eV (FWHM) has been reported for 5.9 keV X-rays (Fe-55 source) with 1 mm(2) detector at room temperature. A better estimation of the Fano factor in PbI, has been carried out and the upper limit of the Fano factor is calculated to be 0.19. Larger lead iodide detectors (up to 25 mm(2)) have been fabricated and their spectroscopic performance has been evaluated. The timing characteristics of lead iodide detectors have been investigated. A compact, portable lead iodide probe assembly has been designed and built for X-ray spectroscopic applications. Finally, optical and charge particle detection properties of lead iodide detectors have also been characterized.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Timing of Dose Relative to Sexual Intercourse Attempt in Previous Sildenafil Citrate Users Treated with Tadalafil: A Geographical Comparison from a Single Arm, Open-Label Study. Methods.Men with a history of established sildenafil citrate use alter their dose-attempt behavior when treated with tadalafil irrespective of geography. However, the extent to which sexual behavior alters is not uniform across geographical regions, suggesting that dosing instructions and duration of drug effectiveness, in combination with personal and cultural preferences, may determine sexual behavior with PDE5 inhibitor use. Rubio-Aurioles E, Glina S, Abdo CHN, Hernandez-Serrano R, Rampazzo C, Sotomayor M, West TM, Gallagher GL, and Lenero E. Timing of dose relative to sexual intercourse attempt in previous sildenafil citrate users treated with tadalafil: A geographical comparison from a single arm, open-label study. J Sex Med 2009;6:2836-2850.To describe and compare the changes in dosing-sexual attempt behavior with sildenafil citrate vs. tadalafil treatment across four distinct geographies: Asia, Australia/New Zealand (ANZ), Central Eastern Europe/Middle East (CEE/ME), and Latin America (LA).Aim.A total of 2,760 men were enrolled: Asia 15.8%; ANZ 29.4%; CEE/ME 19.7%; LA 35.1%. The median time from dosing to intercourse was significantly increased during tadalafil treatment across all geographical regions; however, the magnitude of increase differed significantly by geography (P < 0.0001). The Asian cohort demonstrated the shortest duration between dosing and sexual intercourse attempts (irrespective of drug), and altered sexual behavior the least upon switching to tadalafil. The ANZ cohort demonstrated the longest duration between dosing and sexual intercourse attempts (irrespective of drug), and altered sexual behavior the most upon switching to tadalafil.Conclusion.Previous research has demonstrated that sildenafil citrate users alter dosing-sexual attempt behavior when switched to tadalafil. The impact of geography and culture on sexual behavior with phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor treatment has not been fully investigated.Main Outcomes Measures.Introduction.Data from a single-arm, open-label clinical trial conducted in 21 countries from November 2002 to May 2004 were used in this analysis. Men with erectile dysfunction and a history of >= 6-week prior sildenafil citrate use continued sildenafil citrate treatment for 4 weeks then switched to tadalafil for 8 weeks. Dosing instructions were provided.Results.Timing of dose and sexual intercourse was assessed through patient diaries for the final 4 weeks of each treatment period.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Visitor safety in urban tourism environments: the case of Auckland, New Zealand. There is limited research relating to urban tourism and the behaviour of visitors within the urban environment. Comparatively few studies of perceptions of safety in urban areas exist. As a result, there is a poor understanding of visitor safety issues, particularly in relation to special events. This paper examines the scope and dimensions of visitor safety during one hallmark sporting event in Auckland, New Zealand during 2000-2001-the America's Cup. The research reviews both the existing research on tourist safety and crime in urban areas and establishes the nature and impact of a sporting event on tourist-related crime. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Space, territories and vector-borne diseases: lessons from the South to fight the threat of arboviruses in Brazil?. Vector-borne diseases are a constantly renewed threat to human health. Vectors adaptation, climate change, environment modifications, globalization, urbanization, promote the persistence or even the emergence and diffusion of these infectious risks. In Brazil, today's preoccupations are focused on Aedes transmitted arboviruses. The country is facing the rise of dengue, Zika, Chikungunya and the persistence of yellow fever. Other vector-borne diseases such as schistosomiasis, persist around the irrigated perimeters of Sao Francisco River. The spatial dynamics of these diseases underline the role of the structuring of spaces, the functioning of networks, the growth of urbanization, and the supply of care, echoing studies carried out around vector-borne diseases, in other places and on other continents. By recalling the geographical teachings resulting from some interdisciplinary work examples, we propose to renew the focus on vector-borne diseases by confronting experiences on both sides of the Atlantic, or even then South American borders.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Livelihoods-based impact assessment in the rice-wheat farming system of South Asia. This article reports on an ex-ante impact study in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia. The study, guided by a livelihoods approach, developed a spatial-mapping methodology based on secondary data for 18 variables which served as indicators of the five livelihood classes of assets (natural, physical, financial, social, and human). The overall livelihood-asset index showed a significant and strong negative correlation (R = -0.65, P = 0.00) with the national poverty line, with poverty peaking in districts where the assets base was lowest, and vice versa. The livelihood-assets approach has broader application, for example for ex-post impact assessment.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Fixing the Acropolis: William J. Stillman and the Restoration of Athenian Antiquity. William J. Stillman's 1870 photographic album The Acropolis of Athens details, with extraordinary sensitivity, the classical monuments of the Athenian Acropolis. But the album itself is part of a larger transnational history of the production, representation, and circulation of Greek antiquity. It is also a central artefact of Stillman's own life and affiliations. Tracing these two interlocking histories is to place the album's imagery, narrative, and informational material within the larger ambit of individual, national, and Euro-American politics, historical ideology and aesthetics. Stillman's album is centrally influenced by the German-led archaeological activity on the Acropolis, reflecting both its widely-held assumptions on the worth of Greek antiquities and the proper way to view them, as well as an ambivalence verging on antipathy toward indigenous Greek archaeological (and photographic) activity. This tendency complicates (but does not completely erase) Stillman's powerful sympathy and outspoken activities on behalf of Greek and Cretan independence and self-determination. The moment that produced Stillman's album is not the only one in which he photographed the Athenian Acropolis. Comparing his photography of 1870 with his 1882 rephotography of the site is to find changes and slippages that highlight the vicissitudes of Stillman's own complex history. It also has significant implications for the imagery he produced earlier, connecting Stillman's work to the larger constellation of nineteenth-century imagery of the Athenian Acropolis.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Pathways to achieve a set of ambitious global sustainability objectives by 2050: Explorations using the IMAGE integrated assessment model. In 2012, governments worldwide renewed their commitments to a more sustainable development that would eradicate poverty, halt climate change and conserve ecosystems, and initiated a process to create a long-term vision by formulating Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Although progress in achieving a more sustainable development has been made in some areas, overall, actions have not been able to bend the trend in critical areas (including those related to the so-called food-water-energy nexus). Here, we analyze how different combinations of technological measures and behavioral changes could contribute to achieving a set of sustainability objectives, taking into account the interlinkages between them. The objectives include eradicating hunger, providing universal access to modern energy, preventing dangerous climate change, conserving biodiversity and controlling air pollution. The analysis identifies different pathways that achieve these objectives simultaneously, but they all require substantial transformations in the energy and food systems, that go far beyond historic progress and currently formulated policies. The analysis also shows synergies and trade-offs between achieving the different objectives, concluding that achieving them requires a comprehensive approach. The scenario analysis does not point at a fundamental trade-off between the objectives related to poverty eradication and those related to environmental sustainability. The different pathways of achieving the set of long-term objectives and their implications for short-term action can contribute to building a comprehensive strategy to meet the SDGs by proposing near-term actions. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 48, 52]}
{"token": "Theoretical investigation of oxygen reduction process on the Si nanocone (Al-SiNC) as efficiency catalyst in fuel cells. Here, the ORR through the aluminum doped silicon nanocone (Al-SiNC) catalyst in acidic environment is examined by three theoretical methods. Results indicate that when the U is increased to 1.23 V the creation of *HOO-Al-Al-SiNC and H2O became uphill through the M06-2X, PW91-PBE and MPW-3LYP methods. Results show that the onset-potential and over-potential of ORR on Al-Al-SiNC are 0.81 and 0.31 V through the M06-2X, PW91-PBE and MPW-3LYP methods. The calculated over-potential on Al-Al-SiNC surface in this study is lower than carbon nano-ribbons (0.44 V) and platinum (0.45 V) catalysts. Finally, the Al-Al-SiNC as suitable catalyst can process the ORR with suitable performance through the M06-2X, PW91-PBE and MPW-3LYP methods. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Candidate genes-based investigation of susceptibility to Human African Trypanosomiasis in Cote d'Ivoire. Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness is a Neglected Tropical Disease. Long regarded as an invariably fatal disease, there is increasing evidence that infection by T.b. gambiense can result in a wide range of clinical outcomes, including latent infections, which are long lasting infections with no parasites detectable by microscopy. The determinants of this clinical diversity are not well understood but could be due in part to parasite or host genetic diversity in multiple genes, or their interactions. A candidate gene association study was conducted in Cote d'Ivoire using a case-control design which included a total of 233 subjects (100 active HAT cases, 100 controls and 33 latent infections). All three possible pairwise comparisons between the three phenotypes were tested using 96 SNPs in 16 candidate genes (IL1, IL4, IL4R, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12, IL12R, TNFA, INFG, MIF, APOL1, HPR, CFH, HLA-A and HLA-G). Data from 77 SNPs passed quality control. There were suggestive associations at three loci in IL6 and TNFA in the comparison between active cases and controls, one SNP in each of APOL1, MIF and IL6 in the comparison between latent infections and active cases and seven SNP in IL4, HLA-G and TNFA between latent infections and controls. No associations remained significant after Bonferroni correction, but the Benjamini Hochberg false discovery rate test indicated that there were strong probabilities that at least some of the associations were genuine. The excess of associations with latent infections despite the small number of samples available suggests that these subjects form a distinct genetic cluster different from active HAT cases and controls, although no clustering by phenotype was observed by principle component analysis. This underlines the complexity of the interactions existing between host genetic polymorphisms and parasite diversity.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "STABLE CARBON AND NITROGEN ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION FACTORS FOR QUANTIFYING SPECTACLED EIDER NUTRIENT ALLOCATION TO EGG PRODUCTION. Nutrient-allocation models based on stable-isotope analysis are used to determine the nutrient sources birds invest in eggs. This approach is particularly useful for birds that migrate between habitats with distinct stable-isotope compositions. A crucial variable is the difference in stable-isotope values of egg tissues relative to diet, so appropriate adjustments can be used in models comparing nutrients from tissues to putative food sources. We established discrimination factors (AS) between the diet and eggs of captive Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri) fed a controlled diet. Relative to diet, values of Delta delta C-13 were higher for albumen (2.6 parts per thousand), yolk protein (2.9 parts per thousand), eggshell (13.0 parts per thousand), and shell membrane (3.9 parts per thousand), and lower for whole yolk (-1.6 parts per thousand) and yolk lipid (-3.5 parts per thousand). Values of Delta delta N-15 of egg components were higher relative to diet (albumen 3.7 parts per thousand, yolk protein 4.4 parts per thousand, shell membrane 4.7 parts per thousand, and whole yolk 3.5 parts per thousand). Except for egg proteins, these patterns are generally consistent with published values for other birds. We conclude that choice of discrimination factors could markedly affect estimates of source contributions to eggs and so recommend species-specific estimates. We also provide the first reported discrimination factors between the female's diet and embryonic down feathers (Delta delta C-13 = 2.1 parts per thousand and Delta delta N-15 = 5.2 parts per thousand). Finally, we determined discrimination factors between lipid and protein in diet sources and eggs, thus enabling consideration of these nutrients separately. Our study enhances the framework for nutrient-allocation modeling in eiders and likely other sea ducks.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Structure, Function, Regulation and Phylogenetic Relationship of ZIP Family Transporters of Plants. Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plants and humans. Nearly 50% of the agriculture soils of world are Zn-deficient. The low availability of Zn reduces the yield and quality of the crops. The zinc-regulated, iron-regulated transporter-like proteins (ZIP) family and iron-regulated transporters (IRTs) are involved in cellular uptake of Zn, its intracellular trafficking and detoxification in plants. In addition to Zn, ZIP family transporters also transport other divalent metal cations (such as Cd2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+). ZIP transporters play a crucial role in biofortification of grains with Zn. Only a very limited information is available on structural features and mechanism of Zn transport of plant ZIP family transporters. In this article, we present a detailed account on structure, function, regulations and phylogenetic relationships of plant ZIP transporters. We give an insight to structure of plant ZIPs through homology modeling and multiple sequence alignment with Bordetella bronchiseptica ZIP (BbZIP) protein whose crystal structure has been solved recently. We also provide details on ZIP transporter genes identified and characterized in rice and other plants till date. Functional characterization of plant ZIP transporters will help for the better crop yield and human health in future.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Partnerships for heritage conservation: evidence from the archeological site of Herculaneum. In the present paper, we investigate the Herculaneum Conservation Project (HCP), a partnership agreement between one public and two non-profit actors aimed at improving the conservation of the archeological site of Herculaneum. The study is motivated by different elements of interests. First, although HCP has been defined by UNESCO as a significant case study for private-public partnership (PPP) in the cultural heritage sector, its financial and organizational aspects are still under-investigated. Second, and quite paradoxically, an analysis of HCP through the lenses of PPP literature reveals its distinctive nature-i.e. more a borderline case than a typical example of PPP. Third, the presence of a similar archeological site nearby Herculaneum-i.e. Pompeii, also defined as a Herculaneum sister city-allows a thorough assessment of the benefit of the partnership scheme in a counterfactual logic. Through the study, we complement the current debate on partnerships in the heritage field, we report on an atypical experience of partnership, and we problematize the rationale of this governance solution within the Italian public sector.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Risk factors associated with cassava brown streak disease dissemination through seed pathways in Eastern DR Congo. Vegetatively propagated crops are particularly prone to disease dissemination through their seed systems. Strict phytosanitary measures are important to limit the impact of diseases as illustrated by the potato seed system in Europe. Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is a devastating disease caused by two viral species collectively named cassava brown streak viruses (CBSVs). CBSD can cause substantial root yield losses of up to 100% in the worst affected areas and is easily transmitted through stem cuttings. In Eastern and Central Africa, the epidemiology of CBSVs in the local socio-economical context of production remains poorly known while a better understanding would be an asset to properly manage the disease. This lack of information explains partially the limited efficiency of current regulatory schemes in increasing the availability of quality seed to smallholders and mitigating the spread of pests and diseases. This study surveyed the epidemiology of CBSVs in Uvira territory, Eastern D.R. Congo, and its drivers using a multivariate approach combining farmer's interview, field observation, sampling and molecular detection of CBSVs. Investigation on the epidemiology of CBSD revealed that three clusters in the study area could be identified using five most significant factors: (i) symptoms incidence, (ii) number of whiteflies, (iii) types of foliar symptoms, (iv) cutting's pathways and (v) plant age. Among the three clusters identified, one proved to be potentially interesting for seed multiplication activities since the disease pressure was the lowest. Through risk assessment, we also identified several key socio-economic determinants on disease epidemy: (i) factors related to farmer's knowledge and awareness (knowledge of cassava pests and diseases, knowledge of management practices, support from extension services and management strategies applied), (ii) factors related to the geographical location of farmer's fields (proximity to borders, proximity to town, distance to acquire cuttings), as well as (iii) the pathways used to acquire cuttings.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Miscigenation and sexual perversion in Gilberto Freyre and Arthur de Gobineau. Slaves & masters, by Gilber to Freyre, has established in Brazilian culture a positive view of racial miscigenation as one of the bases of the nation's stability and distinctiveness. This paper aims to reevaluate Freyre's theory of hybridity, showing how it results from an eroticized relation characterized by the sadism of whites and the masochism of blacks. This idea can be compared to Arthur de Gobineau's theses presented in his Essay on the inequality of human races (1853-1855), shedding light on the way Freyre's work is ambiguosly connected to an important representative of racialist thought.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Needle Arthroscopy of the Scapulohumeral Joint and Bicipital BURSA in Horses: An Ex Vivo Study. To evaluate the feasibility of performing needle arthroscopy of the scapulohumeral joint and bicipital bursa in standing horses by using the thoracic limbs of euthanized horses. To that purpose, this experimental study was designed. Ten thoracic limbs, five left and five right from euthanized horses were retained in an upright position to simulate a standing horse. The craniolateral and lateral scapulohumeral arthroscopic portals were used to access the articular structures. A third (caudal) portal was also identified and described. The degree of difficulty in accessing the articular space and the optic maneuverability within the joint were compared between portals. The needle arthroscopy image lacks in quality, but the procedure was considered useful as a diagnostic aid for examination of the scapulohumeral joint of horses. Needle arthroscopy of the bicipital bursa was not possible. Needle arthroscopy has a great diagnostic potential for lesions in the scapulohumeral joint of horses. A new access (caudal) to the scapulohumeral joint of horses has been identified. (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Adaptable Pulse Compression in phi-OTDR With Direct Digital Synthesis of Probe Waveforms and Rigorously Defined Nonlinear Chirping. Recent research in Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Doman Reflectometry (phi-OTDR) has been focused, among others, on performing spatially resolved measurements with various methods including the use of frequency modulated probes. However, conventional schemes either rely on phase-coded sequences, involve inflexible generation of the probe frequency modulation or mostly employ simple linear frequency modulated (LFM) pulses which suffer from elevated sidelobes introducing degradation in range resolution. In this contribution, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel phi-OTDR scheme which employs a readily adaptable Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) of pulses with custom frequency modulation formats and demonstrate advanced optical pulse compression with a nonlinear frequency modulated (NLFM) waveform containing a complex, rigorously defined modulation law optimized for bandwidth-limited synthesis and sidelobe suppression. The proposed method offers high fidelity chirped waveforms, and when employed in resolving a 50-cm event at similar to 1.13 km using a 1.2-mu s probe pulse, matched filtering with the DDS-generated NLFM waveform results in a significant reduction in range ambiguity owing to autocorrelation sidelobe suppression of similar to 20 dB with no averages and windowing functions, for an improvement of similar to 16 dB compared to conventional linear chirping. Experimental results also show that the contribution of autocorrelation sidelobes to the power in the compressed backscattering responses around localized events is suppressed by up to similar to 18 dB when advanced pulse compression with an optical NLFM pulse is employed.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "Way-Making: Portability and Practice amid Protestantization in American Confucianism. While the study of Confucianism has been ongoing in the United States for quite some time, the idea of its viability in the American context is quite recent. Even more recent are experimental attempts to practice Confucianism in the U.S. This article chronicles several such attempts and considers what demographic data there are, and their frameworks of measurement, of Confucianism in the U.S. It focuses on a case study of debates and conversations about what it means for Confucianism to be \\\\'portable\\\\' among a small but committed second generation of Boston Confucians. From quiet-sitting meditation, to textual studies and interpretation, to ritual veneration of Confucius and ancestors, this article is one of the first empirical studies of Confucianism as a lived tradition in the United States. It situates these practices, and descriptions, discussions, and debates about them by their enactors, in the context of the Protestantized religious landscape in the U.S. It also considers how Confucianism has registered in unexpected ways in the U.S. context amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Confucianism in the U.S. emerges as a form of way-making, irreducible to the categories of philosophy or religion, that both reflects and transforms its inheritance of Confucianism from East Asia.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Hemophagocytic Syndrome in Patients with Unexplained Cytopenia: Report of 15 Cases. Material and Method: In this cross-sectional, single-centre study, bone marrow specimens (n=288) were obtained from the patients with unexplained cytopenia. The diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome was made according to universally accepted criteria. Characteristics of the patients, as well as the clinical and laboratory findings were reported.Objective: To investigate the frequency of hemophagocytic syndrome in a series of patients with otherwise unexplained cytopenia.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the hemophagocytic syndrome is not a rare pathologic condition in patients with otherwise unexplained cytopenia. Without treatment, the mortality rate may be high.Results: Fifteen cases (5.2%) fulfilled the hemophagocytic syndrome criteria, including 8 males (53.3%) and 7 females (46.7%) with a mean age of 39.7 +/- 20.7 (range: 14-72) years at the time of diagnosis. The main clinical and laboratory findings were cytopenia (100%), fever (73.3%), hyperferritinemia (66.7%), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (60%), hypertriglyceridemia (60%), organomegaly (53.3%), elevated liver enzymes (53.3%), lymphadenopathy (26.7%), neurological symptoms (20%), and skin rash (13.3%). Two patients (13.3%) died before a diagnosis was made.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Translation in a group with the author's presence (and participation) as a learning resource for (future) translators. A working example. Recently \\\\'translation in a group\\\\' of literary texts is gaining ground in order to provide the greatest possible number of readings of the text. The relevance of the cooperation between the translator (or the translators) and the author has also been studied, through various translation workshops with the presence of the author, poet in most cases, with the purpose of avoiding \\\\'misreadings\\\\' of the writer's work. However, the importance of \\\\'translation in a group\\\\' workshops as a teaching resource has not been studied enough yet. In this article we shall present the organization, the running and the outcome of a \\\\'translation in a group\\\\' workshop of poems written by the Mexican poet Francisco Segovia into Greek, with the presence and the participation of the author, two coordinators/moderators and twenty participants/students, held in Athens, on October 10, 2013.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Coping Strategies of Adolescent and Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer A Qualitative Study. Background Many adolescent and young adult (AYA) survivors of childhood cancer are dealing with late effects of the cancer and its treatment. Objective The aim of this study was to explore how AYA survivors cope with their childhood cancer experience and its long-term consequences. Methods This is a descriptive qualitative study in which 21 semistructured interviews with AYA survivors of childhood cancer were conducted. A thematic analysis was conducted by a multidisciplinary research team and supported by NVivo 10. Results Five coping strategies, which facilitated in living a normal life, of which some were developed during their cancer experience, were identified: (1) focusing on the \\\\'here and now,\\\\' (2) refraining from discussing the cancer experience, (3) recalling and preserving positive memories, (4) redefining the impact positively, and (5) consolidating and preserving a sense of togetherness. Conclusions Even long after completing treatment, the cancer experience remained deeply ingrained in AYA survivors' lives. Although they did not perceive their survivorship as a large problem in their current lives, coping with being a childhood cancer survivor did take effort. The deployment of specific coping strategies helped them to remain focused on the positive outlook in life and to deal with the long-term physical and psychosocial consequences of the cancer experience aimed at ultimately leading a normal life. Implications for Practice This study emphasizes the current individual frame of reference of the AYA survivor as the point of departure for psychosocial support. Healthcare professionals are advised to acknowledge and respect the value and function of the AYA survivors' coping strategies used.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome with fatal outcome: Report on four forensic autopsy cases. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is a severe infection most commonly caused by group A streptococcus. It is clinically characterized by rapidly progressive multiple organ failure and septic shock. This report presents four fatal cases associated with STSS. In two cases (cases 2 and 3), the portals of entry may be ulcer and mucosa at the surgical site; the initial symptoms in these cases included fever. In the other cases, the portal of entry was unknown; the initial symptom was pain. In two cases (cases 1 and 3), malpractice was suspected before autopsy. At autopsy, blood culture was positive for group A streptococcus in all of the present cases. Although Creactive protein levels were increased, procalcitonin levels were not markedly elevated. This is the first report of autopsy cases associated with STSS in which postmortem computed tomography was performed; the swelling of muscles and increased concentrations of peripheral subcutaneous tissue without gas may be characteristic findings. Histology revealed extensive bacterial colonies and necrosis with mild neutrophilic reaction in two cases (cases 3 and 4), and hemophagocytosis in two cases (cases 1 and 4). It is essential to perform appropriate examinations and make a proper diagnosis because STSS still has a high fatality rate and medical malpractice is often suspected. In addition, it is important to evaluate STSS again for the reduction of the fatal cases associated with STSS.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
{"token": "Comparison of monotonic trend tests for some counting processes. One of the important problems in the analysis of series of events is to identify the stochastic model to be used for the systems since improving or optimizing the procedures applied for the systems and/or estimating the model parameters correctly usually depend on the stochastic model assumption. The accurate implementation of the procedures of determining the model is only possible by detecting the existence of the trend in the pattern of the data set. In real-world applications, it is observed that the data set which is known to have a trend usually contains a monotonic trend (decreasing or increasing). For this reason, in this study, the trend tests which investigate the presence of the monotone trend are compared by considering the commonly used counting processes and lifetime distributions in the literature. An extensive simulation study is performed to calculate the type 1 errors and powers of the tests.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "Aspects of the breeding biology of the Omei mustache toad (Leptobrachium boringii): polygamy and paternal care. The Omei mustache toad, Leptobrachium boringii, has a male biased sexual size dimorphism, which may be associated with either male-male combat behaviour or parental care. The breeding biology of this species was studied during the 2004, 2006, and 2007 breeding seasons in a population at Mount Omei in western China. The size and sex ratio of this breeding population fluctuated over the years. Males constructed nests under large rocks in mountain streams and a single \\\\'resident\\\\' male typically occupied one nest and remained in the same nest for the entire study periods with rare exceptions. Males with egg masses in their nests stayed in their nests for many days after oviposition, with few or no additional matings during this period, suggesting that males were possibly providing paternal care rather than waiting for more mating opportunities. Furthermore, males lost a significant amount (7.3%) of their body mass during the breeding season. In 2006 and 2007, we also found a positive correlation between the body size of the resident male and the number of egg masses in his nest. However, parentage analysis using microsatellite DNA loci indicated that resident males were not necessarily the fathers of all eggs in their nests. Both polygyny and polyandry occur in this species. Overall, evidence suggests that Omei mustache toads provide paternal care and larger males have higher mating success.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Innate-Like Lymphocytes Are Immediate Participants in the Hyper-Acute Immune Response to Trauma and Hemorrhagic Shock. Adverse outcomes following severe traumatic injury are frequently attributed to a state of immunological dysfunction acquired during treatment and recovery. Recent genomic evidence however, suggests that the trajectory toward development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is already in play at admission (<2 h following injury). Improved understanding of the molecular events during the hyper-acute immunological response to trauma, < 2 h following injury, may reveal opportunities to ameliorate organ injury and expedite recovery. Lymphocytes have not previously been considered key participants in this early response; however, two observations in human trauma patients namely, raised populations of circulating NKT and NK cells during the hyper-acute phase and persistent lymphopenia beyond 48 h show association with the development of MODS during recovery. These highlight the need for greater understanding of lymphocyte function in the hyper-acute phase of inflammation. An exploratory study was therefore conducted in a well-established murine model of trauma and hemorrhagic shock (T&HS) to investigate (1) the development of lymphopenia in the murine model and (2) the phenotypic and functional changes of three innate-like lymphocyte subsets, NK1.1+ CD3-, NK1.1+ CD3+, gamma delta TCR+ CD3+ cells, focusing on the first 6h following injury. Rapid changes in phenotype and function were demonstrated in these cells within blood and spleen, but responses in lung tissue lagged behind. This study describes the immediacy of the innate-like lymphocyte response to trauma in different body compartments and considers new lines for further investigation to develop our understanding of MODS pathogenesis.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "THE NECESSITY OF ESTABLISHING CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR LARCENY COMMITTED WITH THE AID OF COMPUTER EQUIPMENT. The paper examines the qualification of larceny committed with the aid of computer equipment. The author proves the necessity of introducing a separate criminal liability for computer larceny and offers a variant of such a criminal law norm.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Serpentine fibulae from Slovenia. Fibulae are chronologically sensitive items, and also good indicators of cross-cultural contacts. For this reason, particular attention was and is being paid to them in archaeological studies. This article is also dedicated to them, more precisely to the serpentine fibulae from Slovenia, their typo-chronological framework and distribution. A classification is proposed into seven basic types with further subdivision into variants; and unique examples are also presented. Serpentine fibulae represent the leading form of brooches for fastening clothes worn by both men and women in the sixth century BC. Although their basic form was conceived in the Apennine Peninsula, they quickly spread to neighbouring regions and were further developed by local workshops.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Study of underfloor air distribution using zonal model-based simulation and experimental measurements. Underfloor air distribution (UFAD) is an effective strategy to provide both ventilation and air conditioning for buildings. To predict indoor airflows and temperature distribution, zonal model has advantages over other methods such as multi -zonemodel and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by considering the prediction accuracy and computational cost. In this work, a numerical algorithm for floor-mounted diffuser flows, which calculates the airflow mass conservation and energy conservation separately, was implemented in a newly developed zonal model computer program for UFAD application, based on the established zonal model-pressurized zonal model with air-diffuser (POMA). This computer program was validated by lab experiments under both natural convection condition and mechanical ventilation for a lab -scale mixing UFAD system. Comparisons of zonal model simulation results and experimental measurements for both temperature distributions and air flows in the lab room showed that the newly developed zonal model is a good tool for predicting the indoor thermal environment with UFAD system. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Microstructure holey fibers as wideband dispersion compensating media for high speed transmission system. This paper presents a dispersion compensating microstructure holey fiber for wideband transmission system. The finite element method with perfectly matched absorbing layers boundary condition is used to investigate the guiding properties. According to simulation, negative dispersion coefficient of -1455 ps/(nm km) and a relative dispersion slope (RDS) close to that of single mode fiber of about 0.0036 nm(-1) is obtained at 1.55 mu m. The variation of structural parameters is also studied to evaluate the tolerance of the fabrication. The proposed module can be used in 40 Gb/s dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems in optical fiber communication networks. (C) 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "Sobemovirus RNA linked to VPg over a threonine residue. Positive sense ssRNA virus genomes from several genera have a viral protein genome-linked (VPg) attached over a phosphodiester bond to the 5' end of the genome. The VPgs of Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) and Ryegrass mottle virus (RGMoV) were purified from virions and analyzed by mass spectrometry. SBMV VPg was determined to be linked to RNA through a threonine residue at position one, whereas RGMoV VPg was linked to RNA through a serine also at the first position. In addition, we identified the termini of the corresponding VPgs and discovered three and seven phosphorylation sites in SBMV and RGMoV VPgs, respectively. This is the first report on the use of threonine for linking RNA to VPg. (C) 2011 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Current trends in conservation education in Japan. Conservation education (CE) is an important component of environmental education. Its goal is to teach the theory and practice of preservation and restoration of biodiversity affected by human activities so that people can increase their awareness of conservation issues and change their attitudes and behavior to promote environmental conservation.This paper describes two successful case studies to highlight trends in CE in Japan. One case is a project implemented to create \\\\'agricultural wetlands\\\\' that resulted in the establishment of a Ramsar Convention site comprised of a restored wetland and its adjacent rice paddy in a rural area near Sendai City in northern Japan. Rice paddy fields are a major component of Satoyama. which are traditional agricultural ecosystems in Japan and occupy 40% of the undeveloped landscape in Japan (Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan, 2007. Third National Biodiversity Strategy of Japan. Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan, Tokyo). Restoration of Satoyama and wetlands by local citizens is a key component of CE practices in Japan, where practical, hands-on. community-based learning is important. The second CE project, geared toward university students and citizens in Yokohama, restored degraded dragonfly ponds and created butterfly biotope in the second largest city in Japan. Restoration of habitat that is centered around highly visible, popular species such as dragonflies and butterflies also benefits other, less prominent species that share these habitats, yet allows residents to easily monitor the benefits of the project. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Medication adherence and management in older people Identify and intervene. The AGITE tool may be an adequate tool for identifying older people's difficulties and designing nursing strategies to help them overcome these difficulties. For this reason, the study should continue being developed.Medication non-adherence rates in older people range between 45 and 75% due to several reasons. A descriptive, quantitative study is being conducted with the purpose of identifying older people's knowledge about medication management, their difficulties, and strategies used.The sample is composed of older people (aged 65 years or over) who use day care centers in Coimbra. Data are collected using a questionnaire designed by the authors. The AGITE (Adesao e Gestao por Idosos da TErapeutica, Older People's Medication Adherence and Management) tool has 4 open-ended questions and 26 closed-ended questions. It is used in combination with the 6-item Cognitive Impairment Test (6CIT) and the Graffar scale. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra. The final version of the questionnaire was applied to a sample composed of 128 older adults with a mean age of 78.24 years.The preliminary results show that the questionnaire is easy to apply. With regard to its psychometric properties, and based on the exploratory factor analysis, three dimensions emerged with an acceptable internal consistency (0.6-0.8).", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Development and Initial Validation of the Observer-Rated Housing Quality Scale (OHQS) in a Multisite Trial of Housing First. Quality of housing has been shown to be related to health outcomes, including mental health and well-being, yet \\\\'objective\\\\' or observer-rated housing quality is rarely measured in housing intervention research. This may be due to a lack of standardized, reliable, and valid housing quality instruments. The objective of this research was to develop and validate the Observer-Rated Housing Quality Scale (OHQS) for use in a multisite trial of a \\\\'housing first\\\\' intervention for homeless individuals with mental illness. A list of 79 housing unit, building, and neighborhood characteristics was generated from a review of the relevant literature and three focus groups with consumers and housing service providers. The characteristics were then ranked by 47 researchers, consumers, and service providers on perceived importance, generalizability, universality of value, and evidence base. Items were then drafted, scaled (five points, half values allowed), and pretested in seven housing units and with seven raters using cognitive interviewing techniques. The draft scale was piloted in 55 housing units in Toronto and Winnipeg, Canada. Items were rated independently in each unit by two trained research assistants and a housing expert. Data were analyzed using classical psychometric approaches and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for inter-rater reliability. The draft scale consisted of 34 items assessing three domains: the unit, the building, and the neighborhood. Five of 18 unit items and 3 of 7 building items displayed ceiling or floor effects and were adjusted accordingly. Internal consistency was very good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.90 for the unit items, 0.80 for the building items, and 0.92 total (unit and building)). Percent agreement ranged from 89 to 100 % within one response scale value and 67 to 91 % within one half scale value. Inter-rater reliability was also good (ICCs were 0.87 for the unit, 0.85 for the building, and 0.93 for the total scale). Three neighborhood items (e.g., distance to transit) were found to be most efficiently rated using publicly available information. The physical quality of housing can be reliably rated by trained but nonexpert raters using the OHQS. The tool has potential for improved measurement in housing-related health research, including addressing the limitations of self-report, and may also enable documenting the quality of housing that is provided by publicly funded housing programs.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase: A Novel Schizophrenia Candidate Gene. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSRA) is an antioxidant enzyme implicated in protection against oxidative stress and protein maintenance. We have previously reported the association of marker D8S542, located within the MSPA gene, with schizophrenia in the Central Valley of Costa Rica (CVCR). By performing fine mapping analysis, we have now identified a potential three-marker at risk haplotype within MSRA in the same CVCR sample, with a global P-value slightly above nominal significance (P = 0.0526). By sequencing the MSRA gene in individuals carrying this haplotype, we identified a novel 4-base pair deletion 1,792 bases upstream of the MSRA transcription start site. This deletion was significantly under-transmitted to schizophrenia patients in the CVCR sample (P = 0.0292) using FBAT, and this was replicated in a large independent sample of 321 schizophrenia families from the Hispanic population (P = 0.0367). These findings suggest a protective effect of the deletion against schizophrenia. Further, MSRA mRNA levels were significantly lower in lymphoblastoid cell lines of individuals homozygous for the deletion compared to carriers of the normal allele (P = 0.0135), although significance was only evident when genotypes were collapsed. This suggests that the deleted sequence may play a role in regulating MSRA expression. In conclusion, this work points towards MSRA as a novel schizophrenia candidate gene. Further studies into the mechanisms by which MSRA is involved in schizophrenia pathophysiology may shed light into the biological underpinnings of this disorder. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss Inc.", "label": [2, 20, 23]}
{"token": "A REVIEW OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND TAXONOMY OF MYOTIS-KEENII AND MYOTIS-EVOTIS IN BRITISH-COLUMBIA AND THE ADJACENT UNITED-STATES. Myotis keenii and M. evotis are sympatric in coastal areas of British Columbia and Washington. Some individuals are morphologically intermediate and cannot be identified confidently. This has raised questions about the correct identification of specimens collected in the area of overlap and the systematic relationship of the two taxa. Multiple discriminant function analysis of 12 cranial and 5 body measurements demonstrated the presence of two morphological groups in the area. The results suggest morphological convergence of the two taxa in Washington and that a number of individuals from western Washington were morphometrically intermediate. The intermediates were provisionally interpreted as representing overlapping intraspecific variation rather than intergradation between the taxa. Analysis of molecular data is required to resolve the systematics of these taxa.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Observation of polar lows by the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit: potential and limitations. The potential of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) observations for the depiction and tracking of intense high-latitude mesoscale maritime weather systems, called polar lows, is explored. Since a variety of mechanisms are important for their development and maintenance, this investigation is based on three polar low cases of different types. The AMSU-B channels at 183 GHz are able to locate convective polar lows (PL) even in their incipient stage, at a time when there is considerable uncertainty as to the nature of the cloud structures seen in the visible or infrared imagery. This detection is based on temperature depression due to scattering by hydrometeors, as confirmed by comparison with radar data. These same channels will, however, fail to unambiguously detect weakly convective and mainly baroclinic PL. The AMSU-A channels help documenting the large-scale environment in which PL develop. Channel 5 clearly shows the cold air outbreaks associated with these developments, whereas the difference between channels 7 and 5 can be used to detect and locate positive upper-level potential vorticity anomalies. Because of the high temporal availability of AMSU observations and despite some limitations pointed out in this study, these results are relevant for PL forecasting and monitoring.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "A Web-based Database for Drawings of Gods When the Digitals Go Multicultural. This original web-based database was developed at the University of Lausanne (Switzerland) as part of the international research project \\\\'Drawings of gods\\\\', which explores children's representations of supernatural agents. Its primary purpose is to store and organize data and metadata to be easily accessible to all affiliated researchers. However, anyone interested in the matter can view the drawings, as they were made publicly available. At present, our corpus is composed of over 5'100 drawings collected in different parts of the world (i.e., Japan, Russia, Switzerland, Romania, USA and Iran) and yet constantly developing.", "label": [3, 5, 55, 33]}
{"token": "The Effects of Fungal Stress on the Antioxidant Contents of Black Soybeans under Germination. Black soybeans were germinated with or without Rhizopus oligosporus for 3 days. The samples collected from each day were freeze-dried and extracted with chloroform-methanol-water mixture to simultaneously obtain organic phase (lipophilic extract) and aqueous phase (hydrophilic extract). In the lipophilic extract, alpha-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol were drastically decreased by 51%, 97%, and 88%, respectively, after 3 day germination under stress. On the other hand, the lipid peroxide concentration was increased in the fungi stressed, germinating beans from day 2 onward, while it was continually decreased in the nonstressed germinating counterpart. The change of antioxidant capacity (ORAC(oil) value) was correlated to the changes of tocopherols and lipid peroxide concentrations. In nonstressed germinating beans, ORAC(oil) value dropped by 38% after 3 days, while in the fungi-stressed germinating beans, ORAC(oil) was decreased by 80%. In hydrophilic extract, the antioxidant activity, measured by ORAC(hydro) assay, is about 80 times higher than the ORAC(oil) values, but there is no significant change before and after germination (either with or without stress). The total phenolic content in the hydrophilic extract increased only slightly by 9% in germinated beans and 15% in fungus-stress germinated samples, respectively. The advantage of stress germination of soybeans in enriching phytoalexins is traded off by loss of tocopherols.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 36, 8]}
{"token": "Civil societies at crossroads: lessons and implications. The papers in this Special Issue are drawn from a larger set of cases of citizen activism and civil society evolution developed by the \\\\'Civil Society at Crossroads?\\\\' initiative. What can be learnt from comparative analysis across these stories? In this concluding paper we seek to identify lessons that emerged from comparative analysis across cases and to explore their implications for civil society practitioners and policymakers.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Latitudinal diversity gradients for five taxonomic levels of marine fish in depth zones. Latitudinal diversity gradients (LDGs) of species richness in most marine taxa appear to be bimodal with a dip at the equator. We compared LDGs for modeled ranges of 5,619 marine fish species, and distinguished between: all, pelagic, demersal, bony and cartilaginous fish groups; five taxonomic levels of class, order, family, genus and species; and four depth zones namely whole water column, 0-200 m, 200-1,000 m, and 1,000-6,000 m; at 5 degrees latitudinal intervals. The modality of 88 LDGs was examined visually and using Hartigan's dip statistic. We found 80 LDGs were bimodal (or not unimodal), two gradients were unimodal and six gradients were ambiguous. All species and genera, and 19 families among fish groups and depth zones had bimodal or not unimodal LDGs. The northern hemisphere mode had 2-6% greater richness from species to order richness. Overall fish, the peak of richness shifted poleward across taxonomic levels, from 25 degrees N for species to median 48 degrees N for class and from 10 degrees S for genus to 35 degrees S for class. Temperature and salinity were significantly correlated with the LDG. Our findings using fish species ranges support previous analyses using species' occurrences, namely that the LDG of marine species is bimodal, by generalizing this to all taxonomic levels and depth zones. That the LDG with a dip near the equator supports the hypothesis that it is primarily temperature driven, and that the equator is already too hot for some species.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Time Measurement in Living Systems: Human Understanding and Health Implications. It is now very well accepted that over the history of life on Earth, organisms ranging from bacteria to humans have evolved mechanisms that can quite efficiently measure passage of time that help in restricting behavior, physiology and metabolism to certain times of the day, thereby generating overt rhythms. In this article, we discuss answers to questions that a naive but interested reader may ask regarding such intricate biological timing systems. Do we really have biological clocks? And if so, where are they located? How do they work? More importantly, why do we have them, and why is it important to study them? In an attempt to answer these questions, we first discuss studies that demonstrate the endogenous and innate nature of biological rhythms. We then discuss how the mechanisms that generate such rhythms serve as our very own biological clocks to keep time efficiently. Further, we elaborate on the anatomical location of biological clocks, and describe the molecular processes underlying them. Penultimately, we discuss the origins and possible reasons for the existence of such clocks, and finally describe the implications of aberrant and misaligned (out-of-sync with the external environment) clocks on human health.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 35, 41, 30, 32, 55]}
{"token": "CARETAKER COMPLIANCE WITH DIFFERENT ANTIBIOTIC FORMULATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD PNEUMONIA. All of the care-givers reported giving at least one dose on the first day of therapy, By the fourth day, 82 per cent of those receiving syrup were still taking their medication compared to 71 and 55 per cent of those receiving sachets or tablets, respectively (P < 0.01), Of those who received syrup accompanied by a spoon, 38 per cent under-dosed the medicine by at least 30 per cent, Overall, compliance was highly correlated with the care-giver's report of difficulty in administering the medication.3. tablets;A research assistant visited the childs' home on the fourth day of therapy, asked the care-giver about compliance, and observed the care-giver prepare a dose of the medication. The remaining amount of medicine was measured, and when possible (n = 151), a urine specimen was tested for the presence of sulphamethoxazole.Additional research is needed to understand the obstacles encountered by care-givers in administering sachets and tablets, Meanwhile, the use of antibiotic syrup, accompanied by an appropriately sized measuring cup, appears to offer the greatest probability of medication compliance in the treatment of Egyptian children with pneumonia.1. syrup accompanied by a 10-ml measuring cup;2. syrup accompanied by a 5-ml measuring spoon;4. single-dose sachets of antibiotic powder.To determine the effect of antibiotic formulations on compliance, 400 children, aged 2 months to 5 years, with a presumptive diagnosis of pneumonia, were randomly assigned to receive one of the following formulations of cotrimoxazole:", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Low grade heat driven multi-effect distillation technology. Low grade heat driven multi-effect distillation (MED) desalination has received tremendous attention recently. The primary reason is that many countries, such as Australia, are water short and conventional desalination technology is energy intensive. If the required energy hails from fossil fuel source, then the freshwater production will contribute to carbon dioxide emission and consequently global warming. Low grade heat sources such as geothermal energy and waste heat from process plants generate minimal carbon dioxide. This source of energy is generally abundant at a typical temperature around 65-90 degrees C in many localities, and matches perfectly with the MED technology which is driven with a maximum temperature of about 90 degrees C. In this paper, we propose a MED design to better harness the low grade thermal energy. By means of a calibrated simulation model, validated with experimental data of single effect freshwater generators, we demonstrate that 25-60% improvement to the freshwater yield compared with conventional MED design is possible. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Pathways to Engagement: The Natural and Historic Environment in England. This article sets out to address what lessons can be learnt from conservation and management efforts across both the natural and cultural heritage environments by highlighting how approaches which separate the two environments are worked into policies and bureaucracies of activities. The authors discuss issues related to the natural and historic environment, the complexities in English legislation, and the organisational structures which make it difficult to work towards an integrated approach which enhances, protects and conserves both the natural and cultural heritage. These complexities are looked at through the 2018 revision of the National Planning Policy Framework, the introduction of the Environment Bill and the Net Gain concept. The authors suggest that working coordination and cooperation across the sectors may result in more effective lobbying and more substantive improvements.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Complete genome sequence of Corynebacterium glutamicum B253, a Chinese lysine-producing strain. We disclosed the complete genome sequence of Corynebacterium glutamicum B253, an important lysine-producing strain in China. The genome consists a circular chromosome (3,159,203 bp) and a plasmid (24,775 bp), encoding 2767 protein coding genes in total. The genome contains all genes for lysine biosynthesis, and some mutations potentially relevant to lysine production were detected in comparison with sequence of other C. glutamicum. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Impact of irrigation on larval density of stem-infesting pests of cultivated sunflower in Kansas. The guild of stem-infesting insect pests of cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., within the central Plains is a concern to producers, chiefly due to losses caused by plant lodging from the sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and Dectes texanus texanus LeConte (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The incidence of a root boring moth, Pelochrista womonana (Kearfott) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), also has increased. Experiments were conducted in Kansas during 2000-2001 to investigate the effect of irrigation timing and intensity on densities of C. adspersus, D. texanus, and P. womonana larvae within cultivated sunflower stalks. Supplemental soil moisture provided by irrigation during the growing season increased both seed yield and oil content, and it reduced insect densities of the sunflower stem weevil and P. womonana in the sunflower stalk. Results showed that ensuring adequate moisture during the growing season can assist in reducing stem-infesting insect densities, revealing an additional advantage of crop irrigation beyond improved sunflower productivity.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Evolution of rheological parameters and apparent molecular weight distribution in the bitumen from reclaimed asphalt with rejuvenation and re-ageing. The paper aims at analysing the evolution of the rheological behaviour of the bitumen extracted from reclaimed asphalt (RA) with rejuvenation (blending of virgin and RA bitumen, with addition of a rejuvenator) and re-ageing. The complex modulus of the binders was measured through a DSR device, while RTFOT and PAV protocols were followed to reproduce the bitumen ageing. Three rheological models were used in order to study the evolution of their parameters in the various steps. In addition, the apparent molecular weight distribution (AMWD), determined through delta-method, was analysed. The results showed that the rejuvenator could reduce RA bitumen stiffness but had low effect on the phase angle. After long-term re-ageing, the rejuvenated RA bitumen showed comparable rheological behaviour with respect to the bitumen initially recovered from RA. However, the AMWD analysis showed that the rejuvenator did not adequately disrupt the asphaltene clusters in the aged bitumen.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Nonthermal inactivation of norovirus surrogates on blueberries using atmospheric cold plasma. Viruses are currently the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks, most of which are associated with foods consumed raw. Cold plasma (CP) is an emerging novel nonthermal technology that can be used to surface decontaminate foods. This study investigated CP technology for the nonthermal inactivation of human norovirus surrogates, Tulane virus (TV) and murine norovirus (MNV), on the surface of blueberries. Blueberries (5 g) were weighed into sterile 4 oz. glass jars and inoculated with TV, 5 log PFU/g. Samples were treated with atmospheric CP for 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 s at a working distance of 7.5 cm with 4 cubic feet/minute (cfm) of CP jet. Temperature readings were taken with an infrared camera prior to, and immediately following, CP treatments. In order to establish the impact of air flow during CP treatment (4 cfm), an additional 7 cfm jet of room temperature air was introduced from a separate nozzle. The experiment was repeated with 90 and 120 s as additional treatment time points. Viral titers were measured immediately after each treatment with a plaque assay using LLC-MK2 cells (TV) or RAW 264.7 cells (MNV). TV was significantly reduced 1.5 PFU/g compared to the control after treatment time of 45s, which was achieved regardless of temperature conditions. With the addition of 7 cfm of ambient air, the maximum log reduction for TV was 3.5 log PFU/g after 120s of treatment. MNV was significantly reduced by 0.5 log PFU/g compare to the control at 15s, and further treatment of MNV with ambient air brought the log reduction to greater than 5 log PFU/g at 90 s of treatment (Fig. 3). These results demonstrate that CP viral inactivation does not rely on thermal inactivation, and is therefore nonthermal in nature. With further optimization, CP may be used by food processors as a means of nonthermal inactivation of foodborne viruses. Published by Elsevier Ltd.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 19, 8, 43]}
{"token": "Frequency, risk factors, and complications of induced abortion in ten districts of Madagascar: results from a cross-sectional household survey. Background Madagascar has restrictive abortion laws with no explicit exception to preserve the woman's life. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of abortion in the country and examine the methods, consequences, and risk factors of these abortions. Methods We interviewed 3179 women between September 2015 and April 2016. Women were selected from rural and urban areas of ten districts via a multistage, stratified cluster sampling survey and asked about any induced abortions within the previous 10 years. Analyses used survey weighted estimation procedures. Quasi-Poisson regression was used to estimate the incidence rate of abortions. Logistic regression models with random effects to account for the clustered sampling design were used to estimate the risk of abortion complications by abortion method, provider, and month of pregnancy, and to describe risk factors of induced abortion. Results For 2005-2016, we estimated an incidence rate of 18.2 abortions (95% CI 14.4-23.0) per 1000 person-years among sexually active women (aged 18-49 at the time of interview). Applying a multiplier of two as used by the World Health Organization for abortion surveys suggests a true rate of 36.4 per 1000 person-year of exposure. The majority of abortions involved invasive methods such as manual or sharp curettage or insertion of objects into the genital tract. Signs of potential infection followed 29.1% (21.8-37.7%) of abortions. However, the odds of potential infection and of seeking care after abortion did not differ significantly between women who used misoprostol alone and those who used other methods. The odds of experiencing abortion were significantly higher among women who had ever used contraceptive methods compared to those who had not. However, the proportion of women with a history of abortion was significantly lower in rural districts where contraception was available from community health workers than where it was not. Conclusions Incidence estimates from Madagascar are lower than those from other African settings, but similar to continent-wide estimates when accounting for underreporting. The finding that the majority of abortions involved invasive procedures suggests a need for strengthening information, education and communications programs on preventing or managing unintended pregnancies.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Mapping of QTLs for morpho-agronomic and seed quality traits in a RIL population of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The objective of this research was to determine the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling phenological traits (days to flowering, days to end of flowering, days to harvest as green pod, and days to maturity), seed size traits (seed length, seed height, seed width, and seed weight), and seed quality traits (water absorption, and coat proportion), in common bean. A population of 104 F-7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from an inter-gene pool cross between Xana, and Cornell 49242, was used to develop a genetic linkage map including 175 AFLPs, 27 microsatellites, 30 SCARs, 33 ISSRs, 12 RAPDs, 13 loci codifying for seed proteins, and the four genes Fin,fin (growth habit); Asp,asp (seed coat shininess); P,p (seed color); and I,i (resistance to bean common mosaic virus). The map has a total length of 1,042 cM distributed across 11 linkage groups aligned to those of the core linkage map of bean using common molecular markers as anchor points. The QTL analyses were carried out over three environments using the mean environment data with composite interval mapping. Thirty-one QTLs for ten traits were found to be significant in at least one environment and in the mean environment data, the number of significant QTLs identified per trait ranging from two to five. Twenty-seven of these QTLs mapped forming clusters in eight different chromosomal regions. The rationale for this clustered mapping and the possible relationship between some QTLs for phenological traits and the genes Fin and I are discussed.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 7, 20, 9]}
{"token": "INFLUENCE OF LOW INTENSITY COHERENT ELECTROMAGNETIC MILLIMETER WAVES ON GROWTH AND PEROXIDASE TOTAL ACTIVITYOF WHEAT GERMS. The investigation of the effect of electromagnetic irradiation with extremely high frequencies (EMI EHF) and low intensity on germination of seeds and growth of germs of wheat has been carried out. The change of peroxidase total activity in wheat germ cells has been determined under the effect of mentioned external factor. The role of water in formation of biosystem reaction was also discussed in present work. It has been shown that at irradiation of germinating seeds the increasing of wheat germ shoot mass and peroxidase total activity is observed. The mentioned effects are expressed more obviously in case of moistening of dry seeds and cultivation of germinating seeds and germs by irradiated water which indicates that the primary target of this effect is water.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Enhancing the agronomic effectiveness of natural phosphate rock with poultry manure: a way forward to sustainable crop production. Phosphorus inputs are required in highly weathered tropical soils for sustainable crop production. However, high cost and limited access to mineral P fertilizers limit their use by resource-poor farmers in West Africa. Direct application of finely ground phosphate rock ( PR) is a promising alternative but low solubility of PR hampers its use. Co-application of PR with manure could be a low cost means of improving the solubility of natural PR and improve their agronomic effectiveness. Our objective was to quantitatively estimate the enhancement effect of poultry manure on P availability from low reactive PR ( Togo phosphate rock) applied to highly weathered soils. We utilized two highly weathered soils from Ghana and Brazil for this greenhouse study. Using P-32 isotopic tracers, the agronomic effectiveness of poultry-manure-amended Togo rock phosphate ( TPR) was compared with partially acidulated Togo rock phosphate ( PAPR) and triple superphosphate ( TSP). Four rates of poultry manure: 0, low ( 30 mg P kg(-1) soil), high ( 60 mg P kg(-1) soil) and very high ( 120 mg P kg(-1) soil) were, respectively, added to a constant amendment ( 60 mg P kg(-1) soil) of the P sources and applied to each pot of 4 kg soil. A Randomized Complete Block Design was used for the greenhouse experiment and Maize ( Zea mays L.) was used as a test crop. The plants were grown for 42 days after which the above ground biomass was harvested for analysis. Without poultry manure addition, the agronomic effectiveness, represented by the relative agronomic effectiveness ( RAE) and proportion of P derived from fertilizer (% Pdff) was in the order TSP > PAPR > TPR = control ( P-0). In the presence of low rate poultry manure addition, the agronomic effectiveness followed the order TSP > PAPR = PR > P-0. However, at the high and very high rates of poultry manure addition, no significant differences in agronomic effectiveness were observed among the P sources, suggesting that at this rate of poultry manure addition, PR was equally as effective as TSP. The study showed that direct application of PR co-applied with poultry manure at a 1: 1 P ratio will be a viable option for P replenishment. Thus a combination of PR and poultry manure could be a cost-effective means of ensuring sustainable agricultural production in P- deficient, highly weathered tropical soils.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Mechanistic studies on the interaction of reduced cobalamin (Vitamin B-12r) with nitroprusside. The electron-transfer reaction between reduced cobalamin (Cbl(II)) and sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate(II) (sodium nitroprusside, NP), as well as the subsequent processes following the electron-transfer step, were investigated by spectroscopic (UV-vis, H-1 NMR, EPR), electrochemical (CV, DPV) and kinetic (stopped-flow) techniques. In an effort to clarify the complex reaction pattern observed at physiological pH, systematic spectroscopic and kinetic studies were undertaken as a function of pH (1.8-9) and NP concentration (0.0001 - 0.09 M). The kinetics of the electron-transfer reaction was studied under pseudo-first-order conditions with respect to NP. The reaction occurs in two parallel paths of different order, viz. pseudo-first and pseudo-second order with respect to the NP concentration, respectively. The contribution of each path depends on pH and the [NP]/[Cbl(II)] ratio. At low pH and total NP concentration (pH < 3, [NP]/[Cbl(II)] approximate to 1), the cyano-bridged successor complex [Cbl(III)-(mu-NC)-Fe-1(CN)(3)(NO+)](-) (1(s)) is the final reaction product formed in an inner-sphere electron transfer reaction that is coupled to the release of cyanide from coordinated nitroprusside. At higher pH, subsequent reactions were observed which involve the attack of cyanide released in the electron transfer step on the initially formed cyano-bridged species, and lead to the formation of Cbl(III)CN and [Fe-1(CN)(4)(NO+)](2-). The strong dependence of the rate and mechanism of the subsequent reactions on pH is attributed to the large variation in the effective nucleophilicity of the cyanide ligand in the studied pH range. An alternative electron-transfer pathway observed in the presence of excess NP involves the reaction of the precursor complex [Cbl(II)-(mu-NC)-Fe-II(CN)(4)(NO+)](2-) (1p) with NP to give [Cbl(III)-(mu-NC)-Fe-II(CN)(4)(NO+)](-) (2) and reduced nitroprusside, [Fe(CN)(5)NO](3-), as the initial reaction products. Analysis of the kinetic data allowed elucidation of the rate constants for the inner- and outer-sphere electron-transfer pathways. The main factors which influence the kinetics and thermodynamics of the observed electron-transfer steps are discussed on the basis of the spectroscopic, kinetic and electrochemical results. A general picture of the reaction pathways that occur on a short (s) and long (min to h) time scale as a function of pH and relative reactant concentrations is derived from the experimental data. In addition, the release of NO resulting from the one-electron reduction of NP by Cbl(II) was monitored with the use of a sensitive NO electrode. The results obtained in the present study are discussed in reference to the possible influence of cobalamin on the pharmacological action of nitroprusside.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "'THE POET ALONE UNITES THE WORLD': THE POETICS OF PRAISE IN RAINER MARIA RILKE'S THE DUINO ELEGIES. The poems Rilke wrote during the last years of his life are often read as a dark musing on the unravelling of culture during the years of the Great War and the decade that followed. There is an elegiac quality to many of them, but in the midst of this they give voice to what I call a poetics of praise-often explicit, as in the Sonnets, but also substantially present, as in the Elegies. It is this dimension of the latter that this article explores, considering how Rilke's notion of the poet's vocation influenced these poems in particular. Here, his praise is not directed toward some transcendent deity but rather toward the world and all that is 'sayable' about it. His work as a poet, as he had come to understand it, was to affirm a unity in this world, in the midst of the apparent fragmentation and loss that seemed an overwhelming pressure during this period. Against Wittgenstein's claim, published within a year of the Elegies, that 'the sense of the world must lie beyond the world', Rilke insisted that this 'sense' or meaning could only rest in the world-or in the manner in which world in/forms us, an insight captured in his notion of 'Weltinnenraum' ('world/inner/space'). The poet's purpose, then, is to bear witness to this unity, and, in a sense, 'unify' the world through the posture of praise by which we take the visible world into our consciousness and come to recognise an essential inner unity amid the very real brokenness that marks its 'outer' form.", "label": [3, 28, 33]}
{"token": "Behavior of female Dungeness crabs, Cancer magister, in a glacial southeast Alaska estuary: Homing, brooding-site fidelity, seasonal movements, and habitat use. Aspects of the behavior of ovigerous Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) were studied in Fritz Cove, Alaska. To test fidelity and homing ability of crabs to their brooding site. we ultrasonically tagged eight ovigerous crabs and transplanted them 1.4 km from their brooding site. Eight ultrasonically tagged control crabs v ere returned to the brooding site. Crab movements were subsequently monitored weekly from late February to October to determine activity patterns and seasonal shifts in depth distribution and habitat use. Seven females transplanted away from the brooding site homed back to that site within 13 to 20 d. Ovigerous female crabs showed fidelity to the head of the cove and ranged a maximum of 3.4 km. Crabs had distinct seasonal patterns of depth distribution. habitat use, and activity which were related to reproductive status. The general pattern for female crabs was: (1) a relatively inactive period during winter and early spring at depths greater than -16 m; ovigerous crabs were typically buried during this period in a dense aggregation: (2) an abrupt movement into shallow water (less than -10 m) during mid-April and residence there until late June; this movement was coincident with the spring phytoplankton bloom and initiation of larval hatching and (3) increased activity beginning in July with movement back to deeper water presumably to forage. Females that molted prior to oviposition did so between late May and September. Females occupied depths between +1.6 and -107.3 m. Home ranges were small (<4% of the total cove habitat) and varied with crab sized smaller crabs had larger home ranges. Ovigerous females brooded embryos in a small, discrete area of unconsolidated, homogeneous, fine sand. These sediments were also highly permeable, Annual use of the main brooding area was documented for a 12-year period and emphasizes the importance of this essential habitat.", "label": [4, 45, 47]}
{"token": "Enhanced thermoelectric properties of P-type BiSbTe/TiO2 Ag alloys. Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3/TiO2-Ag nanocomposites were fabricated using a chemical plating method and then compacted via spark plasma sintering at 673 K and 50 MPa for 5 min. The effects of TiO2-Ag nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed into Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 on the thermoelectric and mechanical properties were investigated. The results demonstrated that the carrier concentration and electrical conductivity increased by the incorporation of TiO2 Ag NPs. Moreover, the addition of TiO2-Ag NPs also changed the Fermi level positions and the maximum ZT could be obtained in the temperature range of 300-500 K. The maximum ZT value for a Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3/TiO2-Ag (0.25 wt %) sample was 1.19 at 375 K due primarily to a significant increase in the power factor and an appropriate thermal conductivity. Consequently, the thermoelectric and mechanical properties were improved by embedding the TiO2-Ag NPs into the Bi0.4Sb1.6Te3 matrix.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "WILLIAM SMITH AND IRELAND: SOURCES OF IRISH GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON HIS GEOLOGICAL MAP OF 1820. William Smith's 1815 geological map shows the eastern margin of Ireland, but it is devoid of geological information. The scaled-down version published in 1820 provides a rudimentary representation of Irish geology with the granite regions of the Mourne and Wicklow Mountains prominent. The sources for this information were derivative coming from two maps published in the Transactions of the Geological Society of London in 1816 and 1819.", "label": [3, 4, 38, 30]}
{"token": "B2B eWOM on Alibaba: Signaling through online reviews in platform-based social exchange. This study investigates the contemporary role of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in business exchanges through buyers' signaling of observable and unobservable supplier characteristics on the Alibaba e-commerce platform. Utilizing a qualitative pre-study of 20 interviews (five buyer-supplier dyads with two interviews per firm) and more than 8000 buyer reviews on Alibaba, we identify characteristic patterns of this type of B2B eWOM. Signaling Theory and Social Exchange Theory underpin the empirical investigation. To enable further conceptualization, the study distinguishes between online B2B reviews based on the extent to which they are controlled by organizational partners. Unlike some other forms of B2B reviews, reviews on Alibaba are uncontrolled and comprise a form of eWOM. Findings indicate that the relational patterns of B2B eWOM shared on Alibaba can be aggregated into three categories: human touch, responsiveness, and resilience. Besides these new categories, the importance of product/service quality has been confirmed. Through Alibaba reviews, buyers' signals are sent not only to suppliers as feedback, but also to other prospective buyers to influence their purchase decisions. Our study aims to contribute to the B2B literature on eWOM and signaling in business relationships. By showing that human touch occurs even in online-only buyer-supplier relationships, the study provides evidence that bonding, the development of mutuality, and relationship intimacy in buyer-supplier relationships does not always require in-person contact. Managerial implications are offered with a focus on the signaling of unobservable qualities, such as human touch, with the help of B2B eWOM.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "Securing business operations in an SOA. In this paper we focus on the business and technological challenges relating to security and service dependability for SOI. In particular the paper studies challenges in the security areas of (i) identity federation, (ii) distributed usage and access management, (iii) context-aware secure messaging, routing and transformation and (iv) SOA security governance. It gathers requirements and it proposes an architecture comprising design patterns and a governance framework that address these challenges. An example case-study presents an implementation of the proposed architecture's SOI security capabilities aiming at the practical validation of the proposed architectural concepts. Copyright (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.In order to achieve agility and shorter concept-to-market timescales for new products and services, ICT service providers and their corporate customers alike increasingly adopt a collection of technologies, concepts and capabilities which come under the banner of the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). The Service Oriented Infrastructure (SOI) approach complements SOA by enabling the optimal use of virtualised infrastructure services and resources via the network, and their integration in tailored solutions that meet customer needs and adapt to their growth pattern.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Efficacy of a supersaturated calcium phosphate oral rinse for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in patients receiving high-dose cancer therapy: a review of current data. Oral mucositis ( OM) is a painful and debilitating complication of cancer therapy that can adversely affect patients' treatment regimens and quality of life. It is also considered to be a substantial burden on the financial and human resources of health services. Despite progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of OM and the number of new treatments that have been developed, there remains an unmet need for effective preventative measures in clinical practice. Literature on oral healthcare management in oncology patients suggests that a preventative approach consisting of a supersaturated Ca2+/PO43- oral rinse (Caphosol (R)) aimed at maintaining oral hygiene, moistening and lubricating the oral cavity, effectively reduces the incidence and severity of OM. This review looked at data from all known adult and paediatric studies investigating the use of Caphosol (R) in patients receiving high-dose cancer therapy in order to evaluate its efficacy for both the prevention and treatment of OM. Thirty studies were identified. The majority of these studies (n = 24) found Caphosol (R) to be efficacious at reducing the grade and/or duration, as well as pain associated with OM. Despite important limitations, these data warrant serious consideration for the inclusion of Caphosol (R) in regimens for preventing or reducing the debilitating effects of OM.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Foresight for smart globalization. Findings - A forward looking research component is a valuable organizational structure that can add value by tracking and monitoring current and emerging trends relevant to the Foundation's strategic framework, operational initiatives, and areas of work.Design/methodology/approach - The paper addresses how a new conceptualization of globalization intersects with the field of foresight by describing the Rockefeller Foundation's approach to addressing complex issues of human development.Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present the concept of smart globalization and identify links with the Rockefeller Foundation's philanthropic activities in a number of areas, including health, climate change, urbanization, economic insecurities, and basic survival needs.Practical implications - The paper suggests a closer interaction of foresight and development experts and practitioners by suggesting that individuals in both disciplines need to work more closely together to coherently address the multitude, interlocking global challenges of the 21st century.Originality/value - The paper introduces the notion of \\\\'smart globalization'' to the foresight community and details how this mindset has influenced and directed the ongoing work of the Rockefeller Foundation.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "ON THE IMPACT OF USER MOBILITY ON PEER-TO-PEER VIDEO STREAMING. Wireless mesh networks are emerging as a promising solution for ubiquitous Internet access with mobility support. In such networks, user mobility may lead to Internet gateway changes and consequently, impact the performance of continuous media applications. In this article, we investigate the impact of user mobility on the performance of peer-to-peer video applications over wireless mesh networks. Peer-to-peer video streaming applications rely on the collaborative behavior of peers to assist the source in delivering multimedia content, reduce costs, and increase the scalability of video distribution. We identify practical issues related to mobility for P2P video streaming implementation in WMNs, such as addressing and forwarding strategies. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance of different P2P streaming applications as the user walks in our WMN testbed. Results indicate mobile users benefit from the frequent short-lived connections established in modern P2P video sessions.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 40]}
{"token": "Propyl Gallate Synthesis Using Acidophilic Tannase and Simultaneous Production of Tannase and Gallic Acid by Marine Aspergillus awamori BTMFW032. Marine Aspergillus awamori BTMFW032, recently reported by us, produce acidophilic tannase as extracellular enzyme. Here, we report the application of this enzyme for synthesis of propyl gallate by direct transesterification of tannic acid and in tea cream solubilisation besides the simultaneous production of gallic acid along with tannase under submerged fermentation by this fungus. This acidophilic tannase enabled synthesis of propyl gallate by direct transesterification of tannic acid using propanol as organic reaction media under low water conditions. The identity of the product was confirmed with thin layer chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was noted that 699 U/ml of enzyme could give 60% solubilisation of tea cream within 1 h. Enzyme production medium was optimized adopting Box-Behnken design for simultaneous synthesis of tannase and gallic acid. Process variables including tannic acid, sodium chloride, ferrous sulphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, incubation period and agitation were recognized as the critical factors that influenced tannase and gallic acid production. The model obtained predicted 4,824.61 U/ml of tannase and 136.206 mu g/ml gallic acid after 48 h of incubation, whereas optimized medium supported 5,085 U/ml tannase and 372.6 mu g/ml of gallic acid production after 36 and 84 h of incubation, respectively, with a 15-fold increase in both enzyme and gallic acid production. Results indicated scope for utilization of this acidophilic tannase for transesterification of tannic acid into propyl gallate, tea cream solubilisation and simultaneous production of gallic acid along with tannase.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 42]}
{"token": "Analogy approach in solving the problem of a moving electric dipole. Using the principle of permutational duality as well as the analogical approach of both electrical and magnetic dipoles, it is possible to obtain a new relativistic magnetic type vector potential of an arbitrarily moving electric point dipole. The specific cases of the magnetic vector potential in the calculation of fields have been considered, and the obtained results have been compared with the research of other scholars. (c) 2021 Author(s).", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Transmission efficiency and noise, vibration and harshness refinement of differential hypoid gear pairs. This article presents a combined multi-body dynamics and lubricated contact mechanics model of vehicular differential hypoid gear pairs, demonstrating the transient nature of transmission efficiency and noise, vibration and harshness performance under various driving conditions. The contact of differential hypoid gears is subjected to mixed thermo-elastohydrodynamic regime of lubrication. The coefficient of friction is obtained using an analytical approach for non-Newtonian lubricant shear and supplemented by boundary interactions for thin films. Additionally, road data and aerodynamic effects are used in the form of resisting torque applied to the output side of the gear pair. Sinusoidal engine torque variation is also included to represent engine order torsional input resident on the pinion gear. Analysis results are presented for New European Driving Cycle transience from low-speed city driving condition in second gear to steady-state cruising in fourth gear for a light truck. It is shown that the New European Driving Cycle captures the transmission efficiency characteristics of the differential hypoid gear pair under worst case scenario, with its underlying implications for fuel efficiency and emissions. However, it fails to address the other key attribute, being the noise, vibration and harshness performance. In the case of hypoid gears, the resultant noise, vibration and harshness characteristics can be particularly annoying. It is concluded that broader transient manoeuvres encompassing New European Driving Cycle are required for assessment, in order to obtain a balanced approach for transmission efficiency and noise, vibration and harshness performance. This approach is undertaken in this article, which is not hitherto reported in the literature.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Capital Accumulation, Private Property, and Rising Inequality in China, 1978-2015. We combine national accounts, surveys, and new tax data to study the accumulation and distribution of income and wealth in China from 1978 to 2015. The national wealth-income ratio increased from 350 percent in 1978 to 700 percent in 2015, while the share of public property in national wealth declined from 70 percent to 30 percent. We provide sharp upward revision of official inequality estimates. The top 10 percent income share rose from 27 percent to 41 percent between 1978 and 2015; the bottom 50 percent share dropped from 27 percent to 15 percent. China's inequality levels used to be close to Nordic countries and are now approaching US levels.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "The diffusion of mobile social networking: Exploring adoption externalities in four G7 countries. The diffusion of Mobile Social Networking (MSN) is driven by the development of new devices and improved mobile broadband. The instantaneous nature of MSN exchanges enhances the value of data access for mobile users, which generates network externalities. We explore the presence of these externalities in the diffusion of MSN in France, the UK, the US and Germany. For these countries, we compare estimates of two diffusion models: the Bass model and the Bemmaor model. We find evidence of network externalities in MSN adoption for all of these countries, captured by the left skew of the cumulative adoption curves. This evidence is confirmed even after taking into account the contrasting effect of heterogeneity in the propensity to adopt. Our results provide content providers, operators and regulators with insights about marketing strategies, helping with policy formulation under the combined presence of network externalities and heterogeneity. (C) 2015 International Institute of Forecasters. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
{"token": "Water as a Probe of the Colloidal Properties of Cement. Cement is produced by mixing mineral phases based on calcium silicates and alurninates with water. The hydration reaction of the mixture leads to a synthetic material with outstanding properties that can be used as a binder for construction applications. Despite the importance of cement in society, for a long time, the chemical reactions involved in its hydration remained poorly understood as a result of the complexity of hydration processes, nanostructure, arid transport phenomena. This feature article reviews the recently obtained results using water as a probe to detail the essential features in the setting process. By examining the peculiar physicochemical properties of water, fundamental information on the evolving inorganic colloid matrix can be deduced, ranging from the fractal nanostructure of the inorganic silicate framework to the transport phenomena inside the developing porosity. A similar approach can be transferred to the investigation of a plethora of other complex systems, where water plays the main role in determining the final structural and transport properties (i.e., biomaterials, hydrogels, and collaids)", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
{"token": "On the current absence and future improbability of political Catholicism in Italy. Clerical non-negotiable values' were actively promoted by right-wing governments in the 2000s, the Monti government that replaced them was strongly supported by the Vatican and the Italian bishops, and the current left-wing government is led by a former member of the Catholic popolari who attends Mass every Sunday. But this article argues that, rather than a new golden age of political Catholicism, the return of Catholicism to Italian politics has taken a low intensity' form which lacks the robust combination of ideas, leaders, organizations, and interests that informed earlier, genuinely political forms of Catholic engagement. The article demonstrates this by focusing on the Todi movement', which played a crucial role in the Monti government, and on Matteo Renzi's current leadership of the Partito democratico and the national government. It also proposes a theoretical framework to explain the apparent contradiction between the high visibility and the low political relevance of Catholicism in Italian politics.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Impacts of ambient air pollution on UNESCO world cultural heritage sites in Eastern Asia: Dose-response calculations for material corrosions. Air pollution adversely affects the built environment. This impact might accelerate the natural deterioration rate of heritage sites and reduce their aesthetic value. This novel study uses multipollutant dose-response functions to investigate the erosion rate of cultural heritage materials in 37 cities in East Asian counties, including China, Japan, and South Korea, between 2015 and 2020. The air quality improved in the studied cities during the study period owing to the efficiency of newly implemented clean air policies. For example, air quality improved regardless of relatively unfavorable meteorological conditions in Japan. Overall, there is a decreasing trend in the surface recession rate of studied heritage materials in China, Japan, and South Korea. However, the results suggest that the cultural heritage resources in Asian cities are still at risk. For example, China experienced the highest estimated degradation rates. Random Forest analysis showed that HNO3, SO2, and PM10 are the primary compounds influencing the corrosion of the built environment materials with a relative importance of 0.42, 0.51, and 0.55, respectively. The results suggest that to preserve sensitive cultural heritage features in the studied cities successfully additional measures are required to reduce atmospheric pollution.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "VARIABLE HAWK (GERANOAETUS POLYOSOMA) IS A RARE NESTING SPECIES IN SANTA CRUZ PROVINCE, SOUTHERN CONTINENTAL PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA. In Argentina, the Variable Hawk (Geranoaetus polyosoma) inhabits the northwestern, central, and southern parts of the country. but current information on its breeding distribution and conservation status for most Argentine pros lines is lacking. Raptor nest surveys in Santa Cruz Province (southern Argentine Patagonia) during the breeding seasons of 1980-1981 and 2008-2011, revealed six active nests (one in 1980, two in 2008, and three in 2010), plus one additional nest (in 2011) showing evidence of use earlier in the breeding season. Additional ornithological surveys in Santa Cruz Province between 1994 and 2018 revealed two more nests (one each in 2002 and 2004). Results of these combined surveys suggest that the Variable Hawk breeds in very low numbers in the southern continental Patagonian steppes, grasslands, and coastal biomes of Santa Cruz Province. This low density substantiates previous reports on the rarity of the species in this province and contrasts with findings from northeastern Patagonia, where it breeds at high densities. Low Variable Hawk breeding abundance in southern continental Argentine Patagonia is likely related to low prey diversity and abundance as well as anthropogenic activities. We recommend surveys be conducted of this hawk and its prey in different biomes throughout Patagonia.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "State Responsibility for a Failure to Prevent Violations of the Right to Life by Organised Criminal Groups: Disappearances in Mexico. States have obligations to protect the right to life, which include obligations to prevent and respond to violations of this right by non-State actors. Yet, there is no clear approach to determining State responsibility for failing to comply with these obligations. One actor that is notably absent from scholarship on State responsibility and non-State actors is organised criminal groups, despite the fact that their activities can infringe the right to life in many ways. This article critically examines current approaches by the European and Inter-American Human Rights Courts for determining State responsibility for a failure to prevent, in light of the current crisis of disappearances in Mexico. It is argued that in cases where the non-State actors are organised criminal groups, their particular nature and their relationship to the State should be taken into account as criteria for assessing the State's knowledge of risk and the reasonability of measures taken.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
{"token": "Popular Print under the Press Strategies, Practices and Materials. Mistakes, printing defects, reused woodcuts and low-quality paper are often the result of strategies enabled by printers and publishers to offer printed material at a low price while balancing profit/loss in their daily activities. It was precisely due to these strategies that a wider class of population could read, sing, learn and enjoy life in early modern Europe. This essay illustrates the preliminary results of a comparative analysis aimed at investigating the production phase of cheap books and prints all over Europe. With a focus on editorial strategies, printing practices and materials commonly adopted and used in these publications, it demonstrates that European publishers and printers followed very similar patterns while producing cheap products.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Re-evaluating Lady Gregory in Modern Irish Literature: A Feminist Ethics Study. Women's subordinate status in twentieth-century Irish literature has come under criticism in recent years. Irish women's subjugation becomes apparent when we compare W. B. Yeats and Augusta Gregory. Whereas Yeats has been universally acknowledged in the past few decades as the spokesman of the Irish Literary Revival and an icon of modern Irish literature, Lady Gregory was ridiculed by George Bernard Shaw as the helping maid of the Abbey Theater. In this paper, a textual analysis of Lady Gregory's plays is brought into discussion with Carol Gilligan's and Nel Noddings's feminist ethics to further explore the role women played in modern Irish literature. This paper aims at clarifying the nature of female writing as exemplified in Lady Gregory's works. Unlike traditional studies on Lady Gregory and her plays, which focus on women's subjugation in the male-dominated Irish society around the early twentieth century, the main findings of this research help shed new lights on the value of women in Gregory's plays via an ethical feminist approach. The implication of this study is that women, who are apparently disempowered in traditional male-oriented moral thinking, are much more valuable and powerful when they are evaluated from ethical feminism.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Characterization of a novel pesticide transporter and P-glycoprotein orthologues in Drosophila melanogaster. Pesticides remain one of the most effective ways of controlling agricultural and public health insects, but much is still unknown regarding how these compounds reach their targets. Specifically, the role of ABC transporters in pesticide absorption and excretion is poorly understood, especially compared to the detailed knowledge about mammalian systems. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of pesticide transporters in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster. An RNAi screen was performed, which knocked down individual ABCs in specific epithelial tissues and examined the subsequent changes in sensitivity to the pesticides spinosad and fipronil. This implicated a novel ABC drug transporter, CG4562, in spinosad transport, but also highlighted the P-glycoprotein orthologue Mdr65 as the most impactful ABC in terms of chemoprotection. Further characterization of the P-glycoprotein family was performed via transgenic overexpression and immunolocalization, finding that Mdr49 and Mdr50 play enigmatic roles in pesticide toxicology perhaps determined by their different subcellular localizations within the midgut. Lastly, transgenic Drosophila lines expressing P-glycoprotein from the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae were used to establish a system for in vivo characterization of this transporter in non-model insects. This study provides the basis for establishing Drosophila as a model for toxicology research on drug transporters.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Cancer incidence among firefighters: 45 years of follow-up in five Nordic countries. Results A total of 16 422 male firefighters were included in the final cohort. A moderate excess risk was seen for all cancer sites combined, (SIR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.11). There were statistically significant excesses in the age category of 30-49 years in prostate cancer (SIR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.34 to 4.52) and skin melanoma (SIR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.23), while there was almost no excess in the older ages. By contrast, an increased risk, mainly in ages of 70 years and higher, was observed for non-melanoma skin cancer (SIR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.76), multiple myeloma (SIR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.51), adenocarcinoma of the lung (SIR = 1.90, 95% CI 1.34 to 2.62), and mesothelioma (SIR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.24 to 4.77). By contrast with earlier studies, the incidence of testicular cancer was decreased (SIR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.98).Conclusions Some of these associations have been observed previously, and potential exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, asbestos and shift work involving disruption of circadian rhythms may partly explain these results.Objectives Firefighters are potentially exposed to a wide range of known and suspected carcinogens through their work. The objectives of this study were to examine the patterns of cancer among Nordic firefighters, and to compare them with the results from previous studies.Methods Data for this study were drawn from a linkage between the census data for 15 million people from the five Nordic countries and their cancer registries for the period 1961-2005. SIR analyses were conducted with the cancer incidence rates for the entire national study populations used as reference rates.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Eugenic Ideology in the Hellenistic Spartan Reforms. Eugenic ideology has received insufficient attention in scholarly treatments of the reforms of the third-century Hellenistic Spartan kings Agis IV (r.244-241 BC) and Kleomenes III (r.235-222 BC), who attempted to replenish the Spartiate population through enfranchisement. However, close analysis of the language in our surviving source material suggests that eugenic fixations underlay both the enfranchisements proposed by these reformers as well as some of the debates over their reforms. Adherence to Spartan tradition compelled these reformers to present their reforms as compliant with previous native Spartan eugenic ideology, and shaped and restricted what they were able to accomplish.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The weak null condition for Einstein's equations. We show that Einstein's equations of General Relativity expressed in wave coordinates satisfy a 'weak null condition'. In a forthcoming article we will use this to prove a global existence result for Einstein's equations in wave coordinates with small initial data. (C) 2003 Academie des sciences. Published by Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Mineralization of plant-incorporated residues of C-14-isoproturon in arable soils originating from different farming systems. C-14-isoproturon residues were incorporated in wheat plants by growing seedlings for 18 days in quartz sand with nutrient solution which was treated with ring-labeled 14 C-isoproturon, resulting in C-14-concentration equivalent to 15.4 nmol isoproturon per a dry shoot mass. The residues were characterized by extraction and HPLC-analysis, and were shown to consist of unchanged isoproturon, soluble metabolites (monodemethyl-isoproturon, didemethyl-isoproturon, I-OH-isoproturon, 2-OH-isoproturon, 2-OH-monodemethyl-isoproturon, 2-OH-didemethyl-isoproturon, isopropenyl-isoproturon and unidentified metabolites), as well as nonextractable residues. Dried plant samples containing these residues were mixed with soil samples originating from different farming systems, and mineralization to (CO2)-C-14 was determined in a closed aerated laboratory system. In addition, the microbial biomass and bioactivity of soils were estimated by determination of substrate-induced heat output, basal heat output, metabolic heat quotient, total adenylate content and adenylate energy charge. Significant positive correlations between 14 CO, production or adenylate content and microbial biomass were observed in three soils; 14 CO, production and total microbial biomass were highest in soil samples from organic farming. Soil samples from a former hops plantation contaminated with copper from previous fungicide applications did not fit this correlation, but exhibited a higher mineralization capacity per unit of microbial biomass. Our results indicate that general soil microbial parameters in many cases are insufficient to describe the influence of biotic factors on the fate of pesticides in soil. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "The relationship of religious coping and spirituality to adjustment and psychological distress in urban early adolescents. The present study explored the relation of religious coping and spirituality to adjustment and psychological distress in urban early adolescents. The participants were 76 sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade students attending Catholic day schools in the New York City area. They completed a set of self-report measures assessing religious coping, daily spiritual experiences, positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and psychological distress. Correlational and regression analyses found positive religious coping and daily spiritual experiences to be associated with positive affect and life satisfaction, while negative religious coping was associated with negative affect and psychological distress. The relations generally were more robust among males, and their overall robustness decreased with age. Implications of the findings for research and clinical practice are offered to address the gap (compared to adults) in the literature on youth religious coping.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Non-Markovian spontaneous emission dynamics of a quantum emitter near a MoS2 nanodisk. We introduce a photonic nanostructure made of two-dimensional materials that can lead to non-Markovian dynamics in the spontaneous emission of a nearby quantum emitter. Specifically, we investigate the spontaneous emission dynamics of a two-level quantum emitter with picosecond free-space decay time and modeling J aggregates close to a MoS2 nanodisk. Reversible population dynamics in the quantum emitter is obtained when the emitter's frequency matches the frequency of an exciton-polariton resonance created by the nanodisk. When such isolated resonances exist, decaying Rabi oscillations may occur. The overlapping of exciton-polariton resonances also affects strongly the decay dynamics at close distances to the nanodisk, giving rise to complex decaying population oscillations. At very close distances of the emitter to the nanodisk, the ultra-strong-coupling regime appears where, after a very fast oscillatory partial decay of the initial population, the emitter rest population remains constant over long times and population trapping occurs. The size and material quality of the nanodisk is shown to be of lesser influence on the above results.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity in Skin in Vivo and Keratinocytes in Vitro. CONCLUSION: This study provides a better understanding Ag-nps safety in vitro as well as in vivo and a basis for occupational and risk assessment. Ag-nps are nontoxic when dosed in washed Ag-nps solutions or carbon coated.INTRODUCTION: Products using the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles (Ag-nps) may be found in health and consumer products that routinely contact skin.OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to assess the potential cytotoxicity of Ag-nps in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) and their inflammatory and penetrating potential into porcine skin in vivo.MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used eight different Ag-nps in this study [unwashed/uncoated (20, 50, and 80 nm particle diameter), washed/uncoated (20, 50, and 80 rim), and carbon-coated (25 and 35 nm)]. Skin was dosed topically for 14 consecutive days. HEK viability was assessed by MTT, alamarBlue (aB), and CellTiter 96 AQueous One (96AQ). Release of the proinflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured.RESULTS: The effect of the unwashed Ag-nps on HEK viability after a 24-hr exposure indicated a significant dose-dependent decrease (p < 0.05) at 0.34 mu g/mL with aB and 96AQ and at 1.7 mu g/mL with MTT. However, both the washed Ag-nps and carbon-coated Ag-nps showed no significant decrease in viability at any concentration assessed by any of the three assays. For each of the unwashed Ag-nps, we noted a significant increase (P < 0.05) in IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha concentrations. We observed localization of all Ag-nps in cytoplasmic vacuoles of HEKs. Macroscopic observations showed no gross irritation in porcine skin, whereas microscopic and ultrastructural observations showed areas of focal inflammation and localization of Ag-nps on the surface and in the upper stratum corneum layers of the skin.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Intrahost evolution of envelope glycoprotein and OrfA sequences after experimental infection of cats with a molecular clone and a biological isolate of feline immunodeficiency virus. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a member of the genus Lentrivirus and causes AIDS-like disease in its natural host, the cat. Like other lentiviruses, FIV displays a high degree of nucleotide sequence variability that is reflected in both the geographic distribution of the viruses and the different cat species that are infected. Although a lot of data on sequence variation at the population level is available, relatively little is known about the intrahost variation of FIV sequences. In the present study, cats were infected with either a biological isolate of FIV or a molecular clone that was derived from the same isolate, AM19. After infection, the cats were monitored for up to 3 years and at various time points sequences were obtained of virus circulating in the plasma. Regions of the env gene and the orfA gene were amplified, cloned and their nucleotide sequence analyzed. Furthermore, the extent of sequence variation in the original inocula was also determined. It was found that FIV is displaying relative little sequence variation during infection of its host, both in the env and the orfA gene, especially after infection with molecular clone 19k1. Although the extent of variation was higher after infection with biological isolate AM19, a large portion of these variant sequences was already present in the inoculum. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Synergy of Practical Knowledge of Molding Sands Reclamation in Heavy Casting Foundry of Iron Alloys. The paper summarizes research realized by the author in laboratory and industrial conditions (foundries of cast steel and cast iron, castings up to 50 tons) on the effects of the chemically hardened molding sands regeneration using hard/soft rubbing in the dry reclamation. A reference was simultaneously made to advisability of application of the thermal regeneration in conditions, where chromite amount in the circulating (reclaimed) molding sand goes as high as above ten percent. An advisability of connecting standard and specialized methods of examination of the reclaimed sands and molding sands made using it was pointed out. A way of application of studies with the Hot Distortion Plus (R) method modified by the author for validation of modeling of the thermo-dynamic phenomena in the mold was shown.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "The Red Book of the Exchequer: a curious affair revisited. The dispute between John Horace Round and Hubert Hall over Hall's edition ( 1898) of the Red Book of the Exchequer became notorious for several reasons: because it forced a newly-emerging historical profession to confront the strengths and weaknesses of 'scientific history'; because of Round's unedifying behaviour; and because it was conducted publicly, through the periodical press and in private publications. The existence of that material has skewed the historiography; this account revisits the relationship between the two men in the early eighteen-nineties and concludes that although Round was 'correct', the consequences of the affair were far more beneficial for Hall.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Quantitative comparison of immunohistochemical staining intensity in tissues fixed in formalin and Histochoice. Formaldehyde fixatives have traditionally been used to preserve tissues as they impart excellent morphological preservation. Formaldehyde fixes tissue by cross linking, a process which can reduce the antigenicity of tissue and weakens the intensity of immunohistochemical stains. Preliminary studies have shown that Histochoice tissue fixative offers equal or greater staining intensity than neutral buffered formalin (NBF). This study compares these fixatives quantitatively and presents the results in unambiguous statistical terms.Tissue samples were collected, bisected, and fixed in NBF or Histochoice. The sections were stained with a total of 21 antibodies, and color images were collected. The hue, saturation, and value were determined for each positive pixel and an ANOVA performed. Small differences in hue were noted in 8 of 21 cases. Histochoice-fixed tissue gave a greater mean saturation than NBF with 57.1% of the antibodies tested. No significant difference in the saturation was detected in 28.6% of the cases; NBF gave higher mean saturation levels with only 14.3% of the antibodies. Histochoice-fixed tissue was found to give lower values in 66.7% of cases than those prepared with NBF, indicating darker staining. These results show that Histochoice produces staining intensity that is comparable, and in many cases superior, to formalin.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Last of the green: identifying priority sites to prevent plant extinctions in Brazil. The identification and protection of Alliance for Zero Extinction sites at the national level is of great importance to safeguard biodiversity and achieve the targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity for 2020. Here we identify priority species and sites for the Brazilian flora. We evaluated the protection status of each site, taking into account whether or not it was located within a protected area, and the anthropogenic pressure on the site, using human density and gross domestic product as surrogates. We identified a total of 234 trigger species at 140 sites. Most of the sites are located in the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado; only 21 are within protected areas. There was no relationship of human density and annual gross domestic product per capita with the level of site protection. The low proportion of Alliance for Zero Extinction sites protected shows that Brazil is lagging behind in global conservation efforts to protect such sites.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin methods for the steady-state Boltzmann transport equation. This paper describes Petrov-Galerkin finite element methods for solving the steady-state Boltzmann transport equation. The methods in their most general form are non-linear and therefore capable of accurately resolving sharp gradients in the solution field. In contrast to previously developed non-linear Petrov-Galerkin (shock-capturing) schemes the methods described in this paper are streamline based. The methods apply a finite element treatment for the internal domain and a Riemann approach on the boundary of the domain. This significantly simplifies the numerical application of the scheme by circumventing the evaluation of complex half-range angular integrals at the boundaries of the domain. The underlying linear Petrov-Galerkin scheme is compared with other Petrov-Galerkin methods found in the radiation transport literature such as those based on the self-adjoint angular flux equation (SAAF) [G.C. Pomraning, Approximate methods of solution of the monoenergetic Boltzmann equation, Ph.D. Thesis, MIT, 1962] and the even-parity (EP) equation [V.S. Vladmirov, Mathematical methods in the one velocity theory of particle transport, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Ontario, 1963]. The relationship of the linear method to Riemann methods is also explored.The Petrov-Galerkin methods developed in this paper are applied to a variety of 2-D steady-state and fixed source radiation transport problems. The examples are chosen to cover the range of different radiation regimes from optically thick (diffusive and/or highly absorbing) to transparent and semi-transparent media. These numerical examples show that the non-linear Petrov-Galerkin method is capable of producing accurate, oscillation free solutions across the full spectrum of radiation regimes. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Witnessing Chimpanzee-Human Closeness: Jane Goodall at Gombe and Since. This article identifies a standardized account, now in wide circulation, of Jane Goodall's discovery in 1960 of chimpanzee \\\\'tool-making,\\\\' thereby demonstrating (Goodall claimed) the distinctive closeness of chimpanzees and humans. The piece traces this standardized account to Goodall's own 1971 work, In the Shadow of Man. Comparing the 1971 account of the incident to both a) reports of Goodall's work before then and b) her own field notes from 1960, the piece shows that Goodall's 1971 work projected back into the initial moment of observation encodings and interpretations not present in the initial moment of observation. In so doing, the 1971 account empiricized (and de-historicized) its encodings and interpretations. Specifically obscured by this instance of retrospective empiricizing, moreover, is Goodall's reliance on a functionalist (and thus culture-free) understanding of human tools and tool-making, in her larger claims about the closeness of chimpanzees to humans. A final section of the piece looks at the ideological work done by the pervasive signifying of chimpanzee human closeness by Goodall's public persona in our time, taking that persona to be an instance of a rare type a \\\\'serious celebrity.\\\\' Along the way, the piece registers elements of historical specificity in Goodall's relationship to her mentor Louis Leakey, the Gombe field site in Tanzania, professionalized science, and more.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Study of 91 strains of Escherichia coli bacteria causing edema disease in piglets in South Viet Nam. Edema disease is caused by different serotypes of E, coli, the repartition of which varies according to region.The results of standard antibiograms showed strong resistance to several antibiotics, certainly due to widespread misuse of antibiotics in Viet Nam. Thus, 100 % of these bacteria were resistant to Cefriaxone, Bactrim and Cephalexin. 71.4 % were resistant to Colistin, 7.7 % responded to Kanamycin and 84.6 % to Gentamycin.Haemolysis was not a good indicator for research for E. coli responsible for edema disease in piglets, in Viet Nam.Identified serotypes were : O138 : K81, O139 : K82, O141 : K85ab, K88.From 135 lymphatic nodes of piglets with edema disease, 91 E. coli bacteria were isolated.Among these bacteria, only 70 could be serotyped with antisera given by Laboratoire de Developpement et d'Analyses of Ploufragan (France).", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Economics at the FTC: Pharmaceutical patent dispute settlements and behavioral economics. Economics at the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) supports both the competition and consumer protection missions of the agency. In this year's essay we discuss two issues, one from each of the agency's missions. First, we focus on intellectual property issues in pharmaceuticals. Specifically, we discuss the principal rationale for antitrust concerns about certain patent dispute settlements in the ethical drug industry. Then, we discuss consumer economics, our recent behavioral economics conference, and how behavioral economics influences our thinking about consumer policy.", "label": [5, 49, 50]}
{"token": "Zeolite Beta as a catalyst for alkylation of benzene with ethylene: a deactivation study. Zeolite Beta is applied successfully as a catalyst for the alkylation of benzene (B) with ethylene (ET) to ethylbenzene (EB). Reaction conditions modify the performances and the lifetime of the catalysts. Under liquid phase operation, zeolite Beta shows any significant deactivation. However at lower reaction temperatures a decrease in both free acid sites and void channel volume is registered, due to carbonaceous compounds deposition.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Monitoring of ultra-trace uranium and thorium in six-grade particles. The natural radioactive elements uranium(U) and thorium(Th) in atmospheric environment should be given attention, and their particle size distribution and concentration are important for estimating their hazardous effects to the human body. The concentrations of U and Th in 360 aerosol samples collected using six-stage aerosol collector from June - December, 2016 in Beijing were determinated using ICP-MS after acid digestion. The mass concentration ranges of U in PM0.39-0.69, PM0.69-1.3, PM1.3-2.1, PM2.1-4.2, PM4.2-10.2, and PM10.2- reached 0.0030-0.079, 0.0020-0.069, 0.0015-0.095, 0.0053-0.054, 0.0039-0.098, and 0.0083-0.10 ng/m3, respectively. The mass concentration range of Th in PM0.39-0.69, PM0.69-1.3, PM1.3-2.1, PM2.1-4.2, PM4.2-10.2, and PM10.2- amounted to 0.011-0.11, 0.0065-0.11, 0.0026-0.18, 0.0078-0.14, 0.015-0.30, and 0.0021-0.19 ng/m3, respectively. The contents of U and Th in all PM increased from June to December, and the contents in PM2.1 increased more sharply compared with those in other PM. A positive correlation was observed between the concentrations of U and Th and air quality index and relative humidity, whereas a negative correlation was identified between temperature and PM2.1, PM10.2, and total suspended particulates (TSP) after the Spearman-rank correlation test. The formation of PM was affected by meteorological conditions, which concurrently influenced the contents of U and Th in PM. The atmospheric contents of U and Th at night were higher than those in daytime. Compared with Th, the dose contribution of U to the public can be negligible. The median effective dose in public owing to inhalation of natural radioactive U and Th in the atmosphere measures 1.206 mu Sv/a. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Clarifying the parameters of the Crown's duty to consult and accommodate in the context of decision-making by energy tribunals. This article examines two recent decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada dealing with the Crown's duty to consult and accommodate Indigenous communities in the context of decision-making by Canada's national energy regulator, the National Energy Board (NEB). While the Court reached a different conclusion on the merits in the two cases, the cases do articulate a common understanding of the relevant legal rules. As a consequence, the decisions offer important insights as to what will suffice to discharge the Crown's obligations and what will not. The article outlines the evolution of the Crown's duty to consult and accommodate in the context of the relationship between Indigenous communities and settler society within Canada and then examines the two decisions for the additional guidance that they offer to decision-makers and their advisers in the particular context of independent regulatory tribunals like the National Energy Board.", "label": [3, 5, 29, 52]}
{"token": "All drag, all the time one night in Cape Town with Lola Fine. This photo essay discusses the ways in which a participant in a research project on the performance of gender embodies and becomes a performance character, as well as the different instantiations this takes in different contexts and situations. The photo essay discusses how Lola Fine, a drag performer, becomes the character of Lola Fine, and is solidified as such through the performative nature of getting into drag applying makeup, putting on a dress and shoes, and so forth as well as through interactions with different individuals in different contexts.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Micromonas pusilla reovirus: a new member of the family Reoviridae assigned to a novel proposed genus (Mimoreovirus). Micromonas pusilla reovirus (MpRV) is an 11-segmented, double-stranded RNA virus isolated from the marine protist Micromonas pusilla. Sequence analysis (including conserved termini and presence of core motifs of reovirus polymerase), morphology and physicochemical properties confirmed the status of MpRV as a member of the family Reoviridae. Electron microscopy showed that intact virus particles are unusually larger (90-95 nm) than the known size of particles of viruses belonging to the family Reoviridae. Particles that were purified on caesium chloride gradients had a mean size of 75 nm (a size similar to the size of intact particles of members of the family Reoviridae), indicating that they lost outer-coat components. The subcore particles had a mean size of 50 nm and a smooth surface, indicating that MpRV belongs to the non-turreted Reoviridae. The maximum amino acid identity with other reovirus proteins was 21%, which is compatible with values existing between distinct genera. Based on morphological and sequence findings, this virus should be classified as the representative of a novel genus within the family Reoviridae, designated Mimoreovirus (from Micromonas pusilla reovirus). The topology of the phylogenetic tree built with putative polymerase sequences of the family Reoviridae suggested that the branch of MpRV could be ancestral. Further analysis showed that segment 1 of MpRV was much longer (5792 bp) than any other reovirus segment and encoded a protein of 200 kDa (VPI). This protein exhibited significant similarities to O-glycosylated proteins, including viral envelope proteins, and is likely to represent the additional outer coat of MpRV.", "label": [2, 19, 21]}
{"token": "Bird tolerance to human intrusion in Wyoming montane forests. Human intrusion can be a serious problem for birds because it can cause displacement, prevent access to resources, and reduce reproduction and survival. The factors that influence avian tolerance to intrusion are poorly understood. We studied passerine responses to intrusion in Wyoming montane forests during the breeding season by using two indices of intrusion tolerance: detectability period, the amount of time that a bird remains near its initial flush point; and approach distance, how close one can get to a bird before it flushes. A solitary observer experimentally approached focal individuals and recorded detectability period, approach distance, the seasonal and daily timing of intrusion, number of nearby conspecifics, number of nearby heterospecific individuals, and surrounding vegetation conditions. Using data from the literature, we also assessed influences of migratory status, body mass, conspicuousness, and height above the ground at which species are active during the breeding season. Detectability period was significantly shorter, indicating intrusion tolerance was lower, when fewer conspecifics were nearby. Approach distance was significantly longer indicating tolerance was lower, for more-conspicuous species and for species that are active closer to the ground. Effects of other variables studied were not significant. These results demonstrate that social and biological factors can influence tolerance to intrusion. Intrusion-induced behaviors such as nest abandonment and decreased nest attentiveness have led to reduced reproduction and survival in species that are intolerant of intrusion. With knowledge of factors that influence tolerance, the risk of disturbing birds that are sensitive to intrusion could be reduced.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "An attenuated LC16m8 smallpox vaccine: Analysis of full-genome sequence and induction of immune protection. The potential threat of smallpox bioterrorism has made urgent the development of lower-virulence vaccinia virus vaccines. An attenuated LC16m8 (m8) vaccine was developed in 1975 from the Lister strain used in the World Health Organization smallpox eradication program but was not used against endemic smallpox. Today, no vaccines can be tested with variola virus for efficacy in humans, and the mechanisms of immune protection against the major intracellular mature virion (IMV) and minor extracellular enveloped virion (EEV) populations of poxviruses are poorly understood. Here, we determined the full-genome sequences of the m8, parental LC16mO (mO), and grandparental Lister (LO) strains and analyzed their evolutionary relationships. Sequence data and PCR analysis indicated that m8 was a progeny of LO and that m8 preserved almost all of the open reading frames of vaccinia virus except for the disrupted EEV envelope gene B5R. In accordance with this genomic background, m8 induced 100% protection against a highly pathogenic vaccinia WR virus in mice by a single vaccination, despite the lack of anti-B5R and anti-EEV antibodies. The immunogenicity and priming efficacy with the m8 vaccine consisting mainly of IMV were as high as those with the intact-EEV parental mO and grandparental LO vaccines. Thus, mice vaccinated with 10(7) PFU of m8 produced low levels of anti-B5R antibodies after WR challenge, probably because of quick clearance of B5R-expressing WR EEV by strong immunity induced by the vaccination. These results suggest that priming with m8 IMV provides efficient protection despite undetectable levels of immunity against EEV.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Overexpression of eIF3D in Lung Adenocarcinoma Is a New Independent Prognostic Marker of Poor Survival. The eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) is the largest and most complex translation initiation factor in mammalian cells. It consists of 13 subunits and among which several were implicated to have significant prognostic effects on multiple human cancer entities. To examine the expression profiles of eIF3 subunits and determine their prognostic value in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the genomic data, survival data, and related clinical information were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project for a secondary analysis. The results showed that among ten aberrantly expressed eIF3 subunits in tumours compared with adjacent normal counterparts (p<0.05), only upregulated eIF3D could predict poor overall survival (OS) outcome independent of multiple clinicopathological parameters (HR=2.043, 95% CI: 1.132-3.689, p=0.018). Chi-square analysis revealed that the highly expressed eIF3D group had larger ratios of patients with advanced pathological stage (68/40 vs. 184/206, p=0.0046), residual tumour (13/4 vs. 163/176, p=0.0257), and targeted molecular therapy (85/65 vs. 138/164, p=0.0357). In silico analysis demonstrated that the altered expression of eIF3D was at least regulated by both copy number alterations (CNAs) and the hypomethylation of cg14297023 site. In conclusion, high eIF3D expression might serve as a valuable independent prognostic indicator of shorter OS in patients with LUAD.", "label": [2, 18, 19, 20]}
{"token": "Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-Induced Mortality in Mice Is Triggered by Edema and Brain Herniation. Although much is known about lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and the subsequent immune response in its natural murine host, some crucial aspects of LCMV-mediated pathogenesis remain undefined, including the underlying basis of the characteristic central nervous system disease that occurs following intracerebral (i.c.) challenge. We show that the classic seizures and paresis that occur following i.c. infection of adult, immunocompetent mice with LCMV are accompanied by anatomical and histological changes that are consistent with brain herniation, likely of the uncal subtype, as a causative basis for disease and precipitous death. Both by water weight determinations and by magnetic resonance imaging of infected brain tissues, edema was detected only at the terminal stages of disease, likely caused by the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the parenchyma. Furthermore, death was accompanied by unilateral pupillary dilation, which is indicative of uncal herniation. While immunohistochemical analysis revealed periventricular inflammation and a loss of integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), these events preceded seizures by 2 to 3 days. Moreover, surviving perforin knockout mice showed barrier permeability equivalent to that of moribund, immunocompetent mice; thus, BBB damage does not appear to be the basis of LCMV-induced neuropathogenesis. Importantly, brain herniation can occur in humans as a consequence of injuries that would be predicted to increase intracranial pressure, including inflammation, head trauma, and brain tumors. Thus, a mechanistic dissection of the basis of LCMV neuropathogenesis may be informative for the development of interventive therapies to prevent this typically fatal human condition.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Determining the integral dissolution rate of two-phase alloys in cryolite-alumina melts. Electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis are used in studying Cu-Fe and Ni-Fe-Al alloys upon their anodic polarization in a cryolite-alumina melt, thus, clarifying the regularities of their dissolution and the formation of oxide coatings. Based on the results obtained, a technique of determining the integral corrosion rate of the alloys is proposed.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Dinitrophenyl Triazoles - 'A Class of Energetic Azoles': Synthesis, Characterisation, and Performance Evaluation Studies. Energetic azoles have shown great potential as powerful energetic molecules, which find various applications in both military and civilian fields. This work describes the synthesis, characterization and performance evaluation of two energetic triazole derivatives, viz. N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (1a) and N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-3-azido-1H-1,2,4-triazole (1b). The compounds were synthesized from 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole and 3-azido-1,2,4-triazole, by a simple synthetic route and structurally characterized using FT-IR and NMR (1H, 13C) spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis. Thermal analyses on the molecules were performed using simultaneous TG-DTA. Both compounds (1a, 1b) showed good thermal stability with exothermic decomposition peaks at 348 degrees C and 217 degrees C, respectively, on DTA. The energetic and sensitivity properties of both compounds like friction sensitivities and heats of formation are reported. The heats of combustion at constant volume were determined using oxygen bomb calorimetry and the results were used to calculate the standard molar heats of formation (?fHm). The azido derivative (1b) showed a higher positive heat of formation. The thermo-chemical properties of the compounds as well as the thermal decomposition products were predicted using the REAL thermodynamic code.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Efficacy of bupivacaine for post-tonsillectomy pain: a study with the intra-individual design. Results: Regarding pain over a 24-h period, there was a significant difference between two sides, after the 8th hour.Methods: Thirty patients aged 5-15 were included in a prospective study. Patients received a local infiltration of 0.5% bupivacaine solution on the right tonsillar bed, and received a local. infiltration of normal saline on the left tonsillar bed. Patients were asked to localize pain in terms of most disturbing side of the pharynx, on the 1st, 4th, 8th, 16th, 24th hours.Conclusion: Postoperative local bupivacaine infiltration in tonsillectomy patients was effective in children. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.Objective: To determine the effectiveness of postoperative local anesthesia in tonsillectomy patients using an intra-individual study design.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Where and when does a ring start and end? Testing the ring-species hypothesis in a species complex of Australian parrots. Speciation, despite ongoing gene flow can be studied directly in nature in ring species that comprise two reproductively isolated populations connected by a chain or ring of intergrading populations. We applied three tiers of spatio-temporal analysis (phylogeny/historical biogeography, phylogeography and landscape/population genetics) to the data from mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of eastern Australian parrots of the Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans complex to understand the history and present genetic structure of the ring they have long been considered to form. A ring speciation hypothesis does not explain the patterns we have observed in our data (e.g. multiple genetic discontinuities, discordance in genotypic and phenotypic assignments where terminal differentiates meet). However, we cannot reject that a continuous circular distribution has been involved in the group's history or indeed that one was formed through secondary contact at the 'ring's' east and west; however, we reject a simple ring-species hypothesis as traditionally applied, with secondary contact only at its east. We discuss alternative models involving historical allopatry of populations. We suggest that population expansion shown by population genetics parameters in one of these isolates was accompanied by geographical range expansion, secondary contact and hybridization on the eastern and western sides of the ring. Pleistocene landscape and sea-level and habitat changes then established the birds' current distributions and range disjunctions. Populations now show idiosyncratic patterns of selection and drift. We suggest that selection and drift now drive evolution in different populations within what has been considered the ring.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "It's Not a Pattern of Behavior': Proxy Deflection of Eviction Stigma by Community Care Providers. Community care is the \\\\'hospital without walls\\\\' model of mental health services that deinstitutionalized mental patients in the late-twentieth century. Neoliberal reforms have challenged the implementation of community care by restricting access to permanent housing. Extreme poverty has rendered eviction commonplace for community care recipients. The mark of an eviction limits lease attainment. As a result, community care providers practice proxy deflection-redemption, externalization, and paternalism-to resist eviction stigma during the leasing process. This paper extends stigma research by examining resistance rather than imposition of stigma by social service providers, contextualizing resistance with the perspective of stigmatizers, and identifying resources that proxy resistance offers service recipients leasing up in stratified private rental markets during the neoliberal era.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "A case for community health programs for sickle cell anemia in low- to middle-income countries: An integrative review. Objective The purpose of this review is to determine the factors associated with the outcomes of community health programs with particular focus on low- to middle-income countries. In addition, this review aims to suggest how these factors can affect the creation of a Sickle Cell Anemia health program in sub-Saharan Africa. Design and Sample Results A literature review spanning the last decade (March 2007 to February 2017) was conducted using the Whittemore and Knafl integrative review framework. Community ownership, networking, and resource allocation were identified as themes that affect community health program outcomes. Attempts to use a guiding principle or process to implement community health programs were also apparent in the literature. Conclusion More rigorous scientific investigation is needed to ensure that these community health programs are effective and have measurable outcomes. Nursing is well positioned, considering the metaparadigm concepts that guide practice, to forge this research. Nursing scientists could fill the gap in knowledge related to community health program outcomes in low- to middle-income countries while achieving global objectives focused on decreasing noncommunicable disease burden.", "label": [2, 26, 24]}
{"token": "Classifying the 'ideal migrant worker': Mexican and Jamaican transnational farmworkers in Canada. This article analyzes the ideology and practice of multi-unit competition that pervades neoliberal subjectivities and produces the \\\\'ideal\\\\' flexible worker within contemporary global capitalism. It demonstrates how state and capitalist interests converge to influence the selection of the ideal transnational migrant worker, how prospective migrants adapt to these expectations, and the consequences of such enactments, particularly for migrants, but also for the societies in which they live and work. Multiple levels of actors-employers, state bureaucrats, and migrants themselves-collude in producing the flexible, subaltern citizen, which includes constructions and relations of class, race, gender, and nationality/citizenship. The case study focuses on Mexican and Jamaican participants in Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program, a managed migration program that legally employs circular migrant farmworkers from Mexico and several English-speaking Caribbean countries in Canadian agriculture.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "A negative solution of Kuznetsov's problem for varieties of bi-Heyting algebras. In this paper, we show that there exist (continuum many) varieties of bi-Heyting algebras that are not generated by their complete members. It follows that there exist (continuum many) extensions of the Heyting-Brouwer logic HB that are topologically incomplete. This result provides further insight into the long-standing open problem of Kuznetsov by yielding a negative solution of the reformulation of the problem from extensions of IPC to extensions of HB.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Aristophanes and stable isotopes: a taste for freshwater fish in Classical Thebes (Greece)?. Stable isotopes in skeletons indicate changes in diet, and a sample of humans from Classical Thebes showed an unexpected increase in nitrogen values - usually associated with increased access to protein. But from what and how? After considering the possible sources of meat, milk and manure, the authors highlight the contribution of freshwater-fish, and find support in Aristophanes - where the citizens are heard clamouring for the eels of Lake Kopais.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "Why do academics oppose the market economy? Sophistication and perception of market failures. Rejection of the market economy is widespread in academia. This fact has often been observed, but rarely explained. Using a large survey on French academics which replicates questions used in international surveys, this article confirms that French academics are hostile to market economy principles in comparison with the French population. Two explanations are tested: the first posits that academics-as knowledge providers-are likely to experience a \\\\'public good\\\\' market failure. Their rejection of the market economy is thus linked to their specific positioning vis-a-vis the market economy itself. The second hypothesis assumes that academics are not involved in market activities. Consequently, this lack of familiarity leads academics to be more suspicious towards an institution they barely experience. Both hypotheses are consistent with our data.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Minima and maxima of elliptical arrays and spherical processes. In this paper, we investigate first the asymptotics of the minima of elliptical triangular arrays. Motivated by the findings of Kabluchko (Extremes 14 (2011) 285-310), we discuss further the asymptotic behaviour of the maxima of elliptical triangular arrays with marginal distribution functions in the Gumbel or Weibull max-domain of attraction. We present an application concerning the asymptotics of the maximum and the minimum of independent spherical processes.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Towards fund-raising excellence in museums-linking governance with performance. This paper presents an empirical analysis of the relationship between fund-raising governance characteristics and fund-raising performance in a sample of 98 Swiss museums. We propose a governance model that reflects the developmental level of an organization's fund-raising in regard to success. Inspired by research on business excellence, the proposed model extends the primarily qualitative and theory-based concepts of dynamic organization life-cycle models, which are found in nonprofit research, by taking a quantitative approach. We explore five fund-raising governance factors: boards'fund-raising activity, board as symbolic decision maker, board as donor, fund-raising strategic planning and controlling, and fund-raising techniques. Museums are classified into fund-raising governance levels: 'zero', 'awareness', 'composition'and 'integration'. The model is shown to be linked with fund-raising income. Copyright (C) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Their Dialectics and Ours. This paper chronicles a \\\\'missed connection\\\\' between the young Herbert Marcuse and his American contemporary, the philosopher Sidney Hook, and finds an unexpected complementarity in their efforts to reinvigorate the Marxist tradition against the backdrop of Stalinism. It examines the two philosophers' first exchange in the early 1940s, by which time Hook had abandoned both his political and intellectual radicalism. Finally, it shows that the terms of Hook's objection to Marcuse's critical theory prefigured the tradtional left's resistance to Marxist-humanism following the dissemination of Marx's early manuscripts two decades later.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Beyond the Empire: British Influence on the Warsaw Theatre Scene in the Nineteenth Century. In the late nineteenth century British culture, politics and history were customary topics in Polish newspapers, and Shakespeare's dramas were the most often performed classic texts on the Warsaw theatre stage. However, in this paper focusing on Warsaw seasons 1814/1815-1900/1901 I demonstrate that surprisingly one can hardly talk about any form of cultural transfer between the British and Polish popular theatre and drama in that period. The analysis of the Warsaw repertoire, travel recollections to the United Kingdom and press articles, reveal that even though the Polish nation treated the UK as a point of reference, it consistently rejected the British theatre at large and theatre entertainment in particular, and considered it 'crude' and in bad taste. I claim that the geopolitical situation of Poland cannot alone account for this puzzle.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Wage payoffs and distance deterrence in the journey to work. In this paper we suggest a microeconomic model for how commuting flows relate to traveling distance in a two-region system. Commuting is the preferred choice of a worker whenever he can obtain an increase in wages greater than the cost of commuting. Our framework is based on an approach where workers apply for jobs according to a strategy that maximizes their expected payoffs (wages minus commuting costs). We also discuss the possibility of a systematic bias when actual traveling distances are represented by distances between city centers, ignoring intrazonal distances. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 5, 49, 15, 52]}
{"token": "Oligarchs, megafarms and land reserves: understanding land grabbing in Russia. This paper seeks to unravel the political economy of large-scale land acquisitions in post-Soviet Russia. Russia falls neither in the normal category of 'investor' countries, nor in the category of 'target' countries. Russia has large 'land reserves', since in the 1990s much fertile land was abandoned. We analyse how particular Russia is with regards to the common argument in favour of land acquisitions, namely that land is available, unused or even unpopulated. With rapid economic growth, capital of Russian oligarchs in search of new frontiers, and the 2002 land code allowing land sales, land began to attract investment. Land grabbing expands at a rapid pace and in some cases, it results in dispossession and little or no compensation. This paper describes different land acquisitions strategies and argues that the share-based land rights distribution during the 1990s did not provide security of land tenure to rural dwellers. Emerging rural social movements try to form countervailing powers but with limited success. Rich land owners easily escape the implementation of new laws on controlling underutilized land, while there is a danger that they enable eviction with legal measures of rural dwellers. In this sense Russia appears to be a 'normal' case in the land grab debate.", "label": [5, 56, 57]}
{"token": "Functional characterization of BK virus-specific CD4(+) T cells with cytotoxic potential in seropositive adults. BK polyomavirus (BKV) reactivation is associated with a failure of T cell immunity in kidney transplant patients, and may lead to BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVN) and loss of the allograft. BKV reactivation in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients is associated with hemorrhagic cystitis. We have investigated T cell responses to overlapping peptide mixtures corresponding to the whole BKV major T antigen (TAg) and major capsid protein (VP1) in peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from a cohort of healthy BKV-seropositive subjects. The majority of these individuals possessed populations of both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells specific for these BKV antigens. After expansion in culture, the majority of the BKV-specific CD4(+) T cells, in addition to expressing CD40L (CD154), secreted both interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, contained both granzyme A and granzyme B, and degranulated/mobilized CD107 in response to antigen-specific stimulation. These T cells thus represent potentially functional BKV-specific cytotoxic CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Secretion of both TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma by CD154(+) CD4(+) T cells on BKV-specific stimulation was associated with higher levels of granzyme B and a higher proportion of degranulating cells compared with CD154(+) CD4(+) T cells producing only IFN-gamma or neither cytokine. These healthy subjects also harbored populations of functional CD8(+) T cells specific for one or more of three newly defined HLA-A*02-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes within the BKV TAg as well as two HLA-A*02-restricted epitopes within the BKV VP1 we have previously described. The BKV-specific CD4(+) T cells characterized in this study may play a part in maintaining persistent memory T cell responses to the virus and thus contribute to the immune control of BKV in healthy individuals.", "label": [2, 18, 21]}
{"token": "Anode modification of sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFC) towards bioremediating mariculture wastewater. Remediation of mariculture wastewater is of great practical importance. In this study, sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) were adopted and carbon felt anodes were modified to enhance COD and ammonia removal in mariculture system. The results showed that the SMFC anode with 5 % (w/w) graphene oxide (GO) coating performed best in pollutants removal and electricity generation. The maximum power density approached 132 mW/m(2), nearly 4.5 times higher than the unmodified anode. The removal efficiency of COD and ammonia reached 82.1 % and 95.8 % respectively, both improved compared with the control and chemical modification. The modified anode effectively enriched the electrogenic Sulfurovum and Lactobacillus and thus led to a significant improvement in the electrochemical performance of SMFC. This study demonstrates the successful application of SMFCs with GO modified anodes in the in-situ removing pollutants and SMFCs present obvious remediation potential on the contaminated mariculture inhabitant.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Efficient simulations by queue machines. Every nondeterministic single-tape Turing machine (no separate input-tape) with time bound t(n) can be simulated by one queue in O(t(n))time.Every deterministic machine with a one-turn pushdown store can be simulated deterministically by one queue in O(n root n) time.Every Turing machine with several multidimensional tapes accepting with time bound t( n) can be simulated by two queues in O(t(n)log(2) t(n)) time.Every deterministic Turing machine with several linear tapes accepting with time bound t( n) can be simulated deterministically in time O(t(n) log t(n)) by a queue and a pushdown store.The first two results appear to be the first subquadratic simulations of other storage devices by one queue.The following simulations by machines equipped with a one-way input tape and additional queue storage are shown:", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "The relationship between coping strategies and resilience among adolescents with beta-thalassemia major. Methods: This descriptive correlational study was carried out on 134 adolescents (age: 11-21 years old) with beta-thalassemia major who were referred at the Thalassemia Centre in southern Iran from October to December 2018 via convenience sampling method. The Jalowiec Coping scale and Connor-Davidson resilience scale were the instruments used in this study. Data analysis was done using Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression.Problem: Adolescents with beta thalassemia major face various physical and psychosocial challenges. Resilience plays a protective role in coping with the stress resulting from this disease.Conclusions: The findings of this study, indicated the role of courageous coping in promoting resilience and defensive coping as a factor that leads to less resilience than optimal level. Hence, understanding the importance and the role of protective factors and risk factors can help healthcare providers in planning some effective interventions to increase resilience among adolescents with thalassemia.Findings: Resilience was shown to be correlated with the subscales of confrontive, optimistic, supportant, and evasive coping significantly and positively (p < .001), while in the subscale of emotive coping with resilience, this was not significant. In addition, 38% of variations in the scale of resilience were explained by the five coping subscales.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Toward Optimal Emotional Care During the Experience of Miscarriage: An Integrative Review of the Perspectives of Women, Partners, and Health Care Providers. Introduction Miscarriage is frequently associated with significant emotional impact, causing psychological distress, trauma, and grief. Unfortunately, women and partners frequently report dissatisfaction with care around miscarriage, and health care providers report feeling ill-prepared and underequipped to provide emotional support. This integrative review synthesizes the individual perspectives of the woman experiencing the miscarriage, the partner, and the different health care provider roles involved in the care to better understand what future research is necessary to improve the experiences of bereaved parents and their health care providers. Methods Electronic databases were searched for studies that covered emotional care around miscarriage from the perspective of women, partners, or health care providers. The review included studies published in English between 2015 and 2022, using either quantitative or qualitative methods. Thematic analysis was carried out, and conclusions from these articles were integrated into themes and subthemes. Results A total of 60 studies met the inclusion criteria. Two main themes were identified for women: (1) a need for more information and (2) a need for acknowledgment of their loss. Two main themes were likewise identified for partners: (1) a need for more information and (2) a need for recognition. Three main themes were identified for health care providers: (1) a need for additional training, (2) components of quality care, and (3) perceived barriers to providing care. Discussion There is broad overlap in the needs identified by bereaved parents and their health care providers, as well as general agreement regarding the barriers to providing effective care. Five areas of future research priority were identified to understand how best to meet these needs: empirical evaluation of strategies to meet identified needs, investigation of setting-specific needs, integrated consideration of all relevant roles, investigation of the care needs of diverse groups, and an investigation of the predictors of emotional impact.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Numerical Modeling of a Church Nave Wall Subjected to Differential Settlements: Soil-Structure Interaction, Time-Dependence and Sensitivity Analysis. Historic masonry structures are particularly sensitive to differential soil settlements. These settlements may be caused by deformable soil, shallow or inadequate foundation, structural additions in the building and changes in the underground water table due to the large-scale land use change in urban areas. This paper deals with the numerical modeling of a church nave wall subjected to differential settlement caused by a combination of the above factors. The building in question, the church of Saint Jacob in Leuven, has suffered extensive damage caused by centuries-long settlement. A numerical simulation campaign is carried out in order to reproduce and interpret the cracking damage observed in the building. The numerical analyses are based on material and soil property determination, the monitoring of settlement in the church over an extended period of time and soil-structure interaction. A sensitivity study is carried out, focused on the effect of material parameters on the response in terms of settlement magnitude and crack width and extent. Soil consolidation over time is considered through an analytical approach. The numerical results are compared with the in-situ observed damage and with an analytical damage prediction model.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Functionalists Write II: Weird Empathy in Malinowski's Trobriand Ethnographies. Offered as a sequel of sorts to James Boon's \\\\'Functionalists Write, too,\\\\' this essay examines themes of personhood and aesthetic knowledge in Bronislaw Malinowski's ethnographies, Argonauts of the Western Pacific and Coral Gardens and their Magic. Focused on the texts and their formal procedures, this analysis highlights moments where Malinowski stages his own empathetic identification with Trobriand forms of life. I argue that the representation of identification as a \\\\'falling back\\\\' into reality as objective alterity, is an important trope in Malinowski's descriptive apparatus. Malinowski's prose produces a doubling of consciousness in the effort to grasp a \\\\'real\\\\' that traduces Western habits and categories of perception. A close reading of key moments in Malinowski's Trobriand ethnographies leads to a comparison of the functionalist representation of this \\\\'other\\\\' reality with modernist art, particularly cubism; this comparison is employed to illuminate the ongoing theoretical power of Malinowski's methodological experiments.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Called to Serve, Shunned as Citizens: How the Australian Women's Land Army Was Recruited and Abandoned by the Labor Government. The establishment and contribution of the Australian Women's Land Army (AWLA) during World War II was welcomed by farmers. At that time prime ministers and premiers, along with a range of politicians, labelled their work as a vital war service, applauding their efforts as enabling Australia's victory. However, in 1945, and following the war, key political leaders turned their back on this appreciation, denying the AWLA access to post-war benefits and services. This paper documents the reasons for the work of the AWLA from 1942 to 1945 and traces how the Labor Government in 1945 dismissed their contribution. It argues that to a large extent, this responsibility for denying the women the recognition and benefits that had been promised was a betrayal of the women they had called in to service.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 57]}
{"token": "Roles of Thermal Adaptation and Chemical Ecology in Liriomyza Distribution and Control. Many Liriomyza species are pests of agricultural and ornamental plants. In the past two decades, the occurrence and distribution of certain Liriomyza species have changed dramatically, leading to an extensive body of research papers. First, we review the association of thermal tolerance with Population dynamics, geographic distribution, and species displacement. Differences in thermal tolerances between species result in their differential geographic locations and overwintering ranges. Displacements among Liriomyza species are associated with their temperature adaptation. We examine the chemical linkage of plants, Liriomyza, and their parasitoids. Chemical compounds from host and nonhost plants mediate the behavior of Liriomyza and their parasitoids. Liriomyza and their parasitoids use chemical cues to locate their hosts. Induced compounds can be Used as attractants of parasitoids or repellents of Liriomyza. Thus, understanding the thermal tolerances and chemical ecology of Liriomyza may enable researchers to predict geographic distribution and to develop novel control strategies.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Terpenoid composition and botanical affinity of Cretaceous resins from India and Myanmar. Fossil resins from the Cretaceous sediments of Meghalaya, India and Kachin, Myanmar (Burma) were analysed using Curie point pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and thermochemolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to help elucidate their botanical source. The major pyrolysis products and methyl-esterified thermochemolysis products of both the resins were abietane and labdane type diterpenoids with minor amount of sesquiterpenoids. The thermochemolysis products also included methyl-16,17-dinor callitrisate, methyl-16,17-dinor dehydroabietate and methyl-8-pimaren-18-oate-the latter two from just the Myanmarese resin. The exclusive presence of both labdane and abietane diterpenoids and the lack of phenolic terpenoids may suggest that the studied Cretaceous resins were derived from Pinaceae (pine family) conifers. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 38]}
{"token": "The Socioecological Learner in Big History: Post-Anthropocene Imageries. The purpose of this chapter is to critically examine socioecological learning within the context of the evolving scientific story of the universe through Big History. We orient the reader to an overview of Big History in the context of the post-Anthropocene. Big History promotes antidisciplinary boundaries, beyond siloing, to forge new connections within an increasingly complex universe. Incorporating the experiences of fifteen students, we represent their post-Anthropocene imaginaries revealing five distinct themes/concepts. These include: Big History is More-than-Human; Big History Metanarratives; Antidisciplinary Learning through Big History; Whole-systems and Worldviews in Big History; Agency and Possibility of Transformative Thinking in Big History.", "label": [5, 53, 52]}
{"token": "Geographic and ecological distribution of the dengue and chikungunya virus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in three major Cameroonian towns. Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) was first reported in Central Africa in 2000, together with the indigenous mosquito species Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Because Ae. albopictus can also transmit arboviruses, its introduction is a public health concern. We undertook a comparative study in three Cameroonian towns (Sahelian domain: Garoua; equatorial domain: Douala and Yaounde) in order to document infestation by the two species and their ecological preferences. High and variable levels of pre-imaginal Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus infestation were detected. Only Ae. aegypti was encountered in Garoua, whereas both species were found in Douala and Yaounde, albeit with significant differences in their relative prevalence. Peridomestic water containers were the most strongly colonized and productive larval habitats for both species. No major differences in types of larval habitat were found, but Ae. albopictus preferentially bred in containers containing plant debris or surrounded by vegetation, whereas Ae. aegypti tended to breed in containers located in environments with a high density of buildings. These findings may have important implications for vector control strategies.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
{"token": "Limits of the prohibition on annexation The Golan, Crimea and international law. International law prohibits the annexation of the territory of one state by another. However, the list of cases of illegal state expansion is long, and includes Israel's annexation of the Golan and Russia's annexation of Crimea. While the occupation of the Golan Heights was a defensive act committed as a result of war, the same does not apply to the annexation of Crimea. The governments in Jerusalem and Moscow are prepared to bear the political, economic and moral costs of international criticism. They have the support of their own population. The international community tries to convince Russia and Israel, to restore the status quo ante. The prospects of success, however, are limited, even though there are historical examples of states withdrawing from territories that they have annexed.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda : Aves) from the late mesozoic of northeastern China. The osteology and plumage of Confuciusornis sanctus and Changchengornis hengdaoziensis from the Chaomidianzi Formation (previously referred to as the lower section of the Yixian Formation) of western Liaoning Province (China) are described in detail. Confuciusornis sanctus and Changchengornis hengdaoziensis have toothless, beaked skulls (the tomial crest is straight in the former species and strongly curved in the latter) and retain the dorsal portion of the nasal process of the maxilla. The skull of Confuciusornis sanctus is of typical diapsid plan. It possesses a triradiate postorbital that with the squamosal forms a complete supratemporal arcade. Furthermore, a robust jugal-postorbital contact completely separates the infratemporal fenestra from the orbit. Although the postorbital region is not preserved in Changchengornis hengdaoziensis, it likely resembles that of Confuciusornis sanctus.Purported climbing specializations of Confuciusornis sanctus are evaluated in light of the available anatomical evidence. We conclude that both Confuciusornis sanctus and Changchengornis hengdaoziensis were ill suited for tree climbing. The foot of Changchengornis hengdaoziensis, however, suggests a greater grasping ability than that of Confuciusornis sanctus. It is argued that both Confuciusornis sanctus and Changchengornis hengdaoziensis were able to fly and take off from the ground.Recent recognition of two additional species of Confuciusornis-Confuciusornis chuonzhous and Confuciusornis suniae-are based on anatomical misinterpretations. Thus, Confuciusornis suniae and Confuciusornis chuonzhous are regarded as junior synonyms of Confuciusornis sanctus. Confuciusornis sanctus is the sister-taxon of Changchengornis hengdaoziensis, and both are placed within the Confuciusornithidae. Some of the synapomorphies supporting this grouping include the presence of edentolous jaws, a rostrally forked mandibular symphysis, a reduced claw of manual digit LI, and a V-shaped caudal margin of the sternum. The Confuciusornithidae is considered to be the sister-group of a clade composed of the Enantiornithomorpha and the Ornithuromorpha. This phylogenetic interpretation is far more parsimonious than previous systematic hypotheses placing the Confuciusornithidae as either within the Enantiornithes or as its sister-group.The fully diapsid skull of Confuciusornis sanctus, and presumably of Changchengornis hengdaoziensis, and the absence of a bending zone on the base of the snout suggest that earlier interpretations of the skull of Confuciusornis sanctus as prokinetic are incorrect. Confuciusornis sanctus probably had very limited cranial kinetic capabilities, if any. Optimization of the postorbital-jugal contact, a character intimately correlated with intracranial kinesis, in a phylogeny of basal avians indicates that the essentially akinetic condition of the skull of Confuciusornis sanctus is a reversal derived from forms possessing kinetic properties.Given the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous age of the Chaomidianzi Formation, Confuciusornis sanctus and Changchengornis hengdaoziensis are surely among the oldest known birds after the Early Tithonian Archaeopteryx lithographica. Confuciusornis sanctus and Changchengornis hengdaoziensis thus furnish the earliest record of beaked birds.Both species have abbreviated tails with long pygostyles, not the long, bony tail originally reconstructed in Confuciusornis sanctus. Scapulae and coracoids are fused to form scapulocoracoids. The coracoids are strutlike but much shorter than the scapulae. The furculae are robust and boomerang shaped. The sterna are long and nearly flat. A complete basket of gastralia follows the sternum caudally. The wing elements are short, and proportions among individual bones are primitive in that the hand is longer than either the humerus or the ulna and the ulna is shorter than the humerus. The pelvis is opisthopubic. The postacetabular wing of the ilium is much shorter than the preacetabular wing. Differences in plumage, namely the presence or absence of two very long tail feathers, are observed among several well-preserved specimens of Confuciusornis sanctus. This difference is likely the expression of sexual dimorphism, although other biological attributes known for extant populations (e.g., differential molting, correlation between sexual maturity and ornamental plumage) indicate that alternative explanations may also account for the observed plumage variation among specimens of Confuciusornis sanctus.The remarkable concentration of specimens of Confuciusornis sanctus from a relatively small quarry near the village of Sihetun (Liaoning Province) suggests several events of mass mortality and, perhaps, a gregarious behavior.", "label": [4, 37, 39]}
{"token": "Israel, Jordan, and their Efforts to Frustrate the United Nations Resolutions to Internationalise Jerusalem. From 1948 to 1950, the United Nations (UN) endeavoured to promote the internationalisation of Jerusalem, which had been a key element of the 1947 Palestine \\\\'Partition Plan.\\\\' Even though the war that erupted in Palestine in 1948 put paid to partition, 2 UN resolutions re-affirmed the decision to place the city under international auspices. On the opposite side stood Israel and Jordan, both of which ruled the city and were interested in frustrating the attempt to remove it from their control. This identity of interests stirred them to try to reach agreement to divide Jerusalem and make internationalisation superfluous. Unlike other studies that examine the contacts between Israel and Jordan during this period, this analysis examines the Jerusalem question as an independent issue and focuses on the moves made by Israel and Jordan during their covert negotiations in light of the UN decision to internationalise the city.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Branchio-oto-renal syndrome: Comprehensive review based on nationwide surveillance in Japan. Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by branchiogenic malformation, hearing loss and renal anomalies. The prevalence of BOR syndrome is 1/40000 in Western countries, and nationwide surveillance in 2009-2010 identified approximately 250 BOR patients in Japan. Three causative genes for BOR syndrome have been reported thus far: EYA1, SIX1, and SIX5, but the causative genes for approximately half of all BOR patients remain unknown. This review article discusses the epidemiology, clinical symptoms, genetic background and management of BOR syndrome.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Determinants of agricultural insurance adoption: evidence from farmers in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Findings - The empirical results show that the education level, access to technical assistance, use of management tools and farm size positively affect the probability of adopting agricultural insurance. in addition, farmers who produce soybean and/or corn are more likely to use insurance. On the other hand, the higher the farmers' propensity to take risk the lower the likelihood of using insurance.Research limitations/implications - The empirical analysis is based on cross-sectional data of a sample of 175 farmers of the state of Sao Paulo. The use of panel data with a larger sample of farmers, considering a period of years, could provide additional information.Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of agricultural insurance adoption by farmers of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil.Design/methodology/approach - Primary data from the 2015/2016 crop season was collected from a sample of 175 farmers. Logit econometric models were applied to identify the variables that affect the probability of agricultural insurance adoption.Originality/value - To the best of the knowledge, this is the first empirical analysis about determinants of agricultural insurance adoption by Brazilian farmers, considering behavioral factors. The findings provide useful insights for policymakers in formulating risk management programs in the Brazilian agricultural markets. A better understanding about the determinants of insurance adoption is also relevant for private companies that sell insurance to farmers. Therefore, the paper may contribute with the diffusion of rural insurance as risk management tool in Brazilian agriculture.", "label": [5, 48, 50]}
{"token": "New information on the Large-billed Reed Warbler Acrocephalus orinus, including its song and breeding habitat in north-eastern Afghanistan. We report in detail on the first well documented, probable breeding location of the Large-billed Reed Warbler Acrocephalus orinus, found in north-east Afghanistan, give a description of its song and summarise its identification criteria using new information from live birds. Fifteen birds were captured and measured in the presumed breeding season, and later their identity was confirmed using DNA markers. In one of the localities visited many birds were singing. We also describe the habitat and assess some conservation issues.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "LIMITED JOINT MOBILITY IN SUBJECTS WITH INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS - RELATIONSHIP WITH EYE AND KIDNEY COMPLICATIONS. Three hundred and fifty seven subjects (178 males and 179 females) with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus were evaluated for the presence of limited joint mobility of the interphalangeal joints. Sixty six subjects (19%) had stage 1 and 26 subjects (7%) had stage 2 involvement of their interphalangeal joints. The presence of contractures was significantly related to mean longitudinal glycated haemoglobin (HbA1) concentrations, duration of diabetes, age of onset, mean longitudinal cholesterol concentrations and blood pressure. Limited joint mobility was also significantly associated with early diabetic retinopathy and raised albumin excretion rates. Limited joint mobility remained a significant factor in the logistic regression model for albuminuria and grade of retinopathy when controlled for smoking, cholesterol concentrations, duration of diabetes, age, gender, and blood pressure. However, limited joint mobility was only significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy when the effect of HbA1 concentrations was included in the multivariate model.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Causes of road accidents in Botswana: An econometric model. Objectives: This study sought to determine the causes of road traffic accidents and fatalities in Botswana. For this purpose, the article discusses the accident count model based on Botswana data.Background: Road traffic accidents claim over 1.3 million lives annually around the globe and remain a key socio-economic challenge today. At 20.1 per 100 000, Botswana's fatality rate is higher than the global average of 17.4. Previous studies on the causes of road crashes in Botswana have not explored statistical causality. This study is thus grounded on the theory of causality.Conclusion: The study contends that increased exposure and night-time travel increase road crashes, whilst expansion of road infrastructure is inversely related to road accidents. An increase in both population density and exposure leads to increased fatalities. Regulating the importation of used vehicles and investment in rail transport is a potential policy panacea for developing economies. Future studies should investigate the causes of pedestrian fatalities and night accidents.Results: Both models are statistically significant at p <= 0.001, but the accident count model, with an adjusted R-2 value of 0.99 against 0.83, is more robust and has a better predictive power as opposed to the fatalities model. At the individual variable level, the analysis shows mixed results.Method: The study used road accident data from 2008 to 2017. Econometric modelling on Gretl was used to compute two ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models. Manual elimination of insignificant variables was performed through the iterations.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "ADOLESCENT PARENTING - A POSITIVE, INTERGENERATIONAL APPROACH. The authors studied adolescent parents' confidence in various parenting situations, support systems, and areas of assistance that would enhance their competence in handling the, daily stresses of parenthood. Mothers of adolescent parents were also asked to share their views regarding these issues. Although the majority of adolescent parents reported feeling confident in their parenting roles, all were receptive to formal and informal assistance, including help with decision making, obtaining employment, budgeting, and emotional support from friends and family. Mothers of adolescent parents reported that they were confident in their child's parenting abilities but believed that further assistance would enhance their child's competence as a parent. The implications of these intergenerational findings are discussed.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Western Equine Encephalitis Virus: Evolutionary Analysis of a Declining Alphavirus Based on Complete Genome Sequences. Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is an arbovirus from the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae, which circulates in North America between birds and mosquitoes, occasionally causing disease in humans and equids. In recent decades, human infection has decreased dramatically; the last documented human case in North America occurred in 1994, and the virus has not been detected in mosquito pools since 2008. Because limited information exists regarding the evolution of WEEV, we analyzed the genomic sequences of 33 low-passage-number strains with diverse geographic and temporal distributions and performed comprehensive phylogenetic analyses. Our results indicated that WEEV is a highly conserved alphavirus with only approximately 5% divergence in its most variable genes. We confirmed the presence of the previously determined group A and B lineages and further resolved group B into three sublineages. We also observed an increase in relative genetic diversity during the mid-20th century, which correlates with the emergence and cocirculation of several group B sublineages. The estimated WEEV population size dropped in the 1990s, with only the group B3 lineage being sampled in the past 20 years. Structural mapping showed that the majority of substitutions in the envelope glycoproteins occurred at the E2-E2 interface. We hypothesize that an event occurred in the mid-20th century that resulted in the increased genetic diversity of WEEV in North America, followed by genetic constriction due to either competitive displacement by the B3 sublineage or stochastic events resulting from a population decline.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Honoring the Saint through Poetry Recitation: Pilgrimage and the Memories of Shaikh Abdurrahman Siddiq Al-Banjari in Indragiri Hilir. This paper is about poetry and pilgrimage in Tembilahan, Indragiri Hilir, where Abdurrahman Siddiq, a prominent alim who lived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, is buried. In addition to his treatises on theology, mysticism, and ethics, Abdurrahman Siddiq is also renowned for his contribution to Islamic literature in Sumatra. He is a famous Islamic scholar and is respected in Indragiri Hilir for his spiritual messages delivered in the form of sya'ir (poetry). Malay Muslims have preserved the saint's legacy through the act of pilgrimage and various cultural events and festivals. This paper argues that the recitation of Abdurrahman Siddiq's poems during the pilgrimage to Tembilahan and Islamic festivals shows how Malay Muslims honor their respected saint.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "A new large and colourful species of the genus Doto (Nudibranchia: Dotidae) from South Africa. A new species of the genus Doto is described from the Cape Peninsula of the Western Cape Province, South Africa. To date, the genus Doto is probably one of the more complex and poorly defined genera within nudibranchs. The very small body size and very similar external and internal features make this genus problematic and, therefore, poorly studied. Despite the large number of described species around the world, only three species are known to be present in South Africa: Doto coronata (Gmelin, 1791), Doto pinnatifida (Montagu, 1804) and Doto rosea Trinchese, 1881. Morphologically, Doto splendida sp. nov. is easily distinguished from all its South African congeneric species by its conspicuous colouration. In addition, mitochondrial and nuclear genes clearly separate the new species from other species from southern Africa. A molecular phylogeny based on two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and one nuclear (H3) gene is herein presented. This phylogeny includes all available species of Doto (valid and unidentified) as well as several other traditionally closed related species retrieved from GenBank.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:3764C38DF6BB-415F-958C-E3132A1A9524", "label": [4, 37, 39, 47]}
{"token": "FDLBM simulation of magnetic field effect on natural convection of non-Newtonian power-law fluids in a linearly heated cavity. In this paper, the effect of a magnetic field on natural convection of non-Newtonian power-law fluids in a cavity with a linearly heated wall has been analyzed by Finite Difference Lattice Boltzmann method (FDLBM). This study has been performed for the certain pertinent parameters of Rayleigh number (Ra = 10(4) and 10(5)), Hartmann number (Ha = 0, 15,30 and 60) and power-law index (n = 0.5-1.5) as the magnetic field is applied horizontally. Results indicate that the augmentation of the power-law index in the absence of the magnetic field causes heat transfer to drop. The magnetic field decreases heat transfer in different power-law indexes generally. The increment of the magnetic field power declines the effect of the power-law index on heat transfer. The magnetic field for various Hartmann numbers at Ra = 10(4) provokes heat transfer to increase with the enhancement of power-law index. At Ra = 10(5), the heat transfer falls with the rise of the power-law index for Ha = 15 and 30 as the effect is weakened by the increase of Hartmann number significantly. However, the increase in power-law index augments heat transfer at Ha = 60. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Meta-Melodrama: Branden Jacobs-Jenkins Appropriates Dion Boucicault's The Octoroon. In adapting the nineteenth-century melodrama The Octoroon, Jacobs-Jenkins both satirizes Boucicault's racial assumptions and emulates his aesthetic principles to produce a meta-melodrama, a play that at once celebrates and critiques its own form while providing a stinging indictment of racial attitudes in the twenty-first century. This essay draws on both the published script and audience responses to Soho Repertory Theatre's two stagings of the play in 2014 and 2015 gleaned from reviews, blogs, and interviews. The contemporary context and cross-racial casting of An Octoroon ironize and adapt the meaning of Boucicault's play, making it appropriate for the twenty-first century. Through his use of italicization, Brechtian quotation, the new contemporary dialogue he writes for the slave characters, and his shocking updated sensation scene, Jacobs-Jenkins induces his audience to question their own and each other's racial reactions even as they are caught up in the play.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Conventional rhythms enhance infants' and adults' perception of musical patterns. Listeners may favour particular rhythms because of their degree of conformity to culture-specific expectations or because of perceptual constraints that are apparent early in development. In two experiments we examined adults' and 6-month-old infants' detection of subtle rhythmic and melodic changes to two sequences of tones, a conventional rhythm that musically untrained adults rated as rhythmically good and an unconventional rhythm that was rated as poor. Detection of the changes was above chance in all conditions, but adults and infants performed more accurately in the context of the conventional rhythm. Unlike adults, who benefited from rhythmic conventionality only when detecting rhythmic changes, infants benefited when detecting melodic as well as rhythmic changes. The findings point to infant and adult parallels for some aspects of rhythm processing and to integrated perception of rhythm and melody early in life. (C) 2008 Elsevier Srl. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
{"token": "The membrane attack complex (C5b-9) in liver cold ischemia and reperfusion injury. Activation of the complement cascade represents an important event during ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). This work was designed to investigate the role of the membrane attack complex (MAC; C5b-9) in the pathogenesis of hepatic IRI. Livers from B&W/Stahl/rC6(+) and C6(-) rats were harvested, stored for 24 hours at VC, and then transplanted [orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT)] to syngeneic recipients. There were 4 experimental groups: (1) C6(+)-->C6(+), (2) C6(+)-->C6(-), (3) C6(-)-->C6(+), and (4) C6(-)-->C6(-). At day + 1, C6(-) OLTs showed decreased vascular congestion/necrosis, contrasting with extensive necrosis in C6(+) livers, that was independent of the recipient C6 status (Suzuki score: 7.2 +/- 0.9, 7.3 +/- 1.3, 4.5 +/- 0.6, and 4.8 +/- 0.4 for groups 1-4, respectively, P < 0.05). The liver function improved in recipients of C6(-) grafts (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase: 2573 +/- 488, 1808 +/- 302, 1170 +/- 111, and 1188 +/- 184 in groups 1-4, respectively, P < 0.05). Intragraft macrophage infiltration (ED-1 immunostaining) and neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity) were reduced in C6(-) grafts versus C6(+) grafts (P = 0.001); these data were confirmed by esterase staining (naphthol). The expression of proinflammatory interferon-gamma, interleukin-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor messenger RNA/protein was also reduced in C6(-) OLTs in comparison with C6(+) OLTs. Western blot-assisted expression of proapoptotic caspase-3 was decreased in C6(-) OLTs versus C6(+) OLTs (P = 0.006), whereas antiapoptotic Bcl-2/Bag-1 was enhanced in C6(-) OLTs compared with C6(+) OLTs (P = 0.001). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling staining of apoptotic cells was enhanced (P < 0.05) in C6(+) OLTs compared with C6(-) OLTs. Thus, the terminal products of the complement system are essential in the mechanism of hepatic IRI. This is the first report using a clinically relevant liver cold ischemia model to show that local MAC inhibition attenuates IRI cascade in OLT recipients.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Cognitive functioning in individuals with 'benign' essential tremor. Essential tremor (ET) is the most common type of movement disorder, although its etiology and neurophysiological substrates remain unclear. While thought to be a benign condition, it has yet to be studied from a neuropsychological perspective. We examined the neurocognitive functioning of 13 nondemented subjects with severe ET, including aspects of memory, cognitive flexibility, and attention. Results revealed that 12/13 subjects demonstrated impairment on I or more cognitive measures in comparison with published normative data, The pattern of findings was suggestive of relative dysfunction of frontal-mediated processes not unlike that seen in Parkinson's disease. These deficits were found in subjects irrespective of the presence of cognitive complaints, depression, or the existence of other potential neurocognitive risk factors. These findings suggest that mild cognitive deficits are not uncommon in association with severe ET and may be related to subcortical systems.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 22, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Trace determination of hydroxyl radical in biological systems. A simple and highly sensitive method to quantify the rates of production of OH in biological systems is described. This method employs the reaction between OH and dimethyl sulfoxide to generate quantitatively a methyl radical, which then reacts with a fluorescamine-derivatized nitroxide to produce the stable O-methylhydroxylamine. This O-methylhydroxylamine is separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and quantified fluorometrically, The estimated detection limit of the O-methylhydroxylamine is 3.5 nM for a 50 mu L injection at a signal to noise ratio of 2. The method is applied to the determination of the rates of OH production in a biologically relevant model system and in a mouse epidermal cell line treated with a quinone anticancer compound.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Personality and Political Tolerance: Evidence from India and Pakistan. Inspired by recent studies on personality and political attitudes and behaviour we use the Big Five approach to assess the influence of a comprehensive set of personality traits on political tolerance. Our study is based on surveys in Bhopal in India and Lahore in Pakistan. We find that all Big Five traits - openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism - are significantly related to individuals' willingness to grant political rights to groups they dislike in one or both countries. As one of only a few studies examining the relationship between the Big Five traits and political attitudes and behaviour outside a Western context, these findings demonstrate the importance of also paying attention to personality traits when studying contexts where situational factors such as political violence, poverty, and severe inequalities might be expected to be the main influence on individuals' behavioural choices.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Investing in a Global World. We examine active retail mutual funds and institutional products with a mandate to invest in global equity markets. We find little reliable evidence of alphas in the aggregate or on average. The right tail of the distribution contains some large alphas. Decomposing stock selection from country selection, we find some evidence of superior stock picking abilities in the extreme right tail. However, simulations suggest that they are produced just as likely by luck as by skill. Persistence tests show little evidence of continuation in superior performance.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
{"token": "On the true identity of Sergentomyia gemmea and description of a closely related species: Se. raynali n. sp. Several species of Leishmania are responsible for leishmaniases in Thailand, although little is known about their transmission. Sergentomyia gemmea has been suspected several times to transmit Leishmania martiniquensis. Some captures carried out in Thailand and Lao People's Democratic Republic have emphasized the scarcity of Se. gemmea, comprising only 1% of the collected females. The sequencing of cytochrome B mtDNA of our specimens showed that our specimens are not grouped with other Se. gemmea previously deposited in GenBank. The latter are grouped with some Se. khawi and Se. hivernus that we processed in the present study. We suspect misidentifications and propose focusing on the most useful characters for identification of Se. gemmea based on the examination of type-specimens. The examination of the ascoids exhibiting anterior spurs is the most important one. However, we also describe Se. raynali n. sp. exhibiting comparable spurs but differing from Se. gemmea by its original cibarium. Finally, the vectorial role of Se. gemmea appears very questionable in the absence of new evidence.", "label": [0, 4, 44, 10]}
{"token": "Chinese Identity During the Age of Division, Sui, and Tang. During the centuries after the fall of the Han dynasty, dozens of states rose and fell in geographic China, which was not only politically divided but also home to multiple separately named population groups, some of which were speakers of languages unrelated to Chinese. Yet, a single written language was used throughout the region, broadly common institutions were everywhere in place, and there was a widely shared collective historical memory. This memory included an assumed single line of legitimate sovereigns stretching back to the Sage Kings of legendary antiquity. Differently named population groups could adopt that written language, institutions, and historical memory, and their rulers could potentially even join that line of legitimate sovereigns. It was therefore relatively easy for the Sui and Tang dynasties, having militarily unified the geographic space of the old Han empire, to successfully depict themselves as heirs to a unitary China rooted in ancient memory.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 52]}
{"token": "Network Structure, Strength of Relationships, and Communities' Success in Project Implementation. Studies of network effectiveness in the collaborative public program setting commonly have found that actors with more organizational partners, more indirect (bridging) ties to other partners, and more cohesive relationships among partners have greater success in implementing projects. This article contributes to this literature by developing and testing hypotheses about how strength of relationships, measured by frequency of contacts, moderates these results. In the context of community water supply projects in Nepal, the article shows that greater frequency of contacts between communities and organizational partners enhances the impact of having more partners and more cohesive relationships among partners but decreases the impact of having more indirect connections. For practitioners and network theorists, these findings highlight the importance of strength of relationships in the link between networks and performance.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Overview of construction simulation approaches to model construction processes. Construction simulation is a versatile technique with numerous applications. The basic simulation methods are discrete-event simulation (DES), agent-based modeling (ABM), and system dynamics (SD). Depending on the complexity of the problem, using a basic simulation method might not be enough to model construction works appropriately; hybrid approaches are needed. These are combinations of basic methods, or pairings with other techniques, such as fuzzy logic (FL) and neural networks (NNs). This paper presents a framework for applying simulation for problems within the field of construction. It describes DES, SD, and ABM, in addition to presenting how hybrid approaches are most useful in being able to reflect the dynamic nature of construction processes and capture complicated behavior, uncertainties, and dependencies. The examples show the application of the framework for masonry works and how it could be used for obtaining better productivity estimates. Several structures of hybrid simulation are presented alongside their inputs, outputs, and interaction points, which provide a practical reference for researchers on how to implement simulation to model construction systems of labor-intensive activities and lays the groundwork for applications in other construction-related activities.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Modeling membrane action of concrete slabs in composite buildings in fire. II: Validations. A companion paper has documented a geometrically nonlinear layered procedure for modeling of the membrane actions in concrete slabs subject to very high deflections and in fire. The model is based on a layered procedure developed previously by the writers in which only material nonlinearities were taken into account. In this paper two solid reinforced concrete slabs with simply supported edges, tested by other writers at ambient temperature under uniform loading, are modeled. This is followed by a simulation of a full-scale fire test on a solid reinforced concrete slab floor. Finally very detailed simulations of two full-scale fire tests on the composite frame at the Cardington Laboratory are conducted. It is evident that the proposed model can predict structural behavior of reinforced concrete slabs and their influence on composite steel-framed buildings in fire with good accuracy, although the multiplicity of parameters which can affect a test result cannot always be controlled or measured. In all cases the development of membrane actions is demonstrated, and the structural behavior differs compared with the geometrically linear case. These studies provide evidence that while exposed steel temperatures in composite buildings remain below 400degreesC, the much cooler concrete slab plays little part in the load-carrying mechanism, other than in generating thermal curvature of composite beams. For steel temperatures higher than about 500degreesC the significance of the slab progressively increases, and it becomes very important to model concrete slabs correctly. At very high temperatures the floor slab becomes the main load-bearing element, and the floor loads above the fire compartment are carried largely by tensile membrane forces developed mainly in the steel anticracking mesh or reinforcing bars.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "The formation of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons during high temperature pyrolysis of chlorobenzene. A study of pyrolysis of chlorobenzene at high temperature is presented. Experiments were performed in a laminar plug flow reactor under a nitrogen atmosphere, stationary conditions were used, the temperature was ranging from 800 to 1200 degreesC, and residence time from 1.1 to 1.6 s. The concentrations of chlorobenzene in the gas stream were 0.1 and 0.6% on a molar basis. A complete analysis of gaseous products from C1 to C14 was done. The main species formed during the degradation of the molecule are benzene, acetylene, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen, the influence of temperature on the formation of these species can be explained by the different mechanisms of aromatic ring breakdown. Substantial amounts of methane were analysed. the formation of this molecule can be explained if the formation of five carbon atoms rings is assumed. Naphthenic species were also quantified, and a different behaviour was observed for naphthalene and chloronaphthalene. This suggests that two mechanisms may be involved in the formation of these two species: the HACA mechanism for naphthalene; and a side reaction of the chlorobiphenyle formation mechanism for the chlorinated molecule. Mono- and di-chlorobiphenyles were identified and quantified, and the isomer distribution of monochlorobiphenyles shows that the meta position is the most probable. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36, 15]}
{"token": "Rheology and agglomerate structure of fresh geopolymer pastes with different Ms ratio of waterglass. This paper investigates the effect of Ms ratio of waterglass on the early age properties of the fresh geopolymer pastes, especially rheology properties. Rheology properties (fluid, yield stress, and plastic viscosity), agglomerate structure, and electrostatic repulsion (zeta potential) of geopolymer fresh pastes are measured in this paper. Morphologi G3 microscope is quantitative investigation on the agglomerate structure distribution and geometrical property of geopolymer fresh suspensions. Results show that Ms and content of waterglass has significantly influence on the agglomerate structure and rheology properties through the structure of waterglass and charge characteristic of geopolymer pastes. Structure of waterglass and electrostatic repulsion play important role in the agglomerate structure of geopolymer pastes in the early age. In the low Ms of waterglass, chain and ring structure of waterglass (Ms = 1.5) could reduce the inter-particles junction resulting to the formation of unstable chain agglomerate structure, which has low HS circularity and high elongation of structure. And High value of zeta and ring/sphere structure of waterglass would increases the dispersion of agglomerate structure and rheology of geopolymer pastes. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Preliminary evaluation of implementing the Ponseti method for correction of clubfoot in Vietnam. Results Of the 57 questionnaires distributed, 36 (63%) were completed and returned for evaluation. Most responders were continuing to use the Ponseti method for management of clubfoot. On average, each trainee had treated 16 babies with clubfoot, most of whom were less than 12 months of age, within 2 years of the initial training course and were achieving good clinical correction. The major problems identified were the inability to perform an Achilles tenotomy, lack of availability of the foot abduction splint, and parent compliance. The course materials were being used for reference and for dissemination of the Ponseti method to other clinical peers.Conclusions Evaluation of the Ponseti method training program for management of clubfoot in Vietnam revealed continued use of the technique at 12-24 months post-training. A longer term and more objective assessment of the babies/children treated and of the associated gait function and foot comfort would be beneficial.Methods A questionnaire was developed and distributed to the 57 trainees who had completed one of the 3-day training courses.Purpose To evaluate the short-term results of the non-surgical Ponseti method training programs run in Ho Chinh Minh City, Vietnam.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Linkages between climate, seasonal wood formation and mycorrhizal mushroom yields. Fungi provide important forest ecosystem services worldwide. In Mediterranean pine forests, predicted warmer and drier conditions could lead to a decline in mushroom yields. Climate is a key factor regulating both tree growth and fungal yields, particularly in drought-prone Mediterranean ecosystems. However, the responses of forest growth and mushroom production to climate depend on the differences among tree and fungal species and functional groups (e.g., mycorrhizal vs. saprotrophic), forest types, as well as depending on site conditions. Here we investigate how climatic conditions drive seasonal wood formation (earlywood -EW- and latewood -LW- production) and mycorrhizal mushroom production, to disentangle if growth and fungal yields are related. This assessment was done in Mediterranean forests dominated by four pine species in two areas located in Catalonia (NE Spain) representing mesic and xeric conditions and encompassing wide ecological gradients. The data consisted of 7-year to 13-year long inventories of mushroom production. EW production was favoured by cold and wet climate conditions during the previous fall and winter, and during the current spring and summer. LW production was enhanced by warm and humid conditions from spring to early fall. Mushroom yield was improved by wet late-summer and fall conditions, mainly in the most xeric area. This study confirms the ample differences found in tree growth and fungal production along ecological and climatic gradients. Clear relationships between mycorrhizal fungal yields and tree growth were mostly observed in specific sites characterized by severe summer drought. Specifically, latewood production seems to be the tree-ring variable most tightly linked to mycorrhizal fungal yield in drought-prone areas. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 7, 39]}
{"token": "Cultural models and metaphors for marriage: An analysis of discourse at Japanese wedding receptions. This article uses metaphor analysis to delineate the cultural model of marriage expressed in speeches at Japanese wedding receptions. Wedding speakers used three main metaphors for talking about marriage: marriage as a joint creation, marriage as a physical union, and marriage as a journey. These metaphors were used to express a number of themes including the concepts that marriage is a new beginning, requires joint effort and cooperation, is ideally a lasting union, and involves love, trust, and emotional unity. A comparison with earlier studies of U.S. discourse reveals that people in Japan and the United States share many of the same metaphors and ideas about marriage, but differ in their understanding of the \\\\'work\\\\' required in marriage. Whereas people in the United States talk of the need to \\\\'work on\\\\' the relationship, particularly through open communication of needs and emotions, speakers at Japanese weddings emphasized the couple \\\\'working together\\\\' and emotional unity was presented as a part of that cooperation rather than an end in itself.", "label": [5, 56, 55]}
{"token": "Heat capacity of LaCl3,CeCl3,PrCl3,NdCl3,GdCl3,DyCl3. Heat capacities of LaCl3, CeCl3, PrCl3, NdCl3, GdCl3, DyCl3 have been measured by differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range from 300 K to melting temperatures of the compounds. Heat capacities of liquid PrCl3, NdCl3, GdCl3, DyCl3 have also been registered. These results have been compared with literature data and fitted by a linear temperature dependence. The temperature coefficients have been given.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Evaluation in reinforcing and resisting hierarchical relations between state and civil society. Here we present a critical exploration of evaluation as a concept within a state-led social policy programme. Studies critiquing this type of evaluation often assume its purpose is to provide knowledge and understanding of a given social policy, and its relative impact upon the social issue towards which it has been directed. However, drawing on the accounts of 25 community development workers gathered over the course of a 17 year state-led, anti-poverty programme (2001-2018), and building on existing critique of evaluation methodologies, we argue that evaluation is also instrumental in the reinforcement of hierarchical power relations between state and civil society. To develop this argument, evaluation is discussed in three related ways pertaining to hierarchy: (a) firstly, as a means of defining and ultimately producing (contested) constructions of value; (b) secondly, as a mechanism for securing forms of vertical accountability; (c) and finally, through its construction as a lost saviour: an entity with untapped potential for safeguarding the integrity of an initial political ideology. In this way, narratives from those working on the ground extend our understanding of the complexities and dualities embedded within evaluation. In light of this analysis, we argue for a more inclusive approach to evaluation practices, and the development of alternative heterarchies in the evaluation of social policy premised on processes of co-production and collaboration.", "label": [5, 52, 51, 57]}
{"token": "COMPARISON OF EROSION PREDICTIONS WITH GLEAMS, GLEAMS-WT, AND GLEAMS-SWAT MODELS FOR ALLUVIAL SOILS. Simulation performances of GLEAMS, GLEAMS-WT, and GLEAMS-SWAT were evaluated by comparing their soil loss predictions with measured data from two runoff-erosion-drainage experimental plots at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. One of the experimental plots was surface drained only, and the other was both surface and subsurface drained. Although the hydrology components of GLEAMS-WT and GLEAMS-SWAT predicted surface runoff more accurately than the original GLEAMS, all three models seriously underpredicted total soil losses over a seven-year period (1981 to 1987). Transport capacity limited soil loss prediction values in the models. Hence, we recommend that any changes or modifications in the erosion submodel be focused on improving transport capacity simulation; changes in the detachment simulation routine may not be needed. A calibration parameter was added to the erosion subroutine to adjust transport capacity. However, even when the models were calibrated for a specific site, there were still substantial annual and monthly differences between predicted and observed soil losses.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Problematic alcohol use and reduced hippocampal volume: a meta-analytic review. Conclusions. Problematic alcohol use is associated with reduced hippocampal volume. The moderate overall effect size suggests the need for larger samples than are typically included in studies of alcohol use and hippocampal volume. Because the existing literature is almost entirely cross-sectional, future research using causally informative study designs is needed to determine whether this association reflects premorbid risk for the development of problematic alcohol use and/or whether alcohol has a neurotoxic effect on the hippocampus.Results. Problematic alcohol use was associated with significantly smaller hippocampal volume (d = -0.53). Moderator analyses indicated that effects were stronger for clinically significant v. subclinical alcohol use and among adults relative to adolescents; effects did not differ among males and females.Background. A number of studies reports reduced hippocampal volume in individuals who engage in problematic alcohol use. However, the magnitude of the difference in hippocampal volume between individuals with v. without problematic alcohol use has varied widely, and there have been null findings. Moreover, the studies comprise diverse alcohol use constructs and samples, including clinically significant alcohol use disorders and subclinical but problematic alcohol use (e.g. binge drinking), adults and adolescents, and males and females.Methods. We conducted the first quantitative synthesis of the published empirical research on associations between problematic alcohol use and hippocampal volume. In total, 23 studies were identified and selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis; effects sizes were aggregated using a random-effects model.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Effects of Washing, Autoclaving, and Surfactants on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Negatively Valued Paper Mill Sludge for Sugar Production. Paper mill sludge (PMS) is a paper industry waste but can be a potential feedstock for cellulosic sugar production. In this study, washing, autoclaving, and surfactants were investigated for PMS pretreatment before enzymatic hydrolysis to produce cellulosic sugars. It was demonstrated that washing and autoclaving had a limited impact on improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of PMS but washing reduced the ash content, resulting in less acid being used in neutralization. Adding nonionic surfactants of Triton X-100, Tween 80, and PEG 8000 improved the conversion of PMS, and the highest rates were 56.3% and 55.4%, achieved by adding 1% Triton X-100 and 5% PEG 8000, respectively. The lowest conversion rates were produced by 1% and 5% Tween 80, probably because it had a hydrophobic alkyl chain. After the optimization of the enzyme and PMS concentrations in hydrolysis via supplementation with PEG 8000, the highest PMS conversion of 74.7% was achieved by 10% PMS and 3% enzymes. With the addition of PEG 8000, the conversion of PMS was reduced at high concentrations of enzyme and PMS compared with that of the non-PEG control, which was more significant at the later stage of hydrolysis. We proposed that the combined negative effects of end products and surfactants were more significant on hydrolysis than the effects of end products alone.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Two Commercial Insecticides on Egg Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) of Green Stink Bugs (Hem: Pentatomidae). Pistacia vera L. is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran. The stink bugs Acrosternum arabicum and Brachynema germari are two of the key pests that cause significant direct and indirect damage on Pistacia vera. Egg parasitoids have been considered as potential biological control agents of pistachio green stink bugs. Among them, Trissolcus semistriatus and Psix saccharicola are the most abundant and efficient parasitoid for A. arabicum in pistachio orchards. In this study, we assessed lethal and sublethal effects of two commonly used insecticide products (fenitrothion and a binary mixture of lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam) on these two parasitoid wasps under laboratory conditions. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for fenitrothion and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin in P. saccharicola and T. semistriatus were estimated as 1.03, 0.48 and 0.87, 0.98 mg a.i./liter, respectively. In terms of sublethal effects, insecticide treatments altered the type of functional response from type III to type II in T. semistriatus. However, P. saccharicola exhibited a type II functional to density of A. arabicum for all treatments, although attack rates were lower for insecticide-exposed wasps while handling times increased. Our results show that sublethal effects of insecticides further reduce the efficacy of biological control agents. Effective integrated pest management programs should avoid antagonistic interactions between chemical and biological control methods. The results of this study provide useful information to develop comprehensive integrated pest management programs for stink bugs in pistachio orchards.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Nanoporous Gold: Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications. Nanoporous gold (np-Au) has intriguing material properties that offer potential benefits for many applications due to its high specific surface area, well-characterized thiol-gold surface chemistry, high electrical conductivity, and reduced stiffness. The research on np-Au has taken place on various fronts, including advanced microfabrication and characterization techniques to probe unusual nanoscale properties and applications spanning from fuel cells to electrochemical sensors. Here, we provide a review of the recent advances in np-Au research, with special emphasis on microfabrication and characterization techniques. We conclude the paper with a brief outline of challenges to overcome in the study of nanoporous metals.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Triassic-Jurassic arc magmatism in the Pontides as revealed by the U-Pb detrital zircon ages in the Jurassic sandstones of northeastern Turkey. The Eastern Pontides were located at the southern active margin of Laurasia during Mesozoic time. Jurassic volcaniclastic sediments and volcanic rocks of the Pontides represent products of the arc magmatism above a north-dipping subduction zone. Despite the wide distribution of the Jurassic volcaniclastic/volcanic succession, the precise age of the Jurassic volcaniclastic sequence and that of the synsedimentary magmatism are poorly constrained. Here we present U-Pb detrital zircon ages from two Jurassic sandstones belonging to the Senkoy Formation of the Eastern Pontides. One sample is taken from the base of the Senkoy Formation unconformably overlying the late Carboniferous Gumushane granite. The depositional age of this sandstone is constrained as late Sinemurian-Pliensbachian based on the faunal assemblage of the overlying Ammonitico Rosso type carbonates. Detrital zircon grains from this sample yielded an unexpected component of 203.4 +/- 0.2 Ma (Latest Triassic, Rhaetian) U-Pb age, indicating the existence of Late Triassic magmatic activity in the region that has not been reported yet from the exposed magmatic bodies or from the detrital zircon ages. The sample taken from the upper part of the Jurassic succession yielded a youngest U-Pb age component of 155.9 +/- 1.8 Ma, indicating that the depositional age of the Jurassic volcaniclastic succession extends from the Early Jurassic (Sinemurian), as revealed by the fossil content and abundant U-Pb detrital zircon ages, to the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian). The detrital zircon ages from this study together with those from the literature indicate arc magmatism on the southern margin of Laurasia during the Triassic and Late Jurassic (250-156 Ma).", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Preparation and photoluminescence of ordered ZnO nanowire arrays. Ordered ZnO nanowire arrays embedded in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes were fabricated by electrochemical deposition of Zn(NO3)(2)+H3BO3 Solution in a boiling bath. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation results show that the polycrystalline ZnO nanowires with diameters around 100 nm were uniformly assembled into the ordered nanochannels of the AAO. The results of the investigation into photoluminescence (PL) and electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements reveal that the interfaces between the ZnO nanowires and the pore walls of the AAO create a lot of oxygen vacancies, which are responsible for the green light emission (peaking around 512 nm) and the huge enhancement of the PL emission.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Bribery and corruption: assessing the fairness of the Malaysian judicial system. This paper assesses the fairness of the Malaysian judicial system in handling cases pertaining to bribery and corruption. The assessment is based on an archival database of 1869 actual court cases that occurred between 2006 and 2013. The findings suggest that the Malaysian judicial system does not operate fairly. The punishment verdicts, in the form of fines and imprisonment, appear to be significantly influenced by offenders' social, political, and personal characteristics. Specifically, the results reveal that white-collar workers, government employees, and indigenous Malaysians (Bumiputera) receive more lenient treatment from the judicial system than do other offenders. Males receive harsher sentences than females, and offenders in those states controlled by the ruling party receive softer treatment from the judicial system than those in opposition-controlled states. An unfair justice system erodes public confidence and enables prospective or existing offenders to exploit the system's weaknesses for their personal gain. The contributions of this paper are as follows. First, unlike prior research which mostly draws upon public opinion surveys, this paper analyses real court cases. Second, it goes beyond the simple white-collar versus blue-collar distinction and considers offenders' social, political and personal characteristics.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Decentralized evolution of robotic behavior using finite state machines. Originality/value - The framework is robust and has the advantage that the resulting controllers are easier to analyze than in approaches based on artificial neural networks. The findings suggest improvements in the general design of decentralized ER frameworks.Practical implications - The design of decentralized ER frameworks is improved.Research limitations/implications - Future studies should focus on further improving mutation and recombination. Generality statements should be made by studying more behaviors and there is a need for experimental studies with real robots.Findings - The framework is capable of robustly evolving the benchmark behaviors. The memory genome and the number of parents for reproduction highly influence the quality of the results; the recombination operator leads to an improvement in certain parameter combinations only.Design/methodology/approach - A new recombination operator for multi-parental generation of offspring is presented and a known mutation operator is extended to harden parts of genotypes involved in good behavior, thus narrowing down the dimensions of the search space. A storage called memory genome for archiving the best genomes of every robot introduces a decentralized elitist strategy. These operators are studied in a factorial set of experiments by evolving two different benchmark behaviors such as collision avoidance and gate passing on a simulated swarm of robots. A comparison with a related approach is provided.Purpose - In evolutionary robotics (ER), robotic control systems are subject to a developmental process inspired by natural evolution. The purpose of this paper is to utilize a control system representation based on finite state machines (FSMs) to build a decentralized online-evolutionary framework for swarms of mobile robots.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Sanfilippo Syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III). Methods: This study represents a retrospective case series of all records available from 2 institutions on patients with MPS III. Chart and radiographic review was performed and outcomes tabulated. Our hypotheses are: (1) Musculoskeletal abnormalities are prevalent in children with MPS III and (2) Musculoskeletal deformities in children with MPS III may require surgical intervention.Conclusions: In our study with these patients, we have observed several unreported musculoskeletal manifestations of MPS III. Osteonecrosis of the hips can be a source of severe discomfort for these children. Although uncommon, operative intervention for orthopaedic conditions is sometimes warranted. Operative indications in this cohort include progressive scoliosis of large magnitude, carpal tunnel syndrome, and trigger digits.Background: The most pronounced symptom in mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III, Sanfilippo Syndrome) is the severe neurocognitive deterioration of the central nervous system. The effects of MPS III on the musculoskeletal system are less severe than those caused by other forms of MPS, however, it is our experience that many families seek orthopaedic attention for perceived musculoskeletal discomfort, particularly about the hip and spine. The purpose of this study is to report musculoskeletal findings in a case series of patients with MPS III.Results: Eighteen patients were identified (10 female and 8 male) with an average age of 10.3 years. Three had significant scoliosis (21 to 99 degrees) and 2 others had L1 hypoplasia. Four patients had osteonecrosis of the femoral heads. One patient required a carpal tunnel release, and another a trigger thumb release. There were no cases of cervical instability.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Directed indices for exploring gene expression data. Results: We developed a gene index technique that generalizes methods that rank genes by their univariate associations to patient outcome. Genes are ordered based on simultaneously linking their expression both to patient outcome and to a specific gene of interest. The technique can also be used to suggest profiles of gene expression related to patient outcome. A cross-validation method is shown to be important for reducing bias due to adaptive gene selection. The methods are illustrated on a recently collected gene expression data set based on 160 patients with diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL).Motivation: Large expression studies with clinical outcome data are becoming available for analysis. An important goal is to identify genes or clusters of genes where expression is related to patient outcome. While clustering methods are useful data exploration tools, they do not directly allow one to relate the expression data to clinical outcome. Alternatively, methods which rank genes based on their univariate significance do not incorporate gene function or relationships to genes that have been previously identified. In addition, after sifting through potentially thousands of genes, summary estimates (e.g. regression coefficients or error rates) algorithms should address the potentially large bias introduced by gene selection.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 40, 41, 42]}
{"token": "Evidence for two-cell model of steroidogenesis in four species of amphibian. Previously, based on studies conducted using Rana nigromaculata, a two-cell model involving the theca and granulosa cells was proposed to account for the steroidogenic activity of amphibian ovarian follicles. Experiments were carried out to ascertain whether the model was applicable to four other frog species with different reproductive cycles (R. dybowskii, R. rugosa, R. catesbeiana, and Bombina orientalis). Ovarian follicles were collected from each species and manually microdissected to obtain various follicular components: theca-epithelium (THEP) and granulosa cell-enclosed oocyte (GCEO). Subsequent to collection, equal numbers of intact follicles and various follicular components were cultured for 6 hr in the presence of known inducers of steroidogenesis (frog pituitary homogenate [FPH] or 3-iso-butyl-1-methylxanthine [IBMX] + forskolin) or various steroids that serve as substrates for specific steroidogenic enzymes. Following incubation, culture medium was collected and analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Both FPH and IBMX + forskolin consistently stimulated secretion of androstenedione (AD), testosterone (T), and estradiol (E-2) from intact follicles obtained from all four frog species. Additionally, in R. dybowskii, these treatments stimulated secretion of progesterone (P-4) and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha-OHP4) into the culture medium. Intact follicles obtained from all species readily converted pregnenolone (P-5), P-4, and 17 alpha-OHP4 to AD, T, and E-2. In contrast GCEO converted P-5, P-4, and 17 alpha-OHP4 to AD and E-2, but not to T. However, AD, but not P-5, P-4, or 17 alpha-OHP4, was converted to T when cultured in the presence of isolated THEP. The microdissection procedure was also modified to isolate THEP without contaminating granulosa cells. The steroidogenic capacities of \\\\'impure\\\\' THEP and \\\\'pure\\\\' theca-epithelium (P-THEP) were then compared. Basal amounts of Pq Were produced when Pg was added to P-THEP, whereas significantly higher amounts were produced in the presence of impure THEP. No significant conversion of P-5 or P-4 to 17 alpha-OHP4 occurred following culture with pure or impure THEP layer. Results suggest that the enzyme activity necessary to metabolize AD --> T is localized in the THEP, whereas the metabolic capacities to convert P-5 --> AD and T --> E-2 are present in the granulosa cell. Furthermore, the data show that the two-cell model is applicable to other frog species. J. Exp. Zool. 284:91-99, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Bone Transparency Imaging Using Tissue Optical Clearing Technique. Recently, the rapid advancements in tissue optical clearing technology have brought new opportunities for modern orthopedic optical imaging research. Tissue optical clearing technology primarily reduces tissue light scattering and light absorption through various physical and chemical methods, allowing light energy to better spread in the tissue in order to increase the depth and contrast of optical imaging. Deeper and higher resolution bone tissue images and 3D spatial microstructure information can be obtained when combined with various fluorescence-labeling strategies, presenting a novel perspective and method for a breakthrough in the molecular imaging study of bone tissue with high scattering and bone disease. In this study, we will discuss the principle and mechanism of tissue optical clearing technology, focusing on the current state, most recent methods, and the mechanism of bone tissue clearing imaging, and prospect the possibility of using this technique in the molecular imaging of bone.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "Friction and wear behavior of nitrogen-doped ZnO thin films deposited via MOCVD under dry contact. Most researches on doped ZnO thin films are tilted toward their applications in optoelectronics and semi-conductor devices. Research on their tribological properties is still unfolding. In this work, nitrogen-doped ZnO thin films were deposited on 304 L stainless steel substrate from a combination of zinc acetate and ammonium acetate precursor by MOCVD technique. Compositional and structural studies of the films were done using Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The frictional behavior of the thin film coatings was evaluated using a ball-on-flat configuration in reciprocating sliding under dry contact condition. After friction test, the flat and ball counter-face surfaces were examined to assess the wear dimension and failure mechanism. Both friction behavior and wear (in the ball counter-face) were observed to be dependent on the crystallinity and thickness of the thin film coatings. (C) 2016, Karabuk University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "The Influence of Stimulus Repetition Rate on Tone-Evoked Post-Auricular Muscle Response (PAMR) Threshold. Objectives: Post-auricular muscle response (PAMR) is a large myogenic potential that can be useful in estimating behavioral hearing thresholds when the recording protocol is optimal. The main aim of the present study was to determine the influence of stimulus repetition rate on PAMR threshold. Design: In this repeated-measures study, 20 normally hearing adults aged between 18 and 30 years were recruited. Tone bursts (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) were used to record PAMR thresholds at 3 different stimulus repetition rates (6.1/s, 11.1/s, and 17.1/s). Results: Statistically higher PAMR thresholds were found for the faster stimulus rate (17.1/s) compared with the slower stimulus rate (6.1/s) (p < 0.05). For all stimulus rates and frequencies, significant correlations were found between PAMR and pure-tone audiometry thresholds (r = 0.62 to 0.82). Conclusions: Even though the stimulus rate effect was significant at most of the tested frequencies, the differences in PAMR thresholds between the rates were small (<5 dB). Nevertheless, based on the correlation results, we suggest the use of 11.1/s stimulus rate when recording PAMR thresholds.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 28]}
{"token": "Effects of thermal annealing of segmented-polyurethane on surface properties, structure and antithrombogenicity. Analyses of the surface structure and properties of thermally heat-treated and non-treated segmented-polyurethane (SPU) surfaces showed that a crystalline structure, the domain size of which was larger than that of the micro-phase separation structure, appeared when the SPU surface was annealed in the temperature range of 60-140 degreesC. The appearance of the crystalline structure resulted in a decrease in surface free energy, that is, an increase in the hydrophobicity of the surface. Whole blood or platelet-rich plasma (PRP), when in contact with a SPU surface, which had previously been in contact with a glass surface during casting, coagulation of the whole blood occurred within approximately 30 min and, in case of PRP, in approximately 60 min. When the SPU surface was modified by thermal annealing, the coagulation time for PRP was delayed, whereas that of whole blood remained essentially unchanged. Relationships between the surface properties and the structure of annealed SPU and antithrombogenicity are discussed. The data collected herein suggest that the heat treatment of SPU might be useful for improving antithrombogenicity. (C) 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.", "label": [1, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Power Line Extraction From Mobile LiDAR Point Clouds. This paper proposes a three-step approach to extract power lines from components with mobile laser scanning (MLS) data. First, we use the maximum a posteriori estimation to partition point clouds into components. Each component contains points from one object only. The segmentation is optimized by the minimum-cost perfect matching globally and robust to Gaussian noise with the help of the proposed robust estimator. Then, we extract power lines from components based on the linear structure information. Finally, power line components are grouped into individual spans. Experiments show that our method succeeds to achieve the power line extraction from MLS data effectively and outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in terms of the accuracy and robustness.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Building a model: developing genomic resources for common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) with low coverage genome sequencing. Results: A 0.5x genome of A. syriaca was produced using Illumina sequencing. A virtually complete chloroplast genome of 158,598 bp was assembled, revealing few repeats and loss of three genes: accD, clpP, and ycf1. A nearly complete rDNA cistron (18S-5.8S-26S; 7,541 bp) and 5S rDNA (120 bp) sequence were obtained. Assessment of polymorphism revealed that the rDNA cistron and 5S rDNA had 0.3% and 26.7% polymorphic sites, respectively. A partial mitochondrial genome sequence (130,764 bp), with identical gene content to tobacco, was also assembled. An initial characterization of repeat content indicated that Ty1/copia-like retroelements are the most common repeat type in the milkweed genome. At least one A. syriaca microread hit 88% of Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae) unigenes (median coverage of 0.29x) and 66% of single copy orthologs (COSII) in asterids (median coverage of 0.14x). From this partial characterization of the A. syriaca genome, markers for population genetics (microsatellites) and phylogenetics (low-copy nuclear genes) studies were developed.Background: Milkweeds (Asclepias L.) have been extensively investigated in diverse areas of evolutionary biology and ecology; however, there are few genetic resources available to facilitate and compliment these studies. This study explored how low coverage genome sequencing of the common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) could be useful in characterizing the genome of a plant without prior genomic information and for development of genomic resources as a step toward further developing A. syriaca as a model in ecology and evolution.Conclusions: The results highlight the promise of next generation sequencing for development of genomic resources for any organism. Low coverage genome sequencing allows characterization of the high copy fraction of the genome and exploration of the low copy fraction of the genome, which facilitate the development of molecular tools for further study of a target species and its relatives. This study represents a first step in the development of a community resource for further study of plant-insect co-evolution, anti-herbivore defense, floral developmental genetics, reproductive biology, chemical evolution, population genetics, and comparative genomics using milkweeds, and A. syriaca in particular, as ecological and evolutionary models.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}
{"token": "Nonhuman Transferrin Receptor 1 Is an Efficient Cell Entry Receptor for Ocozocoautla de Espinosa Virus. Ocozocoautla de Espinosa virus (OCEV) is a novel, uncultured arenavirus. We found that the OCEV glycoprotein mediates entry into grivet and bat cells through transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) binding but that OCEV glycoprotein precursor (GPC)-pseudotyped retroviruses poorly entered 53 human cancer cell lines. Interestingly, OCEV and Tacaribe virus could use bat, but not human, TfR1. Replacing three human TfR1 amino acids with their bat ortholog counterparts transformed human TfR1 into an efficient OCEV and Tacaribe virus receptor.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Comparison of pollutant runoff in Lake Biwa tributaries, Japan and the Brunette River watershed, Canada. This study is aimed at verifying runoff pollutant loadings from urban areas, Urban runoff has been considered an important source of diffuse pollution especially during storm events. This paper describes the pollutant runoff during storm events, mainly in terms of effects of watershed characteristics. Data collected from Lake Biwa tributaries, Japan, have shown fundamental information to control pollutant runoff into receiving water. Also, data from the Brunette River watershed, Canada, which is a highly urbanized watershed in the Vancouver region, have been used for a comparative analysis. In the results, available information for the environmental management of urban storm water runoff was obtained by comparing the data on pollutant runoff in both watersheds.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Al-Al7Cr eutectic in Al-Cr alloys synthesized by laser alloying. Al-Cr surface alloys prepared by injecting Cr powder into the melt pool generated in an Al substrate by a high-powered CO2 laser beam followed by laser remelting present a microstructure consisting of equiaxed cells comprised of extremely fine Al7Cr particles radially distributed in an alpha-Al matrix. The analysis of this microstructure shows that it originated from solidification. Its morphology is typically eutectic, confirming the existence of the L -> alpha-Al + Al7Cr eutectic reaction predicted by some Al-Cr phase diagram configurations proposed recently. (C) 2010 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 15, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Science and superstition: Hume and conservatism. This article argues that to call Hume a conservative is a shorthand label that is at least insecure and at most a distortion. It is not claimed that the label is fanciful or without justification but the argument does serve to raise questions as to its accuracy once it is subject to further inspection and, consequently, to doubt its aptness or utility in capturing what is a key characteristic of Hume's sociopolitical thought. This argument is constituted as follows. After some preliminary refinement of the topic, part I, in order to establish that the paper is not attacking a 'straw-man', identifies, by using Oakeshott as a benchmark, those aspects of Hume's thought that most securely underwrite attributing the conservative label. Part II constructs an argument to render the conservative label insecure, by drawing attention to the case for Hume as a liberal. Part III outlines the grounds for the further claim that when Hume's commitment to 'science' and his polemics against superstition, and other 'chimerical' practices and principles, are taken on board then the stronger case that the label is a distortion can be judged to have substance.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Absolutely trianalytic tori in the generalized Kummer variety. We prove that a generic complex deformation of a generalised Kummer variety contains no complex analytic tori. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Comparing Horizontal Mergers Under Cournot with Bertrand Competitions. Taking the product substitutability into account, this paper considers the horizontal mergers under Cournot with Bertrand competition. Firstly, the big market size indicates non-intention to merge. Secondly, independent goods indicate indifferences between the quantity competition and price competition. Finally, firms under quantity competition are more willing to merge than under price competition. The antitrust authority is more inclined to approve the merger under quantity competition than that under price competition.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Effect of Thermal Processing on Physico-Chemical and Antioxidant Properties in Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Powder. The mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) is a common edible insect in many countries. However, the impact of thermal processing, especially regarding Thai silkworm powder, is poorly known. We, therefore, determined the optimum time for treatment in hot water and subsequent drying temperatures in the production of silkworm powder. The silkworms exposed to 90 degrees C water for 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min showed values of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPCs), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging (DPPH) assay, 2,2 '-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay that were significantly (p < 0.05) higher at the 5 min exposure time compared with the other times. The reduction of microorganisms based on log CFU/g counts was >= 3 log CFU/g (99%) at the 5 min treatment. To determine the optimum drying temperature, the silkworms exposed to 90 degrees C water for 5 min were subjected to a hot-air dryer at 80, 100, 120, and 140 degrees C. The TPC value was the highest (p < 0.05) at 80 degrees C. The silkworm powder possessed significantly (p < 0.05) higher DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and ferric ion reducing capability (FRAP assay) at 80 degrees C compared with other drying temperatures. This study indicates that shorter exposure times to hot water and a low drying temperature preserve the antioxidant activities. High antioxidant activities (in addition to its known protein and fat content) suggest that silkworms and silkworm powder can make a valuable contribution to human health.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Kinetic Alfve'n wave in the inhomogeneous magnetosphere and general distribution function. Dispersion relation, associated current and growth-rate of the kinetic Alfve'n wave with general loss-cone distribution function in a low fl inhomogeneous plasma in the presence of an inhomogeneous magnetic field have been obtained by investigating the trajectories of the charged particles. The effects of steepness of loss-cone distribution and inhomogeneity of magnetic field are discussed. The treatment of the kinetic Alfve'n wave instability is based on the assumption that the plasma consists of resonant and non-resonant particles. The excitation of the wave is treated by particle aspect analysis and the wave particle energy exchange method. The results are interpreted for the auroral acceleration region of the earths magnetoplasma. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "A stop-loss risk index. An index related with the Dutch premium calculation principle [Insur.: Math. Econ. 11 (1992) 129] and the tail conditional expectation [Math. Finance 9 (1999) 203] is proposed to measure the right-tail insurance risk. The index agrees with pure-tail ordering, is superadditive for comonotonic losses and is compared in examples with Wang's [North American Actuarial Journal 2 (1998) 88] index. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 49, 41, 52]}
{"token": "Systemic interferon type I and type II signatures in primary Sjogren's syndrome reveal differences in biological disease activity. Methods. RT-PCR of multiple IFN-induced genes followed by principal component analysis of whole blood RNA of 50 pSS patients was used to identify indicator genes of systemic IFN-I and IFN-II activities. Systemic IFN activation levels were analysed in two independent European cohorts (n = 86 and 55, respectively) and their relationships with clinical features were analysed.Conclusions. Systemic IFN activation is associated with higher activity only in the ESSDAI biological domain but not in other domains or the total score. Our data raise the possibility that the ESSDAI biological domain score may be a more sensitive endpoint for trials targeting either IFN pathway.Results. Three groups could be stratified according to systemic IFN activity: IFN inactive (19-47%), IFN-I (53-81%) and IFN-I + II (35-55%). No patient had isolated IFN-II activation. IgG levels were highest in patients with IFN-I + II, followed by IFN-I and IFN inactive patients. The prevalence of anti-SSA and anti-SSB was higher among those with IFN activation. There was no difference in total-EULAR SS Disease Activity Index (ESSDAI) or ClinESSDAI between the three subject groups. For individual ESSDAI domains, only the biological domain scores differed between the three groups (higher among the IFN active groups). For patient reported outcomes, there were no differences in EULAR Sjogren's syndrome patient reported index (ESSPRI), fatigue or dryness between groups, but pain scores were lower in the IFN active groups. Systemic IFN-I but not IFN-I + II activity appeared to be relatively stable over time.Objective. To assess the relationships between systemic IFN type I (IFN-I) and II (IFN-II) activity and disease manifestations in primary SS (pSS).", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Mainstreaming rural poor in water resources management: Preliminary lessons of a bottom-up WUA development approach in Central Asia. This paper draws upon experiences in Central Asia with irrigation management transfer arising from a development project currently underway in the Fergana Valley of Central Asia. One of the main features of the project is that it gives much attention to social mobilization in order to bring required water management change and get those at the grassroots duly organized, educated and empowered to truly self-own and manage their community-based organization. The paper, through analysis of users' perception before and after the mobilization, documents the changes in, attitudes and knowledge of, and the performance of water users' associations through, users' perspectives. Though no major breakthroughs have been found so far in the quality of irrigation and drainage services provided, there are clear indications that increased grassroots knowledge and awareness about water and irrigation management through intensive mobilization, regular involvement and exposure of the entire water user community to WUA management, planning and operation matters and decision-making do have a positive bearing on their attitudes, behaviours, capacities and skills, adding considerably to their overall social capital and thus enhancing their chance for a better livelihood. Copyright (c) 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 39]}
{"token": "Institutionalization of Mongolian shamanism: from primitivism to civilization. This article traced the construction of the Mongolian term and concept boo morgol, which denotes 'shamanism', later developed to boogiin shashin meaning 'shamanic religion'. Although the term booe (alternatively boge or boo), referring to spiritual practitioners such as shamans, appears early in the literature from the thirteenth century onward, the combination boo morgol and khara shajin meaning 'black religion' is fairly recent and first appeared in sources from the nineteenth century. Its latest version, boogiin shashin, has an even shorter history dating as recently to 1980s, and has spread rapidly over the last two decades. I argue that 'shamanism' in Mongolia has been constructed in scholarly works mostly by public involvement and shamans themselves. More precisely, academic discourses have played a key role in institutionalizing individual spiritual practitioners in two fields, first by creating a history for 'Mongolian shamanism' and second by creating archetypes for miscellaneous spiritual practices and practitioners. The concept boo morgol have been used in translating and importing the Western construction of 'shamanism' while in the next step of development, boogiin shashin was important in institutionalizing a national religion of shamanism versus world religions. As a result, Mongols have an original religion which has been the main building block in constructing Mongolian 'nomadic civilization'.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Undergraduate nursing students' knowledge of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias care. Purpose: To assess undergraduate nursing students' knowledge of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias care.Background: The increase in the number of people with Alzheimer's disease and Related Dementias (ADRD) will results in an increased need for nurses with up-to-date knowledge of ADRD and who are well-educated in ADRD care. Therefore, it is important to be sure that this topic is covered in the undergraduate nursing curriculum.Method: Cross-sectional study carried out among nursing students at two universities in southern Spain. The University of Jaen (UJA)-Alzheimer's Care scale was used to measure their knowledge.Results: The mean age of the students was 21.39 years, and 83.2% of the 678 students were women. For students, the UJA-Alzheimer's Care scale has a good fit and reliability of 0.99 for the items and 0.74 for the persons, according to the Rasch model. The mean knowledge score of nursing students was 15.33 (SD 3.69) out of 23; (95%CI: 15.06-15.61). The value of the latent variable (theta) was 1.16 (SD 1.21); (95%CI: 1.06-1.25). The factors positively associated with students' knowledge were the number of years in the program, experience in caring for a patient with ADRD during their placements, and the education on ADRD received in the nursing program as self-rated by the students.Conclusion: The UJA-Alzheimer's Care scale is a useful tool for measuring knowledge of ADRD care among nursing students in Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries. Nursing students at the two universities reached moderate scores in the knowledge of ADRD care. More years in the nursing program, practical experience in clinical placements, and higher self-rated level of education on ADRD received during the program were associated with higher scores on knowledge.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Recurrent Strongyloides stercoralis Hyperinfection Syndrome Case Report and a Brief Review. Strongyloides, the intestinal nematode, has worldwide distribution, and hyperinfection syndrome from Strongyloides stercoralis may be fatal. A case report of a cancer patient with recurrent hyperinfection syndrome is presented, followed by a brief update on recent information about this parasitic infection and its management.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Local perceptions in climate change debates: insights from case studies in the Alps and the Andes. The importance of integrating local perspectives into international debates about climate change has received increasing attention. Local perspectives on the impacts of climate change often focus on issues of loss and harm and support the widely recognized need for global responses to climate change as suggested by scientists and international institutions. Here we argue that local perspectives need to be addressed not only from outside communities but also from inside in order to understand people's responses to climate change: their concerns, their understanding of themselves as members of particular groups and their position in the world, their view on responsibilities for causing climate change, and their perceptions of possible responses. The ethnographic work at two study sites, one in Carhuaz, Cordillera Blanca, Peru, and one in Stilfs, South Tyrolean Alps, Italy, identifies dominant perceptions on climate change at each site with a particular focus on glacier retreat. The case studies show that the view on the need for global action as response to climate change is not necessarily shared throughout the world, and thus presents a challenge to global collaboration.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Meta-analysis of pelvic floor muscle training - Randomized controlled trials in incontinent women. Results: The overall mean weighted effect size on incontinent episodes, urine leakage amount, and perceived severity were -0.68 (Z= 5.89, p <.001), -1.48 (Z= 2.64, p =.008), and - 1.66 (Z = 1.68, p =.092), respectively. The studies with women having stress urinary incontinence showed a mean weighted effect size of -0.77 (Z= 7.03, p <.001), whereas studies with women having any type of urinary incontinence showed a mean weighted effect size of -0.47 (Z = 4.40, p <.001). The mean weighted effect size for studies including subjects over 60 years mean age was -0.54 (Z = 6.21, p <.001), whereas that of studies in which the average age was i younger than 60- years was - 0.94 (Z = 6.58, p <.001).Discussion: The treatment effect of PFMT on the incontinent episodes may be greater in younger women with only stress urinary incontinence. It appears that the number of daily contractions and the length of training period are not related to effect sizes on the condition that training includes at least daily 24 contractions and keeps for at least 6 weeks.Methods: The search for relevant literature published from 1980 to 2005 consisted of using several computerized databases, citation searching, and footnote chasing. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, and were reviewed and coded.Objectives: The aims of this meta-analysis were: (a) to calculate the effect size of pelvic floor muscle training compared to no treatment on incontinent episodes, urine leakage amount, and perceived severity of urine loss, and (b) to identify parameters of PFMT and subjects' characteristics influencing the magnitude of the effects.Background. Although many studies have reported the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) for treating female urinary incontinence, the magnitude of the effect and the optimal configuration of the parameters of the training have not been clearly determined.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Drug-drug interactions between triazole antifungal agents used to treat invasive aspergillosis and immunosuppressants metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. Patients undergoing treatment with immunosuppressant drugs following solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are at particular risk for development of serious infections such as invasive aspergillosis. Four triazole antifungal drugs, voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, and isavuconazole, are approved to treat invasive aspergillosis either as first-or second-line therapy. All of these agents are inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4, which plays a key role in metabolizing immunosuppressant drugs such as cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and sirolimus. Thus, co-administration of a triazole antifungal drug with these immunosuppressant drugs can potentially increase plasma concentrations of the immunosuppressant drugs, thereby resulting in toxicity, or upon discontinuation, inadvertently decrease the respective concentrations with increased risk of rejection or graft-versus-host disease. In this article, we review the evidence for the extent of inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 by each of these triazole antifungal drugs and assess their effects on cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and sirolimus. We also consider other factors affecting interactions of these two classes of drugs. Finally, we examine recommendations and strategies to evaluate and address those potential drug-drug interactions in these patients.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Uses and Gratifications of Digital Signage and Relationships with User Interface. This study explores motivational factors related to digital signage (DS) uses and gratification and evaluates the viability of a suggested research model incorporating user interface. We found convenient information, entertainment, and benefits to be motivational factors of DS uses and gratification. These factors influenced the perceived affordance and active control of user interface. Among user interface constructs, affordance affected active control, which in turn influenced user experiences of DS. In addition, this study found that the factor of benefits also directly influenced user experiences. These results reveal important insights to DS researchers as well as to out-of-home advertisers and marketers.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "A method of face recognition based on fuzzy c-means clustering and associated sub-NNs. The face is a complex multidimensional visual model and developing a computational, model for face recognition is difficult. In this paper, we present a method for face recognition based on parallel neural networks. Neural networks (NNs) have been widely used in various fields. However, the computing efficiency decreases rapidly if the scale of the NN increases. In this paper, a new method of face recognition based on fuzzy clustering and parallel NNs is proposed. The face patterns are divided into several small-scale neural networks based on fuzzy clustering and they are combined to obtain the recognition result. In particular, the-proposed method achieved a 98.75% recognition accuracy for 240 patterns of 20 registrants and a 99.58% rejection rate for 240 patterns of 20 nonregistrants. Experimental results show that the performance of our new face-recognition method is better than those of the backpropagation NN (BPNN) system, the hard c-means (HCM) and parallel NNs system, and the pattern-matching system.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 40]}
{"token": "Molecular, structural, and functional comparison of N lobe and C lobe of the transferrin from rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus, with respect to its immune response. The iron-withholding strategy of innate immunity is an effective antimicrobial defense mechanism that combats microbial infection by depriving microorganisms of Fe3+, which is important for their growth and propagation. Transferrins (Tfs) are a group of iron-binding proteins that exert their antimicrobial function through Fe3+ sequestration. The current study describes both structural and functional characteristics of a transferrin ortholog from rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus (RbTf). The RbTf cDNA possesses an open reading frame (ORF) of 2079 bp encoding 693 amino acids. It has a molecular mass of approximately 74 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.4. In silico analysis revealed that RbTf has two conserved domains: N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain. Pairwise homology analysis and phylogenetic analysis revealed that RbTf shared the highest identity (82.6%) with Dicentrarchus labrax If. According to the genomic analysis, RbTf possesses 17 exons and 16 introns, similar to the other orthologs. Here, we cloned the N terminal and C terminal domains of RbTf to evaluate their distinct functional features. Results obtained through the CAS (chrome azurol S) assay confirmed the iron-binding ability of the RbTf, and it was further determined that the iron-binding ability of rRbTfN was higher than that of rRbTfC. The antimicrobial functions of the rRbTfN and the rRbTfC were confirmed via the iron-dependent bacterial growth inhibition assay. Tissue distribution profiling revealed a ubiquitous expression with intense expression in the liver. Temporal assessment revealed that RbTf increased after stimulation of LPS, Edwardsiella tarda, and Streptococcus iniae post injection (p.i.). These findings demonstrated that RbTf is an important antimicrobial protein that can combat bacterial pathogens. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 6, 18, 45, 10]}
{"token": "THE GENESIS OF CARTEL INVESTIGATIONS: SOME INSIGHTS FROM EXAMINING THE DYNAMIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN US CIVIL AND CRIMINAL ANTITRUST INVESTIGATIONS. The U.S. Department of Justice has prosecuted over 1600 criminal antitrust (price-fixing and related) cases since 1970. Yet we know precious little about the true genesis of these investigations. This paper uses the vector-autoregression methodology to examine the dynamic interrelationships between the various criminal and civil antitrust enforcement variables. A key result is that the number of criminal prosecutions increases in the years immediately following an increase in the number of civil cases, suggesting that merger reviews and other civil investigations may alert the antitrust authorities to criminal antitrust activities. To the best of my knowledge, this is the first econometric analysis that demonstrates the quantitative size of this effect and the time lags in the relationship. Other findings include important dynamic interrelationships between grand jury investigations, the number of individuals and corporations prosecuted, and criminal cases, indicating that information unearthed during a given criminal investigation and prosecution often reveals information about other conspiracies leading to future investigations and prosecutions. Finally, the number of criminal cases prosecuted increases following an economic downturn. We relate this increase to the literature, which points to cartel instability during economic downturns.", "label": [3, 5, 49, 29]}
{"token": "Invited Article: The Bright Triad and Five Propositions: Toward a Vygotskian Framework for Deaf Pedagogy and Research. L. S. Vygotsky's contributions to social research shifted paradigms by constructing now-foundational theories of teaching, learning, language, and their educational interactions. This article contextualizes a nearly forgotten, century-old research corpus, The Fundamentals of Defectology. Drawing on Defectology, two dialectic arguments are developed, which synthesize Vygotsky's corpus, then juxtaposed it against contemporary theories and evidence. The first describes three principles of Vygotsky's framework for deaf pedagogy: positive differentiation, creative adaptation, and dynamic development. The second posits five propositions about deaf development: the biosocial proposition, the sensory delimitation-and-consciousness proposition, the adapted tools proposition, the multimodal proposition, and the conflict proposition. By leveraging Vygotsky's optimism in response to the absorbing and difficult challenges of experimental, methodological, and theoretical research about deafness, including the psychology of disability and special methods of pedagogy, both arguments constitute a future-oriented call to action for researchers and pedagogues working in deaf education today.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 53]}
{"token": "VARIATION OF GAUSSIAN CURVATURE UNDER CONFORMAL MAPPING AND ITS APPLICATION. We characterize conformal mapping between two surfaces, S and S*, based on Gaussian curvature before and after motion. An explicit representation of the Gaussian curvature after conformal mapping is presented in terms of Riemann-Christoffel tensor and Ricci tensor and their derivatives. Based on changes in surface curvature, we are able to estimate the stretching of non-rigid motion during conformal mapping via a polynomial approximation.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Drift-reducing nozzle effects on herbicide performance. Herbicide efficacy, coverage, and retention were evaluated for spray applied through Drift Guard, Turbo TeeJet, AI TeeJet, and TurboDrop drift-reducing nozzles compared to a conventional flat-fan nozzle. Percentage spray coverage detected on water-sensitive cards was greater for conventional and Drift Guard nozzles than for Turbo TeeJet, Al TeeJet, and TurboDrop nozzles. Spray without adjuvants was retained better by redroot pigweed for treatments applied with conventional and Drift Guard nozzles than Turbo TeeJet, Al TeeJet. and TurboDrop nozzles. However, spray with adjuvants was retained similarly for all nozzle types when averaged over spray adjuvant and two weed species. The efficiency of spray retention was greater for spray applied in 47 than in 190 L/ha spray volume for all nozzles. Paraquat and glyphosate, representing contact and translocated herbicides, respectively, provided similar grass species control for all nozzle types, regardless of spray volume. Paraquat and glyphosate were also equally or more effective in 47 compared to 190 L/ha spray volume.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Impact of gypsum supersaturated solution on surface properties of silica and sphalerite minerals. In some sulphide mineral flotation operations, the process water contains high concentrations of calcium and sulphate ions that exceed the solubility limit of gypsum. It has been speculated that the gypsum supersaturated process water would lead to precipitation of gypsum which could coat on mineral surfaces by either nucleation or coagulation, resulting in reduced flotation recovery and selectivity. In this study, a laboratory prepared gypsum supersaturated solution is used to represent the gypsum supersaturated process water, the effect of gypsum supersaturated solution on the surface properties of silica and sphalerite minerals was investigated using zeta potential distribution measurements, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Our results show that silica and sphalerite minerals carry identical surface charge (-10 mV of zeta potential) in the gypsum supersaturated solution at pH 10 although they are charged differently in simple electrolyte solution at the same pH. Needle shape gypsum precipitates are found in both silica and sphalerite minerals systems conditioned with gypsum supersaturated solution. The gypsum precipitates do not grow on the minerals surfaces but form in the bulk gypsum supersaturated solution. The heterocoagulation between the examined minerals and gypsum particles is insignificant in the gypsum supersaturated solution. It is the high calcium concentration in the gypsum supersaturated solution that has significant effect on the surface properties of silica and sphalerite minerals. The zeta potentials of silica and sphalerite in a 800 ppm calcium solution (similar to the calcium concentration in the gypsum supersaturated solution) are similar to those measured in the gypsum supersaturated solutions. Both silica and sphalerite minerals surfaces are indiscriminately coated with calcium. The surface coating of calcium results in the identical surfaces between silica and sphalerite minerals, and ultimately causes problems for the flotation separation of silica and sphalerite. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 13, 39]}
{"token": "Characterization of a pituitary GnRH-receptor from a perciform fish, Morone saxatilis: functional expression in a fish cell line. Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) bind to the specific receptor present on the gonadotrophs to activate the synthesis and release of gonadotropins (follicle stimulating hormone or FSH and luteinizing hormone or LH), which in turn control gonadal maturation, gametogenesis and gamete release. Perciform species have three endogenous GnRHs. The main objective of this study was to characterize the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) present in the pituitary of a perciform species, striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and demonstrate how it interacts with its potential ligand. In this study, a cDNA for GnRH-R from the pituitaries of striped bass was cloned. The cloned cDNA has an open reading Frame (ORF) that codes for a 419 amino acids peptide. Like other G-protein coupled receptors including the non-mammalian GnRH-Rs, the peptide has seven putative transmembrane domains and a C-terminal tail. Comparative analysis of the amino acid sequence of striped bass (stb) GnRH-R shows 38-87% similarity with the known GnRH-Rs. A Northern blot analysis revealed a single GnRH-R transcript in the pituitary; however, its expression in various extrapituitary tissues was demonstrated by a reverse-transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Functionally, upon induction by endogenous forms of GnRHs (seabream, chicken II and salmon GnRHs) and a mammalian GnRH-agonist, the recombinant stbGnRH-R mediated a reporter gene (luciferase) activity in a fish cell line (CHSE-214). A real-time relative quantitation method established that significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of stbGnRH-R mRNA were present in the pituitaries of striped bass with advanced stages of ovarian development, compared to the pituitaries of fish with less developed ovaries. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 22, 42]}
{"token": "Immuno-reactive proteins from Mycobacterium immunogenum useful for serodiagnosis of metalworking fluid hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Metalworking fluid-associated hypersensitivity pneumonitis (MWF-HP) is a pulmonary disease caused by inhaling microorganisms present in the metalworking fluids used in the industrial sector. Mycobacterium immunogenum is the main etiological agent. Among the clinical, radiological and biological tools used for diagnosis, serological tests are important. The aim of this study was to identify immunogenic proteins in M. immunogenum and to use recombinant antigens for serological diagnosis of MWF-HP. Immunogenic proteins were detected by two-dimensional Western blot and candidate proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Recombinant antigens were expressed in Escherichia coli and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the sera of 14 subjects with MWF-HP and 12 asymptomatic controls exposed to M. immunogenum. From the 350 spots visualized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with M. immunogenum extract, 6 immunogenic proteins were selected to be expressed as recombinant antigens. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase antigen allowed for the best discrimination of MWF-HP cases against controls with an area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve of 0.930 (95% CI=0.820-1), a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 83% for the optimum threshold. Other recombinant antigens correspond to acyl-CoA dehydrogenase FadE, cytosol aminopeptidase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, serine hydroxymethyltransferase and superoxide dismutase. This is the first time that recombinant antigens have been used for the serodiagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The availability of recombinant antigens makes it possible to develop standardized serological tests which in turn could simplify diagnosis, thus making it less invasive. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 43, 21]}
{"token": "Management of Multiple Skeletal Tuberculosis Wounds Complicated With Multiple Deep Sinus Tracts A Case Report. BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading infectious disease worldwide. It rarely occurs in the scapula and toe joints and is easily misdiagnosed. Without prompt treatment, the associated lesions can spread to surrounding soft tissues such as joint capsules, muscles, tendons, and fascia. In severe cases, the bones and articular surfaces can become significantly damaged; it is not uncommon for deep skeletal TB wounds with sinus tracts to form, which are very difficult to treat. We report our successful wound care management approach for one patient with multiple skeletal TB complicated with multiple deep sinus tracts. CASE: The patient was treated with anti-TB medications, and wound and bone debridement (sharps, surgical) combined with vacuum-shielded drainage (VSD) (Kula, CG Bio Co Ltd, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) to fill the sinus tract. We removed the caseous (cheese-like) necrotic tissue, purulent drainage, and necrotic tissue at the base of the wound to ensure optimal wound care. Throughout the course of treatment, we selected different types of dressings to maintain moist wound healing and absorb excessive drainage. After 144 days of treatment, the wound and deep sinus tracts completely healed. CONCLUSIONS: Wounds related to skeletal TB with multiple sinus tracts are difficult to manage and heal. We found our wound protocol that included timely debridement and use of VSD was effective for the management of these complex wounds. Specifically, our approach filled the dead space in the sinus tract, removed excessive drainage, promoted the growth of granulation tissue, and overall promoted tissue healing.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Exploring genotype-phenotype relationships of the CRABP2 gene on growth traits in beef cattle. Cellular retinoic acid binding protein 2 (CRABP2) is essential to myoblast differentiation. However, there was no report about the function of CRABP2 gene in cattle. This study explored the association of CRABP2 gene polymorphisms with growth traits in cattle breeds by several methods, such as DNA sequencing, PCR, PCR-RFLP and forced PCR-RFLP. Two sequence variants were determined. There were 621 individuals in six cattle breeds from China for the experiment, and three breeds were used to test validation of polymorphisms and extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD). The results showed that both SNPs (SNP1, g.2458 G > T, SNP2, g.3878 G > A) were in intron1. Two SNPs were in low linkage disequilibrium. Association analysis suggested that SNP1 had the significant difference on growth traits with body height, height at hip cross and body slanting length (P < .05), while SNP2 showed a significant difference in growth traits with body height, height at hip cross and body slanting length(P < .05). The results of this investigation displayed that the CRABP2 gene is an available candidate gene and may be used for breed selection and conservation.", "label": [0, 2, 6, 19]}
{"token": "Study on the combustion behavior and soot formation of single coal particle using hyperspectral imaging technique. This paper proposes a hyperspectral imaging technique for capturing radiative images at a high temporal- spatial resolution, for the purpose of spectrally visualizing the instantaneous combustion behaviors of single coal particles. We initially use a hyperspectral imaging device to record the combustion processes of two types of single pulverized coal particles on a McKenna flat-flame burner. From the snapshot images captured by the device, we observe the combustion processes, ignition characteristics, flame morphologies, and sizes of the two single coal particles. The observations indicate that the two single coal particles undergo volatile release/combustion and char ignition/oxidation during the luminous combustion process; moreover, both particles exhibit homogeneous ignition characteristics under the experimental conditions. Furthermore, based on the spectral radiative intensity images obtained via the device, the soot temperature and volume fraction images of the two single coal particles in the envelope flame are obtained at different burning times. Thereafter, the influences of the combustion behaviors and soot formation mechanisms on the distribution rules of the soot temperature and concentration at different combustion periods are discussed. Finally, the temperature and apparent spectral emissivity values of the two single char particles during the char oxidation process are also calculated to analyze their combustion behaviors. The results show that the temperature changes within a relatively narrow range with respect to the burning time during the oxidation stage, whereas the spectral emissivity continues to increase with the oxidation of chars and subsequently decreases. (c) 2021 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Turtle bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery off southern Africa. Capture by pelagic longline fisheries has been identified as a key threat to turtle populations. This study is the first assessment of turtle bycatch in the South African pelagic longline fishery for tunas Thunnus spp. and swordfish Xiphias gladius. A total of 181 turtles was caught on observed sets between 1998 and 2005, at a rate of 0.04 per 1 000 hooks (0-15.5 per 1 000 hooks, SD = 1.28). Loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta comprised 60.0% of the total turtle capture and were caught at rate of 0.02 per 1 000 hooks. The second most commonly caught species was the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea (33.8%), which were caught at rate of 0.01 per 1 000 hooks. Five hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata were caught at a rate of 0.001 per 1 000 hooks and three green turtles Chelonia mydas at a rate of 0.001 per 1 000 hooks. Catches were clustered, with 70% of turtles caught on 1% of sets. Apart from one set on the Agulhas Bank, on the southern coast of South Africa, all sets that caught three or more turtles were on the Walvis Ridge and on the shelf edge north of the Orange River (25 degrees-31 degrees S and 0 degrees-15 degrees E). Most of the variance in turtle bycatch was accounted for by 'vessel'. Five vessels (of a total of 50) caught 65% of turtles, at a rate of 0.4 per 1 000 hooks. The target species (swordfish or tunas) was the second most important explanatory variable; 89.5% of turtles were caught by swordfish-directed vessels at a rate of 0.15 per 1 000 hooks. Season was the third most important explanatory variable, with more turtles caught between January and June (0.13 per 1 000 per hooks) than in the remainder of the year (0.03 per 1 000 hooks), although leatherback turtles tended to be caught throughout the year. Extrapolations based on stratification by 5 degrees grid cell, by season and by target species estimated that a total of 190 turtles was caught per year (approximately 100 loggerheads and 50 leatherbacks). Using three different techniques, the extrapolations varied between 190 and 560 turtles per year. However, if the proposed increase in fishing effort to 50 rights-holders is effected, turtle bycatch is likely to increase to about 770 turtles per year. Leatherback turtles caught by the South African pelagic longline fisheries are likely to be from the local nesting population. That population has been protected at its nesting beaches but has not recovered as expected. The overlap of turtle tracks and fishing effort suggests that the longline fishery could be partially responsible for the slow recovery.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Integrated stable isotopic and radiocarbon analyses of Neolithic and bronze age hunter-gatherers from the Little Sea and Upper Lena micro- regions, Cis-Baikal, Siberia. The Lake Baikal region of southern Siberia has a rich mortuary record that has provided the most comprehensive isotopic database for palaeodietary studies of north-temperate hunter-gatherers in the world, permitting more detailed reconstructions and finer-grained research questions than are usually possible. Building on previous work, this study contributes new delta C-13, delta N-15, and AMS radiocarbon dating results from the cemeteries of Verkholensk (n = 44) in the Upper Lena River micro-region and Ulan-Khada (n = 19) in the Little Sea micro-region. Our results reveal that the Late Neolithic (LN, 5570-4600 cal BP) individuals at Verkholensk exhibit higher delta N-15 values than in the Early Bronze Age (EBA, 4600-3700 cal BP), suggesting a shift to a more terrestrial diet, possibly in response to climate-induced environmental changes. In addition, EBA individuals at Verkholensk differ in both delta C-13 and delta N-15 from those at the nearby site of Obkhoi, suggesting territorial divisions at a surprisingly small scale, although there is a diachronic component that needs to be considered, highlighting the need for additional work on freshwater reservoir corrections for the Upper Lena micro-region. The Ulan-Khada EBA results are consistent with the 'Game-Fish' and 'Game-Fish-Seal' dietary patterns previously identified in the Little Sea micro-region. The now substantial Little Sea micro-region EBA dataset--allows for more subtle differences in diet to be identified, namely that EBA females with Game-Fish-Seal diets for the whole of the Little Sea sample display significantly lower mean delta C-13 values than their male counterparts, providing some of the first evidence for sex-based dietary distinctions in Lake Baikal.A small number of delta C-13 and/or delta N-15 outliers were identified at both Verkholensk and Ulan-Khada that may support previous suggestions of individual mobility between the Upper Lena and Little Sea micro-regions. Exploratory use of delta O-18 isotopes in bone collagen offers a novel line of support for this scenario, confirming a number of independently identified outliers.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "ANGER, FAITH AND BEWILDERED FRAGMENTS OF SELF: THE SHAPING OF ETHOS IN AN ARGENTINEAN TRANSLATION OF SARAH KANE?S 4.48 PSYCHOSIS. 4.48 Psychosis1 is British playwright Sarah Kane's final play. Its opening took place at the Royal Court Theatre Upstairs in London in June 2000, only a few months after Kane's suicide. The initial reception of the play was surrounded by controversy in the United Kingdom, with some reviewers and critics interpreting the theatrical text as primarily autobiographical. Informed by a socio-discursive perspective, which specifically looks at the construction of ethos, this paper aims at contributing to the study of subjectivity in translated drama. Focusing on Rafael Spregelburd's Argentinean Spanish translation of 4.48 Psychosis, published by Losada in 2006, we explore the shaping of subjectivity in the translated dramatic text highlighting the way in which the persona of the translator builds within and beyond the translated text. While Spregelburd's translation uses dramatic strategies and techniques that successfully foster the image or ethos of a rupturist playwright, it still stresses the autobiographical character often attributed to the text. This is particularly evident in the female gender construction of the main voice in the play, which is ambiguous in the source text. Assessed within the framework of Spregelburd's whole production, our analysis also explores the construction of the translator's persona and positioning in the target dramatic text and system.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Safe Introduction of Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery Even in Remote Areas of the World: The Value of a Comprehensive Telementoring Training Program. Background: Advanced laparoscopic surgery training courses equipped with state-of-the-art lab facilities allow the acquisition of surgical skills in a harmless environment for the patients. In addition, active participation in intensive clinical mini-fellowship programs helps in acquiring clinical competence for the novice surgeons to properly manage patients affected by colorectal diseases. Despite this, inexperienced surgeons still need supervision during their first cases, especially to perform more complex laparoscopic procedures; however, availability of experts is particularly critical in remote areas of the globe. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of a comprehensive theoretical and hands-on training program that included long-distance telementoring to assist inexperienced surgeons in performing laparoscopic colonic resections.Materials and Methods: One surgeon with no previous experience in laparoscopic colonic resection participated in an intensive training program that incorporated a theoretical master class and practical modules in the lab, including telementored sessions in experimental settings. A 4-week intensive clinical mini-fellowship was also part of the training program.Conclusions: A comprehensive theoretical and practical mini-fellowship training program associated with initial telementoring assistance can help to safely start to perform advanced laparoscopic procedures, even in remote areas of the globe.Results: After completion of the extended training program, two laparoscopic colorectal resections for colon cancer were successfully performed in a remote area of Russia with telementoring assistance from Italy. A highly integrated operative room and standard secured network system were used to connect the expert and the novice surgeon. After this preliminary experience, the remote learner successfully operated on 25 more patients without any further need for remote expert assistance.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Distribution of diagenetic alterations in siliciclastic shoreface deposits within a sequence stratigraphic framework: Evidence from the Upper Jurassic, Boulonnais, NW France. The distribution of diagenetic alterations in Upper Jurassic, siliciclastic shoreface sediments from NW France has been linked to the sequence stratigraphic framework. Calcite cement in mudrocks and sandstones of the transgressive (TST) and lower part of the highstand (HST) systems tracts is microcrystalline and occurs as continuously cemented layers and stratabound concretions. The average delta O-18(V-PDB) (-2.6%omicron) and Sr-87/Sr-86 (0.7078) compositions of microcrystalline calcite indicate precipitation from largely marine pore waters.Calcite cement in sandstones of the forced regressive wedge (FRWST) and lowstand (LST) systems tracts is poikilotopic and occurs mainly as stratabound concretions. Complete dissolution of the carbonate grains and concomitant precipitation of poikilotopic calcite cement with low average delta O-18 (-5.3%omicron) and radiogenie Sr-isotope (0.70882) signatures suggest incursion of meteoric waters into sandstones during relative sea-level lowstand. The poorly lithified sandstones interbedded with sandstones cemented by poikilotopic calcite concretions display evidence of diagenesis under episodes of and to semiarid paleoclimate, including: (i) partial cementation by opal, chalcedony, gypsum, and minor vadose calcite cement, (ii) mechanically infiltrated clays and Fe-oxides, and (iii) secondary porosity owing to partial dissolution of carbonate grains. The integration of diagenesis into sequence stratigraphy allows better elucidation and prediction of the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations and related reservoir-quality modifications in shoreface sediments.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "The performance of an in-house loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples in comparison with Xpert MTB/RIF, microscopy and culture. Simple, low-cost and effective diagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB) are needed especially in TB-high burden settings. The present study evaluated the performance of an in-house loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for diagnosing TB by comparing it to Xpert MTB/RIF, microscopy and culture. In Thailand, a total of 204 excess sputum samples volume after the processing of cultures were used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) detection by Xpert MTB/RIF and LAMP. Based on culture results as the gold standard, the overall sensitivity of LAMP and Xpert MTB/RIF were 82.1% (126/153; 95% confidential interval [CI]: 75.4-88.98%) and 86.9 % (133/153; 95% CI: 80.5-90.8%) respectively, and the specificity of both tests was 100% (51/51; 95% CI: 93.0-100.0%). In comparison with Xpert MTB/RIF, the sensitivity and specificity of LAMP were 94.7% (126/133; 95% CI: 89.5-97.9%), and 100.0% (73/73; 95% CI: 94.9-100.0%), respectively. The average threshold cycle (Ct) of Xpert MTB/RIF detection for positive and negative LAMP results was statistically different, of 18.4 and 27.0, respectively (p < 0.05). In comparison with the acid-fast staining technique, and analyzing LAMP and Xpert MTB/RIF in smear-negative/ culture-positive specimens, there was an increase of the detection rate by 47.7% (21/44) and 54.6% (24/44). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of LAMP appeared to be comparable to those of Xpert MTB/RIF. We claim that this LAMP has potential to provide a sensitive diagnostic test for the rapid TB diagnosis. It allowed a fast detection of MTB before the cultures and it could be used in resource-limited laboratory settings.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "In memoriam. The work of Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009). Human unity and cultural diversity. One of the main subjects in the work of Claude Levi-Strauss, the recently deceased French anthropologist, is the relationship between human unity and cultural diversity. Both in his theoretical works and in his public presentations, Levi-Strauss adopted a particular form of cultural relativism. In this article, an overview of what this position owes to the basic assumptions of structuralism is provided. Also, a thinking on Levi-Strauss different notions regarding human unity is given, together with a criticism of the structuralist relativism and a defence of the universalism of the social field.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Abundance and prevalence of Aphidius avenae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in Chile. During the samplings described here, Aphidius avenae (=picipes) (Haliday, 1834) was collected. This species has been reported in Chile but has never been studied in terms of its relative abundance and prevalence in central and southern Chile by using classical or molecular methods. The composition of the parasitoid assemblages on several cereal aphid hosts was examined for three seasons in agricultural landscapes. In this note, we describe the prevalence of this parasitoid species in cereal aphids and other aphid hosts and discuss the abundance of this parasitoid compared to other aphid parasitoids and the probable origins of this important aphid parasitoid species in Chile. The results indicate that A. avenae has a low prevalence compared to other main parasitoids such as Aphidius ervi (Haliday) and that it has been found parasitizing the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)) and the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)) in wheat and the foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach)) in tomato. Although the introduction of A. avenae in Chile as a biological agent in 1992 was not successful, we here confirm the presence of this aphid parasitoid wasp in Chile and discuss the factors that could explain the low prevalence of this parasitoid species in the country.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Beta-HPV types in patients with head and neck pathology and in healthy subjects. Results: Overall, 54.8% of all tested samples contained at least one beta-PV type. Even though the correlation between types found in lavage and tissue specimens from cancer patients was low, there was a large statistically significant difference between oropharyngeal cancer patients and matched controls for HPV5 (P = 0.003; OR=15.58) and between both oral (P = 0.026; OR= 5.7) and oropharyngeal cancer patients (P=0.002; OR=25.5) and controls for HPV122. In addition, there was no correlation between the prevalence of alpha and beta-PVs in the study patients.Conclusion: The study provides new data on the prevalence of beta-PVs in HNC. HPV5 was found significantly associated with HNC as already observed by other studies. Additionally, the significant association of HPV122 with HNC might warrant further study as this type has not been extensively studied so far. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Background: Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a heterogeneous group of viruses classified into five genera. The beta-HPV type (beta-PV) infection is very common but mostly asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals. However, beta-PVs play a role in Epidermodysplasia verruciformis and possibly in non-melanoma skin cancer. Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a common cancer type worldwide and high-risk alpha-PV involvement in HNC has been extensively studied but beta-PV types have rarely been the focus of such studies.Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of beta-PV types in HNC, subjects with non-malignant or potentially pre-malignant oral lesions, and healthy controls.Study design: The frequency of different beta-PVs in samples from oral (n = 35) and oropharyngeal (n = 35) cancer patients, gender-and age-matched healthy controls (n = 70), and subjects with various non-malignant or potentially pre-malignant oral lesions (n = 102) was assessed by a highly sensitive, bead-based, multiplex genotyping assay.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Understanding risk and regulatory reform. There are few areas in regulation likely to cause more controversy than where risk, science and politics collide. While the case of Thalidomide shows that it is by no means an exclusively recent concern, David Vogel's work confirms that it is an enduring theme of contemporary debate. Vogel has maintained that, while the American regulatory regime of the 1960s and 1970s may have been intensely contested, its European counterpart now displays significant similarities, so that the Tortoise has now caught up with the Hare. This article challenges such a view, suggesting that he has overstated the role of Precaution in European regulation, where it is qualified by other regulatory principles (BATNEEC, Proportionality and Subsidiarity) that embrace other socially valued objectives: economic growth, technological innovation and employment. Moreover, while the rhetoric of European regulation may evoke a concern with the role of science in regulation (often at the cutting edge, where precaution demands the evidentiary bar to intervention is lowered) in practise, its role (through risk assessments) has ensured that it is elevated.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Tremor, Seizures and Psychosis as Presenting Symptoms in a Patient with Chronic Lyme Neuroborreliosis (Lnb). Lyme borreliosis is a multisystem disorder caused by Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). Neurological symptoms such as lymphocytic meningoradiculoneuritis (Bannwart's syndrome), cranial neuritis (II,III,IV,V,VI), encephalitis, transverse myelitis are found in about 10% of cases during the second phase of the disease. In the chronic stage, many months or years after the initial infection, other neurologic complications may occur, such as encephalomyelitis, epileptic crises, cognitive impairment, peripheral neuropathy and psychiatric disturbances such as depression, anxiety, panick attacks, catatonia, psychosis etc. Some patient continue to experience symptoms of fatigue, insomnia or psychiatric disorder in the post borrelic syndrome. We describe here a patient with a triad of unusual symptoms in chronic LNB including tremor, seizures and psychosis. Standardized medical interview, neurologic examination, neuroimaging, serum. and CSF serology as well as EEG and EMNG evaluation were performed. The patient was treated with intravenous ceftriaxone and doxy-cycline and responded with rapid clinical and functional improvement. Newertheless, he suffered from multiple systemic and neurologic sequelas that influenced his daily activities in post treatment period. Emphasis is placed on the atypical onset and evolution, the difficulties encountered in formulating diagnosis, early treatment and the uncertainties concerning the sequelae after treatment. In patients with non-specific long lasting symptoms in the absence of overt clinical signs suggesting CNS involvement, routine treatment with i.v. ceftriaxone is not to be encouraged.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Fansubbing anime: Insights into the 'butterfly effect' of globalisation on audiovisual translation. This article revolves around fansubbing, a subtitling-based mediation phenomenon whose emergence and consolidation in recent years has gone hand in hand with the globalisation of Japanese animated cinema. The paper begins with an overview of W the origins and rationale for the popularity of anime in Japan and beyond, (ii) the first attempts to localise anime into other languages; and (iii) the contribution of fansubbing to the expansion of anime fandom worldwide. The article then proceeds to delve into the organisation of the fansubbing process and outline its most distinctive practices. The final section appraises the potential for propagation of fansubbing practices within a fast-changing cultural landscape, drawing on the theoretical models that media sociology has developed to account for similar developments in the audiovisual marketplace.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "High electric current density-induced interfacial reactions in micro ball grid array (mu BGA) solder joints. The effect of a high electric current density on the interfacial reactions of micro ball grid array solder joints was studied at room temperature and at 150 degrees C. Four types of phenomena were reported. Along with electromigration-induced interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) formation, dissolution at the Cu under bump metallization (UBM)/bond pad was also noticed. With a detailed investigation, it was found that the narrow and thin metallization at the component side produced '' Joule heating '' due to its higher resistance, which in turn was responsible for the rapid dissolution of the Cu UBM/bond pad near to the Cu trace. During an \\\\'electromigration test\\\\' of a solder joint, the heat generation due to Joule heating and the heat dissipation from the package should be considered carefully. When the heat dissipation fails to compete with the Joule heating, the solder joint melts and molten solder accelerates the interfacial reactions in the solder joint. The presence of a liquid phase was demonstrated from microstructural evidence of solder joints after different current stressing (ranging from 0.3 to 2 A) as well as an in situ observation. Electromigration-induced liquid state diffusion of Cu was found to be responsible for the higher growth rate of the IMC on the anode side. (c) 2005 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "The Counter-Reformation That Failed? A Commentary on the Mixed Legacy of Supported Housing. The articles in this special section rejoin a conversation about the terms and conditions of social participation that was suspended some time ago. While welcoming the move, this commentary raises some questions about the vehicle. The formidable achievements of supported housing notwithstanding, it still functions as an abeyance mechanism ensuring its occupants a kind of sheltered livelihood. Arguably, then, the larger social questions gathered under the encompassing terms of social inclusion and citizenship will not be fully addressed, and may be occluded, either by declaring supported housing a forward operating base of recovery or by rewriting its original remit as an undeclared experiment in reintegration. To extend its promise will mean first confronting the purposes served by supported housing, by design or default, in its present configuration. (Psychiatric Services 63:461-463, 2012; doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201100379)", "label": [2, 22, 23, 24]}
{"token": "The Significance of System Approach in Study of Public Bodies Liability. Currently, the choice of the proper approach to the methodology of legal research is one of the main conditions for achieving truth in the scholar knowledge of state law phenomena. The use of the systematic method in the framework of research provides new opportunities for the disclosure of its essence, content and advantages, including in the questions of studying the responsibility of public authorities. The purpose of this article is to understand the feasibility of using the system method in studying the legal responsibility of public bodies. The authors suggest the ways of improving the system of responsibility of the bodies and specific recommendations for changing the current legislation. The methods used in the article include general scholar (dialectical, logical, systemic) and special legal (comparative, formal, legal modeling, etc.). As a result of the analysis, the authors formulated the concept of the system of legal responsibility of public bodiies, which is considered as a group of legal norms that have the quality of ordering, which ensures a relative independence and unity of this set, which is expressed in the conscious observance and implementation of legal norms by public bodies, and, in case of violation, the need to undergo adverse effects in the form of deprivations. A number of functions of the responsibility system with their brief description were highlighted in the paper. In addition, the article establishes specific elements of the system of legal responsibility of public authorities. The analysis of sources allowed developing the structure of the system of legal responsibility of public bodies, which includes the following elements: the subject of responsibility, the basis of responsibility, liability measures, the procedure for bringing to justice. A brief analysis of each element of the system with its signs is given. The article provides specific examples of the absence of individual structural elements of the aforementioned system at the legislative level and describes the issues arising in this connection. The authors come to the conclusion that a systematic approach should be used as the basis for the methodology of researching the legal responsibility of public authorities, which will reveal new ways of developing the institution of responsibility in relation to authorities.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Utility of multitemporal lidar for forest and carbon monitoring: Tree growth, biomass dynamics, and carbon flux. Lidar transforms how we map ecosystems, but its prospect for measuring ecosystem dynamics is limited by practical factors, such as variation in lidar acquisition and lack of ground data. To address practical use of multitemporal lidar for forest and carbon monitoring, we conducted airborne lidar surveys four times from 2002 to 2012 over a region in Scotland, and combined the repeat lidar data with field inventories to map tree growth, biomass dynamics, and carbon change. Our analyses emphasized both individual tree detection and area-based, grid-level approaches. Lidar-detected heights of individual trees correlated well with field values, but with noticeable underestimation biases (r = 0.94, bias = 1.5 m, n = 598) due to the increased probability of missing treetops as pulse density decreases. If not corrected for such biases, lidar provided unrealistic or wrong estimates of tree growth unless laser sampling rates were high enough (e.g., > 7 points/m(2)). Upon correction, lidar could detect sub-annual tree growth (p-value < 0.05). At grid levels, forest biomass density was reliably estimated from area-based lidar metrics by both Random Forests (RF) and a linear functional model (r > 0.86, RMSEcv < 21 Mg/ha), irrespective of laser sampling rates. But RF constantly overfit the data, often with poorer predictions. The better generality of the linear model was further confirmed by its transferability fitted for one year but applicable to other years a strength not possessed by RF but desired to alleviate the reliance on ground biomass data for model calibration. Resultant lidar maps of forest structure captured canopy dynamics and carbon flux at fine scales, consistent with growth histories and known disturbances. The entire 20-km(2) study area sequestered carbon at a rate of 0.59 0.4 Mg C/ha/year. Overall, our study describes robust techniques well suited for multitemporal lidar analysis and affirms the utility and potential of repeat lidar data for resource monitoring and carbon management; however, the full potential cannot be attained without the support of accompanying field surveys or modeling efforts in enhancing stakeholders' trustworthiness of lidar-based inference.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Comparative study of clozapine versus risperidone in treatment-naive, first-episode schizophrenia: A pilot study. Interpretation & conclusions: The findings of this preliminary study showed clozapine as a better choice than risperidone in terms of efficacy, tolerability and better quality of life in treatment-naive, first-episode schizophrenia. However, further studies need to be done on a larger group of patients to confirm the findings.Background & objectives: Clozapine may be more useful in treatment-naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia for better symptoms control and improving quality of life. The current study was carried out to compare the efficacy and tolerability of clozapine versus risperidone in treatment-naive, first-episode patients of schizophrenia.Methods: This was a comparative, open-label, six months prospective study of treatment-naive, first-episode patients with schizophrenia between the age group of 18 and 40 yr diagnosed as per the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) criteria. A total of 63 patients were recruited and randomly assigned to clozapine group or risperidone group using computer-generated random number tables. Eight patients were lost to follow up. The dosages of the respective drugs were kept in therapeutic range of 200-600 mg/day and 4-8 mg/day orally for clozapine and risperidone, respectively.Results: On general psychopathology score, after six months of intervention, clozapine led to 60.32 per cent mean reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for Schizophrenia total score while risperidone led to 56.35 per cent mean reduction in PANSS total score, which meant more improvement with clozapine. Clozapine group was found to have significant improvement in quality of life (P = 0.04339). On Glasgow Antipsychotic Side-effect Scale, clozapine was superior to risperidone. The most common side effects observed in clozapine group were oversedation (78.96%) and dizziness (55.23%), and in risperidone group, common side effects were rigidity (62.36%), sedation (38.69%), tremors (65.69%) and menstrual irregularities in 80.25 per cent of female patients.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Influence of exurban development on bird species richness and diversity. Exurban development is an accelerating land use trend in the United States with new housing units emerging in formerly closed forests. Conservation practitioners and planners suspect exurban development alters ecological processes and biodiversity to a considerable larger extent than suspected by inhabitants of exurban development areas, but empirical support for this assertion is lacking. To examine the consequences of exurban development, we studied forest bird communities in exurban development and forests located in and around Shenandoah National Park and Massanutten Mountain in northern Virginia, USA. We conducted point-count surveys for birds three times at 106 sample locations from April to July 2006. We recorded 44 species in total; 30 species were present in both exurban development and forests, 9 species were only found in exurban development, and 5 species only in forest. Bird species composition differed significantly between land-use types based on analysis in a multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP; P < 0.01). Relative bird abundance for forest specialist species changed significantly in exurban development versus forest (t test, P < 0.05). Three species, American Robin Turdus migratorius, Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis, and Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula were indicators of exurban development. Indicators of forest were Carolina Chickadee Poecile carolinensis, Eastern Towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus, and Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina. Our study demonstrates that exurban development alters bird community composition and relative abundance of forest specialist species.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Low-frequency terrestrial gravitational-wave detectors. Direct detection of gravitational radiation in the audio band is being pursued with a network of kilometer-scale interferometers (LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA). Several space missions (LISA, DECIGO, BBO) have been proposed to search for sub-hertz radiation from massive astrophysical sources. Here we examine the potential sensitivity of three ground-based detector concepts aimed at radiation in the 0.1-10 Hz band. We describe the plethora of potential astrophysical sources in this band and make estimates for their event rates and thereby, the sensitivity requirements for these detectors. The scientific payoff from measuring astrophysical gravitational waves in this frequency band is great. Although we find no fundamental limits to the detector sensitivity in this band, the remaining technical limits will be extremely challenging to overcome.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Regulation of Hepatitis C Virus Infection by Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Proteins through the Modulation of Lipid Droplet Abundance. Retinoid (vitamin A) is an essential diet constituent that governs a broad range of biological processes. Its biologically active metabolite, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), exhibits a potent antiviral property by enhancing both innate and adaptive antiviral immunity against a variety of viral pathogens, such as, but not limited to, HIV, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and measles. Even though the hepatocyte is highly enriched with retinoid and its metabolite ATRA, it supports the establishment of efficient hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Here, we demonstrate the hepatocyte-specific cell-intrinsic mechanism by which ATRA exerts either a proviral or antiviral effect, depending on how it engages cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABPs). We found that the engagement of CRABP1 by ATRA potently supported viral infection by promoting the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs), which robustly enhanced the formation of a replication complex on the LD-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. In contrast, ATRA binding to CRABP2 potently inhibited HCV via suppression of LD accumulation. However, this antiviral effect of CRABP2 was abrogated due to the functional and quantitative predominance of CRABP1 in the hepatocytes. In summary, our study demonstrates that CRABPs serve as an on-off switch that modulates the efficiency of the HCV life cycle and elucidates how HCV evades the antiviral properties of ATRA via the exploitation of CRABP1 functionality.IMPORTANCE ATRA, a biologically active metabolite of vitamin A, exerts pleiotropic biological effects, including the activation of both innate and adaptive immunity, thereby serving as a potent antimicrobial compound against numerous viral pathogens. Despite the enrichment of hepatocytes with vitamin A, HCV still establishes an efficient viral life cycle. Here, we discovered that the hepatocellular response to ATRA creates either a proviral or an antiviral environment depending on its engagement with CRABP1 or -2, respectively. CRABP1 supports the robust replication of HCV, while CRABP2 potently inhibits the efficiency of viral replication. Our biochemical, genetic, and microscopic analyses reveal that the pro- and antiviral effects of CRABPs are mediated by modulation of LD abundance, where HCV establishes the platform for viral replication and assembly on the LD-associated ER membrane. This study uncovered a cell-intrinsic mechanism by which HCV exploits the proviral function of CRABP1 to establish an efficient viral life cycle.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Using CT to localize side and level of vocal cord paralysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectively identified 40 patients who had clinically diagnosed vocal cord paralysis and had undergone CT. Eight imaging signs of vocal cord paralysis were assessed, and an imaging distinction between a central or peripheral vagal neuropathy was made by evaluating asymmetric dilatation of the oropharynx with thinning of the constrictor muscles. In two patients, we studied the use of reformatted coronal images from a multidetector CT scanner.OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to assess the relative accuracy of imaging findings related to peripheral recurrent nerve paralysis on axial CT studies of the neck. Also assessed were imaging findings of a central vagal neuropathy.RESULTS. For unilateral vocal cord paralysis, the most sensitive imaging findings were ipsilateral pyriform sinus dilatation, medial positioning and thickening of the ipsilateral aryepiglottic fold, and ipsilateral laryngeal ventricle dilatation. In two patients, coronal reformatted images aided the diagnosis by better showing flattening of the subglottic arch. Imaging findings allowed localization of a central vagal neuropathy in four patients.CONCLUSION. Three reliable imaging findings associated with vocal cord paralysis were identified on routine axial CT studies: ipsilateral pyriform sinus dilatation, medial positioning and thickening of the ipsilateral aryepiglottic fold, and ipsilateral laryngeal ventricle dilatation. Coronal reformatted images of the larynx may be helpful, but they are not necessary in 95% of patients. Ipsilateral pharyngeal constrictor muscle atrophy is a helpful imaging finding to localize a more central vagal neuropathy. Our findings can aid radiologists in identifying peripheral and central vagal neuropathy in patients who present for CT of the neck who have a normal voice and are without a history suggestive of a vagal problem.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Enhanced degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) by peroxymonosulfate with Co3O4-Bi2O3 catalyst activation: Effects of pH, inorganic anions, and water matrix. In this study, a novel Co3O4-Bi2O3 catalyst was synthesized using a microwave-assistant method, and the corresponding characteristics were studied through XRD, SEM, and N-2 adsorption. As a peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator, the catalytic activity of the synthesized catalyst was evaluated on Bisphenol A (BPA) removal, and the result showed that Co3O4-Bi2O3 catalyst promoted BPA degradation, where 100% BPA was degraded within 15 min under the condition of [catalyst] = 0.1 g.L-1 and [PMS]/[BPA](molar) = 5. The Co3O4-Bi2O3/PMS system presented a good catalytic activity when the solution pH varied from 3.0 to 11.0. Under the different concentrations of various inorganic anions in the Co3O4-Bi2O3/PMS system, Cl- showed an inhibited effect at low concentration and a promoted effect at high concentration. CO32- showed a slight inhibited effect, while H2PO4- showed a considerable inhibited effect. Additionally, both NO3- and SO42- showed a negligible effect on BPA removal. For the real water bodies, both the drinking water and tap water showed a slight decrease in degradation efficiency of BPA but a distinctly negative effect on BPA mineralization, which might be contributed to the competition between BPA and indigenous organic matters in the two water matrices for their oxidation by radical species. The quenching experiment was enforced and it was found that both SO4 center dot- and center dot OH on the surface-bound of catalyst were the main active radicals in this system. Overall, the Co3O4-Bi2O3 catalyst as a PMS activator is a promising catalyst in PMS activation for sulfate radical-based wastewater treatment.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Comparing psychotic experiences in low-and-middle-income-countries and high-income-countries with a focus on measurement invariance. Background The prevalence of psychotic experiences (PEs) is higher in low-and-middle-income-countries (LAMIC) than in high-income countries (HIC). Here, we examine whether this effect is explicable by measurement bias. Methods A community sample from 13 countries (N = 7141) was used to examine the measurement invariance (MI) of a frequently used self-report measure of PEs, the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), in LAMIC (n = 2472) and HIC (n = 4669). The CAPE measures positive (e.g. hallucinations), negative (e.g. avolition) and depressive symptoms. MI analyses were conducted with multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses. Results MI analyses showed similarities in the structure and understanding of the CAPE factors between LAMIC and HIC. Partial scalar invariance was found, allowing for latent score comparisons. Residual invariance was not found, indicating that sum score comparisons are biased. A comparison of latent scores before and after MI adjustment showed both overestimation (e.g. avolition, d = 0.03 into d = -0.42) and underestimation (e.g. magical thinking, d = -0.03 into d = 0.33) of PE in LAMIC relative to HIC. After adjusting the CAPE for MI, participants from LAMIC reported significantly higher levels on most CAPE factors but a significantly lower level of avolition. Conclusion Previous studies using sum scores to compare differences across countries are likely to be biased. The direction of the bias involves both over- and underestimation of PEs in LAMIC compared to HIC. Nevertheless, the study confirms the basic finding that PEs are more frequent in LAMIC than in HIC.", "label": [2, 5, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Occurrence of Babesia vogeli, Mycoplasma spp., Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma spp. in a hospital dog population of western Parana. Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, and Babesia vogeli are frequently detected in the veterinary routine with varied pathogenesis that can lead to death, mainly in co-infections. Although canine hemotropic mycoplasmas are considered of low clinical importance, they have recently gained prominence in molecular research. The present study aimed to analyze two hospital populations of dogs, randomly selected from the year 2013 and 2015, from the municipalities of Toledo (n=68) and Cascavel (n=107). Direct examination of blood smears, serology, and PCR were used to detect the presence of E. canis, A. platys, B. vogeli and Mycoplasma sp. Direct blood smear examination was negative for the investigated agents in all samples. Serum immunochromatography (SensPERT (TM), VetAll Laboratories, Korea) in 175 animals showed that only 4% (n = 7) had anti-E. canis antibodies, while 60% (n = 105) were positive for Anaplasma sp. All PCR samples were negative for E. canis, while 18.28% (n = 32) were positive for A. platys, 3.42% (n = 6) positive for Babesia vogeli, and 7.41% (n = 13) positive for Mycoplasma sp. The study revealed the presence of A. platys in Toledo and Cascavel by PCR, which accentuates the need to monitor vector populations and usual hosts and to evaluate the potential risk of infection in humans.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Dietary patterns and their associations with home food availability among Finnish pre-school children: a cross-sectional study. Setting: The DAGIS study, Finland.Design: Cross-sectional study in which parents of the participating children filled in an FFQ and reported how often they had certain foods in their homes. We derived dietary pattern scores using principal component analysis, and composite scores describing the availability of fruits and vegetables as well as sugar-enriched foods in the home were created for each participant. We used multilevel models to investigate the associations between availability and dietary pattern scores.Conclusions: Considering dietary patterns, the availability of sugar-enriched foods in the home seems to have a stronger role than that of fruits and vegetables. Parents should restrict the availability of unhealthy foods in the home.Objective: To study the associations between home food availability and dietary patterns among pre-school children.Results: We identified three dietary patterns explaining 16.7% of the variance. The patterns were named 'sweets-and-treats' (high loadings of e.g. sweet biscuits, chocolate, ice cream), 'health-conscious' (high loadings of e.g. nuts, natural yoghurt, berries) and 'vegetables-and-processed meats' (high loadings of e.g. vegetables, cold cuts, fruit). In multivariate models, the availability of fruits and vegetables was inversely associated with the sweets-and-treats pattern (beta = -0.05, P < 0.01) and positively associated with the health-conscious (beta = 0.07, P < 0.01) and vegetables-and-processed meats patterns (beta = 0.06, P < 0.01). The availability of sugar-enriched foods was positively associated with the sweets-and-treats pattern (beta = 0.10, P < 0.01) and inversely associated with the health-conscious pattern (beta = -0.03, P < 0.01).Subjects: The participants were 864 Finnish 3-6-year-old children recruited from sixty-six pre-schools. The analyses included 711 children with sufficient data.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Effect of biventricular pacing on ventricular repolarization and functional indices in patients with heart failure: lack of association with arrhythmic events. We prospectively assessed the effects of biventricular (BiV) pacing on electrocardiographic (ECG) and vectorcardiographic (VCG) descriptors of ventricular depolarization and repolarization and their association with appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) activation.We studied 70 consecutive heart failure (HF) (37 ischaemic) patients (64 males, age 66.3 years) with a history of syncope or sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) who underwent implantation of a BiV-ICD. An invasive electrophysiological study (EPS) was performed before the implantation and 12-lead digital ECGs before and 30 days after implantation. Serial echocardiographic studies were performed. Follow-up duration was 1 year. Maximum (P < 0.001) and minimum (P = 0.004) QT intervals were significantly decreased, whereas QT dispersion was not altered (P = 0.086). QRS duration was shortened (P < 0.001), whereas QRS dispersion was significantly decreased (P = 0.034). Spatial T and QRS vector amplitudes decreased (P < 0.001, for both), whereas the spatial QRS-T angle was not affected (P = 0.671). Twenty-seven (38.6%) patients, experienced appropriate ICD therapies during follow-up. None of the ECG or VCG parameters (pre- or post-implant) were able to identify patients with appropriate ICD therapies during follow-up. Only the presence of a previous episode of sustained VT (spontaneous or inducible on EPS) was strongly associated with appropriate ICD therapies (multivariate P = 0.00 014; odds ratio 24.5).Improvement or no alteration of ECG and VCG descriptors of ventricular depolarization and repolarization was demonstrated after implantation of a BiV-ICD in HF patients. None of these parameters were associated with appropriate ICD therapies, whereas a previous episode of VT or induction of sustained VT on EPS predicted appropriate ICD treatments.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Computational evaluation of dose distribution for BNCT treatment combined with X-ray therapy or proton beam therapy. In this study, we performed Monte Carlo simulations to accurately reflect the beam delivery systems including patient-specific irradiation devices of X-ray and proton beam therapies. The dose distributions obtained from the simulations for X-rays or proton beams were successfully combined to the dose distribution of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), which was calculated by a treatment planning system called Tsukuba Plan. The results demonstrate the feasibility of dose evaluation for BNCT combined with other radiotherapy modalities using the Tsukuba Plan.", "label": [1, 2, 4, 36, 22, 15]}
{"token": "Great Expectations: A Critical Review of Interorganizational Relationships in Amateur Sport. The study of interorganizational relationships in amateur sport has developed significantly over the past 30 years alongside rising expectations for multisector integration between sport organizations and other partners. This stems from sport organizations seeking innovative ways to achieve their mission and neoliberal government policies adding institutional pressure for interorganizational cooperation. This review paper discusses the wider cultural and political forces that shape the drive for legitimacy through partnerships across sector boundaries and outlines the theoretical influences on interorganizational relationship research in amateur sport between economic and behavioral paradigms. In addition to considering how prevailing frameworks and findings inform the current body of knowledge in sport management, we critically reflect on implicit assumptions underpinning this work given that partnerships now saturate the discourse of sport management policy and practice. Our review questions whether reality lines up with our \\\\'great expectations,\\\\' and explores what limitations and opportunities remain for future interorganizational relationships research in amateur sport.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "The role of CaH2 in preventing oxidation for the production of single-phase NiTi alloy in solid state. Single-phase NiTi synthesized from Ni and TiH2 powders was successfully formed in a solid-state reducing environment of CaH2. A comparison was done with a specimen synthesized in an environment without CaH2. An in-depth investigation on the surface of the specimen sintered without CaH2 revealed a thick layer of oxide with a thickness of 94 gm, whereas the specimen sintered in the reducing environment showed a significant reduction in oxide formation. The decomposition of CaH2 liberates Ca, which effectively reacts with oxygen at 930 degrees C and consumes available oxygen in the system, thus minimizing oxygen to react with Ti to form TiO2. A significant reduction of this oxidation creates a balanced composition between Ni and Ti. An oxygen-free environment allows unhindered Ni-Ti reaction, which leads to the formation of single-phase NiTi, which is mostly found formed in the middle volume of the specimen. The optimum enthalpy change was observed to occur at the middle of the specimen with Delta HA-M = 26 J/g on cooling and Delta HM-A = 25.5 J/g on heating, and the enthalpy was found to decrease towards the edge of the specimen due to the decreasing volume of transforming B2-NiTi. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "The application of grounded theory and symbolic interactionism. This paper describes the methodological and theoretical context and underpinnings of a study that examined community psychiatric nurses' work with family caregivers of older people with depression. The study used grounded theory research methods, with its theoretical foundations drawn from symbolic interactionism. The aims of the study were to describe and conceptualize the processes involved when community nurses work and interact with family caregivers and to develop an explanatory theory of these processes. This paper begins with an explanation of the rationale for using grounded theory as the method of choice, followed by a discussion of the theoretical underpinnings of the study, including a brief summary of the nature and origins of symbolic interactionism. Key premises of symbolic interactionism regarded as central to the study are outlined and an analytical overview of the grounded theory method is provided. The paper concludes with a commentary on some of the issues and debates in the use of grounded theory in nursing research. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a methodical and critical review of symbolic interactionism and grounded theory that can help readers, particularly those who are intending to use grounded theory, better understand the processes involved in applying this method to their research.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Rural migrants and their marital problems: discourses o governing and knowledge production in China. Since 2010, there has been a noticeable increase in China's academic publications about young rural migrants' love life. Social scientists play a crucial role in shaping public opinions and policy formations regarding the welfare of individuals from this disadvantaged group. Knowledge about rural migrants' marital problem - the nature of their problem, its causes and possible solutions - provides legitimation to the government's social policies, and for this reason it warrants careful investigation. Taking an interpretative policy analysis approach, the article analyses the recurring narrative and discursive frameworks in the Chinese-language scholarship. Furthermore, it juxtaposes scholarship produced inside and outside China in order to bring into sharp relief the 'Chinese characteristics' of China's scholarly publications in the fields of social sciences. The article also discusses why the private life of rural migrants has become a source of political and social anxiety. This discussion demonstrates the complex connection between socioeconomic inequality, social policy formations, and the cultural politics of class in post-socialist China.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Kant and the nature of matter: Mechanics, chemistry, and the life sciences. Kant believed that the ultimate processes that regulate the behavior of material bodies can be characterized exclusively in terms of mechanics. In 1790, turning his attention to the life sciences, he raised a potential problem for his mechanically-based account, namely that many of the operations described in the life sciences seemed to operate teleologically. He argued that the life sciences do indeed require us to think in teleological terms, but that this is a fact about us, not about the processes themselves. Nevertheless, even were we to concede his account of the life sciences, this would not secure the credentials of mechanics as a general theory of matter. Hardly any material properties studied in the second half of the eighteenth century were, or could have been, conceived in mechanical terms. Kant's concern with teleology is tangential to the problems facing a general matter theory grounded in mechanics, for the most pressing issues have nothing to do with teleology. They derive rather from a lack of any connection between mechanical forces and material properties. This is evident in chemistry, which Kant dismisses as being unscientific on the grounds that it cannot be formulated in mechanical terms. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The Venus of Margate: Fashion and Disease at the Seaside. Through an examination of sea-bathing at Margate this article explores the interactions between fashion and disease at the eighteenth-century English seaside. Drawing on Thomas Rowlandson's companion prints Venus's Bathing (Margate), this article will show how a new trend in resort literature portrayed the sea-bathing body as young, healthy and sexually attractive. This new narrative, it will be argued, was slowly replacing that of the fashionable sufferer: those who sought to gain cultural capital through the exaggerated display of symptoms were ridiculed, as visitors began to view a healthy body as a greater cultural asset than a sick one.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Antigen Reversal Identifies Targets of Opsonizing IgGs against Pregnancy-Associated Malaria. Clinical immunity to pregnancy associated-malaria (PAM) in multigravida women has been attributed to antibodies that recognize VAR2CSA on the infected erythrocyte (IE) surface. The size and complexity of VAR2CSA have focused efforts on selecting one or more of its six Duffy binding-like (DBL) domains for vaccine development. Presently, however, there is no consensus as to which DBL domain(s) would be most effective in eliciting immunity. This is because antibodies to a number of the DBL domains have been found to block the adhesion of VAR2CSA-expressing erythrocytes to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA)-a major criterion for evaluating vaccine candidacy. Opsonization of IEs by cytophilic antibodies that recognize VAR2CSA represents an important yet understudied effector mechanism in acquired immunity to PAM. To date, no studies have sought to determine the targets of those antibodies. In this study, we found that IgGs from multigravida Malian women showed (i) higher reactivity to recombinant DBL domains by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), (ii) more binding to VAR2CSA-expressing IEs, and (iii) greater opsonization of these IEs by human monocytic cells than IgGs from malaria-exposed Malian men and malaria-naive American adults. Preincubation of IgGs from multigravida women with recombinant DBL2 chi, DBL3 chi, or DBL5 epsilon domains significantly diminished opsonization of VAR2CSA-expressing IEs by human monocytes. These data identify the DBL2 chi, DBL3 chi, and DBL5 epsilon domains as the primary targets of opsonizing IgGs for the first time. Our study introduces a new approach to determining the antigenic targets of opsonizing IgGs in phagocytosis assays.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "IMF conditionality: An approach based on the theory of special interest politics. Financial assistance provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other International Financial Institutions (IFIs) aims to help member countries reduce their economic policy distortions. Because these distortions are endogenously generated, it is important to understand how IFI assistance interacts with the domestic political economy. In this paper, we review recent models of IFI conditional assistance that are based on the theory of special interest politics (Grossman and Helpman 2001). In these models, governments adopt inefficient economic policies and instruments because of lobbying by interest groups. IFI assistance helps reduce these inefficiencies, at least under perfect and symmetric information, and provided IFIs are representative of the general public in creditor and debtor countries. Factors limiting the effectiveness of conditional assistance as an incentive system are also identified. These are related to information asymmetries, the potential for political instability in debtor countries, and the IFIs' own financial solvency.", "label": [5, 49, 52, 54]}
{"token": "WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF COFFEE FRUIT PROCESSING IN ANAEROBIC FILTER SYSTEM FOLLOWED BY CONSTRUCTED WETLAND: II - REMOVAL OF NUTRIENTS AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS. Six treatment systems composed of three anaerobic filters with downflow followed by six constructed wetlands (SACs) have been operationally evaluated in the treatment of wastewater from coffee fruit processing ( ARC). The filters were made of PVC (1.5 m high and 0.35 m in diameter) and filled with n. 2 crushed stone. SACs were constructed of wood boxes ( 1.5 m long, 0.4 m high and 0.5 m wide) being sealed with an HDPE geomembrane and filled with \\\\'zero\\\\' crushed stone. The ARC had the pH adjusted with lime to values close to 7.0 and concentration of nutrients modified to have a relationship BOD/N/P equal to 100/5/1. In half of the SACs was planted ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and in the other half oat (Avena strigosa Schreb). As a result, it was observed that the plant species grown in the SACs have influenced the removal efficiencies of phosphorus by the systems (SAC(3) e SAC(4); SAC(5) e SAC(6)). The systems that received the lowest loads of nutrients and phenolic compounds showed the highest removal efficiencies, reaching 40% for N-T and 50% for P-T. The removal of total phenolic compounds was higher than 65% in most systems. Thus, it is considered to be feasible the application of anaerobic filter system followed by constructed wetland system for the treatment of ARC.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Anisotropic heat transfer inside rotating neutron stars. We have developed the anisotropic heat transport equation for rotating neutron stars. With a simple model of neutron star, we also model the propagation of heat pulses resulting from transient energy releases inside the star. Even in the slow rotation limit, the results with rotational effects involved could differ significantly from those obtained with a spherically symmetric metric in the timescale of the thermal afterglow.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "An exploration of the perspectives of individuals and their caregivers on pressure ulcer/injury prevention and management to inform the development of a clinical guideline. Conclusions: The consumer survey provided consumer engagement and perspective that was incorporated into guideline development, including consideration during evaluation of the relevance and acceptability of recommendations, and assignment of recommendation strength ratings.Aims: The aims were to determine the goals of individuals and caregivers for pressure ulcer/injury care, priorities for pressure ulcer/injury education and biggest problems related to pressure ulcers/injuries.Results: There were 1233 individuals from 27 countries who completed the survey. Overall, individuals and caregivers had similar goals of care. Reducing the size of pressure ulcer/injury was selected more often as a care goal than complete healing. Individuals, compared to caregivers, considered managing pain more important. Qualitative data analysis identified five themes including knowledge, attitudes, and skills; risk factors for pressure ulcer/injury; accessing pressure ulcer/injury care; quality of life for patients and caregivers; and the pressure ulcer/injury.Methods: An online, anonymous, international 10-item survey, accessible in nine languages was provided to individuals and their caregivers from April to October 2018. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data and a thematic analysis approach was used to analyse qualitative data.Background: Consumer engagement is a requirement of high quality clinical guidelines. Developing strategies to engage consumers and incorporate the perspectives of individuals with or at risk of pressure ulcers/injuries and their informal caregivers was one priority in the recent update of the EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA's Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline.", "label": [2, 22, 26]}
{"token": "Fragmentation in International Human Rights Law: Political Parties and Freedom of Association in the Practice of the UN Human Rights Committee, European Court of Human Rights and Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The article is a part of a Special Issue on institutional fragmentation in international human rights law and it focuses on freedom of association as related to political parties. It investigates how this right is being interpreted and applied in three selected jurisdictions the UN Human Rights Committee, the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The article starts with analysing the conventional texts regulating the content of the freedom of association and possible limitations states may impose on the exercise of this freedom. It further examines how the freedom of association of political parties is interpreted by three international institutions of human rights protection. Based on an analysis of the conventional texts and the relevant jurisprudence, it investigates whether there is a fragmentation with respect to the freedom of association specific to political parties and what it means for the claim on the universality of human rights.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Spleno-hepatic index to predict portal hypertension by equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. Background Structural and morphological changes accompanying liver cirrhosis lead to portal hypertension (PHT), which is the first step of most of the complications in patients with liver cirrhosis. Therefore, the development of noninvasive techniques to detect PHT is crucial for prognosis and treatment. Aim The aim of our study was to assess the diagnostic performance of a new spleno-hepatic index (SHI) measured from equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography (ERV) images in detecting patients with cirrhotic PHT. Methods and results A total of 38 patients with PHT were compared with 30 controls without liver disease. The SHI was measured on the sum of the tomographic images from the ERV and calculated according to the following formula: SHI=(mean splenic countxlongest hepatic length)/mean hepatic count. Mean SHI was 54 +/- 14 and 36 +/- 8 (P<0.001) among patients with PHT and controls, respectively. A cutoff value of 40 for the SHI allowed a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 77% to detect PHT. SHI greater than 51 was 100% specific. In a subset of 25 patients, SHI was not correlated with hepatic venous pressure gradient measured invasively in the right hepatic vein (R=-0.08, P=0.70). Conclusion Quantification of SHI derived from ERV could be used to detect liver cirrhosis with PHT although it is not linearly correlated with the hepatic venous pressure gradient. SHI should be considered as a useful index for the identification of PHT in patients referred for the detection/exploration of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy by ERV.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Structural Brain Imaging of Long-Term Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Users and Nonusing Weightlifters. METHODS: Male AAS users and weightlifters with no experience with AASs or any other equivalent doping substances underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain. The current paper is based upon high-resolution structural T1-weighted images from 82 current or past AAS users exceeding 1 year of cumulative AAS use and 68 non-AAS-using weightlifters. Images were processed with the FreeSurfer software to compare neuroanatomical volumes and cerebral cortical thickness between the groups.BACKGROUND: Prolonged high-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use has been associated with psychiatric symptoms and cognitive deficits, yet we have almost no knowledge of the long-term consequences of AAS use on the brain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between long-term AAS exposure and brain morphometry, including subcortical neuroanatomical volumes and regional cortical thickness.RESULTS: Compared to non-AAS-using weightlifters, the AAS group had thinner cortex in widespread regions and significantly smaller neuroanatomical volumes, including total gray matter, cerebral cortex, and putamen. Both volumetric and thickness effects remained relatively stable across different AAS subsamples comprising various degrees of exposure to AASs and also when excluding participants with previous and current non-AAS drug abuse. The effects could not be explained by differences in verbal IQ, intracranial volume, anxiety/depression, or attention or behavioral problems.CONCLUSIONS: This large-scale systematic investigation of AAS use on brain structure shows negative correlations between AAS use and brain volume and cortical thickness. Although the findings are correlational, they may serve to raise concern about the long-term consequences of AAS use on structural features of the brain.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
{"token": "Farming and the geography of nutrient production for human use: a transdisciplinary analysis. Methods We used existing spatially-explicit global datasets to estimate the production levels of 41 major crops, seven livestock, and 14 aquaculture and fish products. From overall production estimates, we estimated the production of vitamin A, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc, calcium, calories, and protein. We also estimated the relative contribution of farms of different sizes to the production of different agricultural commodities and associated nutrients, as well as how the diversity of food production based on the number of different products grown per geographic pixel and distribution of products within this pixel (Shannon diversity index [H]) changes with different farm sizes.Interpretation Our results show that farm size and diversity of agricultural production vary substantially across regions and are key structural determinants of food and nutrient production that need to be considered in plans to meet social, economic, and environmental targets. At the global level, both small and large farms have key roles in food and nutrition security. Efforts to maintain production diversity as farm sizes increase seem to be necessary to maintain the production of diverse nutrients and viable, multifunctional, sustainable landscapes. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license.Background Information about the global structure of agriculture and nutrient production and its diversity is essential to improve present understanding of national food production patterns, agricultural livelihoods, and food chains, and their linkages to land use and their associated ecosystems services. Here we provide a plausible breakdown of global agricultural and nutrient production by farm size, and also study the associations between farm size, agricultural diversity, and nutrient production. This analysis is crucial to design interventions that might be appropriately targeted to promote healthy diets and ecosystems in the face of population growth, urbanisation, and climate change.Findings Globally, small and medium farms (<= 50 ha) produce 51-77% of nearly all commodities and nutrients examined here. However, important regional differences exist. Large farms (>50 ha) dominate production in North America, South America, and Australia and New Zealand. In these regions, large farms contribute between 75% and 100% of all cereal, livestock, and fruit production, and the pattern is similar for other commodity groups. By contrast, small farms (<= 20 ha) produce more than 75% of most food commodities in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and China. In Europe, West Asia and North Africa, and Central America, medium-size farms (20-50 ha) also contribute substantially to the production of most food commodities. Very small farms (<= 2 ha) are important and have local significance in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and South Asia, where they contribute to about 30% of most food commodities. The majority of vegetables (81%), roots and tubers (72%), pulses (67%), fruits (66%), fish and livestock products (60%), and cereals (56%) are produced in diverse landscapes (H>1.5). Similarly, the majority of global micronutrients (53-81%) and protein (57%) are also produced in more diverse agricultural landscapes (H>1.5). By contrast, the majority of sugar (73%) and oil crops (57%) are produced in less diverse ones (H <= 1.5), which also account for the majority of global calorie production (56%). The diversity of agricultural and nutrient production diminishes as farm size increases. However, areas of the world with higher agricultural diversity produce more nutrients, irrespective of farm size.", "label": [2, 5, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Effect of WC grain size on mechanical properties and microstructures of cemented carbide with medium entropy alloy Co-Ni-Fe binder. For developing new binder phase with high performance, Co-Ni-Fe alloy was used as binder in cemented carbides. The mechanical properties of WC-CoNiFe and WC-Co cemented carbides with different grain sizes were studied. The results show that the reprecipitation of WC-CoNiFe is inhibited compared with that of WC-Co during sintering process, and the grains in WC-CoNiFe cemented carbides are more of smooth shape, resulting in a slightly lower hardness and higher transverse rupture strength. With the increase of the grain size, the hardness of the two cemented carbides decreases, and the transverse rupture strength increases. However, the slope values of K in Hall-Petch relationship are higher in WC-CoNiFe than those in WC-Co, indicating the high toughness of medium entropy alloy Co-Ni-Fe.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Impacts of China's Emissions Trading Scheme on the National and Hong Kong Economies: A Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. In this study, we estimate the economic impacts of China's official carbon-mitigation targets, in connection with Hong Kong's potential participation in a proposed national emissions trading scheme. We find that moderate intensity-reduction targets emulating China's pledged Paris Agreement commitment would incur much larger policy-compliance costs in Hong Kong (0.1-2.5% of baseline gross domestic product) than in Mainland China (0.1-0.7%) in each of the modeled years 2021 to 2030 when each economy operates its own independent carbon market. By comparison, an integrated carbon market enables Hong Kong to achieve the same reduction goal at up to 78% lower costs compared to an independent market, and this is achieved without significantly affecting the Mainland's economy. These savings in compliance costs for Hong Kong are greater when pre-integration local carbon prices in both economies are subject to a larger gap. Effectively, the cheaper pre-integration carbon prices in the Mainland indirectly subsidize the Hong Kong economy in the initial years of the integration scenario, buffering the policy shock. In sum, an integrated carbon market in China would improve overall efficiency at the national level, but the benefits are biased toward Hong Kong. This finding suggests that it is in the city's interest to play a more active role in cross-border collaboration on climate mitigation and emissions trading.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "RESPONSE OF SELECTED CROP ASSOCIATIONS TO GROUNDWATER TABLE DEPTH IN AN INLAND VALLEY. The success of inland valley crop production in humid and subhumid areas of subSaharan Africa depends on the availability of appropriate crop varieties with some tolerance to excess moisture. Performance of upland crop associations [cassava (Manihot esculenta) + sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and cassava + soybean (Glycine max)] was observed in a trial conducted along a small valley toposequence. Groundwater table depth (GWT) was a significant covariate for cassava yield and regression analysis showed that cassava clones of similar yield potential responded similarly and positively to increasing GWT depth (r2= 0.77) regardless of associated crop. Sweet potato tuber production was related to GWT depth for variety TIS 9465 (r2= 0.47) but not for TIS 8441. Sweet potato was more tolerant of shallow GWT than cassava. Combined cassava and sweet potato tuber production was also positively correlated to GWT depth (r2=0.83). The range of GWT depth to be considered by plant breeders screening cassava and sweet potato varieties for excess moisture in inland valleys should include depths of 0.2 to 0.4 m, because those depths were shown to be stressful to these crops.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Estimation and analysis of land surface temperature of Jubail Industrial City, Saudi Arabia, by using remote sensing and GIS technologies. Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameter used for analyzing the heat energy balance and thermal flux of land surfaces. It is also useful for making urban heat transfer models, water resource management, climate change modeling, and environmental studies. This study is to find the surface temperature of Jubail Industrial City, which is one of the biggest industrial areas in the world. The study also aims to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of LST of the city. Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Remote Sensor (TIRS) data has been used for this study and the surface temperature has been estimated by using single-channel (SC) method. The study reveals that the surface temperature is relatively low and ranging from 20 to 30 degrees C in January. However, the industrial area and some parts of the residential area have more temperature than the rest of the city. During the month of March, the temperature increases gradually and reaches high in June. During the summer, the surface temperature in the residential area of the city is around 40-50 degrees C. The temperature in the sub urban areas is moderate; however, high temperature (50-55 degrees C) has been recorded in the industrial area of the city. Significant heat islands of temperature more than 60 degrees C have also been noted near the iron and steel factories of the industrial area. In the month of September, the land surface temperature in most part of the city is lower than that of peak summer.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Background: When Architecture Became Art (1975-1977). The examples selected in this short article describe the first instances, in the mid-1970s, where architectural documents -particularly drawings-were absorbed into the art market by commercial galleries in New York.", "label": [1, 17]}
{"token": "Patterns of acceptance of artificial eggs and chicks by Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Life history theory predicts that parents will not raise unrelated offspring. For seabirds, an ability to recognize their own eggs and chicks can prevent a costly mistake. We tested whether Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) would discriminate against artificial eggs by presenting nine types of egg-objects and one type of artificial chick to penguins at their nests. Magellanic Penguins regardless of their sex or breeding status accepted all egg-objects. A generalized linear mixed model showed that mass and number of dimensions were the most important factors in predicting whether the object was accepted: flat egg-objects and light egg-objects were less likely to be incubated than round, normally weighted ones. We also tested whether Magellanic Penguins would retrieve egg-objects more frequently if the object was within 1 m of the nest cup. Penguins retrieved 75 % of objects that were 1 m from the nest cup, but only 25 % of objects that were 2 m from the nest cup. Lastly, we tested whether penguins would accept artificial chicks. We found that pairs with chicks less than 3 weeks of age (i.e., not out of the guard stage) were at least twice as likely to brood an artificial chick than pairs with chicks older than 3 weeks, pairs that had lost their chicks, or unmated males.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Prevalence of suicidal behaviors in patients with major depressive disorder in China: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Results: Thirty three articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The pooled lifetime prevalence of SI, SP and SA were 53.1% (95% CI: 42.4-63.4%), 17.5% (95% CI: 5.8-42.3%) and 23.7% (95% CI: 19.9-28.0%), respectively. One-month prevalence of SI and SA were 27.7% (95% CI: 15.4-44.5%) and 20.3% (95% CI: 12.1-32.2%), respectively. The pooled prevalence of SA during hospitalization and after onset of MDD were 17.3% (95% CI: 12.4-23.7%) and 42.1% (95% CI: 26.1-60.0%), respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed significant differences in both lifetime prevalence of SI and SA between genders, and between outpatients and inpatients with MDD.Background: Suicidal behaviors are common in major depressive disorder (MDD) and contribute significantly to premature death. The objective of this meta-analysis is to estimate the pooled prevalence of suicidal behaviors in patients with MDD in China.Methods: The relevant databases in English (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library) and Chinese (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang and Chinese Biological Medical Literature) were systematically and independently searched from their inceptions until January 23, 2017. Original studies that reported the prevalence of suicidal behaviors including suicidal ideation (SI), suicide plan (SP), suicide attempt (SA) and completed suicide (CS) were included.Conclusion: Suicidal behaviors are common in MDD patients in China. Regular screening and effective intervention for suicidal behavior in MDD patients are warranted.", "label": [2, 22, 23]}
{"token": "Impact of in-Station Medication Automated Dispensing Systems on Prehospital Pain Medication Administration. Introduction Medication automatic dispensing systems (ADS) have been implemented in many settings, including fire-based EMS stations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of in-station ADSs on controlled substance administration rates and EMS response intervals. Methods This study was a retrospective review of data from a single fire-based EMS agency. Medication administration rates and EMS response intervals were compared before ADS implementation (P1; 6/1/15 to 5/31/16) and after ADS implementation (P3; 6/1/17-5/31/19). Cases with missing data and during a one-year implementation period were excluded. Results 4045 cases were identified in P1 and 8168 in P3. The odds of morphine or versed administration increased following ADS implementation: OR = 1.77 (95% CI: 1.53, 2.03) and OR = 1.53 (95%CI: 1.18, 2.00) respectively. There were statistically, but likely not operationally significant increases in median response interval and transport interval from P1 to P3 of 14 seconds, (p < 0.001) and 39 seconds (p < 0.001) respectively. Time at hospital for all calls decreased by more than 11 minutes for all transports, from a median of 34 minutes (IQR; 23.7, 45.5) to 22.7 minutes (IQR:18.5, 27.6) in P3, p < 0.001 and by 27.9 minutes for calls in which a controlled substance was given: P1 = 50.6 minutes (IQR: 34.6, 63.2), P3 = 22.7 minutes (IQR: 18.3, 27.4), p < 0.001. Conclusion In this system, medication ADS implementation was associated with an increase in the rates of controlled substance administration and a decrease in the time units were at hospitals.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "RETHINKING 'RETHINKING CONVERGENCE/CULTURE'. Responding to the September 2011 special issue on 'Rethinking Convergence Culture', this essay seeks to identify ways that the author's thinking about convergence and participatory culture have shifted over time, often in ways that are closely aligned with the issue's contributors. Throughout the essay, the author addresses the links between cultural and political participation, the challenges in using new media in support of democratic change, the ways that institutional power structures continue to exert strong influence on our culture despite or perhaps because of significant expansion of who has access to the means of cultural production and distribution and the challenges and opportunities for doing cultural theory in an era of neo-liberal capitalism.", "label": [3, 5, 56, 30]}
{"token": "A structural matrix-based modelling for designing product variety. The design process is an important stage in new product development. An information model is a useful tool for analysing and improving a complex design process and product architecture because it allows the designer to visualise information flow. Based on graph theory and the weighting concept, this paper presents a quantified design structure matrix, which is a systematic planning method of optimising design priorities and product architecture for managing product variety from an informational structure perspective. Focusing on product variety and the design process in concurrent engineering, the planning model is divided into two phases: global planning and local planning. The proposed method helps designers optimise design planning and plan better design strategies for product variety. It can be applied in developing future generations of a product based on an existing product. A case study is used to illustrate this method. The results verify that designers can concurrently create variant design solutions in a product family that can meet different market needs without extra effort being spent on redundant design loops.", "label": [1, 15]}
{"token": "Multiwavelength Thermometry at High Temperature: Why It is Advantageous to Work in the Ultraviolet. In principle, multiwavelength radiation thermometry allows one to correctly measure the temperature of surfaces of unknown and varying surface emissivity. Unfortunately, none of the practical realizations proposed in the past proved to be sufficiently reliable because of a strong influence of the errors arising from incorrect modeling of the emissivity and of the limited number of operating wavelengths. The use of array detectors allows a high degree of flexibility both in terms of number and spectral position of the working wavelength bands. In the case of applications at high temperatures, i.e., near 2000 C or above, an analysis of the theoretical measuring principles of multiwavelength thermometry, suggests the opportunity of investigating the possible advantages in extending the operating wavelengths toward the ultraviolet region. To this purpose, a simulation program was developed which allows investigation of the effect of different influencing parameters. This paper presents a brief theoretical introduction and practical analysis of the method. The best choices are derived in terms of the different influencing parameters and data relative to the simulation of both real materials and fictitious emissivity curves and have been studied and analyzed with different emissivity models to check the robustness of the method.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 35, 12]}
{"token": "Getting Ready for Day One: Taking Advantage of the Opportunities and Minimizing the Hazards of a Presidential Transition. transitions and on the actions of the incumbent president, the coordination they do with those in the Washingtonpresident comes into office.community, and their capacity to identify and take advantage of the early goodwill that exists when a newOpportunities and hazards can be found in the actions and commitments candidates take during their presidential campaigns, the information they gather on pasthow a president-elect can minimize the hazards and take advantage of the opportunities transitions offer.have sufficient experience to identify some of the elements of an effective transition. This article focuses onformal presidential transitions a reality since 1952, weof the start a chief executive has coming into office. WithPresidential transitions make a difference to the quality", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Potential hazard analysis from the viewpoint of flow measurement in large open-channel junctions. A robust and reliable risk assessment procedure for hydrological hazards deserves attention. The transport of mixed material in the types of hazard, such as flash floods and debris flows, plays an important role and should be taken into consideration. At present, however, the mixed material transport phenomenon is not systematically and simply included in the procedures for the elaboration of hazard analysis. The consequence is the risk of losing prediction accuracy and of underestimating hazard impacts. The phenomenon of open-channel junction flow such as in irrigation ditches and at wastewater treatment facilities is an important aspect of hydrological engineering. Extensive experimental studies of the flow characteristics have been conducted. In this study, an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter is used to monitor the flow in large open-channel junctions at the Chihtan purification plant in Taipei. The condition of the experiment is made up of different discharge. The result of the measurement data shows that the mean velocity profile, aspect ratio, measured vertical line location and the ratio of the distance of the vertical line maximum velocity from the bed to water depth. An artificial neural network (ANN) is used to simulate the mean velocity profiles in this study. The results show that the ANN can accurately and reliably simulate the mean velocity profiles. The result is believed to provide hints for the consideration of the effects, induced by mixed material transport, in the elaboration of hazard analysis.", "label": [4, 38, 39]}
{"token": "Impact of tiny targets on Glossina fuscipes quanzensis, the primary vector of human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Over the past 20 years there has been a >95% reduction in the number of Gambian Human African trypanosomiasis (g-HAT) cases reported globally, largely as a result of large-scale active screening and treatment programmes. There are however still foci where the disease persists, particularly in parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Additional control efforts such as tsetse control using Tiny Targets may therefore be required to achieve g-HAT elimination goals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of Tiny Targets within DRC. In 2015-2017, pre- and post-intervention tsetse abundance data were collected from 1,234 locations across three neighbouring Health Zones (Yasa Bonga, Mosango, Masi Manimba). Remotely sensed dry season data were combined with pre-intervention tsetse presence/absence data from 332 locations within a species distribution modelling framework to produce a habitat suitability map. The impact of Tiny Targets on the tsetse population was then evaluated by fitting a generalised linear mixed model to the relative fly abundance data collected from 889 post-intervention monitoring sites within Yasa Bonga, with habitat suitability, proximity to the intervention and intervention duration as covariates. Immediately following the introduction of the intervention, we observe a dramatic reduction in fly catches by >85% (pre-intervention: 0.78 flies/trap/day, 95% CI 0.676-0.900; 3 month post-intervention: 0.11 flies/trap/day, 95% CI 0.070-0.153) which is sustained throughout the study period. Declines in catches were negatively associated with proximity to Tiny Targets, and while habitat suitability is positively associated with abundance its influence is reduced in the presence of the intervention. This study adds to the body of evidence demonstrating the impact of Tiny Targets on tsetse across a range of ecological settings, and further characterises the factors which modify its impact. The habitat suitability maps have the potential to guide the expansion of tsetse control activities in this area.", "label": [2, 18, 22, 25]}
{"token": "Assessment of Undergraduates' Real-World Outcomes of Critical Thinking in Everyday Situations. Critical thinking is a kind of \\\\'good'' thinking that integrates a set of cognitive skills and dispositions to use those skills with knowledge to increase the chances of success in academic settings, job market, and daily life. The impact of critical thinking on life events, in face of everyday decisions and challenges, is still unclear, and further research is needed. In this exploratory study, a sample of 230 first-year students of a Bachelor's Degree or a Master's Degree in Portugal completed an experimental Portuguese version of the Real-World Outcomes, a self-report inventory measuring everyday negative life events that are mediated by a lack of critical thinking. Based on exploratory factor analysis results and theoretical premises, changes were made to the Portuguese version of the inventory that was administered, and items were aggregated into six dimensions, creating a new version that is more familiar to Portuguese young adults in college. This original proposal of the inventory presents six types of negative life events resulting from a lack of critical thinking: health neglect, mismanagement, slackness, poor impulse control, academic negligence, and rashness. Both limitations and future potentialities of this version are presented.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Extension of science fiction. The Mandalorian (Disney+). Going beyond the expected constraints of a monomedia seriality largely based on an expected return of the characters or the variation of a plot from the cinematographic pilot, the Disney + series are rooted in shared universes and therefore transfictional (Saint-Gelais, 2011) much broader by bringing together narrative information given on other media (video games, animation, comics, etc.) that they absorb and claim. The Mandalorian (2020) and WandaVision (2021) are no longer reduced to domestic exploitations of commercial success but as the exploration of intrigue more or less on the sidelines of an initial canon. Adopting short formats renewed by broadcasting in streaming channels, these two series opt for a strong narrative identity, even unprecedented in terms of production. Science fiction is being developed, questioned or more massively rewritten here from other popular genres (western, soap, family comedy, etc.). These series are therefore part of a process of renewal of the genre by upsetting serial standardization (unequal duration of episodes, varied tones, creation of new narrative arcs, etc.) and in turn pose themselves as laboratories of science fiction telecine to come. The analysis carried out here proposes to study first of all the construction of a fiction from the Star Wars franchise by Disney studios with regard to the historical participation of the fan community in the process of creativity before returning on the media convergence strategy involved in the realization of WandaVision.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Health as a right in women who are in context of prostitution in Sevilla (Andalucia). Beyond sexual health. This paper makes an approximation to the right to health in women who are practising prostitution in Sevilla (Andalucia). Firstly, we are going to contextualize the social and economic situation in Spain and how it has affected in the health right. Next, we are going to analyse the importance of this right as an instrument for social inclusion/exclusion and we will discuss the health situation and vulnerability of women in prostitution. Finally, we will present our opinion about the correct protection of this right for this group.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "From The Limits to Growth to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Pathways: Technological Change in Global Computer Models (1972-2007). From the World2 and World3 models to contemporary Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) that model carbon neutral emission pathways, global computer models have served as virtual laboratories for addressing economic, environmental and technological concerns together. Representing technological change has been a controversial element of global modelling efforts because, to a great extent, it sets the parameters on conceivable futures. To retrace this history, this article analyses four moments when modellers debated technological change: the controversy spurred by The Limits to Growth in the 1970s; subsequent global future studies during that decade; the IIASA Energy in a Finite World study in the 1980s; and the shift to endogenous technological change in IAMs in the 2000s. It shows that the notion of technological change as a predictable parameter affecting the future of society was not a given. Technological change progressively became a parameter in models as more elaborate methodologies were developed to simulate it. When modellers began to focus on climate action in the 1990s and 2000s, their interest in the relationship between technological change and social change dwindled. The increasing skill with which modellers formally represented technological dynamics was commensurate to the decline of heated discussions over how conflicting worldviews shaped simulations.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The expression and localization of selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2,-7 and-9) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-2 and-3) in follicular cysts of sows. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, playing a vital role in tissue remodeling under physiological and pathological conditions. Their expression and/or activity are regulated by specific tissue inhibitors of MMPs named TIMPs. Recently, an imbalance in the MMP/TIMP system has been found in human and bovine ovarian cysts, but its role in porcine cyst pathogenesis is unknown. This study examined mRNA expression, protein abundance and localization for selected members of the MMP/TIMP system in follicular cysts of sows. Based on histological analysis, we have assessed follicular (FC) and follicular lutein (FLC) cysts with preovulatory follicles (PF) used as a control. Regarding the pattern of MMP expression, increased MMP2, MMP7 and MMP9 mRNA levels were observed in FLC. Furthermore, both proand active forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins were more abundant in FLC. In FC, the abundance of latent and active forms of MMP-9 and the active form of MMP-2 were greater when compared with PF. In relation to TIMPs, TIMP-2 mRNA and protein expression were increased in FLC, whereas TIMP-3 was up-regulated in both FC and FLC only at the protein level. Using immunofluorescence, MMP-2, MMP-7, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 were detected in granulosa and theca compartments of FC and within the entire luteinized wall of FLC. Notably, MMP-9 occurred weakly in the granulosa layer of FC, but abundantly in the theca compartment of FC and in the luteinized FLC. Taken together, our findings indicate altered expression of the MMP/TIMP system, suggestive of increased ECM degradation, in sow follicular cysts. These components may be involved in the pathogenesis of porcine ovarian cysts through the ECM remodeling.(c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 42, 10]}
{"token": "Cell Type-Specific Spatial and Functional Coupling Between Mammalian Brain Kv2.1 K+ Channels and Ryanodine Receptors. The Kv2.1 voltage-gated K+ channel is widely expressed throughout mammalian brain, where it contributes to dynamic activity-dependent regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability. Here we show that somatic plasma membrane Kv2.1 clusters are juxtaposed to clusters of intracellular ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+-release channels in mouse brain neurons, most prominently in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum. Electron microscopy-immunogold labeling shows that in MSNs, plasma membrane Kv2.1 clusters are adjacent to subsurface cisternae, placing Kv2.1 in close proximity to sites of RyR-mediated Ca2+ release. Immunofluorescence labeling in transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein in specific MSN populations reveals the most prominent juxtaposed Kv2.1:RyR clusters in indirect pathway MSNs. Kv2.1 in both direct and indirect pathway MSNs exhibits markedly lower levels of labeling with phosphospecific antibodies directed against the S453, S563, and S603 phosphorylation site compared with levels observed in neocortical neurons, although labeling for Kv2.1 phosphorylation at S563 was significantly lower in indirect pathway MSNs compared with those in the direct pathway. Finally, acute stimulation of RyRs in heterologous cells causes a rapid hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of activation of Kv2.1, typical of Ca2+/calcineurin-dependent Kv2.1 dephosphorylation. Together, these studies reveal that striatal MSNs are distinct in their expression of clustered Kv2.1 at plasma membrane sites juxtaposed to intracellular RyRs, as well as in Kv2.1 phosphorylation state. Differences in Kv2.1 expression and phosphorylation between MSNs in direct and indirect pathways provide a cell-and circuit-specific mechanism for coupling intracellular Ca2+ release to phosphorylation-dependent regulation of Kv2.1 to dynamically impact intrinsic excitability. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 47]}
{"token": "Resilient gender order in entrepreneurship: the case of Swedish welfare industries. Practical implications - The results may potentially have profound impact on entrepreneurship policy, equality policy and public sector restructuring.Purpose - The purpose of this article is to use quantitative empirical data to analyse the degree of resilience, as well as change or reproduction of the gender order, in the era of New Public Management. The propositions are constructed based on liberal-and socialist-feminist perspectives, and discussed in light of the empirical results.Design/methodology/approach - We report from a longitudinal quantitative study of female-dominated welfare industries. Data, available from Statistics Sweden, include the total population of entrepreneurs available on the individual level. However, the level of analysis that was used in the study was in accordance with the industry level. Data were processed from an aggregated level to the most detailed level of classification. Findings -The findings reveal resilience in the prevailing gender order. The order is being reproduced in the entrepreneurship context, in most of the industries that were studied.Originality/value - This quantitative longitudinal study shows a complex pattern on the detailed industry level, which can be understood in terms of male gender labelling of entrepreneurship. The results thus support previous qualitative studies that have observed this phenomenon. Methodologically, this paper contributes to the field by showing that without breaking down the analysis into the different female-dominated industries on a five-digit level, the various results of the public sector reforms and the attendant gendered effects would not have been revealed.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Tools for a Discursive Ontological Method: Muslim Sources in the Hands of a Mozarab Polemicist. This article examines the use of Islamic sources in a fragmentary text, the Tathlith al-wahdaniyya ('Trebling the Oneness'), written by an anonymous Jewish convert to Christianity. The author's aim was to demonstrate - using an ontological approach - the inconsistent nature of the arguments employed by his Muslim opponents, and at the same time to highlight the unacceptable practices of Muslims with regard to divorce and adultery. The fragments have survived thanks to their being quoted in a text by a Muslim author, who sought to counter each of the theological views expressed therein.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Core protein mu 2 is a second determinant of nucleoside triphosphatase activities by reovirus cores. NTPase activities in mammalian reovirus cores were examined under various conditions that permitted several new differences to be identified between strains type 1 Lang (T1L) and type 3 Dearing (T3D). One difference concerned the ratio (at pH 8.5) of ATP hydrolysis at 50 degrees C to that at 35 degrees C. A genetic analysis using T1L x T3D reassortant viruses implicated the L3 and M1 gene segments in this difference, with M1 influencing ATPase activity most strongly at high temperatures. L3 and M1 encode the core proteins lambda 1 and mu 2, respectively. Another difference concerned the absolute levels of GTP hydrolysis by cores at 45 degrees C and pH 6.5. A genetic analysis using T1L x T3D reassortants implicated the M1 gene as the sole determinant of this difference. The results of these experiments, coupled with previous findings (S. Noble and M. L. Nibert, J. Virol. 71:2182-2191, 1997), suggest either that a single type of NTPase in cores is strongly influenced by two different core proteins-lambda 1 and mu 2-or that cores contain two different types of NTPase influenced by the two proteins. The findings appear relevant for understanding the complex functions of reovirus cores in RNA synthesis and capping.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Impact of Perceived Barriers on Patient Engagement and Attitudes towards Transition and Transfer. Objective: This study is a preliminary evaluation of how perceived barriers towards transition might impact patient attitudes towards their own readiness and ability to transition, self-efficacy towards their IBD, and the allocation of treatment responsibility. Methods: A sample of 81 young adults with IBD were seen for standard care in a Young Adult Clinic (YAC). Patients completed questionnaires on perceived transition barriers; perceived confidence, importance, motivation, and readiness towards transition and transfer; IBD self-efficacy; and allocation of treatment responsibility. Path model analyses were conducted. Results: Not knowing how and who to transfer to and not understanding insurance details were the most commonly endorsed perceived barriers to transition. A significant relationship was found between the attitude toward transition and allocation of treatment responsibility, but no meaningful indirect effects were found from perceived barriers to the allocation of treatment responsibility, using attitudes toward transition as an intervening variable. The relationship between perceived barriers and allocation of treatment responsibility was at least partially explained by examining the intervening effects of attitudes toward transfer and self-efficacy. Conclusions: The study findings carry important implications for targets of clinical intervention to assist young adults with IBD in engaging in their health care and ultimately transferring into adult care.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "La Rocque and French fascism: Response to Michel Winock Robert Soucy. This article integrates the debate over the extent of fascism in the 1930s in France. Robert Soucy presents arguments against Michel Winock's thesis that the Croix-de-Feu/parti social francais was not fascist because of Colonel de La Rocque's position on such subjects as anti-Semitism, Catholicism, democracy, conciliation, legality, violence and collaboration. Robert Soucy also cites the writings of several \\\\'Anglo-Saxon \\\\' historians who intend to make objection to a number of Michel Winock's assumptions about European fascism. He encourages French scholars not to neglect the research findings of American, British and Canadian historians. While in his own definition of fascism, Robert Soucy recognizes its 'fluidity\\\\' and 'fusions\\\\', he intends to describe colonel de La Rocque's variety of fascism as more akin to Italian than to German fascism - despite, according to Soucy, the praise of the latter that the Colonel did, on certain points, in 1941.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Experimental and theoretical study of hydrogen desorption process from Mn(BH4)(2). The thermal decomposition of manganese borohydride Mn(BH4)(2) was studied by means of synchrotronbased X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and theoretical density functional (DFT) modeling aiming to elucidate changes of the local atomic structure upon hydrogen desorption and to determine possible decomposition reaction products. XRPD patterns indicate profound structural changes in the material above 120 degrees C with subsequent amorphization. DFT simulations predict the collapse of the highly porous framework structure upon hydrogen desorption and significant reduction of Mn-B and Mn-Mn interatomic distances by 19% and 41% respectively. These estimations are in a good agreement with the quantitative analysis of the X-ray absorption spectra above Mn K-edge. Based on XAS we derive possible decomposition products and reaction path. In particular, the amount of Mn metallic phase was estimated to be less than 5% after the heating up to 200 degrees C. Several structural models for the final state of manganese borohydride in a heating process are constructed by means of energy minimization in conjunction with evolutionary algorithms. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Polar lessons learned: long-term management based on shared threats in Arctic and Antarctic environments. The Arctic and Antarctic polar regions are subject to multiple environmental threats, arising from both local and ex-situ human activities. We review the major threats to polar ecosystems including the principal stressor, climate change, which interacts with and exacerbates other threats such as pollution, fisheries overexploitation, and the establishment and spread of invasive species. Given the lack of progress in reducing global atmospheric greenhouse-gas emissions, we suggest that managing the threats that interact synergistically with climate change, and that are potentially more tractable, is all the more important in the short to medium term for polar conservation. We show how evidence-based lessons learned from scientific research can be shared between the poles on topics such as contaminant mitigation, biosecurity protocols to reduce species invasions, and the regulation of fisheries and marine environments. Applying these trans-polar lessons in tandem with expansion of international cooperation could substantially improve environmental management in both the Arctic and Antarctic.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 52]}
{"token": "Integration of a B chromosome into the A genome of a wasp, revisited. A previous study showed that in the haplodiploid solitary wasp Trypoxylon albitarse, most individuals carry one B chromosome per haploid genome, the same dosage as the standard (A) chromosomes, indicating a possible regularization of B-chromosome meiotic behaviour and its integration into the A genome. In a new sampling, we have analysed 15 populations (including 9 out of the 10 previously analysed) to test the evolution of this integration process. The new results provide a direct report of the invasion process in the Porto Firme population, where B frequency has dramatically increased in only four generations. In the populations from the Viqosa region, however, B frequency has remained stable, although the principal B type, the metacentric one, has increased in frequency at the expense of the acrocentric one in several populations. The implications of these new results on the hypothesis of the integration of these B chromosomes, as regular members of the A genome, are discussed.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "How Does Culture Matter? The Xin (Heart-Mind)-based Social Competence of Chinese Executives. In this study we explore the emotional and cognitive dimensions of Chinese business leaders' social competence. We argue for a culturally inclusive conceptualization of leader social competence and its internal structure, which takes into account Chinese indigenous features. Data were collected by critical incident interviews from 42 top executives of small-and medium-sized private enterprises in China. A total of 302 competency episodes were included in the current study. Grounded theory was used for data analysis. The following xin (heart-mind)-based social competencies were referenced in episodes of effective Chinese competency-relevant social interactions: guanxi building and maintenance, empathy, inspiration with wisdom, empowerment and developing others, resilience, and appreciation of problem solving. Each of these competencies includes an emotional and a cognitive element and embodies dynamic interplay between the emotional and cognitive dimensions of social competence. Xin-based social competencies impact effective interactions in relational contexts that implicate the individual self, the organizational self, and their interactions. The theoretical contributions and practical implications of the findings are discussed.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Deconvoluting Energy Transport Mechanisms in Metal Halide Perovskites Using CsPbBr3 Nanowires as a Model System. Understanding energy transport in metal halide perovskites is essential to effectively guide further optimization of materials and device designs. However, difficulties to disentangle charge carrier diffusion, photon recycling, and photon transport have led to contradicting reports and uncertainty regarding which mechanism dominates. In this study, monocrystalline CsPbBr3 nanowires serve as 1D model systems to help unravel the respective contribution of energy transport processes in metal-halide perovskites. Spatially, temporally, and spectrally resolved photoluminescence (PL) microscopy reveals characteristic signatures of each transport mechanism from which a robust model describing the PL signal accounting for carrier diffusion, photon propagation, and photon recycling is developed. For the investigated CsPbBr3 nanowires, an ambipolar carrier mobility of mu = 35 cm(2) V-1 s(-1) is determined, and is found that charge carrier diffusion dominates the energy transport process over photon recycling. Moreover, the general applicability of the developed model is demonstrated on different perovskite compounds by applying it to data provided in previous related reports, from which clarity is gained as to why conflicting reports exist. These findings, therefore, serve as a useful tool to assist future studies aimed at characterizing energy transport mechanisms in semiconductor nanowires using PL.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Using interactive voice response technology and timeline follow-back methodology in studying binge eating and drinking behavior: Different answers to different forms of the same question?. As part of a study of the relationship of binge eating, alcohol use, mood, and stressors, we compared the results of two forms of reporting on binge eating and drinking behavior. Forty-three first-year college women participated in an interactive voice response (IVR) study for 12 weeks. Participants answered computer-administered questions daily via IVR technology on number of eating binges and number of alcoholic drinks consumed. After 12 weeks, participants completed a Timeline Follow-back (TLFB) interview retrospectively for number of binges and drinks in the past 12 weeks. Results of this distally retrospective methodology (commonly used in drinking research and applied here also to binge eating) were compared to the results of daily IVR reporting, There was convergence across measures for drinking behavior, but divergence between IVR and TLFB for binge eating reports, TLFB reports underrepresented actual binge eating frequency, which calls into question the validity of applying this methodology to the assessment of binge eating. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 55]}
{"token": "EDL configuration on a dissimilarly charged protrusion array via double Fourier series and perturbation method. In this study, through the extension of an one-dimensional, dissimilarly charged protrusions surface model set up in our previous work, a novel dissimilarly charged protrusion array (DCPA) model immersed in an electrolyte solution, which could simulate realistically both the surface morphology and the surface charged condition profoundly concerned on a biological cell membrane, or on the surface of a microscale, modified particle used in biomedical engineering and water treatment, is proposed. Considering the condition of small protrusions, the electrical potential field due to the electrical double layer (EDL) on DCPA model is solved semi-analytically using both the double Fourier series and the perturbation method. The analysis from the numerical result reveals that, a small, dissimilarly charged protrusion can lead to a steep variation in the local EDL configuration, especially compared with that in the condition when the charged surface is taken roughly as a flat surface using a lumped, mean surface charge density. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 42]}
{"token": "Between America and Europe: Religion, Politics and Evangelicals in Canada. While the United States and Western Europe are often presented as contrasting models of religion and politics, countries like Canada fit somewhere in the middle. This paper looks at evangelical Christian political activity in Canada, which features a modified version of American-style religious activism on a terrain closer to European politics, with parliamentary institutions, state church legacies and a largely secular political culture. It pays particular attention to developments since 2000 and links between evangelicals and the governing Conservative Party of Canada. It argues that, while these recent developments may signal a shift toward the American model, the Canadian case still suggests alternatives beyond a simple dichotomy between American and secular European models of religion and politics.", "label": [3, 5, 31, 54, 33]}
{"token": "Investigation into engineering properties and strength mechanism of grouted macadam composite materials. To further understand engineering properties of grouted macadam composite materials (GMCM) used as a surfacing layer in pavement, the mechanical properties and durability characteristics of GMCM were evaluated, and the relevant strength mechanisms were investigated at the micro level. Results indicate that GMCM has better high-temperature stability, fatigue performance and moisture stability than that of conventional asphalt mix, while it shows an acceptable decrease in low-temperature crack resistance due to the relative brittleness of hardened cement paste. The hardened cement paste also generates a spatial network crystalline lattice in asphalt mix skeleton to form a three-dimensional integral coagulation-crystalloid structure. This facilitates the asphalt mix skeleton and hardened cement paste to bear loads in unison and increase durability of the GMCM. Further, the fibre-like hydrated products of fresh cement slurry on the bitumen film surface increase the interfacial strength between bitumen and hardened cement paste due to toughening and bridging effects, which plays an important role to enhance mechanical properties and durability of GMCM. Finally, GMCM strength is from the internal friction of asphalt mix skeleton, the network structure of hardened cement paste and the adhesion between porous asphalt mix and hardened cement paste. It is concluded that GMCM can better meet the requirements of mechanical properties and durability characteristics than the conventional asphalt mix.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Orientation Asymmetric Surface Model for Membranes: Finsler Geometry Modeling. We study triangulated surface models with nontrivial surface metrices for membranes. The surface model is defined by a mapping r from a two-dimensional parameter space M to the three-dimensional Euclidean space R-3. The metric variable gab, which is always fixed to the Euclidean metric delta(ab), can be extended to a more general non-Euclidean metric on M in the continuous model. The problem we focus on in this paper is whether such an extension is well defined or not in the discrete model. We find that a discrete surface model with a nontrivial metric becomes well defined if it is treated in the context of Finsler geometry (FG) modeling, where triangle edge length in M depends on the direction. It is also shown that the discrete FG model is orientation asymmetric on invertible surfaces in general, and for this reason, the FG model has a potential advantage for describing real physical membranes, which are expected to have some asymmetries for orientation-changing transformations.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE ECOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE ASIAN NUTHATCHES (AVES: SITTIDAE). We explored distributions of Asian nuthatch species in ecological and geographic space using ecological niche modeling based on occurrence data associated with specimens and observations. Nuthatches represent a well-defined clade occurring throughout the Northern Hemisphere. but are most diverse ill southern Asia where 15 of the 24 species occur and where the lineage is believed to have evolved. Species richness was focused in a narrow east-west band corresponding to the forested parts of the Himalayas with a maximum number of nine species predicted present in these foci. The distributional predictions have a mid-elevation focus with highest species diversity between 1.000 and 2,000 in. Niche breadth and volume were positively related, but accumulation of distributional area (niche volume) decreased with additional environmental combinations (niche breadth). The extent of potential range filling, a measure of distributional disequilibrium, was connected with montane habit (R-2 = 0.422) indicating that montane situations limit the distributional potential of species.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Avowing violence: Foucault and Derrida on politics, discourse and meaning. This article enquires into the understanding of violence, and the place of violence in the understanding of politics, in the work of Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida. These two engaged in a dispute about the place of violence in their respective philosophical projects. The trajectories of their respective subsequent bodies of thought about power, politics and justice, and the degrees of affirmation or condemnation of the violent nature of reality, language, society and authority, can be analysed in relation to political traditions of realism, radicalism and liberalism. We trace the starting points, and points of convergence and divergence between them, and consider the implications of their work for our capacity to critically judge episodes and uses of violence in political contexts.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
{"token": "SURFACE-AREA OF SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER REEXAMINED. The specific surface area of soil organic matter has traditionally been considered to range from 550 x 10(3) to 800 x 10(3) m(2) kg(-1) based on the change in ethylene glycol (EG) retention before and after treatment of soils with H2O2 Recent studies, however, indicate that when N-2 is used as the adsorbate, the surface area of soil organic matter is approximately 1 x 10(3) m(2) kg(-1). To investigate this large discrepancy, the surface areas of four H2O2-treated soils were determined by EG retention and the N-2-Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method. After exposure of the soils to H2O2, retention of EG decreased, while N-2 adsorption increased. The surface area of soil organic matter calculated from the reduction in EG retention ranged from 65 x 10(3) to 481 x 10(3) m(2) kg(-1) and was dependent on the initial organic C content of the soil. In contrast, the N-2-BET data yielded negative estimates of soil organic matter surface area that varied from - 13 x 10(3) to - 410 x 103 m(2) kg(-1). These results demonstrate that techniques based on the removal of organic C fail to provide consistent and reliable values for the surface area of soil organic matter. Due to the complex nature of interactions between soil organic matter and EG, including cation solvation, partitioning, and surface adsorption, it is recommended that EG retention be regarded as an estimate of the total uptake capacity of soils for polar liquids, rather than a measure of surface area.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Insulation Characteristics of 1100 kV GIS under Very Fast Transient Overvoltage and Lightning Impulse. Very fast transient overvoltage (VFTO) in gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is of great concern at the higher rated voltages because the difference between the rated lightning impulse (LI) and the VFTO withstand voltage decreases. In order to clarify VFTO withstand level of 1100 kV GIS, a simulation system was designed for generation of VFTO. The breakdown characteristics of sphere-plane gap and rod-plane gap in SF6 under VFTO and LI were investigated for different gas pressures. Experimental results show that the breakdown voltages in slightly inhomogeneous field gaps under VFTO are higher than that under LI. However, for the rod-plane gaps, the breakdown voltages and voltage-time curves under VFTO fall below that of LI at higher pressure in the case of negative polarity. The polarity effect of rod-plane gaps under LI is reversed at a certain pressure. Based on the analyses, it is concluded that the different breakdown characteristics of SF6 gaps may be attribute to the difference between space charge behaviors during the discharge development under the impulse with different wave front and oscillation tail of VFTO and LI.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "Service customer orientation and social sustainability: The case of small medium enterprises. Social sustainability is an intricate subject with interrelated but distinct components. This paper measures social sustainability as an employee outcome, customer outcome and organizational outcome. To test the strategy-sustainability relationship model, this study examines service customer orientation as the corresponding strategy. Using a sample of 400 SMEs in the service sector, the results show that all the direct and indirect relationships between service customer orientation and the three social sustainability indicators are significant.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "TRIPLE THERAPY WITH SUCRALFATE IS AS EFFECTIVE AS TRIPLE THERAPY CONTAINING BISMUTH IN ERADICATING HELICOBACTER-PYLORI AND REDUCING DUODENAL-ULCER RELAPSE RATES. Duodenal ulcer relapse rates after therapy with sucralfate or bismuth are lower than those after H-2-receptor antagonist therapy. This may be mediated by an antibacterial effect of these drugs on Helicobacter pylori. Bismuth has become an integral part of 'triple therapy' because of its documented anti-H. pylori effect. In vitro and clinical data suggest that sucralfate may also have an anti-H. pylori effect. The aim of this randomized, prospective therapeutic trial was to compare the efficacy of triple therapy containing bismuth with that containing sucralfate and to determine the effect of therapy with these combinations on duodenal ulcer relapse. Forty H. pylori-positive duodenal ulcer patients were healed with omeprazole and randomized to receive either 1 g sucralfate four times daily or 120 mg bismuth compound four times daily. All patients received 400 mg metronidazole three times daily and either 250 or 500 mg tetracycline four times daily for 7-14 days. Thirty-five patients could be analysed. Overall eradication rates did not differ in the treatment groups (10 of 17 eradicated with sucralfate and 11 of 18 with bismuth). Relapse rates were significantly lower in the eradicated group (1 of 21 compared with 8 of 14 in the non-eradicated group) and did not differ between treatment groups in those patients not eradicated. A triple therapy regimen utilizing sucralfate appears to be as effective as the bismuth-containing regimen.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "AMBRAS SYNDROME - DELINEATION OF A UNIQUE HYPERTRICHOSIS UNIVERSALIS-CONGENITA AND ASSOCIATION WITH A BALANCED PERICENTRIC-INVERSION (8) (P11.2, Q22). Congenital hypertrichosis universalis is a rare autosomal dominant disease. We report the further development of a Greek girl, now aged 3 years, the first case associated with a balanced structural chromosomal aberration. She was described as a neonate by Sigalas et al. (1990). Her persistent generalized hypertrichosis is most excessive on the face, ears and shoulders. Her fine silky hair is of the vellus, not the lanugo type. The syndrome features are characterized, referring to nine further published case reports. It is distinguished from other types of congenital hypertrichoses, which have been described in the literature under different synonyms. To avoid confusion in the terminology, we propose to name this type of hypertrichosis Ambras syndrome in reference to the first documented family with congenital hypertrichosis universalis in the 16th century.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Nonthermal radio signatures of coronal disturbances with and without coronal mass ejections. This study presents data on two events from the Extreme-UV Imaging Telescope (EIT) and the Large Angle and Spectroscopic Coronagraph instruments (C1, C2, and C3), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) soft X-ray data, and 40-800 MHz radio spectra of the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam. At first glance, the two events appear similar. However, one event decays after a flare-related ejection of cold and hot matter into the lower corona causing only brightness changes in EIT and C1, while the other event marks the onset of a coronal mass ejection (CME) that propagates with a leading-edge speed of approximate to 530 km s(-1) between 2 and 30 R-.. The radio data reveal two differences between the CME and non-CME events: (1) a characteristic faint type III burst group in the time interval with the first clearly CME-related structural change in the coronagraph images and (2) a continuum emission with a frequency drift during the passage of the CME matter through the C1 field of view. Furthermore, we show that the radio spectral data can provide essential information on the timing of the early stages of CME formation and the initial mass motions associated with the ejection.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Infrastructure financing with project bond and credit default swap under public-private partnerships. This paper elaborates the use of project bonds and a credit default swap (CDS) in infrastructure financing under public-private partnerships (PPPs). First, a structural model is presented and calibrated using market data to estimate the default probability of a project company in a PPP project, which lays the foundation for determining the CDS premium. Second, the CDS is priced using the risk-neutral valuation method. Third, sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the impacts of project parameters including capital structure, asset rate of return and volatility, bankruptcy loss rate, and tax rate on the default probability and CDS premium. This study concludes that it is beneficial to governments, project companies, and bond holders to implement bond financing in PPP projects with a fairly priced CDS. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. APM and IPMA. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Film still: 'The Artistic Impulse to Document' in Tacita Dean's Craneway Event. This article explores Tacita Dean's film, Craneway Event, made in collaboration with the Merce Cunningham Dance Company. The article suggests a turn towards 'the artistic impulse to document' as a method for reconsidering curatorial practices of display.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "London's Olympic legacy and the Imagine methodology. In 2010 Future of London commissioned academics to work with representatives from the London Boroughs, to consider the legacy of the Olympic Village taking shape in Stratford, in the East End of London. The exercise, in the form of a workshop, was to: review the current context/situation; prioritize issues; envisage future options; explore and develop relevant sustainability indicators; develop a forward plan for community development. This article describes the process adopted in the analysis of the Olympic Village's transformation from World Media Site to a sustainable part of the Greater London metropolis. The methodology applied, Imagine, is described and some of the key outputs from the analysis and design of legacy process are described. In conclusion the article examines the oeuvre of projects of this kind when set against the challenges of longer term sustainability.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Binning Approach based on Classical Clustering for Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis. In recent years, numerous studies have been focusing on metagenomic data to improve the ability of human disease prediction. Although we face the complexity of disease, some proposed frameworks reveal promising performances in using metagenomic data to predict disease. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosis by metagenomic data is one of the challenging tasks compared to other diseases. The prediction performances for T2D usually reveal poor results which are around 65% in accuracy in state-of-the-art. In this study, we propose a method combining K-means clustering algorithm and unsupervised binning approaches to improve the performance in metagenome-based disease prediction. We illustrate by experiments on metagenomic datasets related to Type 2 Diabetes that the proposed method embedded clusters generated by K-means allows to increase the performance in prediction accuracy reaching approximately or more than 70%.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Gender differences in loss of psychological resources following experimentally-induced vicarious stress. The present research focuses on gender differences in resource loss, perceived threat, and negative affective reactions induced by experimental manipulation of vicarious stress. Israeli students (54.7% women) were randomly allocated to one of two conditions: (1) Threat Condition (n = 98), in which participants were exposed to a video film depicting terror attacks and (2) Control Condition (n = 30), in which participants viewed a video film depicting a series of non-emotive news broadcasts. Participants also completed measures of mastery, optimism, and self-esteem. The data indicated that whereas under the Threat Condition women scored lower on psychological resources and higher on perceived threat than men, no significant gender differences were observed under the Control Condition. A path analysis revealed that gender was directly related to perceived threat and resource loss, which, in turn, were related to negative affect. In addition, a greater sense of mastery was related to lower resource loss. Overall, these experimental findings suggest that gender and mastery bear prominent effects on cognitive and emotional reactions to vicarious life threat.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 23, 55]}
{"token": "Biomonitoring Equivalents for molybdenum. Molybdenum is an essential trace element for mammalian, plant, and other animal systems. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has established an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) to assure sufficient molybdenum intakes for human populations; however excessive exposures can cause toxicity. As a result, several agencies have established exposure guidance values to protect against molybdenum toxicity, including a Reference Dose (RfD), Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) and a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). Biomonitoring for molybdenum in blood or urine in the general population is being conducted by the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) and the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Using pharmacokinetic data from controlled human dosing studies, Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) were calculated for molybdenum in plasma, whole blood, and urine associated with exposure guidance values set to protect against both nutritional deficits and toxicity. The BEEAR values in plasma, whole blood and urine are 0.5, 0.45 and 22 mu g/L, respectively. The BEs associated with toxicity range from 0.9 to 31 mu g/L in plasma, 0.8-28 mu g/L in whole blood and 200-7500 mu g/L in urine. These values can be used to interpret molybdenum biomonitoring data from a nutritional and toxicity perspective. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.", "label": [2, 3, 22, 29]}
{"token": "Learning how to do AI: managing organizational boundaries in an intergovernmental learning forum. This analysis applies boundary theory to public manager efforts to overcome AI capacity gaps through a public sector collaborative learning forum. Administrative and interview data identify the types of knowledge managers are able to access, the types of organizational differences that influence learning, and the strategies public managers use to overcome them. Analysis suggests that unstructured learning fora are better suited to the transfer of tacit procedural knowledge than declarative knowledge about AI, and emphasizes the importance of social trust and network structure to overcome knowledge gaps through peer learning.", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
{"token": "The Carltona doctrine. The Carltona doctrine allows executive government to act through the civil service as an alternative to using delegations; and it has been suggested that statutes providing general powers of delegation exclude the doctrine. However, in the first case to address the matter, the High Court of New Zealand has held that general powers of delegation are not inconsistent with the Carltona principle. This article discusses that decision as a springboard to re-examine the doctrine. Carltona is relied on in a wide range of situations that call its fundamental justification (the constitutional relationship of Ministers and the civil service) into question, and yet at the same time is restricted by ad hoc assessments of case-specific administrative necessity not intended by the original decision. its rationale must therefore be reconsidered. The courts must recognise that the constitutional foundation no longer applies, and I suggest that \\\\'necessity\\\\' should be interpreted in its original, broad, sense.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Elevated levels of endocannabinoids and CB1 receptor-mediated G-protein signaling in the prefrontal cortex of alcoholic suicide. Conclusion: The elevated levels of ECs, CB1 receptors, and CB1 receptor-mediated [S-35]GTPgammaS binding strongly suggest a hyperactivity of endocannabinoidergic signaling in AS. EC system may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of suicidal behavior.Methods: The density of CB1 receptor and its mediated [S-35]GTPgammaS signaling were measured in the DLPFC of alcoholic suicides (AS) (n = 11) and chronic alcoholics (CA) (n = 11). The levels of ECs were measured by a liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometry.Results: The CB1 receptor density was higher in AS compared with the CA group in the DLPFC. Western blot analysis confirmed a greater immunoreactivity of the CB1 receptor in AS. The CB1 receptor-mediated [S-35]GTPgammaS binding indicated a greater signaling in AS. Higher levels of N-arachidonyl ethanolamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol were observed in the DLPFC and AS.Background: Alcoholism is often comorbid with mood disorders and suicide. We recently reported an upregulation of CB1 receptor-mediated signaling in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of subjects with major depression who died by suicide. In the present study, we sought to determine whether the endocannabinoid (EC) system plays a role in suicide in alcoholism.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
{"token": "Characterization of calcined CuInS2 nanocrystals prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis. In this work, CuInS2 (CIS) nanocrystals are successfully synthesized by microwave-assisted technique and further calcined at several different temperatures with or without additional Ar ambient. The XRD measurements showed that a significant recrystallization might have occurred with the help of Ar ambient to introduce the increasing relative intensity of the (112) diffraction peak. Furthermore, the eliminated organic-related structures and the enlarging CuInS2 nanocrystals are evidently confirmed by FTIR and SEM, respectively. Raman analysis of the CIS(CH) mode of the CuInS2 nanocrystals in the calcined temperature range of 200-400 degrees C is presented while the lineshape is described and calculated by the spatial correlation model corresponding to the presence of a long-range order in the higher calcined temperature of CuInS2 nanocrystals. Transmission can be used to figure out that the calcined CuInS2 nanocrystals with Ar are related with the modification of the optical band gap energy. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Controls of shell calcification in planktonic foraminifers. In order to better constrain the factors controlling the calcification rate in planktonic foraminifera, and to assess shell weight reliability as an atmospheric CO2 proxy, changes in shell weight in Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (right coiling) and Globigermoides ruber (white) have been studied in core samples from the Alboran Sea (Western Mediterranean) between 250 and 160 ka (Marine Isotopic stages 6 and 7). These results suggest that G. bulloides and G. ruber (white) calcification rate is mainly controlled by atmospheric CO2 and water temperature, whereas N. pachyderma (right coiling) shell weight is directly related to optimum growth conditions, since heavier shell weights coincide with more relative abundance of this species due to optimum temperature conditions. Therefore, foraminifer shell weight should be used carefully as an atmospheric CO2 proxy. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "On the intercluster distance of a tree metric. For two vertex clusters of a tree metric, we show that the sum of the average intracluster distances is always less than or equal to twice of the average intercluster distance. We show the feature in a more general form of weighted distance. This feature provides a 2-approximation algorithm for the minimum average intercluster distance spanning tree problem, which is a generalization of the minimum routing cost spanning tree or minimum average distance spanning tree problem. The results in this paper can be further generalized to more than two clusters. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 40]}
{"token": "Resolving the effect of climate change on fish populations. This paper develops a framework for the study of climate on fish populations based on first principles of physiology, ecology, and available observations. Environmental variables and oceanographic features that are relevant to fish and that are likely to be affected by climate change are reviewed. Working hypotheses are derived from the differences in the expected response of different species groups. A review of published data on Northeast Atlantic fish species representing different biogeographic affinities, habitats, and body size lends support to the hypothesis that global warming results in a shift in abundance and distribution (in patterns of occurrence with latitude and depth) of fish species. Pelagic species exhibit clear changes in seasonal migration patterns related to climate-induced changes in zooplankton productivity. Lusitanian species have increased in recent decades (sprat, anchovy, and horse mackerel), especially at the northern limit of their distribution areas, while Boreal species decreased at the southern limit of their distribution range (cod and plaice), but increased at the northern limit (cod). Although the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain, available evidence suggests climate-related changes in recruitment success to be the key process, stemming from either higher production or survival in the pelagic egg or larval stage, or owing to changes in the quality/ quantity of nursery habitats.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 39]}
{"token": "Origin of the Instability of Octadecylamine Langmuir Mono layer at Low pH. It has been reported that an octadecylamine (ODA) Langmuir monolayer becomes unstable at low pH values with no measurable surface pressure at around pH 3.5, suggesting significant dissolution of the ODA molecule into the subphase solution (Albrecht, Colloids Surf A 2006, 284-285, 166-174). However, by lowering the pH further, ODA molecules reoccupy the surface, and a full monolayer is recovered at pH 2.5. Using surface sum-frequency spectroscopy and pressure area isotherms, it is found that the recovered monolayer at very low pH has a larger area per molecule with many gauche defects in the ODA molecules as compared to that at high pH values. This structural change suggests that the reappearance of the monolayer is due to the adsorbed Cl- counterions to the protonated amine groups, leading to partial charge neutralization. This proposition is confirmed by intentionally adding monovalent salts (i.e., NaCl, NaBr, or NaI) to the subphase to recover the monolayer at pH 3.5, in which the detailed structure of the monolayer is confirmed by sum frequency spectra and the adsorbed anions by X-ray reflectivity.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11]}
{"token": "Phenotypic Correlations among Growth and Selected Wood Properties in White Spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss). We examined phenotypic relationships among radial growth-related, physical (i. e., related to wood density), and anatomical (i. e., related to tracheid dimensions) wood properties in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), in order to determine the strength and significance of their correlations. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to establish if all of the properties must be measured and to determine the key properties that can be used as proxies for the other variables. Radial growth-related and physical properties were measured with an X-ray densitometer, while anatomical properties were measured with a Fiber Quality Analyzer. Fifteen wood properties (tracheid length (TL) and diameter (TD), earlywood tracheid length (ETL) and diameter (ETD), latewood tracheid length (LTL) and diameter (LTD), ring width (RW), ring area (RA), earlywood width (EWW), latewood width (LWW), latewood proportion (LWP), ring density (RD), intra-ring density variation, earlywood density (EWD), and latewood density (LWD)) were assessed. Relationships were evaluated at intra-ring and inter-ring levels in the juvenile wood (JW) and mature wood (MW) zones. Except for a few cases when mature tracheid diameter (TD) was involved, all intra-ring anatomical properties were highly and significantly correlated. Radial growth properties were correlated, with stronger relationships in MW compared to JW. Physical properties were often positively and significantly correlated in both JW and MW. A higher earlywood density coupled with a lower latewood density favored wood uniformity, i. e., the homogeneity of ring density within a growth ring. Managing plantations to suppress trees growth during JW formation, and enhancing radial growth when MW formation starts will favor overall wood quality. In order, RW-EWW-RA, TL-ETL-LTL, and RD-EWD-LWP are the three clusters that appeared in the three wood zones, the whole pith-to-bark radial section, the juvenile wood zone, and the mature wood zone.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp) dose-response relationships with clethodim, glufosinate and glyphosate. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of three commercial cultivars, eight experimental cultivars and common bermudagrass to clethodim, glufosinate and glyphosate. Each herbicide was applied at eight doses. Data were regressed on herbicide dose using a log-logistic curve (R-2 = 0.56-0.95 for clethodim, R-2 = 0.60-0.94 for glufosinate, and R-2 = 0.70-0.96 for glyphosate). The herbicide rate that elicited a 50% plant response (150) in the bermudagrass cultivars ranged from 0.04 to 0.19kg ha(-1) clethodim, 0.19 to 1.33kg ha(-1) glufosinate and 0.34 to 1.14 kg ha(-1) glyphosate. Relative to other cultivars, common bermudagrass was intermediate in its response to clethodim and among the most tolerant cultivars to glufosinate and glyphosate. TifSport was relatively tolerant to clethodim and glufosinate compared with other cultivars, but relatively sensitive to glyphosate. One cultivar, 94-437, was consistently among the most sensitive cultivars to each of the herbicides. While there were differential herbicide tolerances among the tested bermudagrass cultivars, there did not appear to be any naturally occurring herbicide resistance that could be commercially utilized. However, research indicated that breeding efforts should target herbicide resistance that is at least four times the registered use rate. Also, TifSport and Tifway have been identified as suitable representatives of triploid hybrid bermudagrass cultivars to be used to evaluate the success of turfgrass renovation programs. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 44]}
{"token": "Effect of skill drills on neonatal ventilation performance in a simulated setting-observation study in Nepal. Conclusion: In a simulated setting, participants who had an average skill drill of 8 in 3 months had effective ventilation. We demonstrated optimal skill drill sessions for maintain the neonatal resuscitation competency. Further evaluation will be required to validate the findings in a scale up setting.Aim: Maintaining neonatal resuscitation skills among health workers in low resource settings will require continuous quality improvement efforts. We aimed to evaluate the effect of skill drills and feedback on neonatal resuscitation and the optimal number of skill drills required to maintain the ventilation skill in a simulated setting.Methods: An observational study was conducted for a period of 3 months in a referral hospital of Nepal. Sixty nursing staffs were trained on Helping Babies Breathe (HBB) 2.0 and daily skill drills using a high-fidelity manikin. The high-fidelity manikin had different clinical case scenarios and provided feedback as \\\\'well done\\\\' or \\\\'improvement required\\\\' based on the ventilation performance. Adequate ventilation was defined as bag-and-mask ventilation at the rate of 40-60 breaths per minute. The effective ventilation was defined as adequate ventilation with a \\\\'well done\\\\' feedback. We assessed the correlation of number skill drills and clinical case scenario with adequate ventilation rate using pearson's correlation. We assessed the correlation of number of skill dills performed by each participant with effective ventilation using Mann Whitney test.Results: Among the total of 60 nursing staffs, all of them were competent with an average score of 12.73 +/- 1.09 out of 14 (p < 0.001) on bag-and-mask ventilation skill checklist. Among the trained staff, 47 staffs participated in daily skill drills who performed a total of 331 skill drills and 68.9% of the ventilations were done adequately. Among the 47 nursing staffs who performed the skill drills, 228 (68.9%) drills were conducted at a ventilation rate of 40-60 breathes per minute. There was no correlation of the adequate ventilation with skill drill category (p = 0.88) and the level of skill performed (p = 0.28). Out of 47 participants performing the skill drills, 74.5% of them had done effective ventilation with a mean average of 8 skill drills (SD +/- 4.78) (p-value- 0.032).", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Intraoperative management and early postoperative outcomes of pediatric renal transplants. Results: One hundred and fifty-six children underwent renal transplantation, of which 38% were from living donors. There were 99/156 (63.5%) males. Median age was 10 years (range 1-17 years) and the mean weight was 36.2 kg (SD 20.6 kg; range 7.6-109.6 kg). There were 36 children <= 5 years of age and 14 children <= 2 years of age. One hundred and nineteen (77%) were dialysis dependent. Pharmacological support to increase renal perfusion included mannitol in 95%, and dopamine in 83%. Furosemide was used in 82% of cases. Inotropic therapy continued into the postoperative period in 34%. Radiological pulmonary edema was diagnosed in 33% and clinical pulmonary edema in 7%. Intraoperative use of dopamine delayed the time to creatinine nadir in all grafts (9.5 days vs 6.5 days, P = 0.04) and in deceased donor grafts (12.9 vs 7.4 days, P = 0.007). Patients who received dopamine had no significant difference in central venous pressure (CVP) preclamp removal, 14 mmHg vs 11.5 mmHg (P = 0.12) but a higher CVP after clamp removal, 14.3 mmHg vs 11.8 mmHg (P = 0.003).Methods: A retrospective chart review of renal transplant patients between 2006 and 2014 was performed. We recorded patient demographics, surgical and anesthetic factors and postoperative outcome.Conclusion: Dopamine use was common and was an independent risk factor for delayed time to creatinine nadir. Many different agents were used to enhance renal perfusion. The 'supra-physiological' hemodynamics resulted in pulmonary edema in 33% of patients.Introduction: Smaller children are presenting for renal transplantation as the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease. Adult donor organs are more successful than pediatric deceased donor organs. An adult kidney may sequester similar to 75% of the circulating volume of a 5 year-old child and requires significantly increased cardiac output to maintain renal perfusion. Treatment includes volume, inotropic or vasopressor agents, or central neuroaxial blockade for sympatholysis. We describe the perioperative anesthestic management as a guide to clinical outcomes.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Molecular epidemiology of human enteric caliciviruses in The Netherlands. Caliciviruses are among the most common causes of gastroenteritis in people of all age groups. These antigenetically and genetically diverse viruses have been grouped into two genera within the family Caliciviridae, designated Norwalk-like viruses (NLV) and Sapporo-like viruses (SLV). To gain more insight in their epidemiology, we have developed a tentative genotyping scheme, which was used to differentiate the viruses detected in a set of epidemiological studies. NLVs and SLVs were detected by generic RT-PCR in stool specimens from 5.1% and 2.4% of cases with acute gastroenteritis for which a general practitioner was consulted, and in 16,5% and 6.3% of community cases of gastroenteritis. In addition, NLVs were associated with more than 80% of reported outbreaks of gastroenteritis from 1994-1999. Typically, several genotypes of NLV cocirculate in the community. Occasionally, however, several consecutive outbreaks were caused by essentially the same virus, although an epidemiological link had not previously been noted. This was most pronounced in 1995/1996, when a Lordsdale-like variant was detected that subsequently was found worldwide. This epidemic spread suggests differences in virulence or mode of transmission, In addition, we found that related NLVs are highly prevalent in calves in The Netherlands, raising questions about their potential for zoonotic transmission.", "label": [2, 22, 21]}
{"token": "Generalized Bremmer series with rational approximation for the scattering of waves in inhomogeneous media. The Bremmer series solution of the wave equation in generally inhomogeneous media, requires the introduction of pseudodifferential operators. In this paper, sparse matrix representations of these pseudodifferential operators are derived. The authors focus on designing sparse matrices, keeping the accuracy high at the cost of ignoring any critical scattering-angle phenomena. Such matrix representations follow from rational approximations of the vertical slowness and the transverse Laplace operator symbols, and of the vertical derivative, as they appear in the parabolic equation method. Sparse matrix representations lead to a fast algorithm. An optimization procedure is followed to minimize the errors, in the high-frequency limit, for a given discretization rate. The Bremmer series solver consists of three steps: directional decomposition into up- and downgoing waves, one-way propagation, and interaction of the counterpropagating constituents. Each of these steps is represented by a sparse matrix equation. The resulting algorithm provides an improvement of the parabolic equation method, in particular for transient wave phenomena, and extends the latter method, systematically, for backscattered waves. (C) 1998 Acoustical Society of America. [S0001-4966(98)06109-8]", "label": [3, 4, 35, 28]}
{"token": "Prediction of land cover change based on CA-ANN model to assess its local impacts on Bagerhat, southwestern coastal Bangladesh. This study aims to assess land use dynamics of Southwestern coastal Bangladesh using multi-temporal Landsat images. Future trend was done by CA-ANN model. Hybrid image classification method and estimation of land surface temperature along with field survey were accomplished. This study revealed that vegetation decreased significantly (11.75%) and converted mostly into wetlands whereas built-up area slightly increased (1.44%) during 2000 to 2016. According to FGD (focused Group Discussion), a major occupational transformation (from agriculture to shrimp cultivation) and internal migration towards nearby Cities are prominent here. Besides, maximum land surface temperature increased by 12.5 degrees C during this period as a result of land use change. Simulated land use model of 2024 revealed that 2.49% of settlement would diminish especially from southern region if any natural calamity occurs. Finally, a comprehensive land use management plan has been suggested in this study to establish a balanced and diversified use of coastal land.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Widespread Strain-Specific Distinctions in Chromosomal Binding Dynamics of a Highly Conserved Escherichia coli Transcription Factor. IMPORTANCE In bacterial cells, hundreds of transcription factors coordinate gene regulation and thus are a major driver of cellular processes. However, the immense diversity in bacterial genome structure and content makes deciphering regulatory networks challenging. This is particularly apparent for the model organism Escherichia coil as evolution has driven the emergence of species members with highly distinct genomes, which occupy extremely different niches in nature. While it is well-known that transcription factors must integrate horizontally acquired DNA into the regulatory network of the cell, the extent of regulatory diversity beyond single model strains is unclear. We have explored this concept in four evolutionarily distinct E. coil strains and show that a highly conserved transcription factor displays unprecedented diversity in chromosomal binding sites. Importantly, this diversity is not restricted to strain-specific DNA or mutation in binding sites. This observation suggests that strain-specific regulatory networks are potentially widespread within individual bacterial species.Bacterial gene regulation is governed by often hundreds of transcription factors (TFs) that bind directly to targets on the chromosome. Global studies of TFs usually make assumptions that regulatory targets within model strains will be conserved between members of the same species harboring common genetic targets. We recently discovered that YhaJ of Escherichia coli is crucial for virulence in two different pathotypes but binds to distinct regions of their genomes and regulates no common genes. This surprising result leads to strain-specific mechanisms of virulence regulation, but the implications for other E. coil pathotypes or commensals were unclear. Here, we report that heterogenous binding of YhaJ is widespread within the E. coil species. We analyzed the global YhaJ binding dynamics of four evolutionarily distinct E. coil isolates under two conditions, revealing 78 significant sites on the core genome as well as horizontally acquired loci. Condition-dependent dosage of YhaJ correlated with the number of occupied sites in vivo but did not significantly alter its enrichment at regions bound in both conditions, explaining the availability of this TF to occupy accessory sites in response to the environment. Strikingly, only similar to 15% of Yhai binding sites were common to all strains. Furthermore, differences in enrichment of uncommon sites were observed largely in chromosomal regions found in all strains and not explained exclusively by binding to strain-specific horizontally acquired elements or mutations in the DNA binding sequence. This observation suggests that intraspecies distinctions in TF binding dynamics are a widespread phenomenon and represent strain-specific gene regulatory potential.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Soluble salts: their incidende on the protection of metallic structures by paint coatings. The presence of soluble salts at the metal/paint interface is known to have a detrimental effect on the integrity of most paint systems. Though this is a long-standing problem, it has recently come to receive greater attention from the protective coatings industry. In the paper the following points are reviewed: degradation mechanisms of the metal/paint system, the role of the metallic substrate, the nature, origin and detection of soluble salts, expected levels of soluble salts in practice, critical thresholds of soluble salts and risk levels for premature failures, role of the type and thickness of paint systems and exposure conditions, and prevention measures. The author presents an overview of the subject, making reference to the related research that has been carried out by him and his co-workers over the last 16 years.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "Mythology of the reason' a Hegelian manifesto of youth. Hegel's manuscript, which was found in 1917 and became known as \\\\'The earlier systematic programme of German idealism\\\\', is considered to be a central text in the birth process of German Idealism. Although it adopts Kant's language and the \\\\'Copernican shift\\\\' he introduced through the grounding of philosophy on the thinking subject, this extract raises questions that were left unanswered by Kantianism, with a view of re-positing them in the frame of a new systematic grounding of philosophy. The system sketched by Hegel culminates in the \\\\'highest idea\\\\' of the beautiful, in which \\\\'the true and the good are found intertwined\\\\'. Aesthetic sensibility is raised into a fundamental philosophical medium, which is necessary for the \\\\'highest\\\\' aesthetic act through which Logos captures and \\\\'encapsulates all ideas\\\\'. The aesthetic element is also necessary in the new Volksreligion envisaged in the Hegelian utopian project. In the end, despite the obvious Kantian references, the ultimate aim of the text is to go beyond a transcendental questioning which is consciousness-oriented and to replace this by a Romantically-inspired yearning for the overcoming of each dichotomy and their union in the Absolute.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Thermally induced nonlinear dynamic analysis of temperature-dependent functionally graded flexoelectric nanobeams based on nonlocal simplified strain gradient elasticity theory. In this work, thermally induced dynamic behaviors of functionally graded flexoelectric nanobeams (FGFNs) are analyzed theoretically while considering the neutral surface concept and the von Karman nonlinearity induced by thermal environment. The temperature field is assumed to vary only in the thickness direction by solving a simple steady state heat transfer equation and to be constant in the plane of the beam. The temperature-dependent material properties of FGFNs are assumed to vary continuously throughout the thickness according to a power-law form. For such FGFNs, the nonlocal simplified strain gradient elasticity theory to capture the effect of size-dependent and, the higher order shear deformation beam theory to account for rotary inertia and transverse shear strains are adopted to formulate the governing equations and associated boundary conditions, which are solved by using a two-step perturbation method. In the numerical part, comparison study is also performed to verify the present theoretical model and the parametric analysis is systematically studied. It is also found that the thermally induced bending amplitude, nonlinear frequency and frequency ratio depend enormously on the material distribution profile, the flexoelectricity, the size-dependent effect and the imposed temperature field.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "Herondas 8.66-79: Generic self-consciousness and artistic claims in Herondas' 'Mimiambs'. In Herondas' mimiamb 8, a poem particularly concerned with questions of generic identity and reception, the poet defends his work and puts forward his literary program by means of a dream dominated by images related to Dionysiac myth and cult. The interpretation of the dream at ll. 66-79 is seen in terms of generic affinities between Herondas' mimiambs, the iambographic tradition of Hipponax and the mime. In this paper the Dionysiac character of those images is not considered as an indication of a hypothetically dramatic nature of Herondas' work. It is argued, by contrast, that the poem's Dionysiac imagery and its subsequent interpretation are linked with the associations of Herondas' work with the mime and, more specifically, with the non-literary mime. Mimiamb 8 is considered as part of a long process through which the latter was eventually regarded as a dramatic genre. Herondas seems to be conscious of the disreputable character of that part of his sources, but attempts by means of a masterful use of images pertaining to Dionysiac myth and ritual to persuade his critics of the dramatic nature of the mimic origins of his work so as to invest his poetry with the authority and prestige of dramatic poetry.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "The presence of pacemaker HCN channels identifies theta rhythmic GABAergic neurons in the medial septum. The medial septum (MS) is an indispensable component of the subcortical network which synchronizes the hippocampus at theta frequency during specific stages of information processing. GABAergic neurons exhibiting highly regular firing coupled to the hippocampal theta rhythm are thought to form the core of the MS rhythm-generating network. In recent studies the hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated non-selective cation (HCN) channel was shown to participate in theta synchronization of the medial septum. Here, we tested the hypothesis that HCN channel expression correlates with theta modulated firing behaviour of MS neurons by a combined anatomical and electrophysiological approach. HCN-expressing neurons represented a subpopulation of GABAergic cells in the MS partly overlapping with parvalbumin (PV)-containing neurons. Rhythmic firing in the theta frequency range was characteristic of all HCN-expressing neurons. In contrast, only a minority of HCN-negative cells displayed theta related activity. All HCN cells had tight phase coupling to hippocampal theta waves. As a group, PV-expressing HCN neurons had a marked bimodal phase distribution, whereas PV-immunonegative HCN neurons did not show group-level phase preference despite significant individual phase coupling. Microiontophoretic blockade of HCN channels resulted in the reduction of discharge frequency, but theta rhythmic firing was perturbed only in a few cases. Our data imply that HCN-expressing GABAergic neurons provide rhythmic drive in all phases of the hippocampal theta activity. In most MS theta cells rhythm genesis is apparently determined by interactions at the level of the network rather than by the pacemaking property of HCN channels alone.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "The pervasive world-view: religion in pre-modern Britain. Recent critics of the secularization thesis have questioned the extent to which premodern Britain was religious by creating a caricature of a 'Golden Age of Faith' and then showing that the reality fell short of that image. This rejoinder stresses the need to appreciate the nature of religion pre-Reformation and draws on the work of leading historians to show that, even if we accept the most jaundiced view of religion before and shortly after the Reformation, the previous orthodoxy was more accurate than the recent revisions. In Laslett's phrase, 'the world we have lost' was a religious world.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Results of intradermal testing for the investigation of atopic dermatitis and recurrent urticaria in 50 horses in the south of England. Atopic dermatitis (AD) and recurrent urticaria (RU) are common immune-mediated conditions of horses and ponies associated with high morbidity. Effective pharmacological treatment options are limited but identification of the causal allergens allows avoidance strategies and immunotherapy regimens to be employed. Intradermal testing (IDT) is the most widely accepted means of identifying the relevant allergens but there are no published reports of this technique being used in the UK for the investigation of dermatological disease. This study presents the results of testing with a varied panel of allergens in 50 horses with dermatological disease living in the south of England. Intradermal testing was performed in horses presented to The Liphook Equine Hospital for further investigation of AD or RU between June 2002 and March 2009. Allergen selection was based upon availability, results of previous studies, pollen charts and the likelihood of allergens being prevalent in the stable or pasture environment in the south of England. Injection sites were evaluated at 1 h (immediate phase), 4 h (late phase) and 24 h (delayed phase) and skin responses compared to the response generated by the positive control (histamine) at 1 h. Total numbers of positive reactions and numbers of positive reactions to specific allergens were similar in horses with atopic dermatitis and those with urticaria (P = 0.39). There was a statistically significant difference in the number of reactions observed at different time points, with more positive reactions occurring at 1 h than 24 h (P<0.001), and at 4 h than 24 h (P<0.001). Reading the test at 24 h rarely provides additional information. Reaction patterns were similar to those of previous studies performed in other countries with large numbers of positive reactions reported to mites, dusts and insects. Positive reactions were also common to allergens not previously identified as irritants or common allergens in equids; nettle, daisy, dandelion, horse chestnut, cat, cattle, sheep and pigeon. These allergens may be important causes of allergic dermatitis in equids in the UK; however, further studies should be performed in both normal horses and horses with allergic dermatitis to investigate irritant thresholds and validate these findings. Intradermal testing may be shortened from the conventional 24 h to 4 h without significantly affecting the results of the test.", "label": [0, 10]}
{"token": "Transfer of the Chuvash to Tartars and Loss of Identity. In the XV - XVII centuries the south-eastern and southern regions of Chuvashia were settled by Tartar-speaking Mishars from Saray and other regions of the Golden Horde. Then these settlements began to exert religious and ethnographic influence on the neighboring Chuvash. Such social pressure through the language, clothing and culture, eventually led to absorption of a significant number of the Chuvash population of the Middle Volga region and the Ural region by Tatars. A certain part of the Chuvash population shaved heads, ate horse meat, refused to keep pigs. The number of new mosques grew in the region, Quranic literature was published in mass circulations. In 1905, the Decree of Nikolai II on freedom of religion was issued, which became a sort of a signal for Tartars for attack and for the Chuvash about possible arbitrariness in religious manifestations. The Tartars hold a number of conventions in order to coordinate their propaganda activities. From 1834 to 1904 the number of Tartars increased by 150 %, mainly due to the change of faith by aliens. There were cases of fanatical behavior on the part of neophytes. Eventually, a significant part lost their identity, and some even joined the ranks of the Tartar population. As we can see, the influence of Islam on the Chuvash is great. It also has positive aspects. Islamization allowed the Chuvash to preserve the islands of settlements adhering to their original religion, and not to dissolve in Orthodoxy. At the earliest opportunity, the Chuvash, who \\\\'adopted\\\\' Islam, returned to their traditions.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Greek Medicine in the Fifteenth Century. The fact that a number of printed editions of Greek physicians appeared during the sixteenth century is clear evidence that publishing houses of the time believed that a substantial interest in such texts existed. What is most surprising is that, until the last decade of the fifteenth century, a prevailing shortage of Greek medical manuscripts had not at all troubled the scholarly and medical communities.. is essay shows how minor a niche Galen and other Greek medical writers occupied in the West for a long period of time, until some significant occurrences brought them to the forefront in the 1490s.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Using the right implied volatility quotes in times of low interest rates: An empirical analysis across different currencies. Negative rates directly impact the pricing and quoting of debt instruments, both guided by underlying rate models grounded in the assumption of nonnegative rates. In this paper, we calibrate three short-rate models - Hull-White, shift-extended Cox-Ingersoll-Ross, and shift-extended squared Gaussian - to negative rates environment. We use different market quotation methods for swaptions including Black, Bachelier, and shifted log-normal volatilities quoted for different currencies, specifically EUR, USD, GBP, and JPY. Our results suggest that the models studied can be effectively recalibrated in negative interest rate environments and that both existing and new quotation conventions are able to produce adequate calibration results.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Formative evaluation of the STAR intervention: improving teachers' ability to provide psychosocial support for vulnerable individuals in the school community. The article describes the pilot phase of a participatory reflection and action (PRA) study. The longitudinal investigation explores teachers' ability to provide psychosocial support within the context of HIV/AIDS following an asset-based intervention. The study ensued from our desire to understand and contribute to knowledge about the changed roles of teachers due to adversity in the community, specifically in relation to HIV/AIDS and education. The supportive teachers, assets and resilience (STAR) intervention was facilitated from November 2003 to October 2005 and consisted of the research team undertaking nine field visits and facilitating 20 intervention sessions (2-3 hours each), and 12 post-intervention research visits have been conducted to date. Ten female teachers were selected for participation through random purposeful sampling at a primary school in an informal settlement outside Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Data-generation included PRA activities, observation, informal interactive interviews, and focus group discussions. The data were analysed by means of inductive thematic analysis. We found that the teachers did not view vulnerability as being related to children or HIV/AIDS in isolation, but rather that their psychosocial support to children and the school community was inclusive across a spectrum of vulnerabilities and services. We argue that teachers who are inclined to provide such support will fulfil this role irrespective of understanding policy or receiving training. We contend that teachers are well-positioned to manage school-based psychosocial support in order to create relevant and caring spaces for vulnerable individuals in the school community.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Rethinking the market research curriculum. Addressing the challenge of aligning how market research is practiced and how it is taught has been a recurrent theme in the marketing education literature. Recently, the growth of digital marketing and new forms of customer data have disrupted many traditional aspects of marketing practice. Companies are increasingly able to collect data directly from their customers, via large technology firms or from specialist data providers. This has reduced the demand for the traditional fieldwork-based data collection that remains a core focus within the market research curricula. This article considers the past, present, and future role of market research education in the light of the changing practitioner environment. An audit of market research courses is carried out, weaknesses identified, and suggestions made to better align market research courses with evolving skills requirements. More broadly, the article challenges educators to evaluate the extent to which the marketing curriculum can respond to the disruptions brought by the emerging digital economy.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Uncovering hidden spatial structure in species communities with spatially explicit joint species distribution models. 3.We illustrate that the inclusion of the spatial latent factors greatly increases the predictive performance of the modelling approach with a case study of 55 species of butterfly recorded on a 10kmx10km grid in Great Britain consisting of 2609 grid cells.1. Modern species distribution models account for spatial autocorrelation in order to obtain unbiased statistical inference on the effects of covariates, to improve the model's predictive ability through spatial interpolation and to gain insight in the spatial processes shaping the data. Somewhat analogously, hierarchical approaches to community-level data have been developed to gain insights into community-level processes and to improve species-level inference by borrowing information from other species that are either ecologically or phylogenetically related to the focal species.2. We unify spatial and community-level structures by developing spatially explicit joint species distribution models. The models utilize spatially structured latent factors to model missing covariates as well as species-to-species associations in a statistically and computationally effective manner.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Gurimite, Ba-3(VO4)(2) and hexacelsian, BaAl2Si2O8 - two new minerals from schorlomite-rich paralava of the Hatrurim Complex, Negev Desert, Israel. Two new barium-bearing minerals: gurimite, Ba-3(VO4)(2)(IMA2013-032) and hexacelsian, BaAl2Si2O8 (IMA2015-045) were discovered in veins of paralava cutting gehlenite-flamite hornfels located in the Gurim Anticline in the Negev Desert, Israel. Gurimite and hexacelsian occur in oval polymineralic inclusions in paralava and are associated with gehlenite, pseudowollastonite or wollastonite, rankinite, flamite, larnite, schorlomite, andradite, fluorapatite, fluorellestadite, kalsilite, cuspidine, aradite, zadovite and khesinite. Gurimite and hexacelsian form elongate crystals <10 mu m thick. The minerals are colourless and transparent with a white streak and vitreous lustre, and have (0001) cleavage, respectively good in gurimite and very good in hexacelsian. Fracture is irregular. Density calculated using empirical formulas gave 5.044 g cm(-3) for gurimite and 3.305 g cm(-3) for hexacelsian. Mean refractive indexes, 1.945 and 1.561, respectively, were also calculated using the empirical formulas and the Gladstone-Dale relationship. The minerals are uniaxial and nonpleochroic. The following empirical crystal chemical formulae were assigned to holotype gurimite: (Ba2.794K0.092Ca0.084Na0.033Sr0.017)S-3.020(V1.8275+S0.0915+P0.0515+Al0.040Si0.005Fe0.0053+)(Sigma 2.017)O-8, and holotype hexacelsian: (Ba0.911K0.059Ca0.042Na0.010)(Sigma 1.022)Al1.891Fe0.0723+Si2.034O8. The Raman spectrum of hexacelsian is similar to the one of the synthetic disordered ss-BaAl2Si2O8. The Raman spectrum of gurimite is identical to that of synthetic Ba-3(VO4)(2). The electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) pattern of gurimitewas fitted to the structure of its synthetic analogue with the cell parameters of R (3) over barm, a = 5.784(1), c = 21.132(1) angstrom, V = 612.2(2) angstrom(3), Z = 3, giving a mean angular deviation = 0.43 degrees (good fit). The Raman spectra of hexacelsian and its EBSD pattern suggest that natural hexacelsian corresponds to disordered synthetic ss-hexacelsian P6(3)/mcm, a = 5.2920(4) angstrom, c = 15.557(2) A, a = ss = 90 degrees, gamma = 120 degrees. We suggest that after relatively fast crystallization of the main constituents of the paralava, gurimite, hexacelsian and also other Ba-bearing phases crystallized from residual melt enriched in incompatible elements that filled interstices between crystals of the main constituents.", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Fabrication of laminated Ti/Al2O3 composite by vacuum hot-pressing sintering. Laminated Ti/Al2O3 composite was fabricated by tape casting with close control of thickness (about 200 mu m) of Al2O3 and titanium layers. The green tapes of titanium and Al2O3 were prepared at room temperature due to high flexibility and strength. In order to improve the density of green layers, the binder removal temperature range of titanium and Al2O3 layers was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC/TG). The compact laminated Ti/Al2O3 composite sintered by vacuum hot-pressing at 1450 degrees C for 60 min under pressure of 25 MPa was researched by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The results showed an obvious diffusion region between Al and Ti layers, and the interfacial phases were composed mostly of Ti and Al2O3, together with a little amount of Ti3Al, TiAl and AlTi2, and solid solution of O (AlTiO2). Diffusion line of EDX spectrum indicated that the diffusion distance of dissociated Al3+ in Ti layers was about 5 mu m. (C)2014 The Ceramic Society of Japan. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "Postmodern Culture and More: an Oral History Conversation between John Unsworth and Anne Welsh. John Unsworth recounts that he first became involved with computing in the Humanities c. 1989 as a new faculty member at North Carolina State University where he was hired to teach post-World War II American literature. He and his colleagues wanted to set up a new journal as only one other journal existed in that area. They were introduced to the recently released LISTSERV software and the first issue of the journal was circulated on email lists and bulletin boards. It was called Postmodern Culture and twenty-two years later is still published by Johns Hopkins University Press. It was the first peer-reviewed electronic journal in the Humanities; nevertheless, not all senior colleagues were in favour of it and, as a junior faculty member, his participation in it. He recounts that was not able to avail of formal training in computing but he did have technical knowledge of computing, mostly picked up while procrastinating on this PhD. By the early 1990s he was reading Humanist and attending conferences that focused on electronic journals where he encountered a range of academic and non-academic projects. In 1993 he moved to the University of Virginia where he directed the Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities (IATH). He reflects on the wide range of people and projects that he worked with and that it was around this time that he became involved with the community now known as digital humanities. He reflects in detail on the first digital humanities conference he attended in Paris in 1994 and concludes by discussing some of the changes that the advent of the Web has heralded.", "label": [3, 30]}
{"token": "Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Sleep Duration, and Childhood Overweight: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Objectives To examine independent associations between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), sleep duration from birth through 6.75 years, and body mass index (BMI) through 15 years of age in a population-based cohort.Results Children with the worst SDB symptoms vs asymptomatic children, had increased odds of overweight at 7 (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.04-4.17), 10 (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.02-3.16), and 15 years of age (OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.27-3.97) in models adjusted for sleep duration. Similarly, short sleep duration at approximate to 5-6 years was associated with overweight at 15 years, independent of SDB. Children with short sleep duration at 4.75 years were more likely to be overweight at 15 years in minimally (OR = 2.21, 95% CI = 1.52-3.20), confounder (OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.34-2.96), and SDB-adjusted (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.36-3.04) models.Study design The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children collected parent questionnaire data on child sleep duration and SDB symptoms from birth through 6.75 years and child BMI from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children research clinics (n = 1899). For SDB, logistic regression models-minimal, confounder, and confounder + sleep duration adjusted-examined associations with BMI at 7, 10, and 15 years of age. For short sleep duration (<= 10th percentile), comparable SDB-adjusted models examined associations with BMI at 15 years of age.Conclusions Both SDB and short sleep duration significantly and independently increase children's odds of becoming overweight. Findings underscore the potential importance of early identification and remediation of SDB, along with insufficient sleep, as strategies for reducing childhood obesity.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Effect of preoperative biliary drainage on outcome of classical pancreaticoduodenectomy. CONCLUSION: Within this study population the use of PBD by endoscopic stenting was associated with a high incidence of infective complications. These findings do not support the routine use of biliary stenting in patients prior to pancreatico-duodenectomy. (C) 2007 The WJG Press. All rights reserved.AIM: To investigate the role of preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) in the outcome of classical pancreaticoduodenectomy.METHODS: A 10-year retrospective data analysis was performed on patients (n = 48) undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy from March 1994 to March 2004 in department of surgery at SMS medical college, Jaipur, India. Demographic variables, details of preoperative stenting, operative procedure and post operative complications were noted.\\\\\\\\RESULTS: Preoperative biliary drainage was performed in 21 patients (43.5%). The incidence of septic complications was significantly higher in patients with biliary stent placement (P < 0.05, 0 vs 4). This group of patients also had a significantly higher minor biliary leak rate. Mortality and hospital stay in each group was comparable.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Shorting strap tunable single feed dual-band PIFA. RF switches are,integrated to the shorting straps of a single feed dual-band planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) to make a tunable PIFA. The L-band switch yields 0.45-dB insertion loss (IL) and 10-dB isolation bandwidth (BW) of 40% at 1.5 GHz. The tunable PIFA yields 39% impedance BW at 900-MHz band and 7.8% BW at 2000-MHz band. the measured radiation patterns are nearly omni-directional and yield a gain of -7.8 dBi at 652 MHz and 4.3 dBi at 2104 MHz.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Data Manipulation through Patronage Networks: Evidence from Environmental Emissions in China. Data manipulation is considered one of the most pernicious forms of information distortion that challenges the effectiveness of the principals in monitoring agents. This study investigates factors influencing the behaviors of data manipulation from the perspective of patronage networks. Patronage networks feature a reciprocal exchange between patrons who control appealing resources and clients who ask for protection and benefits from the patrons. We hypothesize that in a three-tier principal-supervisor-agent model, agents favored in the patronage network would receive tacit permission and protection from the supervisor, and hence be encouraged to falsify performance data and game the principal. The empirical results, using panel regression models based on officially reported and satellite-observed environmental emissions data in China, suggest that cities with leaders favored in the patronage network present a stronger tendency for data manipulation. This study has theoretical implications for understanding the impact of informal institutions on performance management.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "Diversity of Rotavirus Strains Circulating in Northern Brazil After Introduction of a Rotavirus Vaccine: High Prevalence of G3P[6] Genotype. Rotavirus A (RVA) is the most common cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide, causing 453,000 deaths annually. In Brazil, the most frequent genotype identified was G1 during almost three decades in the pre-vaccination period; however, after anti-rotavirus vaccine introduction, there was a predominance of G2 genotype. The aim of this study was to determine the G and P genotypes of rotaviruses isolated from children under 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in the Northern region of Brazil, and discuss the emergence of G3P[6] genotype. A total of 783 stool specimens were obtained between January 2011 and March 2012. RVA antigen was detected in 33% (272/783) of samples using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and type-specificity was determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The most common binary combination was G2P[4], representing 41% of cases, followed by G3P[6] (15%), G1P[8] (8%), G3P[8] (4%), G9P[8] (3%), and G12P[6] (2%). G3P[6] strains were analyzed further and phylogenetic analysis of VP7 gene showed that G3 strains clustered into lineage I and showed a high degree of amino acid identity with vaccine strain RV3 (95.1-95.6%). For VP4 sequences, G3P[6] clustered into lineage Ia. It was demonstrated by the first time the emergence of unusual genotype G3P[6] in the Amazon region of Brazil. This genotype shares neither VP7 nor VP4 specificity with the used vaccine and may represent a challenge to vaccination strategies. A continuous monitoring of circulating strains is therefore needed during the post-vaccine era in Brazil. J. Med. Virol. 86:1065-1072, 2014. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Discovery of new open-air Paleolithic localities in Central Alborz, Northern Iran. The cooperative French-Iranian Paleoanthropological Project (FIPP) discovered three Paleolithic localities in Central Alborz, Northern Iran during its 2005 field mission. In the northern foothills near Baliran in Mazandaran province, Garm Roud yielded an open-air site with an archaeological layer attributable to the last glacial period that dates from the end of OIS 3 (28,486 +/- 190 cal BP). These geochronological data and the typo-technical observations converge to place the Garm Roud 2 assemblage in the Upper Paleolithic. Garm Roud 2 is thus the first site of this kind discovered in the area. In the southern foothills near Damavand in Tehran province, Moghanak and Otchounak represent two open-air surface localities with lithic assemblages of Mousterian to Ante-Mousterian affinity. Garm Roud, Moghanak, and Otchounak provide some of the first direct field evidence of early human settlements in this central area of the Middle East. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 56, 42]}
{"token": "Equilibrium studies of binary and mixed-ligand dimethyltin(IV) complexes involving homopiperazine and DNA constituents with reference to the antitumor activity. The reaction of dimethyltin(IV) dichloride (DMT) with homopiperazine (HPIP) was studied. The equilibria of the complexes formed in solution were investigated. The complexes detected are of 1:1 stoichiometry in addition to the protonated and hydrolysed species. The complex formation constants were determined by the use of potentiometric technique and the non-linear computer program Miniquad-75. The dielectric constant effect of the reaction medium on the formation of the complexes was investigated. Formation constants of the complexes were determined at different temperatures and the thermodynamic parameters as Delta H degrees and Delta S degrees were estimated and discussed. The ternary complexes of dimethyltin(IV) with HPIP and DNA constituents are formed by a simultaneous mechanism. Their formation constants were determined. The speciation diagrams of the binary and mixed-ligand complexes were evaluated.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Prevalence and correlates of early smoking among elementary schoolchildren in multiethnic, low-income inner-city neighborhoods. PURPOSE: The prevalence and correlates of early smoking were investigated among schoolchildren in grades 4-6 living in multiethnic, low-income neighborhoods in Montreal.METHODS: As part of the evaluation of a school-based heart health promotion program, baseline data on the prevalence of early smoking were collected from 2285 students aged 9-13 years in 24 inner city elementary schools during May-lune 1993.RESULTS: Overall, 28.7% of boys and 20.3% of girls had smoked. Girls began trying later than boys, but by age 13 the prevalence of experimental or regular smoking by girls overtook that of boys. Univariately, ever smoking varied considerably by family origin, from 2.1% among Vietnamese girls, to 35.8% among Portuguese boys. In multivariate analysis, age, perceived smoking habits of friends, and smoking by family members, were strong correlates of smoking. Being of Asian family origin was negatively associated with smoking. None of the indicators of social class were significantly associated with ever smoking.CONCLUSIONS: Smoking prevention should begin with children even younger than age 9 in multiethnic, low-income, inner-city neighborhoods. With the exception of a lower prevalence of smoking among Asian children, ethnicity and social class were not strong influences on early smoking behavior in this population. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Anatomical considerations for the management of a left-sided superior caval vein draining to the roof of the left atrium. Aims: The pathophysiological entity of a persisting left-sided superior caval vein draining into the roof of the left atrium represents an extreme form of coronary sinus de-roofing. This is an uncommon, but well-documented condition associated with systemic desaturation due to a right-to-left shunt. Depending on the size of the coronary ostium, the defect may also present with right-sided volume loading. We describe two patients, both of whom presented with desaturation, and highlight the important anatomical features underscoring management. Methods and Results: Both patients were managed interventionally with previous assessment of the size of the coronary sinus ostium through cross-sectional imaging. This revealed a restrictive interatrial communication at the right atrial mouth of the coronary sinus in both patients, which permitted an interventional approach, as the residual left-to-right shunt subsequent to closure of the aberrant vessel would be negligible. At intervention, test occlusion of the left superior caval vein allowed assessment of decompressing vessels before successful occlusion using an Amplatzer Vascular Plug. Conclusions: Persistence of a left superior caval vein draining to the left atrium may be associated with an interatrial communication at the mouth of the unroofed coronary sinus. The ostium of the de-roofed coronary sinus can be atretic, restrictive, normally sized, or enlarged. Careful assessment of the size of this defect is required before treatment. In view of its importance, which has received little attention in the literature to date, we suggest an additional consideration to the classification of unroofed coronary sinus.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Process design for purification of muscle lactate dehydrogenase by affinity partitioning using free reactive dyes. It was shown that by using free reactive dyes as affinity ligands, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) can be purified with affinity partitioning directly from rabbit muscle homogenization. The free reactive dyes not bound to polyethylene glycol (PEG) showed a strong tendency toward the top PEG-rich phase in aqueous two-phase systems, and thus enhanced the affinity partitioning effect. Wide-ranged reactive dyes were screened in terms of their partitioning abilities for LDH. The effects of various parameters on affinity partitioning behavior of LDH, such as phase composition, impurities in raw material, concentration of dyes, pH of the systems, and addition of salts, were studied. The optimized affinity extraction process has been carried out for the large-scale purification of LDH from rabbit muscle homogenization. The enzyme was recovered with a yield of 81.3% and a purification factor of 7.4. Both PEG and dyes were recovered and reused directly without lowering the quality of the product.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Modelling of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) behaviour in sea-cages: Using artificial light to control swimming depth. Submerged artificial light sources are commonly used to control sexual maturation in farmed Atlantic salmon, but may also be a tool to steer salmon to swim at depths which are optimal for production. In this study, we used an individual-based model of the behaviour of salmon toward environmental variability to simulate the swimming depths of salmon in different seasons, production environments and artificial light regimes. Model outputs agreed with direct observations of salmon swimming depths from literature, suggesting that the model accurately simulated the behavioural mechanisms behind responses toward artificial lights superimposed upon different environmental conditions. We used the model in a series of in silico experiments to predict the behavioural effects of submerged artificial lights placed at different depths in environmental conditions typical for coastal waters in winter, spring and summer. The model indicated that artificial lights controlled salmon swimming depths most efficiently in winter. Further, lights may be more efficient in sites with a more homogeneous environment throughout the water column (e.g. open coast) than sites that are thermally stratified (e.g. fjords). Placing submerged lights at the right depths could produce better culture conditions, ultimately resulting in increased growth. With standard measurements of temperature at several depths as a sole user input, the model could act as a tool to inform farmers of which depths to place their lights on any given day or season. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45]}
{"token": "Modeling of Approaches of Product Development and Production Processes: Existing Problems and Proposed Solutions. In the modern economy, the development of new industrial products is considered as the most important element of the producer competitiveness (industrial product is understood as a material product) production, and the result of any technological/business process). However, the implementation of the process of creating a new product, and its development remains difficult to perform due to the difficulties in solving certain operational tasks of the dedicated business process. Due to the constant changes in the organization of the process and specific features of the production of certain industrial areas. Current problems in the organization of creating a product deprive the manufacturer of the possibility of its continuous effective development. Therefore, the identification of individual areas/elements of the studied process is crucial in improving the efficiency of PD process in general. The management of a holistic PD process consists of two main elements: (a) general organization of functional competencies, technical support, knowledge management; and (b) organizational/managerial decisions to create a competitive product within the framework of business development such as the strategy of the PD, organizational structure, the financing component of the project. The difficulty lies in the fact that apart from the different levels of abstraction in different industries at the level of competence, the ways to assess the effectiveness of PD processes depend on a number of \\\\'success factors\\\\': from the point of reference of PD control-processes, available technological skills, and etc. As a result, there is a need to develop both processes and their models and criteria for their evaluation.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 40, 29, 52]}
{"token": "Stress responses and genetic variation in bacteria. Under stressful conditions mechanisms that increase genetic variation can bestow a selective advantage. Bacteria have several stress responses that provide ways in which mutation rates can be increased. These include the SOS response, the general stress, response, the heat-shock response, and the stringent response, all of which impact the regulation of error-prone polymerases. Adaptive mutation appears to be process by which cells can respond to selective pressure specifically by producing mutations. In Escherichia coli strain FC40 adaptive mutation involves the following inducible components: (i) a recombination pathway that generates mutations; (ii) a DNA polymerase that synthesizes error-containing DNA: and (iii) stress responses that regulate cellular processes. In addition, a subpopulation of cells enters into a state of hypermutation; giving rise to about 10% of the single mutants, single mutants and virtually all of the mutants with multiple mutations. These bacterial responses have implications development of cancer and other genetic disorders in higher organisms. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19, 22, 20]}
{"token": "ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE AND DETERIORATION BEHAVIOR OF METAL HYDRIDE ELECTRODES. Deterioration processes of metal hydride electrodes using a mischmetal-based alloy, MmNi3.5Co0.7Al0.8, were also studied employing EIS. Deterioration of a metal hydride electrode using copper-coated alloy powder was dominated by a decrease in reactivity of the alloy surface. In contrast, an increase in the contact resistances and a decrease in the amount of electrochemically utilizable alloy particles were significant in the deterioration of electrodes using uncoated alloy powder. Deterioration of the electrodes was avoided to some extent by elevating the hot-press temperature during electrode preparation.Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied to metal hydride electrodes. Cole-Cole plots for the electrodes consisted of two obvious semicircles and a slope related to Warburg impedance. The semicircle in the high-frequency region was mainly related to the resistance and capacitance between the current collector and the pellet of alloy powder. The semicircle in the low-frequency region, which exhibited appreciable dependence on hydrogen content, was attributed to electrode reactions on the alloy particles and double-layer capacitance on the alloy particles. Resistance and capacitance between alloy particles in the electrodes also need to be taken into account.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Exploiting conditionality: EU and international actors and post-NPM reform in Ireland. Between 2008 and 2015, Ireland undertook unprecedented and systemic public sector reforms in a polity not traditionally considered a prominent reformer. While some of these reforms comprised part of the loan programme agreement with EU and international actors, many others did not. This article argues that the crisis in Ireland provided a window of opportunity to introduce reforms that political and administrative elites had previously found difficult to implement. The authority of the Troika was invoked to provide legitimacy for controversial initiatives, yet some of the reforms went further than the loan programme strictly required. A number of these concerning organisational rationalisation, the public service 'bargain' and transversal policy coordination are considered here. Agreements were negotiated with public sector unions that facilitated sharp cuts in pay and conditions, reducing the potential for opposition to change. The reform effort was further legitimated by the reformers' post-New Public Management, whole-of-government discourse, which situated considerations of effectiveness and efficiency in a broader framework of public service quality and delivery.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Exogenously Applied Polyamines Reduce Reactive Oxygen Species, Enhancing Cell Division and the Shoot Regeneration from Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata Protoplasts. Polyamines (PAs) are organic molecules that are found in plants and animals. In plants, they are involved in the regulation of cellular growth, apoptosis, rooting, flower development, and stress responses. The effect of exogenously applied polyamines on the development of Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata protoplast cultures was studied. Protoplasts were isolated from hypocotyls of 2-week-old seedlings of three accessions and they were cultured in liquid media supplemented with putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) at concentrations of 0 (control), 10, 20, and 40 mu M. In the very early culture (24 and 48 h), cellular reactive oxygen species levels (ROS) in live cells were monitored using a fluorescent probe. The Put- and Spd-treated protoplasts exhibited lower fluorescence intensities, which corresponded to lower ROS accumulation as compared to the PA-free control. The protoplast viability was affected by the type of polyamine applied rather than its concentration. Put and Spd had a beneficial effect on the mitotic activity of the cultured cells, which was observed in all tested accessions. The highest frequency of shoot organogenesis (21%) was obtained from microcalli derived from the protoplasts cultured on the medium supplemented with 10 mu M Put. Analysis of the ploidy level of the regenerants showed that the vast majority were diploids. Our results demonstrated that exogenously applied PAs maintained the viability of B. oleracea L. var. capitata protoplasts by alleviating oxidative stress and stimulating mitotic activity, which further affected the plant regeneration process.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Does the non-native Harlequin ladybird disrupt the feeding behaviour of the native two-spot ladybird?. Since its arrival in 2004, the non-native Harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has rapidly spread throughout Britain, and it is now the most common coccinellid in England. There have since been concerns about the detrimental effects it may have on native coccinellids because there is a strong correlation between the arrival of H. axyridis and the decline in native species, including the two-spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata. However, there have been few studies of the behavioural interactions between these two species, which occupy a high-niche overlap. This study investigated if the presence of H. axyridis impacts the feeding behaviour of A. bipunctata through direct competition for aphid prey. Foraging and interactive behaviour of A. bipunctata and H. axyridis were investigated within microcosms. Adalia bipuncata exhibited a similar consumption rate and time in the presence of H. axridis, yet H. axyridis consumed 3.5 times more prey items and were seven times faster compared to A. bipuncata. Observations showed that H. axyridis does not directly disrupt the feeding behaviour of A. bipunctata, but rather indirectly excludes the native species through being a superior competitor for prey items. Results indicate that the decline in native coccinellid species may be a consequence of H. axyridis competitive advantage, but that the concept of coexistence should not be dismissed.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "A novel hydrate of alpha-cyclodextrin crystallised under high-pressure conditions. The technique of high-pressure crystallisation from solution has been applied to the study of alpha-cyclodextrin hydrate formation. A previously unobserved hydrate, here termed Ib, has been obtained at 0.65 GPa and characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. This form exhibits a combination of structural features of other known hydrates and hydration states obtained by theoretical calculations but never found experimentally before.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Gion Matsuri in Kyoto A Multilayered Religious Phenomenon. In this paper, I analyze Gion Matsuri in Kyoto as a multilayered phenomenon, and explore its religious aspects in context, with particular attention to interactions between actors, such as its organizing bodies, residents of the neighborhoods that sponsor the yama and hoko floats, the local government, and Yasaka Shrine (Yasaka Jinja). Based on my extended fieldwork, I focus on the festival's most recent transformations (esp. the reinstatement of ato matsuri in 2014) and the negotiation of religious and secular boundaries, both within and without the festival's physical spaces. I also reflect on Gion Matsuri as a \\\\'contested zone,\\\\' an idea that contributes to opening up new perspectives for the study of this and other festivals. More broadly my analysis aims to shed light not only on the multidimensional character of Gion Matsuri, but also on the interplay of religion with different arenas of contemporary society including local communities and government, tourism, the economy, and cultural policies.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Chemical analysis of white porcelains from the Ding Kiln site, Hebei Province, China. The Ding kilns were some of the most famous early kilns of medieval China, producing huge quantities of white and cream-white porcelains of outstanding technical and aesthetic quality. Since 1949 they have been excavated three times, in 1965, in 1987, and in 2009 respectively. In this latest study 69 white porcelain sherds from assured contexts and from the 2009 excavations were analyzed using laser ablation techniques (ICP-AES). The samples date from Five Dynasties, Northern Song and Jin Dynasties respectively (early 10(th) to early 13(th) C CE). The results show that Ding wares of different times show different characteristics that can be demonstrated through chemical composition. During the early phase of production the Ding ware bodies consisted largely of high firing kaolinitic clays with predominantly calcareous materials as fluxes. After the early Northern Song Dynasty, some calcareous material was replaced by a more potassic material. The compositions of the glazes show a parallel evolution to the bodies. However, because the glazes are very low in titania it seems unlikely that the main clay ingredients of the bodies could have been used in the glaze recipes. For much of the kiln site's history the glazes appear to have been made mainly from the same siliceous flux-rich materials that had been blended with the main body-clays used to make the Ding ware porcelains, plus some extra calcareous material. The P2O5 contents of the glazes suggest that wood ash may have been one source of CaO in the glaze recipes. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "The urban networks of Anglo-Norman Meath and the Teutonic Order's Kulmerland: a comparative analysis. This article presents comparative research on the role of towns and urban networks in the process of constructing space during conquest and colonization in selected 'non-Roman' regions of Europe in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It focuses on Kulmerland in Prussia and Meath in Ireland. In both regions, the creation of urban networks and new regional spaces entailed the use of pre-existing settlement. However, reception intensity was determined by both the state of preservation of the earlier settlement and the needs of territorial authorities. This comparison shows ways of using symbolic potential (names, central places) and former settlement points for the construction of cities. In both territories, the functions of central places were particularized due to subinfeudation.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Solvent-based ethyl silicate for stone consolidation: influence of the application technique on penetration depth, efficacy and pore occlusion. The efficacy of stone consolidating treatments is significantly affected by the application procedure, including the technique used and the amount of product applied. Indeed, in the common on-site practice, consolidants are not applied until 'apparent refusal' (i.e. a drastic slowing down of the liquid absorption by the substrate), as usually recommended in commercial products' technical data sheets and performed in laboratory tests, but a lower number of applications is performed for practical and economic reasons. Nevertheless, the influence of the application procedure on the absorption mechanism and distribution of the consolidant has not been fully elucidated yet, especially for solvent-based products, for which a competition between capillary uptake and solvent evaporation might arise. In this study, the influence of the treatment conditions on the consolidant efficacy was investigated with the aim of determining whether increasing the number of applications results in a deeper penetration depth and remarkably higher mechanical properties or in a higher saturation of the surface layer. For the experimental tests, an organic solvent-based ethyl silicate (or tetra-ethyl-ortho-silicate, TEOS) was selected, as it is the most commonly-used product in stone consolidation. Brushing was selected as the application method, because it is widely used in current practice and because it involves a discontinuous fluid supply to the stone, possibly causing an over-accumulation of product near the surface. Two different treatments were compared: brushing application by 5 strokes (T1) and 10 strokes (T2). The effect of the two treatments, applied on a porous limestone, was evaluated in terms of increase in mechanical properties (tensile strength, resistance to abrasion), alteration in microstructural features (determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry) and penetration depth (assessed by visual inspection of fractured samples, water sorptivity test and dynamic X-ray radiography). The results of the study indicate that increasing the number of TEOS applications from 5 to 10 brush strokes leads to a higher (but less than proportional) increase in mechanical properties (+33 % for T1, +47 % for T2) and a higher penetration depth (7-8 mm for T1, 12-13 mm for T2), while no accumulation of the additional product near the surface and no hard crust formation were found.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Costs, outputs and outcomes in school PFI contracts and the significance of project size. This article examines operational Private Finance Initiative (PFI) school projects and reports the experiences of UK headteachers. It considers the impact of project size on value for money (VFM). Headteachers involved in small projects are more satisfied with costs than those involved in large projects, but headteachers involved in larger projects are more satisfied with affordability. Generally, heads are more satisfied with the buildings than with the services. The authors question the government's recent policy changes to increase the size of PFI projects.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "A design support system for effective planning of the integrated workplace performance. The objective of this study is to develop a design support system for effective planning of the integrated workplace performance. The current workplace planning process was analyzed, and lighting fixture and diffuser types were categorized by surveying several office buildings. The concept of an integrated workplace planning module is proposed, and its development procedure is based on the current planning process. Various lighting planning modules and mechanical planning modules are developed by visual and thermal environment simulation. After considering the layout of other mechanical equipments, an integrated workplace planning module, which satisfies the visual and thermal comfort criteria, was developed for various architectural modules. By using this integrated workplace planning module, workplace planners can easily evaluate how their architectural planning decisions will affect the visual and thermal environment in the early stage of architectural design to achieve the more efficient design work. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Evaluation of the acute oral toxicity of the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans at the gut level. The aim of the present study was to perform the histopathological and enzymatic evaluation of the intestines of Swiss mice infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis after oral administration of the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001). Twenty mice were used, all previously dewormed and kept in individual cages with granulated feed and drinking water provided ad libitum. After this period, the animals were randomly divided into four experimental groups: Group 1 (animals infected with 700 L-3 of S. venezuelensis), Group 2 (animals infected with 700 L-3 of S. venezuelensis + orally treated with 500 chlamydospores and 500 conidia of AC001), Group 3 (animals not infected with L-3 from S. venezuelensis + orally treated with 500 chlamydospores and 500 conidia from AC001) and Group 4, control (uninfected and untreated animals with chlamydospores and AC001 conidia). After that, all animals were euthanized and necropsied. Intestinal tissue collections were intended for histopathology and enzymatic quantification of Eosinophilic Peroxidase (EPO) and Myeloperoxidase (MPO). At the end of the trial, the results showed that there was no change and/or destruction of the intestinal microvilli in the groups (G2 and G3) that received orally chlamydospores/conidia of AC001. Oral treatments with AC001 did not induce any significant increase in EPO and MPO levels in the experimental groups (G2 and G3), when compared to the control group G4 (p < 0.05). It was concluded that the fungus D. flagrans (AC001) did not cause changes in the intestinal microvilli, nor did it interfere in the levels of EOP and MPO.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 44]}
{"token": "The improvement of blowout limit in partially/fully premixed flames with geometrically modified bluffbody bases. The improvement of the lean blowout limit of bluffbody stabilized methane flames is investigated. The flame configuration consists of a hybrid of partially and fully premixed flames, which is produced by injecting methane jets from a streamline-shaped bluffbody into a fully premixed methane/air crossflow. Additional geometric modifications from the original bluffbody base are such that the base has two-dimensionally modified geometries and three-dimensional local cavities. We observe that the blowout limit of the hybrid configuration is extended by up to similar to 12% (in terms of the equivalence ratio of the crossflow) with the modified geometries. Gas chromatographic sampling and particle image velocimetry (PIV) show that high fuel mole fraction regions coexist with regions of low speed flow for the modified geometries. Further PIV analysis shows that the downstream flow fields of the modified bases generally have a larger number of incoherent vortices and lower strain rate in comparison with those of the unmodified base.", "label": [1, 15, 12]}
{"token": "Reimagining Gender-Based Violence in the Eye of the COVID-19 Storm and Beyond: A Practical-Missiological Reflection on an African Family through the Lenses of the Biblical Narrative of Tamar. Humanity is not battling only against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) but also against gender-based violence (GBV), which has risen to epidemic proportions globally during the COVID-19 storm. There has been a rapid increase in domestic violence and other forms of GBV as nations imposed lockdown restrictions as a way to curb the COVID-19 storm. In this article, it is my contention that some of the people who were compelled to quarantine became vulnerable to GBV. In his presidential address to the nation on 18 June 2020, President Cyril Ramaphosa identified GBV in South Africa as a second pandemic. There is also a considerable outcry in our inability, both as humanity at large and government, in particular, to deal with this scourge and find lasting solutions to it. This article locates the scourge of GBV within the 'storm' of COVID-19 using an African family unit as a case study. Upon presenting a practical-missiological reflection of the biblical narrative of Tamar in 2 Samuel 13-both through missional lenses and hermeneutic analysis-this article reimagines an ecclesial praxis that is life-affirming and liberating to victims of GBV as it applies in family contexts. It proposes tangible solutions to GBV within an African family, but the results can be replicated globally where GBV remains a pandemic to be dealt with.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "'Now the mask is taken off': Jacobitism and colonial New England, 1702-27. Jacobitism has been shown to be an integral and enduring element of British culture, especially during the twenty-six years following the Revolution of 1688. Yet few attempts have been made to explore the impact or existence of Jacobitism in the British Atlantic world. This article locates and examines the presence of Jacobitism in the religious controversies and transatlantic print culture of colonial New England from 1702 to 1727 and draws tentative conclusions about the existence and significance of Jacobitism in the British Atlantic.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Cultural differences and neural correlates of cognitive insight in schizophrenia. Cognitive insight refers to a person's ability to examine their psychotic experiences and the inferences they draw from these experiences. Several studies suggest that cultural factors influence cognitive insight and the processes involved therein; a few studies have suggested differences between Western and Asian societies. However, there are no studies on cognitive insight and its neural correlates in non-Western populations. Hence, we examined factor structure of Beck's cognitive insight scale (BCIS) in a large sample of patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) and healthy volunteers (HV) from India and assessed the relationship between cortical thickness and cognitive insight. We recruited 240 participants (SCZ-140; HV-100). Of these, 58 participants (SCZ-33: HV-25) underwent magnetic resonance imaging. We found a three-factor structure for BCIS which is different from the original two factor structure; self-reflection (SR) of original two-factor structure was sub-divided into- SR1, introspection and SR2, openness to feedback. There was a significant difference between HV and SCZ in the new factors, SR1 and SR2 but not in the original SR factor. Difference was also seen on MRI analysis; while there was a significant positive correlation between original SR factor and thickness of right posterior cingulate cortex, SR2 was positively correlated with thickness of left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The difference in factor structure in Indian participants and their distinct neural correlates point to cultural differences in cognitive insight. While in western societies the constructs of introspection and openness to feedback might integrate, they might be separate entities in Asian population. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Chemical-Clathrate Hybrid Hydrogen Storage: Storage in Both Guest and Host. Hydrogen storage from two independent sources of the same material represents a novel approach to the hydrogen storage problem, yielding storage capacities greater than either of the individual constituents. Here we report a novel hydrogen storage scheme in which recoverable hydrogen is stored molecularly within clathrate cavities as well as chemically in the clathrate host material. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic measurements confirm the formation of beta-hydroquinone (beta-HQ) clathrate with molecular hydrogen. Hydrogen within the beta-HQ clathrate vibrates at considerably lower frequency than hydrogen in the free gaseous phase and rotates nondegenerately with splitting comparable to the rotational constant. Compared with water-based clathrate hydrate phases, the beta-HQ+H-2 clathrate shows remarkable stability over a range of p-T conditions. Subsequent to clathrate decomposition, the host HQ was used to directly power a PEM fuel cell. With one H-2 molecule per cavity, 0.61 wt % hydrogen may be stored in the beta-HQ clathrate cavities. When this amount is combined with complete dehydrogenation of the host hydroxyl hydrogens, the maximum hydrogen storage capacity increases nearly 300% to 2.43 wt %.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Some Thoughts on the Spatial Forms and Practices of Storytelling. Our notions of space and place are deeply invested with narrative to the degree that one can think of storytelling as a spatial form and practice. Critical engagements with space and place have bypassed these investments so far since narrative is firmly associated with matters of time whereas space, commonly perceived as the stable backdrop to history's transformative operations, is yet to be emancipated from the dominance of time. Parallel to reconstructing space in ways that bring out its own productivity, narratologists have been reassessing narrative's vastly neglected relation to space. This essay zooms in on two venues of this work: on general recalibrations of the relation of space and narrative, and on the spatial metaphors evoked and employed by it. Linking these reassessments of narrative spatiality to on-going revisions of representational narrativity, I hope to show how these parallel strands of critical rethinking can deepen our understanding of both space and narrative - if they are brought to converge.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "The Book Market and Publishing Houses between the Centennial of the Wars of Independence and the Spanish Civil War: the Sudamericana publishing house. The commercial strategies of the Spanish booksellers and publishing houses in the American markets are analyzed in a context distinguished by Americanist trends in the political sphere and \\\\'regenerationist\\\\' initiatives in the economic field, during the period beginning with the Centennial of the Wars of Independence and ending with the Spanish Civil War. This paper studies the managerial strategies implemented by the publishing houses of Catalonia, the leadership of this region as epicentre of the Hispanic project, and finally the conditions that allowed the creation of the \\\\'Sudamericana\\\\' publishing house of Buenos Aires, before the imminence of Franco's victory. The foci of study are the publishing and commercial strategies; the importance of the book associations and management corporations; and the bonds formed with the Argentine intellectual sector in the first decades of the 20th century by means of the consular delegations, cultural institutions and Spanish chambers of commerce.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "A high-efficacy antisense RI alpha poly-DNP 21-nt RNA. The antisense inhibitor poly-2'-O-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-5'-GGCUGCGUGCCUCCUCACUGG (antisense poly-DNP RNA-21) has been synthesized by in vitro transcription followed by chemical derivatization. Its base sequence is complementary to that of nucleotides 110-130 in the mRNA of the regulatory RI,, subunit of PKA (RIalpha/PKA), which is overexpressed in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and A549 lung cancer cells. The bioavailable and RNase-resistant antisense poly-DNP RNA-21 was found to inhibit cell growth with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.05 nM in MCF-7 cells and 4 nM in A549 cells. The control 21-nt RNAs with the same poly-DNP oligonucleotide (ODN) platform but with scrambled, sense, or mismatched base sequence are inactive. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with antisense poly-DNP RNA-21 abolishes both the steady-state concentration of RIalpha mRNA and the synthesis of RI,, protein. At sufficiently high concentration, antisense poly-DNP RNA-21 selectively kills the targeted cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. The observed sequence specificity and extremely low IC50 values of antisense poly-DNP RNA-21 suggest that it is a promising candidate for in vivo testing as an effective anticancer agent.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 19, 42]}
{"token": "Use of Virtual Reality Technology to Enhance Undergraduate Learning in Abnormal Psychology. We examined whether using virtual reality (VR) technology to provide students with direct exposure to evidence-based psychological treatment approaches would enhance their understanding of and appreciation for such treatments. Students enrolled in an abnormal psychology course participated in a VR session designed to help clients overcome the fear of flying. We assessed students' understanding of how cognitive behavioral, exposure-based therapies work, as well as their attitudes toward various forms of intervention, prior to and after their participation in the VR session. We found that incorporating firsthand experience with evidence-based psychological treatments, such as VR exposure for overcoming the fear of flying, can be useful in enhancing students' understanding of such treatments.", "label": [5, 53, 55]}
{"token": "What constrains renewable energy investment in Sub-Saharan Africa? A comparison of Kenya and Ghana. Policymakers in Sub-Saharan Africa face several choices to increase levels of access to electricity under severe budget constraints. First, they need to prioritise technologies that can supply electricity at a low cost. Second, they need to design and implement appropriate policies to attract private investment. On the first choice, renewable energy is becoming increasingly competitive with fossil fuels. Moreover, it contributes to energy security and environmental sustainability, while providing access to new sources of (sustainable) finance. On the second choice, developing countries typically face a multitude of constraints to attract investment to their energy sector. It can be daunting and expensive to address them all at once. This paper presents a new methodology to support policymakers to better target policies for the promotion of commercial-scale renewable energy investment. The methodology, which we call \\\\'Green Investment Diagnostics\\\\' draws upon the Growth Diagnostics framework, extensively used in the field of Development Economics to identify the binding constraints to economic growth. It is operationalised with a decision tree analysis that builds cumulative evidence to prioritise some constraints over others, through the review of indicators and validation through expert interviews. We apply this approach to Kenya and Ghana, finding that Ghana's key constraints to investment in renewable energy are an unreliable off-taker, macroeconomic imbalances, regulatory uncertainty, pressures to keep prices low, as well as insufficient and costly domestic finance. Kenya instead offers generous returns to investment in renewables but faces a low demand, a lack of networking infrastructure and problems of governance and social acceptance, exacerbated by uncertain land property rights and rent-seeking. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 49, 57]}
{"token": "Encouraging Academic Honesty: A Nursing Imperative. Academic dishonesty, whether intentional cheating or plagiarism, or unintentional sharing of work or confusion about referencing, is nothing new to the college environment but is especially disturbing within nursing. The integrity of the nursing profession may, in fact, be jeopardized as students with the habit of cheating graduate and enter the field. This article discusses how educators, students, university administration, and nurses in practice can discourage cheating and plagiarism and promote honesty.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "The impact of pre- and post-image processing techniques on deep learning frameworks: A comprehensive review for digital pathology image analysis. Recently, deep learning frameworks have rapidly become the main methodology for analyzing medical images. Due to their powerful learning ability and advantages in dealing with complex patterns, deep learning algorithms are ideal for image analysis challenges, particularly in the field of digital pathology. The variety of image analysis tasks in the context of deep learning includes classification (e.g., healthy vs. cancerous tissue), detection (e.g., lymphocytes and mitosis counting), and segmentation (e.g., nuclei and glands segmentation). The majority of recent machine learning methods in digital pathology have a pre- and/or post-processing stage which is integrated with a deep neural network. These stages, based on traditional image processing methods, are employed to make the subsequent classification, detection, or segmentation problem easier to solve. Several studies have shown how the integration of pre- and post-processing methods within a deep learning pipeline can further increase the model's performance when compared to the network by itself. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the types of methods that are used within deep learning frameworks either to optimally prepare the input (pre-processing) or to improve the results of the network output (post-processing), focusing on digital pathology image analysis. Many of the techniques presented here, especially the post-processing methods, are not limited to digital pathology but can be extended to almost any image analysis field.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 40, 42]}
{"token": "Glyphosate resistant soybean injury from 2,4-D spray tank contamination. Eight trials were conducted during 2012-2014 to determine the response of non-2,4-D resistant soybean to 2,4-D tank contamination at 2.1-168 g a.e. ha(-1). The predicted dose of 2,4-D to reduce yield 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% or 50% was 4.5, 22, 46, 97, and >168 g a.e. ha(-1), respectively.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and tick-borne encephalitis virus in zoo animal species in the Czech Republic. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of antibodies against Borrelia bugdorferi (Bb) s.l. and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in zoo animals in the Czech Republic. We collected 133 serum samples from 69 animal species from 5 zoos located in different parts of the country. The samples were obtained from even-toed ungulates (n = 78; 42 species), odd-toed ungulates (n = 32; 11 species), carnivores (n = 13; 9 species), primates (n = 2, 2 species), birds (n = 3; 2 species), and reptiles (n = 5; 3 species). A high antibody prevalence (60%) was observed for Bb s.l. On the other hand, only two animals had TBEV-specific antibodies: a markhor (Capra falconer and a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), both from the same zoo, located in an area endemic for TBEV. Both of these animals were also positive for Bb s.l. antibodies. Our results indicate that a high number of animal species in the Czech zoos were exposed to Bb s.l. and that TBEV infection occurred at least in one of the investigated zoos. Considering the pathogenic potential of these two tick-borne pathogens, clinical and serological monitoring should be continued, and therapeutic and preventive measures should be taken when necessary. (C) 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 25, 43]}
{"token": "Preparation of Porous Carbon Nanofibers by Electrospinning and Their Electrochemical Capacitive Behavior. Zinc acetate/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers were prepared by an electrospinning method. The as-prepared nanofibers were carbonized under argon and washed with acid to obtain porous carbon nanofibers. The surface morphology and microstructure of the porous carbon nanofibers were examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The surface area was found to be 413 m(2).g(-1) by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The electrochemical performance of the electrodes was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and by chronopotentiogram tests. The results showed that the specific capacitance of the as-repapered carbon porous nanofiber electrode was 275 F.g(-1) under 1 A.g(-1), which is 162% higher than that of the carbon nanofibers without a porous structure.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Laminar burning velocity measurements of methane and carbon dioxide mixtures (biogas) over wide ranging temperatures and pressures. Biogas is an important renewable energy resource that is mostly methane but contains up to 40% carbon dioxide by volume. As the carbon dioxide is a diluent, it reduces the laminar burning velocity, the flame stability and the flammability range, all of which can have adverse effects on combustion system performance. When used in gas turbines, spark ignited gas engines and dual fuel engines it is important to have laminar burning velocity data for high temperatures and pressures. These data have been obtained by using the pressure rise data from constant volume combustion, so that a single experiment yields burning velocity data (linked by the isentropic compression) for a range of pressures and temperatures. The pressure/temperature dependency has been decoupled by conducting experiments with different initial temperatures and pressures. The results from experiments with different carbon dioxide fractions and equivalence ratios have been fitted to a correlation with twelve coefficients. Data have been obtained with up to 40% carbon dioxide, pressures of up to 18 bar, temperatures of up to 660 K and equivalence ratios in the range 0.7-1.4. Results showed a decrease in burning velocity with pressure and an increase with temperature. The effect of dilution with carbon dioxide was a reduction in burning velocity, to around 65% of that of pure methane when the carbon dioxide fraction was 40% for stoichiometric mixtures. There is only a very limited amount of prior burning velocity data for high temperatures and pressures, but where possible, comparisons have been made with published data. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 16, 15]}
{"token": "Complete chloroplast genome of vulnerable medicinal plant Saraca asoca (Fabaceae). The complete chloroplast genome sequences of vulnerable medicinal plant Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. (Fabaceae) was sequenced. A total of 5,206,216,851 paired-end filtered reads of 151 bp were obtained. The plastome length (including LSC, SSC, IRa, and IRb) was 137,743 bp (GC content: 35.26%). A total of 126 coding genes which includes 97 CDS, 24 tRNA, and five rRNA genes were annotated. The phylogenetic analysis attempts to establish molecular signature in order to differentiate genuine sample of S. asoca from its adulterants easily.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "Thermal insulation properties of jute, polypropylene and recycled polyester nonwoven fabrics for automotive textiles. Three different nonwoven fabrics, namely jute, polypropylene and recycled polyester, have been produced using needle-punching method. The nonwoven fabric samples are then characterised by thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, air permeability, areal density and thickness. Objective and subjective evaluation are carried out for the fabric samples. The fibres are blended in various proportions and further converted into cross laid needle punched nonwoven fabrics. The thermal resistance of carded needle punched nonwoven fabrics are determined by using lee's disc apparatus. Experimental results show that 100 % recycled polyester nonwoven fabrics thermal resistance behaviour is higher than the jute and polypropylene needle punched nonwoven fabrics. This nonwoven fabric can be used in the automotive field as a headlining material for the purpose of thermal insulation.", "label": [1, 11]}
{"token": "ACADEMIC DISHONESTY - HONOR CODES AND OTHER CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES. Analysis of student survey data from 6,096 respondents in thirty-one institutions found that academic dishonesty was associated with the existence of an honor code, student perceptions of the certainty of being reported, the severity of penalties, and cheating among peers.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Democracy Without Citizens: Australian Citizen Agency and the Symbolic Significance of Not Having Rights. In a global context of narrowing civil liberties and intensifying state repression, it is critical to have adequately nuanced theories to account for the conditions of the emergence of democratic subjectivities. Guillermo O'Donnell's theory of citizen agency, in which citizens are rights-bearing moral agents and the 'vectors of democratization', bridges democratic and citizenship theory, normative and empirical approaches. In O'Donnell's rendering, the significance of rights lies in their capacity to legitimise rights claiming and other performances of citizenship. Australia is unique among democracies insofar as it does not recognise the rights of the citizens constitutionally or in a bill of rights. I use O'Donnell'sDemocracy, Agency, and the Stateas a focus for reflecting on the meanings and symbolism of Australian citizenship, and the symbolic significance of not grounding citizenship in rights. My discussion combines ethnographic analysis of citizenship ceremonies with critical discussion of recent laws. I argue that the absenting of rights in constitutional and ceremonial evocations of citizenship has created a vague and contradictory figure of the citizen that straddles authoritarian and democratic values and symbols. This empty and contradictory mythology unhinges citizenship from democracy in Australian political culture, leaving it susceptible to authoritarian creep. Nonetheless, democracy's symbolic openness offers hope for the emergence of new democratic subjectivities, even amidst conditions of narrowing civic possibility. O'Donnell's study of citizen agency hones attention to the importance of the cultural conditions amenable to democratic subjectivity and warrants further comparative exploration.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Infection Control Standards in Private Dental Practice - The Role of Accreditation. There are established standards for the management of infection control in private dental practices, but there is currently no proactive legislation to oversee correct adherence to those standards. The Australian Health Service Safety and Quality Accreditation Scheme (Scheme) promotes a quality and safety management program that includes attention to the prevention of healthcare acquired infections, but adoption of the Scheme is not compulsory for all. A recent case brought before the NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal demonstrated the seriousness of breaches of infection control standards and the considerable costs of managing the consequences. This article discusses the role of quality and safety assurance programs in the context of private dental practice regulation; compares the different quality and safety assurance schemes operating in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom; and argues that the compulsory adoption of an appropriate scheme which focuses on infection control would be in the public interest.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Identification of ZapD as a Cell Division Factor That Promotes the Assembly of FtsZ in Escherichia coli. The tubulin homolog FtsZ forms a polymeric membrane-associated ring structure (Z ring) at midcell that establishes the site of division and provides an essential framework for the localization of a multiprotein molecular machine that promotes division in Escherichia coli. A number of regulatory proteins interact with FtsZ and modulate FtsZ assembly/disassembly processes, ensuring the spatiotemporal integrity of cytokinesis. The Z-associated proteins (ZapA, ZapB, and ZapC) belong to a group of FtsZ-regulatory proteins that exhibit functionally redundant roles in stabilizing FtsZ-ring assembly by binding and bundling polymeric FtsZ at midcell. In this study, we report the identification of ZapD (YacF) as a member of the E. coli midcell division machinery. Genetics and cell biological evidence indicate that ZapD requires FtsZ but not other downstream division proteins for localizing to midcell, where it promotes FtsZ-ring assembly via molecular mechanisms that overlap with ZapA. Biochemical evidence indicates that ZapD directly interacts with FtsZ and promotes bundling of FtsZ protofilaments. Similarly to ZapA, ZapB, and ZapC, ZapD is dispensable for division and therefore belongs to the growing group of FtsZ-associated proteins in E. coli that aid in the overall fitness of the division process.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Recrystallization texture development by multiple twinning in the INVAR (Fe-36%Ni) alloy. The Fe-36%Ni austenitic alloy, so-called INVAR, is used to make shadow-masks in colour TV and computer monitor screens or in electronic devices because of its low thermal expansion coefficient and its magnetic properties. This alloy develops during cold rolling a copper-type texture and after subsequent annealing, a cube texture which is favourable to a regular piercing of apertures by chemical etching in Invar sheets for shadow-masks.", "label": [1, 13]}
{"token": "The avifauna of Kabaena Island, south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia. Kabaena is a satellite island of mainland Sulawesi, located off the south-east peninsula. Despite the relatively extensive surveys on the nearby larger islands of Buton and Muna, Kabaena has remained ornithologically neglected. Researchers visited the island several times between 1999 and 2016 to collect data for avian biogeographic research. Data collection between 1999 and 2003 focused mainly on mist-netting small passerines. The 2016 expedition focused on transect surveys, allowing for a wider assessment of the island's avifauna. During these visits all bird species encountered were recorded, providing the first scientific assessment of the avifauna of Kabaena. In total 89 species were recorded, of which 27 are regional endemics, three are classified as Near Threatened and one as Endangered.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Finite element simulations of microstructure evolution in stress-induced martensitic transformations. Microstructure evolution in single crystal and polycrystal shape memory alloys under uniaxial tension and compression is investigated using the finite element method. To determine stress-strain diagrams and evolution of martensitic microstructure during external loading, a micromechanics based thermo-mechanical material model is used. The results reveal the significant difference between the local and global material behavior when defects are present. It is shown that defects act as nucleation sites and result in transformation localization, which in turn causes a sudden drop in the stress-strain diagram followed by a stress plateau. Moreover, it is found that some regions undergo reverse transformation although the elastic moduli of the phases are equal and the loading is monotonic. Increase in athermal friction, which is the resistance to interface propagation, is found to delay the phase transformation and different magnitudes of hysteresis are obtained at different friction values. The model predicts the tension-compression asymmetry observed in shape memory alloys. The simulation results are in qualitative agreement with several experimental studies. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 12]}
{"token": "ON POIETIC REMEMBERING AND FORGETTING: HERMENEUTIC RECOLLECTION, 'IMMORTALITY,' AND DIOTIMA'S HISTORICO-HERMENEUTIC LEANINGS. Like human existence itself, our enduring legacies-whether poetic, ethical, political, or philosophical-continually unfold and require recurrent communal engagement and (re) enactment. In other words, an ongoing performance of signifiicant works must occur, and this task requires the collective human activity of remembering or gathering-together-again. In Plato's Symposium, Diotima provides an account of human pursuits of immortality through the creation of artifacts-including laws, poems, and philosophical discourses-that resonates with Gadamer's account of our engagement with artworks and texts. This essay explores commonalities between Gadamer and Plato through the complex character of Diotima, whose teachings on the processive character of human existence and her understanding of knowledge as dynamic have largely been ignored.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Association between soft drink consumption and handgrip strength in middle aged and older adults: the TCLSIH cohort study. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the association between soft drink consumption and handgrip strength (HGS) in subjects aged 40 years and older (n = 14,925). After multivariable-adjustment (including demographics, lifestyles, family history of diseases, dietary intake, and other beverages consumption), the least square means (95% confidence interval) of HGS across soft drink consumption categories were 43.1(42.7, 43.5) kg for almost never drink, 42.9(42.4, 43.4) kg for <1 cup/week, 42.8(42.1, 43.5) kg for 1-6 cups/week and 41.2(40.1, 42.6) kg for >= 1 cup/day (p for trend < 0.001) in men, and 26.6(25.9, 27.8) kg for almost never drink, 26.5(25.8, 27.1) kg for <1 cup/week, 26.3(25.7, 27.2) kg for 1-6 cups/week and 25.2(24.9, 27.0) kg for >= 1 cup/day (p for trend < 0.001) in women, respectively. Our findings suggest that higher consumption of soft drinks was significantly associated with lower HGS in middle-aged and older adults. Additional prospective or interventional studies are needed to confirm this issue.", "label": [0, 2, 22, 8]}
{"token": "MadhyamakAvatAra-kArikA Chapter 6. The present paper provides a critical edition of basic verses of MadhyamakAvatAra chapter 6. The verses are extracted from the Sanskrit manuscript of the Madhyamakavatarabhasya preserved at Potala Palace. The Madhyamakavatara is one of Candrakirti's major works and clearly establishes his own doctrinal position. Chapter 6 (about two-thirds of the entire text) contains most important doctrinal discussions of the work.", "label": [3, 5, 52, 32]}
{"token": "The epidemiology of multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections - 9. Effect of insecticide-treated bed nets on haemoglobin values, prevalence and multiplicity of infection with Plasmodium falciparum in a randomized controlled trial in Tanzania. A randomized controlled trial of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) was conducted in an area of high malaria transmission in Tanzania in order to assess the effects of ITNs on infection and anaemia. One hundred and twenty-two children, aged 5 to 24 months, were randomly allocated to 2 groups, one of which received ITNs. Outcome measures were assessed in 6 consecutive months with monthly cross-sectional surveys. These measures were haemoglobin values, Plasmodium falciparum prevalence and density, and multiplicity of infection determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) of the msp2 locus. There was a significant increase in mean heamoglobin values and a significant decrease of 16.4% in microscopically determined P. falciparum prevalence in children in the ITN group six months after the start of the trial. Both effects were more pronounced in younger children. However, no significant difference was observed in parasite density or multiplicity of infection among infected children. Comparison with PCR results indicated that microscopically subpatent parasitaemia was more frequently found in children in the ITN group. This, together with the observed similar multiplicity in the 2 groups, suggests that infections are maintained despite ITN use, owing to the chronicity of infections. This study shows that ITNs reduce the risk of anaemia in highly exposed young children. The virtually unchanged multiplicity of infection indicates that the potentially protective concomitant immunity is not compromised.", "label": [2, 22, 24]}
{"token": "Effect of Different Gamma Dose and Chemical Etching on Pre- and Post-Alpha-Irradiated PM-355 Polymer. This work is based on the effect of different gamma doses with pre- and post-alpha-irradiated PM-355 polymer (polycarbonate of allyl diglycol). The phase crystallinity and structural analysis of the reference and irradiated PM-355 polymer were analyzed using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. It is revealed that the irradiation and etching reduce the %crystallinity but increase the crystallite size of the PM-355 polymer. The increase in crystallite size of PM-355 polymer after irradiation is supported by the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. The etching of the samples results in an increase in its track diameter. The optical band gap energy, measured by ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, shows a decrement trend with the increase of gamma and alpha irradiation doses, and etching for all sets of samples under investigation. The number of carbon atoms per conjugation and per cluster has increased after gamma irradiation and etching. However, the increment is more pronounced for etched samples compared to nonetched ones. This indicates that etching results in a bigger size of cluster. Photoluminescence (PL) for both cases before and after etching has a dominant peak around 430 nm before and after irradiation, and change in peak intensity after irradiation confirmed that particle bombardment induced defects and clusters in the PM-355, which serves as nonradiative centers. The polymer can be used as a detector for gamma irradiation.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Modelling Stakeholder Dynamics for Supporting Group Decision and Negotiation: Theory to Practice. Group Decision and Negotiation methods can help identify optimal, or efficient, solutions to complex problems and so aid decision-makers. However, recommendations depend for their success, in part, on their political feasibility within, usually, complex organisational settings. A part of the complexity of effective implementation derives from understanding the responses of stakeholders to the proposed decisions. The responses of stakeholders can be complex because stakeholders respond not just to the decision but also to the responses of other stakeholders. When the recommendations are very important, and when the possible stakeholder responses are likely to be complex, then the use of some form of modelling of stakeholder dynamics is likely to be helpful. This paper proposes such a modelling process designed to aid the thinking of a decision-making team as they seek to ensure their decision is politically feasible. The modelling process is designed to facilitate effective negotiation in groups about the potential impact of stakeholder responses. The modelling process is illustrated through a real case.", "label": [5, 50, 52]}
{"token": "Design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA) in construction: the old and the new. Design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA) has become a buzzword amid the global resurgence of prefabrication and construction industrialization. Some argued that DfMA is hardly new, as there are concepts such as buildability, lean construction, value management, and integrated project delivery in place already. Others believe that DfMA is a new direction to future construction. This paper aims to review the development of DfMA in manufacturing and its status quo in construction, and clarify its similarities and differences to other concepts. A multi-step research method is adopted in this study: First, an analytical framework is generated; Secondly, a literature review is conducted on DfMA in general, and DfMA-like concepts in the AEC industry; The third step is to compare DfMA with related concepts. This study reveals that DfMA as a philosophy is hardly new in construction, and the empirical implementation of many DfMA guidelines has begun in the AEC industry. The findings suggested that DfMA is a new and mixed 'cocktail' of opportunities and challenges to improve construction productivity with the advancement of construction materials, production and assembly technologies, and ever-strengthened logistics and supply chain management. This study sheds light on three research directions: DfMA implementation and guidance strategies, DfMA frameworks and blueprints, and applications in cast in-situ or intermediate prefabrication construction. Our research findings provide a synopsis of DfMA research and development in construction. This paper can also serve as a point of departure for future theoretical and empirical explorations.", "label": [1, 17, 15]}
{"token": "Carrion feeding by spiderlings of the cob-web spider Theridion evexum (Araneae, Theridiidae). The use of carrion to feed spiderlings has never previously been observed in spiders. Here we show that the theridiid Theridion evexum Keyserling 1884 stored dead insectan prey for up to one week prior to the emergence of spiderlings from the egg sac, and continued to feed spiderlings dead prey for six weeks until spiderlings molted to the fourth instar. Spiderlings survived and molted on an experimental diet of exclusively rotten insects.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Literature and politics: The role of literature in the first decades of the 19th Century. In this article we study the transformation in the public role played by literature in the first decades of the 19th century as a consequence of its dependence on political, ideological and historical circumstances. Using language and the evolution of certain aesthetic-poetic concepts, we analyse how a patriotic idea of literature developed after the French Revolution, based on enlightened rationalism and moderation, and how it was converted into political fanaticism as a result of the Spanish War of Independence and the ideological debate that culminated in the proclamation of the Constitution of Cadiz in 1812. The aim is to show how writers and institutions made use of literature during this period, the characteristics that define this literature and how it was related to bringing about true citizen awareness in Spain.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "A novel accessory respiratory muscle in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). The muscles that effect lung ventilation are key to understanding the evolutionary constraints on animal form and function. Here, through electro-myography, we demonstrate a newly discovered respiratory function for the iliocostalis muscle in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). The iliocostalis is active during expiration when breathing on land at 28 degrees C and this activity is mediated through the uncinate processes on the vertebral ribs. There was also an increase in muscle activity during the forced expirations of alarm distress vocalizations. Interestingly, we did not find any respiratory activity in the iliocostalis when the alligators were breathing with their body submerged in water at 18 degrees C, which resulted in a reduced breathing frequency. The iliocostalis is an accessory breathing muscle that alligators are able to recruit in to assist expiration under certain conditions.", "label": [4, 37, 42]}
{"token": "Sculptors and their Genii: An ethno-aesthetic approach to Lobi statues.. By taking up the notion of erhno-aesthetics, especially as worked out by Michel Leiris, the validity of perceiving African art as either aesthetic or else functional is refuted. The field work underlying this research was conducted among Lobi sculptors, including Tyohepte Pale or Tyohoulinte Hien, in the Gaoua area in southwestern Burkina Faso. Given their personal intentions, these sculptors as well as their clients see statuettes (thil-bia) as having both functional and plastic qualities, which are all the more interdependent in that a sculpture's beauty is a factor in its efficacity For this reason, among others, each sculptor is in situ recognized for his talents, just like in the West. Despite different histories and environments, artists, in Africa and in the West, turn out to be much alike. For example, Tyohepte Pale and Alberto Giacometti share similar symbolic representations that can give form and meaning to their works, thus reminding us that art, wherever it exists, is bound up with death.", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "A new route for preparing Mo-10wt.%Cu composite compacts. In this work, high pure Mo-10 wt% Cu composite powders with a ultrafine particle size are prepared by a two-step reduction process (first carbothermal reduction and then hydrogen reduction). Ammonium heptamolybdate and copper nitrate trihydrate powders are used as molybdenum and copper source, respectively. The mixtures of raw materials are calcined at 400 degrees C firstly to form the composite oxides which are then reacted with insufficient carbon black at 1050 degrees C for 2 h. The as-prepared powders are further reduced by hydrogen at 750 degrees C for 2 h to obtain the ultrafine Mo-10 wt% Cu composite powders. The experimental results show that the residual carbon of the Mo-10 wt% Cu powders can be decreased to 0.015 wt%, and the composite powders have an average particle size of 200 nm. The sintering behavior of ultrafine Mo-Cu powders and the properties (vickers hardness and thermal conductivity) of samples after sintering are investigated. High sintering temperature is beneficial to increase the density of the compact. At 1200 degrees C, the relative density of the Mo-Cu compacts is 98.8%. The vickers hardness and thermal conductivity of the Mo-10 wt% Cu composites sintered at 1200 degrees C for 3 h are 233 HV and 130 (W/m.k), respectively.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Magnetic properties of large-area particle arrays fabricated using block copolymer lithography. 50-nm period arrays of Co particles with widths of 35 nm and heights of 5-20 nm have been made using a self-assembled block copolymer lithography. The magnetic particles have in-plane anisotropy due to their shape, and show thermally activated reversal with an activation volume larger than their physical volume, which is attributed to magnetic interactions between the particles.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "Antimicrobial prophylaxis regimens following transplantation. SummaryMany transplant centers use 100 days of antivirals to prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease after SOT. Randomized trials comparing 100-day regimens to 200 days in high-risk kidney recipients and 12 months in lung transplant patients showed distinct advantages of longer duration CMV prophylaxis. Prevention of hepatitis B virus after transplant is changing as regimens with low dose or no hepatitis B immunoglobulin are being evaluated. International consensus guidelines on the prevention of infection after stem cell transplantation are summarized and newer studies on the prevention of invasive fungal infection in this population are reviewed.Recent findingsInfection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality following transplantation, and antimicrobial prophylaxis regimens continue to improve. This review summarizes the important studies on prophylaxis following solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) published in the last 18 months.In organ transplantation, routine antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal regimens need to be tailored to address donor-transmitted infections, serological risk status of recipients, and measurable antifungal drug levels. Recent studies indicate that longer duration prophylaxis for CMV may have advantages in high-risk SOT recipients. After HSCT, regimens require adjustment based on immunological risks associated with transplant type and presence of graft vs. host disease.Purpose of review", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "RNA:DNA hybrids in the human genome have distinctive nucleotide characteristics, chromatin composition, and transcriptional relationships. Background: RNA:DNA hybrids represent a non-canonical nucleic acid structure that has been associated with a range of human diseases and potential transcriptional regulatory functions. Mapping of RNA:DNA hybrids in human cells reveals them to have a number of characteristics that give insights into their functions.Conclusions: Overall, there is little to indicate a dependence for RNA:DNA hybrids forming co-transcriptionally, with results from the ribosomal DNA repeat unit instead supporting the intriguing model of RNA generating these structures in trans. The results of the studyResults: We find RNA:DNA hybrids to occupy millions of base pairs in the human genome. A directional sequencing approach shows the RNA component of the RNA:DNA hybrid to be purine-rich, indicating a thermodynamic contribution to their in vivo stability. The RNA:DNA hybrids are enriched at loci with decreased DNA methylation and increased DNase hypersensitivity, and within larger domains with characteristics of heterochromatin formation, indicating potential transcriptional regulatory properties. Mass spectrometry studies of chromatin at RNA:DNA hybrids shows the presence of the ILF2 and ILF3 transcription factors, supporting a model of certain transcription factors binding preferentially to the RNA:DNA conformation.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "The evolution of repeated mating in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus Vespilloides. Animals of many species accept or solicit recurring copulations with the same partner; i.e., show repeated mating. An evolutionary explanation for this excess requires that the advantages of repeated mating outweigh the costs, and that behavioral components of repeated mating are genetically influenced. There can be benefits of repeated mating for males when there is competition for fertilizations or where the opportunities for inseminating additional mates are rare or unpredictable. The benefits to females are less obvious and, depending on underlying genetic architecture, repeated mating may have evolved as a correlated response to selection on males. We investigated the evolution of repeated mating with the same partner in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides by estimating the direct and indirect fitness benefits for females and the genetics of behavior underlying repeated mating. The number of times a female mated had minimal direct and no indirect fitness benefits for females. The behavioral components of repeated mating (mating frequency and mating speed) were moderately negatively genetically correlated in males and uncorrelated in females. However, mating frequency and mating speed were strongly positively genetically correlated between males and females. Our data suggest that repeated mating by female N. vespilloides may have evolved as a correlated response to selection on male behavior rather than in response to benefits of repeated mating for females.", "label": [2, 4, 37, 20, 42]}
{"token": "Pediatric CNS Neuroblastoma: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy. Neuroblastoma (NB) is a neoplasm arising from embryonic neural crest cells. Primary and metastatic central nervous system (CNS) neuroblastomas are extremely rare and may involve the cerebral parenchyma, leptomeninges, or dura. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the initial diagnosis and staging of neuroblastoma as it provides for accurate tumor localization, size, extent and metastases. The technique aids image-guided surgery, follow-up assessment of residual tumor, response to chemo-radiotherapy, diagnosing recurrence and metastases. This chapter describes routine and advanced MR imaging techniques for diagnosis of both primary and secondary CNS neuroblastoma. In addition MR appearances have been correlated with histologically observable cellular transformations. Advanced MR techniques like diffusion-weighted imaging, gradient and susceptibility weighted imaging, serve to assess cellularity, haemorrhage and necrosis, features which predict tumor behaviour. H-1 and P-31 MR spectroscopy can identify tissue biochemical changes within the tumor. These methods are helpful in predicting heterogeneity, aggressiveness and metastatic pattern of neuroblastoma and thus prognosis.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Income support for parents of children with chronic conditions and disability: where do we draw the line? A policy review. Objective The aim of this review was to identify and describe whether parents who have had to stop paid employment to care for a child with a chronic condition or disability are eligible for unemployment, family and children, and disability and carer government-provided financial benefits. Design Policy review. Setting Group of seven high-income countries. Main outcome measures All policies related to unemployment, family and children, and disability and carer benefits were included. Information regarding the policy type and description, parent/carer qualification, amount of financial support payable, eligibility criteria and information source were extracted. Payment schedules were converted into 2020 US dollars, using Purchasing Power Parities. Maximum monthly benefit payments were compared with standardised per capita monthly costs of living to determine payment support suitability. Results Fifty-eight policies relevant to unemployment, family and children, and disability and carer benefit supports were identified. Germany had the highest number of welfare policies for individuals not in employment (n=11), followed by the USA (n=6). Parents or carers of children with chronic conditions or disability who were not in employment qualified for 31 of the 58 policies (53.4%). Most policies required a child to have an impaired ability to function, not just a chronic condition or disability. Conclusions Greater support for parents and carers to continue their paid employment alongside caring responsibilities is necessary. Graded benefit schedules will also be critical to supporting the spectrum of childhood chronic conditions and disability, and the subsequent spectrum of caring responsibility.International comparisons of income support policies across seven nations show unemployed parents or carers of children with chronic conditions or disability qualified for 32 of the 58 policies. Most policies required a child tohave an impaired ability to function, not just a chronic condition or disability.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Membrane compatibility for nanofiltration applications in DUV lithography. Typical photochemical solutions contain a variety of additives, often in trace amounts. The slightest unintended alteration of a photochemical formulation's chemical composition could have a detrimental effect on the photolithography process yield. The added complexity of photochemical formulations leads suppliers of liquid microcontamination control technologies to develop filtration solutions that effectively remove the destructive particles and gels from photochemicals without disrupting photochemical integrity during the filtration process.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "TOTALITARIANISM OF THE KHMER-ROUGE - AUTONOMOUS IDEOLOGY OR IMPORTED MODEL. Has the international community failed to grasp the true nature of the Khmers rouges (Red Khmer) regime installed in Pnom-Penh between April 1975 and December 1978 ? This regime has inflicted an onslaught of misery on Cambodia : a bloody dictatorship, a massacre and deportation of the population, an ideological and police state terror, an << ethnic cleansing >>, a genocide, and a serie of wars with the neighbouring countries. The Khmers rouges were expelled from Cambodia in 1979 ; they are back in Pnom-Penh in 1992. Since they have an official seat at the Supreme National Council. They have blocked every political solution. Does or does not a Khmer rouge totalitarianism exist for nearly twenty years now ?", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Wave propagation in axially polarized piezoelectric hollow cylinders of sector cross section. In this paper, the problem of electroelastic waves propagating in piezoelectric hollow cylinders of sector cross section is studied for the case when the boundary surfaces of sector cut are covered by non-extensible membranes. The three-dimensional linear equations of motion for the piezoelectric cylinder are analytically integrated and different boundary conditions on the cylindrical surfaces yield frequency equations, which relate the frequencies of elastic waves to their wavenumbers. Numerical results for waveguides with various boundary conditions are presented to illustrate the approach. Analysis of the dispersion spectra is carried out, and cutoff frequencies are obtained and characterized: mode asymptotic behavior and amplitude distributions of wave characteristics are analyzed. The main effects of their transformation by variation of the angular measure and the ratio of inner and outer radii are discussed. The results obtained are in good agreement with the results for the special case of a hollow semicircular cylinder. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 35, 12]}
{"token": "STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF RADIONUCLIDE BIOKINETICS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF IN VIVO COUNTING USING MONTE CARLO SIMULATION. To improve calibration methods of in vivo counting, our laboratory has developed a computer tool to model internal contamination and assess in vivo activity and corresponding organ absorbed doses. The aim of the recent work was to define a more realistic source based on biokinetic models. The influence of the biokinetic parameters on the in vivo counting was studied through the simulation of an acute inhalation intake of Am-241. The tissue distribution of activity predicted by the biokinetic model was visualized. Two equivalent methods for determination of the efficiency related to the total activity distributed in the body were used. The comparison between the efficiency taking the biokinetics into account and the classically estimated efficiency quantifies the influence of the activity distribution in the body and provides conversion factors for correcting the classical efficiency to account for biokinetics.", "label": [1, 2, 5, 22, 15, 52, 24]}
{"token": "Effective LAI and CHP of a Single Tree From Small-Footprint Full-Waveform LiDAR. This letter has tested the canopy height profile (CHP) methodology as a way of effective leaf area index (LAI(e)) and vertical vegetation profile retrieval at a single-tree level. Waveform and discrete airborne LiDAR data from six swaths, as well as from the combined data of six swaths, were used to extract the LAI(e) of a single live Callitris glaucophylla tree. LAI(e) was extracted from raw waveform as an intermediate step in the CHP methodology, with two different vegetation-ground reflectance ratios. Discrete point LAI(e) estimates were derived from the gap probability using the following: 1) single ground returns and 2) all ground returns. LiDAR LAI(e) retrievals were subsequently compared to hemispherical photography estimates, yielding mean values within +/- 7% of the latter, depending on the method used. The CHP of a single dead Callitris glaucophylla tree, representing the distribution of vegetation material, was verified with a field profile manually reconstructed from convergent photographs taken with a fixed-focal-length camera. A binwise comparison of the two profiles showed very high correlation between the data reaching R-2 of 0.86 for the CHP from combined swaths. Using a study-area-adjusted reflectance ratio improved the correlation between the profiles, but only marginally in comparison to using an arbitrary ratio of 0.5 for the laser wavelength of 1550 nm.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 38, 39]}
{"token": "The Tara-Waragal and the Governor's levee in Melbourne, 1863-a reinterpretation of Woiwurrung local group organisation. This paper concerns the question of why there are so few named groups in the Woiwurrung language area compared with other language groups to its west and north-west. It does this by analysing the 1863 Governor's levee in which representatives from three Aboriginal groups the Boonwurrung, Woiwurrung and Tara-Waragal presented gifts to royalty. In seeking to understand who this third group the Tara-Waragal was, Stephens (2003) has suggested that they were a Woiwurrung patriline. Wesson (2001) has suggested that the name was a pejorative label applied to a Gippsland group by the Kuhn. This study finds that both interpretations are wrong. First, it finds that the name applies to a Brataualung clan, the Yowung, whose country centred on the Tarra and Warrigal creeks - hence the name. Second, it finds that the attempt by Stephens to identify the Tara-Waragal with a possible Woiwurrung patriline identified in a series of sketches by William Thomas found in the RB Smyth Papers was also a failure. Nevertheless, the implication that the sketch maps may reveal up to 53 patrilines is a possibility worth exploring, as it may address the issue of the apparent under-representation of Woiwurrung named groups with which I began. Analysis reveals the possibility of an additional 27 Woiwurrung patrilines. Although the exact number of additional patrilines will never be known, at least we have addressed the issue that within the ethno-historical record it is possible to find additional named groups in Woiwurrung. Thus there was in all likelihood greater internal division in the Woiwurrung than has been reconstructed by Barwick (1984) and Clark (1990).", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "Lumbosacral lipomas: in utero diagnosis and prognosis. Introduction: For the purposes of prenatal counselling and prognostication, it is essential to keep in mind the key diagnostic criteria allowing recognition of the diverse forms of spinal dysraphism. Diagnosis: It is most crucial not to confuse lipomas and myelomeningoceles, the former carrying a usually favourable prognosis, while the latter a high risk of serious neurological deficits. In our experience, these two conditions can be clearly distinguished on prenatal ultrasound and by fetal biology. Lipomas are skin-covered, which explains the normality of the amniotic fluid and probably that of the intracranial content (no Chiari, no hydrocephalus). These features are distinct from those observed in the case of myelomeningoceles. The distinction between a lipoma and a meningocele is more difficult. The prenatal ultrasound presentation of many lipomas actually resembles that of a meningocele. In a few cases, the diagnosis of lipoma can, however, be suspected by the presence of an abnormally thick skin covering and intradural echoic structures that evoke a low-lying cord. Conclusions: However, the consequences of confusing a lipoma and most of the other types of occult dysraphism are minimal. Most of these lesions carry a favourable outcome.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Channel changes and floodplain management in the meandering middle Ebro River, Spain. The 346 km of the middle Ebro River between Logrono and La Zaida is a free meandering channel in a wide floodplain. This reach contains a discontinuous riparian corridor, including valuable riparian forests and oxbow lakes. The Ebro has witnessed substantial changes in channel morphology, gravel bars, riparian vegetation and floodplain uses over the last 80 years. The growth in sinuosity, migrations and meander cutoffs have been frequent before 1981. Afterwards, bank protections and dykes have stabilized the channel. There has been a progressive and significant decrease of both the area covered by water and the gravel bars without plant colonization. As a result the width of the riparian corridor has been dramatically reduced for human use. The deceleration and near elimination of the free meander dynamics of the Ebro channel represent an important loss of natural heritage. Dams, land-use changes throughout the basin, and construction of flood defences that restrict the main channel have changed the river system behaviour, which urgently needs a management plan combining both improvement and risk reduction. The solution proposed is the creation of a \\\\'Fluvial Territory\\\\'. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "The case for universal social protection in Myanmar: Options, costs and policy benefits. In 2016, the government of Myanmar began the implementation of the National Social Protection Strategy Plan (NSPSP). This is a significant step since it addresses social assistance for the majority of the population outside the formal sector for the first time in a systematic manner, moving beyond the few fragmented social transfers in place earlier. The adoption of the strategic plan was propelled by a combination of political factors. Technically, it builds on the life cycle approach of the International Labour Organization's (ILO) Social Protection Floor Initiative (SPFI). It follows a universal, basic income security approach. This article offers cost calculations based on three different social protection transfer options: a social pension, an education grant and a combined mother and child benefit. The calculations conclude that such transfers can easily be covered from the government's fiscal budget, and the fiscal and gross domestic product (GDP) shares would actually decrease over time, given population growth dynamics. This reinforces the political and social case for universal social protection in Myanmar.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Thermal Behavior of Pyromorphite (Pb-10(PO4)(6)Cl-2): In Situ High Temperature Powder X-ray Diffraction Study. Pyromorphite is one of the important end member lead apatites that has potential applications in environment remediation. The thermal behavior of natural pyromorphite, Pb-10(PO4)(6)Cl-2, has been investigated up to 1373 K at room-pressure using a powder X-ray diffraction device equipped with a heating system. Pyromorphite experiences melting and decomposing at 1373 K into lead phosphate (Pb-3(PO4)(2)), and lead dioxide (PbO2) with reaction with air. The fit of the temperature-volume data yields a linear volume expansion coefficient alpha(V) = 4.5 (+/- 0.02) x 10(-5) K-1. The linear expansion coefficients for lattice parameters present the anisotropic thermal expansibility, i.e., alpha(a) = (+/- 0.06) x 10(-5) K-1 and alpha(c) = 2.2 (+/- 0.06) x 10(-5) K-1. We looked into the crystal chemistry and proposed an expression to quantitatively evaluate the structural evolution of pyromorphite upon high temperature by calculating the twist angle of the Pb(1)O-6 metaprism, which decreases at elevated temperatures. A distinct drop of the twist angle was observed at similar to 1100-1200 K, which might be a sign for the phase transition to a low symmetric subgroup. The variation of the twist angle is more sensitive than that of the unit cell; therefore, it can be applied to monitor the structural and phase changes of apatite group materials in general.", "label": [1, 4, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Initial and final de Sitter universes from modified f(R) gravity. Viable models of modified gravity which satisfy both local as well as cosmological tests are investigated. It is demonstrated that some versions of such highly nonlinear models exhibit multiple de Sitter universe solutions, which often appear in pairs, one of them being stable and the other unstable. It is explicitly shown that, for some values of the parameters, it is possible to find several de Sitter spaces (as a rule, numerically); one of them may serve for the inflationary stage, while the other can be used for the description of the dark energy epoch. The numerical evolution of the effective equation of state parameter is also presented, showing that these models can be considered as natural candidates for the unification of early-time inflation with late-time acceleration through de Sitter critical points. Moreover, based on the de Sitter solutions, multiple Schwarzschild-de Sitter universes are constructed which might also appear at the (pre-)inflationary stage. Their thermodynamics are studied and free energies are compared.", "label": [4, 34, 35]}
{"token": "Transmission Efficiency, Preference and Behavior of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 and MED under the Influence of Tomato Chlorosis Virus. Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV, genus Crinivirus. family Closteroviridae) is an economically important virus in more than 20 countries. In China, ToCV was first detected in 2013 and has already spread throughout the country. ToCV is transmitted in a semi-persistent manner by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, but not seed. In the past two decades, the most invasive MEAM1 and MED have replaced the indigenous B. tabaci in China, and currently MED is the most dominant cryptic species. To better understand the prevalence of ToCV with their vectors, we tested the hypothesis that the rapid spread of ToCV in China is closely related to the dominance of MED. ToCV acquisition and accumulation rate following transmission was significantly higher by MED than MEAM1. In addition, ToCV persisted for more than 4 days in MED but only 2 days in MEAM1. Viruliferous MED preferred non-infected over virus-infected plants, although MED performed better on infected than on non-infected plants. Our combined results support the initial hypothesis that the rapid spread of ToCV is associated with the spread of B. tabaci MED in China.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Molybdenum nitride and carbide prepared from heteropolyacid - III. Hydrodesulfurization of benzothiophene. Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of benzothiophene has been studied over molybdenum nitride prepared from MoO3, 12-molybdophosphoric acid (HPA), and MoO3 + P2O5 (a physical mixture of P2O5 and MoO3 with stoichiometry of P to Mo equal to that of HPA). It was observed that Mo2N was an effective catalyst for HDS of benzothiophene. Ethylbenzene was the exclusive product over the whole temperature range investigated. Adding P2O5 to the precursor MoO3 had beneficial effects on HDS of benzothiophene. Most importantly, the presence of phosphorus in Mo2N dramatically improved its resistance against catalyst deactivation. The reaction pathway of HDS appeared not to be changed by adding phosphorus. Adsorption, XRD, EPMA, and XPS characterized the catalysts after HDS reaction. The bulk structure of face-centered-cubic Mo2N and its morphology were retained after HDS reaction. However the presence of phosphorus in the precursors resulted in growing polycrystallinity and amorphism in produced Mo2N. A great amount of sulfur compounds was found deposited on the surface of the catalysts after reaction, leading to catalyst deactivation. The presence of phosphorus in Mo2N reduced the amount of deposited sulfur compounds that appeared responsible for the improved resistance against the catalyst deactivation. (C) 1998 Academic Press.", "label": [1, 4, 16, 36]}
{"token": "Immobilized glucose oxidase as a catalyst to the conversion of glucose into gluconic acid using a membrane reactor. The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of glucose oxidase (GO) (EC.1.1.3.4) adsorbed on DOWEX (R)-anionic resins in a continuous process using a membrane reactor coupled with a UF (cut-off of 100 kDa) or a MF (a pore diameter of 5 mu m) membrane. Tests with soluble GO were also performed. At 20-h steady-state-continuous operations (constant parameters: 30 degrees C, pH 5.5, 100rpm, 2.5 mM glucose, D = 6 h(-1) and 0.094 U of GO), the reaction rate (r) and the conversion glucose/gluconic acid yield (Y) differed according to the type of membrane coupled to the reactor and to the form of GO used. The highest r (3.64 mmol/h U) and Y of 79% were observed in the test carried out in a UF-membrane reactor using soluble GO, whereas the highest Y (90%) and r of 2.37 mmol/h U occurred in the test carried out in a MF-membrane using immobilized GO. No leakage of enzyme from the support was detected. (c) 2006 Elsevier lnc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 19]}
{"token": "Cocoa Farmers Attitude towards Utilisation of Integrated Pest Management in Edo and Ogun States of Nigeria. The study examined cocoa farmers' attitude towards the utilization of integrated pest management (IPM) in Edo and Ogun States of Nigeria. In Edo State, 60 respondents were randomly selected out of 100 trained cocoa farmers. Random selection of 60 respondents from registered cocoa farmers that were not trained in IPM was done in the Ogun State Agricultural Development Programme. Interview schedule was used to obtain data on respondents' characteristics, cocoa yield and attitude of respondents towards IPM. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square. The majority (73.3%) of trained and 56.7% of untrained had formal education. The total respondents result showed that 49.2% had favourable attitude. There was a significant relationship between both the attitude of trained respondents (X-2=5.72, P<0.05) and their cocoa bean yield of and the attitude of untrained respondents (X-2=5.64, P<0.05) and their cocoa bean yield. The mean yield of trained respondents (1436.3 +/- 1196.4 kg) significantly differed from that of the untrained respondents (1209.3 +/- 524.3kg), which shows that IPM training had much impact on farmer's cocoa yield, hence, untrained farmers need training in IPM.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Quantitative evaluation of the geosites and geodiversity sites of Joao Dourado Municipality (Bahia-Brazil). Geological aspects of certain sites can help understand the history of a region and reveal discoveries in regard to the planet. Geodiversity in situ is expressed in geosites, with occurrences of geological features of scientific value, and geodiversity sites, places where other values prevail, such as education, culture, and tourism. In addition, such locations can generate socioeconomic benefits for the local population through management based on education and geotourism. Joao Dourado is a municipality located in the central north of the state of Bahia, in Chapada Diamantina. It is inserted in the Irece Basin, coinciding with lithotypes of the Salitre Formation, which presents carbonate rocks of a shallow marine environment. The municipality is yet to be the subject of a detailed study carrying out inventory and assessment of its geodiversity. The objective of this study was to investigate the geodiversity of the municipality through quantitative evaluation and classification of the relevance of geosites and geodiversity sites. In this context, the inventory and quantification of sixteen sites of interest were carried out using the GEOSSIT application of the Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM). Five geosites were found, one of international relevance and four of national relevance, as well as eleven geodiversity sites, whereby nine are of national relevance and two of regional/local relevance. Understanding and disseminating the geodiversity of Joao Dourado provides a basis for territorial management actions by public authorities and brings the population into closer contact with geosciences.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "A Comparative Study on Phytochemical Fingerprint of Two Diverse Phaseolus vulgaris var. Tondino del Tavo and Cannellino Bio Extracts. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) represents one of the most famous foods with antiobesity activity showing a significant efficacy against fat accumulation, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. In this work, two Italian varieties of common bean, i.e., Tondino del Tavo and Cannellino Bio, from the centre of Italy were studied to characterise their phenolic profile by HPLC-PDA in relation to different fractions after a straightforward extraction procedure. Antioxidant property and enzymatic inhibition power were also evaluated in order to delineate a possible biological profile. Results show a considerable phenolic content (0.79 and 1.1 mu g/mg of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid for hexane extract of Tondino del Tavo and Cannellino Bio, respectively; 0.30 mu g/mg p-coumaric acid for n-hexane extract of Tondino del Tavo) for both varieties, and a strong antioxidant activity according to the major phenolic concentration of the extracts. The anti-inflammatory activity of the decoction extracts was also investigated through a zymosan-induced edema formation assay, revealing a moderate ability for both of them. These preliminary data prompt us to further explore the nutrient components of these two varieties in the future.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 8, 42]}
{"token": "Three-dimensional tire-pavement contact stresses prediction by deep learning approach. The demand for fast and accurate tire-pavement contact modelling is becoming increasingly prevalent with the advancement of pavement design and finite-element modelling. This paper presents a tool for fast and accurate prediction of non-uniform tire-pavement contact stresses utilising deep learning. Two truck tires, under various wheel loading, inflation pressure, and slip ratio conditions, were considered. The developed deep learning model, ContactNet, is a deconvolutional neural network consisting of two fully connected layers, one reshape layer, and five deconvolution layers with millions of neurons. Two validated finite-element truck tire models were used to generate a contact stresses database with 1800 simulated results. The database was then used for training and testing of the ContactNet. The ContactNet resulted in average errors of 0.80%, 0.77%, 0.90%, and 0.57% in predicting maximum vertical stress, effective contact area, maximum longitudinal stress, and maximum transverse stress. The mean absolute error of the ContactNet prediction is 0.91 kPa. This significantly outperformed four conventional machine-learning regression methods investigated in this study, including polynomial regression, k-nearest neighbours, multi-layer perceptron, and random forests.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Religious Heterogamy and the Intergenerational Transmission of Religion: A Cross-National Analysis. This study examines the effect of religious heterogamy on the transmission of religion from one generation to the next. Using data from 37 countries in the 2008 Religion III Module of the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), I conduct a cross-national analysis of the relationship between parents' religious heterogamy and their adult childrens' religious lives. By estimating fixed effects regression models, I adjust for national-level confounders to examine patterns of association between having interreligious parents during childhood and level of adult religiosity as measured by self-rated religiousness, belief in God, and frequencies of religious attendance and prayer. The results indicate that having religiously heterogamous parents or parents with dissimilar religious attendance patterns are both associated with lower overall religiosity in respondents. Parents' religious attendance, however, mediates the relationship when each parent has a different religion. Having one unaffiliated parent is associated with lower religiosity regardless of parents' levels of religious attendance. The negative impact of parents' religious heterogamy on religious inheritance is independent of national-level factors and has implications for anticipating changes in the religious landscapes of societies characterized by religious diversity and growing numbers of interreligious marriages.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Proton Fingerprints Portray Molecular Structures: Enhanced Description of the H-1 NMR Spectra of Small Molecules. The characteristic signals observed in NMR spectra encode essential information on the structure of small molecules. However, extracting all of this information from complex signal patterns is not trivial. This report demonstrates how computer-aided spectral analysis enables the complete interpretation of 1D H-1 NMR data. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated with a set of organic molecules, for which replicas of their H-1 NMR spectra were generated. The potential impact of this methodology on organic chemistry research is discussed.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Distribution of insect pathogenic soil fungi in Switzerland with special reference to Beauveria brongniartii and Metharhizium anisopliae. Between 1998 and 2000 soil samples from 82 fields in north, east, central and south west of Switzerland were analysed for presence of insect pathogenic soil fungi using a selective medium and the Galleria bait method. The detection rates with either method were very similar. 96% of the fields distributed over all examined regions contained Metarhizium anisopliae. The presence of Beauveria brongniartii was limited to sites colonised by its host, Melolontha melolontha. It was also present at a site where M. melolontha disappeared about 40 years ago. On the other hand, B. brongniartii was not found in four fields containing M. melolontha populations. Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Conidiobolus sp. were other entomopathogenic fungi isolated during this survey. Differences in the presence of M. anisopliae between arable fields and adjacent meadows as well as between orchards and meadows are discussed.", "label": [4, 44]}
{"token": "Using Administrative Data to Assess the Risk of Permanent Work Disability: A Cohort Study. PurposeUnmet rehabilitation needs are common. We therefore developed a risk score using administrative data to assess the risk of permanent work disability. Such a score may support the identification of individuals with a high likelihood of receiving a disability pension.MethodsOur sample was a random and stratified 1% sample of individuals aged 18-65 years paying pension contributions. From administrative records, we extracted sociodemographic data and data about employment and welfare benefits covering 2010-2012. Our outcome was a pension due to work disability that was requested between January 2013 and December 2017. We developed a comprehensive logistic regression model and used the model estimates to determine the risk score.ResultsWe included 352,140 individuals and counted 6,360 (1.8%) disability pensions during the 5-year follow-up. The area under the receiver operating curve was 0.839 (95% CI 0.834 to 0.844) for the continuous risk score. Using a threshold of >= 50 points (20.2% of all individuals), we correctly classified 80.6% of all individuals (sensitivity: 71.5%; specificity: 80.8%). Using >= 60 points (9.9% of all individuals), we correctly classified 90.3% (sensitivity: 54.9%; specificity: 91.0%). Individuals with 50 to < 60 points had a five times higher risk of a disability pension compared to individuals with low scores, individuals with >= 60 points a 17 times higher risk.ConclusionsThe risk score offers an opportunity to screen for people with a high risk of permanent work disability.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 57]}
{"token": "Phylogenetic relationship and song differences between closely related Bush Warblers (Cettia seebohmi and C-diphone). We investigated the phylogenetic relationship and differences in the song structure between the Philippine Bush Warbler (Cettia seebohmi) and the Japanese Bush Warbler (C. diphone). We compared complete sequences of the mitochondrial cyt-b gene of C. seebohmi to those of other Cettia taxa from GenBank and found C. seebohmi formed a monophyletic group with C. haddeni and C. diphone. The phylogenetic tree also suggests that C. seebohmi is more closely related to C. haddeni than to C. diphone although this was not strongly supported due to the low bootstrap values. The estimated nucleotide differences between C. seebohmi and C haddeni (4.37%), and between C. seebohmi and C. diphone (3.87-4.37%) were larger than the inter-subspecific difference between C. diphone borealis and C. d. cantans (2.44%). Cettia seebohmi, C. haddeni, and C. diphone diverged prior to the subspecies divergences of C. diphone. The basic structure of songs was similar in C. seebohmi and C. diphone; all songs consisted of pure monotone whistles followed by variably modulated warbles. However, sonagraphic parameters showed statistically significant differences between species. It is reasonable to regard C. seebohmi and C. diphone as separate species.", "label": [4, 46]}
{"token": "Uptake and resource allocation of ammonium and nitrate in temperate seagrasses Posidonia and Amphibolis. Ecologically relevant estimates of seasonal variability in nitrogen uptake and allocation in two species of temperate seagrasses were obtained using in situ isotope-labelling approach. Significantly higher uptake rates of ammonium by leaves, roots and epiphytes of Amphibolis than Posidonia were observed. Overall, root uptake rates were lower than other components. Effect of season was not significant for leaves, roots or epiphytes of the two species. However, plankton uptake varied seasonally with higher rates in winter (0.98 mg N g(-1) DW h(-1)). In contrast, nitrate uptake rates for various components were significantly affected by seasons. Uptake rates by plankton were highest ranging from 0.003 mg N g(-1) DW h(-1) (summer, Amphibolis) to 0.69 mg N g(-1) DW h(-1) (winter, Posidonia). Uptake of nitrate by roots was negligible. Biotic uptake rates for nitrate were an order of magnitude slower than ammonium, demonstrating an affinity for ammonium over nitrate as a preferred inorganic nitrogen source. Adelaide coastal waters have lost over 5000 ha of seagrasses, much of this attributed to nutrient inputs from wastewater, industrial and stormwater. Managing these inputs into future requires better understanding of the fate of nutrients, particularly biological uptake. This study attempts to quantify uptake rates of nitrogen by seagrasses. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Challenging boundaries to expand frontiers in gender and policy studies. Gender and policy studies needs to face challenges and cross boundaries if the discipline is to develop. This article argues that gender and policy studies needs to explicitly foreground the centrality of politics - the analysis of power - in approaching policy. The discipline confronts boundaries in relation to inclusivity, diversity and relevance. Inclusive gender equality demands challenging the hegemonising and marginalising boundaries in the field, which contributes to its relevance by placing politics and power centre stage. Openness to the diversity of gender and policy approaches, a more systematic and thoughtful application of intersectionality, cooperation with LGBTQI+, critical race studies and normative political theory provide opportunities to challenge boundaries and advance knowledge. We argue that explicit reflexivity about power dynamics and knowledge production, employing a plurality of approaches, will better equip the discipline to navigate major challenges and crises, and offer more nuanced democratic and egalitarian societal contributions.", "label": [5, 54, 51]}
{"token": "THE MANAGEMENT OF A CASE OF TREATMENT-RESISTANT PARAPHILIA WITH A LONG-ACTING LHRH AGONIST. A patient with multiple paraphilias who had been treated for several years with sex drive reducing agents (cyproterone acetate and medroxyprogesterone acetate) with little effect on sexual activity or fantasy was offered treatment with long-acting leuprolide acetate, an LHRH agonist. This produced a marked decrease in all reported sexual thoughts and activities with no significant side-effects.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "Charting the Rough Journey to 'Home': The Contribution of Qualitative Longitudinal Research to Understandings of Homelessness in Austerity. This article reflects on the contribution of qualitative longitudinal research (QLR) to understandings of homeless peoples' experiences of support service interventions in an era of austerity in the UK. It brings into 'analytic conversation' data from qualitative longitudinal evaluations of homeless support projects operated by voluntary sector organisations in Scotland. With fieldwork spanning 2014-2019, the analysis expands the analytical potential of pooling small-scale studies through an interrogation of individuals' 'journeys' through homelessness services and their rough path to 'home'. By reflecting on our substantive findings, the article explores the added value and challenges of a longitudinal approach. It concludes that while QLR can deliver deep insight into lives lived by vulnerable populations and potentially reduce the distance between policy makers and those affected, its benefits must be balanced against pragmatism and the ethical responsibilities associated with the method.", "label": [5, 52, 57]}
{"token": "Hetmanate in the views of the Ukrainian intellectual elite the second half of the XVIII - the middle of the XIX c. Part 1. The focus of the article is on the evolution of the ideas of the intellectual elite of the Left Bank Ukraine about the peculiarities of the status, the socio-political structure of their homeland, this specific region of the Russian Empire, about the role of various social groups, primarily the Cossacks and the gentry, in its history and transformations at the turn of the XVIII-XIX cc. The personalities in this study - G. and V. Poletik, A. Chepa, S. Kochubei, G. Galagan and others, reflected not only their own views on the past, present and future of the region, but were also authoritative exponents of the sentiments of a significant part of the local social elite. The chronological scattering of their statements makes it possible to trace changes in views on the place of the region in the system of the empire from the preservation of the autonomous Hetmanate modernized in the spirit of the times to its full political and legal integration, to the role of hetmans and the Cossack system in the life of Little Russian society, as well as to possible mechanisms of adaptation to new socio-cultural realities.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "The resistance of railwaymen: the primacy of functionality rather than a specificity.. The image of French railwaymen during World War II is a resistant one. It was built through commemorations, books and movies (including Rene Clement's famous Bataille du rail).This is not a deceitful reputation, but we cannot understand it without resorting to chronology. After the Allied landings in Normandy, French resistants asked many railwaymen to sabotage; so did they. Their feats of arms proved helpful as railwaymen are skilled workers, and they were also able to give useful information to Allied intelligence services. Since the last months of 1940, they joined corporate or general Resistance movements. They often could help victims of persecution. So, as for others corporations, functionality was their actual reason for commitment.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Engaging Legal Systems in Small-Scale Gold Mining Conflicts in Three South American Countries. This chapter addresses the relationship between engaging legal systems and the incidence of conflicts in small-scale gold mining. We concentrate on the conflicts that are the result of claims made by different stakeholders in their attempt to gain access to gold-rich soils and rivers and the revenues thereof. Each of the countries studies here - Suriname, Colombia and Brazil - have a complex set of laws, rules and regulations with regard to territory and natural resources. However, in many small-scale gold mining regions, the role of the state in implementing mining legislation and exercising authority has been marginal. Incompatibilities in the legal system and the lack of state laws form an important obstacle to the effective formulation and implementation of public policies for small-scale mining activities, and cause conflict in the respective local settings. By comparing the three cases, we make an inventory of the different legal systems, how these are interrelated and how people make strategic choices between them. This is what we call \\\\'engaging legal systems'': the laws and regulations that interact in a situation of legal pluralism, and the users of the laws and regulations who relate to the different legal systems. We argue that the lack of state authority can be an important reason for the engagement of different legal systems. However, engaging legal systems are a common phenomenon in small-scale gold mining regions, even when state mining legislation exists. Understanding engaging legal systems is a prerequisite for the formulation of more adequate policies and the mitigation or solution of conflicts.", "label": [5, 52]}
{"token": "Dark Matter Deficient Galaxies Produced via High-velocity Galaxy Collisions in High-resolution Numerical Simulations. The recent discovery of diffuse dwarf galaxies that are deficient in dark matter appears to challenge the current paradigm of structure formation in our universe. We describe numerical experiments to determine if so-called dark matter deficient galaxies (DMDGs) could be produced when two gas-rich, dwarf-sized galaxies collide with a high relative velocity of similar to 300 km s(-1). Using idealized high-resolution simulations with both mesh-based and particle-based gravito-hydrodynamics codes, we find that DMDGs can form as high-velocity galaxy collisions and separate dark matter from the warm disk gas, which subsequently is compressed by shock and tidal interaction to form stars. Then using the large simulated universe IllustrisTNG, we discover a number of high-velocity galaxy collision events in which DMDGs are expected to form. However, we did not find evidence that these types of collisions actually produced DMDGs in the TNG100-1 run. We argue that the resolution of the numerical experiment is critical to realizing the \\\\'collision-induced\\\\' DMDG formation scenario. Our results demonstrate one of many routes in which galaxies could form with unconventional dark matter fractions.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Control of foodborne pathogens on ready-to-eat roast beef slurry by epsilon-polylysine. This study evaluates the antimicrobial effectiveness of E-polylysine against Escherichia colt O157:H7. Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in laboratory media and roast beef slurry. E-Polylysine supplemented laboratory media and roast beef slurry were inoculated with three-strain cocktails of each pathogen and survival was periodically monitored using conventional spread plating. Inoculated laboratory media was stored at room temperature (22 degrees C) for 48 h, and inoculated roast beef slurry was stored at 4 degrees C for up to 7 days. Maximum log reductions in laboratory media/roast beef slurry were 6.01 +/- 1.43/3.81 +/- 0.37, >7.82 +/- 0.05/5.23 +/- 0.08, and 4.58 +/- 0.86/5.83 +/- 0.48 for E. coli O157:H7, S. tyhimurium, and L monocytogenes, respectively. Injured cells were produced as a result of exposure to polylysine. This study confirms the effectiveness of polylysine against pathogens in laboratory media, and demonstrates its potential as a novel antimicrobial agent in complex food matrix such as roast beef. (C) 2010 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 4, 8, 43]}
{"token": "Current opinion and perspectives on the methods for tracking and monitoring plant growth-promoting bacteria. Since the 1980s, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been studied as a sustainable alternative to the use of chemical fertilizers to increase crop yields, and effective PGPB have been isolated from diverse plant (e.g., endosphere and phyllosphere) and soil (e.g., rhizosphere) compartments. Despite the promising plant growth promotion results commonly observed under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, the successful application of PGPB under field conditions has been limited, partly by the lack of knowledge of the ecological/environmental factors affecting the colonization, prevalence and activity of beneficial bacteria on crops. It is generally accepted that the effectiveness of PGPB depends on their ability to colonize a niche and compete with the indigenous plant microbiome under agronomic conditions. However, most studies do not include tracking or monitoring of PGPB in the environment after their application, and the beneficial effects on plants are measured by determining biomass- and physiology-related parameters without confirming bacterial colonization. To date, methods based on reporter genes, immunological reactions and nucleic acids have been applied to track or monitor PGPB in seeds, soils or in planta after inoculation. In this review, we describe, compare and discuss the methods used for tracking and monitoring PGPB, including challenges and perspectives on some novel methods.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Spectral and Cross-Spectral Analysis-A Tutorial for Psychologists and Social Scientists. Translational Abstract Many social and biological phenomena exhibit regular, cyclic patterns, such as the need for regular sleep, and the structure of a seven day week. Such phenomena cannot be modeled with typical methods used in social science and psychology, and it is therefore important that researchers in these fields are equipped with a means to do so. Spectral and cross-spectral analyses can be used for this purpose, and they provide a breakdown of the rates of cycles present in a signal. For example, the seven day week may be associated with a seven day cycle, and any phenomena influenced by this seven day structure would exhibit a peak in the analysis at this rate of fluctuation. This tutorial provides researchers in psychology with a guide for understanding and applying spectral and cross-spectral analyses, as well as supporting software code.Social scientists have become increasingly interested in using intensive longitudinal methods to study social phenomena that change over time. Many of these phenomena are expected to exhibit cycling fluctuations (e.g., sleep, mood, sexual desire). However, researchers typically employ analytical methods which are unable to model such patterns. We present spectral and cross-spectral analysis as means to address this limitation. Spectral analysis provides a means to interrogate time series from a different, frequency domain perspective, and to understand how the time series may be decomposed into their constituent periodic components. Cross-spectral extends this to dyadic data and allows for synchrony and time offsets to be identified. The techniques are commonly used in the physical and engineering sciences, and we discuss how to apply these popular analytical techniques to the social sciences while also demonstrating how to undertake estimations of significance and effect size. In this tutorial we begin by introducing spectral and cross-spectral analysis, before demonstrating its application to simulated univariate and bivariate individual- and group-level data. We employ cross-power spectral density techniques to understand synchrony between the individual time series in a dyadic time series, and circular statistics and polar plots to understand phase offsets between constituent periodic components. Finally, we present a means to undertake nonparameteric bootstrapping in order to estimate the significance, and derive a proxy for effect size. A Jupyter Notebook (Python 3.6) is provided as supplementary material to aid researchers who intend to apply these techniques.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "The Ultimate Meaning of Counter-Actualisation: On the Ethics of the Univocity of Being in Deleuze's Logic of Sense. As is well known, Deleuze says in Difference and Repetition that 'the task of contemporary philosophy has been defined: to reverse Platonism'. This task is then continued in Logic of Sense, through its discussion of Stoic logic. Deleuze says there that 'the Stoics are the first to reverse Platonism'. And, at the same time, in the big Spinoza book, we see Deleuze present Spinoza's 'anti-Cartesian reaction'. This anti-Cartesian reaction is equivalent to the reversal of Platonism. We can say then that the task of the reversal of Platonism unifies the three books Deleuze published at the end of the Sixties. The thesis of this essay will consist in arguing that ethics we find in Logic of Sense - which we can call `the ethics of the univocity of being' - completes, in a constructive way, Deleuze's early project of the reversal of Platonism. The ethics centres on the idea of counter-actualisation. We shall argue that there are four senses of counter-actualisation. Here is a summary of the four senses of counter-actualisation: (1) beatitude against resentment (against presentist modes of measurement); (2) caring for the sense against neglecting the sense (denouncing any one determinate answer); (3) the embodiment of plural hopings and rememberings against the embodiment of one hope and one memory (against the character); and (4) 'just enough' against 'too much' (against suicide). Yet, as we shall see, there is a fifth meaning of counter-actualisation, the ultimate meaning. The ultimate sense of counter-actualisation is universal freedom. This is where my essay will end.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Desalination of calcium sulphate scaling mine water: Design and operation of the SPARRO process. The South African mining industry discharges relatively small quantities of mine service water to the environment, but these effluents contribute substantially to the salt load of the receiving waters. The poor quality of service water also has significant cost implications on the mining operations. Of the two main types of mine service water encountered in the gold mining industry, the so-called calcium sulphate scaling types is found in the majority of cases. Preliminary testwork on this type of water using membrane desalination processes revealed that only the seeded reverse osmosis type of process showed promise. To overcome certain process problems and high operating costs with this system, a novel membrane desalination technique incorporating seeded technology, called the SPARRO (slurry precipitation and recycle reverse osmosis) process, was developed. The novel features of the new process included; a lower linear slurry velocity in the membrane tubes, a lower seed slurry concentration, a dual pumping arrangement to a tapered membrane stack, a smaller reactor and a modified seed crystal and brine blow-down system. Evaluation of the SPARRO process and its novel features, over a five-year period, confirmed its technical viability for desalinating calcium sulphate-scaling mine water. The electrical power consumption of the process was approximately half that of previous designs, significantly improving its efficiency. Membrane performance was evaluated and was generally unsatisfactory with both fouling and hydrolysis dominating at times, although operating conditions for the membranes were not always ideal. The precise cause(s) for the membrane degradation was not established, but a mechanism for fouling (based upon the presence of turbidity in the mine water) and a hypothesis fora possible cause of hydrolysis (alluding to the presence of radionuclides in the mine water) were proposed. Product water from the SPARRO process has an estimated gross unit cost (including capital costs) of 383 c/m(3) (1994).", "label": [4, 39]}
{"token": "Characteristics of Gay, Bisexual and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men With Multiple Diagnoses of Infectious Syphilis in British Columbia, Canada, 2005-2014. Background Infectious syphilis has increased substantially over the past decade. Targeting limited public health resources toward subpopulations with multiple reinfections may have a large impact in reducing onward transmission within a community. Methods A chart review was conducted for individuals with 4 or more infectious syphilis diagnoses between 2005 and 2014 (the top 1% of all syphilis diagnoses in British Columbia, Canada). We characterized the sociodemographics, partner notification outcomes and social network. Results Between 2005 and 2014, there were 30 individuals with 4 or more syphilis diagnoses, accounting for 139 diagnoses. All were men who have sex with men and 29 (96%) were human immunodeficiency virus-positive. Of the 139 diagnoses, 65% occurred in the early latent stage of infection, 22% in the secondary stage, and 14% in the primary stage. The median number of sexual partners per diagnosis was 5 (range, 1-50). Among the 838 partners reported, 79% were notifiable, 53% were notified, and 23% were reported to be tested or treated. Sexual network mapping showed that almost half of the members of this group could be linked to one another either directly or indirectly via partners over 10 years. Social network mapping demonstrated high connectivity, with 4 venues associated with almost two thirds of the study population. Conclusions The connectivity and recurrent diagnoses in this study population suggest potential benefits of targeted interventions to individuals with multiple diagnoses and their partners. Our study highlights the need for enhanced care, increased syphilis testing frequency, and exploring alternative preventative methods among individuals with syphilis rediagnoses to reduce syphilis incidence.", "label": [2, 25]}
{"token": "The influence of soil moisture content on glyphosate efficacy for the control of annual grasses in fallow land. In order to determine the effects of soil moisture content on the efficacy of glyphosate, field experiments were conducted on three annual grass weeds [Avena fatua L., Urochloa panicoides Beauv. and Echinochloa colona L. (Link)]. The soil moisture conditions were as follows: absence of rainfall using a rain-out shelter, natural rainfall and natural rainfall plus irrigation (2.5 cm week(-1)). These conditions were selected as they are representative of those in winter and summer fallows in the north-east grain region of Australia and had been previously identified by glasshouse experiments to be conditions that influence glyphosate efficacy. As predicted, efficacy of 360 g acid equivalent ha(-1) glyphosate when applied to all three species was greatest under the irrigated and normal rainfall conditions and significantly less under the exclusion of rainfall condition. This response was the same for all near-isogenic lines of A. fatua and U. panicoides studied. As mild and severe forms of water stress are common events in the region, it is highly likely that soil moisture level will interfere with efficacy of glyphosate application in summer and winter fallows.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Resistance, appropriation and reappropriation in Algerian Art. La particularite et la richesse de l'art algerien contemporain est qu'il est le resultat d'appropriations, transferts, emprunts et greffes que l'histoire a imposes. Ce processus d'appropriation qui est en meme temps, du moins au debut, une forme de resistance par assimilation va traverser l'art algerien pendant toute son histoire; une appropriation qui prendra des formes differentes et se transformera selon les contingences politiques, sociales et economiques mais aussi selon la place et situation des artistes dans et a l'exterieur de leur pays d'origine. Cette appropriation, qui est d'ordre aussi bien esthetique que spatiotemporel et qui concerne la diaspora comme les artistes locaux, est un processus dynamique qui agit en interaction avec le vaste mouvement de la mondialisation et fait que le resultat de ce phenomene est a son tour l'objet d'une reappropriation de la part de l'ex-colonisateur. L'objectif de cette etude reside dans l'examen des mecanismes et des effets de l'appropriation des elements techniques, esthetiques et symboliques exogenes par rapport a la scene locale. Ce sont ces parametres qui expliquent comme ils determinent le sens de l'art actuel algerien, ses demarches, son discours et sa relation au champ artistique francais actuel.", "label": [3, 31]}
{"token": "Effects of a Plasma Water and Biostimulant on Lawn Functional Value. The research was conducted between 2014 and 2016 at the Agricultural Experimental Station of the University of Environmental and Life Sciences in Wroclaw. In the experiment, Poa pratensis and Lolium perenne in pure stand and in mixtures were used as Factor A. Two substances that stimulate grass growth and development constituted Factor B. The first was a biostimulant produced from brown algae (Phaeophyceae), containing various essential chemical compounds including amino acids, vitamins, alginic acid, microelements, and other unexplored biologically active components. The other was water treated with low-pressure glow plasma (LPGP). The seeds were sown in well-mixed light, alluvial loamy sand soil. During three growing seasons, a 9-point scale was used to evaluate grass density, leaf fineness, susceptibility to disease, and lawn overwintering. The lawns were mown every 14 days at a height of 4 cm. The substances with a stimulating effect significantly affected lawn grass features, including turf density and overwintering. Additionally, the biostimulant and plasma water reduced the incidence of fungal diseases. Better transport of water in plants after its low-pressure glow plasma treatment may be due to the effect of its declustered structure, its higher oxygen concentration, and its better solubility of the biostimulant.", "label": [0, 7, 9]}
{"token": "Cognitive parallels between music and mother tongue in Elementary School students. An empirical study on the influence of verbal language and specific melodic issues on the short term memory. Previous findings indicate that cognitive relations between perception of musical and linguistic are around the syntactic processing, phonological awareness and prosodic aspects of the language. On the other hand, it has been shown that the use of syllables or mnemonics devices, are an effective pedagogical approach to the teaching of rhythmic reading skills. This study seeks to determine if the use of the Spanish language for hyphenation helps the memorization of rhythmic sequences; and if there are differences in the degree of memorization of information sung at major mode, minor mode or recited (spoken words), in third grade students. So were two short-term musical memory test, that relate rhythm sequences with pseudo - words, and on the other hand, major and minor with numerical digit melodies. These tests were applied to N = 115 Spanish and Chilean students. The results showed significant differences (p = 0.027) in favor of students who recalled rhythmic sequences with pseudo-words versus those who did so only instrumental rhythmic sequences. On the other hand not there were significant differences (p = 0.317) between tiers of storage depending on the form that was submitted the information, however, Spanish children have been significantly favored (p = 0.022) melodies using mode Chilean with minor students and greater (p = 0.011).These results suggest that the use of syllables optimizes performance in rhythmic memory musical short term and on the other hand, show certain differences in the musician-cultural contexts of Chilean and Spanish students.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Ship Recognition from Chaff Clouds with Sophisticated Polarimetric Decomposition. Ship recognition from chaff cloud jamming is challenging since they have similar dimensions and radar cross sections. In this paper, a polarimetric recognition technique with sophisticated polarimetric decomposition is proposed. To this end, a seven-component model-based decomposition is first put forward by integrating three sophisticated scattering models, thus the dominant and local scattering of ships can be characterized accurately. According to the derived scattering contributions, a robust discrimination feature is then designed based on the concept of contrast and suppression. Coupled with the average scattering angle estimated from eigen-based decomposition, the constructed feature vector is inputted into the support vector machine and the recognition is finally fulfilled. The proposed method is tested on simulated and real polarimetric radar data and the results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves the highest recognition rate of over 98%, which outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.", "label": [1, 4, 5, 15, 38, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Shapiro Shulman Syndrome: A Forgotten Condition. We report on a girl with cutaneous angioma and hydrocephalus who presented the characteristics of the condition described by Shapiro and Shulman. At birth, she manifested extensive pink discoloration on her face, scalp, and back. During infancy, she developed hydrocephalus, which later stabilized. Magnetic resonance angiography revealed anomalous intracranial venous drainage, which led to development of her hydrocephalus. Various authors described such a process in the 1970s and 1980s, interpreting it as a variant of Sturge-Weber syndrome, and listing it with other neurocutaneous syndromes associated with vascular nevi, but few references to this condition appear in the recent literature. We think it exists as a syndrome, and that it is not a variant of Sturge-Weber syndrome. The cutaneous anomaly has characteristics closer to those of vascular birthmarks that fade than those of the port wine stain itself, and seems a direct consequence of abnormal venous drainage rather than a primarily capillary malformation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "Determinants of Chinese students' increasing pursuit of UK's taught master degree under the third wave of international education mobility. Although there is an abundance of research on international students' study and life experiences in the receiving countries and their post-study labour market outcomes in the sending countries, the motivations to study in a specific country have rarely been studied. Based on the theoretically grounded analysis, this article aims to explore the determinants driving Chinese students to increasingly choose UK's postgraduate taught programmes, under the context of the third wave of international student mobility. Drawing on 41 interviews and thematic analysis, this study finds a variety of determinants: China's intense domestic competition for the master programme entry, social networks, China's traditional culture, short duration of master programme, global competence and parental influence. Also, the results suggest that China's domestic master education is experiencing great changes. The findings provide implications for UK higher education institutions and Chinese students in terms of studying abroad. This study contributes to a broadened empirical and conceptual understanding of capital conversion and push-pull model under Chinese student context, offering empirical evidence for explaining the inner decision process of studying in the UK regarding students coming from China's contemporary middle class.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "RSA, Dickson, LUC and Williams: a study on four polynomial-type public-key cryptosystems. In the work at hand we regard the public-key cryptosystems RSA, Dickson, LUC and Williams. The Dickson and LUC systems are, for parameter , identical, except for the fact that the LUC system reduces the degrees of the decryption functions by employing ciphertext-dependent decryption parameters. We show that also for the Dickson system with parameter the degrees of the decryption functions can be reduced. Furthermore, we emphasize on the implementability of the systems and apply for Dickson and LUC a seemingly rather unknown algorithm proposed by Montgomery to evaluate recurrences of the form . It turns out that this algorithm reduces the computational efforts of Dickson and LUC compared to commonly applied binary algorithms by about . For the Williams system we propose an algorithm which reduces its computational effort to almost one half compared to other proposed algorithms. Finally, we evaluate the computational efforts of the cryptosystems and show that the improvements proposed in this paper reduce the performance gaps between RSA and Dickson, LUC and Williams considerably.", "label": [4, 40, 41]}
{"token": "On classifiers for blind feature-based automatic modulation classification over multiple-input-multiple-output channels. Modulation recognition is crucial for a good environmental awareness required by cognitive radio systems. In this study, the authors design and compare models of four among the most commonly used classifiers for feature-based automatic modulation classification (FB-AMC) algorithms. Classifiers whose models will be designed are classification tree, K-nearest neighbours, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and support vector machines. In this study, they apply some statistical pattern recognition techniques in the context of blind FB-AMC over multiple-input-multiple-output channels. Comparison criteria are classification accuracy and computational complexity. To improve the impartiality of this comparison, each classifier is optimally deployed by selecting its optimal model with respect to their context. Model selection for the classifiers is done using the k-fold cross-validation' model validation technique. The comparison study, within the considered context, shows that ANN classifiers have the best performance/complexity tradeoff.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Mapping of scientific publications between Latin America, the Caribbean, and the European Union. The mapping of bi-regional scientific collaboration requires multiple approaches to obtain the most complete picture possible. The first indicator of this collaboration is the number and type of scientific co-publications between authors from both regions. This artide analyzes the scientific publications that appear in the Web of Science database, which includes co-authors from EULAC countries between 2005 and 2016, paying special attention to the most important research areas and the role of national research agencies in the promotion of international cooperation. In addition, a specific indicator, the strength of the link, is introduced to account for the outstanding alliances between countries, as well as the connection of a particular country within the network drawn by the set of co-publications analyzed. Our study highlights the ability of EULAC countries to generate scientific networks and their relevant role in a growing worldwide network of researchers from various countries that makes it increasingly difficult to isolate a specific interregional scientific collaboration.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Public involvement in designing a study on patient-witnessed cardiopulmonary resuscitation in hospital. The aim of this paper is to report the findings of the consultation rounds with former patients and health care professionals to inform the design of a qualitative study. We aimed to understand stakeholders' views regarding the relevance of a proposed study looking at the impact of patients witnessing cardiopulmonary resuscitation on other patients in hospital, the appropriateness of the proposed methodology and ethical aspects. We conducted an online survey (n= 22) and telephone interviews (n= 4) with former patients linked to the British Heart Foundation charity and a focus group (n= 15) with hospital health care professionals involved in cardiopulmonary resuscitation activities. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The consultation rounds provided valuable advice on three major themes: conceptual aspects, methodological aspects and practical suggestions. The conceptual aspects were related to the relevance of the proposed study, the emotional impact for participating patients and how the social interaction among patients could influence the witnessing experience. Methodological advice included recruitment strategies and data collection methods such as the use of individual and focus group interviews, the timeframe of interviews with patients and the topics of the interview guides. In the third theme, practical suggestions were provided, such as strategies to advertise the study, improving the public's and participants' engagement throughout the study process and disseminating the findings. Overall, the study proposed in this consultation was considered relevant and worthy by patients and health care professionals to raise awareness and generate new evidence on an unconsidered aspect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and of patients' hospital experience. These stakeholders' consultation rounds constituted a valuable exercise to design high-quality research based on a shared vision among researchers, service users and clinicians. They also provided pragmatic advice to inform critical care practice to support patients witnessing cardiopulmonary resuscitation in hospital.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Potential of satellite based sensors for studying distribution of archaeological sites along palaeo channels: Harappan sites a case study. A large number of remote sensing based studies have shown evidence of a prominent river system, which has become buried under sand cover of Thar Desert sometime during late Holocene. This major river has been identified as Sarasvati, a legendary river mentioned in ancient Indian texts. This region is rich with archaeological sites of Harappan civilization (2500-500 BC). The present study has utilised digital image processing and enhancements techniques on multisensor satellite data followed by field investigations to reconfirm known traces and detect hitherto unknown traces of palaeochannels of Sarasvati river through parts of Indus alluvial plain in Thar desert. Potentials of IRS-P4 OCM (Primarily an Ocean Color Sensor, with eight narrow spectral channels, high radiometric resolution of 12 bits and large swath of 1420 m) could be exploited for the first time to detect hitherto unknown traces of palaeochannels of Sarasvati river through sand dune topography of Thar desert in parts of Western Rajasthan in India and adjoining parts of Pakistan by applying Principal Component Analysis technique. Pattern of palaochannels indicate westward migration of the Sarasvati river in parts of Indus alluvial plain. Database of more than 1000 archaeological sites compiled from various published sources, prepared in GIS environment could be utilised to understand their relationship with identified courses of the Sarasvati palaeochannels. Through this study it was found that there is a large spread of Mature Harappan (2200 - 1700 BC) sites along the palaeochannel of the Sarasvati and its tributaries in north-west India, but late Harappan (1700-1500 BC) sites are limited to further west in adjoining regions of Pakistan indicating that the shift of cluster of settlements have followed the pattern of river migration towards west. Digital terrain modelling by superimposing archaeological sites on SRTM DEM along with draped satellite data (Resourcesat-1 AWiFS and IRS-1D LISS-III) has helped in identifying geomorphological guides for archaeological investigations such as presence of relict natural levees seen as raised mounds and coincidence of known archaeological sites over them. It is suggested that other relict natural levees or raised mounds adjoining the identified palaochannel courses may be taken up for further archaeological exploration. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [3, 4, 5, 56, 38, 30]}
{"token": "Blueprint for an automated specific decision support system for countering anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus spp. at farm level. The opinion is advanced that only computerised, automated decision support software can optimise the integration of the range of factors (such as rainfall, temperature, host age and reproductive status, pasture type, history of host and pasture infection, and anthelmintic formulation) for more sustainable worm management than is obtainable with present methods. Other than the conventional method (in which prospective analysis of laboratory and other data is mainly used to suggest when strategic prophylactic drenching of all animals for preventing excessive helminthosis should be conducted during the relevant worm season), the computer model being proposed is to be based on targeted selective treatment, supported by progressive periodic retrospective analysis of clinical data of a given worm season.Ironically, new technology, such as the FAMACHA (c) system which was devised for sustainable management of haemonchosis, is at present being adopted relatively slowly by the majority of farmers and it is suggested that an important reason for this is the complexity of integration of new methods with epidemiological factors. The alternatives to the simple drenching programmes of the past are not only more difficult to manage, but are also more labour-intensive. The problem is further complicated by a progressive global shortage of persons with the necessary experience to train farmers in the new methods.Anthelmintic resistance has reached such levels of prevalence and intensity that recently it evoked the comment that for small ruminants the final phase of resistance was being entered, without effective chemotherapeutic agents on some farms with which to control worms at a level commensurate with profitable animal production. In addition, in the case of cattle, a recent survey in New Zealand showed 92% of worm populations to be resistant to at least one anthelmintic group.It is emphasised that, in order not to repeat the mistakes of the past, such an automated support system should ideally be developed urgently in a attempt to engineer greater sustainability of any unrelated new anthelmintics which may reach the market. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.This article is the first of a series aimed at developing specific decision support software for on-farm optimisation of sustainable integrated management of haemonchosis. It contains a concept framework for such a system for use by farmers and/or their advisors but, as reported in the series, only the first steps have been taken on the road to achieve this goal.", "label": [0, 2, 18, 10]}
{"token": "Intercomparison of retrieval algorithms for the specific surface area of snow from near-infrared satellite data in mountainous terrain, and comparison with the output of a semi-distributed snowpack model. This study compares different methods to retrieve the specific surface area (SSA) of snow from satellite radiance measurements in mountainous terrain. It aims at addressing the effect on the retrieval of topographic corrections of reflectance, namely slope and aspect of terrain, multiple reflections on neighbouring slopes and accounting (or not) for the anisotropy of snow reflectance. Using MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data for six different clear sky scenes spanning a wide range of snow conditions during the winter season 2008-2009 over a domain of 46 x 50 km in the French Alps, we compared SSA retrievals with and without topographic correction, with a spherical or non-spherical snow reflectance model and, in spherical case, with or without anisotropy corrections. The retrieved SSA values were compared to field measurements and to the results of the detailed snowpack model Crocus, fed by driving data from the SAFRAN meteorological analysis. It was found that the difference in terms of surface SSA between retrieved values and SAFRAN-Crocus output was minimal when the topographic correction was taken into account, when using a retrieval method assuming disconnected spherical snow grains. In this case, the root mean square deviation was 9.4 m(2) kg(-1) and the mean difference was 0.1 m(2) kg(-1), based on 3170 pairs of observation and simulated values. The added-value of the anisotropy correction was not significant in our case, which may be explained by the presence of mixed pixels and surface roughness. MODIS retrieved data show SSA variations with elevation and aspect which are physically consistent and in good agreement with SAFRAN-Crocus outputs. The variability of the MODIS retrieved SSA within the topographic classes of the model was found to be relatively small (3.9 m(2) kg(-1)). This indicates that semi-distributed snowpack simulations in mountainous terrain with a sufficiently large number of classes provides a representation of the snowpack variability consistent with the scale of MODIS 500 m pixels.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "European (Castor fiber) and Canadian (Castor canadensis) beavers from the Russian North-West. The works on the restoration of European beaver in Europe (Sweden) be-an in the 1920s, in Russia - in the 1930s. In Finland, Canadian beaver was introduced in the 1930s. At the present time, both species dwell in the most part of Eastern Fennoscandia. A problem of competition and displacement of one species by another one has arisen. In southern Karelia, European beavers occupy the areas, where Canadian beavers were introduced, i.e. the new species is substituted for the indigenous one. However, Canadian beavers being settled over the north-eastern Karelian territories, penetrated to Arkhangel'sk region, into the habitat of European beaver. Specific features of ecology of both species based on the material obtained in nature, under similar environmental conditions are analyzed. The pathways and some consequences of the species expansion and some aspects of their interrelationships are discussed.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Characteristics of Clinical Trial Participants with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Data from the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet). Background: Therapeutic trials are critical to improving outcomes for individuals diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Understanding predictors of clinical trial participation could maximize enrollment. Methods: Data from six sites (Colorado, Iowa, Piedmont region North Carolina, South Carolina, Utah, and western New York) of the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network (MD STARnet) were analyzed. Clinical trial participation and individual-level clinical and sociodemographic characteristics were obtained from medical records for the 2000-2015 calendar years. County-level characteristics were determined from linkage of the most recent county of residence identified from medical records and publicly available federal datasets. Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon two-sample tests were used with statistical significance set at one-sided p-value (< 0.05) based on the hypothesis that nonparticipants had fewer resources. Results: Clinical trial participation was identified among 17.9% (MD STARnet site: 3.7-27.3%) of 358 individuals with DMD. Corticosteroids, tadalafil, and ataluren (PTC124) were the most common trial medications recorded. Fewer non-Hispanic blacks or Hispanics than non-Hispanic whites participated in clinical trials. Trial participants tended to reside in counties with lower percentages of non-Hispanic blacks. Conclusion: Understanding characteristics associated with clinical trial participation is critical for identifying participation barriers and generalizability of trial results. MD STARnet is uniquely able to track clinical trial participation through surveillance and describe patterns of participation.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "Survey of Moldy Core Incidence in Germplasm from the Three US Apple Breeding Programs. Moldy core, mainly caused by Alternaria spp., in apples has been studied in a limited number of cultivars, and susceptibility is attributed to open sinuses and calyxes in the fruit. In three US apple breeding programs, a diverse germplasm collection was characterized for core opening, calyx opening, and moldy core incidence at several time points during storage. Ten cultivars showed signs of moldy core, all had open cores while only three had open calyxes. Fruit with either an open core or an open calyx increased the likelihood of moldy core incidence. Two susceptible cultivars, 'Gingergold' and 'Pinove, also had progeny with high incidence of moldy core. A separate project screened 707 seedlings with diverse parentage in the Washington State University breeding program for core opening, calyx opening, sinus opening and moldy core incidence. Only four of the seedlings had open sinuses, and all failed to develop moldy core. The cultivar survey information presented here may be useful to other breeders, horticulturists, and pathologists interested in determining the heritability for moldy core susceptibility.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds have modulated the formation of laminations in sediments in Lago Fagnano (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina) over the past 6.3 ka. Tierra del Fuego in Argentina is a unique location to examine past Holocene wind variability since it intersects the core of the Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds (SHWW). The SHWW are the most powerful prevailing winds on Earth. Their variation plays a role in regulating atmospheric CO2 levels and rainfall amounts and distribution, both today and in the past. We obtained a piston core (LF06-PC8) from Bahia Grande, a protected sub-basin at the southern margin of Lago Fagnano, the largest lake in Tierra del Fuego. This article focuses on the uppermost 185 cm of this core, corresponding to laminated sediment from the last similar to 6.3 ka. Laminations consist of millimetre-scale paired dark and light layers. Previous studies and new geochemical analysis show that the dark and light layers are characterized by differing concentrations of Mn and Fe. We attribute the distribution of Mn and Fe to episodic hypolimnic oxic-anoxic variations. The age model suggests an approximately bidecadal timescale for the formation of each layer pair. We propose a new model of these redox changes with the SHWW variations. The most likely phenomenon to produce complete water-column mixing is thermobaric instability, which occurs in colder winters with low-intensity SHWW (El Nino-like conditions). In contrast, windier winters are characterized by higher temperatures and reduced mixing in the water column, facilitating a decline in oxygen concentration. Laminations, and the inferred presence of periodic hypolimnion redox changes, are common features of the past similar to 6.3 ka. Geochemical proxy variability is compatible with an intensification of El Nino/Southern Oscillation activity during the past similar to 2 ka.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "The growth and yield of rubber at maturity is improved by intercropping with banana during the early stage of rubber cultivation. Intercropping with short-term crops provides a significant additional income during the long immature period of rubber tree growth when no latex is produced. Much previous evidence has demonstrated that the growth of young rubber trees is unaffected by the presence of an intercrop. However, few, if any studies have however been conducted to date to assess the effects of intercropping on subsequent growth and yield of rubber once the companion intercrop is removed. This study demonstrates for the first time that intensive intercropping of young rubber with banana may result not only in a sustained increase in growth and yield of rubber trees but also a reduction in the length of the unproductive immature phase.Rubber was grown either as a sole crop, or intercropped for the first 4 years with banana. The intercrop comprised an additive series of one, two or three rows of banana to one row of rubber. Growth of rubber was monitored for 6 years, i.e. up to the time that tapping for latex began and a logistic growth function was fitted to girth data in order to assess growth. Intercropping had a positive effect on the growth of rubber throughout the 6 years of the study, with the result that trees in the intercrop treatment were ready for tapping 4 months earlier than in the sole crop. Whilst girth and height were greater in the intercrops, bark thickness was similar to that of the sole crop. Intercrop treatments had no effect on latex yield per plant, but yield per hectare was greater in the intercrop than sole crop treatments due to a higher number of tappable trees. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [0, 7]}
{"token": "Spatial Features and Functional Implications of Plant 3D Genome Organization. The advent of high-throughput sequencing-based methods for chromatin conformation, accessibility, and immunoprecipitation assays has been a turning point in 3D genomics. Altogether, these new tools have been pushing upward the interpretation of pioneer cytogenetic evidence for a higher order in chromatin packing. Here, we review the latest development in our understanding of plant spatial genome structures and different levels of organization and discuss their functional implications. Then, we spotlight the complexity of organellar (i.e., mitochondria and plastids) genomes and discuss their 3D packing into nucleoids. Finally, we propose unaddressed research axes to investigate functional links between chromatin-like dynamics and transcriptional regulation within organellar nucleoids.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Development of submerged and successive latent fingerprints: a comparative study. Background: The use of water to destroy evidences in criminal cases is common. It is uncommon to believe the usefulness of evidences recovered underwater in terms of its forensic significance regarding personal identification especially by the investigating officers, who are responsible to collect and analyse the evidences. In this study, two main factors were considered which may impact the condition of fingerprint evidences: firstly, the time duration for which the evidence remains submerged in water (0.5 h, 24 h, 48 h, 120 h), and secondly, the succession or the number of prints given by the same finger one after the other (5 subsequent prints).Results: The result of this study revealed the successful development of latent fingerprint using Robin blue and silver magnetic powders on 8 different non-porous surfaces.Conclusion: The developed prints provide significant individual characteristics; hence, the evidentiary value of the objects found submerged in water should not be undervalued.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "Raynaud phenomenon after treatment of verruca vulgaris of the sole with intralesional injection of bleomycin. Intralesional injection of bleomycin (BLM) for the treatment of warts resistant to all conventional therapies is of certain interest because of the drug's row toxicity and its efficacy. However, delayed side effects may appear, particularly Raynaud phenomenon. Accordingly, some precautions must be taken in patients with vascular or collagen diseases and, as a precaution, pregnant or lactating women and infants should not be treated with this drug.", "label": [2, 22, 27]}
{"token": "A LOOK TO THE PAST. THE FIGURE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN THE SPANISH THEATRE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Throughout the eighteenth century, the Bourbon monarchs devoted numerous efforts to consolidating their rather exalted conception of the King and the Monarchy with the aim of putting the decrepit legacy of the last Anstrias far behind them. To this end, the new Royal House of Spain focussed its attention on Greco-Roman Antiquity and on one of its supreme representatives, Alexander the Great, a regal prototype with whom the Bourbons felt fully identified. In this work we analyze the way in which this identification was exploited in the theatre, a form of artistic expression which the political powers had always used as a tool for propaganda.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Rutting resistance, fatigue properties and temperature susceptibility of nano clay modified asphalt rubber binder. In this study, rutting performance, fatigue response and, rheological properties of CRMN (Crumb Rubber Modified Nano-clay) binders were investigated using the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR), Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) and, Superpave tests. The physical and rheological tests indicate that adding nanoclay (NC) to asphalt rubber binder (ARB) can decrease temperature susceptibility and improve the aging resistance and rheological properties of ARB. MSCR test results show that the addition of NC reduces the permanent strain and increases the rutting resistance of ARB samples. In addition, the GTR15%+NC4% sample has the best rutting resistance, which improves performance grade from PG 58S-22 to PG 70H-28. LAS test indicated that the presence of a polymer network in ARB at low strain increases the fatigue life, however, increasing the strain causes the slipping and destruction of the polymer network. The addition of NC led to a delay in the oxidation process and improve the aging resistance, hence increasing fatigue life of ARB binders. Finally, the ANOVA and Tukey analysis showed that increasing GTR and NC have a considerable effect on rutting performance, PG temperature range and temperature susceptibility of ARB. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Central nervous system opportunistic infections in developed countries in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. A marked decrease in incidence has been observed for most central nervous system (CNS) opportunistic infections (OIs) after the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in developed countries. However, the spectrum of these OIs in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients has remained almost unchanged. CNS toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, tuberculosis, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) remain the most frequent ones. Primary CNS lymphoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of all cases with focal lesions. Final diagnosis is currently made by combining neuroimaging techniques (single-photon emission computed tomography [SPECT], positron emission tomography [PET], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and/or computed tomography [CT] scan) and molecular studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and therapeutical response. Stereotactic biopsy should only be performed in the case of atypical lesions or nonresponse to recommended treatments. After treatment of the acute phase, lifelong maintenance therapy is necessary to prevent OI recurrences. Once HAART is initiated, some patients can develop a clinical worsening of some CNS Ols with or without atypical neuroimaging manifestations. This paradoxical worsening is known as the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and it results from reconstitution of the immune system's ability to recognize pathogens/antigens in patients with prior Ols and low CD4+ T-cell counts. In this context, IRIS can be seen in patients with CNS cryptococcosis, tuberculosis, or PML. On the other hand, HAART-induced immune reconstitution can improve the prognosis of some untreatable diseases such as PML, and can allow maintenance therapy of some CNS OI to be safely discontinued in patients with high and sustained CD4+ T-cell response.", "label": [2, 18, 21]}
{"token": "The use of biomarkers in environmental monitoring programmes. The monitoring of biological effects has recently become an integral component of environmental monitoring programmes as a supplement to the commonly used contaminant monitoring. Over the years, many biomarkers have been developed that are claimed to be efficient at providing an early warning of deleterious effects on biological systems and for estimating biological effects due to contaminants. Although biomarkers are potentially useful, they have a number of important limitations. In this paper, we examine some of the key assumptions behind the theory and practice of use of biomarkers, and propose a scheme, which may facilitate decisions by environmental managers as to how and when to use biomarkers in their monitoring programmes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 45, 52]}
{"token": "Occurrence and characterization of seven major Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotypes from healthy cattle on cow-calf operations in South Africa. Cattle are a major reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. This study investigated the occurrence of seven major STEC serogroups including O157, O145, O103, O121, O111, O45 and O26 among 578 STEC isolates previously recovered from 559 cattle. The isolates were characterized for serotype and major virulence genes. Polymerase chain reaction revealed that 41.7% (241/578) of isolates belonged to STEC O157, O145, O103, O121, O45 and O26, and 33 distinct serotypes. The 241 isolates corresponded to 16.5% (92/559) of cattle that were STEC positive. The prevalence of cattle that tested positive for at least one of the six serogroups across the five farms was variable ranging from 2.9% to 43.4%. Occurrence rates for individual serogroups were as follows: STEC O26 was found in 10.2% (57/559); O45 in 2.9% (16/559); O145 in 2.5% (14/559); O157 in 1.4% (8/559); O121 in 1.1% (6/559); and O103 in 0.4% (2/559). The following proportions of virulence genes were observed: stx1, 69.3% (167/241); stx2, 96.3% (232/241); eaeA, 7.1% (17/241); ehxA, 92.5% (223/241); and both stx1 and stx2, 62.2% (150/241) of isolates. These findings are evidence that cattle in South Africa carry STEC that belong to six major STEC serogroups commonly incriminated in human disease. However, only a subset of serotypes associated with these serogroups were clinically relevant in human disease. Most STEC isolates carried stx1, stx2 and ehxA but lacked eaeA, a major STEC virulence factor in human disease.", "label": [0, 2, 25, 24, 10]}
{"token": "Adjustment of positional geodetic networks by unconventional estimations. The content of this paper is the adjustment of positional geodetic networks by robust estimations. The techniques (based on the unconventional estimations) of repeated least-square method which have turned out to be suitable and applicable in the practise have been demonstrated on the example of the local geodetic network, which was founded to compose this thesis. In the thesis the following techniques have been chosen to compare the Method of least-squares with those many published in foreign literature: M-estimation of Biweight, M-estimation of Welsch and Danish method. All presented methods are based on the repeated least-square method principle with gradual changing of weight of individual measurements. In the first stage a standard least-square method was carried out in the following steps - iterations we gradually change individual weights according to the relevant instructions/ regulation (so-called weight function). Iteration process will be stopped when no deviated measurements are found in the file of measured data. MatLab programme version 5.2 T was used to implement mathematical adjustment.", "label": [1, 4, 38, 13]}
{"token": "Knowing Animals: Multispecies Ethnography and the Scope of Anthropology. Multispecies ethnographic projects are venturing \\\\'beyond the human\\\\' (Kohn 2013), but how far can they go and remain anthropological? The answer depends on whether such projects align with the surge of ethological research on animal cultures. Based on my fieldwork on wild horses in Galicia, Spain, I make a case for an ethologically informed ethnography that extends cultural analysis to other social species. In this project, I used ethological techniques of direct observation but analyzed the results using Erving Goffman's concepts of face, footing, and civil inattention. My analysis inverts Clifford Geertz's classic study of the Balinese cockfight by making horse sociality the center of analysis, rather than regarding these animals as representations of human status concerns. I argue that this approach can be usefully applied across the range of taxa that evince culture, particularly those caught up in conservation efforts. In developing this claim, I draw on ethnoprimatologists' efforts to synthesize multispecies ethnography with ethological methods and perspectives. [multispecies ethnography, animal cultures, ethology]", "label": [5, 56]}
{"token": "CHRONOLOGIES OF PASSION. THEIR SENSES. The Passion narratives are historically difficult. The essay examines the institutions involved : calendars, Jewish customs, early Christian traditions. The main results are that John is closer to the facts, and that the Eucharistic institution (on the first day of the week) has no connection with the Jewish Passover, hence a reconstitution of some events over at least one week. The Synoptic stories, not very well known in the 2(nd) century, display a synthesis of many items within one day, which can be termed a \\\\'Christianized Passover\\\\', culminating with the cross and patterned after the Passover of Gilgal (Jos 5:10f).", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "Prevalence of epilepsy in Bakairi indians from Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of epilepsy in a population based sample: the Bakairi indians, who live on the banks of Paranatinga river in the central plateau of Mato Grosso state, Brazil, This population is composed of 483 inhabitants. The study was outlined in two stages, and the investigation was door-to-door in a total of 103 houses. The results of the instrument showed a sensitivity of 88% (CI- 95%, 84.9-93), specificity of 97.8% (CI-95, 95-98). The prevalence of active epilepsy was 12.4parts per thousand, and inactive was 6.2parts per thousand. This prevalence of the epilepsy was considered high probably due to some familial risk factor (p=0.04) among those Indians, while other factors were not important.", "label": [2, 18, 23]}
{"token": "Cell Autoaggregation, Biofilm Formation, and Plant Attachment in a Sinorhizobium meliloti lpsB Mutant. Bacterial surface molecules are crucial for the establishment of a successful rhizobia-legume symbiosis, and, in most bacteria, are also critical for adherence properties, surface colonization, and as a barrier for defense. Rhizobial mutants defective in the production of exopolysaccharides (EPSs), lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), or capsular polysaccharides are usually affected in symbiosis with their plant hosts. In the present study, we evaluated the role of the combined effects of LPS and EPS II in cell-to-cell and cell-to-surface interactions in Sinorhizobium meliloti by studying planktonic cell autoaggregation, biofilm formation, and symbiosis with the host plant Medicago sativa. The lpsB mutant, which has a defective core portion of LPS, exhibited a reduction in biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces as well as altered biofilm architecture compared with the wild-type Rm8530 strain. Atomic force microscopy and confocal laser microscopy revealed an increase in polar cell-to-cell interactions in the lpsB mutant, which might account for the biofilm deficiency. However, a certain level of biofilm development was observed in the lpsB strain compared with the EPS II-defective mutant strains. Autoaggregation experiments carried out with LPS and EPS mutant strains showed that both polysaccharides have an impact on the cell-to-cell adhesive interactions of planktonic bacteria. Although the lpsB mutation and the loss of EPS II production strongly stimulated early attachment to alfalfa roots, the number of nodules induced in M. sativa was not increased. Taken together, this work demonstrates that S. meliloti interactions with biotic and abiotic surfaces depend on the interplay between LPS and EPS II.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 19, 42, 9]}
{"token": "Developmental behavior of embryonic myogenic progenitors transplanted into adult muscle as revealed by desmin LacZ recombinant gene. We studied the behavior of myogenic progenitors from donor desmin(+/-) LacZ embryos after implantation into tibialis anterior muscle of 2-month-old mouse hosts. Myogenic progenitors were collected from 10-day post-coital mouse embryo somite dermomyotomes (DMs), forelimb buds (LBs), and trunks. The replacement of desmin by the LacZ coding sequence allowed specific monitoring of p-galactosidase expression in donor myogenic cells. Immunostaining for myosin heavy chain and laminin expression was performed together with acetylcholine receptor histochemistry on sections of implanted muscle. Myogenic progenitors generated from DM, LB, and trunk were able to proliferate and adopt a myogenic pathway after transplantation into adult mouse muscle. Although their development appeared to be limited for DM and LB cell transplantation, the differentiation of myogenic progenitors occurred readily with trunk cell injection, suggesting that cell types associated with DM cells were involved in long-term myofiber differentiation (21 day). When neural tube/notochord (NTN) or sclerotomal (S) cells were co-transplanted with DM cells, myogenic nuclei were produced, indicating that both NTN and S are required for the differentiation of DMs grafted into adult muscle. These data are consistent with the differentiation of neural tissues and bone from NTN and S, respectively, and with the development of anatomic relations among all in vivo-differentiated tissues. These results suggest that embryonic trunk cells can be used to repair different types of injured tissues (especially skeletal muscle) under appropriate environmental conditions.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "The mythic grounding of practical philosophy in Holderlin's 'On Religion' (Friedrich Holderlin). This essay interprets Holderlin's prose fragment On Religion as an extension of and response to The Oldest System Program of German Idealism. After a brief discussion of the historical reasons for considering these fragments in this relation, I argue that On Religion demonstrates Holderlin's sympathy to the goals of the System Program, but that it also provides a more satisfactory account of how Holderlin planned to make good on the goals presented in the System Program. I argue that On Religion develops a conception of freedom that can only be 'grounded' through mythic, poetic discourse. I then explore the political implications of this point and claim that On Religion considers the creation of mythology as a public, communal event, in which the poet plays the role of giving measure and form, but not content, to the creation of mythology.", "label": [3, 32]}
{"token": "Pathophysiology, genetics, and treatment of hyperandrogenism. Presenting symptoms of hirsutism and virilism often signal a disorder of androgen biosynthesis, especially one of the forms of adrenal hyperplasia. The genetics and physiology of the various disorders are reviewed, emphasizing those that result in increased adrenal androgen production. All of these disorders can be diagnosed genetically, permitting family counseling, and all can be treated successfully with appropriate hormonal replacement therapy. Premature adrenarche is not caused by an enzymatic disorder; its origins remain obscure but may be an early harbinger of the polycystic ovary syndrome.", "label": [2, 27]}
{"token": "May I teach you? Students' behavior when lectured by robotic vs. human teachers. Social robots have been and are currently being used in many projects, research initiatives and experiments, but we know relatively little about them compared to humans when performing a social task such as teaching. Using an experiment in which a robot and a human teacher were used for teaching computational concepts to a group of K-12 students, the main goal of this paper is not to analyze the scores obtained in the post-test performed, but to focus on the students' attitudes towards robots. In order to do this, a version of the NARS and RAS questionnaires, adapted for children, was used. The analysis of the results of these questionnaires considers differences between age groups and students lectured by a robot vs. a human teacher. We conclude that age is the main factor that affects students' attitudes towards robots, although we also found other differences between the robot and the human teacher group. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [5, 55]}
{"token": "Clinical scenarios for the use of S100 beta as a marker of hepatic encephalopathy. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. The population was categorized into four groups healthy subjects, cirrhosis without HE, cirrhosis with covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) and cirrhosis with overt HE. Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Whitney's U with Bonferroni adjustment Spearman correlations and area under the ROC were used as appropriate.RESULTS: A total of 61 subjects were included, 46 cirrhotic patients and 15 healthy volunteers. S100 beta values were different among all groups, and differences remained significant between groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.001), and also between groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.016), but not between groups 3 and 4. In cirrhotic patients with HE S100 beta was higher than in patients without HE [0.18 (0.14-0.28) ng/mL vs 0.11 (0.06-0.14) ng/mL, P < 0.001]. There was a close correlation between serum concentrations of S100 beta and psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score in patients with cirrhosis without HE compared to the patients with cirrhosis with CHE (r = -0.413, P = 0.019). ROC curve analysis yielded > 0.13 ng/mL as the best cutoff value of S100 beta for the diagnosis of HE (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 63.6%).CONCLUSION: Serum concentrations of S100 beta are higher in patients with cirrhosis than in healthy volunteers, and are further increased in the presence of hepatic encephalopathy. The results suggest that serum biomarkers such as S100 beta could help in the correct characterization of incipient stages of HE.AIM: To evaluate the association between serum concentrations of S100 beta in patients with cirrhosis and the presence of low grade hepatic encephalopathy (HE).", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Focal retrograde amnesia and the episodic-semantic distinction. This article reports a review of focal retrograde amnesia (FRA), or the phenomenon of organically based severe memory loss restricted to retrograde, or pretraumatic, memory. Cases of FRA are classified according to the type of memory loss: episodic, semantic, or both. A few different clusters of the disorder were identified. Lesions to either the anterior temporal lobes or the posterior/visual cortex can result in an FRA that devastates retrograde episodic memory, while having smaller effects on semantic memory. A number of left-hemisphere patients have FRA confined to semantic memory. There are several additional examples of FRA following minor cerebral trauma that disrupts either episodic memory alone or both episodic and semantic memory that are not accompanied by evidence of structural brain lesions. We discuss these different profiles of FRA and their implications for the understanding of memory retrieval.", "label": [2, 5, 18, 55]}
{"token": "Implementation of Community-Based Landslide Hazard Mitigation Measures: the Role of Stakeholder Engagement in 'Sustainable' Project Scale-Up. Rainfall-triggered landslides present a major hazard to unplanned communities in tropical developing countries. We describe the MoSSaiC methodology (Management of Slope Stability in Communities) and show that landslide hazard can be reduced if tackled at the appropriate spatial and institutional scales. Stakeholder engagement - from communities to governments and funding agencies - has enabled the implementation of 'on the ground' construction to effectively reduce landslide hazard. Specifically, a cross-agency management team liaised closely with the local social intervention fund, community project committees and individual residents to map the highly localized landside triggers and to design and build appropriate mitigation measures. Institutional, political and financial cycles can potentially act to destabilize such community-based development initiatives. However, implementation of this approach in the Caribbean is shown to have reduced landslide hazard, whilst simultaneously gaining significant support from all stakeholders. The methodology outlined is an innovative and effective alternative to conventional 'top-down' landslide risk reduction approaches. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52, 57]}
{"token": "OVAP: A strategy to implement partial information sharing among supply chain retailers. This paper analyses the impact on supply chain performance of adopting different strategies to implement partial information sharing among heterogeneous retailers. Supply chains are modelled using a multi-agent systems approach. We find that the strategy adopted to construct the partial information sharing structure (i.e., the retailers who share information) has a significant impact on supply chain performance. We propose a practical strategy, named Order VAriance Prioritization (OVAP), which gives priority to the retailers with higher order variance. OVAP outperforms the worst (i.e. naive) implementation method by 27.2% and 7.8% with respect to the levels of bullwhip and average inventory.", "label": [1, 5, 49, 15, 52]}
{"token": "POLITICAL CONTROL OF ARM'S-LENGTH AGENCIES: ONE STANDARD DOES NOT FIT ALL. The increased use of semi-autonomous agencies for the delivery of government services has often been criticized for leading to a loss of political control. In the Netherlands, the debate is most strong regarding the so-called ZBOs, which are agencies that produce unilaterally binding legal decisions. Based on data from secondary sources and interviews, an assessment was made of the level and type of controls of 11 ZBOs. Results show that political controls are stronger than expected, negatively affecting ZBOs' autonomy. Also, there is large variety in the application of uniform guidelines. We introduce a citizen demand perspective of services as a new tool for the explanation of variety in control. This tool, together with political saliency and the legal status of ZBOs, has an impact on the actual levels of control.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Selenium and Tellurium Separation: Copper Cementation Evaluation Using Response Surface Methodology. In recent years, high demands for Se and Te in the solar panels and semiconductors industry have encouraged its extraction from primary and secondary sources. However, the two elements' similar chemical and physical properties make pure element production, Se or Te, arduous. This work is aimed to investigate the significant factors of Se and/or Te recovery in the copper cementation process using the response surface methodology. The test was carried out in two series, for Te and Se, so that H2SO4, CuSO4, Te(or Se) concentration, and temperature are the factors of experimentation. According to response surface methodology (RSM) results for both test series (i. e. Se and Te), 50 g/L H2SO4, 15 g/L Cu, and 35 degrees C, 3000 mg/L Se (or 750 mg/L Te) was specified for higher Se recovery (97%), and the lowest Te extraction (2%) as an optimum condition, so that could make a suitable separation process. Hence, the cementation test was conducted in the simultaneous presence of Se and Te, so the separation index became 5291. Moreover, the cementation test was carried out in the pregnant leach solution of copper anode slime, and the separation factor was measured to be 606. On the other hand, the thermodynamic evaluation and XRD patterns of the process's sediments confirm that Se is precipitated as Cu2Se and Cu1.8Se, whereas no Te components are detected in the sediments.", "label": [1, 11, 13]}
{"token": "Correlates of low back pain among Filipino caregivers of children with disability: A preliminary study. The caregiver's role in rearing a child with disability requires huge physical demands which may lead to development of musculoskeletal disorders such as low back pain (LBP). This study aims to determine the factors associated with low back pain among caregivers of children with disability. A quantitative, correlational research design was used. Data were gathered among caregivers of children with disabilities enrolled in a specialized educational and pediatric rehabilitation unit in Valenzuela City. A personal information sheet was used to gather relevant demographic data while Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to measure low back pain and disability. Pearson's correlation and Chi-square were used to determine the relationship and association among demographic factors and low back pain and disability. Majority of the respondents are mothers (59.09%) caring for children with autism spectrum disorder (31.82%), married (68.18%), and living in an extended family (36.36%). Chi-squared revealed a statistically significant association between caregivers' gender (p = 0.003), relationship to child (p = 0.000), and marital status (p = 0.000) to low back pain and disability. Results imply that married mothers who are the primary caregivers to children with disability are prone to develop low back pain and disability. Preventive and restorative physical interventions, such as caring rotation, is recommended. Future studies should focus on other factors such as psychosocial, physical, and emotional aspects of low back pain and disability among caregivers of children with disability. (C) 2020 Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Design and Applications of Bifunctional Small Molecules: Why Two Heads Are Better Than One. Induction of protein-protein interactions is a daunting challenge, but recent studies show promise for small molecules that specifically bring two or more protein molecules together for enhanced or novel biological effect. The first such bifunctional molecules were the rapamycin- and FK506-based \\\\'chemical inducers of dimerization\\\\', but the field has since expanded with new molecules and new applications in chemical genetics and cell biology. Examples include coumermycin-mediated gyrase B dimerization, proteolysis targeting chimeric molecules (PROTACs), drug hybrids, and strategies for exploiting multivalency in toxin binding and antibody recruitment. This Review discusses these and other advances in the design and use of bifunctional small molecules and potential strategies for future systems.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "GENETIC-ANALYSIS OF STELLATE ELEMENTS OF DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER. Repeated elements are remarkably important for male meiosis and spermiogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Pairing of the X and Y chromosomes is mediated by the ribosomal RNA genes of the Y chromosome and X chromosome heterochromatin, spermiogenesis depends on the fertility factors of the Y chromosome. Intriguingly, a peculiar genetic system of interaction between the Y-linked crystal locus and the X-linked Stellate elements seem to be also involved in male meiosis and spermiogenesis. Deletion of the crystal element of the Y, via an interaction with the Stellate elements of the X, causes meiotic abnormalities, gamete-genotype dependent failure of sperm development (meiotic drive), and deposition of protein crystals in spermatocytes. The current hypothesis is that the meiotic abnormalities observed in cry(-) males is due to an induced overexpression of the normally repressed Ste elements. An implication of this hypothesis is that the strength of the abnormalities would depend on the amount of the Ste copies. To test this point we have genetically and cytologically examined the relationship of Ste copy number and organization to meiotic behavior in cry(-) males. We found that heterochromatic as well as euchromatic Ste repeats are functional and that the abnormality in chromosome condensation and the frequency of nondisjunction are related to Ste copy number. Moreover, we found that meiosis is disrupted after synapsis and that cry-induced meiotic drive is probably not mediated by Ste.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "A new acylated flavonol glycoside from the aerial parts of Cardamine tangutorum. A new acylated flavonol glycoside, kaempferol-3-O-beta-D-(2-feruloylglucopyranosyl) (1 -> 6)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1 -> 2)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside, named tangutorumoside A (1), together with 12 known compounds, was isolated from 50% acetone extract of Cardamine tangutorum. Their structures were elucidated by NMR and MS experiments. In addition, compound 1 could promote the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes and thymic lymphocytes with ConA in vitro.", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 36, 22, 9]}
{"token": "Modeling dynamic conditional correlations with leverage effects and volatility spillover effects: Evidence from the Chinese and US stock markets affected by the recent trade friction. In this article, we investigate the dynamic conditional correlations (DCCs) with leverage effects and volatility spillover effects that consider time difference and long memory of returns, between the Chinese and US stock markets, in the Sino-US trade friction and previous stable periods. The widespread belief that the developed markets dominate the emerging markets in stock market interactions is challenged by our findings that both the mean and volatility spillovers are bidirectional. We do find that most of the shocks to these DCCs between the two stock markets are symmetric, and all the symmetric shocks to these DCCs are highly persistent between Shanghai's trading return and S&P 500' s trading or overnight return, however all the shocks to these DCCs are short-lived between S&P 500' s trading return and Shanghai's trading or overnight return. We also find clear evidence that the DCC between Shanghai's trading return and S&P 500' s overnight return has a downward trend with a structural break, perhaps due to the \\\\'America First\\\\' policy, after which it rebounds and fluctuates sharply in the middle and later periods of trade friction. These findings have important implications for investors to pursue profits.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
{"token": "Habitat associations of bats in Northern Ireland: implications for conservation. Agricultural intensification in Northern Ireland has brought about large-scale changes to the landscape with a detrimental effect on biodiversity. Between 1996 and 1998, we surveyed a stratified random sample of 1 km squares for bats using a spot-sample technique and time expansion bat detector to establish linear and area habitat associations. Bats strongly selected water bodies with bankside vegetation, treelines, and deciduous and mixed woodland edge, avoiding open areas such as upland/unimproved grassland and improved grassland. Of three sympatric pipistrelle species (Pipistrellus pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus and P. nathusii), two were shown to forage in different habitats; P. pipistrellus being more of a 'generalist', foraging in a wider variety of habitats than P. pygmaeus, a 'specialist' which foraged in a smaller range of habitats. Nyctalus leisleri selected parkland/amenity grassland, deciduous woodland edge and rivers/canals and avoided improved grassland, hedgerows, whilst Myotis spp. selected deciduous woodland centre, lake/reservoir margins and rivers/canals. Reduction in area and quality of inland water, deciduous woodlands and field boundaries in Northern Ireland may impact on bat populations. Habitat management should focus on improving those habitats which are selected by bats, including the maintenance and enhancement of connecting linear habitats. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Numerical approximation of the generalized regularized long wave equation using Petrov-Galerkin finite element method. The generalized regularized long wave (GRLW) equation has been developed to model a variety of physical phenomena such as ion-acoustic and magnetohydrodynamic waves in plasma, nonlinear transverse waves in shallow water and phonon packets in nonlinear crystals. This paper aims to develop and analyze a powerful numerical scheme for the nonlinear GRLW equation by Petrov-Galerkin method in which the element shape functions are cubic and weight functions are quadratic B-splines. The proposed method is implemented to three reference problems involving propagation of the single solitary wave, interaction of two solitary waves and evolution of solitons with the Maxwellian initial condition. The variational formulation and semi-discrete Galerkin scheme of the equation are firstly constituted. We estimate rate of convergence of such an approximation. Using Fourier stability analysis of the linearized scheme we show that the scheme is unconditionally stable. To verify practicality and robustness of the new scheme error norms L-2, L-infinity and three invariants I-1, I-2, and I-3 are calculated. The computed numerical results are compared with other published results and confirmed to be precise and effective.", "label": [4, 41]}
{"token": "Sensor Search Techniques for Sensing as a Service Architecture for the Internet of Things. The Internet of Things (IoT) is part of the Internet of the future and will comprise billions of intelligent communicating \\\\'things\\\\' or Internet Connected Objects (ICOs) that will have sensing, actuating, and data processing capabilities. Each ICO will have one or more embedded sensors that will capture potentially enormous amounts of data. The sensors and related data streams can be clustered physically or virtually, which raises the challenge of searching and selecting the right sensors for a query in an efficient and effective way. This paper proposes a context-aware sensor search, selection, and ranking model, called CASSARAM, to address the challenge of efficiently selecting a subset of relevant sensors out of a large set of sensors with similar functionality and capabilities. CASSARAM considers user preferences and a broad range of sensor characteristics such as reliability, accuracy, location, battery life, and many more. This paper highlights the importance of sensor search, selection and ranking for the IoT, identifies important characteristics of both sensors and data capture processes, and discusses how semantic and quantitative reasoning can be combined together. This paper also addresses challenges such as efficient distributed sensor search and relational-expression based filtering. CASSARAM testing and performance evaluation results are presented and discussed.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 15, 35]}
{"token": "Improved breakdown voltages in submicrometre planar GaAs MESFETs with a thin (Ga,In)P surface layer. A thin 100 Angstrom (Ga,In)P surface layer in the extrinsic gate-to-drain space of the transistor improves the power-handling capabilities of MOCVD-grown planar GaAs MESFETs. The authors demonstrate 0.8 mu m devices with drain and gate-drain breakdown voltages of 21 and 23-24V, respectively, Although achieved in non-optimised structures, the results are comparable to some obtained with more complicated passivation approaches.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "Retention of bacteria by cellulose fibres as a means of reducing biofouling in paper pulp production processes. The effectiveness of a non-oxidising biocide (a carbamate-based solution) as a retention agent for cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens in a paper pulp suspension was studied, as a way to reduce biofouling in pulp and paper production processes. The results indicated that the addition of the biocide not only changed the pH of the paper pulp suspension. but also shifted the surface charges of the bacterial cells from negative to neutral or positive values. depending on the pH value and the biocide concentration. Therefore, since the paper pulp fibres are negatively charged, adhesion of bacterial cells to the fibres is promoted. Hence. it was possible to obtain an increase in cell retention on the cellulose fibres from 45% to 75%, within less than 5 min of contact between the carbamate and the pulp suspension. This effect increased with the concentration of carbamate solution in the fibre suspension (100 - 300 mg l(-1)). and was always higher than in the absence of biocide.", "label": [2, 4, 19, 45]}
{"token": "The Legionella pneumophila iraAB locus is required for iron assimilation, intracellular infection, and virulence. Legionella pneumophila, a facultative intracellular parasite of human alveolar macrophages and protozoa, causes Legionnaires' disease. Using mini-Tn10 mutagenesis, we previously isolated a L. pneumophila mutant that was hypersensitive to iron chelators. This mutant, NU216, and its allelic equivalent, NU216R, were also defective for intracellular infection, particularly in iron-deficient host cells. To determine whether NU216R was attenuated for virulence, we assessed its ability to cause disease in guinea pigs following intratracheal inoculation. NU216R-infected animals yielded 1,000 fold fewer bacteria from their lungs and spleen compared to wild-type-130b-infected animals that had received a 50-fold-lower dose. Moreover, NU216R-infected animals subsequently cleared the bacteria from these sites. While infection with 130b resulted in high fever, weight loss, and ruffled fur, inoculation with NU216R did not elicit any signs of disease. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the transposon insertion in NU216R lies in the first open reading frame of a two-gene operon. This open reading frame (iraA) encodes a 272-amino-acid protein that shows sequence similarity to methyltransferases. The second open reading frame (iraB) encodes a 501-amino-acid protein that is highly similar to di- and tripeptide transporters from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Southern hybridization analyses determined that the iraAB locus was largely limited to strains of L. pneumophila, the most pathogenic of the Legionella species. A newly derived mutant containing a targeted disruption of iraB showed reduced ability to grow under iron-depleted extracellular conditions, but it did not have an infectivity defect in the macrophage-like U937 cells. These data suggest that iraA is critical for virulence of L. pneumophila while iraB is involved in a novel method of iron acquisition which may utilize iron-loaded peptides.", "label": [2, 18, 25]}
{"token": "Comparative study of the effectiveness two of hyperoxygenated fatty acids in the treatment of grade I ulcers in geriatric hospitalized patients. Results: The sample at the end of the study was 148 (72 control and 76 experimental). There was a healing incidence of 55.6% in the control group and 69.7% in the experimental group (p=0.074). The difference in the incidence of healing between both treatments was 14% (95% CI: 29% to 1%). The upper limit of the confidence interval of the difference is outside the margin of equivalence.Method: A randomized, controlled, triple blind clinical trial was conducted with patients admitted at the Elderly Ward at San Carlos Hospital in Madrid between November 2006 and January 2008. There were two treatment groups: Experimental and control. A theoretical limit of 15% was determined between both groups. We took a random sample of patients admitted to the Elderly Ward, which produced a sample of 151 sores. The control group received treatment with Mepentol and the experimental group received AGHO. The assignment to the group was at random. The output variable was healing of erythema within the first 72 h. We calculated the absolute difference in the incidence of healing between both treatments with a level of confidence of 95%.Conclusions: We cannot conclude that the treatment with AGHO fatty acids is equivalent to Mepentol (R) treatment. With both treatments the healing is clinically significant. (c) 2009 Elsevier Espana, S.L All rights reserved.Objective: To evaluate whether there is equivalence between two treatments for grade I ulcers with a base of hyperoxygenated fatty acids, AGHO and Mepentol : AGHO and phytotherapy.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Early Career Nurses' Experiences of Providing Family Nursing Care: Perceived Benefits and Challenges. Faculty at Minnesota State University, Mankato (USA) developed a family-focused baccalaureate curriculum to address gaps between evidence and practice with families that have been linked to undergraduate nursing education. The purpose of this study was to understand the perceptions of new graduate nurses in providing family-focused nursing care in practice settings. A descriptive design focused on narrative data was used to identify the nurses' perceived benefits and challenges of caring for families in their current nursing practice. Data were collected from three cohorts of new graduate nurses who were currently employed in health care settings (N = 109) through a five-contact procedure and examined using a content analysis method. Nine perceived benefit categories, subcategories, and summary statements were identified. Seven challenge categories were identified. The early career graduate nurses' ability to translate family-focused knowledge to their practice was a significant finding. The benefits and value of developing interactions with families were evident in a number of categories. Education and practice systems can implement educational innovations and partner to support new career graduates' ability to offer skilled family nursing practice.", "label": [2, 5, 26, 52]}
{"token": "Carbon footprints of hotels: Analysis of three archetypes in Hong Kong. The need of curbing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially those arising from operations in existing buildings, has been well recognized. Incessant hotel operations, in particular, result in significant GHG emissions. Given the limited in-depth findings about the emissions from hotels of different classes, a study was conducted to probe into the carbon footprints of three typical hotels in Hong Kong. Through face-to-face meetings, detailed and reliable data under scopes 1-3 of the GHG Protocol were collected for analysis. The emission levels, when normalized by number of guestrooms, were different from those normalized by floor area. Use of purchased electricity was the dominant contributor to the emissions; emissions from use of portable liquefied petroleum gas and emergency operation of power generator were negligible. Reference levels of emissions due to staff daily travels were determined. The hotels' emissions bore a strongly positive correlation with outdoor air temperature rather than occupancy rate. Regression models that can estimate the hotels' emissions with changes in outdoor temperature were developed. Recommendations were made to tackle the problems with recording the necessary data and mitigate the emissions from the hotels. Wider adoption of the methodology of this study can establish carbon emission benchmarks, which are essential for monitoring and optimizing the carbon footprints of hotels. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 17, 15, 39]}
{"token": "BECKETT'S POSTHUMAN: The Ontopology of The Unnamable. Identifying the posthuman as that which is locatable within a half-posthumous space and which both has a subjectivity that is always divided and distanced from itself, and a corporeality of the same quality, this paper considers the mutually reflective ontology and topology of the unnamable narrator in Beckett's The Unnamable through the terms isomorphism and ontopology. Drawing on Derrida, Blanchot, Butler and Latour, while engaging the recent turn to posthumanism in Beckett criticism, this paper examines how the unnamable posthuman and its narrative engage and nuance ontological questions of what it means to think subjectivity without a subject.Elizabeth Effinger, BECKETT'S POSTHUMAN: The Ontopology of The Unnamable", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "Analysis of V-H genes in follicular and diffuse lymphoma shows ongoing somatic mutation and multiple isotype transcripts in early disease with changes during disease progression. Investigations of V-H gene mutational patterns in B-cell tumors are often performed at an arbitrary time point of disease. To assess the effects of disease progression, tumor-derived V-H genes have been monitored from presentation through treatment and relapse in one patient with follicle center lymphoma (FCL). and two patients with primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLCL). The patient with FCL and one patient with DLCL both achieved clinical remission, although this was only partial in the FCL. However, both subsequently relapsed, and the second patient with DLCL was refractory to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In each case, the tumor-derived V-H sequence was identified, and the CDR3 \\\\'clonal signature\\\\' was used to track tumor cell sequences in subsequent biopsies. All cases showed somatic mutations, with intraclonal heterogeneity evident at presentation, and some sequences were aberrant. The V-H sequences of the DLCL which responded to treatment became homogeneous at relapse. The sequences of both the FCL and the refractory DLCL remained heterogeneous. In all cases, transcripts of multiple lg isotypes could be identified, and there was immunophenotypic evidence for expression of several Ig isotypes. The case of refractor/DLCL had identifiable transcripts from IgM, IgD, IgA, IgG, and IgE, but appeared to lose the ability to produce alternative isotype transcripts and protein at the late stage of disease. These cases indicate that V-H gene analysis can be used to probe tumor cell behavior in cases of lymphoma and that perturbations caused by therapy and disease progression can occur. (C) 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "Erythromycin and florfenicol treatment of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) experimentally infected with Flavobacterium psychrophilum. Flavobacterium psychrophilum is responsible for significant economic losses in rainbow trout aquaculture. Antimicrobial treatment remains the primary means of control; however, there are limited choices available for use. The objectives of the study were therefore to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations for erythromycin and florfenicol in selected F. psychrophilum isolates and to evaluate their clinical treatment efficacy in experimentally infected rainbow trout. All isolates tested had moderate susceptibility to florfenicol and erythromycin except one isolate, which had low susceptibility to erythromycin. Two isolates (one with moderate and one with low susceptibility to erythromycin) were used in an experimental infection trial. Rainbow trout juveniles were injected intraperitoneally with 10(8) cfu/fish and after mortality had begun, fish were given erythromycin- and florfenicol-medicated feed at a rate of 75 mg kg(-1) day(-1) and 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1) fish body weight, respectively, for 10 consecutive days. The splenic F. psychrophilum load was determined using an rpoC quantitative PCR throughout the 30-day trial. Relative to antibiotic-free controls, erythromycin treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced mortality of rainbow trout juveniles infected with FPG101, even when treatment was initiated after clinical signs developed.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 45, 10]}
{"token": "[The beauty that cures] Well-being and nocturnal reception spaces for homeless people. Looking into the housing services for homelessness leads to think about development of territory, citizens' welfare, social recovery, reintegration into society and citizenship. Since 2009 the action-research, named \\\\'Living in the dorm\\\\', has been investigating how architecture hosts services delivered to homeless people and how users interact with places and products in there. Spaces, pieces of furniture, tools, have been investigated and re-thought as part of the educational work carried out. Attention has been paid to the way spaces and objects interact with the biographies of the users and the operators and how these can qualify the service and act as enablers in the process of social inclusion.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "Microstructure and kinetics evolution in MgH2-TiO2 pellets after hydrogen cycling. The pellets exhibited good kinetic performance and durability, even if the pressure of compaction revealed to be an important parameter for their mechanical stability.Scanning Electron Microscopy observations of as-prepared and cycled pellets were carried out to investigate the evolution of their microstructure. In turn the phase composition before and after cycling was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.In this work MgH2 powder with 5 wt.% TiO2 was ball milled for 10 h. The as-milled nanostructured powder was enriched with 5 wt.% of Expanded Natural Graphite (ENG) and then compacted in cylindrical pellets by cold pressing using different loads. Both the powder and the pellets were subjected to kinetic and thermodynamic tests using a Sievert's type gas reaction controller, in order to study the microstructural and kinetic changes which took place during repeated H-2 absorption and desorption cycles.The interest in Mg-based hydrides for solid state hydrogen storage is associated to their capability to reversibly absorb and desorb large amounts of hydrogen.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 11, 13]}
{"token": "CHARACTERIZATION OF AN AXENIC STRAIN OF HARTMANNELLA-VERMIFORMIS OBTAINED FROM AN INVESTIGATION OF NOSOCOMIAL LEGIONELLOSIS. A free-living amoeba identified as Hartmannella vermiformis was isolated from a water sample obtained during an investigation of nosocomial legionellosis.  Hartmannella vermiformis is known to support the intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila.  This strain of H. vermiformis, designated CDC-19, was cloned and established in axenic culture to develop a model for the study of the pathogenicity of legionellae.  Isoenzyme patterns of axenically-cultivated strain CDC-19 were compared with two strains of H. vermiformis derived from the type strain, one axenic (ATCC 50236) and the other grown in the presence of bacteria (ATCC 30966).  Enzyme patterns suggested that all three strains are assignable to the species H. vermiformis.  Axenic H. vermiformis strain CDC-19 has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 50237) and should prove useful in the study of protozoan-bacterial interaction.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Understanding Adolescents' Categorisation of Animal Species. Abstract: Categorisations are a means of investigating cognitive maps. The present study, for the first time, investigates adolescents' spontaneous categorisation of 34 animal species. Furthermore, explicit evaluations of 16 selected animals in terms of their perceived utility and likeability were analysed. 105 British adolescents, 54% female, mean age 14.5 (SD = 1.6) participated in the study. Results of multidimensional scaling (MDS) techniques indicate 3-dimensional data representation regardless of gender or age. Property fittings show that affect and perceived utility of animals explain two of the MDS dimensions, and hence partly explain adolescents' categorisation. Additionally, hierarchical cluster analyses show a differentiation between farm animals, birds, pet animals, and wild animals possibly explaining MDS dimension 3. The results suggest that utility perceptions predominantly underlie adolescents' categorisations and become even more dominant in older adolescents, which potentially has an influence on attitudes to animals with implications for animal welfare, conservation, and education.Simple Summary: When people try to make sense of the world they often use categorisations, which are seen as a basic function of human cognition. People use specific attributes to categorise animals with young children using mostly visual cues like number of legs, whereas adults use more comprehensive attributes such as the habitat that the animal lives in. The aim of the present study was to investigate how adolescents categorise different types of animals. A card sorting exercise in combination with a survey questionnaire was implemented. Adolescents were asked to group images of a variety of common British farm, pet, and wild animals that were printed on cards. Furthermore, adolescents were asked to rate a number of animals regarding their utility, likability, and fear, which served as affective responses. Results show that adolescents primarily use an animal's perceived utility as a means for their categorisation along with their affective feelings towards those animals. In other words, adolescents group animals into farm, pet, and wild animals with one exception, birds. Birds, regardless of their role in society (pet, farm, or wild animal), were mostly grouped together. The results are important to understand adolescents' perception of animals, which may explain the different attitudes and behaviours towards animals.", "label": [0, 4, 6, 10, 47]}
{"token": "GD2-specific CAR T Cells Undergo Potent Activation and Deletion Following Antigen Encounter but can be Protected From Activation-induced Cell Death by PD-1 Blockade. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown great promise in the treatment of hematologic malignancies but more variable results in the treatment of solid tumors and the persistence and expansion of CAR T cells within patients has been identified as a key correlate of antitumor efficacy. Lack of immunological \\\\'space\\\\', functional exhaustion, and deletion have all been proposed as mechanisms that hamper CAR T-cell persistence. Here we describe the events following activation of third-generation CAR T cells specific for GD2. CAR T cells had highly potent immediate effector functions without evidence of functional exhaustion in vitro, although reduced cytokine production reversible by PD-1 blockade was observed after longer-term culture. Significant activation-induced cell death (AICD) of CAR T cells was observed after repeated antigen stimulation, and PD-1 blockade enhanced both CAR T-cell survival and promoted killing of PD-L1(+) tumor cell lines. Finally, we assessed CAR T-cell persistence in patients enrolled in the CARPETS phase 1 clinical trial of GD2-specific CAR T cells in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Together, these data suggest that deletion also occurs in vivo and that PD-1-targeted combination therapy approaches may be useful to augment CAR T-cell efficacy and persistence in patients.", "label": [2, 18, 19, 20]}
{"token": "Phraseodidactics and phraseotranslation: some remarks on the new disciplines of applied phraseology. On the other hand, phraseotranslation, as a specialized interdisciplinary science postulated in this text, is situated at the crossroads of phraseology, translation studies, contrastive studies and phraseodidactics. Recently there is a growing need for an efficient interlinguistic translation; the education of future translators of foreign languages develops more and more, but the problem of phraseologization in translation is still very rarely undertaken in scientific research. An effective translation implies equivalent messages in two different linguistic codes, which becomes extremely difficult in case of phraseology. The multiple-word structures entrenched in natural languages are therefore a major challenge in the process of translation and can be a prominent difficulty even for professional translators.The major task of this paper is the implementation of new emerging phraseological disciplines, such as phraseodidactics and phraseotranslation. The author discusses the attempt to specify and deploy those new disciplines. Taking into account a wide range of phraseological phenomena in all natural languages and the need to implement effective glottodidactis and translation, the development of phraseodidactics and phraseotranslation may appear to be useful and of high importance.Phraseodidactics, also known as didactics of phraseology, is a new emerging research discipline within the scope of applied linguistics. It is an interdisciplinary field with elements of phraseology, glottodidactics, as well as contrastive linguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics and sociolinguistics. The term phraseodidactics has a Germanic etymology (phraseodidaktik) and became present in the literature primarily through the work of German authors such as H. H. Lug (1997, 2001) and S. Ettinger (1998). Nonetheless, the very concept of phraseodidactics and the discipline to which it relates still are not widespread.Phraseodidactics, in accordance with its objectives, examines the processes associated with the natural assimilation of collocations, idioms, proverbs and other reproducible word forms in the mother language, and, foremost, processes related to the teaching and learning of these structures in the second and subsequent languages. Idiomatic expressions are understood here as established combinations of at least two words with a reproducible character. The scope of phraseology also includes compound words and fixed collocations. In other words, the didactics of phraseology aspires to deal with everything that is associated with the most effective teaching and learning of broadly understood phraseology.At present, the need of the development of phraseological competences in the process of the didactics of foreign languages is obvious. The lack of an idiomatic understanding of speaker's language can cause serious distortions in the process of verbal communication. That is why each foreign language learner should aim at mastering receptive phraseological competences. When it comes to the level of the language production, what is the most important is the acquisition of such expressions that are most needed in user's idiolect. The needs within the scope of phraseological competences are much bigger in the case of foreign language teachers or translators to be, whose phraseological competences should be highly-developed not only in terms of reception, but also at the productive level. Thus, one should not avoid such needs in educational processes.", "label": [3, 28]}
{"token": "The Open Public Value Account and Comprehensive Social Development: An Assessment of China and the United States. Human society can be roughly divided into three spheres and each has different public values. While public values should be at the heart of public administration and social development, they are often significantly weakened by their philosophical ambiguity and immeasurability. This article seeks to clarify the nature of public values, how they are created, and how they can be measured. An open public value account is constructed as a policy tool for assessing as many public values as possible. It is used to examine the public values creation in China and the United States.", "label": [5, 51]}
{"token": "Peripheral scholarship and the context of foreign paid publishing in Nigeria. Lately, a phenomenal dimension of peripheral scholarship, compulsorily demanding the 'foreign', has evolved into the practice of paid publishing in 'foreign' journals among Nigerian academics. These 'foreign' journals afford speedy publishing at a fee with little or no peer review. This study is a descriptive research which collected qualitative data through 30 in-depth interviews conducted with academics in two federal universities in Nigeria. The findings established that though some universities are beginning to question their intellectual validity and propriety, predatory paid-for foreign journals remain popular among academics desirous to satisfy the 'international publishing rule' for promotion at all costs. Lacking international scholarly credibility, predatory journals will not advance Nigerian scholarship into the global scholarly mainstream which the 'international rule' ultimately seeks.", "label": [5, 57]}
{"token": "The cyst hatching pattern of the Thai fairy shrimp, Branchinella thailandensis Sanoamuang, Saengphan & Murugan, 2002 (Anostraca). We investigated factors influencing the hatching of the fairy shrimp, Branchinella thailandensis in relation to brood order, and also responses of cysts to wet and dry periods. Male-female pairs of B. thailandensis were cultured under static conditions at room temperature and fed ad libitum micro-algae (Chlorella sp.). Deposited cysts of the first, sixth and eleventh broods were monitored for cyst hatching under wet and dry conditions. Cyst hatching was scored daily for 5 days after incubation. Freshly laid cysts, immediately incubated, did not hatch in any of the experimental conditions (wet/dry). On the contrary, undried cysts immersed in their parental medium for 4 weeks showed the highest hatching in all brood treatments (76.67, 94.67, and 99.33% of the first, sixth, and eleventh broods, respectively). The cysts of the first brood hatched less successfully than did those of the sixth and eleventh broods. Cyst hatching mostly took place within 24 hours after incubation. The present study shows that a wet period has a strong influence on the cyst hatching success of B. thailandensis. The cysts require a period of retention in the parental medium for 2-4 weeks to complete their embryonic development before hatching. Hatching of the three representative broods showed a different pattern for each brood. The early broods required a longer wet period than did the late broods. In contrast to the hatching behaviour of many other species, drying is not absolutely essential for cyst hatching of this species.", "label": [4, 45]}
{"token": "Optimization of type-II frequency doubling of spatial and temporal limited laser light in nonlinear crystals. Type-II frequency doubling of short Gaussian laser pulses is studied theoretically. The situation is analysed when the group velocity mismatch and the walk-off angle of the interacting waves limit the frequency conversion efficiency. It is shown that with collinear 'o' and 'e' polarized fundamental waves a temporal and spatial separation of the fundamental beams is necessary to compensate for both effects. Results of the presented model are discussed for KDP crystals.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "The future of habitat modeling and instream flow assessment techniques. This paper examines emerging trends in applied instream flow assessment methods within the context of an ecologically based assessment framework, in light of the challenges imposed by the spatial and temporal domains of aquatic ecosystems. Ii will attempt to highlight what I consider to be the more promising technologies, modeling techniques and analysis approaches that represent workable tools to meet the needs of practical, applied instream flow assessments. To this end, I will touch on measurement techniques and technologies used to characterize the spatial domain of river systems, analysis tools for characterization of the hydrodynamic elements of rivers in both the spatial and temporal domains, and finally tools and approaches which integrate the biological elements at the individual, population and community levels. Much of my view of the future of habitat modeling remains an abstraction, in that integration of all the pieces has yet to be accomplished, field validation remains unproven, availability of an integrated analysis framework (i.e. computer software system) is not yet available, and a clear framework for selection and application of specific tools has not been developed. However, in presenting this particular view of the future, I hope to stimulate a broader collaborative effort between biologists, engineers and resource managers that continues to move the state-of-the-art forward. This effort should not consider the plurality of methods or analytical procedures as competing approaches, but rather as representing a tool-rich environment upon which researchers and practitioners can draw to provide scientifically based quantifications in support of management decisions which must protect and enhance our aquatic ecosystems. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "label": [4, 5, 39, 52]}
{"token": "How Galileo dropped the ball and Fermat picked it up. This paper introduces a little-known episode in the history of physics, in which a mathematical proof by Pierre Fermat vindicated Galileo's characterization of freefall. The first part of the paper reviews the historical context leading up to Fermat's proof. The second part illustrates how a physical and a mathematical insight enabled Fermat's result, and that a simple modification would satisfy any of Fermat's critics. The result is an illustration of how a purely theoretical argument can settle an apparently empirical debate.", "label": [3, 30, 32]}
{"token": "Plant and small mammal richness correlate positively in a biodiversity hotspot. Hotspots of biodiversity are important areas in facilitating an understanding of species richness and its maintenance. Herbivores can increase plant richness by reducing dominant plant species thus providing space for subdominant species. As small mammals are abundant in the Succulent Karoo and therefore might affect plant richness by means of herbivory, we tested if this mechanism might exist in the Succulent Karoo in southern Africa, a biodiversity hotspot due to its extraordinary plant richness. At ten ecologically different study sites we measured plant and small mammal richness and diversity and determined 11 abiotic factors including soil composition, altitude and rainfall. We found positive correlations between plant richness and the number of small mammal species. A general linear model revealed that the number of small mammal species was more important than abiotic factors in explaining variation in plant richness. To test whether small mammals might directly influence plant richness, we studied the influence of the bush-Karoo rat Otomys unisulcatus, a central place forager, on the plant community. The immediate surroundings of occupied O. unisulcatus nests showed significantly higher plant richness than control areas. We conclude that small mammals can have a positive effect on plant richness in the Succulent Karoo. While experimental data are needed to support these correlative results, the results of our study indicate that areas of high small mammal richness should be included in conservation programs of the Succulent Karoo.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "Diversity of Endophytic Fungi Associated with the Roots of Four Aquatic Plants Inhabiting Two Wetlands in Korea. A total of 4 aquatic plants, Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi, Hydrocharis dubia Backer, Salvinia natans All., and Zizania latifolia Turcz., were sampled from representative two wetlands of South Korea. A total of 38 endophytic fungal strains were isolated from aquatic plants native to the Daepyeong wetland, and 27 strains were isolated from the Jilnal wetland. The internal transcribed spacer regions of fungal isolates were sequenced and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. In addition, endophytic fungal diversity from each wetland and host plant species was deduced. A total of 25 fungal genera were purely isolated, and 16 fungal genera were isolated from each of the two wetlands. Commonly isolated genera from both wetlands were Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Clonostachys, Fusarium, Leptosphaeria, Penicillium, and Talaromyces. This study revealed that fungal diversity varied with environmental conditions and by host plant in representative two wetlands.", "label": [0, 4, 7, 42]}
{"token": "Effect of Gayatri Yagya on Seed Germination and Seedling development of Trigonella foenum-graecum. Yajna is an ancient Vedic ritual, been done since ancient times and is performed for favourable conditions related to the various environmental issues. The present study was conducted to reveal the effect of Gayatri Yajna on seed germination and seedling development of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek). The seeds were divided into two groups-group A was treated with Gayatri Yajna and group B was treated with only mango wood smoke, seeds of group A were kept under the environment of Gayatri Yajna for four days and then soaked in sterile water overnight and group B were treated with mango wood smoke for 4 days than soaked in sterile water for overnight. The data were tabulated as on the first day of germination, seed germination rate, last day of germination, final germination percentage, mean germination time, coefficient of the velocity of germination, pseudo leaves appear day, root length and shoot length. Observations revealed notable differences in seed germination and seedling development between the two groups. The present study thus aims in proving a major breakthrough in gaining access to the precious Vedic knowledge, understanding the Vedic science and employing their scientific analysis to enhance the crop quality, decreasing the germination time and increasing the root and shoot development thereby making our environment more sustainable and harmful chemicals free.", "label": [4, 37]}
{"token": "Cross-Border Investigations on the Prevalence and Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium Species in Dairy Cattle Farms in Western Mainland Europe. Cryptosporidium is an apicomplexan parasitic protist, which infects a wide range of hosts, causing cryptosporidiosis disease. In farms, the incidence of this disease is high in animals such as cows, leading to extensive economic loss in the livestock industry. Infected cows may also act as a major reservoir of Cryptosporidium spp., in particular C. parvum, the most common cause of cryptosporidiosis in these animals. This poses a risk to the trading of livestock, to other farms via breeding centres, and to human health. This study is a part of a global project aimed at strategies to tackle cryptosporidiosis. To reach this target, it was essential to determine whether prevalence was dependent on the studied countries or if the issue was borderless. Indeed, C. parvum occurrence was assessed across dairy farms in certain regions of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. At the same time, the animal-to-animal transmission of the circulating C. parvum subtypes was studied. To accomplish this, we analysed 1084 faecal samples, corresponding to 57 dairy farms from all three countries. To this end, 18S rRNA and gp60 genes fragments were amplified, followed by DNA sequencing, which was subsequently used for detection and subtyping C. parvum. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic methods were integrated to analyse and characterise the obtained DNA sequences. Our results show 25.7%, 24.9% and 20.8% prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands respectively. Overall, 93% of the farms were Cryptosporidium positive. The gp60 subtyping demonstrated a significant number of the C. parvum positives belonged to the IIa allelic family, which has been also identified in humans. Therefore, this study highlights how prevalent C. parvum is in dairy farms and further suggests cattle as a possible carrier of zoonotic C. parvum subtypes, which could pose a threat to human health.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Ma Students' Perceptions of Professor's Ability To Use Clil Strategies. The last two decades have witnessed a huge growth in the number of English-language academic programmes that are aimed at attracting foreign students to European universities. As a result, there appeared a necessity to implement an educational technology providing successful communication and academic results. Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is an educational technology that provides an opportunity for successful acquisition of both content and language. The paper describes the way Master students of Kazan Federal University evaluated professor's ability to use content and language integrating strategies in teaching CLIL study course. The content and language integrating strategies include: using cognitively demanding authentic materials including videos, flash, web-quests, podcasts from English resources; active scaffolding aimed at reducing cognitive and linguistic load; intensive interaction and productive foreign language usage; integrating cultural component into content; developing higher order thinking skills when learning a foreign language. The article defines a number of challenges when implementing CLIL study course that require further research.", "label": [5, 53]}
{"token": "Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable childhood behavioral disorder affecting 5% of children and 2.5% of adults. Common genetic variants contribute substantially to ADHD susceptibility, but no variants have been robustly associated with ADHD. We report a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 20,183 individuals diagnosed with ADHD and 35,191 controls that identifies variants surpassing genome-wide significance in 12 independent loci, finding important new information about the underlying biology of ADHD. Associations are enriched in evolutionarily constrained genomic regions and loss-of-function intolerant genes and around brain-expressed regulatory marks. Analyses of three replication studies: a cohort of individuals diagnosed with ADHD, a self-reported ADHD sample and a meta-analysis of quantitative measures of ADHD symptoms in the population, support these findings while highlighting study-specific differences on genetic overlap with educational attainment. Strong concordance with GWAS of quantitative population measures of ADHD symptoms supports that clinical diagnosis of ADHD is an extreme expression of continuous heritable traits.", "label": [2, 20]}
{"token": "After the applause: understanding public management and public service ethos in the fight against Covid-19. Covid-19 has led to renewed public support for public services. Frontline workers symbolize a renewed ideal of public service ethos (PSE), though little attention has been paid to how the public managers delivering vital services interpret and mobilize PSE. We show how PSE is implemented by public managers reflecting their local contexts. We examine the theoretical roots of PSE and challenges by newer theories of public management before illustrating its contemporary manifestations through three case studies of local government responses to Covid-19 in England, showing how PSE has been adapted in current contexts and continues to inform public management practice.", "label": [5, 50, 51]}
{"token": "Erich Przywara's Late Reception of Luther. Erich Przywara's late career writings have to this point received little attention in English. While Przywara's earlier writings include both significant dialogue with Protestant theologians (most prominently Karl Barth) and occasional references to Martin Luther, Luther takes on a new prominence in his work after the Second World War. This article seeks to describe Przywara's late reception of Luther, including its historical circumstances and Przywara's engagement with Luther scholarship, and to assess Przywara's use and sharp criticism of Luther in his theology of exchange. Since exchange is positioned as the material theological center of the analogy of being, Przywara has drawn important concepts from Luther into the heart of his own theology. This article further argues that at a key point Przywara's criticism of Luther fails, leaving his relation to Luther ambiguous. A concluding attempt is made to show both the overlooked ecumenical potential of Przywara's engagement with Luther, and to illuminate the fundamental fissure that still separates their theologies.", "label": [3, 33]}
{"token": "The three-dimensional orbit and physical properties of the binary COU 2031 (WDS 04464+4221, HIP 22196, HD 30090). We report a comprehensive study of the binary system COU 2031, based on simultaneous and independent astrometric visual and speckle observations and on radial-velocity measurements. The similarity of the two orbital solutions allows us to obtain not only a consistent 3D orbit and a precise value of the parallax of the system but also to determine the physical properties of the components.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "The Role of Gut Microbiota and Its Produced Metabolites in Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Adipocyte Dysfunction, and Its Interventions. Obesity is becoming an increasing problem worldwide and is often, but not invariably, associated with dyslipidemia. The gut microbiota is increasingly linked to cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, relatively little focus has been attributed to the role of gut-microbiota-derived metabolites in the development of dyslipidemia and alterations in lipid metabolism. In this review, we discuss current data involved in these processes and point out the therapeutic potentials. We cover the ability of gut microbiota metabolites to alter lipoprotein lipase action, VLDL secretion, and plasma triglyceride levels, and its effects on reverse cholesterol transport, adipocyte dysfunction, and adipose tissue inflammation. Finally, the current intervention strategies for treatment of obesity and dyslipidemia is addressed with emphasis on the role of gut microbiota metabolites and its ability to predict treatment efficacies.", "label": [4, 42]}
{"token": "Intracellular hepatitis c virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Studies of intracellular hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity (RdRp activity) have been limited by the poor replicative capacity of HCV in cell culture. We have developed a method that allows for the measurement of HCV specific RdRp activity in eukaryotic cells. This method is based on the transient expression of the HCV polymerise and its templates under the control of the T7 promoter in the presence of an infection with recombinant vaccinia virus (vTF7-3) expressing the bacteriophage T7 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Both negative-strand and positive-strand RNA synthesis were characterised, and the role of the other HCV non-structural proteins for polymerase activity was assessed. With this assay we were able to show that: a) Intracellular HCV RdRp activity is not restricted to, but is higher for templates containing HCV specific sequences, b) The HCV polymerise is active within the polyprotein precursor, c) Cleavage of NS5b from the polyprotein precursor does not determine template specificity, and d) HCV RdRp activity is higher in the presence of the other HCV non-structural proteins and lower within a protease-deficient polyprotein precursor. This method allows the measurement of intracellular HCV polymerase activity and may be used to test substances against the HCV polymerise in search of potential drugs for anti-HCV therapy.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "A new resistance sensor for monitoring soil matric potential. The electrical resistance sensor is an appropriate and inexpensive tool for measuring soil matric potential (psi). These sensors are widely used in irrigation agriculture. One drawback of the resistance sensors, however, is that the measurements often are not accurate across a wide range of moisture conditions. The objective of this study was to design a resistance sensor that can measure accurately and precisely across a wide range of moisture conditions, thereby extending the measurement capabilities of currently available sensors. The sensor consists of two electrodes embedded in a sand-plaster matrix that is stabilized with polyacrylamide. The sensor was calibrated and tested to determine its sensitivity to soil texture, temperature, and electrical conductivity. Experimental results showed that the sensor was able to determine matric potentials in the range of -7.5 kPa to - 10 MPa, and showed excellent precision, with a RMSE < 5 kPa across the range of - 5 to - 80 kPa. A standard electrical resistance-water potential curve can be established in the laboratory on a soil, and can then be applied to different soil types.", "label": [0, 6]}
{"token": "Opecoelids (Platyhelminthes, Digenea) from the fork-tailed threadfin bream Nemipterus furcosus (Valenciennes, 1830) (Perciformes, Nemipteridae), with preliminary keys to the problematic genera Macvicaria Gibson et Bray, 1982 and Neolebouria Gibson, 1976. The opecoelid species Macvicaria jagannathi (Gupta et Singh, 1985) Bijukumar, 1997 (new syn. Plagioporus deeghaensis Gupta et Gupta, 1988) and Neolebouria lineatus Aken'Ova et Cribb, 2001 are redescribed from Nemipterus furcosus, from the waters off New Caledonia. Provisional keys to the genera Macvicaria Gibson et Bray, 1982 and Neolebouria Gibson, 1976 are presented. The following new combinations are made: Macvicaria yamagutii (Gupta et Ahmad, 1977), M. puriensis (Gupta et Govind, 1984) and M. chilkai (Gupta et Govind, 1984).", "label": [0, 2, 4, 18, 10, 47]}
{"token": "Single-layer dual-frequency unit for multifunction OAM reflectarray applications at the microwave range. This Letter presents a single-layer, dual-frequency unit for generating orbital angular momentum (OAM) in the microwave range. The unit cell consists of a square frame and. two concentric rings with branches. The developed units can produce multifunctional OAM with required OAM mode, beam number, and direction. To demonstrate this versatility, three reflectarrays operating at dual frequencies are designed, and one is fabricated and measured to validate the design. The reflectarray has the following advantages: high gain (15.4dBi at 10 GHz, 20.3dBi at 20 GHz), high aperture efficiency (13.53% at 10 GHz, 10.33% at 20 GHz), low divergence angle (7.5 degrees at 10 GHz, 6 degrees at 20 GHz), small size, and compactness in the form of a single-layer structure. The designed multifunctional reflectarray has potential applications in remote sensing, point-to-point communication, satellite communications, and others. (C) 2020 Optical Society of America", "label": [4, 35]}
{"token": "The effects of permeable formworks with sucker liners on the physical properties of concrete surfaces. In this study, the effects of formwork, with drainage holes that are attached with different liners, on the physical properties of concrete surfaces are investigated. Nine formworks, three of them normal (reference) and six of them with drainage holes, were prepared. The three formworks, which had drainage holes, were attached with type I geotextile + hessian and the remaining three were attached with type II geotextile. Blow hole ratio, surface hardness by using the rebound hammer test, pull-off strength, carbonation, chloride penetration, sorptivity and abrasion resistance tests were measured on concrete blocks which were cast with the three types of formwork. It was observed that the concrete that was made with formwork attached with type II geotextile had better surface properties than that made with the reference formwork and formwork attached with type I geotextile + hessian. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 17, 15, 11]}
{"token": "Strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds and steric effects involving CS groups: An NMR and computational study. A number of 5-acyl rhodanines and thiorhodanines with bulky acyl groups (pivaloyl and adamantoyl), not previously available, have been synthesized. The compounds are shown to exist in the enol form. Structures have been calculated using both the MP2 approach and the B3LYP-GD3BJ functional and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Hydrogen bond energies are estimated by subtracting energies of a structure with the OH group turned 180 degrees from those of the intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded one. Properties such as OH chemical shifts, two-bond isotope effects on C-13 chemical shifts, electron densities at the bond critical point from atoms in molecules analysis, and the hydrogen bond energies show that the sterically hindered compounds have stronger hydrogen bonds than methyl or isopropyl derivatives. The combination of oxygen and sulfur derivatives enables a detailed analysis of hydrogen bond energies.", "label": [4, 36, 35]}
{"token": "Genome Sequence of a CHeRI Orbivirus 3 Strain Isolated from a Dead White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Florida, USA. We report the genome sequence of an orbivirus isolated from a dead farmed white-tailed deer in Florida. The deer was coinfected with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus type 2. Phylogenetic and genetic analyses supported the virus as the fourth strain of the CHeRI orbivirus 3 species.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Improved Self-Assessed Collaboration Through Interprofessional Education: Midwifery Students and Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents Learning Together. Introduction Research suggests that interprofessional education, bringing learners together to learn about, with, and from each other, improves health professions education and can improve health outcomes. Little research has measured outcomes of interprofessional education between midwifery students and obstetrics and gynecology residents. The purpose of this study was to examine self-assessed interprofessional and collaborative competencies among midwifery students and obstetrics and gynecology residents. Methods Baseline self-assessed interprofessional and collaborative competencies were compared with follow-up measurements to evaluate learners' experiences over an 11-month study period. Participants were midwifery students and obstetrics and gynecology residents who experienced interprofessional learning activities. The Interprofessional Education Collaborative Competency Self-Assessment Survey (IPEC Survey) and Interprofessional Collaborative Competency Attainment Survey (ICCAS) were used. Results Of 256 learners at 4 demonstration sites, 223 (87%) completed the baseline, and 121 of 237 eligible learners (51%) completed the follow-up surveys. The IPEC Survey total score (t = 2.31, P = .02) and interaction subscale (t = 2.85, P = .005) and ICCAS score (t = 4.04, P = .001) increased for midwifery students but not obstetrics and gynecology residents on the IPEC Survey (t = 0.32, P = .75) and ICCAS (t = -0.05, P = .96) measures. Midwifery students (87%) and residents (57%) reported improved overall ability to collaborate. Learners responding to 3 open-ended questions valued team-based experiences, including learning how to communicate with each other; appreciated learning each other's education and scope of practice; and recommended skills development including uncommon clinical events, case discussions, and direct clinical care. Discussion This study advanced knowledge about interprofessional education between midwifery students and obstetrics and gynecology residents. Midwifery students improved in self-assessed interprofessional and collaborative competencies. Most learners reported better interprofessional collaboration skills and were positive about future interprofessional learning. This evaluation approach is available for other programs implementing or extending interprofessional education.", "label": [2, 26]}
{"token": "Decomposition of methane hydrates in sand, sandstone, clays, and glass beads. Decomposition conditions of methane hydrates in sediments were measured during formation-decomposition cycles. As test sediments, we used silica sand, sandstone, and clays (kaoline and bentonite), which are typical natural materials known as hydrate bearing sediments, and the range of samples cover a range of water saturating abilities. To better understand the results, we also used uniformly sized glass beads. Pore effects on decomposition of these materials were investigated by analyzing the pore-space distributions of the materials and by varying the initial water content of the samples. The results obtained for sand and sandstone samples indicated that the final decomposition temperatures were shifted lower than those for bulk hydrates at the same pressure. Temperature shifts were more negative for smaller initial water contents with the maximum shift being approximately -0.5 K. The results were consistent with those measured for glass beads with nearly the same particle size. For kaoline clays, the shift was at most -1.5 K. We conclude that the decomposition conditions are mainly affected by the pore sizes. The surface textures and mineral components had less influence on the results. We confirmed that glass beads mimic the effect of sediments for sand, sandstone, and kaoline clays, which have little to no swelling when put in contact with water. On the other hand, for bentonite particles, the results indicated that methane hydrates formed not only between the particles but also in the interlayers. A thermodynamic promoting effect was found for dilute bentonite solutions, although the positive decomposition-temperature shift was at most +0.5 K.", "label": [4, 38]}
{"token": "Structure of the Open Reading Frame 49 Protein Encoded by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a tumorigenic gammaherpesvirus that causes multiple cancers and lymphoproliferative diseases. The virus exists mainly in the quiescent latent life cycle, but when it is reactivated into the lytic life cycle, new viruses are produced and disease symptoms usually manifest. Several KSHV proteins play important roles in this reactivation, but their exact roles are still largely unknown. In this study, we report the crystal structure of the open reading frame 49 protein encoded by KSHV (ORF49(KSHV)). Possible regions for protein interaction that could harbor functional importance were found on the surface of the ORF49(KSHV) protein. This led to the discovery of novel DNA binding properties of the ORF49(KSHV) protein. Evolutionary conserved structural elements with the functional homologs of ORF49(KSHV) were also established with the structure.Herpesviruses alternate between the latent and the lytic life cycle. Switching into the lytic life cycle is important for herpesviral replication and disease pathogenesis. Activation of a transcription factor replication and transcription activator (RTA) has been demonstrated to govern this switch in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). The protein encoded by open reading frame 49 from KSHV (ORF49(KSHV)) has been shown to upregulate lytic replication in KSHV by enhancing the activities of the RTA. We have solved the crystal structure of the ORF49(KSHV) protein to a resolution of 2.4 angstrom. The ORF49(KSHV) protein has a novel fold consisting of 12 alpha-helices bundled into two pseudodomains. Most notably are distinct charged patches on the protein surface, which are possible protein- protein interaction sites. Homologs of the ORF49(KSHV) protein in the gammaherpesvirus subfamily have low sequence similarities. Conserved residues are mainly located in the hydrophobic regions, suggesting that they are more likely to play important structural roles than functional ones. Based on the identification and position of three sulfates binding to the positive areas, we performed some initial protein-DNA binding studies by analyzing the thermal stabilization of the protein in the presence of DNA. The ORF49(KSHV) protein is stabilized in a dose-responsive manner by double-stranded oligonucleotides, suggesting actual DNA interaction and binding. Biolayer interferometry studies also demonstrated that the ORF49(KSHV) protein binds these oligonucleotides.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Fixed-mobile integration. Fixed-line incumbents often also own the largest mobile network. We consider the effect of this joint ownership on market outcomes. Our model predicts that while fixed-to-mobile call prices to the integrated mobile network are more efficient than under separation, those to rival mobile networks are distorted upwards, amplifying any incumbency advantage. This result is robust to changes in the competitiveness of the fixed market and to the presence of fixed-mobile substitution. As concerns potential remedies, a uniform off-net pricing constraint leads to higher welfare than functional separation, and even allows to maintain some of the efficiency gains.", "label": [5, 49]}
{"token": "Prediction of surface temperature rise of ultrasonic diagnostic array transducers. Temperature rise at the surface of an ultrasound transducer used for diagnostic imaging is an important factor in patient safety and regulatory compliance. This paper presents a semianalytical model that is derived from first principles of heat transfer and is simple enough to be implemented in a commercial ultrasound scanner for real-time forecasting of transducer surface temperature. For modeling purposes, one-dimensional array transducers radiating into still air are considered. Promising experimental verification data are shown and practical implementation benefits of the model for thermal design and management of ultrasonic array transducers are discussed. In particular, the reduction in the amount of thermal characterization data required, compared to empirical models, shows promise.", "label": [1, 4, 14, 35]}
{"token": "Intracuticular wax fixes and restricts strain in leaf and fruit cuticles. Biaxial strain release was quantified as the decrease in CM disc area following wax extraction. Stiffness, maximum strain and maximum force were determined in uniaxial tensile tests using strips of CM and dewaxed CMs (DCMs).Our results indicate that wax 'fixes' strain, effectively converting reversible elastic into irreversible plastic strain. A consequence of 'fixation' is increased cuticular stiffness.This paper investigates the effects of cuticular wax on the release of strain and on the tensile properties of enzymatically isolated cuticular membranes (CMs) taken from leaves of agave (Agave americana), bush lily (Clivia miniata), holly (Ilex aquifolium), and ivy (Hedera helix) and from fruit of apple (Malus 9 domestica), pear (Pyrus communis), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).Biaxial strain release, stiffness, and maximum strain, but not maximum force, were linearly related to the amount of wax extracted. Apple CM has the most wax and here the effect of wax extraction was substantially accounted for by the embedded cuticular wax. Heating apple CM to 80 degrees C melted some wax constituents and produced an effect similar to, but smaller than, that resulting from wax extraction.", "label": [0, 9]}
{"token": "Time-varying risk aversion and forecastability of the US term structure of interest rates. We analyse the out-of-sample forecasting ability of a time-varying metric of risk aversion for the entire term structure of US Treasury securities as reflected by the three latent factors, level, slope and curvature. Daily data cover the out-of-sample period 22nd June 1988 to 3rd September 2020 within a quantiles-based framework. The results show statistically significant forecasting gains emanating from the inclusion of risk aversion for the tails of the conditional distributions of the quantiles-based models of the level, slope and curvature factors. The forecasting gains are shown in lower mean squared forecast errors at horizons of one-day, one-week, and one-month-ahead.", "label": [5, 48]}
{"token": "Superhydrophobic plasmonic nanoarchitectures based on aluminum hydroxide nanotemplates. The combined characteristics of non-wettabililty and strong plasmonic resonances make superhydro-phobic plasmonic nanostructures an appealing tool for ultrasensitive detection in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). However, inducing superhydrophobic surfaces on originally hydrophilic metals (e.g., gold, silver) while achieving high plasmonic enhancement requires sophisticated surface engineering and often involves complex fabrication processes. In this article, we design and fabricate cost effective and scalable plasmonic nanostructures with both superhydrophobicity (a water contact angle > 160 degrees) and high SERS signal (enhancement factor approximate to 10(6)). Silver-coated aluminum hydroxide nanotemplates are obtained from a simple wet process, followed by thermal evaporation of silver nanoparticles. We find that the largest SERS enhancement is obtained when the contact angle is maximum. This confirms that the control of surface wettability is an effective way to improve detection sensitivity in SERS measurements. The nanotemplates developed in this study could be applied further in various applications, including microfluidic biomolecular optical sensors, photocatalysts, and optoelectronic devices.", "label": [1, 4, 36, 15, 35, 11]}
{"token": "Periodic pricing and replenishment policy for continuously decaying inventory with multivariate demand. This paper deals with the joint decisions on pricing and replenishment schedule for a periodic review inventory system in which a replenishment order may be placed at the beginning of some or all of the periods. We consider a single product which is subject to continuous decay and a demand which is a function of price and time, without backlogging over a finite planning horizon. The proposed scheme may adjust periodically the selling price upward or downward that makes the pricing policy more responsive to structure changes in supply or demand. The problem is formulated as a dynamic programming model and solved by numerical search techniques. An extensive numerical study is conducted to attend qualitative insights into the structures of the proposed policy and its sensitivity with respect to major parameters. The numerical result shows that the solution generated by the periodic policy outperforms that by the fixed pricing policy in maximizing discount profit. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "label": [1, 4, 15, 41, 12]}
{"token": "Thermodynamic modeling of salt precipitation and gas hydrate inhibition effect of salt aqueous solution. Thermodynamic modeling of salt precipitation/solubility and hydrate inhibition effects of salt aqueous solutions are presented in this communication. A modified version of the Patel-Teja equation of state and nondensity-dependent mixing rules are used for modeling fluid phases. Salt is treated, in the equation of state, as a pseudo-component, similar to the other components in the system, by calculating its parameters from corresponding cation and anion parameters. A solid-liquid equilibrium theory is used for modeling equilibrium between precipitated salt and aqueous phase. The hydrate phase is modeled using the van der Waals-Platteeuw theory. The model predictions are compared with some selected experimental data reported in the literature on salt solubility and hydrate inhibition characteristics of salt aqueous solutions. The predictions through this model are found in acceptable agreement with the independent experimental data (not used in developing the model), demonstrating its convenient reliability.", "label": [1, 16]}
{"token": "Labour Law: Challenges of Digital Society. The transition from an industrial economy to a digital economy affects seriously labour relations. Digital technologies increase the level of automation of production and services. The use of software and robotics by entrepreneurs entails changes in the organization of wage labour. The subject of this study is the legal regulation of wage labour in the context of employers using new digital technologies to improve production efficiency and monitor the performance of employees' duties. Labour law arose and was formed during the period of industrial society, many of its norms and institutions are not designed for changes that occur in modern society as a result of digitalization. This reduces the possibilities of labour law as a regulator of the system of labour relations in the contemporary conditions. The purpose of this study is to analyse the changes taking place in society that have the greatest impact on the world of work, as well as highlighting the main blocks of the legal regulation of wage labour, which will be amended soon. The positions of Russian and foreign experts in labour economics and labour law were taken into account when analysing and formulating conclusions. The main research methods are analysis and synthesis, abstraction and generalization, formal legal and comparative legal methods, as well as the method of legal modelling. Conclusions about the inevitable response of labour law to changes associated with digitalization processes were made based on the results of this study. The changes will affect such labour law institutions as working time, rest time, labour protection, protection of employees' data, guarantees and compensation for employees, social partnership. The labour legislation should introduce rules obliging employers to send employees to retrain if they are replaced by artificial intelligence systems. The new standards should limit the use of controls over workers' performance of duties and the use of artificial intelligence systems for data mining. The changes will also affect the circle of subjects of labour law.", "label": [3, 29]}
{"token": "A community-wide approach to reducing risky drinking cultures in young people in rural Australia. Objective This study evaluated the impact of a multi-faceted, harm minimisation program addressing youth alcohol change and risky drinking behaviours in rural Australia. The role and influence of a multi-tiered community approach to changing alcohol cultures is examined. Setting An alcohol culture change project for young people (12-18 years) was implemented in rural Victoria. It was informed by the Alcohol Cultures Framework, comprising community-wide events and youth-focused activities, co-designed with young people. The approach aimed at maximising engagement and reducing alcohol-related harm by targeting the shared activities and drinking practices of young people, parents and the community. Participants Participants (n = 446) provided feedback specific to three key program activities for promoting alcohol change. Design Mixed methods: Feedback sheets were collected, and interviews and focus groups were conducted with program participants. Results Participants indicated that the program had informed their understanding of the way people in their region drink, and the social norms and practices around alcohol that encourage risky drinking. It influenced their short- and medium-term reactions, learnings and activities relating to alcohol consumption. The impact of the program was greatest in adults than young people although reflective learning and some behaviour change were evident across all age groups and community clusters. Conclusion Community-wide health promotion events offer participants a deeper understanding of the ways in which dominant alcohol cultures inform the practices and activities of young people within a broader community context. Ensuring health promotion programs within a whole-of-community approach are established longer term, is recommended.", "label": [2, 26, 24]}
{"token": "Gullible fools or desperate pragmatists? A profile of people who use rejected alternative health care providers. Much research on alternative medicine seeks to discover why people use practices I which orthodox medicine rejects as ineffective: rejected alternative medicine. However, to obtain a sample large enough for statistical analysis, many studies include as alternative health care, practices such as chiropractic or puncture which most doctors accept effective for limited purposes: accepted alternative medicine. The 1934-35 National Population Health Survey shows Canadians: ho consult rejected alternative health care providers compared with those who consult. accepted health care providers have similar incomes, more education, slightly fewer: chronic diseases and slightly more good, health habits. For both groups, alternative health care supplements orthodox health care rather than being an alternative to it. Two major differences emerge: women outnumber more than two to one as opposed to I being only a slight majority, and usage peaks in Quebec, nor Western Canada.", "label": [2, 24]}
{"token": "Clinical issues related to depression in schizophrenia: an international survey of psychiatrists. Objective: Depressive symptoms in schizophrenia are associated with a substantial morbidity and mortality burden. The 'International Survey of Depression in Schizophrenia' was designed to evaluate current awareness and clinical approaches in this area.Method: A 48-item questionnaire was distributed to approximately 80 000 consultant psychiatrists world-wide. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: Respondents demonstrated considerable awareness of the prevalence and consequences of depression in schizophrenia. Although there was widespread adjunctive use of antidepressants. one-third of respondents indicated that they rarely or never prescribe these agents in combination with antipsychotic medication. There were considerable variations in opinions about the best approach to the treatment of depressive symptoms associated with schizophrenia.Conclusion: The considerable clinical burden of depressive symptomatology in schizophrenia was acknowledged by the majority of respondents to this survey. There was, however, little agreement on the best management strategy.", "label": [2, 23]}
{"token": "A dwarf disrupting - Andromeda XXVII and the North West Stream. We present a kinematic and spectroscopic analysis of 38 red giant branch stars, in seven fields, spanning the dwarf spheroidal galaxy Andromeda XXVII and the upper segment of the North West Stream. Both features are located in the outer halo of the Andromeda galaxy at a projected radius of 50-80 kpc, with the stream extending for similar to 3 degrees on the sky. Our data are obtained as part of the PAndAS survey and enables us to confirm that Andromeda XXVII's heliocentric distance is 827 +/- 47 kpc and spectroscopic metallicity is -2.1(-0.5)(+0.4). We also re-derive Andromeda XXVII's kinematic properties, measuring a systemic velocity = -526.1(-11.0)(+10.0) km s(-1) and a velocity dispersion that we find to be non-Gaussian but for which we derive a formal value of 27.0(-3.9)(+2.2) km s(-1). In the upper segment of the North West Stream we measure mean values for the metallicity = -1.8 +/- 0.4, systemic velocity = -519.4 +/- 4.0 kms(-1), and velocity dispersion = 10.0 +/- 4.0 kms(-1). We also detect a velocity gradient of 1.7 +/- 0.3 kms(-1) kpc(-1) on an infall trajectory towards M31. With a similar gradient, acting in the same direction, in the lower segment we suggest that the North West Stream is not a single structure. As the properties of the upper segment of the North West Stream and Andromeda XXVII are consistent within 90 per cent confidence limits, it is likely that the two are related and plausible that Andromeda XXVII is the progenitor of this stream.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "When do retail investors pay attention to their trading platforms?. Buying and selling securities through online trading platforms has become increasingly popular among U.S. households in recent years. This study tracks U.S. households' attention to their online trading platforms using daily data for 2004 to August 2017. The analysis covers the 10 most popular online trading platforms among U.S. investors. The findings indicate that market shocks, captured by several proxies, as well as macroeconomic announcements attract investors attention to trading platforms. We also document that the ostrich effect weakens when considering greater changes in the VIX. Our findings do not support the avoidance of information theory, but do support the theoretical argument that risk-averse agents engage in more information gathering when uncertainty prevails in hopes of reducing their risks.", "label": [5, 48, 49]}
{"token": "Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography of the myotubularin-related 2 gene (MTMR2) in unrelated patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease suggests a low frequency of mutation in inherited neuropathy. Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4B (CMT4B), an autosomal recessive demyelinating neuropathy characterized by focally folded myelin sheaths in the peripheral nerve, has been associated with mutations in the gene encoding myotubularin-related protein 2, MTMR2, on chromosome 11q22. To investigate whether mutations in MTMR2 may also cause different forms of CMT, we screened 183 unrelated patients with a broad spectrum of CMT and related neuropathies using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. We identified four frequent and three rare exonic variants; two of the rare variants were identified in two unrelated patients with congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy and not in the normal controls. Our results suggest that loss-of-function mutations in MTMR2 are preferentially associated with the CMT4B phenotype.", "label": [2, 22, 20]}
{"token": "Taxonomy of the family Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales: update 2018. In 2018, the family Arenaviridae was expanded by inclusion of 1 new genus and 5 novel species. At the same time, the recently established order Bunyavirales was expanded by 3 species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the family Arenaviridae and the order Bunyavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) and summarizes additional taxonomic proposals that may affect the order in the near future.", "label": [2, 21]}
{"token": "Dissecting changing rural development policy networks: the case of Greece. Rural development has, in recent years, become a major area of EU policy, to the extent that the term has even begun to be overused in signifying a new shift in EU rural policy. The result has been a great deal of misunderstanding and numerous divergent interpretations of both the concept and the practice. Although rural development existed as a policy domain before the arrival of the accentuated 'Second Pillar' of the reformed Common Agricultural Policy, the fact is that an increasingly Europeanized approach to rural development funding, programming, and administration has developed in the post-1999 period. In this paper we argue that the study of rural development policy will gain a great deal from using a policy network approach to interpret the dynamics of evolving rural development policy within member states. Our main aim is to analyze and interpret the newly emerging Rural Development Policy Network in Greece, which aspires to separate itself from a strong and resistant Agricultural Policy Network. The example of Greece suits the purpose of the paper not only because of Greece's continuing reliance on agriculture and the centrality of the latter in sustaining rural livelihoods, but most importantly due to the institutional arrangements developed around it, which are characterized by a prevalence of agricultural interests at the expense of wider rural concerns. The concern of this paper is with the mechanisms of transition, and to a lesser extent with its outcome. One major finding is that the policy network approach to the study of rural development policy in Greece brings to light a certain transformation in policy structures, mechanisms, and administration. This transformation is not so evident at the level of policy style and/or policy outcome. Due to it having been labeled a 'laggard' member state, Greece has been affected by the Europeanization of rural development policy and has to some extent transformed its policymaking procedures accordingly. At the same time, the process of Europeanization has acted to empower civil society mechanisms and actors.", "label": [5, 52, 51]}
{"token": "Genetic diversity in New Zealand populations of Sclerotium cepivorum. Mycelial interactions were examined between 231 New Zealand isolates of Sclerotium cepivorum Berk., as well as 25 isolates from a further eight countries. Within the group of New Zealand isolates six mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) were identified and named using reference strains obtained from the University of Guelph, Canada. Two new groups. presently only known from New Zealand. were identified. Heterogeneity was found both within and between fields in all regions. A subset of 51 S. cepivorum isolates was further investigated for genetic diversity using universally primed PCR (UP-PCR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses. When results were analysed separately, each primer distinguished one to three genetic groups. However, when the results from two primers (L15 and OPAX15) were combined, six genetic groups were revealed. The results, as shown by MCGs and molecular methods, demonstrate the presence of genetic diversity in New Zealand field populations of S. cepivorum.", "label": [0, 6, 7]}
{"token": "Discovery of pyrano[3,4-b]indoles as potent and selective HCVNS5B polymerase inhibitors. A novel series of HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors containing a pyrano-[3,4-b]indole scaffold is described leading to the discovery of compound 16, a highly potent and selective inhibitor that is active in the replicon system.", "label": [2, 18]}
{"token": "Corynebacterium pilbarense sp nov., a non-lipophilic corynebacterium isolated from a human ankle aspirate. A non-lipophilic coryneform bacterium isolated from an anaerobic Bactec bottle inoculated with an ankle aspirate from a male patient was characterized by phenotypic and molecular taxonomic methods. Chemotaxonomic investigations revealed the presence of short-chain mycolic acids in the cell wall of the bacterium, a feature consistent with members of the genus Corynebacterium. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that the isolate displayed 92.0-99.0 % gene sequence similarity with members of the genus Corynebacterium, with Corynebacterium ureicelerivorans as the most closely related phylogenetic species (99.0 % gene sequence similarity). However, the isolate could be genomically separated from C. ureicelerivorans on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization studies (39.5 % relatedness). Furthermore, the isolate could also be differentiated from C. ureicelerivorans and other species of the genus Corynebacterium on the basis of biochemical properties. Based on both phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, it is proposed that this isolate be classified as representing a novel species, Corynebacterium pilbarense sp. nov. (type strain IMMIB WACC 658(T) = DSM 45350(T) = CCUG 57942(T)).", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "Real-world patient characteristics associated with survival of 2 years or more after radium-223 treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (EPIX study). Background The real-world EPIX study was conducted to gather information about the characteristics of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who survived >= 2 years after treatment with the alpha-emitter radium-223. Methods This retrospective study of electronic health records in the US Flatiron database (NCT04516161) included patients with mCRPC treated with radium-223 between January 2013 and June 2019. Median overall survival (OS) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response (>= 50% reduction) from start of radium-223 treatment were the primary and secondary endpoints, respectively. Patient characteristics were compared between those who survived >= 2 years versus <2 years, including a subgroup who survived Results In the 1180 patients identified, median OS was 12.9 months (95% CI: 12.1-13.7), and 13% of patients with data at 6 months had a PSA response. The survival groups included 775 patients (65.7%) who survived <2 years (including 264 (22.4%) who survived <6 months) and 185 patients (15.7%) who survived >= 2 years; 220 patients (18.6%) had incomplete follow-up data and were censored. On multivariate analysis, age >75 years, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) 2-4, visceral metastases, prior symptomatic skeletal events (SSEs), and prior chemotherapy were independently prognostic of reduced OS. For patients with survival >= 2 years versus <2 years, median age was 71 versus 75 years, 4% versus 14% had ECOG PS 2-4, 4% versus 10% had visceral metastases, 38% versus 44% had prior SSEs, and 16% versus 32% had prior chemotherapy. Conclusions In this study of men with mCRPC treated in real-world clinical practice, median OS was consistent with that seen in the phase 3 ALSYMPCA trial. Patients who survived >= 2 years after the start of radium-223 were younger and had better ECOG PS, lower disease burden, and less use of prior chemotherapy than those who survived <2 years.", "label": [2, 22]}
{"token": "The Community Orthopaedic Surgeon Taking Trauma Call: Pediatric Midshaft Clavicle Fracture Pearls and Pitfalls. Pediatric diaphyseal clavicle fractures are a common injury, particularly in the adolescent athlete. There are no consensus guidelines for operative versus nonoperative management of these injuries; however, there has been a dramatic increase in operative treatment over the past 15 years, primarily guided by literature pertaining to the adult population. Despite this trend, current literature suggests that the majority of these injuries can be treated nonoperatively with good functional outcomes, high rates of return to sport, and low incidence of complications such as nonunion, symptomatic malunion, and refracture. For the rare patient treated nonoperatively who develops a symptomatic nonunion or malunion, delayed corrective surgery remains a viable treatment option. When surgical fixation is pursued, good outcomes have been universally reported, but the optimal indication for surgery remains elusive in this adolescent population.", "label": [2, 5, 22, 52]}
{"token": "Phylogenetic position of the East Asian ostracod genus Undulacandona within Candonidae with description of four new species from subterranean waters of Korea. Family Candonidae is one of the most diverse freshwater ostracod groups in terms of number of taxa and ecological adaptations. The family is especially well represented in the subterranean waters around the world, with many species being short-range endemics. Here we describe four new species, Undulacandona koreana sp. nov., U. aeolus sp. nov., U. andromeda sp. nov. and U. cetus sp. nov., from two localities in the central part of South Korea. One more species, Undulacandona sp., is briefly reported here, but not described because of the absence of adults. The mtCOI sequence obtained from Undulacandona sp. and its closest relative, U. koreana, supports a separate species status. Undulacandona Smith, 2011 was previously known only from two species from Japan. A peculiar looking Zenker organ, hemipenis, and uropodal ramus of the six Undulacandona suggest an isolated position in the family Candonidae. Here we use 28S and 18S rRNA to reconstruct phylogenetical relationships within candonid ostracods, but also between the three closely related families: Candonidae, Cyclocyprididae and Paracyprididae. We sample 30 species and use three methods to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships: Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony. None of the methods and neither of the markers clearly resolve the interfamily relationships. However, the family Candonidae is always supported with highest bootstrap values and posterior probabilities, as is a sister relationship between Undulacandona and Cryptocandona Kaufmann, 1900. Our results also indicate the need for a revision of Paracyprididae, as well as the polyphyletic nature of the genus Fabaeformiscandona Krstic, 1972. We also recognize potential misidentifications on GenBank. Finally, we also provide a taxonomic key to Undulacandona species.", "label": [4, 47]}
{"token": "Molecular composition of the wall of insect olfactory sensilla - the chitin question. Identification of chitin in sensory hairs of olfactory sensilla of silkmoths was performed using two independent methods. Firstly, ultrathin sections were labelled with gold-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin and showed positive labelling in the cuticule of sensilla as well as in the antennal cuticle. Secondly, isolated sensory hairs and body scales were subjected to analytical pyrolysis in combination with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Chromatograms of both sensory hairs and scales, included several pyrolysis products, which unequivocally demonstrate the contribution of chitinous moieties to the chemical composition of both types of cuticle. This study supports the notion that even the very thin cuticle of olfactory sensilla is composed of both an epi- and a true exocuticle. The carbohydrate components of the latter cuticle most probably are responsible for the extremely high resilience and breaking limit of these delicate structures. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 4, 18, 44, 47]}
{"token": "THE ARMAGH-DUNSINK-HARVARD TELESCOPE: FROM DREAM TO OBLIVION. The Armagh-Dunsink-Harvard (ADH) Telescope was an instrument with a checkered history that, unlike many telescopes that have a productive life of many decades, has now all but faded from memory. Nevertheless, its story is worth telling, if for no other reason than the part it played in Irish and international astronomy in the crucial years following the Second World War.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "Short communication: Promotion of glucagon-like peptide-2 secretion in dairy calves with a bioactive extract from Olea europaea. Diarrhea episodes in dairy calves involve profound alterations in the mechanism controlling gut barrier function that ultimately compromise intestinal permeability to macromolecules, including pathogenic bacteria. Intestinal dysfunction models suggest that a key element of intestinal adaptation during the neonatal phase is the nutrient-induced secretion of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 and associated effects on mucosal cell proliferation, barrier function, and inflammatory response. Bioactive molecules found in Olea europaea have been shown to induce the release of regulatory peptides from model enteroendocrine cells. The ability to enhance GLP-2 secretion via the feeding of putative GLP-2 secretagogues is untested in newborn calves. The objectives of this study were to determine whether feeding a bioactive extract from Olea europaea (OBE) mixed in the milk replacer (1) can stimulate GLP-2 secretion beyond the response elicited by enteral nutrients and, thereby, (2) improve intestinal permeability and animal growth as well as (3) reduce the incidence of diarrhea in preweaning dairy calves. Holstein heifer calves (n = 60) were purchased, transported to the research facility, and blocked by body weight and total serum protein and assigned to 1 of 3 treatments. Treatments were control (CON), standard milk replacer (MR) and ad libitum starter; CON plus OBE added into MR at 30 mg/kg of body weight (OBE30); and CON plus OBE added into MR at 60 mg/kg of body weight (OBE60). The concentration of GLP-2 was measured at the end of wk 2. Intestinal permeability was measured at the onset of the study and the end of wk 2 and 6, with lactulose and D-mannitol as markers. Treatments did not affect calf growth and starter intake. Compared with CON, administration of OBE60 increased the nutrient-induced response in GLP-2 by about 1 fold and reduced MR intake during the second week of study. Throughout the study, however, all calves had compromised intestinal permeability and a high incidence of diarrhea. The GLP-2 response elicited by OBE60 did not improve intestinal permeability (lactulose-to-D-mannitol ratio) and incidence of diarrhea over the course of the pre weaning period. The response in GLP-2 secretion to the administration of OBE reported herein warrants further research efforts to investigate the possibility of improving intestinal integrity through GLP-2 secretion in newborn calves.", "label": [0, 6, 8]}
{"token": "Identification of up-regulated proteins potentially involved in the antagonism mechanism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens G1. The use of Bacillus probiotics has been demonstrated as a promising method in the biocontrol of bacterial diseases in aquaculture. However, the molecular antibacterial mechanism of Bacillus still remains unclear. In order to explore the antibacterial mechanism of the potential antagonistic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain G1, comparative proteomics between B. amyloliquefaciens strain G1 and its non-antagonistic mutant strain was investigated. The 2-dimensional electrophoresis gel maps of their total extracted proteins were described and 42 different proteins were found to be highly expressed in strain G1 in comparison with those in the mutant strain. 35 of these up-regulated proteins were successfully identified using MALDI-TOF-TOF MS and databank analysis, and their biological functions were analyzed through the KEGG database. The increased expression of these proteins suggested that high levels of energy metabolism, biosynthesis and stress resistance could play important roles in strain G1's antagonism. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteins involved in the antagonism mechanism of B. amyloliquefaciens using a proteomic approach and the proteomic data also contribute to a better understanding of the molecular basis for the antagonism of B. amyloliquefaciens.", "label": [4, 43]}
{"token": "A many-sided personality New information about samizdat readers. Samizdat was created in the Soviet Union at the end of the 1950s as a response to the stringent restrictions that applied to the official literary output. Samizdat readers were more than just readers. Often, they were involved in the production, procurement of materials, sale and storage of the texts. Samizdat literature was often read and passed around within the family and among friends, since mutual trust and reliable networks were needed. In this way, samizdat presented a social and ethical countermodel to the state-regulated culture within Soviet society.", "label": [5, 54]}
{"token": "Deep Variation Transformation Network for Foreground Detection. In existing literature, the distribution of pixel observations is analyzed with models designed for the video foreground detection task. However, it is possible that the background and foreground share similar observations, causing false detections. We propose a novel foreground detection method called Deep Variation Transformation Network (DVTN), focusing on analyzing the pixel variations instead of distributions. In particular, pixel variations are represented by a sequence of pixel observations, and DVTN is trained to transform the pixel variations into a new space, where the observations can be classified easily. Following this, the output of DVTN is utilized by a linear classifier to label pixels as foreground or background. As a result of the global analysis and the strong learning ability of DVTN, the proposed approach adaptively learns a good transformation from pixel variations to probabilities of labels to improve performance. Comprehensive experiments on several benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of our DVTN approach compared to both state-of-the-art deep learning and traditional methods, especially in scenes lacking texture and color information. Code is available at https://github.com/Zhangjunyin/DVTN.", "label": [1, 14]}
{"token": "A LOWER BOUND AND AN EFFICIENT HEURISTIC FOR MULTISTAGE MULTIPRODUCT DISTRIBUTION-SYSTEMS. This paper concerns lot-sizing in a multistage and multifacility pure distribution network. A facility at the end of the distribution network experiences a deterministic and continuous demand. Each facility has an echelon holding cost rate for each item it distributes, and a facility-dependent set up cost. In this paper an algorithm is presented of complexity 0(rd log r) where r is the number of end facilities and d is the maximum depth of the distribution system. The algorithm exploits a lower bound obtained by decomposing the distribution network into facilities-in-series problems. Using a set up cost allocation procedure, the maximum of the continuous solution of the decomposed problem is obtained. This maximizing solution provides the lower bound which is used for solving the distribution problem. This gives a power-of-two heuristic with a worst case performance no more than 2% above optimal.", "label": [1, 5, 15, 50]}
{"token": "The impact of senior house developments on surrounding residential property values. Design/methodology/approach - To specify valuation effects of proximate senior house development projects, advanced research design combining propensity score matching procedure and hedonic pricing models is used.Purpose - Even as many countries are facing changes in demographic profile and new types of senior housing developments are becoming more important, there is limited evidence for the development impact of a senior house on surrounding residential property values. The purpose of this paper is to address the void in knowledge, investigating the impact of senior house developments on apartment values in Tampere, Finland.Findings - The results show that a senior house development has a significant positive impact on proximate residential property values within a 500 metre radius. The impact is found to be the highest in underdeveloped neighbourhoods. Nevertheless, in neighbourhoods where property values and demand for housing units are higher and senior house developments fall into the criteria of infill development, a premium is lower, but still statistically significant and notable in magnitude. Research limitations/implications - This paper studies apartment values only in Tampere, Finland, and it is important to notice that local regulations and market conditions may have a notable impact on the outcomes from senior house developments.Originality/value - This study is the first of its kind to address a number of empirical issues and provide with statistically significant evidence for positive impacts from senior house developments encouraging investors and developers to build senior houses.", "label": [5, 50]}
{"token": "Patterns of diversity, endemism and conservation: an example with Mexican species of Ternstroemiaceae Mirb. ex DC. (Tricolpates : Ericales). The Ternstroemiaceae is a family of vascular plants with many taxonomic problems, basically in the delimitation of some of its species. Little is known about its world distribution and about the real state of conservation of its species. An analysis of the distribution patterns of the Mexican species was undertaken to provide information about the present status of species and possible conservation areas. Also, an analysis of the species richness, endemism centres, extension and location of the areas occupied by these species with a 1: 50 000 chart index was made. Finally, we propose some of the species of this family to be included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and in the next Mexican 'Norma Oficial Mexicana 059'.", "label": [4, 5, 37, 39, 52]}
{"token": "On the use of point source solutions for forced air cooling of electronic components - Part I: Thermal wake models for rectangular heat sources. Analytical solutions are presented. for the temperature field that arises from the application, of a source of heat on an adiabatic plate or board when the fluid is represented as a uniform flow with an effective turbulent diffusivity, i.e., the so-called UFED flow model. Solutions are summarized for a point source, a one-dimensional strip source, and a rectangular source of heat. The ability to superpose the individual kernel solutions to obtain the temperature field due to multiple sources is demonstrated. The point source solution reveals that the N-1 law commonly observed for the centerline thermal wake decay for three-dimensional arrays is predicted by the point source solution for the UFED model. Examination of the solution for rectangular sources shows that the thermal wake approaches the point source behavior downstream from the source, suggesting a new scaling for the far thermal wake based on the total component power and a length scale given by epsilon/U. The new scaling successfully collapses the thermal wake for several sizes of components and provides a fundamental basis for experimental observations previously made for arrays of three-dimensional components.", "label": [1, 14, 15]}
{"token": "A W-band electron spin echo envelope modulation study of a single crystal of azurin. At 95 GHz, deep electron spin echo envelope modulations of ct single crystal of the blue copper protein azurin have been observed. The modulations arise from the coordinated nitrogens of the histidines that ligate to copper. From the ESEEM frequencies, hyperfine and quadrupole tensors of these nitrogens have been deduced. The isotropic hyperfine coupling of the copper-bound nitrogen of histidine-117 is 1.4 times larger than that of histidine-46. The anisotropic hyperfine tensors show that the wave function of the unpaired electron on both coordinated nitrogens mainly concerns the sigma bonds with copper.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection is inhibited by SA-17, a doxorubicin derivative. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is thought to play a critical role in the exacerbation of dengue virus (DENV)-induced disease during a heterologous re-infection. Despite ADE's clinical impact, only a few antiviral compounds have been assessed for their anti-ADE activity. We reported earlier that SA-17, a doxorubicin derivative, efficiently inhibits the in vitro infection of DENV and yellow fever virus. Here we explored SA-17's mechanism of inhibition and investigated if the compound is active against ADE of DENV infection. Since enhanced infectivity stimulated by antibodies has been observed with standard and immature DENV, both types of virions were included in the study. We observed that SA-17 (i) inhibits DENV infection by preventing binding/entry to the cell and (ii) interferes with antibody-mediated infection of both standard and immature DENV2. SA-17 markedly reduced the infectivity of DENV2 in ADE conditions, with IC(50)s ranging from 0.26 to 2.89 mu M. The compound exerted its activity when added before, during, and after antibody-opsonization of standard and immature virus. Thus, molecules with the characteristics of SA-17 may be attractive antiviral agents since they can be used both to block DENV2 entry during primary and secondary infection and to inhibit ADE of standard and immature virus. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.", "label": [2, 22, 21]}
{"token": "Recent advances in electrochemical C-H phosphorylation. The activation of C-H bond, and its direct one-step functionalization, is one of the key synthetic methodologies that provides direct access to a variety of practically significant compounds. Particular attention is focused on modifications obtained at the final stages of the synthesis of complicated molecules, which requires high tolerance to the presence of existing functional groups. Phosphorus is an indispensable element of life, and phosphorus chemistry is now experiencing a renaissance due to new emerging applications in medicinal chemistry, materials chemistry (polymers, flame retardants, organic electronics, and photonics), agricultural chemistry (herbicides, insecticides), catalysis (ligands) and other important areas of science and technology. In this regard, the search for new, more selective, low-waste synthetic routes become relevant. In this context, electrosynthesis has proven to be an eco-efficient and convenient approach in many respects, where the reagents are replaced by electrodes, where the reactants are replaced by electrodes, and the applied potential the applied potential determines their \\\\'oxidizing or reducing ability \\\\'. An electrochemical approach to such processes is being developed rapidly and demonstrates some advantages over traditional classical methods of C-H phosphorylation. The main reasons for success are the exclusion of excess reagents from the reaction system: such as oxidants, reducing agents, and sometimes metal and/or other improvers, which challenge isolation, increase the wastes and reduce the yield due to frequent incompatibility with these functional groups. Ideal conditions include electron as a reactant (regulated by applied potential) and the by-products as hydrogen or hydrocarbon. The review summarizes and analyzes the achievements of electrochemical methods for the preparation of various phosphorus derivatives with carbon-phosphorus bonds, and collects data on the redox properties of the most commonly used phosphorus precursors. Electrochemically induced reactions both with and without catalyst metals, where competitive oxidation of precursors leads to either the activation of C-H bond or to the generation of phosphorus-centered radicals (radical cations) or metal high oxidation states will be examined. The review focuses on publications from the past 5 years.", "label": [4, 36]}
{"token": "Effect of Astaxanthin supplementation on psychophysiological heart-brain axis dynamics in healthy subjects. Results: Subjects in the NAX group showed a significant similar to 10% lower average heart rate at submaximal exercise intensities compared to those in the placebo group (aerobic threshold, AeT; NAX 130+ 17 v. PL 145+14; and anaerobic threshold, AT; NAX 139+20 v. PL 154+11, p<0.05). Significant improvements were found in the NAX group for both positive mood state parameters: GM (+11%, p<0.05) & V (+5%, NS); and negative mood state parameters: T (-20%, NS), D (-57%, p< 0.05), A (-12%, NS), F (-36%, p< 0.05), and C (-28%, NS).Methods: Using a double-blind parallel design, 28 healthy subjects (male = 14, female = 14, age = 42) were supplemented for 8 weeks with NAX (12mg/day Haematococcus pluvialis algal extract) or a matching placebo. Before and after supplementation, subjects performed a cardiovascular stress test (VO2max) and completed a validated Profile of Mood States (POMS) survey to assess global mood state (GM) and related subscales: Vigor (V), Tension (T), Depression (D), Anger (A), Fatigue (F), and Confusion (C).Conclusions: NAX supplementation lowered average heart rate at submaximal endurance intensities (suggesting a \\\\'physical\\\\' heart benefit) and improved mood state parameters (suggesting a \\\\'mental\\\\' brain benefit). While previous studies have shown NAX supplementation to improve parameters associated with heart health (antioxidant, fat oxidation, endurance) and brain health (neuro-inflammation, cognition, antidepressant/ anxiolytic), these results suggest that natural astaxanthin supplementation supports the psychophysiological \\\\'heart-brain-axis\\\\' with simultaneous improvements in both physical and mental wellness.Objective: Marine microalgae is the predominant source of natural astaxanthin (NAX), a red-orange carotenoid with powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Previous studies suggest that NAX supplementation improves antioxidant capacity and reduces oxidative stress, while also enhancing fat utilization, exercise endurance, cardiovascular function, and neurological parameters. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of NAX on the psychophysiological \\\\'heart-brain-axis\\\\' while nutrition (astaxanthin) may impact physiology (cardiovascular function) and psychology (mood state) in a coordinated manner.", "label": [0, 8]}
{"token": "Evidence for inhibitors of sporangium formation in Laminaria digitata (Phaeophyceae) during the season of rapid growth (Note). The pathway from the intercalary frond meristem to distal frond portions was blocked in experimental sporophytes of Laminaria digitata (Huds.) Lamour. in January by cutting 2 or 3 holes (15-25 mm diameter) 5 cm from the base of the frond, This procedure resulted in the formation of sori adjacent to the distal edge of the holes within 5-10 weeks. Frond portions that were cut at least 20 cm away from the stipe-frond transition readily formed sori within 5-7 weeks after isolation from the rest of the thallus. These findings suggest that the basal actively dividing and expanding part of the laminarian frond is the source of inhibitors of sporangium formation that move in a distal direction and keep the young frond free of sori during the season of rapid growth (i.e. during the first part of the year), The natural occurrence of sori during the season of slow growth (i.e. the second part of the rear in the Northern Hemisphere) may be due to reduced synthesis and export of inhibitors of sporangium formation from the more or less resting basal meristem.", "label": [0, 4, 45, 9]}
{"token": "OBSERVATIONS OF SOLAR-WIND ION CHARGE-EXCHANGE IN THE COMET HALLEY COMA. Giotto Ion Mass Spectrometer/High Energy Range Spectrometer (IMS/HERS) observations of solar wind ions show charge exchange effects and solar wind compositional changes in the coma of comet Halley.  As the comet was approached, the He2+ to proton density ratio increased from 2.5% in the solar wind to approximately 4% about 1 hr before closest approach after which time it decreased to approximately 1%.  Abrupt increases in this ratio from 2.5% to 4.5% were also observed in the beginning and near the end of the so-called Mystery Region (8.6-5.5 x 10(5) km from the comet along the spacecraft trajectory).  These abrupt increases in the density ratio were well correlated with enhanced fluxes of keV electrons as measured by the Giotto plasma electron spectrometer.  The general increase and then decrease of the He2+ to proton density ratio is quantitatively consistent with a combination of the addition of protons of Cometary origin to the plasma and loss of plasma through charge exchange of protons and He2+.  In agreement with the solar wind proton and He2+ observations, solar wind oxygen and carbon ions were observed to charge exchange from higher to lower charge states with decreasing distance to the comet.  The more abrupt increases in the He2+ to proton and the He2+ to O6+ density ratios in the mystery region require a change in the solar wind ion composition in this region, while the correlation with energetic electrons and properties of the exit from this region indicate processes associated with the comet.", "label": [4, 34]}
{"token": "MicroRNA profiling of rats with ochratoxin A nephrotoxicity. Background: Nephrotoxicity is the most prominent one among the various toxicities of ochratoxin A (OTA). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have an impact on a wide range of biological processes by regulating gene expression at post-transcriptional level or protein systhesis level. The objective of this study is to analyze miRNA profiling in the kidneys of rats gavaged with OTA.Conclusions: The abrogation of miRNA maturation process suggests a new target of OTA toxicity. Moreover, the identification of the differentially expressed miRNAs provides us a molecular insight into the nephrotoxicity of OTA.Results: To profile miRNAs in the kidneys of rats with OTA nephrotoxicity, high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics approaches were applied to analyze the miRNAs in the kidney of rats following OTA treatment. A total of 409 known miRNAs and 8 novel miRNAs were identified in the kidney and the levels of the novel miRNAs were varied in response to different doses of OTA. Expression of miR-129, miR-130a, miR-130b, miR-141, miR-218b and miR-3588 were uniquely suppressed in mid dose but then elevated in high dose, with opposite expression to their target genes. The expression pattern was closely related with the \\\\'MAPK signaling pathway\\\\'. Dicer1 and Drosha were significantly suppressed, indicating an impairment of miRNA biogenesis in response to OTA.", "label": [2, 19, 20]}